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Khambha taluka

2026-05-03T14:39:36Z

Krrissh: New - done

{{Short description|Taluka in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates||date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khambha Taluka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] of [[Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Khambha]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.1293|71.2051|type:city|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amreli district|Amreli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 93431
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District wise Statistics {{!}} NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India |url=http://164.100.94.191/niti/best-practices/district-wise-statistics |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=164.100.94.191}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate = GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_caption =
| population_blank1 = 979 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_blank1_title = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| population_blank2 = 69.23%
| population_blank2_title = Literacy
}}

'''Khambha Taluka''' is a geographical subdivision located in the [[Amreli district]] of the state of [[Gujarat, India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-08 |title=2 killed, 6 injured in Amreli accident |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/2-killed-6-injured-in-amreli-accident/articleshow/91408667.cms |access-date=2023-11-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is situated in the western part of the country and falls within the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]]. [[Khambha]] is the headquarters of the taluka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taluka {{!}} District Amreli, Government of Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://amreli.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=29 August 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="gujarat">{{cite web|url=https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/gu/taluka/Jafrabad/History|website=amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in|title=amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/gu/taluka/Jafrabad/History|access-date=23 October 2023}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to 2011 Census, Khambha Sub-District, has a population of 93,431 individuals distributed across 17,476 households, 47,214 males and 46,217 females, with a child population of 12,076 (6,196 males and 5,880 females). The social composition includes 7,666 individuals from Scheduled Castes (3,917 males and 3,749 females) and 87 individuals from Scheduled Tribes (43 males and 44 females). In terms of education, 56,321 individuals are literate, comprising 32,520 males and 23,801 females, while 37,110 individuals are reported as illiterate, with 14,694 males and 22,416 females. The economic landscape indicates 41,091 individuals engaged in various forms of work (27,861 males and 13,230 females), while 52,340 individuals are categorized as non-workers, consisting of 19,353 males and 32,987 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population in India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/widgets/embed/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://amrelidp.gujarat.gov.in/en/Home}}
* {{OSM relation|9659199}}
{{Subject bar|portal3=India|commons=yes|commons-search=|wikt=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q25564723}}{{Amreli district}}

[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Amreli district]]

{{Amreli-geo-stub}}

Marine Archaeological Museum, Poompuhar

2026-04-29T05:28:48Z

Krrissh: created data - done

{{Short description|Marine Archaeological Museum in Poompuhar, Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Marine Archaeological Museum, Poompuhar
| image = Sillapathikaram Art Gallery in Poombuhar, Tamil Nadu.jpg
| caption = Poompuhar Museum Art Gallery
| former_name = Puhar or Kaveripoompattinam
| established = 1997
| location = [[Poompuhar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.143133|N|79.856016|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Maritime museum]]
}}

'''Maritime Archaeological Museum, Poompuhar,''' is a maritime archaeological site museum located at [[Poombuhar|Poompuhar]] (erstwhile Kaverippumpattinam or Puhar) in the [[Mayiladuthurai district]] of the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] on the southern side of [[Coromandel Coast]].
== Location ==
Poompuhar is a town located at the mouth of the [[Kaveri|Cauvery River]] in Tamil Nadu, India. It served as a major [[port]] city during the [[Chola dynasty|Chola period]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramasamy |first1=S. M. |last2=Saravanavel |first2=J. |last3=Palanivel |first3=K. |last4=Kumanan |first4=C. J. |last5=Rajasekhar |first5=D. |date=2020-08-10 |title=Detection of submerged harbour using GEBCO and MBES data, in the offshore region of ancient port city Poompuhar, South India |url=https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Poompuhar-Ramasamy2020a.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=119 |issue=3 |pages=526–534 |doi=10.18520/cs/v119/i3/526-534 |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref> The town is situated approximately {{Convert|24|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from the district headquarters, [[Mayiladuthurai]], {{Convert|21|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from [[Sirkazhi]], {{Convert|24|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from [[Tharangambadi]], and {{Convert|279|km|mi|abbr=unit}} from the state capital, [[Chennai]]. The nearest railway station is [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai Junction]], and the nearest airport is [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]] (IATA: TRZ, ICAO: VOTR).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Marine Archaeological Site Museum - Poompuhar {{!}} Department Of Archaeology |url=https://tnarch.gov.in/marine-archaeological-museum-poompuhar |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241109192328/https://tnarch.gov.in/marine-archaeological-museum-poompuhar |archive-date=2024-11-09 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=www.tnarch.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-26 |title=தமிழர் கடல் நகரம் பூம்புகார் 15 ஆயிரம் ஆண்டுகள் பழமையானதா? |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cg3wdrv3r32o |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=BBC News தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref>

The State Archaeological Museum is located near [[Poompuhar Beach]].<ref name=":0" />

== Displayed objects ==
Poompuhar is extensively mentioned in [[Sangam literature]](circa 300 BCE to 300 CE),<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Learn Sangam Tamil |url=https://learnsangamtamil.com/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Learn Sangam Tamil |language=en}}</ref> a collection of Tamil poetic works. Texts like [[Cilappatikaram|Silappathikaram]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.tamilvu.org/library/nationalized/pdf/42-thirukudarsundarm/silapathigaram.pdf |title=சிலப்பதிகாரம் |publisher=Tamil Virtual Academy |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref> and [[Manimekalai]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0710.pdf |title=சிலப்பதிகாரம் |publisher=Project Madurai |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref> provide vivid descriptions of the city's grandeur, its bustling markets, and its cultural life.<ref name=":1" /> The ancient city believed to have been partially submerged in the sea. In 1981,<ref>{{cite web |last=Rao |first=S. R. |year=1991 |title=Poompuhar: An Ancient Port Town |url=https://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/PLACES/IndOc-Gulf/Poompuhar-Rao1991.pdf |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=Ancient Ports and Harbours |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jayakumar |first=S. |year=2004 |title=Submergence of Poompuhar |url=https://drs.nio.res.in/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/1161/INCHOE_Proc_2004_2_820.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=National Institute of Oceanography – INCHOE Proceedings |format=PDF}}</ref> the Archaeological Survey of India conducted preliminary underwater explorations in the area. An Underwater Archaeological Site Museum was inaugurated in 1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=Way2News Tamil |url=https://tamil.way2news.com/%e0%ae%ae%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b2%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%9f%e0%af%81%e0%ae%a4%e0%af%81%e0%ae%b1%e0%af%88-%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%aa%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%aa%e0%ae%9f%e0%ae%bf-%e0%ae%92%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%81-%e0%ae%b5/ |access-date=2025-12-02 |language=en}}</ref> in Poompuhar to display artifacts recovered during these explorations. It is the only museum of its kind in India dedicated to underwater archaeology.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Yet another step towards unearthing the glorious past of Poompuhar, the capital of early Cholas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/yet-another-step-towards-unearthing-the-glorious-past-of-poompuhar-the-capital-of-early-cholas/article69372624.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328091329/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/yet-another-step-towards-unearthing-the-glorious-past-of-poompuhar-the-capital-of-early-cholas/article69372624.ece |archive-date=2025-03-28 |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=N. Vinoth |date=2022-02-12 |title=ASI revives underwater archaeology wing, TN can now unearth Poompuhar |url=https://thefederal.com/states/south/tamil-nadu/asi-revives-underwater-archaeology-wing-tn-can-now-unearth-poompuhar |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref>

Artifacts have been recovered from both offshore and onshore explorations and excavations in the Poompuhar region. These include Roman rouletted [[pottery]], [[terracotta]] figurines such as [[The Buddha|Buddha]] heads and [[Buddha footprint|Buddhapadam]] (Buddha footprint in English), large [[Brick|bricks]], [[Bead|beads]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and Chinese pottery, stamped pottery from [[Alagankulam]], wooden artifacts, ring wells, [[Megalith|megalithic]] objects, Chinese jars, [[British Raj|British-era]] cooling jars, [[silambu]] ([[anklet]] in english), lead [[Ingot|ingots]], [[Buddha statues]], stone sculptures of [[Aiyanar|Ayyanar]], and [[ship]] models.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poompuhar |url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/excavation/poo.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901132454/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/excavation/poo.htm |archive-date=2017-09-01 |access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Visiting hours ==
[[File:Buddisht Monastery ruins, Poompuhar.jpg|thumb|Buddisht Monastery ruins]]
Visitors are allowed to this museum from 10.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m and Friday holiday.<ref name=":0" />

== Future Archaeological Work ==
On 15 March 2025, the [[Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology]] has announced plans for a series of deep-sea archaeological excavations off the coast of Poompuhar. These excavations aim to uncover submerged structures and artifacts, shedding light on the city’s maritime trade and cultural significance during the early [[Chola dynasty|Chola period]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Antony |date=2025-03-15 |title=Deep-sea archaeological excavation between Poompuhar and Nagapattinam announced in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Mar/15/deep-sea-archaeological-excavation-between-poompuhar-and-nagapattinam-announced-in-tamil-nadu |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Pallavaneswaram excavations (2).jpg|thumb|Pallavaneswaram excavations]]
Previous explorations, conducted in collaboration with the National Institute of Oceanography in the 1980s and 1990s, revealed man-made structures, brick formations, and artifacts dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE. Discoveries included shipwrecks, laterite stone structures, black-and-red ware ceramics, and remnants of Dutch and British ships. Scholars expect that the upcoming excavations will provide further insights into Poompuhar’s seafaring heritage, as documented in [[Sangam literature]] and accounts of foreign travelers.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Charan |first=N. Sai |date=2025-08-31 |title=T.N. Archaeology Department to begin underwater archaeological survey off the coast between Poompuhar and Nagapattinam in mid-September |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-archaeology-department-to-begin-underwater-archaeological-survey-off-the-coast-between-poompuhar-and-nagapattinam-in-mid-september/article69996272.ece |access-date=2025-12-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://vidya-sagar.com/2019/11/30/poompuhar-maritime-museum/ Poompuhar maritime museum]
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}
[[Category:Museums in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Maritime museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums in Mayiladuthurai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mayiladuthurai district]]

National Food Security Act, 2013

2026-04-27T18:59:45Z

Krrissh: created new details

{{Short description|Act of 2013 which enabled food security}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox legislation
|image = Food security.JPG
|enacted_by = Government of India
|caption = Food security and insecurity in India
|date_signed = {{start date and age|10 September 2013}}
|status = in force
}}
The '''National Food Security Act, 2013''' is an Indian [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of [[Parliament]] which aims to provide [[Subsidy|subsidized]] food grains to approximately two thirds of the country's 1.4 billion people.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-defers-promulgation-of-ordinance-on-Food-Security-Bill/articleshow/20569710.cms|title=Govt defers promulgation of ordinance on Food Security Bill|publisher=Times of India|date=13 June 2013}}</ref><ref>https://dfpd.gov.in/WriteReadData/Other/nfsa_1.pdf Gazette of India notification</ref> It was signed into law on 12 September 2013, effective [[retrospective effect|retroactively]] from 5 July 2013.<ref>{{Cite press release|title = The National Food Security Bill, 2013 Receives the Assent of the President, Published in the Gazette of India as Act No. 20 of 2013| url =http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99309|publisher = Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Food Security Act To Be Implemented From July 5|url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/7714/food-security-act-to-be-implemented-from-july-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717103430/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/7714/food-security-act-to-be-implemented-from-july-5|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 July 2014|publisher=[[Bloomberg TV India]]}}</ref>

The National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA 2013) converts into legal entitlements for existing food security programmes of the [[Government of India]]. It includes the [[Midday Meal Scheme]], [[Integrated Child Development Services]] scheme and the [[Public Distribution System]]. Further, the NFSA 2013 recognizes maternity entitlements. The Midday Meal Scheme and the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme are universal in nature whereas the PDS will reach about two-thirds of the population (75% in rural areas and 50% in urban areas).

Under the provisions of the Act, beneficiaries of the [[Public Distribution System]] (or, PDS) are entitled to {{convert|5|kg|lb}} of cereals per person per month at the following prices:
* [[Rice]] at {{INR Convert|3}} per kg
* [[Wheat]] at {{INR Convert|2}} per kg
* Coarse grains ([[millet]]) at {{INR Convert|1}} per kg.

Those with Antyodaya cards are entitled to 35 kg per month at the same prices as above.

The Act also includes the [[Midday Meal Scheme]] '''(MDM)''', the [[Integrated Child Development Services]] '''(ICDS)''' and maternity entitlements. While the MDM and ICDS were pre-existing schemes of the union government, universal maternity entitlements were created under the NFSA 2013 for the first time. In 2017, these entitlements were operationalized through the [[Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana]]. Through the ICDS and MDM, pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children are eligible for daily free meals in government schools and [[Anganwadi]] centres.

The bill was hotly debated before its introduction in Parliament and after it was introduced in Parliament. It was introduced into India's parliament on 22 December 2011, promulgated as a presidential ordinance on 5 July 2013, and enacted into law on 12 September 2013.<ref name="gain">{{Cite web |url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Indian%20Cabinet%20Approves%20National%20Food%20Security%20Bill%202013_New%20Delhi_India_4-11-2013.pdf |title=U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Delhi, India, ''Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013'', GAIN Report IN3037, 11 April 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083222/http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Indian%20Cabinet%20Approves%20National%20Food%20Security%20Bill%202013_New%20Delhi_India_4-11-2013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Ordinances/Food%20Security%20Ordinance%202013.pdf |title=National Food Security Ordinance, No. 7 of 2013, 5 July 2013 |access-date=10 September 2013 |archive-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127152648/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Ordinances/Food%20Security%20Ordinance%202013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Government of Odisha]] announced implementation of the act in 14 district from 17 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-09-17|title=Odisha to implement Food Security Act in 14 districts|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-to-implement-food-security-act-in-14-districts/article7660587.ece|access-date=2021-11-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Government of Assam]] implemented the Act on 24 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 December 2015|title=National Food Security Act in Assam from December 24|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-food-security-act-in-assam-from-december-24/articleshow/50248500.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-22}}</ref>

==Salient features==
'''Coverage and entitlement under Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) :''' Up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population will be covered under TPDS, with uniform entitlement of 5 kg per person per month. However, since [[Antyodaya Anna Yojana]] (AAY) households constitute poorest of the poor, and were entitled to 35 kg per household per month, their entitlements will be protected at 35 kg per household per month.

'''State-wise coverage :''' Corresponding to the all India coverage of 75% and 50% in the rural and urban areas, State-wise coverage will be determined by the Central Government. Planning Commission has determined the State-wise coverage by using the NSS Household Consumption Survey data for 2011–12.

'''Subsidised prices under TPDS and their revision :''' Foodgrains under TPDS will be made available at subsidised prices of Rs. 3/2/1 per kg for rice, wheat and coarse grains for a period of three years from the date of commencement of the Act. In case any State's allocation under the Act is lower than their current allocation, it will be protected up to the level of average offtake under normal TPDS during last three years, at prices to be determined by the Central Government. Existing prices for APL households i.e. Rs. 6.10 per kg for wheat and Rs 8.30 per kg for rice has been determined as issue prices for the additional allocation to protect the average offtake during last three years

'''Identification of Households :''' Within the coverage under TPDS determined for each State, the work of identification of eligible households is to be done by States/UTs.

'''Nutritional Support to women and children :''' Pregnant women and lactating mothers and children in the age group of 6 months to 14 years will be entitled to meals as per prescribed nutritional norms under Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and [[Mid-Day]] Meal (MDM) schemes. Higher nutritional norms have been prescribed for malnourished children up to 6 years of age.

'''Maternity Benefit :''' Pregnant women and lactating mothers will also be entitled to receive maternity benefit of not less than Rs. 6,000.

'''Women Empowerment :''' Eldest woman of the household of age 18 years or above to be the head of the household for the purpose of issuing of ration cards.

'''Grievance Redressal Mechanism :''' Grievance redressal mechanism at the District and State levels. States will have the flexibility to use the existing machinery or set up separate mechanism.

'''Cost of intra-State transportation & handling of foodgrains and FPS Dealers' margin :''' Central Government will provide assistance to States in meeting the expenditure incurred by them on transportation of foodgrains within the State, its handling and FPS dealers’ margin as per norms to be devised for this purpose.

'''Transparency and Accountability :''' Provisions have been made for disclosure of records relating to PDS, social audits and setting up of Vigilance Committees in order to ensure transparency and accountability.

'''Food Security Allowance :''' Provision for food security allowance to entitled beneficiaries in case of non-supply of entitled foodgrains or meals.

'''Penalty :''' Provision for penalty on public servant or authority, to be imposed by the State Food Commission, in case of failure to comply with the relief recommended by the District Grievance Redressal Officer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dfpd.nic.in/Salient-features-National-Food-Security-Act.htm |title=Salient features of the National Food Security Act, 2013 |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404160413/http://dfpd.nic.in/Salient-features-National-Food-Security-Act.htm |archive-date=4 April 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Intent ==
The intent of the National Food Security Bill is spelled out in the [[Lok Sabha]] committee report, [https://web.archive.org/web/20131018031038/http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Food%2C%20Consumer%20Affairs%20%26%20Public%20Distribution/Final%20Report%20on%20NFSB.pdf ''The National Food Security Bill, 2011, Twenty Seventh Report''], which states, "[[Food security]] means availability of sufficient foodgrains to meet the domestic demand as well as access, at the individual level, to adequate quantities of food at affordable prices." The report adds, "The proposed legislation marks a paradigm shift in addressing the problem of food security – from the current welfare approach to a right based approach. About two thirds (approx 67%) of the population will be entitled to receive subsidized foodgrains under Targeted [[Public Distribution System]]. In a country where almost 40% of children are undernourished the importance of the scheme increases significantly."

== Scope ==
The Indian Ministry of Agriculture's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) has referred to the Bill as the "biggest ever experiment in the world for distributing highly subsidized food by any government through a ‘rights based’ approach."<ref name=cacp2>{{cite web|url=http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/BufferStockingNorms.pdf |author1=Ashok Gulati |author2=Surbhi Jain |name-list-style=amp |title=Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB: Concepts, Empirics, and Policy Implications |publisher=Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India |date=May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806003153/http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/BufferStockingNorms.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2013 }}</ref> The Bill extends coverage of the Targeted Public Distribution System, India's principal domestic food aid program, to two thirds of the population, or approximately 820 million people. Initially, the Lok Sabha Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution estimated a "total requirement of foodgrains, as per the Bill would be 61.55 million <nowiki>[</nowiki>metric<nowiki>]</nowiki> tons in 2012-13."<ref name=cterpt>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Food,%20Consumer%20Affairs%20&%20Public%20Distribution/Final%20Report%20on%20NFSB.pdf|title=The National Food Security Bill, 2011, Twenty Seventh Report|author=Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution (2012-13), Fifteenth Lok Sabha, Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (Department Of Food and Public Distribution)|date=January 2013|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018031038/http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Food%2C%20Consumer%20Affairs%20%26%20Public%20Distribution/Final%20Report%20on%20NFSB.pdf|archive-date=18 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The CACP calculated in May 2013, "...the requirement for average monthly [[Public Distribution System|PDS]] offtake is calculated as 2.3 mt for wheat (27.6 mt annually) and 2.8 mt for rice (33.6 mt annually)..." When volumes needed for the Public Distribution System and "Other Welfare Schemes" were aggregated, the CACP estimated rice and wheat requirements to total an "annual requirement of 61.2" million metric tons.<ref name=cacp2 /> However, the final version of the Bill signed into law includes on page 18 an annex, "Schedule IV", which estimates the total food grain allocation as 54.926 million metric tons.<ref name=signedbill>{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/E_29_2013_429.pdf |title=National Food Security Bill, Registered No. DL-(N)04/0007/2003-13, as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice, September 10, 2013}}</ref>

The Standing Committee estimated that the value of additional food subsidies (i.e., on top of the existing Public Distribution System) "during 2012-13 works out to be...Rs.2409 [[crore]]s," that is, 24.09 billion rupees, or about $446 million at the then-current exchange rate, for a total expenditure of 1.122 trillion rupees (or between $20 and $21 billion).<ref name=cterpt /> However, the Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) calculated, "Currently, the economic cost of [[Food Corporation of India|FCI]] for acquiring, storing and distributing foodgrains is about 40 percent more than the procurement price."<ref name=cacp>{{cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Food%20Security/CACP%20Report%20on%20Food%20Security%20Bill.pdf |author=Ashok Gulati|title=National Food Security Bill, Challenges and Options, Discussion Paper No. 2|publisher=Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India |date=December 2012|display-authors=etal}}</ref> The Commission added,
:The stated expenditure of Rs 1,20,000 crore annually in NFSB is merely the tip of the iceberg. To support the system and the welfare schemes, additional expenditure is needed for the envisaged administrative set up, scaling up of operations, enhancement of production, investments for storage, movement, processing and market infrastructure etc. The existing Food Security Complex of Procurement, Stocking and Distribution- which NFSB perpetuates- would increase the operational expenditure of the Scheme given its creaking infrastructure, leakages & inefficient governance.<ref name=cacp />

The Commission concluded that the total bill for implementation of the Bill "....may touch an expenditure of anywhere between Rs 125,000 to 150,000 crores," i.e., 1.25 to 1.5 trillion rupees.<ref name=cacp /> As of the implementation deadline of 4 October 2014, only 11 states had either implemented the Act or declared readiness to do so.<ref name=11states>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Food-security-deadline-for-states-expires-without-extension/articleshow/44662904.cms|title=Food security deadline for states expires without extension|author=Dipak K Dash|publisher=Times of India|date=8 Oct 2014}} The eleven states as of 4 October 2014, were reportedly Assam, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Punjab, Bihar, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka.</ref> On 28 November 2014, the Indian government announced, "Allocation of foodgrains to 11 States/Union Territories (UTs) namely, Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, [[Madhya Pradesh]], Maharashtra, Punjab and Rajasthan has started under the Act..." and that the "remaining 25 States/UTs have not completed the preparatory measures required for implementation of the Act." The Indian government extended the deadline for implementation of the Act "by another six months, i.e. till 04.04.2015."<ref name=pib112132>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=112132|title=States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=28 November 2014}}</ref>

== Commentary ==

=== Critics ===
Criticism of the National Food Security Bill includes accusations of both political motivation and fiscal irresponsibility.<ref name="Iyer">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/This-isn-t-food-security-it-s-vote-security-says-BJP/Article1-1113375.aspx |title=This isn't food security, it's vote security, says BJP |publisher=Hindustan Times |author=Shekhar Iyer |date=26 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831074116/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/This-isn-t-food-security-it-s-vote-security-says-BJP/Article1-1113375.aspx |archive-date=31 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/implementing-food-security-bill/1/198414.html |title=Digestion pangs|publisher=Business Today|date=29 September 2013|author=Shweta Punj}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Food-bill-Experts-seek-proper-selection-revamped-PDS/articleshow/22411390.cms|title=Food bill: Experts seek proper selection, revamped PDS|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 September 2013 |publisher=Times of India, 8 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/food-bill-is-a-first-step/|title= Food Bill is a first step|publisher=The Daily Star|author=Praful Bidwai|date=9 September 2013}}</ref> One senior opposition politician, [[Murli Manohar Joshi]], went so far as to describe the bill as a measure for "vote security" (for the ruling government coalition) rather than food security.<ref name="Iyer" /> Another political figure, [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], declared, "It is clearly being brought for elections...Why didn’t you bring this bill earlier when poor people were dying because of hunger?...Every election, you bring up a measure. There is nothing for the poor."<ref name=fpost>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/food-security-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha-after-nine-hour-debate-1062223.html|title=Food Security Bill passed in Lok Sabha after nine-hour debate|publisher=FirstPost|date=27 August 2013}}</ref>

The report of the 33rd meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy stated, "...Food prices are still elevated and the food security bill will aggravate food price inflation as it will tilt supply towards [[cereal]]s and away from other farm produce ([[protein]]s), which will raise food prices further...Members desired that the Reserve Bank impress on the government the need to address supply side constraints which are causing inflationary pressure, especially on the food front."<ref>[http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/IEPR370TAC0813.pdf RBI Committee meeting cautions the government against Food Security Bill]</ref><ref>[http://rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=29356 RBI releases Minutes of 24 July 2013 Meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy]</ref> Dr. [http://www.gatewayhouse.in/author/surjit-bhalla/ Surjit S. Bhalla] warned, "The food security bill...if implemented honestly, will cost 3 per cent of the GDP in its very first year."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/manmonias-fsb-3--of-gdp/1138195/0|title=Manmonia's FSB: 3% of GDP|publisher=Indian Express|date=6 July 2013}}</ref> The writer Vivek Kaul noted,
:The government’s estimated cost of food security comes at 11.10%...of the total receipts. The CACP’s estimated cost of food security comes at 21.5%...of the total receipts. Bhalla’s cost of food security comes at around 28% of the total receipts...Once we express the cost of food security as a percentage of the total estimated receipts of the government, during the current financial year, we see how huge the cost of food security really is.<ref name=kaul>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/economy/food-bill-is-the-biggest-mistake-india-might-have-made-till-date-1062841.html|author=Vivek Kaul|title=Food Bill is the biggest mistake India might have made till date|publisher=Firstpost|date=27 August 2013}}</ref>

The Indian Ministry of Agriculture's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices warned that enactment of the Bill could be expected to "induce severe imbalance in the production of oilseeds and pulses," and "...will create demand pressures, which will inevitably spillover to market prices of food grains. Furthermore, the higher food subsidy burden on the budget will raise the fiscal deficit, exacerbating macro level inflationary pressures."<ref name=cacp /> The Commission argued further that the Bill would restrict private initiative in agriculture, reduce competition in the marketplace due to government domination of the [[grain trade|grain market]], shift money from investments in agriculture to subsidies, and continue focus on cereals production when shifts in consumer demand patterns indicate a need to focus more on protein, fruits and vegetables.<ref name=cacp />

India ranks 74 out of 113 major countries in terms of [[Global food security index|food security index]]. Though the available nutritional standard is 100% of the requirement, India lags far behind in terms of quality protein at 20% which needs to be tackled but no provision is made in the Act to subsidize the protein rich food products such as eggs, meat, fish, chicken, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#India|title=India: Global Food Security Index|access-date=17 Jan 2018|archive-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712235613/http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#India|url-status=dead}}</ref> India needs to concentrate on methods to improve the availability and affordability of protein rich food products using the latest technology without the need of additional land and water. [[Biogas]] or natural gas or methane produced from farm/agro/crop/domestic waste can also be used in addition to mined [[natural gas]] for producing protein rich cattle/fish/poultry/pet animal feed economically by cultivating ''[[Methylococcus capsulatus]]'' bacteria culture in a decentralized manner near to the rural / consumption areas with tiny land and water foot print.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |title=BioProtein Production |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151825/http://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/ |title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://calysta.com/2016/11/new-venture-selects-cargills-tennessee-site-produce-calysta-feedkind-protein/ |title=New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind® Protein |access-date=31 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |title=Assessment of environmental impact of FeedKind protein |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163726/https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |archive-date=2 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Advocates ===
The bill was very widely viewed as a "pet project" of [[Indian National Congress]](INC) President, [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/lok-sabha-passes-sonia-gandhis-ambitious-food-bill_941004.html|title=Lok Sabha passes Sonia Gandhi's ambitious Food Bill|publisher=moneycontrol.com (CNBC)|date=27 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/parliament-clears-sonias-pet-food-security-bill-cong-eyes-poll-gain/419237-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903231324/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/parliament-clears-sonias-pet-food-security-bill-cong-eyes-poll-gain/419237-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2013|title=Parliament clears Sonia's pet Food Security Bill, Cong eyes poll gain|work=CNN-IBN | date=3 September 2013}}</ref> Gandhi addressed Parliament the night of the August 2013 [[Lok Sabha]] vote on the bill, saying its passage would be a "chance to make history".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/sonia-gandhi-fine-relieved-that-food-bill-was-passed-narendra-modi-wishes-her-good-health-410780|title=Sonia Gandhi fine, 'relieved' that Food Bill was passed, Narendra Modi wishes her good health|publisher=NDTV|date=27 August 2013|author=Edited by Deepshikha Ghosh}}</ref>

Former [[National Advisory Council]] member and development economist Professor [[Jean Drèze]], reputedly one of the architects of the original, 2011 version of the bill, wrote, "...the Bill is a form of investment in human capital. It will bring some security in people’s lives and make it easier for them to meet their basic needs, protect their health, educate their children, and take risks."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/why-the-food-bill-is-sound-economics/|title=Why The Food Bill Is Sound Economics|publisher=Tehelka|date=13 April 2013}}</ref> Professor Drèze dismissed opposition from business interests, saying, "Corporate hostility does not tell us anything except that the Food Bill does not serve corporate interests. Nobody is claiming that it does, nor is that the purpose of the Bill."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/the-food-security-bill-can-help-to-protect-the-people-from-poverty-and-insecurity/|title='The Food Security Bill Can Help To Protect The People From Poverty And Insecurity' |publisher=Tehelka|date=7 September 2013|author=Revati Laul}}</ref>

Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution [[K.V. Thomas]] stated in an interview,
:This is no mean task, a task being accomplished in the second most populated country in the world. All the while, it has been a satisfying journey. The responsibility is not just of the Central Government but equally of the States/<nowiki>[</nowiki>Union Territories<nowiki>]</nowiki>. I am sure together we can fulfill this dream. The day is not far off, when India will be known the world over for this important step towards eradication of hunger, malnutrition and resultant poverty...By providing food security to 75 percent of the rural and 50 percent of the urban population with focus on nutritional needs of children, pregnant and lactating women, the National Food Security Bill will revolutionize food distribution system.<ref name=gain />

In a rebuttal to Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla, three economists responded, "...the food subsidy bill should roughly double and come to around 1.35% of GDP, which is still way less than the numbers he put out."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ideasforindia.in/article.aspx?article_id=181|title=Correct costs of the Food Security Bill|publisher=Ideas for India|author1=Milind Murugkar |author2=Ashok Kotwal |author3=Bharat Ramaswami |date=28 August 2013}}</ref>

==Chhattisgarh Food Security Act==
The '''[[Chhattisgarh Food Security Act, 2012]]''' was enacted by the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]]. It was passed unopposed on 21 December 2012, by the State Assembly to ensure "access to adequate quantity of food and other requirements of good nutrition to the people of the State, at affordable prices, at all times to live a life of dignity."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh-passes-own-food-security-bill/Article1-979100.aspx |title=Chhattisgarh passes own food security bill - Hindustan Times |access-date=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111004146/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh-passes-own-food-security-bill/Article1-979100.aspx |archive-date=11 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

The Act divides households into four groups — Antodaya, Priority, General and Excluded households.

The priority households will have monthly public distribution system (PDS) entitlement of 35 kg rice, wheat flour, pulses, gram and iodised salt at subsidised price. "The new act will make the acclaimed PDS more comprehensive. Nearly 90% of the provisions incorporated in the Act were already covered under the PDS", the then chief minister [[Raman Singh]] said. The new initiative will put a burden of {{currency|2311|INR}} crore on the state exchequer. The act will not cover those who are income tax payees, own over 4 hectares of irrigated or 8 hectares of non-irrigated land in non-scheduled areas and who are liable to pay property tax in urban areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/food-security-act-should-centre-emulate-chhattisgarh-yes/article4249370.ece |title=Food Security Act: Should Centre emulate Chhattisgarh? - YES |publisher=The Hindu BusinessLine |date=2018-03-09 |access-date=2020-04-04}}</ref>

The Act benefits 4.2 million families living here. It will also cover families headed by a destitute, a widow or a differently abled person. It will also take care of poor, children living in hostels/ashrams, pregnant women as well as those hit by disaster.

==See also==
*[[Right to food]]
*[[Food security in India]]
*[[Public distribution system]]
*[[Ration card (India)]]
*[[Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==

===Official Documents===
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Food%20Security/Bill%20with%20Amendments.pdf The National Food Security Bill, 2011; Bill No. 132 of 2011 (original bill as submitted in 2011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411024435/https://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Food%20Security/Bill%20with%20Amendments.pdf |date=11 April 2021 }}
* [http://eac.gov.in/reports/rep_NFSB.pdf ''Report of the Expert Committee on National Food Security Bill'', Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Government of India, January 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163720/http://eac.gov.in/reports/rep_NFSB.pdf |date=2 August 2019 }}
* [http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewQuestionare.aspx?Input=2&DocId=1&PageId=42&KeyId=470 Gulati, Ashok, et al, ''National Food Security Bill, Challenges and Options, Discussion Paper No. 2'', Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices, December 2012]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131018031038/http://164.100.47.134/lsscommittee/Food%2C%20Consumer%20Affairs%20%26%20Public%20Distribution/Final%20Report%20on%20NFSB.pdf Standing Committee on Food, Consumer Affairs And Public Distribution (2012-13), Fifteenth Lok Sabha, Ministry Of Consumer Affairs, Food And Public Distribution (Department Of Food And Public Distribution), ''The National Food Security Bill, 2011, Twenty Seventh Report'', January 2013]
* [http://indiagovernance.gov.in/thinkpiece/?thinkpiece=5 Joshi, Pramod K., "National Food Security Bill and need for a stronger implementation strategy," ''Government Knowledge Centre Think Pieces'', 7 March 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305041523/http://indiagovernance.gov.in/thinkpiece/?thinkpiece=5 |date=5 March 2015 }}
*[https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Indian%20Cabinet%20Approves%20National%20Food%20Security%20Bill%202013_New%20Delhi_India_4-11-2013.pdf U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Delhi, India, ''Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013,'' GAIN Report IN3037, 11 April 2013]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/01404/National_Food_Secu_1404268a.pdf National Food Security Bill, 2013 (version of April 2013)]
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=95441 Press Information Bureau, Government of India, ''Amendments in the National Food Security Bill Introduced in the Lok Sabha'', 2 May 2013]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160203025927/http://cacp.dacnet.nic.in/ViewQuestionare.aspx?Input=2&DocId=1&PageId=42&KeyId=476 Gulati, Ashok, and Surbhi Jain, ''Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB: Concepts, Empirics, and Policy Implications,'' Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices, May 2013]
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Ordinances/Food%20Security%20Ordinance%202013.pdf National Food Security Ordinance, No. 7 of 2013, 5 July 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127152648/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Ordinances/Food%20Security%20Ordinance%202013.pdf |date=27 January 2018 }}
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Food%20Security/Food%20Security%20Bill,%202013.pdf The National Food Security Bill, 2013, Bill No. 109 of 2013, as introduced in Lok Sabha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830012835/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Food%20Security/Food%20Security%20Bill,%202013.pdf |date=30 August 2015 }}
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Food%20Security/Food%20Bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf The National Food Security Bill, 2013, Bill No. 109-C of 2013, as passed by Lok Sabha on 26 August 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204162257/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Food%20Security/Food%20Bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |date=4 February 2016 }}
* [http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/E_29_2013_429.pdf National Food Security Bill, Registered No. DL-(N)04/0007/2003-13, as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice, 10 September 2013]
* [http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Food%20Security/Chhattisgarh%20Food%20Security%20Act.pdf CHHATTISGARH FOOD SECURITY ACT, 2012]
* [https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/report/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=National%20Food%20Security%20Bill%20Becomes%20Law_New%20Delhi_India_9-16-2013.pdf U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Delhi, India, ''National Food Security Bill Becomes Law'', GAIN Report IN3105, 16 September 2013]
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99708 "State Food Ministers meet to discuss implementation of National Food Security Act," Press Information Bureau, Government of India, press release, 27 September 2013]
* [http://www.ifpri.org/gfpr/2013/indias-right-to-food-act "A Novel Approach to Food Security", by Avinash Kishore, P. K. Joshi, and John Hoddinott, Chapter 3 of ''2013 Global Food Policy Report'', Washington: IFPRI, 2014]
* [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=112132 "States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act," Press Information Bureau, Government of India, press release, 28 November 2014]

===Media coverage and comments===
* [http://www.tehelka.com/exclusive-summary-of-the-national-food-security-bill-2013/ Drèze, Jean, "Summary Of The National Food Security Bill 2013", ''Tehelka'', 22 March 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819180207/http://www.tehelka.com/exclusive-summary-of-the-national-food-security-bill-2013/ |date=19 August 2014 }}
* [https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/05/08/qa-pros-and-cons-of-the-food-security-bill/ Sugden, Joanna, "Q&A: Pros and Cons of The Food Security Bill," ''Wall Street Journal'', 8 May 2013 (''interview with Dr. P.K. Joshi of the International Food Policy Research Institute office in New Delhi'')]
* [http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cnbc-tv18-comments/how-much-will-food-security-bill-cost-exchequer_894551.html "How much will food security bill cost exchequer?", ''moneycontrol.com (CNBC)'', 8 June 2013 ("''Ashok Gulati chairman of the commission on agricultural costs and prices, T Nanda Kumar, former agriculture secretary and Sonal Varma chief economist at Nomura discuss the nuances of the Food Security Bill on Indianomics.''")]
* [http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/09/the-food-security-debate-in-india/?_r=0 Drèze, Jean, "The Food Security Debate in India", ''New York Times'' blog, 9 July 2013]
* [http://www.newsyaps.com/the-anatomy-of-the-national-food-security-act/101414/ Kumar, Ashok, "The Anatomy of the National Food Security Act 2013", ''NewsYaps'', 14 March 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916050217/http://www.newsyaps.com/the-anatomy-of-the-national-food-security-act/101414/ |date=16 September 2014 }}

[[Category:Welfare in India]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2013]]
[[Category:Food security]]

KCA Bangalore

2026-04-24T03:39:23Z

Krrissh: Stub - done

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'''Kanara Catholic Association''' (KCA), is one of the cultural organisations of the [[Mangalorean Catholic]] community in India.

A scholarship corpus fund started in the 1960s, has facilitated financial assistance even to this day, to several deserving students of the Mangalorean Catholic Community in Bangalore.

KCA is a major contributor in terms of land and funds to the Konkan Samudai Bhavan (KSB), which is a building to help members of the Kanara Catholic Community. One of the major aims of the KSB is to provide subsidised accommodations for Catholic youth who come from the Konkan area to Bangalore in search of jobs or help in the early part of their careers.

In a Landmark event, during the Annual General Body meeting of 2018, the Chief Postmaster General of Karnataka, Government of India, His Excellency, Dr. Charles Lobo, in the presence of members and the newly elected committee, released a stamp commemorating the Monti Fest Festival of the Mangalorean catholics, which is celebrated worldwide by the community on 8 September to honour the Virgin Mary and is connected to the Harvest festival which is also celebrated in India with great gusto.

[[File:Kca award ceremony.png|thumb|KCA 'Face of the Year Award' presented to Faye D'Souza of Mirror Now, by His Excellency, Bishop Henry D'Souza. '''Sitting from Left:''' Hilma Roach, Vice President KCA, Marjorie Texeira, President KCA, Faye D'Souza, Bishop Henry D'Souza and Rafael Johnson, President of Catholic Club]]

[[File:Monti fest stamp.jpg|thumb|His Excellency, Dr. Charles Lobo, Chief Postmaster General for Karnataka, Govt. of India, releases a stamp at the KCA AGM on 9 September 2018 to commemorate the celebration of the [[Monti Fest]] Festival of the Mangalorean Catholic Community]]

[[File:kca50.jpg|thumb|His Excellency, The Most Reverend [[Bernard Moras]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore|Archbishop of Bangalore]] inaugurating the completion of the '''50th Anniversary of KCA''' in the Presence of [[Oscar Fernandes]], Former Minister, Government of India and Member of Parliament and [[Margaret Alva]], Former Governor and Member of Parliament, Government of India]]

[[File:Kca50 start.jpg|thumb|Inaugural event for the start of the 50th anniversary of KCA in the Presence of the Archbishop Emeritus of Bangalore, His Excellency, The Most Reverend [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpintoip.html Ignatius Pinto]<ref>'Archdiocese of Bangalore', David M.Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy, 16 March 2013</ref>]]

[[File:Ronald Colaco 20 july 2017 2.jpg|thumb|[https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/CM-honours-Global-NRI-of-the-Year-Award-winning-entrepreneur-Ronald-Colaco.html Mr. Ronald Colaco, KCA member, being felicitated by Karnataka Chief Minister], [[Siddaramaiah]] for receiving the Times Now Global NRI Award under Philanthropy. Also present are State Minister for Food and Civil Supplies, UT Khader, and Chief Whip of Karnataka Assembly and Member of Legislative Council, Ivan Dsouza]]<ref>CM honours Global NRI of the Year Award winning entrepreneur Ronald Colaco, 20 July 2017, Mangaloretoday.com</ref>

[[File:KCA MC 2017-18.jpg|thumb|'''KCA Bangalore Managing Committee 2017-18 with Justice [[John Michael D'Cunha]]''' of the [[Karnataka High Court]] (in pink tie). '''Members from left''': Clemence D'Silva, Dr. Joseph Rasquinha, Dr. Allan Pinto, Ivan Pinto, Marjorie Texeira, Adrian Fernandes, Nigel Colaco, Anand Edward D'Souza (FKCA Chairman), Roshan Menezes, Errol Fernandes (KCA President in white tie), Maxim Lobo, Justice D'Cunha, Ajay Fernandes, David Saldanha, Palini Pinto, Sunil Coutinho, Lavina Pinto, Harriette Rebello, Neha Menezes, Shawn D'sa and Jane Pinto. ''Not in Picture'': Hilma Roach, Alvin Mendonca, Viren Peres and Rohan D'Souza]]

==Background==
KCA Bangalore was started in 1955 thanks to the initiative of early residents Leo D'Silva, Public Notary and John D'Sa, who was later Chief Engineer of the Karnataka State Government Electricity Board and Capt. Dr. George Mathias - a well-known coffee planter. The early meetings were in the legendary Oorgaum House, the home of Rajpramukh PG D'Souza. Its mission was to promote cohesiveness and camaraderie within the community through social events, picnics and sports. KCA became a Registered body in 1988. The membership and Articles of Association were revised in 1994.

The Annual General Body Meeting of KCA has traditionally included a Church Service in Konkani, followed by lunch and entertainment. From 1993, an annual church service for Departed Members, Thanksgiving Mass in April after Easter, and Montichefest Mass in September with well-organized liturgy and choir is always conducted without fail. Cultural events have evolved from modest social gatherings in the 1950s, which introduced a touch of culture with the colourful mando, to 1995, when a cultural troupe from Mangalore led by Bennet Pinto were invited to perform at the 40th Anniversary celebration of KCA at St. Germains School, Bangalore. Cultural programmes have become a rallying force to bring the community together to participate, have fellowship, celebrate and contribute to charity causes. From 2000 onwards, "Mango Showers" and later [http://www.udayavani.com/english/news/mangaluru/198557/kanara-catholic-association-organises-‘mood-mangalorean’-bengaluru Mood Manglowrean] <ref>"Kanara Catholic Association Organises 'Mood Mangalorean' in Bengaluru", Udayavani Newspaper, English edition, 27 February 2107</ref> have showcased Mangalorean cultural heritage through skits, plays, music, dance and songs with large numbers of cultural events to promote the cohesion of the Mangalorean catholic community, which has been decreasing in numbers in India.

KCA also publishes a quarterly Newsletter called 'Khobar' from 1994. In 1995, the first Directory of Members was published. A Land and Building Fund was instituted in 1985 to harness donations from the community for charitable causes, resulting in a plot of land purchased 10 years later. Raising funds for a building turned out to be a major hurdle. In 2016, through the herculean efforts of the Konkan Welfare Trust- a joint collaboration of KCA and KONCAB, and substantial assistance from many individual benefactors both in India and across the World, a magnificent community building consisting of a hall and hostel called the Konkan Samudai Bhavan was completed.

A tradition is also the annual Thanksgiving Mass, held every year, after Easter. Donations and proceeds from this mass are given to other catholic organisations who cater to less privileged members of society. In the last few years, donations from these masses have been given to the [[Little Sisters of the Poor]], the Leprosy Home at Sumanahally Bangalore, the home for AIDS patients on Sarjapur Road run by the Camillian Fathers, [http://www.owcbangalore.org/CharityArticles/AshaNiketan_2009-03.pdf Asha Niketan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403055353/http://www.owcbangalore.org/CharityArticles/AshaNiketan_2009-03.pdf |date=3 April 2014 }}<ref>"Asha Niketan- A home of Hope", Mona Patel-Sikora, The Rangoli, 3/2009, published in the OWC (Overseas Womens Club) of Bangalore</ref> [[Koramangala]] a home for the intellectually disabled, part of the L'Arch communities started by Jean Vanier in France in 1970 and others

The KCA celebrated its golden jubilee in 2004-2005 under the stewardship of the first Lady President of KCA, Dr. Pat Pinto.

==Committee==

The KCA is run by an Honorary Committee which is elected by the AGM every year. Committee members are responsible for organising all the KCA events, with all the proceeds going to charity.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Honorary Committee Members for 2020-2022
|-
|-
! Designation !!Name of the Member!! Designation !! Name of the Member
|-
| ''President'' || Hilma Roach || ''Vice President''|| Roshan Menezes
|-
| ''Secretary'' || Lunita Pais D'Sa || ''Joint Secretary''|| Jane Pinto
|-
| ''Treasurer'' || Ajay Fernandes || ''Past President'' ||Marjorie Texeira
|-
| ''Committee Member''|| Adrian D'Souza ||''Committee Member'' ||Hariette Rebello
|-
| ''Committee Member'' ||Dr. Joseph Rasquinha || ''Committee Member''|| Palini Pinto
|-
| ''Committee Member'' ||Ivan Pinto || ''Committee Member''|| Clemence D'Silva
|-
| ''Committee Member'' ||Shoba Pinto || ''Committee Member''|| Karen Prabhu
|-
| ''Committee Member'' ||Lavina Lobo || ''Committee Member''|| Shanti Peres
|-
| ''Committee Member'' ||Rowan Pais || ''Committee Member''|| Veena Serrao
|-
| ''Committee Member'' ||Mariette Vaz || ''Committee Member''|| Cheryl Rebello
|-
|-
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangalorean Catholics}}
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Christianity in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Mangalorean society|Catholics]]
[[Category:Christianity in Mangalore|Catholicism]]
[[Category:Christian communities of India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mangalorean Catholics| ]]

Somappa Dandanayaka

2026-04-23T04:32:10Z

Krrissh: added stub

{{Short description|Indian military commander}}
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Somappa Dandanayaka
| image =
| caption =
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| office2 =
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| monarch = [[Bukka Raya I]]
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| office3 =
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| honorific_prefix = ''Mahapradhani''
| battles = {{collapsible list|title = {{nobold|''See list''}}|{{tree list}}
* [[Kampana's invasion of Madurai]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}
| resting_place =
| relations = [[Marayya Nayaka]] (Son)
| successor =
| death_place =
| term_end =
| term_start =
| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| occupation = [[Public administration|Administrator]]
| service_years = 1352–1370
| branch = [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Council]]
| unit =
| office = [[Minister (government)|Minister]] of The [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| rank =
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}}

'''Somappa Dandanayaka''' was a minister and Mahapradhani under [[Kumara Kampana]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. Known for his administrative and diplomatic skills, he played a key role in the restoration and endowment of temples in the [[Tamils|Tamil]] region. Despite his title "Dannayaka," he was primarily a civil officer and not a military commander. Somappa oversaw land grants, tax remissions, and the rehabilitation of temple worship.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/>

==Life==
Somappa Dandanayaka served as the "Mahapradhani" (chief minister) and "Dannayaka" (commander) under [[Kumara Kampana]] during the Vijayanagara Empire's campaigns in the [[Tamils|Tamil]] country. He appears to have been a trusted associate of Kampana from the early stages of his military and administrative endeavors in the region. Somappa played a key role in supporting Kampana’s efforts to establish [[Vijayanagara]] control over the [[Tondaimandalam]] and [[Madurai]] regions. His strong leadership and administrative acumen laid the foundation for his son, [[Marayya Nayaka]] to rise as a distinguished general.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=A. Krishna Swami |url=https://archive.org/details/tva-bok-0027340-tva-bok-0027340-the-tamil-country-under-vijayanagar/page/48/mode/1up?view=theater |title=TVA BOK 0027340 TVA BOK 0027340 The Tamil Country Under Vijayanagar |date=2025-01-12|pages=49–51}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/madhuravijaya-of-gangadevi-thiruvenkatachari-mula-and-translation/page/n70/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Madhuravijaya Of Gangadevi Thiruvenkatachari MUla And Translation |language=English|pages=63–64}}</ref><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=Ramesan |first=N. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.09226/page/32/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Andhra Pradesh district gazetteers :Chittoor |date=1979 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh|page=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/aclcpl00000791a1494/page/n24/mode/1up?view=theater |title=ACL-CPL 00791 Tanjore Paintings_ A Chapter in india Art History|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganga Devi |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.491314/page/18/mode/1up |title=Madhura Vijaya Or Virakamparaya Charita |date=1924|page=18}}</ref>

==Civil Administration==
The earliest recorded mention of [[Kumara Kampana]]'s presence in the Tamil country dates back to 24 September 1352, in an inscription from Avur near [[Tiruvannamalai]]. This inscription highlights a significant act of patronage by Somappa Udaiyar, who granted the village of Somanathapuram, situated on the northern bank of the Southern [[Pennar River]].<ref name="aps"/>

Somappa Dandanayaka, the Mahapradhani of Kumara Kampana, played a crucial role in facilitating gifts to temples and religious institutions. An inscription from Tittaikkudi records his significant donation of the village of Attiyair to a temple.<ref name="aps"/>

An inscription from Achiruppakkam, dated A.D. 1361, mentions a land donation to a monastery in [[Kanchipuram]] by Somappa Dandanayaka and Koppanar, showcasing their commitment to religious and cultural patronage. In 1363, Somappa, under orders from Kumara Kampana, granted sarvamanya land to the temple at Brahmadesam, further emphasizing his role in temple restoration and rehabilitation. As the Mahapradhani, Somappa not only supervised and executed royal decrees but also ensured that temple servants were treated with dignity and provided with adequate housing.<ref name="aps"/>

Inscription No. 203 of 1921 records the free colonization of Madavilagam by temple servants, initiated by Somappa Dandanayaka. The taxes collected from the settlement were allocated for worship and the maintenance of the temple at Serkkadu. This generous act by Somappa was aimed at ensuring the continuity of Kampana’s governance while fostering religious devotion and temple upkeep. The settlement in recognition of his contributions came to be known as Somappa Udaiyar Madavilagam.<ref name="aps"/>

An inscription from Marakkanam records an order issued by Somappa Dandanayaka, the Mahapradhani, to remit the taxes in cash owed by certain classes of people residing in the Madavilagam of the temple. This act of tax remission was accompanied by the foundation of a new street near the temple, highlighting Somappa's efforts to support the community and enhance religious infrastructure. The remitted taxes were specifically directed to be used for the repairs and worship in the temple of Tiruppinisvaram Udaiyar.<ref name="aps"/>

An inscription from Kunrattir (Chingleput District) highlights Somappa Dandanayaka’s initiative in assigning taxes collected from the Kaikkolars residing in Tirumadavijagam to the temple. This allocation was specifically made to fund the spring festival held in the first month of the year, Chittirai, reflecting his commitment to reviving traditional celebrations. Another record from Eduru in [[Chittoor District]] mentions a garvamanya grant by Somappa of the old devadana lands of the Vidaiyur temple, along with two additional villages and various taxes from the temple precincts. The inscription notes that festivals and offerings in the temple had been neglected for over 50 years, highlighting Somappa’s efforts to restore and sustain religious practices and temple activities.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="cps"/>

Somappa Dandanayaka apart from being a distinguished administrator, was also a great [[Sanskrit]] scholar. He showcased his devotion and cultural patronage by constructing a magnificent temple dedicated to God [[Somanatha]] at [[Mulbagal]].<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/>

==Personality==
An inscription from Kolar lauds Somappa Dandanayaka in the highest terms, describing him as a magnanimous and virtuous individual, skilled in politics, and well-versed in various branches of learning. Despite holding the title "Dannayaka," which often denoted military officers, Somappa was not involved in military affairs but instead excelled in civil duties. His contributions were particularly significant in the restoration and rehabilitation of temples in the [[Tamils|Tamil]] country. The inscriptions highlight his role in executing royal decrees, overseeing temple affairs, and ensuring the proper functioning of religious institutions.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/>

==See also==
* [[Kumara Kampana]]
* [[Marayya Nayaka]]
* [[Saluva Mangu]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]
[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]

Namdeo Kirsan

2026-04-20T05:31:23Z

Krrissh: created a data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP one source|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Namdeo Kirsan
| birth_name = Namdeo Dasaram Kirsan
| occupation =
| years_active =
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| image =
| spouse = Nalini Namdeo Kirsan
| children =
| education =
| birth_place = Govindpur, Nagbhid Taluka, [[Chandrapur District]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|05|24}}
| caption =
| image_size =
| parents = Dasaram Kirsan, Jasoda Bai
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ashok Nete]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Gadchiroli- Chimur]]
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5727?from=members
}}
'''Dr.Namdeo Dasaram Kirsan''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Gadchiroli–Chimur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1312.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="eci"/> He is a notable scholar who holds various degrees across different fields.<ref name="Ex-administrators {{!}} From desk to dais">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-administrators {{!}} From desk to dais|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-administrators-from-desk-to-dais-2565839-2024-07-13|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727144100/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-administrators-from-desk-to-dais-2565839-2024-07-13|archivedate=27 July 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="On Naxal turf, Congressman with PhD in Gandhian thoughts takes on Gadchiroli-Chimur BJP MP">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=16 April 2024 |title=On Naxal turf, Congressman with PhD in Gandhian thoughts takes on Gadchiroli-Chimur BJP MP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/gadchiroli-chimur-maharashtra-largest-lok-sabha-constituency-bjp-congress-9272722/ |accessdate=29 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of Parliamentary standing committee on Energy and Consultative Committee on Commerce & Industry.

==See also==
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Indian National Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namdeo, Kirsan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

N. Md. Farooq

2026-04-20T05:23:15Z

Krrissh: created a stub

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nasyam Mohammed Farooq
| image = Sri N. M. D. Farooq.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|5|15}}
| birth_place = [[Nandyala]], [[Kurnool District]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Law and Justice, Minority Welfare]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 12 June 2024
| term_end =
| governor = [[Syed Abdul Nazeer]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor = [[Amzath Basha Shaik Bepari]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Minority Welfare & Empowerment, Medical Education, Dr. N. T. R. University of Health Sciences, Dr. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao Vaidya Seva, Andhra Pradesh Medical Technology Zone, Andhra Pradesh Medical Services and Infrastructure Development Corporation]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 11 November 2018
| term_end1 = 29 May 2019
| governor1 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor1 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
([[Chief Minister]])
| successor1 = [[Amzath Basha Shaik Bepari]]
| office2 = 8th [[List of chairpersons of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Chairperson of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 15 November 2017
| term_end2 = 10 November 2018
| governor2 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname2 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata2 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor2 = [[A. Chakrapani]]
| successor2 = [[Shariff Mohammed Ahmed]]
| office3 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 26 July 2017
| term_end3 = 25 July 2023
| governor3 = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| 1blankname3 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata3 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 = Kumbha Ravibabu
| constituency3 = Nominated by Governor
| office4 = [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Higher Education, Minority Welfare, Waqf & Urdu Academy]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term4 = 11 September 2002 - 14 May 2004
| governor4 = [[C. Rangarajan]] [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 = [[Mohammed Ali Shabbir]]
| office5 = [[Second N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Minister of Municipal Administration & Urban Development, Minority Welfare, Waqf & Urdu Academy]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term5 = 22 November 1999 - 11 September 2002
| governor5 = [[C. Rangarajan]]
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| office6 = 14th [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature|Deputy Speaker of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term6 = 17 January 1995<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/former-deputy-speakers|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130153730/http://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-assembly/former-deputy-speakers|url-status=dead|title=Former Deputy Speakers - Legislative Assembly - Liferay DXP|archivedate=30 November 2021|website=aplegislature.org}}</ref> - 9 October 1999
| governor6 = [[Krishan Kant]] [[Gopala Ramanujam]] [[C. Rangarajan]]
| 1blankname6 = Speaker
| 1namedata6 = [[Yanamala Ramakrishnudu]]
| 2blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata6 = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
| predecessor6 = Buragadda Veda Vyas
| successor6 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| office7 = [[Second N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Minister of Sugar, Wakf, and Urdu Academy]] [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term7 = 9 March 1985<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://theleaderspage.com/n-m-d-farooq/ | title=N.M.D. Farooq | Chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council | TDP | date=6 July 2020 }}</ref> - 11 July 1987
| governor7 = [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
| predecessor7 =
| office8 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start8 = 21 June 2024
| predecessor8 = [[Silpa Ravi Chandra Kishore Reddy]]
| successor8 =
| constituency8 = [[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyala]]
| term_start9 = 12 December 1994 <ref name="auto"/>
| term_end9 = 14 November 2003
| predecessor9 = V. Ramanath Reddy
| successor9 = [[Silpa Mohan Reddy]]
| constituency9 = [[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyala]]
| term_start10 = 8 March 1985<ref name="auto"/>
| term_end10 = 28 November 1989
| predecessor10 = M. Sanjeeva Reddy
| successor10 = V. Ramanath Reddy
| constituency10 = [[Nandyal Assembly constituency|Nandyala]]
| spouse =
| children = 6
| website =
| footnotes =
| year = 2004
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Nasyam Mohammed Farooq''' (born 15 May 1950) is an Indian politician who is currently MLA of Nandyala Assembly Constituency from TDP elected in 2024 elections and served as the 9th [[List of chairpersons of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|chairman of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]. Farooq is a nominated member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] and is a member of the [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]].

==Political career==
He was the cabinet minister for Health education and minority welfare in Government of Andhra Pradesh, serving from November 2018 till May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-05 |title=NMD Farooq chosen to chair Council |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/050917/nmd-farooq-chosen-to-chair-council.html |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naidu's move to woo Muslims with Council chairmanship for Farooq |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2017/jul/11/naidus-move-to-woo-muslims-with-council-chairmanship-for-farooq-1627115.html |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=The New Indian Express|date=11 July 2017 }}</ref>

He is a senior minority [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] politician since the formation of [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and as minister for Sugar, Wakf minority welfare and Urdu Academy in [[N. T. Rama Rao]]'s cabinet in 1984 ministry and 1994 to 2004 he served as deputy speaker and Municipal urban development minority welfare and Higher education minister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-20 |title=In a bid to woo Muslims, Naidu makes Farooq MLC |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-07-20/In-a-bid-to-woo-Muslims-Naidu-makes-Farooq-MLC/313436 |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He previously served as a councillor as well as vice chairman of Nandyal Municipality and member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. On 10 November 2018, he was inducted into the cabinet by Chief Minister [[Chandrababu Naidu]] after serving as the Chairman of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] for nearly one year. After that he served as the Health and minority empowerment minister in Government of Andhra Pradesh.

[[Chandrababu Naidu]] said that Mr. N.M.D. Farooq had vast political experience of 40 years and Mr. Farooq had earlier served under several Ministries in [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]] cabinet and [[Chandrababu Naidu]] cabinet and the Chairman of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Legislative Council of Andhra Pradesh]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_auth=8sbohxaO&p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_WAR_APMainPortletportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_CouncilMemberInformation_WAR_APMainPortletportlet_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_WAR_APMainPortletportlet_mem_id=126 Member's Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112024944/http://aplegislature.org/web/legislative-council/member-s-information?p_auth=8sbohxaO&p_p_id=CouncilMemberInformation_WAR_APMainPortletportlet&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_CouncilMemberInformation_WAR_APMainPortletportlet_javax.portlet.action=getPartyMemberDetails&_CouncilMemberInformation_WAR_APMainPortletportlet_mem_id=126 |date=12 November 2017 }}
{{Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry}}{{Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farooq, N. M. D.}}
[[Category:People from Nandyal]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Chairs of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Bikaner East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:24:46Z

Krrissh: new new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bikaner East
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-14-Bikaner East.svg
| established = 2008
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bikaner district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 14
| mla = [[Sidhi Kumari]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
}}
'''Bikaner East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]. The territory comes under [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency]] also.

Bikaner East constituency covers all voters from parts of [[Bikaner|Bikaner tehsil]], which include [[Bikaner Municipal Council]] wards, 5 to 13, 20, 22 to 28, 36 to 44 and 50 to 52, [[Bikaner|Patwar Circle Bikaner]], [[Udairamsar]], [[Gangashahar]] of [[Bikaner|ILRC Bikaner]] among others.<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=3|Party
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008/>
| rowspan=4|[[Siddhi Kumari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013/>
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bikaner East<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Siddhi Kumari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:89917}}
|percentage = 53.07
|change = {{increase}}5.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Yashpal Gehlot
|votes = {{formatnum:70614}}
|percentage = 41.68
|change = {{decrease}}1.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Manoj Bishnoi
|votes = {{formatnum:3696}}
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1725}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change = {{increase}}0.44
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19303}}
|percentage = 11.39
|change = {{increase}}6.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169422}}
|percentage = 68.4
|change = {{decrease}}0.29
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Increase}}6.79
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bikaner East<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Siddhi Kumari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73174}}
|percentage = 47.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kanhaiya Lal Jhanwar
|votes = {{formatnum:66113}}
|percentage = 43.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gopal Gahlot
|votes = {{formatnum:4969}}
|percentage = 3.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Raphik Shah
|votes = {{formatnum:1617}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:895}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7061}}
|percentage = 4.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153402}}
|percentage = 68.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Decrease}}19.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bikaner East<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Siddhi Kumari]]
|votes = 77,839
|percentage = 58.77%
|change = -0.17%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gopal Lal Gahlot
|votes = 46,162
|percentage = 34.85%
|change = +12.54%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,187
|percentage = 1.65%
|change = +1.65%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = National Unionist Zamindara Party
|candidate = Yasmeen Kohari
|votes = 1,835
|percentage = 1.39%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mukhtyar
|votes = 1,106
|percentage = 0.83%
|change = -3.81%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Safiullah
|party = National People's Party (India)
|votes = 605
|percentage = 0.46%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Jago Party
|candidate = Vinod Tanwar
|votes = 542
|percentage = 0.41%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Manoj Kumar Tiwari
|votes = 176
|percentage = 0.13%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 31,677
|percentage = 23.92%
|change = -12.71%
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,32,458
|percentage = 69.04%
|change = +6.05%
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{Decrease}}12.71
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]:Bikaner East<ref name=election2008 name="election2008-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="election2008"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Siddhi Kumari]]
|votes = 60,591
|percentage = 58.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Tanveer Malavat
|votes = 22,938
|percentage = 22.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vishwajeet Singh
|votes = 9,997
|percentage = 9.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kedar Gehlot
|votes = 4,773
|percentage = 4.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Ram Kumar
|votes = 634
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti
|candidate = Vijay Singh Shekhawat
|votes = 166
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 37,653
|percentage = 36.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 102,809
|percentage = 62.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|28.03|73.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Bikaner district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bikaner]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Rouble Nagi

2026-04-19T16:39:49Z

Krrissh: Made...

{{Short description|Indian Sculpture Artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox artist
| known_for = Public Art Installations, Sculptures, Murals, Social work, Misaal Mumbai, Slum paintings
| birth_date = 8 July 1980
| birth_place = Jammu & Kashmir
| website = {{URL|roublenagi.com}}
{{URL|facebook.com/artistroublenagi}}
{{URL|instagram.com/roublenagi}}
| alma_mater = Slade School of Fine Art, London
| image = File:Rouble Nagi at a social event.jpg
| image_caption = Nagi at a social event
}}

'''Rouble Nagi''' (born 8 July 1980) is an Indian artist specialising in sculptures, art installations and paintings. She is the Founder of Rouble Nagi Art Foundation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/290318/transforming-the-community-through-art.html|title=Transforming the community through art|date=2018-03-29|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en}}</ref> She is also the founder of Rouble Nagi Design Studio. She has over 800 murals to her credit and has held over 150 exhibitions. She won 2026 [[Global Teacher Prize]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheikh Hamdan awards Indian educator with $1 million Global teacher prize |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/education/sheikh-hamdan-awards-rouble-nagi-gems-education-global-teacher-prize |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>, a Varkey Foundation initiative organised in collaboration with UNESCO, for her role in making learning accessible to the most marginalised communities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://globalteacherprize.org/pages/rouble-nagi|title=Rouble Nagi, Global Teacher Prize 2026 Winner|work=Global Teacher Prize Org|access-date=2026-02-17|language=en}}</ref>

She is a member of the India [[Design Council]] (IDC) and is one of the pioneer to start mumbai beautification. She has taken up an initiative to start Mumbai beautification with ‘Art Installations’ in and around the city. Her latest initiative named "Misaal Mumbai" is the first slum painting initiative in India, through which she has painted over 155000 houses to date. A project to transform houses in slums in Mumbai to give life to the slum and keep it clean and hygienic.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-21/the-artist-painting-mumbais-slums/9720894|title=The artist painting Mumbai's slums|date=2018-05-21|work=ABC News|access-date=2018-06-19|language=en-AU}}</ref>
Rouble Nagi was the first artist to be invited to exhibit at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan Museum]] New Delhi in 2017 and her work was selected by honourable [[President of India]] to be put up at the museum.

She is the author of the book, The Slum Queen, which was released in 2022. It talks about her work in slums and villages in India. Empowering women in rural Kashmir through skill development and creating village entrepreneurs is something spectacular and one of a kind.

Nagi was born in 1980 in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India. She did undergraduate studies in political science and later studied fine art at the [[Slade School of Fine Art]] in London. She has also studied European Art at [[Sotheby's Institute of Art|Sotheby's London]].

== Rouble Nagi Art Foundation ==
Rouble Nagi Art Foundation is a mumbai based NGO, registered under the Bombay Public Trust Act,1950 founded by Rouble Nagi that runs Balwadis with art programs in Mumbai [[slum]]s and across India to initiate children to come to school. The foundation aims to transform the community through art and education.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/220218/mumbai-setting-a-misaal.html|title=Mumbai setting a misaal|date=2018-02-22|work=www.asianage.com/|access-date=2018-06-29}}</ref>

== Misaal Mumbai | Slum Painting ==
[[File:Jaffer Baba Colony (2019).jpg|thumb|Jaffer Baba Colony, seen from the [[Bandra Worli Sea Link]], in March 2019]]
"'''Misaal Mumbai'''" is another initiative of social activist Rouble Nagi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/132477/misaal-mumbai-art-slums-rouble-nagi/|title=Are Slums Dark and Dangerous? This Artist Is Using Paint to Change Your Mind|date=2018-02-26|work=The Better India|access-date=2018-06-29|language=en-US}}</ref> It all began with Paint Dharavi in 2016 and now extended to Bandra West along with several sites in Mumbai and other parts of [[Maharashtra]]. The project in Bandra West consisted of the painting of over 285 houses<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/aamir-khan-misaal-mumbai-a-great-initiative/19051182|title=Aamir Khan: Misaal Mumbai a great initiative|date=2018-02-11|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-06-29}}</ref> in Jaffar Baba Colony, Mount Mary, Bandra West. Rouble Nagi and her team along with help from locals and residents painted and cleaned the slums in these areas.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|roublenagi.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagi, Rouble}}
[[Category:Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art]]
[[Category:Artists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian muralists]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women artists from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]
[[Category:Indian women muralists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women sculptors]]

Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T16:06:10Z

Krrissh: Made

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panchmahal
| type = LS
| map_image = પંચમહાલ – Panchmahal.svg
| map_caption =
| established = 2008
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Rajpalsinh Mahendrasinh Jadav]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
|electors=18,96,743 (2024)
| assembly_cons =[[Thasra Assembly constituency|Thasra]] [[Balasinor Assembly constituency|Balasinor]] [[Lunawada Assembly constituency|Lunawada]] [[Shehra Assembly constituency|Shehra]] [[Morva Hadaf Assembly constituency|Morva Hadaf]] [[Godhra Assembly constituency|Godhra]] [[Kalol, Panchmahal Assembly constituency|Kalol]]
|reservation=None
}}
'''Panchmahal''' is one of the 26 [[Lok Sabha]] (lower house of Indian Parliament) constituencies in [[Gujarat]], a state in western [[India]]. This constituency was created as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies in 2008.<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=148}}</ref> It first held elections in [[2009 Indian general elections|2009]] and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh Chauhan]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. As of the latest elections in [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]], [[Rajpalsinh Mahendrasinh Jadav]] represents this constituency.

==Assembly segments==
As of 2014, Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref name=delimit/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|119
|[[Thasra Assembly constituency|Thasra]]
|None
|[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=7}}
|-
|121
|[[Balasinor Assembly constituency|Balasinor]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar]]
|-
|122
|[[Lunawada Assembly constituency|Lunawada]]
|None
|-
|124
|[[Shehra Assembly constituency|Shehra]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Panchmahal district|Panchmahal]]
|-
|125
|[[Morva Hadaf Assembly constituency|Morva Hadaf]]
|ST
|-
|126
|[[Godhra Assembly constituency|Godhra]]
|None
|-
|127
|[[Kalol, Panchmahal Assembly constituency|Kalol]]
|None
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2008 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election in Gujarat|2019]]
|[[Ratansinh Rathod]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Rajpalsinh Mahendrasinh Jadav]]
|}

==Election results==

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Panchmahal]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Panchmahal">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Panchmahal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0618.htm |access-date=29 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729190534/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0618.htm |archive-date=29 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajpalsinh Mahendrasinh Jadav]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,94,579|percentage=70.22|change={{up}}2.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Gulabsinh Chauhan]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,85,237|percentage=25.21|change={{down}}2.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=20,103|percentage=1.78|change={{down}}0.08}}
{{Election box candidate ||party=[[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=Hasmukhkumar Ganpatsinh Rathod|votes=10,399|percentage=0.92|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate ||party=[[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=Manojsinh Ranajitsinh Rathod|votes=4,013|percentage=0.35|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,09,342|percentage=45.01|change={{up}}5.48}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,32,935|percentage=59.68|change={{down}}2.55}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Panchmahal]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ratansinh Rathod]]|votes=7,32,136|percentage=67.56|change=+13.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Khant Vechatbhai Kuberbhai|votes=3,03,595|percentage=28.02|change=-8.07}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=20,133|percentage=1.86|change=-1.92}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Virendra Parsottamdas Patel|votes=9,826|percentage=0.91|change=+0.91}}{{Election box candidate|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=Lalabhai Gadhvi|votes=9,212|percentage=+0.85|change=+0.85}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,28,541
|percentage = 39.53
|change = +21.25
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,85,718|percentage=62.23|change=+2.93}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Panchmahal]]<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0618.htm?ac=18|title=Panchmahal|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628101101/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0618.htm?ac=18|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh Chauhan]]
|votes = 5,08,274
|percentage = 54.45
|change =+7.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramsinh Parmar
|votes = 3,37,678
|percentage = 36.17
|change = -9.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ramchandra Giri
|votes = 15,956
|percentage = 1.71
|change = -0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vankar Manilal Bhanabhai
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 11,375
|percentage = 1.22
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mansuri Mukhatyar Mohammad
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 10,857
|percentage = 1.16
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Piyushkumar Dilipbhai Parmar
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 6,935
|percentage = 0.74
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Patel Pankajbhai Ravjibhai
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,426
|percentage = 0.58
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chavada Harishchandrasinh Prabhatsinh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,751
|percentage = 0.40
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = S. N. Chavada
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,401
|percentage = 0.26
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =Shaikh Kalim Abdullatif
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 1,993
|percentage = 0.21
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gora Shoeb Mohmadhanif
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,497
|percentage = 0.16
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shaikh Majitmiya Jivamiya
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 1,337
|percentage = 0.14
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 25,981
|percentage = 2.78
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,70,596
|percentage = 18.28
|change = +17.93
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,35,016
|percentage = 59.30
|change = +16.68
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Panchmahal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=44–45|publisher=Election Commission of India|format=PDF|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prabhatsinh Pratapsinh Chauhan]]
|votes = 2,82,079
|percentage = 46.50
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]
|votes = 2,79,998
|percentage = 46.15
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Kalim Shaikh
|votes = 23,615
|percentage = 3.89
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Barot Prakashkumar Maneklal
|votes = 10,637
|percentage = 1.75
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = ABMSD
|candidate = Mansuri Mukhtyar Mohammad
|votes = 10,328
|percentage = 1.70
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,081
|percentage = 0.35
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,07,005
|percentage = 42.65
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Godhra Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Kapadvanj Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Panchmahal District]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|22.7|73.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panchmahal Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Panchmahal district]]

Vikrant Patil

2026-04-13T22:30:17Z

Krrissh: added a info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vikrant Patil
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| constituency = [[Nominated]]
| term_start = 16 October 2024
| governor = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|07|12|df=y}}
| website = {{URL|https://vikrantpatil.in//}}
}}

'''Vikrant Patil''' (born 1984) is an Indian politician from Maharashtra. He is a nominated member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-10-15 |title=आचारसंहितेपूर्वीच महायुतीची बाजी, राज्यपाल नियुक्त 7 आमदारांची वर्णी, पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/mr/!state/maharashtra-governor-radhakrishnan-appoints-seven-peoples-as-member-of-legislative-council-maharashtra-news-mhs24101502679 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-10-15 |title=Seven governor-appointed MLCs sworn in ahead of Maharashtra polls announcement |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/15/seven-governor-appointed-mlcs-sworn-in-ahead-of-maharashtra-polls-announcement-2 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was a former deputy mayor of [[Panvel Municipal Corporation]] in Maharashtra and also Maharashtra state president of [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha|Bhartiya Janata Yuva Morcha]], a youth wing of [[BJP]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-26 |title=Aurangabad: BJP youth wing to woo young voters over coffee, focus on benefits of Article 370 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/bjp-youth-wing-to-woo-young-voters-over-coffee-focus-on-benefits-of-article-370/articleshow/71300591.cms |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

* 2018 - Deputy mayor of Panvel Municipal Corporation<ref>{{Cite web |title=विक्रांत पाटील पनवेलचे नवे उपमहापौर |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/navi-mumbai/vikrant-patil-is-the-new-deputy-mayor-of-panvel/articleshow/65861524.cms |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
* 2020 - President, BJYM Maharashtra state<ref>{{Cite web |last=ब्यूरो |first=सरकारनामा |date=2020-07-04 |title=अनेक तरुण आमदार स्पर्धेत असतानाही विक्रांत पाटलांना भारतीय जनता युवा मोर्चाची जबाबदारी |url=https://sarkarnama.esakal.com/young-leaders/vikranat-patil-appointed-bjym-state-president-though-many-young-mals |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Politics News on Sarkarnama |language=mr}}</ref>
* 2022 - State general secretary BJP, Maharashtra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navi Mumbai: 28 Former Corporators Rejoin BJP Ahead Of NMMC Polls |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/navi-mumbai-28-former-corporators-rejoin-bjp-ahead-of-nmmc-polls |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=BJP launches 'Coffee With Youth' campaign in Maharashtra ahead of polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-shifts-from-chai-pe-charcha-to-coffee-with-youth-maharashtra-lok-sabha-polls-2520945-2024-03-29 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-13 |title=BJP holds workshop to boost membership |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/bjp-holds-workshop-to-boost-membership/articleshow/118223484.cms |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* 2024 - Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=Hours before Maharashtra Assembly elections announcement, 7 nominated MLCs to be sworn in |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-assembly-elections-nominated-mlc-sworn-in-9620692/ |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Vikrant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Mercy Margaret

2026-04-13T05:36:19Z

Krrissh: created stub - done

{{Short description|Indian poet, writer, social worker (born 1983)}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Mercy Margaret
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Mercy photo by Ranjithpasha.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright = yes
| landscape = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Telugu
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Mercy Margaret Boda
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|8|23}}
| birth_place = Hyderabad ([[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Undivided Andhra Pradesh]])
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Lecturer
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education = *[[B.Com.]] ([[Osmania University|Osmania]]),
*[[M.Com.]] (Osmania),
*[[M.B.A.]] (Osmania)
| alma_mater = *Sardar Patel College, Secunderabad,
* Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Management and Technology, Hyderabad
| genre = [[Dalit literature]]
| subject = Poetry, Short stories
| Playing Instruments = Dappu
| movement = Humanist
| notable_works = *''Matala Madugu {{small|(2015)}}''
*''Kaalam Valiipotunna Vaipu {{small|(2019)}}''
*''Dear Zindagi {{small|(2022)}}''
*''Uchchala Jaladhi Taranga {{small|(2024)}}''
*''Yuddha Kaalapu Shoka Geetam {{small|(2025)}}''
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = * Chamspandana Sahithya Award {{small|(2016)}}
* Penna Sahithya Award {{small|(2016)}}
*[[Yuva Puraskar|Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] {{small|(2017)}}
*[[ Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University |Prathibha Puraskaram from Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University for Book-Kaalam Vaalipotunna Vaipu ]] {{small|(2022)}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| signature_type =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Mercy Margaret''' is a poet, short story writer and a social worker from [[Hyderabad]], India. She came to light as a poet through her poems published on Facebook and became famous after receiving the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar Award <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hydlitfest.org/speaker/mercy-margaret-boda/|title = Mercy Margaret Boda}}</ref> for her first Telugu poetry book "Matala Madugu" in 2017.

==Personal life==
Her grandfather fought against Razakars and later joined Indian Military. Her father worked as a duftery in Andhra Bank. Mercy was born, brought up and studied M.Com., M.B.A., in Hyderabad. She grew in Ranga Nagar, Bholakpur, a slum area in Hyderabad. She had Telugu as a medium of instruction in her school. Started writing poetry at Second Intermediate, though she is not clear of what she wrote. Throughout her education, she earned District and State level prizes in debate and essay writing. She won Second Prize in the essay competition conducted by Visalandhra Publications at state level, while she was undergoing Second year of Degree course. She was awarded books worth ₹.3000/-. Viswambhara and Mahaprasthanam written by C. Narayana Reddy and Sri Sri respectively, were among the prize books, which further kindled her interest in poetry. Her poetry was published in several magazines such as Andhrajyothy, Andhra Prabha, Sakshi, Kavita, Sahiti Prasthanam and in Souvenirs like NATA, ATA. Poetry compilations like Kavita -2013, Kavisangamam etc. published her poems. Many online magazines also published her poetry. In 2018, she participated as an independent MLA candidate from Musheerabad constituency for Telangana elections.

==Career==
Professional Experience:
Worked in Citibank as process associate from January to August in 2007 after which she has worked as an Assistant professor at Sri Indu College of Engineering and Technology from 2010 July to 2012 May. She later joined as an Assistant professor in Holy Mary Business Management College at Keesara from July 2012 to May 2014 and worked as an Assistant professor at Bharat PG college for Women from August 2015 to November 2018.

== Drama writings ==

* Asamarthudu<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-21|title=Higher footfall, more plays: Theatre is picking up in Hyderabad after COVID-19 gap|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/higher-footfall-more-plays-theatre-picking-hyderabad-after-covid-19-gap-156746|access-date=2021-12-26|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>
* [[File:Yuddha Kaalapu Shoka Geetham Photo by Ranjithpasha.jpg|alt=Yuddha Kaalapu Shoka Geetham book launch function Photo|thumb|Yuddha Kaalapu Shoka Geetham book launch function Photo ]]Thripura Shapatham<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clipping of Vaartha Telugu daily - Hyderabad City |url=https://epaper.vaartha.com/c/66163039 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=epaper.vaartha.com}}</ref>
[[File:Mercy Margaret's Asamarthudu Book Launch.jpg|thumb|Mercy Margaret's Asamarthudu Book Launch]]

==Awards and achievements==
She won the first prize in the state level poetry competition conducted by Andhra Pradesh AIDS Control Society. She also won the monthly award for poetry from Sahiti Prasthanam. Received Penna Sahitya Puraskar in the year 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/hyderabad-literary-festival-2019-ninth-edition-to-feature-shabana-azmi-shashi-deshpande-sahitya-academy-winners-from-telangana-5930741.html|title=Hyderabad Literary Festival 2019: Ninth edition to feature Shabana Azmi, Shashi Deshpande, Sahitya Academy winners from Telangana|website=Firstpost|date=20 January 2019|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> She was awarded "Kendra Sahitya Akademi [[Yuva Puraskar]]" in 2017 <ref>{{Cite news|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/mercy-margaret-interview-on-winning-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/article19149477.ece|title=I feel suffocated, can't sleep when I don't write, says Mercy Margaret|date=2017-06-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> for her Poetry anthology Maatala Madugu "మాటల మడుగు".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/writing-for-kids-poetry-earn-sahitya-akademi-honours-for-duo-from-telangana/articleshow/59279522.cms|title=Writing for kids & poetry earn Sahitya Akademi honours for duo from Telangana - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2020-03-16|language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
'''Poetry - Compilation of Poems'''

'''1)Matala Madugu''' మాటల మడుగు (2015)

'''2)Kalam Valipotunna vaipu''' కాలం వాలిపోతున్న వైపు (2019)

'''3)Dear Zindagi''' డియర్ జిందగీ (2022)

'''''4)Uchchala Jaladhi Taranga''''' ''ఉఛ్చాల జలధి తరంగ (2024)''

'''''5)Yuddha Kaalapu Shoka Geetam''''' ''యుద్ధ కాలపు శోక గీతం (2025)''
[[File:Mercy Final.jpg|thumb]]

===Short stories===
Sunnaalu సున్నాలు Published in Kotta Katha 2017 
Mattayi 5:11 మత్తయి 5:11 Published in Kotta Katha 2019 
" చీకటిదే మతం " "What religion is Darkness" Published in Saranga web magazine" 
సహజ "Natural" This story won the Best Story award, in the category of New Story writers from Vanguri foundation of USA.

==References==
{{commonscat|Mercy Margaret}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Margaret, Mercy}}
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]

Humsafar Trust

2026-04-11T23:20:50Z

Krrissh: Starting - done

{{Short description|Non-governmental organization}}
{{About|the NGO in India|other|Humsafar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Humsafar Trust
| logo =
| founder = [[Ashok Row Kavi]], Suhail Abbasi, [[Sridhar Rangayan]]
| dissolved =
| type = [[Charitable trust]]
| focus = [[LGBT rights]], [[health]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| origins =
| region_served =
| method =
| owner =
| key_people = Suhail Abbasi (chairperson); Vivek Raj Anand (CEO)
| footnotes =
| num_volunteers =
| website = https://humsafar.org/about-us/
| founded = 1994
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}

'''Humsafar Trust''' ({{lang|hi-Latn|humsafar}} meaning 'companion' in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]: {{langx|hi|हमसफ़र}}, {{langx|ur|ہمسفر}}) is an [[NGO]] in [[Mumbai]] that promotes [[LGBT rights]]. Founded by [[Ashok Row Kavi]], Suhail Abbasi, and [[Sridhar Rangayan]] in 1994, it is one of the largest and most active of such organisations in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://queer-ink.com/humsafar-trust-hst/|title=Humsafar Trustk|website=queer-ink.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-15|archive-date=19 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119125310/http://queer-ink.com/humsafar-trust-hst/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="amFAR2008">{{cite web|url=http://www.amfar.org/articles/around-the-world/treatasia/older/an-interview-with-ashok-row-kavi%E2%80%94coming-out-in-india/|title=An Interview with Ashok Row Kavi—Coming Out in India|author=TREAT Asia Report|website=amFAR.org|date=March 2008|access-date=26 November 2014|archive-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725234106/http://amfar.org/articles/around-the-world/treatasia/older/an-interview-with-ashok-row-kavi%E2%80%94coming-out-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It provides counselling, advocacy and healthcare to LGBT communities and has helped reduce violence, discrimination and stigma against them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.satyamevjayate.in/accepting-alternative-sexualities/ngo-humsafar-trust.aspx|title=The Humsafar Trust – Accepting alternative sexualities {{!}} satyamevjayate.in|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref> Humsafar Trust is the convenor member of Integrated Network for Sexual Minorities (INFOSEM).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosem.org/|title=INFOSEM - India Network for Sexual Minorities|website=www.infosem.org|access-date=2017-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716092836/http://www.infosem.org/|archive-date=16 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Origin==
The Humsafar Trust (HST) was founded in April 1994 by journalist Ashok Row Kavi, media professional Suhail Abbasi and filmmaker Sridhar Rangayan, to reach out to LGBTQ communities in Mumbai Metro and surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us - The Humsafar Trust |url=https://humsafar.org/about-us/ |website=The Humsafar Trust |access-date=18 October 2022}}</ref> At that time [[homophobia|prejudice]] and conventional Indian societal values prevented [[Men who have sex with men|MSM]] and [[transgender]] Indians from getting effective health services. The initial focus of Humsafar Trust was on activism for providing HIV/AIDS health services to gay men, but soon expanded to provide guidance, checkups, hospital referrals, confidential HIV testing, counseling and outreach for the complete spectrum of the LGBT community.<ref name="amFAR2008"/>

== Advocacy initiatives ==
* Humsafar Trust produced feature film ''[[68 Pages]]'' documenting experiences of a counsellor working with marginalised communities in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080701/jsp/entertainment/story_9485654.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705123717/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080701/jsp/entertainment/story_9485654.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 July 2008|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata)|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref>
* Produced ''Bridges of Hope'', a documentary documenting voices and concerns of MSM and TG community in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.solarispictures.com/boh.htm |title=Bridges of Hope |date=2008 |website=Solaris Pictures |access-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130080821/https://www.solarispictures.com/boh.htm |archive-date=January 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bridges-of-hope-10396/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629101234/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bridges-of-hope-10396/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2019|title=Bridges of Hope (2008) - Full Cast and Crew |website=www.cinestaan.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref>
* Produced ''Yehi Hai...Right way'', a condom demonstration film for MSM and Transgender.<ref>{{Citation|last=humsafartrust|title=Yehi Hai Right Way - Hindi|date=2009-06-02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tqd2xDuLp4I|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref>
* Humsafar Trust was the primary organiser of Project Bolo, an Indian LGBT oral history project funded by the [[United Nations Development Programme]].<ref name="ProjectBolo">{{cite web |url=http://www.projectbolo.com/about.htm |title=Indian LGBT Oral History Project - About |publisher=Project Bolo |access-date=2014-06-29 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082306/http://www.projectbolo.com/about.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* Supported [[Mumbai Queer Film Festival|Kashish Mumbai International Film Festival]] in 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artsnetworkasia.org/content/travelgrants/kashish_report.htm|title=artsnetworkasia|website=www.artsnetworkasia.org|language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mumbaiqueerfest.com/kashish2010/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=108:kashish-2010&catid=34:demo-category&Itemid=28|title=Kashish 2010|website=www.mumbaiqueerfest.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-05-15|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616053434/http://www.mumbaiqueerfest.com/kashish2010/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=108:kashish-2010&catid=34:demo-category&Itemid=28|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* First performance of ''Ek Madhavbaug'' - [[Chetan Datar]]'s poignant Marathi play about a son coming out to his mother, had its first Hindi performance in 2010 by actor [[Mona Ambegaonkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/ek-madhav-baug-an-attempt-to-promote-gender-equality/articleshow/62028863.cms |title=Ek Madhav Baug, and attempt to promote gender Equality |date=December 12, 2017 |website=Times of India |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> There have been multiple performances of this play with support of Humsafar Trust at various platforms including corporates and educational institutes.
* Co-produced feature film ''I AM OMAR'' in collaboration with Anti Clock Films, and ''ONIR'', a film that brings to light harassment faced by the gay community<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.suruchigupta.in/2011/04/27/vivek-anand-the-voice-of-i-am-omar-biopic-57/|title=Vivek Anand, The Voice of I Am Omar… Biopics 5/7 - Suruchi Gupta|access-date=2017-05-15|archive-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929134200/http://www.suruchigupta.in/2011/04/27/vivek-anand-the-voice-of-i-am-omar-biopic-57/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Developed recommendation language manual for print and electronic media for correct reporting on LGBT issues - SANCHAR<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-lgbt-community-brings-out-media-guide-for-improved-reporting-2075600|title=LGBT community brings out media guide for improved reporting|date=2015-04-08|work=dna|access-date=2017-05-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Developed Mission Azaadi Document, a reference manual to promote LGBTQH rights in India supported by [[International HIV/AIDS Alliance]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-manual-to-support-the-right-to-love-2060820|title=A manual to support the right to love|date=2015-02-14|work=dna|access-date=2017-05-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
* Launched the initiative LIKHO to nurture budding journalists and media persons in the LGBTQ community.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hellomumbainews.com/current-news/indias-favourite-news-anchor-arnab-goswami-comes-support-lgbt-community/|title=India's favourite news anchor Arnab Goswami comes in support for the LGBT community|access-date=2017-05-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
*Humsafar Trust and [[Tinder (app)|Tinder]] joined to bring more gender/sexual inclusivity to the social dating platform so that the LGBTQI+ community can express themselves freely.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/by-month-end-tinder-to-allow-users-to-choose-sexual-orientation/article27767772.ece|title=By month-end, Tinder to allow users to choose sexual orientation|last=Karangutkar|first=Suyash|date=2019-06-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/love-in-the-time-of-right-swap-tinder-introduces-more-gender-options-for-users-bios/story/290393.html|title=Love in the time of right swipe: Tinder introduces more gender options on user bios|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=13 November 2018 |access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> By this initiative Tinder added 23 gender options for users.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/embrace-everyone-tinder-india-finally-adds-transgender-22-other-gender-options-for-users-356635.html|title=Embrace Everyone: Tinder India Finally Adds Transgender & 22 Other Gender Options For Users|date=2018-11-14|website=indiatimes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>

== Initiatives by Humsafar Trust ==

'''Convenor member of INFOSEM'''

HST is a convener member of Integrated Network for Sexual Minorities (INFOSEM), the only national level network of sexual minorities that has 196 community based organisations representing lesbian, gay, kothi, MSM, bisexual and transgender communities as members.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A People Stronger: The collectivisation of MSM and TG groups in India|last1=Singh|last2=Dasgupta|last3=Patankar|last4=Sinha|first1=Suneeta|first2=Sangita|first3=Pallav|first4=Minati|publisher=Sage Publication|year=2012|isbn=978-81-321-1001-9|pages=67, 72, 73}}</ref>

'''Yaariyan & Umang'''

HST has nurtured the support group Umang (Joy) for LBT persons and the youth LGBT group Yaariyan (Friendships). Both the groups are actively involved in engaging with young members of the community and undertake a number of community-binding and advocacy related initiatives. Yaariyan has been doing LGBTQ flashmob in Mumbai for many years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dialling-up-support-for-LGBTs/articleshow/27745661.cms|title=Dialling up support for LGBTs |work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gaysifamily.com/2017/05/16/yaariyan-a-community-home-for-lgbtq-youth-in-mumbai/|title=Yaariyan, A Community Home For LGBTQ Youth In Mumbai.|access-date=2017-05-20|date=16 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-events-in-pride-calendar-go-down-but-participation-up-2055175|title=Events in pride calendar go down but participation up|date=2015-01-24|work=dna|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Sanjeevani'''

Humsafar has nurtured Sanjeevani, a support group for people living with HIV.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lawyerscollective.org/updates/civil-society-groups-seek-tabling-hivaids-bill-rajya-sabha|title=Civil Society groups seek tabling of HIV/AIDS Bill in Rajya Sabha - Lawyers Collective|date=2013-07-26|work=Lawyers Collective|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en-US|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629101659/https://www.lawyerscollective.org/updates/civil-society-groups-seek-tabling-hivaids-bill-rajya-sabha|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/mid-day/20160831/281672549375591 |title=Making a Song and trans: memgers of the transgender community have planned a 5-minute flash mob to raise awareness about inclusiveness |last=Shukla |first=Aparna |date=August 31, 2016 |via=PressReader |access-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629101644/https://www.pressreader.com/india/mid-day/20160831/281672549375591 |archive-date=June 29, 2019}}</ref> Sanjeevani was established in March 2003 and registered in March 2010 as a CBO of men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender (TG) living with HIV. It has been a support group of over 300 individuals living with HIV.

'''Humsafar Connect'''

HST has set up Connect, a national online resource center that will connect LGBTQ communities worldwide.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/column-humsafar-dilli-chali-2389455|title=Humsafar Dilli chali|date=2017-04-09|work=dna|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''HIV/AIDS ART Clinic'''

The Humsafar Trust inaugurated India's first integrated community-based HIV treatment centre and clinic in Mumbai to provide free counselling and anti-retroviral therapy (ART). It has been set up with the help of Mumbai District State AIDS Control Society (MDACS) and FHI 360.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/countrys-first-hiv-treatment-centre-inaugurated/article26460868.ece|title=Country's first HIV treatment centre inaugurated|last=Karangutkar|first=Suyash|date=2019-03-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/health-lifestyle/indias-first-holistic-lgbtq-clinic-and-antiretroviral-therapy-centre-set-up-in-mumbai/articleshow/68324552.cms|title=India's first holistic LGBTQ clinic and Antiretroviral therapy centre set up in Mumbai|date=March 8, 2019|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref> The community-based ART centre is a pilot differentiated care supported by the government of India.

"This centre can now diagnose, provide the pills, carry out testing and assessment and provide counselling and ART therapy all under one roof." - [[Ashok Row Kavi]], founder of Humsafar Trust.

The aim is to relieve the government hospitals from the constant inflow of HIV/AIDS MSM patients.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/society/article/humsafar-trust-inaugurates-indias-first-lgbtq-clinic-one-stop-hiv-treatment-centre-in-mumbai/379881|title=Humsafar Trust inaugurates India's first LGBTQ clinic, one-stop HIV treatment centre in Mumbai|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/richa-chadha-to-inaugurate-indias-first-ever-lgbtq-art-centre-and-medical-clinic-details-inside/378239|title=Richa Chadha to inaugurate India's first-ever LGBTQ art centre and medical clinic|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>

==Activism==

* Humsafar Trust organises an LGBT film festival in Mumbai.<ref name="Reuters2010">{{cite web |url= http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47854420100420 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172711/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-47854420100420 |url-status= dead |archive-date= 6 March 2016 |title=Mumbai gay film fest eyes dialogue on homosexuality |first=Shilpa |last=Jamkhandikar |work=in.reuters.com |date=20 April 2010 |access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>
* Humsafar Trust has supported the organisation of [[flash mob]]s to protest.<ref name="Indian Express2012">{{cite web |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/loud-and-queer/902287/ |title=Loud and Queer - Indian Express |first=Afsha |last=Khan |work=indianexpress.com |date=21 Jan 2012 |access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>
* In January 2012 Humsafar Trust director Vivek Anand filed a complaint on behalf of attendees at an LGBT fundraiser which was targeted by a protester and police.<ref name="Midday2012">{{cite web |url= http://www.mid-day.com/news/2012/jan/150112-Activist-disrupts-Pride-fundraiser-party.htm |title='Activist' disrupts Pride fundraiser party |first=Dhamini |last=Ratnam |work=mid-day.com |date=15 January 2012 |access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>
* In August 2018, Humsafar Trust, in collaboration with the Canadian consulate hosted the Emerging Queer Leaders (EQueL) Summit in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/summit-to-empower-queer-leaders-held-in-mumbai/article24835693.ece|title=Summit to empower queer leaders held in Mumbai|date=2018-08-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Publicis.Sapient in partnership with HST Launched a short film, #PeopleNotLabels to create awareness for trans people in Indian Society.<ref name=":2" />

== Humsafar Delhi ==
Humsafar Trust has also started an office in the capital of India - New Delhi. It also has a drop-in centre where people can meet, engage and discuss.

"The Humsafar Trust will bring our best services in counselling, crisis management and community mobilisation to the LGBT groups in Delhi-NCR and other nearby areas. We also hope to network directly with the Parliament and the Union government on important legislation regarding sexual minorities and their problems." - [[Ashok Row Kavi]], founder of Humsafar Trust.

"Humsafar's LGBTQ centre in Delhi hopes to provide not only a safer place for the community members, but also counselling and links with mental health professionals." - Vivek Anand, CEO of Humsafar Trust.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/one-stop-centre-for-lgbt-community-members-in-capital/article17835393.ece|title=One-stop centre for LGBT community members in Capital|last=Perappadan|first=Bindu Shajan|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[LGBT rights in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.humsafar.org/}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119044429/http://www.projectbolo.com/ Project Bolo]}}, the Indian LGBT Oral History project

{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:LGBTQ political advocacy groups in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Mumbai]]

Periasamy Kumaran

2026-03-30T11:33:53Z

Krrissh: Done

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Periasamy Kumaran
| image = Periasamy Kumaran IFS.jpg
| caption = Kumaran in 2025
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]]
| office = [[List of high commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]]
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| term_start = 26 March 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Vikram Doraiswami]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary (East)]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs of India]]
| term_start1 = 1 April 2025
| term_end1 = 25 March 2026
| predecessor1 = Jaideep Muzumdar
| successor1 = TBA
| office2 = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|High Commissioner of India to]] [[Singapore]]
| term_start2 = July 2020
| term_end2 = July 2023
| predecessor2 = Jawed Ashraf
| successor2 = Shilpak Ambule
| office3 = [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India| Ambassador of India to]] [[Qatar]]
| predecessor3 = Sanjiv Arora
| successor3 = Dr Deepak Mittal
| term_start3 = October 2016
| term_end3 = July 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|1|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]]) [[Indian Institute of Technology Madras|IIT Madras]]
| occupation = [[Diplomat]]
| blank1 = Rank
| data1 = [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
}}
'''Periasamy Kumaran''' (born 23 January 1969) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] from 1992 batch of [[Indian Foreign Service]] who is currently serving as the [[List of high commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Periasamy Kumaran has been appointed as the next High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40958/Shri+Periasamy+Kumaran+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+High+Commissioner+of+India+to+the+United+Kingdom |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=26 March 2026 |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref> Before that he served as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary (East)]] in [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs of India]], the [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|High Commissioner of India]] to [[Singapore]] and as ayhr [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India|Indian Ambassador]] to [[Qatar]].<ref>https://www.mea.gov.in/east.htm</ref>

==Early and life education==
Periasamy Kumaran was born on 23 January 1969.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Ministry of External Affairs Offi ce of the Joint Secretary [Administration] |url=https://mea.gov.in/writereaddata/images/Civi_List_27-7-12.pdf |title=CIVIL LIST of the Indian Foreign Service (As on April 01, 2013) |author-first4=yes |year=2013 |pages=17 |language=en-in |format=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422070724/https://mea.gov.in/writereaddata/images/Civi_List_27-7-12.pdf |archive-date=2018-04-22}}</ref> He was educated at the [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]], in [[Chennai]] with a [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] degree in [[Electronics and Communication engineering]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=High Commissioner |url=https://hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IlNtY1JYSXhhTTIwMThYUVcyZVVOQmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib1dKNzhmNE94UXkyTjVrRjUxMXRadz09IiwibWFjIjoiYzVmYTk0MDE2ZDM3NzRiODMwMWM1OGNkZjRlYjNjM2Q1MDg0OWI4MDE3YjI5NDM1MzA1NWQ1OWFkOTlmZDdmNiJ9&subid=eyJpdiI6IkJWR1ZtOVVqUHh0c0ducGNjWXNUc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3ErXC9Pd3cxZTB2RnlDWE14SjBaOXc9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImI4MjJlZWQ2YTFlZDVkY2ZiOTIxN2JiM2VhMWUyZWZlYzE3Y2Q5OWFlMzNlMDMzN2M2ZThjZmM3MmZlMDg5ZWIifQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629111638/https://hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IlNtY1JYSXhhTTIwMThYUVcyZVVOQmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib1dKNzhmNE94UXkyTjVrRjUxMXRadz09IiwibWFjIjoiYzVmYTk0MDE2ZDM3NzRiODMwMWM1OGNkZjRlYjNjM2Q1MDg0OWI4MDE3YjI5NDM1MzA1NWQ1OWFkOTlmZDdmNiJ9&subid=eyJpdiI6IkJWR1ZtOVVqUHh0c0ducGNjWXNUc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3ErXC9Pd3cxZTB2RnlDWE14SjBaOXc9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImI4MjJlZWQ2YTFlZDVkY2ZiOTIxN2JiM2VhMWUyZWZlYzE3Y2Q5OWFlMzNlMDMzN2M2ZThjZmM3MmZlMDg5ZWIifQ== |archive-date=2023-06-29 |website=High Commission of India in Singapore |language=en-in}}</ref>

==Civil Service career==
Kumaran entered the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1992.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-25 |title=Presentation of Credentials, 25 August 2020 |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2020/08/20200825-Presentation-of-Credentials |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627033023/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2020/08/20200825-Presentation-of-Credentials |archive-date=2023-06-27 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore]] |language=en}}</ref> From January 1994 to June 1997, he worked as Third Secretary at the Indian Embassy in Cairo, while studying Arabic at the American University in Cairo.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=High Commissioner |url=https://hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IlNtY1JYSXhhTTIwMThYUVcyZVVOQmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib1dKNzhmNE94UXkyTjVrRjUxMXRadz09IiwibWFjIjoiYzVmYTk0MDE2ZDM3NzRiODMwMWM1OGNkZjRlYjNjM2Q1MDg0OWI4MDE3YjI5NDM1MzA1NWQ1OWFkOTlmZDdmNiJ9&subid=eyJpdiI6IkJWR1ZtOVVqUHh0c0ducGNjWXNUc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3ErXC9Pd3cxZTB2RnlDWE14SjBaOXc9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImI4MjJlZWQ2YTFlZDVkY2ZiOTIxN2JiM2VhMWUyZWZlYzE3Y2Q5OWFlMzNlMDMzN2M2ZThjZmM3MmZlMDg5ZWIifQ== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629111638/https://hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IlNtY1JYSXhhTTIwMThYUVcyZVVOQmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoib1dKNzhmNE94UXkyTjVrRjUxMXRadz09IiwibWFjIjoiYzVmYTk0MDE2ZDM3NzRiODMwMWM1OGNkZjRlYjNjM2Q1MDg0OWI4MDE3YjI5NDM1MzA1NWQ1OWFkOTlmZDdmNiJ9&subid=eyJpdiI6IkJWR1ZtOVVqUHh0c0ducGNjWXNUc1E9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoid3ErXC9Pd3cxZTB2RnlDWE14SjBaOXc9PSIsIm1hYyI6ImI4MjJlZWQ2YTFlZDVkY2ZiOTIxN2JiM2VhMWUyZWZlYzE3Y2Q5OWFlMzNlMDMzN2M2ZThjZmM3MmZlMDg5ZWIifQ== |archive-date=2023-06-29 |website=High Commission of India in Singapore |language=en-in}}</ref>

From July 1997 to December 2000, he served as Second Secretary, then First Secretary of the Indian Embassy at [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], Libya. From December 2000 to September 2003, he was First Secretary of the Indian Embassy in [[Brussels]]. From September 2003 to March 2005, he was Director of the Western Europe department in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].<ref name=":0" />

From April 2005 to June 2007 he was passport officer for the Bangalore district. From June 2007 to October 2009, he was posted to [[Pakistan]] as the [[Counselor (diplomat)|Counselor]] to the Indian High Commission. Thereafter, he was sent to the [[United States]], where he was the Counselor at the Indian embassy there from October 2009 to August 2011.<ref name=":2" />

From September 2011 June 2014, he was Deputy High Commissioner to Sri Lanka. From July 2014 to September 2016, he was Joint Secretary of the Consular, Passport & Visa Division at the foreign ministry in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":2" /> Thereafter, he served as Ambassador to Qatar from October 2016 to July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Ambassadors |url=https://www.indianembassyqatar.gov.in/eoidhpages?id=eyJpdiI6IjliU1k0Z3BCZHZ0SnZieVNuQ2xjYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiXC9VRW9oMWQ0bTZzam0wODZtZk41OHc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjdkMGJkNjljOTliNjk4ZTMzYzE4NWY1ZmY2NWYzMTA1Y2IxMTFjNzkxNGRlNjQ1M2U5ZTgxZDE3YTNlNmZkNmUifQ==&subid=eyJpdiI6IlVsbGtkSUV4SDk1MUl6WG90SmcwR3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQnJNV0JFSU5CMHVtekkrcllXaEtXQT09IiwibWFjIjoiNDk1YjJkNGI0YjJhN2M2NWYwZTAyNzQ4ZGQ1ZGM4NjViYzgxMzE4YjMyNDhlMzhiODk4YjA0OGMxNjQ1MjMyZCJ9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802111700/https://www.indianembassyqatar.gov.in/eoidhpages?id=eyJpdiI6IjliU1k0Z3BCZHZ0SnZieVNuQ2xjYmc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiXC9VRW9oMWQ0bTZzam0wODZtZk41OHc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjdkMGJkNjljOTliNjk4ZTMzYzE4NWY1ZmY2NWYzMTA1Y2IxMTFjNzkxNGRlNjQ1M2U5ZTgxZDE3YTNlNmZkNmUifQ==&subid=eyJpdiI6IlVsbGtkSUV4SDk1MUl6WG90SmcwR3c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQnJNV0JFSU5CMHVtekkrcllXaEtXQT09IiwibWFjIjoiNDk1YjJkNGI0YjJhN2M2NWYwZTAyNzQ4ZGQ1ZGM4NjViYzgxMzE4YjMyNDhlMzhiODk4YjA0OGMxNjQ1MjMyZCJ9 |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Embassy of India, Doha |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-26 |title=P Kumaran appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the State of Qatar |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/27335/p+kumaran+appointed+as+the+next+ambassador+of+india+to+the+state+of+qatar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830003728/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/27335/p+kumaran+appointed+as+the+next+ambassador+of+india+to+the+state+of+qatar |archive-date=2016-08-30 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs, India]] |language=en-in}}</ref>

Kumaran was appointed High Commissioner to [[Singapore]] on 26 May 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-26 |title=Shri Periasamy Kumaran has been appointed as the next High Commissioner of India to the Republic of Singapore |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32710/Shri+Periasamy+Kumaran+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+High+Commissioner+of+India+to+the+Republic+of+Singapore#:~:text=What's%20New-,Shri%20Periasamy%20Kumaran%20has%20been%20appointed%20as%20the%20next%20High,to%20the%20Republic%20of%20Singapore&text=Shri%20Periasamy%20Kumaran%20(IFS%3A%201992,to%20the%20Republic%20of%20Singapore. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607105553/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32710/Shri+Periasamy+Kumaran+has+been+appointed+as+the+next+High+Commissioner+of+India+to+the+Republic+of+Singapore |archive-date=2020-06-07 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=[[Ministry of External Affairs, India]] |language=en-in}}</ref> and presented his credentials on 25 August 2020,<ref name=":0" /> serving in that post from July 2020 to July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-24 |title=High Commissioner of India to Singapore, P. Kumaran’s Farewell to Singapore |url=https://indiplomacy.com/2023/07/24/high-commissioner-of-india-to-singapore-p-kumarans-farewell-to-singapore/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001231130/https://indiplomacy.com/2023/07/24/high-commissioner-of-india-to-singapore-p-kumarans-farewell-to-singapore/ |archive-date=2023-10-01 |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=Indiplomacy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Past High Commissioners of India to Singapore |url=https://www.hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IlBraGU5bUpvMVdPR0RjeHBOalpcL01RPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6IkxWMmhnWjkwanhUR0NBakxIcmk5amc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjllNzIwMTBlZGU4OGI3Zjg5ZmVjMjlkMjJlZTU2MGFhMDA5YjkyODk0YjhiZTFiMWZiN2RiODc1ODc5M2YyYTMifQ==&subid=eyJpdiI6IkFEQm9cL1FoZ0JjQ05aU0laK05aRXl3PT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6IkFydFQxWnRObFlvZ0Y1SWd1UGpDcUE9PSIsIm1hYyI6Ijg0ZWE2MGU1MTQ0ODA3NzNhZWJiMzhkNTljMWNiNGUzYTYxZWVlNjhkOGZjYzZmZTUwMGU4OWZjODZiYzM1Y2UifQ== |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802110252/https://www.hcisingapore.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IlBraGU5bUpvMVdPR0RjeHBOalpcL01RPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6IkxWMmhnWjkwanhUR0NBakxIcmk5amc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjllNzIwMTBlZGU4OGI3Zjg5ZmVjMjlkMjJlZTU2MGFhMDA5YjkyODk0YjhiZTFiMWZiN2RiODc1ODc5M2YyYTMifQ==&subid=eyJpdiI6IkFEQm9cL1FoZ0JjQ05aU0laK05aRXl3PT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6IkFydFQxWnRObFlvZ0Y1SWd1UGpDcUE9PSIsIm1hYyI6Ijg0ZWE2MGU1MTQ0ODA3NzNhZWJiMzhkNTljMWNiNGUzYTYxZWVlNjhkOGZjYzZmZTUwMGU4OWZjODZiYzM1Y2UifQ== |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=High Commission of India in Singapore |language=en-in}}</ref>

===High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom===
On 26th March, 2026, Kumaran has been appointed as the next [[High Commissioner]] of India to the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Periasamy Kumaran appointed as the next High Commissioner of India to UK |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/periasamy-kumaran-appointed-as-the-next-high-commissioner-of-india-to-uk/article70788420.ece |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 March 2026 |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Qatar]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Singapore]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Institutes of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian diplomats]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]

Chandni Chowk metro station (Kolkata)

2026-03-27T19:39:09Z

Krrissh:

{{Short description|Kolkata Metro's Blue Line metro station}}
{{Other uses|Chandni Chowk (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chandni Chowk
| native_name = {{nobold|চাঁদনি চক}}
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| style = Kolkata Metro
| symbol = m
| symbol_location = kolkata
| image = Chandni Chowk metro platform view.jpg
| image_upright = 1.3
| image_caption = Platform view of the station
| address = 12, [[Chittaranjan Avenue|Central Avenue]], [[Chandni Chowk (Kolkata)|Chandni Chowk]], [[Bowbazar]], Kolkata, West Bengal - 700072
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.56702|88.35415|region:IN-WB_type:railwaystation|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| line = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|Blue|croute}}
| other =
| structure = Underground
| platform = 2 (1 [[island platform]])
| depth =
| levels =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1995|February|19}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| accessible = No
| code = KCWC
| owned =
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjstn|system=Kolkata Metro|line=Blue|left=Central|right=Esplanade}}
| map_type = India Kolkata#India Kolkata Metro
| route_map = {{Routemap
|inline=1
|legend=track
|map=
utSTR!~MFADEg\utSTR!~MFADEg ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Central}}
numN290\utSTRg\utSTRf\~~ ~~ ~~
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*1__align=bl\utdSTR
utdSTR\dPLT!~d*2__align=br\utdSTR
cd!~utPSTR(L)\c!~dPLT\utPSTR(R)
utSTRg\utSTRf~~ ~~ ~~
utSTR!~MFADEf\utSTR!~MFADEf ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Esplanade}}
}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Chandni Chowk''' is an underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] of [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolmetro.com/ |title=Welcome to Metro Railway, Kolkata |accessdate=2007-09-01 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820234733/http://www.kolmetro.com/ |archivedate=20 August 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calcuttaweb.com/metro.shtml |title=Calcuttaweb - Metro -underground subway railway system |accessdate=2011-05-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121093024/http://calcuttaweb.com/metro.shtml |archivedate=21 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/kolk/kolkata.htm |title=UrbanRail.Net > Asia > India > West Bengal > Kolkata (Calcutta) Metro |accessdate=2011-06-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132602/http://urbanrail.net/as/kolk/kolkata.htm |archivedate=29 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is located in [[Chittaranjan Avenue|Central Avenue]], [[Chandni Chowk (Kolkata)|Chandni Chowk]], [[Bowbazar]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Station Layout==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|'''L1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Mezzanine
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;"|Fare control, station agent, Ticket/token, shops
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=3 valign=top|'''L2 Platforms'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=85 height=45|'''Platform 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width=400|{{0|←}} Towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|blue|right}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Esplanade}}*) →
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Island platform]], Doors will open on the right 
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 height=45|'''Platform 1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="400" | ← Towards {{ltl|Kolkata Metro|blue|left}} ({{stl|Kolkata Metro|Central}})
|-
|}
* ''Change at Esplanade for '''{{Rcb|Kolkata Metro|Green|yes}}''' and '''{{Rcb|Kolkata Metro|Purple|yes}}'''''

==Connections==
===Bus===
Bus route number 3B, 30C, 47B, 78, 214, 214A, 237, 242, S139 (Mini), S160 (Mini), S161 (Mini), E25, S9A, S10, S10A, S11, S15G, S17A, AC20, AC39 etc. serve the station.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://calcuttatramways.com/bus-route-search/ |title=Bus route | the Calcutta Tramways Company [1978] Ltd |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818063620/http://calcuttatramways.com/bus-route-search/ |archive-date=18 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://transport.wb.gov.in/transport-services/bus-services/ | title=Bus Services | access-date=30 January 2018 | archive-date=28 January 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128154039/http://transport.wb.gov.in/transport-services/bus-services/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Entry/Exit==
*'''1''' - Hindustan Building
*'''2''' - India Coffee House
*'''3''' - Hind Cinema
*'''4''' - Yogayog Bhavan
*'''5''' - Indian Airlines
*'''6''' - Ganesh Chandra Avenue

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chadni_Gate_1.jpg|Gate No.1 of the metro station
File:Chadni_Gate_2.jpg|Gate No.2 of the metro station
File:Chadni_Gate_3.jpg|Gate No.3 of the metro station
File:Chadni_Gate_4.jpg|Gate No.4 of the metro station
File:Chadni_Gate_5.jpg|Gate No.5 of the metro station
File:Chadni_Gate_6.jpg|Gate No.6 of the metro station
File:Chandni chowk metro station.jpg|Chandni Chowk Metro Station Entrance in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Kolkata]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Kolkata]]
*[[Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
*[[Kolkata Monorail]]
*[[Trams in Kolkata]]
*[[Bhowanipore]]
*[[Chowringhee Road]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Esplanade}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070820234733/http://www.kolmetro.com/ Old official Website for Blue Line]}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Chandni+Chowk/@22.5673008,88.3530753,360m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a0277a88a80742d:0xd136d859bb6528c7!8m2!3d22.5667955!4d88.3541375?dcr=0|title=Chandni Chowk station}}

{{Kolkata Metro|blue line=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1995]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}
{{Asia-metro-stub}}

Mei (film)

2026-03-26T17:02:47Z

Krrissh:

{{short description|2019 Indian Tamil-language medical thriller film}}
{{Use Indian English|date = September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mei
| image = Mei poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = SA Baskaran
| producer =
| screenplay = SA Baskaran
| story = Sentha Murugesan
| starring = Nicky Sundaram [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| music = Prithvi Kumar Anil Johnson (BGM)
| editing =
| cinematography = VN Mohan
| studio = Sundaram Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2019|08|23}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| based_on =
}}

'''''Mei''''' ({{translation|Truth/ Body}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[medical fiction|medical]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by SA Baskaran in his directorial debut. The film stars newcomer Nicky Sundaram and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] in the lead roles, while [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Charle]], [[Ajay Ghosh]], and Vinod Krishnan play supporting roles. The film is based on the real story relating to medical mafias in India.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aishwarya Rajesh: 'Mei' will expose the irregularities in the medical field |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-rajesh-mei-will-expose-the-irregularities-in-the-medical-field-news-tamil-tiuljLbbhgice.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820154458/https://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-rajesh-mei-will-expose-the-irregularities-in-the-medical-field-news-tamil-tiuljLbbhgice.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019 |work=Sify |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced under the production banner Sundaram Productions. The songs for the film were composed by Prithvi Kumar. The film was released on 23 August 2019.

== Plot ==
The missing case of a young girl unfolds mystery behind several hidden crimes related to a medical racket as investigation continues.

Abhinav Chandran, an aspiring doctor who returned from the US, is chased by police when a medical racket alleges him for the reason behind the death of a medical shop employee. He is assisted by medical representative Uthra .

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* Nicky Sundaram as Dr. Abhinav Chandran
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Uthra
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Muthukrishnan
* [[Charle]] as Narmadha's father
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Karunakaran
* Vinod Krishnan as Dr. Jayanth
* [[Kavithalaya Krishnan]] as Manager
* [[E. Ramdoss]] as Police officer
* [[George Maryan]] as Gopi
* Aroul D. Shankar as Doctor
* [[Abhishek Vinod]]
* Gowthami Vembunathan as Hostel Warden
* Tigergarden Thangadurai as Gopi's friend
* [[K. S. G. Venkatesh]] as Shanti's father
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
This film marked the debut of [[T. V. Sundram Iyengar]]'s grandson, Nicky Sundaram, who works as a New York-based doctor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Reporter |date=22 August 2019 |title=From New York to Kollywood Nicky Sundaram makes his debut with Mei |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/from-new-york-to-kollywood-nicky-sundaram-makes-his-debut-with-mei/article29226332.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2019 |title=TV Sundaram’s Grandson Nicky Sundaram Stars With Aishwarya Rajesh In ‘Mei’ |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/tv-sundarams-grandson-nicky-sundaram-stars-with-aishwarya-rajesh-in-mei/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613183934/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/tv-sundarams-grandson-nicky-sundaram-stars-with-aishwarya-rajesh-in-mei/ |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by New York-based composer Prithvi Kumar and received positive reviews from The Times of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mei Songs Download, Mei Tamil MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Tamil Songs |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/mei-songs-T0004796 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924115831/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/mei-songs-T0004796 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019 |website=www.raaga.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2019 |title=Music Review: Mei |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-mei/articleshow/70803649.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613183644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-mei/articleshow/70803649.cms |archive-date=13 June 2024 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*"Maalaiye" - Prithvi Kumar
*"Kaatre Silamurai" - Prithvi Kumar
*"Maayavalai" - Prithvi Kumar, Sanjana Raja

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "As the title suggests, ''Mei'' is about finding the truth behind The Curious Case of A Missing Girl. But it’s a weakly-scripted movie that doesn’t quite take off."<ref name="hi">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=2019-08-23 |title=Mei' movie review: A topical subject watered down by lacklustre filmmaking |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mei-movie-review-a-topical-subject-watered-down-by-lacklustre-filmmaking/article29234522.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022223241/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mei-movie-review-a-topical-subject-watered-down-by-lacklustre-filmmaking/article29234522.ece |archive-date=22 October 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> ''Times of India'' wrote "The story and characters look too good on paper with some twists and a few engaging sequences. [..] However, the making of a slick thriller like this could have been more gripping as it lacks any sharp cuts or edge of the seat moments".<ref name="toi">{{Citation |title=Mei Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mei/movie-review/70801183.cms |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923082946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mei/movie-review/70801183.cms |archive-date=23 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "One of the oft-used conclusions drawn about a middling movie is that it has its heart in the right place. Unfortunately, for Mei, a film based on organ trafficking, I can’t quite say that".<ref name="ie">{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=24 August 2019 |title='Mei' review: This medical thriller saves no one |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/aug/24/mei-review-this-medical-thriller-saves-no-one-2023483.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701211443/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/aug/24/mei-review-this-medical-thriller-saves-no-one-2023483.html |archive-date=1 July 2020 |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Overall, ‘''Mei''’ is a watchable thriller for the research work done by the young team, the strong supporting cast and the crisp run time".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2019 |title=Mei review: A watchable crime thriller |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mei-review-a-watchable-crime-thriller-review-tamil-tixuCOfefbhbc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823193213/https://www.sify.com/movies/mei-review-a-watchable-crime-thriller-review-tamil-tixuCOfefbhbc.html |archive-date=23 August 2019 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt10814494}}

[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about organ trade]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Calicut kingdom

2026-03-22T22:09:07Z

Krrissh: new bio - done

{{Short description|Historical kingdom in the region of Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Calicut
| common_name = Kingdom of Kozhikode
| image_map = Map of Samoothiris kingdom.jpg
| capital = [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = [[Feudalism|Feudal]] [[Monarchy]]
| currency = Kozhikode Panam
| status = Kingdom
| year_end = 1806
| year_start = 1124
| image_map2_caption = map of the Kingdom of Calicut in 1498
| common_languages = [[Malayalam]]
| title_leader = [[Zamorin]]
| year_leader1 = 1124–1132
| leader1 = Mana Vikrama
| year_leader2 = 1798–1806
| leader2 = Krishna Varma
| event_start = Dissolution of the Cheras of Cranganore<ref name=Narayanan>M. G. S. Narayanan, ''Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy{{snd}}Political and Social Conditions of Kerala Under the Cera Perumals of Makotai (c. AD 800–AD 1124)''. Kerala. Calicut University Press, 1996, pp. 512.</ref>
| event1 = [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
| date_event1 = 1766-1792
| event_end = [[East India Company]]
| p1 = Chera dynasty
| s1 = Company rule in India
| today = [[India]]
}}

The '''kingdom of Kozhikode''' ({{IPA|ml|koːɻikːoːɖ||Kozhikode_mal.ogg}}), also known as '''Calicut''', was the kingdom of the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], in the present-day Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Present-day [[Kozhikode]] is the second largest city in Kerala, as well as the headquarters of [[Kozhikode district]].

[[Kozhikode]] was dubbed the "city of spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture26/lec26.html |title=Lectures 26–27 |publisher=[[Purdue University]] |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716191222/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/lecture26/lec26.html |archive-date=16 July 2009}}</ref> during the [[Middle Ages]] and probably as early as [[Classical antiquity]]. The port at [[Kozhikode]] held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, [[Kollam]], and [[Kochi]], were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala).</ref> It was once the capital of an independent kingdom by the same name and later of the erstwhile [[Malabar District]]. The port at Kozhikode acted as the gateway to medieval [[South India]]n coast for the [[Persian people|Persians]], the [[Arab]]s, the [[Ethnic groups in China|Chinese]], and finally the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]].<ref name="Malabar"/>

==Foundation==
[[File:Uru.jpg|thumbnail|''[[Uru (boat)|Uru]]'', a type of ship that was historically used for maritime trade, built at [[Beypore]], [[Kozhikode]]]]
{{See also|Revathi Pattathanam}}
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|left|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]]
[[File:Map of Kampili kingdom.png|thumb|300px|India in early 1320 CE. Note that most of the parts of present-day state of Kerala was under the influence of the [[Zamorin]] of Kozhikode.]]

The ancient port of [[Tyndis]] which was located on the northern side of [[Muziris]], as mentioned in the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', was somewhere around [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="Kerala">{{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}</ref> Its exact location is a matter of dispute.<ref name="Kerala" /> The suggested locations are [[Ponnani]], [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Beypore]]-[[Chaliyam]]-[[Kadalundi]]-[[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Koyilandy]].<ref name="Kerala" /> Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to [[Muziris]], between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology'', ''14'', 334–350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="Malabar" /> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.</ref>

During the [[Sangam period]] (3rd{{snd}}4th{{nbsp}}century{{nbsp}}BC), the land where [[Kozhikode]] now stands was an uninhabited region of the [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] Empire. This land, part of the larger [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakam]] partly fell within the ''Kudanad'' (Western land; west of Kongunad) to the south and partly within ''Puzhinad'' (marshy tract) to the north. The dominion of the Cheras extended as far as present-day [[Vatakara]], beyond which lay the kingdom of Eli ([[Mushika kingdom|Ezhi]]). The ports of the Chera empire played an important role in fostering trade relations between Kerala and the outside world. According to scholars, Tyndis or Tondi (present-day [[Kadalundi]] or [[Ponnani]]) to the south of Kozhikode was a flourishing seaport. During the 9th century, this region became a part of the Second Chera Empire. The Cheras (also known as Perumals) ruled the territory until 1102.

The rise of Calicut as a major trading centre and a port city does not seem to have happened before the 13th century. The [[Zamorin of Calicut]] was originally the ruler of [[Eranad]], which was a minor principality located in the northern parts of present-day [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="Iyer">{{cite book
| author = K. V. Krishna Iyer
| title = Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806
| publisher = Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379
| year = 1938}}</ref><ref name="Malabar">{{cite book |last1=Sreedhara Menon |first1=A. |title=''Kerala Charitram'' |date=January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |isbn=978-81-264-1588-5 |edition=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=13 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141403/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82 |url-status=live}}</ref> His headquarters was [[Nediyiruppu]] in [[Kondotty]].<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="Iyer"/> Later it was the ''Eradi'' (The ruler of [[Eranad]]), who came to be known as Zamorin, and developed the port at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="Malabar"/><ref name="Iyer"/> [[Eranad]] was ruled by a [[Samanthan Nair]] clan known as [[Eradi]]s, similar to the [[M. K. Vellodi|Vellodi]]s of neighbouring [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]] and [[Nedungadi]]s of [[Ottapalam|Nedunganad]]. The rulers of Eranad were known by the title ''Eralppad''/''Eradi''. While the first reference to the [[kingdom of Calicut]] and [[Saamoothiri]] is made by [[Ibn Battuta]] in his accounts (1342–1347), there is no reference to Calicut by [[Marco Polo]], who visited Kerala towards the end of the 13th Century. He does, however, mention the kingdom of Eli. This provides a clue to a plausible date for the rise of Calicut as a major kingdom on the Kerala coast. Nevertheless, Prof. Krishna Ayyar has assigned 1034{{nbsp}}CE as the year of the foundation of the city.<ref name="Ayyar, K.V. Krishna 1938">Ayyar, K.V. Krishna, The Zamorins of Calicut- From the Earliest Times to A.D.1806(1938), Calicut.</ref>

According to the ''[[Keralolpathi]]'' (''Genesis of Kerala''), the last of the Chera kings, [[Rama Varma Kulashekhara|Cheraman Perumal]], partitioned the kingdom among his feudatories and secretly left for [[Mecca]] with some Arab traders where he embraced [[Islam]] and lived the rest of his life in obscurity in [[Arabia]]. The date of this partition is a significant turning point in the history of Kerala. It is now clear that the Cheraman Perumals ruled in the 8th, 9th and 10th centuries and that the last Cheraman Perumal was Rama Varma Kulasekhara (1089–1102). Although there is no basis for the last Perumal's conversion to Islam and pilgrimage to Mecca, it is now accepted that following his mysterious disappearance the land was partitioned and that the governors of different ''Nadus'' (fiefdoms) gained independence, proclaiming it as their 'gift' from the last sovereign.<ref name="ReferenceA">[[M.G.S. Narayanan]], Calicut: The City of Truth (2006) Calicut University Publications</ref>

There is some ambiguity regarding the exact course of events that led to the establishment of the [[zamorin]]'s rule over Calicut. According to Prof. A. Sreedhara Menon (who entirely rejects the story of Cheraman Perumal's disappearance, his conversion to Islam and the subsequent gifts to his feudatories), immediately following the 'fall' of the Rama Kulasekhara, Calicut and its suburbs formed part of the Polanad kingdom ruled by the ''Porlatiri'', which was a vassal state to the [[Kolathunadu]] based at [[North Malabar]].<ref>Sreedhara Menon.A, A Survey of Kerala History(1967), p. 152. D.C.Books Kottayam</ref> The Eradis of Nediyirippu in Ernad (somewhere around present Kondotty) were land-locked and sought an outlet to the sea to initiate trade and commerce with distant lands.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EBG2AAAAIAAJ Bhāratīya sthalanāma patrikā] (page 44) published by Place Names Society of India</ref> To accomplish this, the Eradis marched with their ''[[nair]]s'' towards Panniyankara and besieged the ''Porlatiri'' in his headquarters, resulting in a 50-year war. The Eradis emerged victorious in their conquest of Polanad. After this, [[Menokki]]s were made as the ruler of ''Polanad'' and came to terms with the troops and people.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Sewell| first = Robert| title = Lists of inscriptions, and sketch of the dynasties of southern India| publisher = E. Keys at the Government Press| year = 1884| page = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S8wOAAAAQAAJ/page/n209 197]| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S8wOAAAAQAAJ| quote = The Zamorin made Menokki ruler of Porallatiri and came to terms with the troops and people. After this follows an account of the founding of the town of Calicut, close to the Zamorin's palace at Tali}}</ref> After this, the town of Calicut was founded close to the palace at Tali.<ref>{{cite book|author1=K. V. Krishna Ayyar|author2=University of Calicut. Publication Division|title=The zamorins of Calicut: from the earliest times down to A.D. 1806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ|year=1938|publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut|isbn=978-81-7748-000-9|page=82|access-date=22 September 2016|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084517/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Then, the Eradis shifted their headquarters from Nediyirippu to Calicut. The Governor of Ernad built a fort at a place called Velapuram to safeguard his new interests. The fort most likely lent its name to ''Koyil Kotta'' the precursor to Calicut.

[[File:Stellardiagram-Zhengho.jpg|thumb|left|[[Zheng He]]'s navigation chart from Hormuz to Calicut, 1430]]

However, [[M.G.S. Narayanan]] in his book, Calicut: The City of Truth states that the Governor of Eranad, Mana Vikrama (who became the Zamorin of Calicut later) was, in fact, a favourite of the last Ceraman Perumal, Rama Kulasekara as the former was at the forefront of the wars with the [[Chola]]-[[Pandya]] forces to the South and led the army to victory.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> The King, therefore, granted him, as a mark of favour, a small tract of land on the sea-coast in addition to his hereditary possessions. This patch of wasteland is called ''Cullikkad'' in the ''Keralolpathi''. To corroborate his assertion that Mana Vikrama was, in fact, a favourite of the last Perumal, Narayanan cites a stone inscription of the last ruler (1102) discovered at Kollam in South Kerala. It refers to ''Nalu taliyum ayiram arunurruvarum eranadu vazhkai Manavikiraman mutalayulla camantarum''-'The four Councillors, The Thousand, The Six Hundred, along with Mana Vikrama, the Governor of Eranad and other Feudatories'.

However, the Eradis<ref>{{cite book |title=Kerala Sanchaaram |last=Divakaran |first=Kattakada |year=2005 |publisher=Z Library |location=Trivandrum }}</ref> being land-locked lacked direct access to the coastline as the territory of Polanad (''Porakilanad'') lay between Eranad and Calicut. Having been given the royal sword and the injunction ''Cattum konnum adakki kolka'' (conquer by courting and conferring death) by the last Ceraman (according to Keralolpathi), the Ernad ''Utayavar'' (Governor) waged war against the Porlatiri (''Porakilar Adhikari'') and attacked Panniyankara. [[M.G.S. Narayanan|M.G.S]] seems to indicate that the land sought by the Ernadis, lay in fact beyond and not within the kingdom of Polanad.

With the conquest of Polanad, the status of the ''Utayavar'' (Governor) increased and he came to be known as Swami Nambiyathiri Thirumulpad and the kingdom of Calicut also came to known as ''Nediyiruppu Swarupam'' after the original house of the Eradis at Nediyiruppu. The king's title gradually evolved into ''Samoothirippadu'' or [[Saamoothiri]] or ''Saamoori'' over the years. The Europeans called him Zamorin. The foundation of the city of Calicut was therefore laid during the initial years of the 12th century. The [[S. M. Street|Sweetmeat Street]] (''Mittayi Theruvu'') was an important trading street under Zamorin's rule.

In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of [[Tirunavaya]] region from [[Kingdom of Valluvanad|Valluvanad]], which were under the control of the king of [[Kingdom of Cochin|''Perumbadappu Swaroopam'']] (Cochin). The ruler of [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from [[Kodungallur]] to [[Kochi]]. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval [[Malabar Coast]].<ref name="Malabar"/>

The history of Kozhikode can roughly be divided into several periods marked by a few epoch-making events. These include the city's establishment, the arrival of the Portuguese, the arrival of the Dutch, the Mysorean Invasion, the rise of British Power, the beginning of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] and finally freedom from British rule in 1947.

==Society and organization==
According to the Chinese traveler [[Ma Huan]], who describes visiting Calicut in the [[Yingya Shenglan]], Calicut was a place with relative harmony between its Hindu and Muslim populations. Huan also described worship of [[Moses]] existing in addition to Islam and Hinduism, which Huan mistakenly identified as [[Buddhism]]. Additionally detailed was the existence of a complex system of measurements for trade, as well as a system of succession in which the king's sister's son inherited the throne, due to a belief that legal family only constituted those born from a woman within said family; if no such heir existed, the throne would be passed to "some man of merit."<ref>Ma Huan, "Ying-Yai Sheng-Lang," pp. 138–146.</ref>

==Arrival of the Portuguese==
[[File:Vascodagama.JPG|thumbnail|Vasco da Gama in Calicut, 1502]]
This single event marked an epoch in the history of Kerala and India, not because [[Vasco da Gama]] [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|discovered the sea route to India]] (the Chinese, the Arab and Turkish sultanates, and the African kingdoms already traded directly with India) but, unlike the others, the Portuguese yearned for political power, and religious and imperial domination. Vasco da Gama's fame is more often argued as due to historical reasons for which he was hardly responsible<ref name="Panickar.K.M 1959">Panickar.K.M, A History of Kerala(1959) Annamalai University</ref> in that he was accompanied by a Portuguese-speaking Arab merchant provided by the Sultan of [[Malindi|Melinda]] in East Africa. Vasco da Gama was sent by [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]] and landed in Calicut at [[Kappad]] on 17 May 1498.<ref>{{cite web|title=‌Portuguese (1505–1961)|url=http://www.myeduphilic.com/about-the-europeans/|website=myeduphilic|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004355/http://www.myeduphilic.com/about-the-europeans/|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the discovery of a sea route from Europe to [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] in 1498, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between [[Ormus]] and the [[Malabar Coast]] and south to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]].<ref>Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 288</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author = Knox, Robert | author-link = Robert Knox (sailor) | year = 1681 | title = An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon | pages = 19–47 |publisher = Reprint. Asian Educational Services | place = London| title-link = An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon }}</ref> The navigator was received with traditional hospitality, but an audience with the Zamorin failed to produce any concrete results. Vasco da Gama's request for permission to leave a factor behind him in charge of the merchandise he could not sell was declined by the King, who insisted that da Gama pay customs duty like any other trader, straining the relationship between the two. The next expedition was sent by the King of Portugal under the leadership of [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] in 1500. His agent secured a settlement to erect a factory at Calicut. This, however, precipitated matters between the Arabs and the Portuguese, mainly due to the intransigence of the Portuguese distrust of the Arabs/Muslims. This was a carryover from the crusades. The Portuguese capture of Arab vessels and ensuing massacre was retaliated by the locals who burned down the factory and butchered half of the Portuguese on land. Cabral sailed for [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], where he was cordially received and allowed to load his ships. Vasco da Gama reached Calicut the second time with 15 ships and 800 men in February 1502. In January 1502, the [[First Battle of Cannanore]] between the [[3rd Portuguese India Armada (Nova, 1501)|Third Portuguese Armada]] and [[kingdom of Cochin]] under [[João da Nova]] and Zamorin of [[Kozhikode]]'s navy marked the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the Indian Ocean. When da Gama's call to expel all Muslims from Calicut was vehemently turned down, he bombarded the city and captured several rice vessels, cutting off the Muslim crew's hands, ears, and noses.

[[File:Calicut 1572 (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|left|A panorama of port [[Kozhikode]], shows several types of ships, shipbuilding, net fishing, dinghy traffic and a rugged, sparsely populated interior ([[Georg Braun]] and [[Frans Hogenberg]]'s atlas ''Civitates orbis terrarum'', 1572)]]

With rising bonhomie between the Maharaja of Cochin and the Portuguese, there followed several wars in which the Portuguese propped up Cochin and Cannanore against the Zamorin. Scores of men perished in these wars on all sides starting in 1503 and continuing till the early 1570s. In February 1509, the defeat of the joint fleet of the [[Mahmud Begada|Sultan of Gujarat]], the [[Burji dynasty|Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt]], and the [[Saamoothiri|Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] with support of the [[Republic of Venice]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] in [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Battle of Diu]] marked the beginning of [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] dominance of the [[Spice trade]] and the Indian Ocean. In the same year, [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] was appointed the second Viceroy of the Portuguese possessions in the East. A new fleet under [[Marshall Coutinho]] arrived with specific instructions to destroy the power of Calicut. The Portuguese fleet was not successful in subduing the Zamorin. The Zamorin's forces were successful in killing Marshall Coutinho and wounding Albuquerque, forcing Albuquerque to sue for peace and enter into a treaty in 1513 to protect Portuguese interests in Kerala. Hostilities were renewed when the Portuguese attempted to assassinate the Zamorin sometime between 1515 and 1518. From the 1520s the Zamorin's naval fleet was administered by the [[Kunjali Marakkar]]s who inflicted heavy damages to Portuguese property till 1589. The Zamorin was assisted mainly by four ministers namely Mangatachan the Chief Minister, Dharmoth Panicker, Army Chief and Teacher of Martial Arts, Kuthiravatathu Nair, Finance Minister and Kunjali Marakars, Chief of Naval Force.<ref name="Kerala" />

In 1503, the Portuguese had built a fort in [[Chaliyam]] with the consent of the Raja of the [[kingdom of Tanur]] (Vettattnad) from where they re-established supremacy over Indian waters. It provided the Portuguese ample opportunities to harass the Zamorin and enter the heart of his kingdom in the event of war. The Chaliyam fort was 'like a pistol held at the Zamorin's throat'. The Zamorin attacked Chaliyam and recaptured the fort in 1571 coinciding with the defeat of the ruler of [[Vijayanagara]], an ally of the Portuguese. The Portuguese were forced to abandon the fort, which was then completely demolished. The fall of Chaliyam fort marked the beginning of the end for the Portuguese in the great game of the East. The Portuguese approached the Zamorin again in 1578 for reconciliation. By 1588 they were settled in Calicut and in 1591 built a church on land donated by the Zamorin (who even laid the foundation stone). The arrival of the Dutch East India Company on the scene in 1604 started the decline of the Portuguese influence on the Malabar coast.

==Arrival of the Dutch==
[[File: Demon of Calicut.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Zamorin of Calicut as portrayed by the Dutch. More specifically, a depiction of "Deumo", a demon from distorted accounts of a local deity.]]

In 1602, the [[Zamorin]] sent messages to [[Aceh]] promising the Dutch a fort at [[Kozhikode]] if they would come and trade there. Two factors, Hans de Wolff and Lafer, were sent on an Asian ship from Aceh, but the two were captured by the chief of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], and handed over to the Portuguese.<ref name="SanjaySubrahmanyam2">Sanjay Subrahmanyam. "The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650". Cambridge University Press, 2002</ref> A Dutch fleet under Admiral [[Steven van der Hagen]] arrived at Kozhikode in November 1604. It marked the beginning of the Dutch presence in Kerala and they concluded a treaty with [[Kozhikode]] on 11 November 1604, which was also the first treaty that the [[Dutch East India Company]] made with an Indian ruler.<ref name="Malabar"/> By this time the kingdom and the port of [[Kozhikode]] was much reduced in importance.<ref name="SanjaySubrahmanyam2"/> The treaty provided for a mutual alliance between the two to expel the Portuguese from Malabar. In return the [[Dutch East India Company]] was given facilities for trade at Kozhikode and [[Ponnani]], including spacious storehouses.<ref name="SanjaySubrahmanyam2"/> It provided for a mutual alliance between the Zamorin and the Dutch to expel the Portuguese from Indian soil. In return, they were given facilities for trade at Calicut, including spacious storehouses. In the 18th century the Dutch position weakened and they were forced to surrender to a British force that marched from Calicut to Cochin on 20 October 1795 (as part of the larger [[Napoleonic Wars]] between [[Holland]] and England in Europe). [[Travancore]] became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful [[Zamorin]] of Kozhikode in the battle of [[Purakkad]] in 1755.<ref name="AHoT 162">{{cite book|last1=Shungoony Menon|first1=P.|title=A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times|date=1878|publisher=Higgin Botham & Co.|location=Madras|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog/page/n212 162]–164|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog|access-date=5 May 2016|language=en|format=pdf}}</ref>

==The Mysore invasions==
{{Main|Mysore invasion of Kerala}}

when Hyder Ali came to Malabar, he faced no real resistance. At Chirakkal, the ruling family handed over their kingdom to the British and fled to Travancore. In Kozhikode, upon hearing this news, everyone escaped to South Kerala, and the zamorin king burned his palace and committed suicide.<ref name=ay>{{cite web|first=Abraham |last=Yeshuratnam |title=The East India Company and the Rajas of Malabar|url=https://www.academia.edu/43826154/The_East_India_Company_and_the_Rajas_of_Malabar|date=1977 |accessdate=October 25, 2025}}</ref>

Hyder Ali faced no resistance in Kozhikode, despite it being regarded as one of the so-called “powerful kingdoms” of South India. He was astonished to find Kozhikode deserted, with no people around, upon his arrival, and saw the Zamorin’s palace burning while his people had fled swiftly to Travancore, leaving him wondering in surprise, “Where has everyone gone? What happened here?”. Tipu who succeeded after Hyder Ali , after the Friday prayers at the Palayam Juma Masjid, he proclaimed:
{{quote|text=“...since it is the practice with you for one woman to associate with ten men, and you leave your mothers and sisters unconstrained in their obscene practices, and are thence all born in adultery, and are more shameless in your connections than the beasts of the fields : I hereby require you to forsake these sinful practices and be like the rest of mankind.”<ref name="Sil2013">{{cite journal|last=Sil|first=Narasingha P.|title=Tipu Sultan in History: Revisionism Revised|journal=SAGE Open|year=2013|volume=3|issue=2|pages=1–15|doi=10.1177/2158244013482836|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2158244013482836|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Menon|1962|pp=155–156}}</ref>}}

Hyder Ali ascended the throne of Mysore in 1761. By 1764, he obtained a pledge of neutrality from the British at [[Tellicherry]] in the event of a conflict with the Kerala powers. In February 1766, Hyder Ali marched into northern Kerala. Except for a few decisive battles, he faced meagre opposition and entered Calicut. The Zamorin sent the members of his family to Ponnani, blew up his palace and to avoid the humiliation of surrender, and committed self-immolation. A revenue officer named Madanna was appointed as the Civil Governor of Malabar with headquarters at Calicut. A rebellion soon broke out and the Mysorean garrison was besieged by the Nairs. Hyder Ali rushed to crush the rebellion, devastating the countryside and employing draconian measures to suppress the Nairs including defrocking of their social status. Successfully achieving his objectives, he had to return to Mysore soon to deal with the [[Maratha]] threat. A rebellion broke out again. Hyder Ali engaged in diplomacy this time through Madanna and agreed to withdraw his forces for which a war indemnity was to be paid to him. But he made a second attempt in December 1773 and re-established his authority in Malabar. By 1783 Tipu Sultan established his authority over Northern Kerala. He planned to shift the capital from Calicut to the south of the city on the banks of the river [[Chaliyar]] and even named it 'Farookhabad' now called [[Feroke]]. This ambitious plan soon failed. Tipu returned in 1789 to re-establish his authority. This, however, brought him in direct conflict with the [[British India|British]] based in [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], which resulted in four [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]. Calicut and the surrounding districts were among the territories ceded to the British after the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] by the Treaties of Seringapatam with the British on 22 February and 18 March 1792. The newly acquired possessions on the [[Malabar Coast]] were organised into the [[Malabar District]] of [[Madras Presidency]], and Calicut became the district capital.

[[File: Calicut coast.jpg|thumb|right|Engraving of the coast of Calicut (James Forbes, 1813)]]

==British domination==
[[File:Wellington, soldier and statesman, and the revival of the military power of England (1904) (14593177119).jpg|left|thumbnail|An old map of India in 1804. Note that only [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Kochi]], are marked as cities within the present-day state of [[Kerala]]]]
The arrival of [[East India Company|British]] in Kerala can be traced back to the year 1615, when a group under the leadership of Captain [[William Keeling]] arrived at Kozhikode, using three ships.<ref name="Malabar"/> It was in these ships that Sir [[Thomas Roe]] went to visit [[Jahangir]], the fourth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]], as [[British Empire|British envoy]].<ref name="Malabar"/> The British concluded a treaty of trade under which, among others, the English were to assist Calicut in expelling the Portuguese from Cochin and Cranganore, a term that the British never fulfilled. In 1664, Zamorin gave the English permission to build a factory in Calicut but did not extend any other favours as he was by now growing suspicious of all European traders. The English maintained neutrality in the conflict between Mysore and the Kerala powers in 1766 and was an important factor which facilitated early success to Hyder Ali. However, tensions between the English and Mysore arose soon. The English army under Major Abington helped [[Ravi Varma of Padinjare Kovilakam]] in the recapture of Calicut in 1782 from Mysore. The [[East India Company]] however did not stand by Lord Cornwallis' promise to the exiled rulers that they will be restored after the expulsion of Tipu. By 1792, the whole of Malabar including Calicut came under the British dominion. Ravi Varma now turned against the company but was soon captured in 1793. The rebellion continued even after the capture of Ravi Varma till 1797. Under [[British Raj]], it acted as the headquarters of [[Malabar District]], one of the two districts in the western coast of erstwhile [[Madras Presidency]]. During the [[British rule]], Malabar's chief importance lay in producing [[Malabar pepper|pepper]].<ref>Pamela Nightingale, ‘[[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]] (bap. 1756, d. 1811)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009</ref> Kozhikode municipality was formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850)<ref name="Ref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014) |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=7 August 2016 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107091128/http://lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis McIver |first1=G. Stokes |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=E.Keys at the Government Press |location=Madras |page=444 |edition=(Vol II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327063433/https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="google.co.in">{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=2 December 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327063433/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=HENRY FROWDE, M.A. |first1=Imperial Gazetteer of India |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908–1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=New |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=2 December 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216124143/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of the [[British Indian Empire]], making it the first modern municipality in the state.

==National movement==
The city also witnessed several movements as part of the struggle for Indian independence from the British. A conference of the Congress was held at Calicut in 1904 with C. Vijayaraghavachariar in the chair. A branch of the [[Indian Home Rule Movement|All India Home Rule League]] founded by [[Annie Besant|Ms. Annie Besant]] started functioning in the city. In 1916, Sri K.P.Kesava Menon staged a walk out of the Town Hall when he was denied permission by the Collector Mr Innes to address the meeting in [[Malayalam]]. The period saw a rise in political journalism as well. The ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' in March 1923 and ''Al Amin'' in October 1924 were started by Sri K.P.Kesava Menon and Muhammad Abdur Rahiman respectively to foster the spirit of Nationalism. On 12 May 1930, Satyagrahi's assembled at Calicut beach under the leadership of Muhammad Abdur Rahiman to break the 'Salt laws' were attacked by the police injuring more than 30 people. K.P.Krishna Pillai and R.V.Sharma defended the National flag from forcible seizure by the police on this occasion. During the Second Civil Disobedience Movement (1932), all four hundred delegates who attended the All Kerala Political Conference in September 1932 were arrested. The incident wherein Mrs L.S.Prabhu (of [[Thalassery]]), who courted arrest during the conference, was ordered to surrender all her gold ornaments including the ''tali'' or [[mangalsutra]] received nationwide condemnation. Calicut was also a major centre for the rising Communist Party of Malabar (1939) and the [[Quit India Movement]] (1942). Kerala chapter of the Communist Party was formed in a secret meeting held at Kallai Road in the year 1937.

After Indian Independence in 1947, Madras Presidency was renamed the [[Madras State]]. In 1956 when the Indian states were reorganised along linguistic lines, Malabar District was combined with the state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] to form the new state of Kerala on 1 November 1956. Malabar District was later split into the districts of [[Kannur District|Kannur]], [[Kozhikode District|Kozhikode]], and [[Palakkad District|Palakkad]] on 1 January 1957. Kozhikode was upgraded as a Municipal Corporation in 1962, making it the second-oldest Municipal Corporation in the state.

==See also==
*[[Saamoothiri]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation
| author = K. V. Krishna Iyer
| title = Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806
| publisher = Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379
| year = 1938}}
* M. G. S. Narayanan, ''Calicut: The City of Truth Revisited'' Kerala. University of Calicut, 2006
* A. Sreedhara Menon, ''A Survey of Kerala History'', (1967), Madras, 1991
* {{Citation
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
| access-date = 3 December 2020}} (The English translation of the historic book [[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]] written about the society of Kozhikode by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] during sixteenth century CE)

{{Histories of Kerala cities}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Calicut kingdom| ]]
[[Category:History of Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Colonial Malabar Coast]]
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]

Kerala Women's League

2026-03-22T11:58:03Z

Krrissh: created a pg initial version.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football league
| logo = Kerala Women's League official logo.png
| pixels = 200
| country = India
| organiser = [[Kerala Football Association]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2014|df=y}}
| teams = 6
| promotion = [[Indian Women's League 2]]
| relegation =
| levels = 3
| domest_cup =
| confed_cup =
| champions = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] (3rd title)
| most_successful_club = [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] (3 titles)
| tv = Scoreline Sports ([[YouTube]])
| season =
| current = [[2025–26 Kerala Women's League|2025–26]]
| website =
}}

The '''Kerala Women's League''' ('''KWL''') is a professional [[women's association football|women's]] [[association football|football]] league in the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]]. It is in the third tier of Indian woman’s football system. The league is organised by the [[Kerala Football Association]] (KFA), the official football governing body of the state.<ref name="kwl" >{{cite web|title=Kerala Women's League |url=https://theawayend.co/kerala-womens-league/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://theawayend.co/kerala-womens-league/ |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|website=The Away End |access-date=11 February 2022 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=KFA launches official logo for Kerala Women's League 2021-22 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-womens-league-kwl-2021-22-kfa-logo-launched |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-womens-league-kwl-2021-22-kfa-logo-launched |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|website=Khel Now |last=Thoyakkat |first=Harigovind |access-date=29 October 2021 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> For sponsorship ties with Eastea, it is officially called as '''Eastea Kerala Women's League'''.<ref name=":0">{{cite tweet |author=Kerala Football Association |author-link=Kerala Football Association |user=keralafa |number=1556890079268077568 |date=9 August 2022 |title=𝗥𝗮𝗺𝗰𝗼 𝗞𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹𝗮 𝗪𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻'𝘀 𝗟𝗲𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟮-𝟮𝟯 🏆 𝟭𝟬 𝗧𝗲𝗮𝗺𝘀 𝟭 𝗗𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺 #RamcoKWL 🏆 https://t.co/bHU3oK518f |language=en |access-date=4 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809150911/https://twitter.com/keralafa/status/1556890079268077568 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The inaugural tournament was held in the 2014–15,<ref>{{cite web|title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Kerala |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-league-structure-in-kerala-football/1smg39dpbggjb1ojjhpnu8htgy |website=Goal.com |last1=Muralidharan |first1=Ashwin |date=4 May 2018 }}</ref> followed by the 2015–16 season. It wasn't held ever since until the [[2021–22 Kerala Women's League|2021–22]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-29|title=KFA launches official logo for Kerala Women's League 2021-22|url=https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-womens-league-kwl-2021-22-kfa-logo-launched/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://khelnow.com/football/kerala-womens-league-kwl-2021-22-kfa-logo-launched/ |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-31|website=Khel Now|language=en-US}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Women's League 2021-22 starts 11th December |url=https://theawayend.co/2021/11/23/kerala-womens-league-2021-22-starts-december-11/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://theawayend.co/2021/11/23/kerala-womens-league-2021-22-starts-december-11/ |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|website=The Away End |access-date=11 February 2022 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Women's League to return after 7 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-womens-league-to-return-after-7-years/article37900242.ece |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-womens-league-to-return-after-7-years/article37900242.ece |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|website=The Hindu |access-date=8 December 2021 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=After a long lull, Kerala woman's football returns |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/oct/12/after-a-long-lull-kerala-womans-football-returns-2370453.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2021/oct/12/after-a-long-lull-kerala-womans-football-returns-2370453.html |archive-date=2022-02-11 |url-status=live|website=The New Indian Express |access-date=12 October 2021 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Clubs==
===2025–26 season===
Source:<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Team
!Location
|-
|1
|[[City Club Chalakkudy]]
|[[Chalakkudy]]
|-
|2
|[[Dreams FC]]
|[[Kochi]]
|-
|3
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala Women]]
|[[Kozhikode]]
|-
|4
|[[Inter Kerala FC]]
|[[Kothamangalam]]
|-
|5
|[[Kerala United FC]]
|[[Thrissur]]
|-
|6
|Lords FA
|[[Kochi]]
|-
|7
|PFC Kerala
|[[Parappur]]
|-
|8
|Talents FA
|[[Palakkad]]
|-
|}

== Champions ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Edition !! Season !! Champion !! Runners-up
|-
| 1st || [[2014–15 Kerala Women's League|2014–15]] || Wayanad Women's FC || Marthoma College WFC
|-
| 2nd || [[2015–16 Kerala Women's League|2015–16]] || Marthoma College WFC || [[Kerala United FC|Quartz]]
|-
| colspan = 4 |''League Suspended''
|-
| 3rd || [[2021–22 Kerala Women's League|2021–22]] || [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] || Don Bosco FA
|-
| 4th || [[2022–23 Kerala Women's League|2022–23]] || Lords FA || [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]]
|-
| 5th || [[2023–24 Kerala Women's League|2023–24]] || [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] || Lords FA
|-
| 6th || [[2024–25 Kerala Women's League|2024–25]] || [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] || [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[Football in India]]
*[[Football in Kerala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Women's League}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Kerala}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Kerala Women's League]]
[[Category:Regional women's football leagues in India]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kerala]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Kerala]]

K. Chakravarthy

2026-03-16T21:08:42Z

Krrissh: cleanup information based on references

{{short description|Indian composer}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = K. Chakravarthy
| birth_name = Kommineni Appa Rao
| image =
| caption =
| alt =
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1936|09|08}}
| birth_place = [[Ponnekallu]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|02|03|1936|09|08|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre =
| occupation = Music director
| years_active = 1971–1999
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
'''K. Chakravarthy''' (born Kommineni Appa Rao; 8 September 1936 – 3 February 2002) was an Indian [[Film composer|music director]] and actor who primarily worked in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Sudhish Kamath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article583910.ece |title=Arts / Music : Baton and beat |work=The Hindu |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=3 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsofap.com/art-386-music-director-chakravarthy-profile-biography.html|title=Music Director Chakravarthy profile & biography -|date=26 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126141430/http://www.newsofap.com/art-386-music-director-chakravarthy-profile-biography.html|archive-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> He made his debut in 1971 with ''Mooga Prema'' and went on compose music for over 1000 films, predominantly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language (884 films), followed by [[Kannada]] (60 films).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=స్వర సామ్రాట్ చక్రవర్తిని తలుచుకునే క్షణమిది|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/music-director-chakravarthy-death-anniversary-special-2021020210003155|website=andhrajyothy|language=te}}</ref> He won two [[Nandi Awards]].

==Personal life==
Chakravarthi was born as Kommineni Appa Rao on 8 September 1936 in [[Ponnekallu]], [[Guntur district]] of present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=నేడు చక్రవర్తి వర్ధంతి|url=https://www.tnilive.com/2021/02/03/remembering-kommineni-apparao-aka-chakravarthy-on-his-death-anniversary/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Telugu News International - TNILIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> He had three sons, including [[Sri Kommineni]] who was also a [[film composer|music director]] and a playback singer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=సంగీత దర్శకుడు చక్రవర్తి ఇంట్లో స్థలవివాదం|url=https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestoryv-184769|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Andhra Jyothi|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825051448/https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/abnarchievestoryv-184769|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Chakravarthi learned classical vocal from [[Mahavadi Venkatappaiah]]. He formed a music troupe called Vinod Orchestra in [[Guntur]] and organised light music concerts. Those days, [[Mangapati]] of [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] identified his talent and invited him to [[Madras]]. His Master's Voice released two private records, which includes "Kanna Nenoka Kala".

===Film career===
His first Telugu film, ''[[Mooga Prema]]'', was released in 1971. It was his friend, [[K. Chatterjee]], who kept faith in his talent and rechristened him as "Chakravarthy" from "Apparao", so that he will do justice to the Royal category in his profession. Ultimately, his creativity soared to new heights with more than 5000 song compositions to his credit. Before this film, he composed background music for a Hindi movie, in the titles of which, his name was wrongly mentioned as Chakravarthi, while it was actually Apparao then. Hence he decided to continue as Chakravarthy. ''Mooga Prema'' film was not a good hit at the box-office, ''[[Saradha (film)|Saradha]]'' (1973), gave him a good hit, but even after this film, he was not well recognized.

He is primarily known for his association with director [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], scoring hit music for his films with [[N. T. Rama Rao]]. Since the release of ''[[Driver Ramudu]]'' (1979), their association yielded numerous commercial hits both in terms of music and collections. Most of his compositions predominantly featured the [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani raga]] as it was predominantly used owing to directors liking of the time.

In 1977, ''[[Yamagola]]'' was released and this was the great turning point of his career. In this ''[[N. T. Rama Rao]]'' movie directed by ''[[T. Rama Rao]]'', he introduced a new trend with ''[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]'' by making him sing with voice modulation close to the actor's voice. He composed "Aadave andaala surabhamini" song for movie ''[[Yamagola]]'' in "[[Raga]]" "[[Jaijaivanti]]" using his own style fast tempo making it a commercial success. With ''[[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]'' 1978 film ''[[Mallepoovu]]'', he became an architect for musical extravaganza. He abstained from reproducing Dada's ''[[S. D. Burman]]'' tunes for the Hindi film ''[[Pyaasa]]'', thus proving his mettle as an able composer and silencing critics from assigning him as a mass, commercial, and fast beat composer tag. His music score for the movie ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)]]'' provided much needed commercial break in the career for the actor ''[[Chiranjeevi]]'' and Director ''[[A. Kodandarami Reddy]]''. His music for ''[[Neti Bharatam]]'' and ''[[Pratighatana]]'' proved vital for actress ''[[Vijayashanti]]'' stardom. He rendered nice popular compositions in ''[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]'' favourite ragas ''[[Shivaranjani]]'' and ''[[Bhupalam]]'' for the films ''[[Balipeetam]]'', ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)]]'' and ''[[Srivari Muchatlu]]'' directed by him. Eventually, he contributed for ''[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]'' career growth as well. He composed music score for the film "Pasivadi Pranam" with electronic orchestration.

He very well knew about his limitations and excelled based on his intuitions and exemplary natural creativity. Critics agreed upon this, as he was hardly spending 30 minutes to compose a song. During the peak of his career, he was recording more than 5 songs per day and worked for 16 hrs each day.
He realized his potential in folk music and intelligently blended it with classical ragas. He proved the fact that music is boundless and it is also mass entertainment, and not just pundits make any art worthy. He established unique style of his own. He was humble and down to earth and always respected and proclaimed ''[[K. V. Mahadevan]]'' as genius in contemporary musicians. He was composing music for him in the early days of his career, before 1970.

His main assistants, Krishna-Chakra duo remained loyal to him throughout his career, though once in a while they had their own scores.
''[[Raj-Koti]]'' duo assisted him for several years.
''[[M. M. Keeravani]]'' was also his assistant. He introduced several singers with talent to the industry. ''[[S. P. Sailaja]]'' with song "Nampalli tesan kadi raja lingo" from film "[[Erra Mallelu]]", ''[[Vandemataram Srinivas]]'' are notable singers introduced by him.

He was a dubbing artist and lent his voice in 600 movies. He also penned lyrics for a few songs. He was also a singer and acted in a few films. He was one of the main reasons why Ilaiyaraja couldn't dominate Tollywood in the 80s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chakravarthy - King of Melody|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/research/anal/anal-chakravarthy.html|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

== Death ==
Chakravarthy died on 3 February 2002, due to age related ailments.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==
{{Colbegin}}
*''Mooga Prema'' (1971)
*''Sharada'' (1973)
*''Evariki Vaare Yamuna Teere'' (1974)
*''[[Babu (1975 film)|Babu]]'' (1975)
*''Cheekati Velugulu'' (1975)
*''[[Teerpu]]'' (1975)
*''[[Jebu Donga (1975 film)|Jebu Donga]]'' (1975)
*''[[Balipeetam]]'' (1975)
*''[[Yavvanam Katesindi]]'' (1976)
*''[[Jyothi (1976 film)|Jyoti]]'' (1976)
*''Raja''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raaja (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RTZ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1976)
*''Kalpana'' (1977)
*''[[Aame Katha]]'' (1977)
*''[[Yamagola]]'' (1977)
*''[[Devathalara Deevinchandi]]'' (1977)
*''[[Maa Iddari Katha]]'' (1977)
*''[[Mallepoovu]]'' (1978)
*''Mugguru Muggure'' (1978)
*''[[Simha Garjana]]'' (1978)
*''[[Padaharella Vayasu]]'' (1978)
*''[[Pranam Khareedu]]'' (1978)
*''[[Athani Kante Ghanudu]]'' (1978)
*''[[Tayaramma Bangarayya]]'' (1979)
*''[[Vetagadu]]'' (1979)
*''[[Balina Guri]]'' (1979) (Kannada)
*''[[Driver Ramudu]]'' (1979)
*''[[Yedanthasthula Meda]]'' (1980)
*''[[Challenge Ramudu]]'' (1980)
*''[[Gharana Donga]]'' (1980)
*''[[Aatagadu]]'' (1980)
*''[[Superman (1980 film)|Superman]]'' (1980)
*''Mosagadu'' (1980)
*''[[Ram Robert Rahim]]'' (1980)
*''Gopala Rao Gari Ammayi'' (1980)
*''[[Yedanthasthula Meda]]'' (1980)
*''[[Buchi Babu (film)|Buchi Babu]]'' (1980)
*''[[Rowdy Ramudu Konte Krishnudu]]'' (1980)
*''[[Nippulanti Nijam]]'' (1980)
*''[[Pandanti Jeevitam]]'' (1980)
*''[[Sarada Ramudu]]'' (1980)
*''[[Sardar Papa Rayudu]]'' (1980)
*''[[Gaja Donga]]'' (1981)
*''[[Jeevitha Ratham]]'' (1981)
*''[[Jagamondi]]'' (1981)
*''[[Kirayi Rowdylu]]'' (1981)
*''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' (1981)
*''[[Viswaroopam (1981 film)|Viswaroopam]]'' (1981)
*''[[Satyam Sivam]]'' (1981)
*''[[Erra Mallelu]]'' (1981)
*''[[Nyayam kavali]]'' (1981)
*''[[Prema Kanuka]]'' (1981)
*''[[Varalabbai]]'' (1981)
*''Illalu'' (1981)
*''[[Srivari Muchatlu]]'' (1981)
*''[[Ooruki Monagadu]]'' (1981)
*''[[Pakkinti Ammayi (1981 film)|Pakkinti Ammayi]]'' (1981)
*''[[Maha Purushudu]]'' (1981)
*''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]'' (1982)
*''[[Justice Chowdary]]'' (1982)
*''[[Devatha]]'' (1982)
*''[[Nyaya Ellide]]'' (1982) (Kannada)
*''[[Iddaru Kodukulu]]'' (1982)
*''[[Pagadai Panirendu]]'' (1982) (Tamil)
*''[[Idi Pellantara]]'' (1982)
*''[[Prema Murthulu]]'' (1982)
*''[[Yuvaraju (1982 film)|Yuvaraju]]'' (1982)
*''[[Gopala Krishnudu]]'' (1982)
*''[[Vamsha Gouravam]]'' (1982)
*''Adrusthavantha'' (1982) (Kannada)
*''[[Prathikaram-Telugu movie|Prathikaram]]'' (1982)
*''[[Naa Desam]]'' (1982)
*''[[Raaga Deepam]]'' (1982)
*''[[Maga Maharaju]]'' (1983)
*''Keralida Hennu'' (1983)
*''[[Ramarajyamlo Bheemaraju]]'' (1983)
*''[[Kirayi Kotigadu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Adavi Simhalu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Neti Bharatam]]'' (1983)
*''[[Shakthi (film)|Shakthi]]'' (1983)
*''[[Gedda Maga]]'' (1983) (Kannada)
*''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]'' (1983)
*''[[Sivudu Sivudu Sivudu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Sri Ranga Neethulu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Ramudu Kadu Krishnudu]]'' (1983)
*''[[Maga Maharaju]]'' (1983)
*''[[Amarajeevi (1983 film)|Amarajeevi]]'' (1983)
*''[[Sangharshana]]'' (1983)
*''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]'' (1984)
*''[[Swati (1984 film)|Swati]]'' (1984)
*''[[Jagan (film)|Jagan]]'' (1984)
*''Sukha Samsarakke Hanneradu Sutragalu'' (1984) (Kannada)
*''[[Agni Gundam]]'' (1984)
*''[[Illalu Priyuralu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Khaidi (1984 film)|Khaidi]]'' (Kannada)
*''[[Yuddham (1984 film)|Yuddham]]'' (1984)
*''[[Koteeswarudu]]'' (1984)
*''Sardar''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sardar (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZDL |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1984)
*''[[Tandava Krishnudu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Anubandham (1984 film)|Anubandham]]'' (1984)
*''[[Indiana Bharatha]]'' (1984) (Kannada)
*''[[Goonda (film)|Goonda]]'' (1984)
*''[[Kathanayakudu (1984 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1984)
*''Danavudu'' (1984)
*''Dandayaatra'' (1984)
*''[[Bava Maradallu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Chiranjeevi (1985 film)|Chiranjeevi]]'' (1985)
*''[[Sri Katna Leelalu]]'' (1985)
*''[[America Alludu]]'' (1985)
*''[[Pratighatana]]'' (1985)
*''[[Bharyabhartala Bandham]]'' (1985)
*''[[Ooriki Soggadu]]'' (1985)
*''[[Dampatyam]]'' (1985)
*''[[Devaalayam]]'' (1985)
*''[[Vande Mataram (1985 film)|Vande Mataram]]'' (1985)
*''[[Chattamtho Poratam]]'' (1985)
*''[[Sravanthi (film)|Sravanthi]]'' (1985)
*''[[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' (1985)
*''[[Donga (film)|Donga]]'' (1985)
*''Mangalya Balam'' (1985)
*''[[Puli (1985 film)|Puli]]'' (1985)
*''[[Rakta Sindhuram]]'' (1985)
*''[[Adavi Donga]]'' (1985)
*''[[Agni Parvatam]]'' (1985)
*''[[Mugguru Mithrulu]]'' (1985)
*''[[Maharaju]]'' (1985)
*''Palnati Simham'' (1985)
*''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]'' (1985)
*''Vajrayudham'' (1985)
*''[[Krishna Garadi]]'' (1986)
*''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]'' (1986)
*''[[Punyasthree]]'' (1986)
*''[[Khaidi Rudrayya]]'' (1986)
*''[[Veta (1986 film)|Veta]]'' (1986)
*''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Repati Pourulu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Aranya Kaanda]]'' (1986)
*''[[Sravana Meghalu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Ide Naa Samadhanam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Ide Naa Samadhanam (1986) Complete Cast & Crew |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/ide-naa-samadhanam-1986-telugu-movie/cast-crew |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref> (1986)
*''[[Kaliyuga Krishnudu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Chantabbai]]'' (1986)
*''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]'' (1986)
*''[[Jeevana Poratam]]'' (1986)
*''[[Desoddharakudu|Deshoddharakudu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Nippulanti Manishi (1986 film)|Nippulanti Manishi]]'' (1986)
*''Sravana Sandhya'' (1986)
*''[[Apoorva Sahodarulu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Brahma Rudrulu]]'' (1986)
*''[[Chanakya Sapatham]]'' (1986)
*''[[Donga Mogudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Punnami Chandrudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Thandri Kodukula Challenge]]'' (1987)
*''[[Prajaswamyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prajaswamyam (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ADCA |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1987)
*''[[Kaboye Alludu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Ajeyudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Dongodochadu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Bhargava Ramudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[President Gari Abbai]]'' (1987)
*''[[Bharatamlo Arjunudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Sahasa Samrat]]'' (1987)
* ''Lorry Driver'' (1987) (Kannada)
*''[[Muddayi]]'' (1987)
*''[[Agni Putrudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Ummadi Mogudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]'' (1987)
*''[[Sardar Krishnama Naidu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1987 film)| Satyam Shivam Sundaram]]'' (1987) (Kannada)
*''[[Makutamleni Maharaju]]'' (1987)
*''[[Chakravarthy (1987 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' (1987)
*''[[Pasivadi Pranam]]'' (1987)
*''[[Vijetha Vikram]]'' (1987)
*''[[Athiratha Maharatha]]'' (1987) (Kannada)
*''[[Bhanumati Gari Mogudu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Jebu Donga (1987 film)|Jebu Donga]]'' (1987)
*''Sakthi'' (1988) (Kannada)
*''[[Donga Ramudu (1988 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1988)
*''Nava Bharatha'' (1988) (Kannada)
*''[[Chinababu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Chuttalabbayi]]'' (1988)
*''Chattamtho Chadarangam'' (1988)
*''[[Station Master (1988 film)|Station Master]]'' (1988)
*''[[Brahma Puthrudu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Aswaddhama]]'' (1988)
*''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]'' (1988)
*''[[Agni Keratalu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Manchi Donga]]'' (1988)
*''[[Donga Pelli]]'' (1988)
*''[[Yuddha Bhoomi]]'' (1988)
*''[[Ramudu Bheemudu (1988 film)|Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Shakthi (1988 film)|Shakthi]]'' (1988) (Kannada)
*''[[Vijay (1989 film)|Vijay]]'' (1989)
*''Soggadi Kapuram'' (1989)
*''[[Manmathe Raja]]'' (1989) (Kannada)
*''Dorikithe Dongalu'' (1989)
*''[[Parthudu]]'' (1989)
*''[[Attaku Yamudu Ammayiki Mogudu]]'' (1989)
*''[[Sarvabhoumudu]]'' (1989)
*''Muthinantha Manushya'' (1989) (Kannada)
*''Mamathala Kovela'' (1989)
*''[[Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha]]'' (1989)
*''Yamapasam'' (1989)
*''[[Simha Swapnam]]'' (1989)
*''[[Bhale Donga]]'' (1989)
*''[[Gudachari 117]]'' (1989)
*''[[Ontari Poratam]]'' (1989)
*''[[Prananiki Pranam]]'' (1990)
*''[[Neti Dowrjanyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neti Dowrjanyam (1990) Telugu Movie: Watch Full HD Movie Online |url=https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/neti-dowrjanyam/EROSNOW_MOVIE_6849002 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=AirtelxStream|language=en}}</ref> (1990)
*''[[Aayudham (1990 film)|Aayudham]]'' (1990)
*''[[Aggiramudu]]'' (1990)
*''Chevvilo Puvvu'' (1990)
*''Jayasimha'' (1990)
*''[[Lorry Driver]]'' (1990)
*''[[Talli Tandrulu]]'' (1991)
*''[[Amma Rajinama]]'' (1991)
*''Golmaal Govindam'' (1992)
*''Bharatham'' (1992)
*''[[Pellam Chebite Vinali]]'' (1992)
*''[[Hendthi Helidare Helabeku]]'' (1992) (Kannada)
*''Illu Pelli'' (1993)
*''[[Ammoru]]'' (1995)
*''[[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]]'' (1999) (Cameo role as a music director)
*''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]'' (2002) (Actor- Character 'Punju Raju')
*''[[Pratibimbalu]]'' (2022)
{{colend}}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - ''[[Neti Bharatam]]'' (1983)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - ''Sravana Meghalu'' (1986)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}{{Nandi Award for Best Music Director}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarthy, K.}}
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]

Humanism

2026-03-16T17:14:31Z

Krrissh: general corrected lead after review additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Philosophical school of thought}}
{{About||the philosophy during the Renaissance|Renaissance humanism|other uses}}
{{Redirect2|Humanist|Humanistic|the album|Humanistic (album){{!}}''Humanistic'' (album)|other uses}}
{{distinguish|Humeanism|Humanitarianism}}
{{good article}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=August 2021}}
{{Humanism}}

'''Humanism''' is a [[philosophy|philosophical]] stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and [[Agency (philosophy)|agency]] of [[human beings]], whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.

The meaning of the term "humanism" has changed according to successive intellectual movements that have identified with it. During the [[Italian Renaissance]], Italian scholars inspired by Greek classical scholarship gave rise to the [[Renaissance humanism]] movement. During the [[Age of Enlightenment]], humanistic values were reinforced by advances in science and technology, giving confidence to humans in their exploration of the world. By the early 20th century, organizations dedicated to humanism flourished in Europe and the United States, and have since expanded worldwide. In the early 21st century, the term generally denotes a focus on human well-being and advocates for human [[freedom]], [[happiness]], [[autonomy]], and [[progress]]. It views humanity as responsible for the promotion and development of individuals, espouses the equal and inherent [[dignity]] of all human beings, and emphasizes a concern for humans in relation to the world. Humanists tend to advocate for human rights, free speech, progressive policies, and democracy.

Starting in the 20th century, organized humanist movements are almost exclusively [[secular humanism|non-religious]] and aligned with [[secularism]]. In contemporary usage, humanism as a philosophy refers to a [[nontheism|non-theistic]] view centered on human agency, and a reliance only on science and reason rather than [[revelation]] from a divine source to understand the world. A humanist worldview by definition asserts that religion is not a precondition of morality, and as such humanists object to excessive religious entanglement with education and the state.

Many contemporary secular humanist organizations work under the umbrella of [[Humanists International]]. Well-known humanist associations include [[Humanists UK]] and the [[American Humanist Association]].

== Etymology ==

The word "humanism" derives from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|[[humanitas]]}}, which was first used in ancient Rome by [[Cicero]] and other thinkers to describe values related to [[liberal education]].{{sfn|Kristeller|1978|p=3}} This etymology survives in the modern university concept of the [[humanities]]—the arts, philosophy, history, literature, and related disciplines. The word reappeared during the Italian [[Renaissance]] as ''umanista'' and entered the English language in the 16th century{{sfn|Harper}} specifically in 1589.{{sfn|Copson|2015|pp=1}} The word "humanist" was used to describe a group of students of [[classical literature]] and those advocating for a classical education.{{sfnm|1a1=Mann|1y=1996|pp=1–2|2a1=Copson|2y=2015|2pp=1–2}} Humanists in the end of the 14th century, started using the phrase ''studia humanitatis'' referring to a set of disciplines in which they themselves specialized in: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, and moral philosophy.<ref name="Mon" />

In 1755, in [[Samuel Johnson]]'s influential ''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'', the word humanist is defined as a [[philology|philologer]] or grammarian, derived from the French word {{lang|fr|humaniste}}.{{efn|The word Humanism is not included in the dictionary.}} In a later edition of the dictionary, the meaning "a term used in the schools of [[Scotland]]" was added.<ref>Johnson, Samuel (1785) [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofengl01johnuoft/page/n981/mode/1up A Dictionary of the English language]. Sixth Edition, Volume 1, p. 981.</ref> In the 1780s, [[Thomas Howes (cleric)|Thomas Howes]] was one of [[Joseph Priestley]]'s many opponents during the celebrated Unitarian disputes.<ref>Chandler, D. (2001) ''A Bibliographical History of Thomas Howes' "Critical Observations" (1776–1807) and His Dispute with Joseph Priestley''. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40372255 Studies in Bibliography], Vol. 54, pp. 285–295.</ref> Because of the different doctrinal meanings of Unitarian and [[Unitarianism]], Howes used "the more precise appellations of ''humanists'' and ''humanism''" when referring to those like Priestley "who maintain the ''mere humanity'' of [[Jesus|Christ]]".<ref>Howes, T. (1776–1800) [https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_critical-observations-on_howes-thomas-rev-of-_1776-1800_4 Critical Observations on Books, Antient and Modern. Vol IV.], pp. 17–18.</ref>{{sfn|Harper}} This theological origin of humanism is considered obsolete.<ref name="gibbs">{{cite journal |last1=Gibbs |first1=Robert |title=Of Time and Pages |journal=College Literature |date=2015 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=259–260 |jstor=24544107 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24544107 |access-date=14 September 2023 |issn=0093-3139}}</ref>{{efn|The etymological link of the word humanism to the humanity or human nature of Christ has often been repeated, but typically the association is to [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge|Coleridge]] to whom is attributed its earliest use in 1812.<ref name="gibbs" /><ref>Schafer, R. (1930) [http://www.jstor.org/stable/26433563 What is Humanism?]. The Virginia Quarterly Review, vol. 6, no. 2, p. 198. JSTOR.</ref>{{sfn|Giustiniani|1985|p=173}}<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.7202/1064841ar | title=Hendrik Birus's "The Archeology of 'Humanism'" | date=2019 | last1=Adams | first1=Hazard | last2=Behler | first2=Ernst | last3=Birus | first3=Hendrik | last4=Derrida | first4=Jacques | last5=Iser | first5=Wolfgang | last6=Krieger | first6=Murray | last7=Miller | first7=Hillis | last8=Pfeiffer | first8=Ludwig | last9=Readings | first9=Bill | last10=Wang | first10=Ching-Hsien | last11=Yu | first11=Pauline | journal=Surfaces | volume=6 | s2cid=233039844 | doi-access=free }}</ref>}}

In the early 19th century, the term ''humanismus'' was used in Germany with several meanings and from there, it re-entered the English language with two distinct denotations; an academic term linked to the study of classic literature and a more-common use that signified a non-religious approach to life contrary to [[theism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Copson|1y=2015|1pp=1–2|2a1=Fowler|2y=1999|2pp=18–19}} It is probable Bavarian theologian [[Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer]] coined the term ''humanismus'' to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools.{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=9}} Soon, other scholars such as [[Georg Voigt]] and [[Jacob Burckhardt]] adopted the term.{{sfn|Davies|1997|pp=9–10}} In the 20th century, the word was further refined, acquiring its contemporary meaning of a naturalistic approach to life, and a focus on the well-being and freedom of humans.{{sfn|Copson|2015|pp=3–4}} In the 20th century, new terms like "Christian humanism" and "[[secular humanism]]" were popularised, arising as "the result of false etymological or historical assumptions (a conflation between the earlier and later usages of the word ‘humanist’)", but also for "polemical" reasons, with "secular" first being applied in the United States to the term as "as an elaborator intended to amplify disapproval, rather than as a qualifier". Secular humanism arose as a synonym for the non-religious philosophy "humanism", while the term Christian humanism has a rhetorical function, asserting by virtue of the ''studia humanitatis'' being named "humanism" that Christianity begat humanist values.{{sfn|Copson|2015|pp=3–4}}

== Definition ==
There is no single, widely accepted definition of humanism, and scholars have given different meanings to the term.{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=3–5}} For philosopher [[Sidney Hook]], writing in 1974, humanists are opposed to the imposition of one culture in some civilizations, do not belong to a church or established religion, do not support dictatorships, and do not justify the use of violence for social reforms. Hook also said humanists support the elimination of hunger and improvements to health, housing, and education.{{sfn|Hook|1974|pp=31–33}} In the same [[edited collection]], Humanist philosopher [[H. J. Blackham]] argued humanism is a concept focusing on improving humanity's social conditions by increasing the autonomy and dignity of all humans.{{sfn|Blackham|1974|pp=35–37}} In 1999, Jeaneane D. Fowler said the definition of humanism should include a rejection of divinity, and an emphasis on human well-being and freedom. She also noted there is a lack of a shared belief system or doctrine but, in general, humanists aim for happiness and self-fulfillment.{{sfn|Fowler|1999|p=9}}

In 2015, prominent humanist [[Andrew Copson]] defined humanism as follows:
* Humanism is naturalistic in its understanding of the universe; science and free inquiry will help us comprehend more about the universe.
* This scientific approach does not reduce humans to anything less than human beings.
* Humanists place importance of the pursuit of a self-defined, meaningful, and happy life.
* Humanism is moral; morality is a way for humans to improve their lives.
* Humanists engage in practical action to improve personal and social conditions.{{sfn|Copson|2015|pp=6–24}}

According to the [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]]:
<blockquote>Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.<ref name="IHEU96">IHEU (1996) [https://humanists.international/policy/iheu-minimum-statement-on-humanism/ IHEU Minimum Statement on Humanism]. Humanists International, General Assembly.</ref> </blockquote>

Dictionaries define humanism as a worldview or philosophical stance. According to [[Merriam Webster Dictionary]], humanism is " ... a doctrine, attitude, or way of life centered on human interests or values; especially: a philosophy that usually rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual's dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason".{{sfn|Cherry|2009|p=26}}

==History==

===Predecessors===

Traces of humanism can be found in [[ancient Greek philosophy]].{{sfnm|1a1=Law|1y=2011|1loc=chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece|2a1=Freeman|2y=2015|pp=119–122|2ps=See also Foreword of the book, p xi|3a1=Lamont|3y=1997|3p=68|4a1=Davies|4y=1997|4p=9}} [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|Pre-Socratic philosophers]] were the first Western philosophers to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason and natural law without relying on myth, tradition, or religion.{{sfnm|1a1=Law|1y=2011|1loc=chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece|1ps=:According to Law "Three early Greek philosophers – Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes – are of particular interest. The manner in which these Milesian philosophers thought critically and independently, largely putting aside mythological and religious explanations and instead attempting to develop their own ideas and theories grounded in observation and reason, obviously makes them particularly important from a humanist point of view. They collectively exhibit several of the key ideas and values of humanism." In the next paragraph, he also mentions presocratic philosopher, Protagoras.|2a1=Lamont|2y=1997|2p=41–42|2ps=:Lamont cites [[Thales]], [[Anaximander]] and [[Heraclitus]] for leaning towards materialism and naturalism but, for Lamont, the first solid materialist philosopher was Democritus with his atomic theory|3a1=Barnes|3y=1987|3pp=17–18|ps=:Scholar [[Jonothan Banres]] writes: "First, and most simply, the Presocratics invented the very idea of science and philosophy. They hit upon that special way of looking at the world which is the scientific or rational way. They saw the world as something ordered and intelligible, its history following an explicable course and its different parts arranged in some comprehensible system. The world was not a random collection of bits, its history was not an arbitrary series of events. Still less was it a series of events determined by the will- or the caprice – of the gods." See whole subchapter "First philosophy" pp 17–25|4a1=Curd|4y=2020|loc=intro }} [[Protagoras]], who lived in Athens {{Circa|440 BCE}}, put forward some fundamental humanist ideas, although only fragments of his work survive. He made one of the first agnostic statements; according to one fragment: "About the gods I am able to know neither that they exist nor that they do not exist nor of what kind they are in form: for many things prevent me for knowing this, its obscurity and the brevity of man's life".<ref>{{harvnb|Law|2011|loc=chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece}} ":fragment (80B4 DK)"</ref> [[Socrates]] spoke of the need to "know thyself"; his thought changed the focus of then-contemporary philosophy from nature to humans and their well-being.{{sfnm|1a1=Lamont|1y=1997|1pp=34–35|2a1=Freeman|2y=2015|2pp=124–125}} He was a theist executed for atheism, who investigated the nature of morality by reasoning.{{sfn|Lamont|1997|pp=34–35}} [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BCE) taught rationalism and a system of ethics based on human nature that also parallels humanist thought.{{sfn|Law|2011|loc=chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece}} In the third century BCE, [[Epicurus]] developed an influential, human-centered philosophy that focused on achieving [[eudaimonia]]. [[Epicurean]]s continued [[Democritus]]' atomist theory—a materialistic theory that suggests the fundamental unit of the universe is an indivisible atom. Human happiness, living well, friendship, and the avoidance of excesses were the key ingredients of Epicurean philosophy that flourished in and beyond the post-Hellenic world.{{sfn|Law|2011|loc=chapter History of Humanism, #Ancient Greece}} It is a repeated view among scholars that the humanistic features of ancient Greek thought are the roots of humanism 2,000 years later.{{sfnm|1a1=Grayling|1y=2015|1p=87|2a1=Crosson|2y=2020|2p=4}}

Other predecessor movements that sometimes use the same or equivalent vocabulary to modern Western humanism can be found in [[Chinese philosophy]] and [[Religion in China|religions]] such as [[Taoism]] and [[Confucianism]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bingming |first=Xiong |date=April 1991 |title=At peace with the past |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000088086?posInSet=4&queryId=b5ee372a-fc25-4416-9878-1d64119df97d |access-date=2023-09-13 |series=Perceptions of Time |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |page=20}}</ref>

Arabic translations of [[Ancient Greek literature]] during the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] in the eighth and ninth centuries influenced Islamic philosophers. Many medieval Muslim thinkers pursued humanistic, rational, and scientific discourse in their search for knowledge, meaning, and [[Value (personal and cultural)|values]]. A wide range of Islamic writings on love, poetry, history, and philosophical theology show medieval Islamic thought was open to humanistic ideas of individualism, occasional secularism, skepticism, liberalism, and free speech; schools were established at Baghdad, Basra and Isfahan.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodman|1y=2003|1p=155|2a1=Ljamai|2y=2015|2pp=153–56}}

===Renaissance===
{{main|Renaissance humanism}}

[[File:Ritratto di francesco petrarca, altichiero, 1376 circa, padova.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of [[Petrarch]] painted by [[Altichiero]] in 1376]]
[[File:'David' by Michelangelo JBU0001.JPG|thumb|upright|''[[David (Michelangelo)|David]]'' by [[Michelangelo]], 1501–1504. Artistic work during the Renaissance illustrates the emphasis given to anatomical details of humans.]]

In the Middle Ages, core humanist principles emerged and were enhanced in religious culture due to the synthesis of classical works and theological ideas.<ref name="Shook">{{cite book |last1=Shook |first1=John |title=The Oxford Handbook of Humanism |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190921538 |chapter=Humanism in the Medieval World}}</ref> Renaissance humanism was a continuation of humanist advancements from the Middle Ages particularly from Italian and French scholasticism.<ref name="Mon">{{cite book |last1=Monfasani |first1=John |title=The Oxford Handbook of Humanism |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190921538 |chapter=Humanism and the Renaissance}}</ref> The intellectual movement of Renaissance humanism first appeared in Italy and has greatly influenced both contemporaneous and modern Western culture.{{sfn|Monfasani|2020|p=1}} Renaissance humanism emerged in Italy and a renewed interest in literature and the arts occurred in 13th-century Italy, with [[Florence]] as a key center of activity.{{sfnm|1a1=Monfasani|1y=2020|1p=4|2a1=Nederman|2y=2020}} Italian scholars discovered Ancient Greek thought, particularly that of Aristotle, through Arabic translations from Africa and Spain.{{sfn|Mann|1996|pp=14–15}} Other centers were [[Verona]], [[Naples]], and [[Avignon]].{{sfn|Mann|1996|p=8}} [[Petrarch]], who is often referred to as the father of humanism, is a significant figure.{{sfnm|1a1=Mann|1y=1996|1p=8|2a1=Monfasani|2y=2020|2p=1}} Petrarch was raised in Avignon; he was inclined toward education at a very early age and studied alongside his well-educated father. Petrarch's enthusiasm for ancient texts led him to discover manuscripts such as Cicero's ''[[Pro Archia]]'' and [[Pomponius Mela]]'s ''[[De Chorographia]]'' that were influential in the development of the Renaissance.{{sfnm|1a1=Mann|1y=1996|1pp=8–14|1ps=:Mann writes "This enthusiasm is reflected in his search for new texts, first manifested in a journey to the north in 1333, when he found a manuscript of Cicero's forgotten Pro Archia in Liege, and one of Propertius in Paris, stemming from the 13th-century scholar Richard of Fournival. Both these texts he studied assiduously and transmitted to posterity with his annotations and emendations, as he did also with De chorographia of Pomponius Mel"|2a1=Monfasani|2y=2020|2pp=8–10|2ps=:Both Mann and Monfasani note that Petrarch failed his attempt to learn Greek, he was not the actual translator of ancient texts.}} Petrarch wrote Latin poems such as ''[[Canzoniere]]'' and ''[[De viris illustribus]]'', in which he described humanist ideas.{{sfn|Mann|1996|pp=8–14}} His most-significant contribution was a list of books outlining the four major disciplines—rhetoric, moral philosophy, poetry, and grammar—that became the basis of humanistic studies (''studia humanitatis''). Petrarch's list relied heavily on ancient writers, especially Cicero.{{sfn|Monfasani|2020|p=8|ps=: That was the reason Cicero was named as the grandfather of humanism by classicist scholar [[Berthold Ullman]].}}

The revival of classicist authors continued after Petrarch's death. Florence chancellor and humanist [[Coluccio Salutati]] made his city a prominent center of Renaissance humanism; his circle included other notable humanists—including [[Leonardo Bruni]], who rediscovered, translated, and popularized ancient texts.{{sfn|Monfasani|2020|pp=9–10|ps=:Other notable humanists were [[Poggio Bracciolini]] and [[Niccolò Niccoli]]}} Humanists heavily influenced education.{{sfn|Monfasani|2020||ps=:"The two most fundamental aspects of the victory of Renaissance Humanism was its conquest of pre-university education and its concomitant success in changing the consciousness of educated Western society".}} [[Vittorino da Feltre]] and [[Guarino Veronese]] created schools based on humanistic principles; their curriculum was widely adopted and by the 16th century, humanistic ''[[paideia]]'' was the dominant outlook of pre-university education.{{sfn|Monfasani|2020|p=10}} Parallel with advances in education, Renaissance humanists made progress in fields such as philosophy, mathematics, and religion. In philosophy, [[Angelo Poliziano]], [[Nicholas of Cusa]], and [[Marsilio Ficino]] further contributed to the understanding of ancient classical philosophers and [[Giovanni Pico della Mirandola]] undermined the dominance of Aristotelian philosophy by revitalizing [[Sextus Empiricus]]' skepticism. Religious studies were affected by the growth of Renaissance humanism when [[Pope Nicholas V]] initiated the translation of Hebrew and Greek biblical texts, and other texts in those languages, to contemporaneous Latin.{{sfn|Monfasani|2020|pp=10–11}}

Humanist values spread from Italy in the 15th century. Students and scholars went to Italy to study before returning to their homelands carrying humanistic messages. Printing houses dedicated to ancient texts were established in Venice, Basel, and Paris.{{sfn|Monfasani|2020|p=10}} By the end of the 15th century, the center of humanism had shifted from Italy to northern Europe, with [[Erasmus of Rotterdam]] being the leading humanist scholar.{{sfn|Monfasani|2020|pp=12–13}} The longest-lasting effect of Renaissance humanism was its education curriculum and methods. Humanists insisted on the importance of classical literature in providing intellectual discipline, moral standards, and a civilized taste for the elite—an educational approach that reached the contemporary era.{{sfn|Kristeller|2008|p=114}} Politics was also heavily influenced by humanism, with King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] being influenced by a circle of Spanish and Italian humanists, including [[Mercurino di Gattinara]], [[Alfonso de Valdés]], [[Juan Luis Vives]] and [[Antonio de Guevara]].{{sfnp|Callado Estela|2022|p=58}} Spanish humanist [[Francisco de Vitoria]], founder of the [[School of Salamanca]], was heavily influential on [[international law]] and [[free market]] economics.{{sfnp|Scott|2000|p=28}}

=== Enlightenment ===

During the [[Age of Enlightenment]], humanistic ideas resurfaced, this time further from religion and classical literature.{{sfn|Fowler|1999|p=16}} Science and intellectualism advanced, and humanists argued that rationality could replace deism as the means with which to understand the world. Humanistic values, such as tolerance and opposition to slavery, started to take shape.{{sfn|Fowler|1999|pp=16–18}} New philosophical, social, and political ideas appeared. Some thinkers rejected theism outright; and atheism, deism, and hostility to organized religion were formed.{{sfn|Fowler|1999|p=18}} During the Enlightenment, [[Baruch Spinoza]] redefined God as signifying the totality of nature; Spinoza was accused of atheism but remained silent on the matter.{{sfn|Lamont|1997|p=74}} Naturalism was also advanced by prominent [[Encyclopédistes]]. Baron d'Holbach wrote the polemic ''[[System of Nature]]'', claiming that religion was built on fear and had helped tyrants throughout history.{{sfn|Lamont|1997|p=45}} [[Denis Diderot]] and [[Claude Adrien Helvétius]] combined their materialism with sharp, political critique.{{sfn|Lamont|1997|p=45}}

Also during the Enlightenment, the abstract conception of humanity started forming—a critical juncture for the construction of humanist philosophy. Previous appeals to "men" now shifted toward "man"; to illustrate this point, scholar Tony Davies points to political documents like ''[[The Social Contract]]'' (1762) of [[Rousseau]], in which he says "Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains". Likewise, [[Thomas Paine]]'s ''[[Rights of Man]]'' uses the singular form of the word, revealing a universal conception of "man".{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=25}} In parallel, Baconian empiricism—though not humanism ''per se''—led to [[Thomas Hobbes]]'s materialism.{{sfn|Davies|1997|pp=108–09}}

Scholar J. Brent Crosson argues that, while there is a widely held belief that the birth of humanism was solely a European affair, intellectual thought from Africa and Asia significantly contributed as well. He also notes that during enlightenment, the universal man did not encompass all humans but was shaped by gender and race. According to Crosson, the shift from man to human started during enlightenment and is still ongoing.{{sfn|Crosson|2020|pp=1–3}} Crosson also argues that enlightenment, especially in Britain, produced not only a notion of universal man, but also gave birth to pseudoscientific ideas, such as those about differences between races, that shaped European history.{{sfn|Crosson|2020|pp=5–6}}

===From Darwin to current era===

French philosopher [[Auguste Comte]] (1798–1857) introduced the idea—which is sometimes attributed to [[Thomas Paine]]—of a "[[religion of humanity]]". According to scholar Tony Davies, this was intended to be an atheist cult based on some humanistic tenets, and had some prominent members but soon declined. It was nonetheless influential during the 19th century, and its humanism and rejection of supernaturalism are echoed in the works of later authors such as [[Oscar Wilde]], [[George Holyoake]]—who coined the word ''secularism''—[[George Eliot]], [[Émile Zola]], and [[Edward Spencer Beesly|E. S. Beesly]]. Paine's ''[[The Age of Reason]]'', along with the 19th-century [[Biblical criticism]] of the German [[Hegelian]]s [[David Strauss]] and [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], also contributed to new forms of humanism.{{sfn|Davies|1997|pp=26–30}}{{sfn|Hardie|2000|loc=19th Century}}

[[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henry William Pickersgill]], ''Portrait of [[Jeremy Bentham]]'', 1829.]]
Advances in science and philosophy provided scholars with further alternatives to religious belief. [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of [[natural selection]] offered naturalists an explanation for the plurality of species.{{sfn|Law|2011|p=36}} Darwin's theory also suggested humans are simply a natural species, contradicting the traditional theological view of humans as more than animals.{{sfn|Lamont|1997|p=75}} Philosophers [[Ludwig Feuerbach]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], and [[Karl Marx]] attacked religion on several grounds, and theologians [[David Strauss]] and [[Julius Wellhausen]] questioned the Bible.{{sfn|Law|2011|p=36}} In parallel, [[utilitarianism]] was developed in Britain through the works of [[Jeremy Bentham]] and [[John Stuart Mill]]. Utilitarianism, a moral philosophy, centers its attention on human happiness, aiming to eliminate human and animal pain via natural means.{{sfn|Law|2011|p=37}} In Europe and the US, as philosophical critiques of theistic beliefs grew, large parts of society distanced themselves from religion. Ethical societies were formed, leading to the contemporary humanist movement.{{sfn|Law|2011|p=39}}

The rise of rationalism and the scientific method was followed in the late 19th century in Britain by the start of many rationalist and ethical associations, such as the [[National Secular Society]], the [[Ethical Union]], and the [[Rationalist Press Association]].{{sfn|Hardie|2000|loc=19th Century}} In the 20th century, humanism was further promoted by the work of philosophers such as [[A. J. Ayer]], [[Antony Flew]], and [[Bertrand Russell]], whose advocacy of atheism in ''[[Why I Am Not a Christian]]'' further popularized humanist ideas. In 1963, the [[British Humanist Association]] evolved out of the Ethical Union, and merged with many smaller ethical and rationalist groups. Elsewhere in Europe, humanist organizations also flourished. In the Netherlands, the [[Humanistisch Verbond|Dutch Humanist Alliance]] gained a wide base of support after World War II; in Norway, the [[Norwegian Humanist Association]] gained popular support.{{sfn|Hardie|2000|loc=20th Century}}

In the US, humanism evolved with the aid of significant figures of the [[Unitarian Universalist Association|Unitarian Church]]. Humanist magazines began to appear, including ''[[The New Humanist]]'', which published the [[Humanist Manifesto I]] in 1933. The [[American Ethical Union]] emerged from newly founded, small, ethicist societies.{{sfn|Hardie|2000|loc=19th Century}} The [[American Humanist Association]] (AHA) was established in 1941 and became as popular as some of its European counterparts. The AHA spread to all states, and some prominent public figures such as [[Isaac Asimov]], [[John Dewey]], [[Erich Fromm]], [[Paul Kurtz]], [[Carl Sagan]], and [[Gene Roddenberry]] became members.{{sfn|Hardie|2000|loc=20th Century}} Humanist organizations from all continents formed the [[International Humanist and Ethical Union]] (IHEU), which is now known as [[Humanists International]], and promotes the humanist agenda via the [[United Nations]] organizations [[UNESCO]] and [[UNICEF]].{{sfn|Morain|Morain|1998|p=100}}

== Varieties of humanism ==

The term "humanism" has been used to refer to a non-religious life stance since the 19th century, although modern humanists take the term to refer to an older phenomenon: "a non-religious approach to life [whose] associated beliefs and values have a long and rich history. We can find humanist perspectives on understanding the world, ethics, divinities, death, happiness, and organising society as far back as the first millennium BCE in ancient Greece, China, and India."<ref name="history of the word"/> Some early 20th century naturalists, who viewed their humanism as a religion and participated in church-like congregations, used the term "religious humanism". Religious humanism appeared mostly in the US and is now rarely practiced.{{sfn|Copson|2015|pp=3–4}} The [[American Humanist Association]] arose from religious humanism.{{sfnm|1a1=Wilson|1y=1974|1p=15|2a1=Copson|2y=2015|2pp=3–4}}

The term "Renaissance humanism" was given to a tradition of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers that developed during the 14th and early 15th centuries. By the late 15th century, these academics began to be referred to as ''umanisti'' (humanists).{{sfn|Mann|1996|pp=1–2}} While modern humanism's roots can be traced in part to the Renaissance, the term "Renaissance humanism" does not meaningfully relate to humanism in the modern sense.{{sfn|Norman|2004|p=14}}{{sfn|Copson|2015|pp=2–3}} ''Understanding Humanism'' cautions those learning about humanism from imagining there is a "linear thread" that connects the Renaissance scholarship movement to the contemporary philosophy, saying "it is important to recognise that there is no neat linear thread that connects these different uses of the word. Modern humanism is not a descendant of Renaissance humanism or ‘religious humanism’. The histories of non-religious humanism and alternative uses of the word are not one single story."<ref name="history of the word"/>

Other terms using "humanism" in their name include:
*[[Religious humanism|Ethical or religious humanism]]: synonyms of [[Ethical culture]]. These were prominent in the US in the early 20th century and focused on relations between humans.{{Sfn|Wilson|1974|pp=15–16}} ''Understanding Humanism'' characterizes religious humanism as "not a separate, religious form of humanism" but "just... a different way of categorising what humanism is."<ref name="history of the word"/>
*[[Scientific humanism]]: this emphasizes belief in the [[scientific method]] as a component of humanism as described in the works of [[John Dewey]] and [[Julian Huxley]]; scientific humanism is largely synonymous with secular humanism.{{sfn|Wilson|1974|p=16}}
*[[Secular humanism]]: coined in the mid-20th century, it was initially an attempt to denigrate humanism, but some humanist associations embraced the term.{{sfn|Copson|2015|p=2}} Secular humanism is synonymous with the contemporary humanist movement.{{sfn|Fowler|1999|pp=21–22}}
*[[Marxist humanism]]: one of several rival schools of [[Marxism|Marxist]] thought that accepts basic humanistic tenets such as secularism and naturalism, but differs from other strands of humanism because of its vague stance on democracy and rejection of free will.{{sfnm|1a1=Lamont|1y=1997|1pp=28–29|2a1=Davies|2y=1997|2pp=56–57}}
*Digital humanism: an emerging philosophical and ethical framework that seeks to preserve and promote human values, dignity, and well-being in the context of rapid technological advancements, particularly in the digital realm.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schmölz |first1=Alexander |title=Die Conditio Humana im digitalen Zeitalter: Zur Grundlegung des Digitalen Humanismus und des Wiener Manifests |journal=MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung |date=13 November 2020 |pages=208–234 |doi=10.21240/mpaed/00/2020.11.13.X |url=https://www.medienpaed.com/article/view/1144 |language=de |issn=1424-3636|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Werthner |first1=Hannes |last2=Prem |first2=Erich | last3=Lee |first3=Edward A.|last4= Ghezzi|first4=Carlo|editor-first1=Hannes |editor-first2=Erich |editor-first3=Edward A. |editor-first4=Carlo |editor-last1=Werthner |editor-last2=Prem |editor-last3=Lee |editor-last4=Ghezzi |publication-date=2022 |title=Perspectives on Digital Humanism |url= https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5 | access-date=17 September 2023| publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5 |isbn=978-3-030-86144-5|s2cid=244480204 }}</ref>

Such varieties of humanism are now largely of historical and academic interest only, and largely describe the same broader phenomenon. Some ethical movements continue but in general humanism no longer needs any qualification "because the lifestance is by definition naturalistic, scientific, and secular".<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Doerr |first=Ed |date= 1 November 2022 |title= Humanism unmodified |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Humanism+unmodified.-a094226943 |magazine= [[The Humanist]] |location=[[Washington, DC]] |publisher= [[American Humanist Association]] |access-date= 14 December 2023}}</ref> In 1988, the humanist philosopher and organiser [[Harold Blackham]] wrote an influential essay which urged humanist organisations to eschew "qualifying adjectives" whose "academic sectarianism" gave the false impression of an internally divided movement, when in reality the humanist movement around the world shared the same "beliefs and values".<ref>{{cite web|last=Blackham|first=Harold|title=Humanism is Eight Letters, No More|work=Humanists International |date=1998|accessdate=28 July 2025|publisher=[[Humanists International]]|url=https://humanists.international/policy/humanism-is-eight-letters-no-more/}}</ref>

Not related to the other terms, but included for sake of completeness, is [[Christian humanism]], a modern coinage linking "Renaissance humanists" to modern Christian theology. Christian humanism emphasises the [[humanitarian]] aspects of Christianity and the contributions to human wellbeing made by Catholic scholars in the late Middle Ages who were inspired by pre-Christian sources.{{sfn|Wilson|1974|p=15}} The term is criticised by some humanists as conradicting the human-oriented premise of humanism and rejecting humanism's focus on sticking to rational beliefs.{{sfn|Copson|2015|p=2}} According to [[Andrew Copson]], deliberate attempts to put this term into currency have tried to assert that there are "two types of humanism", and thus "seriously muddy the conceptual water".{{sfn|Copson|2015|pp=2–3}} ''Understanding Humanism'' says: "We need to be careful not to think of these different ‘humanisms’ as representing a neat, linear history of some single humanist worldview, one with religious and non-religious branches" and, with reference to Christian humanism, that "some argue that instead of thinking about this as an alternative branch of humanism (there being both a religious and a secular kind), it is perhaps better to avoid the label ‘Christian humanism’ for this outlook and describe it as ‘humanistic Christianity’ (as it is a form of Christianity rather than humanism)."<ref name="history of the word">{{cite web|url=https://understandinghumanism.org.uk/articles/humanism-a-history-of-the-word/|title='Humanism': A history of the word|work=Understanding Humanism|publisher=Humanists UK|accessdate=28 July 2025}}</ref>

== Philosophy ==

Humanism is strongly linked to rationality.{{sfn|Law|2015|p=55}} For humanists, humans are reasonable beings, and reasoning and the scientific method are means of finding truth.{{sfn|Law|2015|p=58}} Humanists argue science and rationality have driven successful developments in various fields{{sfn|Law|2015|p=57}} while the invocation of supernatural phenomena fails to coherently explain the world. One form of irrational thinking is [[Adductive reasoning|adducing]]. Humanists are skeptical of explanations of natural phenomena or diseases that rely on hidden agencies.{{sfn|Law|2015|pp=57–61}}

Human autonomy is another hallmark of humanist philosophy.{{sfn|Nida-Rümelin|2009|p=17}} For people to be autonomous, their beliefs and actions must be the result of their own reasoning.{{sfn|Nida-Rümelin|2009|p=17}} For humanists, autonomy dignifies each individual; without autonomy, people's humanity is lessened.{{sfn|Norman|2004|p=104}} Humanists also consider human essence to be universal, irrespective of race and social status, diminishing the importance of collective identities and signifying the importance of individuals.{{sfn|Nida-Rümelin|2009|pp=16–17}}

[[Immanuel Kant]] provided the modern philosophical basis of the humanist narrative. His [[Critical philosophy|theory of critical philosophy]] formed the basis of the world of knowledge, defending rationalism and grounding it in the empirical world.{{sfn|Walker|2020|pp=4–6}} He also supported the idea of the moral autonomy of the individual, which is fundamental to his philosophy. According to Kant, morality is the product of the way humans live and not a set of fixed values. Instead of a universal ethic code, Kant suggested a universal procedure that shapes the ethics that differ among groups of people.{{sfnm|1a1=Dierksmeier|1y=2011|1p=79|2a1=Rohlf|2y=2020|2loc=Morality and freedom}}

Philosopher and humanist advocate [[Corliss Lamont]], in his book ''The Philosophy of Humanism'' (1997), states:
<blockquote>In the Humanist ethics the chief end of thought and action is to further this-earthly human interests on behalf of the greater glory of people. The watchword of Humanism is happiness for all humanity in this existence as contrasted with salvation for the individual soul in a future existence and the glorification of a supernatural Supreme Being ... It heartily welcomes all life-enhancing and healthy pleasures, from the vigorous enjoyments of youth to the contemplative delights of mellowed age, from the simple gratifications of food and drink, sunshine and sports, to the more complex appreciation of art and literature, friendship and social communion.{{Sfn|Lamont|1997|p=248}}</blockquote>

==Themes==

=== Morality ===

The humanist attitude toward morality has changed since its beginning. Starting in the 18th century, humanists were oriented toward an objective and universalist stance on ethics. Both [[Utilitarianism|Utilitarian philosophy]]—which aims to increase human happiness and decrease suffering—and [[Kantian ethics]]—which states one should act in accordance with maxims one could will to become a universal law—shaped the humanist moral narrative until the early 20th century. Because the concepts of free will and reason are not based on scientific naturalism, their influence on humanists remained in the early 20th century but was reduced by social progressiveness and egalitarianism.{{sfnm|1a1=Norman|1y=2004|1pp=98–105|2a1=Shook|2y=2015|2p=406}} As part of social changes in the late 20th century, humanist ethics evolved to support [[secularism]], civil rights, personal autonomy, religious toleration, [[multiculturalism]], and [[cosmopolitanism]].{{sfn|Shook|2015|pp=421–422}}

A naturalistic criticism of humanistic morality is the denial of the existence of morality. For naturalistic skeptics, morality was not hardwired within humans during their evolution; humans are primarily selfish and self-centered.{{sfn|Shook|2015|pp=407–408}} Defending humanist morality, humanist philosopher [[John R. Shook]] makes three observations that lead him to the acceptance of morality. According to Shook, ''homo sapiens'' has a concept of morality that must have been with the species since the beginning of human history, developing by recognizing and thinking upon behaviors. He adds morality is universal among human cultures and all cultures strive to improve their moral level. Shook concludes that while morality was initially generated by our genes, culture shaped human morals and continues to do so. He calls "moral naturalism" the view that morality is a natural phenomenon, can be scientifically studied, and is a tool rather than a set of doctrines that was used to develop human culture.{{sfn|Shook|2015|pp=407–410 & 421}}

Humanist philosopher [[Brian David Ellis|Brian Ellis]] advocates a social humanist theory of morality called "social contractual utilitarianism", which is based on Hume's naturalism and empathy, Aristotelian virtue theory, and Kant's idealism. According to Ellis, morality should aim for [[eudaimonia]], an Aristotelian concept that combines a satisfying life with virtue and happiness by improving societies worldwide.{{sfn|Ellis|2010|pp=135–37}} Humanist [[Andrew Copson]] takes a consequentialist and utilitarian approach to morality; according to Copson, all humanist ethical traits aim at human welfare.{{sfn|Copson|2015|pp=21–22}} Philosopher [[Stephen Law]] emphasizes some principles of humanist ethics; respect for personal moral autonomy, rejection of god-given moral commands, an aim for human well-being, and "emphasiz[ing] the role of reason in making moral judgements".{{sfn|Law|2011|loc=Humanism and morality}}

Humanism's godless approach to morality has driven criticism from religious commentators. The necessity for a divine being delivering sets of doctrines for morals to exist is a common argument; according to [[Dostoevsky]]'s character Ivan Karamázov in ''[[The Brothers Karamazov]]'', "if God does not exist, then everything is permitted".{{sfn|Norman|2004|p=86}} This argument suggests chaos will ensue if religious belief disappears.{{sfn|Norman|2004|p=86}} For humanists, theism is an obstacle to morality rather than a prerequisite for it.{{sfnm|1a1=Norman|1y=2004|1p=86|2a1=Shook|2y=2015|2pp=404–05}} According to humanists, acting only out of fear, adherence to dogma, and expectation of a reward is a selfish motivation rather than morality.{{sfn|Norman|2004|pp=89–90}} Humanists point to the subjectivity of the supposedly objective divine commands by referring to the [[Euthyphro dilemma]], originally posed by Socrates: "does God command something because it is good or is something good because God commands it?" If goodness is independent from God, humans can reach goodness without religion but [[relativism]] is elicited if God creates goodness.{{sfnm|1a1=Norman|1y=2004|1pp=88–89|2a1=Shook|2y=2015|2p=405}} Another argument against this religious criticism is the human-made nature of morality, even through religious means. The interpretation of holy scriptures almost always includes human reasoning; different interpreters reach contradictory theories.{{sfnm|1a1=Norman|1y=2004|1pp=87–88|2a1=Shook|2y=2015|2p=405}}

=== Religion ===

Humanism has widely been seen as antithetical to religion.{{sfn|Kline|2020|pp=224–225}} Philosopher of religion David Kline, traces the roots of this animosity since the Renaissance, when humanistic views deconstructed the previous religiously defined order. Kline describes several ways this antithesis has evolved. Kline notes the emergence of a confident human-made knowledge, which was a new way of [[epistemology]], repelled the church from its authoritative position. Kline uses the paradigm of non-humanists [[Copernicus]], [[Kepler]], and Galileo to illustrate how scientific discoveries added to the deconstruction of the religious narrative in favor of human-generated knowledge. This ultimately uncoupled the fate of humans from the divine will, prompting social and political shifts.{{sfn|Kline|2020|pp=225–232}} The relation of state and citizens changed as civic humanistic principles emerged; people were no longer to be servile to [[Divine right of kings|religiously grounded monarchies]] but could pursue their own destinies.{{sfn|Kline|2020|pp=230–236}} Kline also points at the aspects of personal belief that added to the hostility between humanism and religion. Humanism was linked with prominent thinkers who advocated against the existence of God using rationalistic arguments. Critique of theism continued through the humanistic revolutions in Europe, challenging religious worldviews, attitudes and superstitions on a rational basis—a tendency that continued to the 20th century.{{sfn|Kline|2020|pp=236–240}}

According to Stephen Law, humanist adherence to secularism placed humans at odds with religion, especially nationally dominant religions striving to retain privileges gained in the last centuries. Worth notes religious persons can be secularists. Law notes secularism is criticized for suppressing freedom of expression of religious persons but firmly denies such accusation; instead, he says, secularism protects this kind of freedom but opposes the privileged status of religious views.{{sfn|Law|2015|loc=Humanism and secularism}}

According to Andrew Copson, humanism is not incompatible with some aspects of religion. He observes that components like belief, practice, identity, and culture can coexist, allowing an individual who subscribes to only a few religious doctrines to also identify as a humanist.{{sfn|Copson|2015|p=25}} Copson adds that religious critics usually frame humanism as an enemy of religion but most humanists are proponents of [[religious tolerance]] or exhibit a curiosity about religion's effects in society and politics, commenting: "Only a few are regularly outraged by other people's false beliefs ''per se''".{{sfn|Copson|2015|pp=25–28|ps=: [[Stephen Law]] makes a similar argument in ''Humanism, a Very Short Introduction'' (2011) at page 23}}

=== The meaning of life ===

In the 19th century, along with the decline of religion and its accompanied [[teleology]], the question of the [[meaning of life]] became more prominent.{{sfn|Norman|2015|pp=326–28}} Unlike religions, humanism does not have a definite view on the meaning of life.{{sfn|Norman|2015|p=341}} Humanists commonly say people create rather than discover meaning. While philosophers such as [[Nietzsche]] and [[Sartre]] wrote on the meaning of life in a godless world, the work of [[Albert Camus]] has echoed and shaped humanism. In Camus' ''[[The Myth of Sisyphus]]'', he quotes a Greek myth in which the absurd hero [[Sisyphus]] is destined to push a heavy rock up a hill; the rock slips back and he must repeat the task. Sisyphus is negating Gods and preset meanings of life, but argues that life has value and significance, and that each individual is able to create their meanings of life. Camus thus highlights the importance of personal agency and [[self-determination]] that lie at the centre of humanism.{{sfn|Norman|2015|pp=334–35}}

Personal humanist interpretations of the meaning of life vary from the pursuit of happiness without recklessness and excesses to participation in human history, and connection with loved ones, living animals, and plants.{{sfn|Norman|2015|p=341}}{{efn|To illustrate the importance of pursuing happiness without excesses, Andrew Copson quotes [[Epicurus]]: "When I say that pleasure is the goal of living I do not mean the pleasures of libertines ... I mean, on the contrary, the pleasure that consists of freedom from bodily pain and mental agitation. Pleasant life is not the product of one drinking party after another or sexual intercourse with women and young men or of the seafood and other delicacies afforded by the serious table. On the contrary, it is the result of sober thinking ... " Copson is citing 66 Epicurus, ''Letter to Menoeceus'', in ''The Art of Happiness'', trans. Strodach, p. 159.{{sfn|Copson|2015|p=15}}}} Some answers are close to those of religious discourse if the appeal to divinity is overlooked.{{sfn|Law|2011|loc= Chapter: The meaning of life, part: Humanism and the meaning of life}} According to humanist professor Peter Derks, elements that contribute to the meaning of life are a morally worthy purpose in life, positive self-evaluation, an understanding of one's environment, being seen and understood by others, the ability to emotionally connect with others, and a desire to have a meaning in life.{{sfn|Butler|2020|pp=2–3}} Humanist professor [[Anthony B. Pinn]] places the meaning of life in the quest of what he calls "complex subjectivity". Pinn, who is advocating for a non-theistic, humanistic religion inspired by African cultures, says seeking the never-reaching meaning of life contributes to well-being, and that rituals and ceremonies, which are occasions for reflection, provide an opportunity to assess the meaning of life, improving well-being.{{sfn|Butler|2020|pp=3–4}}

<gallery>
Happyman.svg|Organizations like [[Humanists International]] use the "[[Happy Human]]" symbol.
Giordano-Bruno-Stiftung Haus Weitblick.jpg|Home of [[Giordano Bruno Foundation]] in Germany.
Haam-friendly-atheists.jpg|Humanists, Atheists, & Agnostics of Manitoba (HAAM) booth in 2012.
London Pride 2023 (53079759015).jpg|[[Humanists UK]] in London Pride 2023.
</gallery>

==In public life==
=== In politics ===
The hallmark of contemporary humanism in politics is the demand for secularism.{{sfn|Haworth|2015|pp=255–256}} Philosopher Alan Haworth said secularism delivers fair treatment to all citizens of a nation-state since all are treated without discrimination; religion is a private issue and the state should have no power over it.{{sfn|Haworth|2015|pp=259–261}} He also argues that secularism helps plurality and diversity, which are fundamental aspects of our modern world.{{sfn|Haworth|2015|pp=261–262}} While barbarism and violence can be found in most civilizations, Haworth notes religion usually fuels rhetoric and enables these actions. He also said the values of hard work, honesty, and charity are found in other civilizations.{{Sfn|Haworth|2015|pp=263–66}} According to Haworth, humanism opposes the irrationality of [[nationalism]] and [[totalitarianism]], whether these are part of [[fascism]] or [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist communism]].{{sfn|Haworth|2015|pp=263–77}}

According to professor Joseph O. Baker, in political theory, contemporary humanism is formed by two main tendencies; the first is [[individualism|individualistic]] and the second inclines to [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivism]]. The trajectory of each tendency can lead to [[libertarianism]] and [[socialism]] respectively, but a range of combinations exists. Individualistic humanists often have a philosophical perspective of humanism; in politics, these are inclined to libertarianism and in ethics tend to follow a scientistic approach. Collectivists have a more-applied view of humanism, lean toward socialism, and have a humanitarian approach to ethics.{{sfn|Baker|2020|pp=1–7}} The second group has connections with the thought of [[young Marx]], especially his anthropological views rejecting his political practices.{{sfn|Baker|2020|pp=8–9}} A factor that repels many humanists from the libertarian view is the neoliberal or capitalistic consequences they feel it entails.{{sfn|Baker|2020|pp=10–11}}

Humanism has been a part of both major 20th-century ideological currents—liberalism and Marxism. Early 19th-century socialism was connected to humanism. In the 20th century, a humanistic interpretation of Marxism focused on Marx's early writings, viewing Marxism not as "[[scientific socialism]]" but as a philosophical critique aimed at the overcoming of "[[Marx's theory of alienation|alienation]]". In the US, liberalism is associated mostly with humanistic principles, which is distinct from the European use of the same word, which has economical connotations.{{sfn|Nida-Rümelin|2009|pp=17–18}} In the post-1945 era, [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] and other French existentialists advocated for humanism, linking it to socialism while trying to stay neutral during the [[Cold War]].{{sfn|Soper|1986|pp=79–81}} [[Humanists International]] publishes the annual [[Freedom of Thought Report]], which evaluates countries on rights and equality issues affecting humanists, atheists and other non-religious people.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the report |website=Freedom of Thought Report |publisher=Humanists International |url=https://fot.humanists.international/about-the-report/ |access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref>

=== In psychology and counseling ===

{{main|Humanistic psychology}}
Humanist counseling is humanism-inspired applied psychology, which is a major current of counseling. There are various approaches such as discussion and [[critical thinking]], replying to [[existential anxiety]], and focusing on social and political dimensions of problems.{{sfn|Schuhmann|2015|pp=173–82}} Humanist counseling focuses on respecting the client's worldview and placing it in the correct cultural context. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards [[self-actualization]] and creativity. It also recognizes the importance of moral questions about one's interactions with people according to one's worldview. This is examined using a process of dialogue.{{sfn|Schuhmann|2015|pp=182–88}} Humanist counseling originated in post-World War II Netherlands.{{sfn|Schuhmann|2015|pp=173–74}}

Humanistic counseling is based on the works of psychologists [[Carl Rogers]] and [[Abraham Maslow]]. It introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what Rogers and Maslow viewed as the over-pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of [[existentialism]] and [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]].{{sfn|Schuhmann|2015|pp=173–74}}

Some modern counseling organizations have humanist origins, like the [[British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy]], which was founded by [[Harold Blackham]], which he developed alongside the [[Humanists UK|British Humanist Association]]'s Humanist Counselling Service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://heritage.humanists.uk/harold-john-blackham/|title=Harold John Blackham|work=Humanist Heritage|publisher=[[Humanists UK]]|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171608/https://heritage.humanists.uk/harold-john-blackham/|url-status=live}}</ref> Modern-day humanist [[pastoral care]] in the UK and the Netherlands draws on elements of humanistic psychology.{{sfn|Savage|2021}}

== Demographics ==

Demographic data about humanists is sparse. Scholar Yazmín Trejo examined the results of [[Pew Research Center]]'s 2014 Religious Landscape Study.{{sfn|Trejo|2020|pp=1–3}} Trejo did not use self-identification to measure humanists but combined the answers of two questions: "Do you believe in God or a universal spirit?" (she chose those who answered 'no') and "when it comes to questions of right or wrong, which of the following do you look to most for guidance?" (picking answers 'scientific information' and 'philosophy and reason'). According to Trejo, most humanists in the United States identify as atheist or agnostic (37% and 18%), 29% as "nothing in particular", while 16% of humanists identify as religious.{{sfn|Trejo|2020|p=8}} She also found most humanists (80%) were raised in a religious background.{{Sfn|Trejo|2020|pp=11–12}} Sixty percent of humanists are married to non-religious spouses, while one quarter are married to a Christian.{{sfn|Trejo|2020|p=14}} There is a gender divide among humanists: 67 percent are male. Trejo says this can be explained by the fact that more males self-identify as atheist, while women have stronger connections to religion because of socialization, community influence, and stereotypes; some women, especially Catholic Latinas, are expected to be religious and many of them abide by their community expectations.{{sfn|Trejo|2020|p=16}} Other findings note the high level of education of most humanists, indicating a higher socioeconomic status.{{sfn|Trejo|2020|p=18}} The population of humanists in the US is overwhelmingly non-Hispanic white; according to Trejo, this is because minority groups are usually very religious.{{sfn|Trejo|2020|p=19}}

== Criticisms ==
===Western and Christian===
Criticism of humanism focus on its adherence to human rights, which some critics have called "Western". Critics say humanist values have become a tool of Western moral dominance, which is a form of [[neo-colonialism]] that leads to oppression and a lack of ethical diversity.{{sfn|Jakelić|2020|p=2}} Other critics, namely feminists, black activists, postcolonial critics, and gay and lesbian advocates, say humanism is an oppressive philosophy because it is not free from the biases of the white, heterosexual males who shaped it.{{sfn|Childers|Hentzi|1995|pp=140–41}} History professor [[Samuel Moyn]] attacks humanism for its connection to human rights. According to Moyn, the concept of human rights in the 1960s was a declaration of anti-colonial struggle, but that idea was later transformed into an impossible utopian vision, replacing the failing utopias of the 20th century. The humanist use of human rights rhetoric thus turns human rights into a moral tool that is impractical and ultimately non-political. He also notes a commonality between humanism and the Catholic discourse on human dignity.{{sfn|Jakelić|2020|pp=12–14}}

Anthropology professor [[Talal Asad]] argues humanism is a project of modernity and a secularized continuation of Western Christian theology. According to Asad, just as the Catholic Church passed the Christian doctrine of love to Africa and Asia while assisting in the enslavement of large parts of their population, humanist values have at times been a pretext for Western countries to expand their influence to other parts of the world to humanize "barbarians".{{sfn|Jakelić|2020|pp=3–6}} Asad has also said humanism is not a purely secular phenomenon but takes the idea of the essence of humanity from Christianity.{{sfn|Jakelić|2020|p=6}} According to Asad, Western humanism cannot incorporate other humanistic traditions, such as those from India and China, without subsuming and ultimately eliminating them.{{sfn|Jakelić|2020|pp=6–7}}

Sociology professor [[Didier Fassin]] has stated that humanism's focus on empathy and compassion, rather than goodness and justice, is a problem. According to Fassin, humanism originated in the Christian tradition, particularly the [[Parable of the Good Samaritan]], in which empathy is universalized. Fassin has also argued that humanism's central essence, the sanctity of human life, is a religious victory hidden in a secular wrapper.{{sfn|Jakelić|2020|pp=7–8}}

===Amoral and materialistic===
The main criticism from [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Christians]], such as [[Tim LaHaye]], is that humanism destroys traditional family and moral values.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lahaye |first=Tim |date= 1980|title=Battle for the Mind|publisher=Baker Book House |isbn=978-0-8007-5043-5}}</ref> According to [[Corliss Lamont]], this criticism is a malicious campaign by religious fanatics, the so-called Moral Majority, who need a demonic scapegoat to rally its followers.<ref>Lamont, C. (1982) [https://www.corliss-lamont.org/philos8.pdf Introduction to the Sixth Edition. Exposing the Moral Majority]. In, The Philosophy of Humanism, Eighth Edition, Revised. pp.xiii-xv. Humanist Press.</ref> Other religious opponents scorn humanism by stating it is materialistic thereby diminishing humanity because it denies the spiritual nature and needs of man. Also, because the goal in life is the acquisition of material goods, humanism produces greed and selfishness.<ref> Waggoner, R.L. (1988) [https://www.thebible.net/biblicaltheism/materialface.htm The Material Face of Humanism]. TheBible.net.</ref> In response to this criticism Norman states that there is absolutely no reason why humanists should be committed to the view that the only things worth living for are 'material goods'. Such an accusation, he says, is based on a "sloppy" understanding of [[materialism]]. However, he does acknowledge a "tension" in humanism that because of its championing of scientific knowledge, it appears to be committed to a materialistic conception of human beings as physical systems and therefore as not much different from anything else in the universe.{{sfn|Norman|2012|pp=55–56}}

===Vague and indefinable===
Humanism has frequently been criticised for its vagueness and the difficulty of defining the term. According to [[Paul Kurtz]], "Humanism is so charged with levels of emotion and rhetoric that its meaning is often vague and ambiguous".{{sfn|Kurtz|1973|p=176}} For Giustiniani, "the meaning of ‘humanism’ has so many shades that to analyze all of them is hardly feasible".{{sfn|Giustiniani|1985|p=165}} [[Nicolas Walter]] points out that most of the people in the past who have called themselves or been called humanists would reject many of today's tenets. The origins of humanism, he writes, "are so contradictory and confusing that it is often meaningless on its own".<ref>Walter, Nicolas (1998) Humanism: Finding Meaning in the Word. Prometheus Books, p.15.</ref> According to Tony Davies, "the meaning of ‘humanism’ is the semantic tangle, or grapple, that makes its meaning so difficult to grasp".{{Sfn|Davies|1997|p=128}} While praising humanism, [[Sarah Bakewell]] describes it as "a semantic cloud of meanings and implications, none attachable to any particular theorist or practitioner".<ref name="Bakewell">Bakewell, Sarah (2023) Humanly Possible: Seven Hundred Years of Humanist Freethinking, Inquiry, and Hope. Penguin Press, New York, p.11.</ref> [[Andrew Copson]] proposes that some opponents of humanism have attempted to loosen or expand the definition deliberately to make it less coherent, noting that the suggestion deliberate attempts to promote the idea that there are two types of humanism – religious and secular – "has begun to seriously muddy the conceptual water".{{sfn|Copson|2015|p=3}}

Yet, the difficulty of defining humanism is not necessarily a problem. Davies avoids offering a definition, choosing instead "to stress the plurality, complexity and fluidity of meanings".{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=125}} Jeaneane Fowler argues that humanism is indefinable precisely because of its "particular dynamism" and the acknowledged vagueness of the term "far from being a disadvantage, is an asset".{{sfn|Fowler|1999|p=7}} Bakewell likewise cites this as a strength.<ref name="Bakewell"/>

===Antihumanism===
{{main|Antihumanism}}

Antihumanism is a philosophical theory that rejects humanism as a pre-scientific ideology.{{sfn|Soper|1986|pp=11–12}} This argument developed during the 19th and 20th centuries in parallel with the advancement of humanism. Prominent thinkers questioned the metaphysics of humanism and the human nature of its concept of freedom.{{sfn|Childers|Hentzi|1995|pp=140–41}} [[Nietzsche]], while departing from a humanistic, pro-Enlightenment viewpoint, criticized humanism for illusions on a number of topics, especially the nature of truth. According to Nietzsche, objective truth is an anthropomorphic illusion and humanism is meaningless,{{sfn|Davies|1997|pp=36–37}} and replacing theism with reason and science simply replaces one religion with another.{{sfn|Soper|1986|pp=12–13}}

According to [[Karl Marx]], humanism is a [[bourgeois]] project that inaccurately attempts to present itself as radical.{{sfn|Davies|1997|p=40}} After the atrocities of World War II, questions about human nature and the concept of humanity were renewed.{{sfn|Davies|1997|pp=50–52}} During the Cold War, influential Marxist philosopher [[Louis Althusser]] introduced the term "theoretical antihumanism" to attack both humanism and humanist-like socialist currents, eschewing more structural and formal interpretations of Marx. According to Althusser, Marx's early writings resonate with the humanistic idealism of Hegel, Kant, and Feuerbach, but Marx radically moved toward scientific socialism in 1845, rejecting concepts such as the essence of man.{{sfn|Davies|1997|pp=57–60}}

==Humanist organizations==
[[File:Richard Dawkins speaking at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Dawkins]] accepting the Services to Humanism award 2012 at the British Humanist Association Annual Conference]]

Humanist organizations exist in several countries. [[Humanists International]] is a global organization.{{sfn|Norman|2004|p=160}} The three countries with the highest numbers of Humanist International member organisations are the UK, India, and the US. The largest humanist organisation is the [[Norwegian Humanist Association]].<ref name="FutureLearn 2013">{{cite web | title=The global picture | website=FutureLearn | date=8 August 2013 | url=https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/humanist-lives/0/steps/55754 | access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref> [[Humanists UK]] – formerly the British Humanist Association – and the [[American Humanist Association]] are two of the oldest humanist organizations.

In 2015, London-based Humanists UK had around 28,000 members. Its membership includes some high-profile people such as [[Richard Dawkins]], [[Brian Cox (physicist)|Brian Cox]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Polly Toynbee]], [[Alice Roberts]] and [[Stephen Fry]], who are known for their participation in public debate, promoting secularism, and objecting to state funding for faith-based institutions.{{sfn|Engelke|2015|pp=216–18}} Humanists UK organizes and conducts non-religious{{sfn|Engelke|2015|pp=216–21}} ceremonies for weddings, namings, comings of age, and funerals.

The American Humanist Association (AHA) was formed in 1941 from previous humanist associations. Its journal ''[[The Humanist]]'' is the continuation of a previous publication ''The Humanist Bulletin''.{{sfn|Morain|Morain|1998|p=100}} In 1953, the AHA established the "[[Humanist of the Year]]" award to honor individuals who promote science.{{sfn|Morain|Morain|1998|pp=105–12}} By the 1970s, it became a well-recognized organization, initiating campaigns for abortion rights and opposing discriminatory policies. This resulted in the organization becoming a target of the religious right by the 1980s.{{sfn|Morain|Morain|1998|pp=100–05}}

==See also==
* {{anl|Anthropocentrism}}
* {{anl|Extropianism}}
* {{anl|Humanistic Buddhism}}
* {{anl|Humanistic economics}}
* {{anl|Humanistic Judaism}}
* {{anl|Humanistic psychology}}
* [[List of humanists]]
* [[Natural rights]]
* {{anl|Paideia}}
* {{anl|Post-theism}}
* [[Ubuntu (philosophy)|Ubuntu]]
* {{anl|Unitarian Universalism}}
* {{anl|Universal brotherhood}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist|20em}}

== Sources ==

{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Baker|first=Joseph O.|editor=[[Anthony B. Pinn]]|title=The Oxford Handbook of Humanism|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7|year=2020|publisher=Pemberton|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.20|chapter=The Politics of Humanism|pages=1–20|isbn=978-0-19-092153-8|access-date=23 September 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Barnes|title=Early Greek Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtNQAQAAIAAJ|year=1987|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-044461-2|access-date=11 November 2022|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtNQAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Blackham|first=H. J.|author-link=H. J. Blackham|editor=[[Paul Kurtz]]|title=The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Pemberton|isbn=978-0-87975-013-8|chapter=A definition of humanism|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172306/https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Butler|first=Philip|editor=[[Anthony B. Pinn]]|title=The Oxford Handbook of Humanism|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-20|year=2020|publisher=Pemberton|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.20|chapter=Humanism and the Conceptualization of Value and Well-Being|pages=644–664|isbn=978-0-19-092153-8|access-date=20 July 2021|archive-date=1 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201235342/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-20|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Callado Estela|first=Emilio|title=Tiempos de reforma: Pensamiento y religión en la época de Carlos V|date=2022|publisher=ESIC|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJanEAAAQBAJ|isbn=9788411228411}}
* {{cite book|last=Cherry|first=Matt|author-link=Julian Nida-Rümelin|editor=Heiko Spitzeck|others=Shiban Khan, Ernst von Kimakowitz, Michael Pirson, Wolfgang Amann|title=Humanism in Business|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmAjwS-Q9LEC|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89893-5|chapter=The Humanist Tradition|pages=26–51|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172306/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmAjwS-Q9LEC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Childers|first1=Joseph W.|last2=Hentzi|first2=Gary|title=The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QvK83BCsC3cC|year=1995|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-07242-7|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172307/https://books.google.com/books?id=QvK83BCsC3cC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Copson|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Copson|editor=[[A. C. Grayling]]|others=[[Andrew Copson]]|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-97717-9|chapter=What is Humanism?|pages=1–72|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Tony|title=Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhrwPhYqjm8C&pg=PA7|year=1997|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-11052-5|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173446/https://books.google.com/books?id=KhrwPhYqjm8C&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book | last = Dierksmeier | first = Claus | author-link = Claus Dierksmeier | editor1 = C. Dierksmeier | editor2 = W. Amann | editor3 = E. Von Kimakowitz | editor4 = H. Spitzeck | editor5 = M. Pirson | editor6 = Ernst Von Kimakowitz | date = 2011 | title = Humanistic Ethics in the Age of Globality | publisher = Springer | chapter = Kant's Humanist Ethics | pages = 79–93 | isbn = 978-0-230-31413-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=krtsCwAAQBAJ | access-date = 1 December 2021 | archive-date = 16 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230116173453/https://books.google.com/books?id=krtsCwAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}
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* {{cite book|last=Haworth|first=Alan|editor=[[A. C. Grayling]]|others=[[Andrew Copson]]|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-97717-9|chapter=Humanism and the Political Order|pages=255–279|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book|last=Hook|first=Sidney|author-link=Sidney Hook|editor=[[Paul Kurtz]]|title=The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Pemberton|isbn=978-0-87975-013-8|chapter=The snare of definitions|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172306/https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite journal | last=Kristeller | first=Paul Oskar | title=HUMANISM | journal=Minerva | publisher=Springer | volume=16 | issue=4 | year=1978 | issn=0026-4695 | eissn=1573-1871 | jstor=41820353 | pages=586–595 | doi=10.1007/BF01100334 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41820353 | access-date=29 October 2022 | archive-date=16 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174446/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41820353 | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}
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* {{cite book|last=Law|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Law|editor=[[A. C. Grayling]]|others=[[Andrew Copson]]|title=The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-97717-9|chapter=Science, Reason, and Scepticism|pages=55–71|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172305/https://books.google.com/books?id=8BotCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite book|last=Walker|first=Corey D. B.|editor=[[Anthony B. Pinn]]|title=The Oxford Handbook of Humanism|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7|year=2020|publisher=Pemberton|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.17|chapter=Humanism and the Modern Age|pages=1–18|isbn=978-0-19-092153-8|access-date=23 September 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=White|first=Carol Wyene|editor=[[Anthony B. Pinn]]|title=The Oxford Handbook of Humanism|url=https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190921538-e-7|year=2020|publisher=Pemberton|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190921538.013.11|chapter=Humanism in the Americas|pages=1–40|isbn=978-0-19-092153-8|access-date=23 September 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Edwin H.|author-link=Edwin H. Wilson|editor=[[Paul Kurtz]]|title=The Humanist Alternative: Some Definitions of Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Pemberton|isbn=978-0-87975-013-8|chapter=Humanism's many definitions|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116172306/https://books.google.com/books?id=40IbAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Yao|first=Xinzhong|title=An Introduction to Confucianism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C&pg=PA45|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64430-3|pages=15–25|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116175659/https://books.google.com/books?id=tAE2OJ9bPG0C&pg=PA45|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Cantore|first=Enrico|title=Scientific Man. The Humanistic Significance of Science|url=|year=1977|publisher=Institut for Scientific Humanism or ISH Publication|location=New-York at [[Fordham University]]|pages= 487|isbn=0-917392-01-9}}. Enrico Cantore, physicist and philosopher of sciences, Jesuit and Catholic Priest (1926-2014) was then director of the Institut for Scientific Humanism.
* {{cite book|last=Cummings|first=Dolan |title=Debating Humanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXjZCgAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-84540-690-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Dacey|first=Austin|author-link=Austin Dacey|title=The Case for Humanism An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qditj8AiR0sC|year=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1393-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Gay | first=Peter|author-link=Peter Gay| title=The Party of Humanity: Essays in the French Enlightenment | publisher=Knopf | series=Borzoi book | year=1964 | isbn=978-90-10-04434-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhtDAAAAIAAJ | access-date=24 October 2022}}
* {{cite book | last=Levi | first=Albert William |author-link=Albert William Levi| title=Humanism & Politics: Studies in the Relationship of Power and Value in the Western Tradition | publisher=Indiana University Press | year=1969 | isbn=978-0-253-13900-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0A1AAAAIAAJ | access-date=20 October 2022}}
* {{cite book|last=Proctor|first=Robert E. |title=Defining the Humanities: How Rediscovering a Tradition Can Improve Our Schools : with a Curriculum for Today's Students|url=|year=1998|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-33421-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Ranisch |first=Robert |title=Post- and transhumanism: an introduction |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2014 |location=Frankfurt am Main |isbn=9783631606629}}
* {{cite book|last=Rockmore|first=Tom |author-link=Tom Rockmore|title=Heidegger and French Philosophy: Humanism, Antihumanism, and Being|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTM09F0tkosC|year=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-11181-2}}
* {{cite book | last=Wernick | first=A. | title=Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity: The Post-theistic Program of French Social Theory | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-521-66272-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VO0WK7iDWwIC | access-date=24 October 2022}}

==External links==

{{Spoken Bharatpedia|Humanism.ogg|date=6 November 2008}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category|Humanism}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.americanhumanist.org/ ''American Humanist Association'']
* [http://www.iheu.org/ ''International Humanist and Ethical Union'']
* [https://www.humanism.org.uk/ ''Humanists UK'']

{{Humanities}}
{{Age of Enlightenment}}
{{Philosophy topics}}
{{Portal bar|Philosophy|Psychology|Religion}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Humanism| ]]

Presidency College, Chennai

2026-03-15T04:51:44Z

Krrissh: formatting fix

{{Short description|College in the city of Chennai in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Presidency College
| latin_name =
| image_name = [[File:Presidency-collegechennai.png|Logo of Presidency College, Chennai]]
| caption = Coat of Arms
| established = {{start date and age|1840}}
| former_name = Madras Preparatory School, Madras High School
| motto = ''Unde Orta Recurrit'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = This inspired returns
| location = Wallajah Road, [[Chepauk]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| type = Government College
| administrative_staff =
| faculty = 249
| vice_chancellor =
| principal = Dr. R. Raman
| students = 4099
| undergrad = 3280
| postgrad = 819
| doctoral =
| city =
| campus = Urban
| affiliations = [[University of Madras]]
| logo =
| website = {{URL|http://presidencycollegechennai.ac.in}}
| Campus =
}}

[[File:Presidency College Madras.jpg|thumb|250px|Main building of Presidency College, Chennai.]]
'''Presidency College''' is an art, commerce, and science college in the city of [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. On 16 October 1840, this school was established as the Madras Preparatory School before being repurposed as a [[high school]], and then a [[College|graduate college]]. The Presidency College is one of the oldest government arts colleges in India. It is one of two Presidency Colleges established by the British in India, the other being the [[Presidency College, Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=http://presidencycollegechennai.ac.in/Default.aspx|access-date=2021-05-23|website=presidencycollegechennai.ac.in}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Presidency College, Madras.jpg|thumb|250px|Historical photograph of the college (from the Illustrated London News, 1870)]]
[[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Munro]] asked for a Committee of Public Instruction to form in 1826. In 1836, the committee's duties changed to the "Committee of Native Education". The plans drawn up by the committee did not commend themselves to the [[Governor of Madras]], [[John Elphinstone, 13th Lord Elphinstone|Lord Elphinstone]], who proposed nineteen resolutions that passed unanimously.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/education/2000/presidency01.asp|website=archives.chennaionline.com|title=The History of Presidency College|access-date=2017-09-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113032012/http://archives.chennaionline.com/education/2000/presidency01.asp|archive-date=2009-11-13}}</ref>

Elphinstone chose [[E. B. Powell]], a [[University of Cambridge]] [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wrangler]] in [[mathematics]], to be the first principal, and Powell accepted the post. He arrived in Mumbai (Bombay) on September 20, 1840, but did not reach Chennai (Madras) until 24 November. Meanwhile, the committee had invited Cooper from Hoogly College, Kolkata, to temporarily carry out the principal duties at a salary of Rs 400 per month. Cooper accepted the invitation and came to Chennai (Madras). He and his staff opened Presidency School, a [[University-preparatory school|preparatory school]], in a rented building in Egmore known as Edinburgh Home, on 16 October 1840. Cooper remained in the primary school for only a few months. Soon after Powell's arrival, and before the high school department opened on 12 April 1841, he returned to Kolkata. The preparatory school shifted to Popham's Broadway in 1841.<ref name="history"/>

The schools grew into Presidency College. When the University of Madras was founded in 1857, Presidency College became affiliated with it.<ref name="history"/>

In 1870, the college moved to its present location in Kamaraj Salai, opposite [[Marina Beach]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/05/stories/2007030515050200.htm |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Presidency College to have bioinformatics centre |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307090939/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/05/stories/2007030515050200.htm |archive-date=7 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Chennai Presidency College Main.jpg|thumb|250px|Close up view of the main entrance to the Presidency College]]
[[File:The Madras Presidency College - Madras.jpg|250px|thumb|The clock tower atop the building]]
[[File:Presidency College Madras Maths Intermediates 1941.jpg|thumb|300 px|Senior Mathematics Intermediate Group, Break-up social, 3 March 1941]]

==Ranking==
In the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) for the year 2023, Presidency College has been ranked 3rd again.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF College Report 2023 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/CollegeRanking.html}}</ref>

Presidency College is ranked third as per National Institutional Ranking Framework for colleges in the year 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/CollegeRanking.html | title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) }}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
*[[Alagappa Alagappan]] (1925–2014), Indian-born American founder of the [[Hindu Temple Society of North America]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/02/nyregion/alagappa-alagappan-88-dies-founded-temples.html|title=Alagappa Alagappan, 88, Dies; Founded Hindu Temples Across U.S.|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 2014|access-date=8 July 2018|last1=Martin|first1=Douglas}}</ref>
*[[Alladi Ramakrishnan]], Founder of [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]]
*[[Alagappa Chettiar|Vallal Dr. RM. Alagappa Chettiar]], (1909–1957), Industrialist and Philanthropist
*[[E. S. Appasamy]] (1878–1963), educator, social worker in Chennai.
*[[K. Seshadri Iyer]] - [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Dewan of Mysore]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diwan K Seshadri Iyer|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Diwan-K-Seshadri-Iyer/6000000006231590630|access-date=2021-05-03|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Dewan Bahadur|Diwan Bahadur]] [[S. Venkataramadas Nayudu|Siram.Venkataramadas Nayudu]], [[Pudukkottai State|Diwan of Pudukkottai]] and Former Chief secretary and Magistrate of [[Madras Presidency]].
*[[T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty]] First Indian Chief Judge of the Chief Court of Mysore, Offg. [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Dewan of Mysore]].
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] - Nobel laureate in [[Physics]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1983/chandrasekhar/biographical/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Bharat Ratna]] [[C. V. Raman]], Nobel laureate in [[Physics]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=NobelPrize.org|language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Bharat Ratna]] [[C. Rajagopalachari]], the last [[Governor-General of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-10|title=Chakravarti Rajagopalachari – The Last and the Only Indian to Become Governor General of India {{!}} BeAnInspirer|url=https://www.beaninspirer.com/chakravarti-rajagopalachari-last-indian-become-governor-general-india/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Be An Inspirer|language=en-us}}</ref>
*[[Bharat Ratna]] [[Chidambaram Subramaniam|C. Subramaniam]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us - IndiaInfoline|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/contactus|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.indiainfoline.com|language=en}}</ref> - Minister, Finance Government of India
*[[G. P. Pillai]],<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/setting-an-old-record-straight/article8291815.ece|title=Setting an old record straight|website=The Hindu|date=28 February 2016|access-date=2017-09-25|last1=Praveen|first1=S. r.}}</ref> freedom fighter, close aide to [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]] during South African Indian issue
*[[Malayapuram Singaravelu|Singaravelar]],Veteran Communist leader
*[[T. M. Nair]], one of the founders of [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]]
*[[K. M. Cariappa]], first [[Commander-in-chief|Commander-in-Chief]] of Defence Forces of independent India
*[[Benegal Rama Rau]], Governor, [[Reserve Bank of India]]
*[[S. Jagannathan]], Governor, [[Reserve Bank of India]]
*[[K. V. K. Sundaram]], [[Chief Election Commissioner of India]] (1958–1967)
*[[P. Chidambaram]], Former [[Finance Minister of India]]
*[[Periyasaamy Thooran|M. P. Periasamy Thooran]]
*[[P. Rajagopalachari|P Rajagopalachari]], [[Dewan]] of Cochi state and Travancore
*[[Vaiko|V Gopalsamy (Vaiko)]], Former MP, Founder of [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
*[[N. Ram]], managing director and Editor-in-Chief, ''[[The Hindu]]''
*[[G. N. Balasubramaniam]], Carnatic vocalist
*[[V. S. Chandralekha]], politician and former IAS officer
*[[Paravastu Chinnayya Soori]], Telugu scholar
*[[Sarvepalli Gopal]], chairman, National Book Trust and historian
*[[Nataraja Guru]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Making of a Tradition: The Vision of Nataraja Guru |first=George |last=Thadathil |journal=Divyadaan |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=159–190 |url=http://divyadaan.in/journal/Volume%2013%20No%202%20%282002%29.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323230324/http://divyadaan.in/journal/Volume%2013%20No%202%20%282002%29.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-23 }}
</ref>
*[[C. P. Ramaswamy Iyer]], [[Diwan of travancore|Dewan of Travancore]]
*[[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], Law Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council
*[[V. K. Krishna Menon]] (1896–1974), [[Defence Minister of India]] (1957–1962)
*[[C. R. Pattabhiraman]], Minister, Law and Company Affairs, GOI
*[[Palani G. Periyasamy]], businessman
*[[Ganapathi Thanikaimoni]], [[Palynologist]], [[Philip Furley Fyson|Fyson Prize]] recipient
*[[Uma Sambanthan]], [[social activist]]
*[[K. K. Srinivasan]], founder of a pre-school for hearing-impaired children
*[[R. S. Subbalakshmi]], educator and [[Social reformers of India|social reformer]]
*[[P. Subbarayan]], Chief Minister of [[Madras]]
*[[K. Subrahmanyam]], Secretary, Defence Production, [[Government of India]]
*[[Srinivasa Varadhan]], [[Abel Prize]] laureate in Mathematics
*[[R. K. Krishna Kumar]], Former director of [[Tata Sons]] and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
*[[T. R. Seshadari]], Chemist and [[Padma Bhushan]] award
*[[O. V. Vijayan]], [[author]] and [[cartoonist]],
*[[Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan]], Plant pathologist and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
*[[C. V. Subramanian]], Mycologist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] recipient
*[[Pothan Joseph]], [[Journalist]]
*[[Janaki Ammal]], [[Botanist]] and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
*[[Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian]], Geneticist and [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] recipient
*[[T. R. Govindachari]], Natural product chemist, [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] laureate
*[[K. S. Hegde]], [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] Judge and [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]] of the [[Lok Sabha]]
*[[M. K. Stalin|M K Stalin]], [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[M. M. Ismail|M M Ismail]], Former chief justice [[Madras High Court|madras high court]]
*[[K. R. Ramanathan|K R Ramanathan]], [[physicist]] and [[meteorologist]].
*[[Vazhakkulangarayil Khalid]], [[Justice of the peace|Justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
*[[M. B. Sreenivasan|M.B Sreenivasan]] - [[Music director]]
*[[Edatata Narayanan]], [[journalist]] and [[Freedom Fighter|freedom fighter]]
*[[K. G. Subramanyan|K.G Subramanyan]], artist. He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]]
*[[Psycho Mohammed|Psycho Muhammad]], [[psychologist]]
*[[Govindarajan Padmanaban]], [[biochemist]] and [[biotechnologist]]
*[[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy]], Former Chief minister Andhra Pradesh
*[[P. V. Rajamannar]], Chief Justice [[Madras High Court]]
*[[A. L. Abdul Majeed]], Sri Lankan politician and Member of Parliament
*[[Nilakanta Mahadeva Ayyar]], member of the erstwhile Indian Civil Service
*[[C. V. Runganada Sastri]], [[interpreter]], civil servant and [[polyglot]]
*[[Sarah Chakko]], first woman to be elected to the presidency of the [[World Council of Churches]].
*[[M. K. Chandrashekaran]], [[zoologist]], founder of Indian [[chronobiology]]
*[[P. Coomaraswamy]], member of the [[Legislative Council of Ceylon]]
*[[V. L. Ethiraj]], [[philanthropist]]
*[[Salim Ghouse|Salim Ghouse, actor]]
*[[T. R. Govindachari]], [[chemist]]
*[[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]], [[Freedom Fighter|freedom-fighter]]
*[[L. V. Ramaswami Iyer]], Indian [[Linguistics|linguist]]
*[[K. Rajah Iyer]], Advocate-General of Madras Presidency
*[[Sarukkai Jagannathan]], tenth Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]]
*[[Kadambur R. Janarthanan]], Union minister of India
*[[K. S. Venkataramani]], lawyer and a writer in English
*[[V. Kanakasabhai]], lawyer and historian
*[[Sonti Kamesam]], timber engineer and scientist
*[[Kanmani (director)|Kanmani]], film director
*[[Pattathuvila Karunakaran]], film producer and short story writer
*[[Gopalan Kasturi]], Editor of [[The Hindu]]
*[[M. O. P. Iyengar|M. O. P Iyengar]], prominent Indian botanist and [[Phycology|phycologist]]
*[[V. Shanta|Dr. V. Shanta]], [[oncologist]]
*[[Gana Bala]], Playback Singer
*[[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], Folk Singer
*[[Thol. Thirumavalavan]], Indian politician
*[[Moosa Raza]]
*[[A. K. Viswanathan|Dr. A. K. Viswanathan IPS]]
*[[T. Ananda Rao|T. Ananda]]
*[[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]], Vice chancellor [[University of Madras|Madras University]]
*[[S. Subramania Iyer]], Vice chancellor [[University of Madras|Madras University]]
*[[Palapatti Sadaya Goundar Kailasam]], Chief Justice of [[Madras High Court]]
*[[B. Jagannadha Das]], Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
*[[D. Ramanaidu]], [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award|Dadasaheb Phalke award]] recipient and Former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]
*[[Mithavaadi Krishnan]], Social reformer
*[[Moorkoth Ramunni|Moorkoth Ramunny]], First Malayalee pilot in the Royal Indian Air Force
*[[Kezhekapt Rukmini Menon]]''',''' Second woman to be a career diplomat in India<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-12-31|title=IFSA mourns Rukmini|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/44098/ifsa-mourns-rukmini.html|access-date=2022-01-23|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
*[[O. V. Alagesan]], [[Freedom fighter (India)|Freedom fighter]] and [[Minister of State]]s
*[[K. Kunchunniraja|K. Kunjunniraja]], Writer and Scholar
*[[Santishree Dhulipudi Pandit]], Vice Chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
*[[T. J. Gnanavel]], Film Director
*[[Syam Sudhakar]], Poet, Professor

==Notable faculty==
*[[E. B. Powell]]
*[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Subramanian|first=Archana|date=2017-09-02|title=On Teachers' Day, remembering an educator|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/remembering-an-educator/article19609361.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[John Matthai|John Mathai]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=presidency|url=http://www.presidencycollege.tn.gov.in/ecnomics.html|access-date=2021-05-23|website=www.presidencycollege.tn.gov.in}}</ref>
*[[Alfred Gibbs Bourne|Alfred Gibbs Mourne]]
*[[Philip Furley Fyson]]
*[[Mark Hunter (civil servant)|Mark Hunter]] (Civil Servant)
*[[E. W. Middlemast]]
*[[Gustav Solomon Oppert]]
*[[Harold Papworth]]
*[[Peter Percival]]
*[[A. Chakravarti|A. Chakravarthi]]
*[[Paravastu Chinnayasuri]]
*[[T. R. Govindachari]]
*[[P. C. Kokila]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
*[[T. P. Meenakshisundaram]]
*[[Mu. Metha]]
*[[Chirayinkeezhu Ramakrishnan Nair]]
*[[M. Nannan]]
*[[Samuel Satthianadhan]]
*[[B. G. L. Swamy|B. G. L. Swami]]
*[[Attoor Ravi Varma|Atoor Ravi Varma]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=ലേഖകന്‍|first=സ്വന്തം|title=ആറ്റിക്കുറുക്കിയ കവിതകളുടെ ആറ്റൂര്‍|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/features/attoor-ravi-varma-poet-and-translator-of-malayalam-literature-1.3989129|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Perumal Murugan]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|date=2015-02-18|title=Perumal Murugan joins duty at Presidency College|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/perumal-murugan-joins-duty-at-presidency-college/article6907062.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[M. O. P. Iyengar|M. O. P Iyengar]]
*[[U. V. Swaminatha Iyer|U.V. Swaminatha Iyer]], Tamil scholar<ref>{{Cite news|last=Subramanian|first=T. S.|date=2013-07-04|title=Abode of legacy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/abode-of-legacy/article4880651.ece|access-date=2021-05-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
[[File:Victoria hostel chennai.jpg|thumb|Victoria hostel]]

== In popular culture ==
Presidency College (mainly its campus) was the place where many films were shot, including:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reel Life Locations In Chennai Where Some Of The Best Films Were Made {{!}} LBB|url=https://lbb.in/chennai/best-film-locations-chennai/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=LBB, Chennai|language=en}}</ref>

* ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986)
*''[[Iyer the Great]]'' (1990)
*[[Idhayam (film)|''Idhayam'']] (1991)
* ''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' (1993), government office scenes
* [[Maanbumigu Maanavan|''Maanbumigu Manavan'']] (1996)
* ''[[Kadhal Desam]]'' (1996)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-17|title=From Vikram Vedha To Vijay's Theri: Seven Places You Need To Make A 'Madras Film'|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/from-vikram-vedha-to-vijays-theri-seven-places-you-need-to-make-a-madras-film/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''[[Sipayi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004)
* [[Nanban (2012 film)|''Nanban'']] (2012), hostel scenes<ref>{{Cite web|title=▓▒╚• Nanban •╝▒▓ Glorious 100 days....Great century of our 'Mass'claster! - Page 80|url=http://www.forumkeralam.in/forum/showthread.php/35689-%E2%96%93%E2%96%92%E2%95%9A%C2%95-Nanban-%C2%95%E2%95%9D%E2%96%92%E2%96%93-Glorious-100-days-Great-century-of-our-Mass-claster!/page80|access-date=2021-05-23|website=www.forumkeralam.in}}</ref>
* [[The Man Who Knew Infinity (film)|''The Man Who Knew Infinity'']] (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chhabra|first=Aseem|title='It took a decade to make The Man Who Knew Infinity'|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/it-took-a-decade-to-make-the-man-who-knew-infinity/20160427.htm|access-date=2021-05-23|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180703201838/http://www.presidencychennai.com/ Official website]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

{{Chennai Topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai]]
[[Category:Arts and Science colleges in Chennai]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Madras]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1840]]

Majnu (2022 film)

2026-03-04T09:36:00Z

Krrissh: created new article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}{{No plot|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Majnu Marathi film.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Shivaji Doltade
| writer = Govardhan Doltade
| producer = Govardhan Doltade Bharat Changde Deepali Garje-Sanap
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rohan Patil]]
*[[Nitish Chavan]]
*Shwetlana Ahire
}}
| cinematography = M B Allikatti
| editing = Chetan Sagde
| music = P Shankram Sachin Awghade Sajan-Vishal
| studio = Sonai Film Creation
| distributor = [[UFO Moviez]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|10|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Majnu''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Shivaji Doltade and produced by Sonai Film Creation, starring [[Rohan Patil]], [[Nitish Chavan]], Shwetlana Ahire in the leading roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser: माझ्यासाठी तूच सोनं, हिरे-मोती अन् धनदौलत! 'मजनू' |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/marathi-movie-majnu-teaser-viral-social-media-director-shivaji-doltade-yst88 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 10 June 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-28 |title=३ हजार फुटाच्या उंचीवर हेलिकॉप्टरद्वारे जावून मजनू चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर लॉन्च |url=https://pudhari.news/soneri/206144/majnu-movie-trailer-launch-on-3-ft-hight-through-helicopter/ar |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=[[Pudhari]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Rohan Patil]] as Vishal
* [[Nitish Chavan]] as Sagar
* Shwetlana Ahire as Kasturi
* Suresh Vishwakarma

== Release ==
''Majnu'' was theatrically released on 10 June 2022.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Anub George of [[The Times of India]] gave one and half stars out of five stars wrote "Majnu is a film that has good bones but fails due to poor delivery"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Majnu Movie Review : Majnu is a film that has good bones but fails due to poor delivery |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/majnu/movie-review/92132063.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

A reviewer from [[Lokmat]] praised locations, cinematography, while criticised writing, performances, said that it is "very boring and disappointing."<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Majnu Movie Review : जाणून घ्या कसा आहे, 'लागिर झालं जी' फेम 'अज्या' उर्फ नितीश चव्हाणचा 'मजनू' चित्रपट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/majnu-movie-review-lagir-zala-ji-fame-ajya-alias-nitish-chavans-majnu-movie-review-a603/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218175133/https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/majnu-movie-review-lagir-zala-ji-fame-ajya-alias-nitish-chavans-majnu-movie-review-a603/ |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=20251692}}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2022 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 drama films]]

Ratna Pathak Shah

2026-03-04T07:48:40Z

Krrissh: fix layout per standard format

{{short description|Indian actress and director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ratna Pathak Shah
| image = Ratna Pathak Shah at DIFF 2016.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Pathak at DIFF 2016
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|08|07|df=yes}}<ref name="Humans_of_Bombay"/><ref name="HT" />
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]<ref name="HT"/>
| education =
| alma_mater = [[National School of Drama]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1983–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Naseeruddin Shah]]|1982}}
| children = 2 ([[Imaad Shah|Imaad]] and [[Vivaan Shah|Vivaan]])
| mother = [[Dina Pathak]]
| father =
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Kapur–Pathak–Shah–Pahwa family|Pathak-Shah family]]
| awards = [[Ratna Pathak#Awards|Full list]]
| signature =
}}

'''Ratna Pathak Shah''' (born 7 August 1957) is an Indian actress and director known for her work in [[Hindi]] theatre, television, and films. Her extensive work in theatre includes a series of plays in both English and Hindi. She rose to prominence when she appeared in the hit TV serial ''[[Idhar Udhar]]'' in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/brandma/idhar-udhar-the-hindi-sitcom-we-desperately-need-today/328085/|title=Idhar Udhar, the Hindi sitcom we desperately need today|last=Deol|first=Taran|date=1 December 2019|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>

She garnered widespread recognition and acclaim with her portrayal of [[Maya Sarabhai]], a snobbish socialite in the cult sitcom ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' (2004–2006). Her other prominent roles include the coming-of-age romantic comedy ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' (2008), the action comedy ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010), the family comedy-drama ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]'' (2016), the black-comedy ''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]'' (2017) and the road adventure drama ''[[Dhak Dhak]]'' (2023), all of which earned her nominations for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. She also received critical acclaim for her performances in the romantic comedies ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' (2012) and ''[[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]'' (2014). Her performance in [[Amazon Prime Video]]'s [[anthology film]] ''[[Unpaused]]'' (2020) earned her a nomination for the [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Actress in a Web Original Film.

Daughter of actress [[Dina Pathak]], she married actor [[Naseeruddin Shah]] in 1982, with whom she has two sons. Her sister is actress [[Supriya Pathak]], who is married to actor [[Pankaj Kapur]].

== Early life ==
Ratna Pathak was born on 7 August 1957<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/b-town-lovers-who-broke-the-religion-barrier/6084/59171 |title=B-Town lovers who break the religion barrier |newspaper=Mid Day |quote=Naseeruddin Shah and Ratna Pathak: While Naseer is a Muslim, Ratna is a Gujarati Hindu.}}</ref> in [[Bombay]], in the [[Bombay State]] (now [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]) of India, into a [[Hindu]] family to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] father, Baldev Pathak and a [[Gujaratis|Gujarati]] mother, [[Dina Pathak]] ([[née]] Gandhi), from [[Amreli]] in [[Kathiawar]].<ref name=":SPathak">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |title=Supriya Pathak: As a man, I give Pankaj Kapur 9 out of 10 |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=July 2014 |access-date=21 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-date=11 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911201026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Supriya-Pathak-As-a-man-I-give-Pankaj-Kapur-9-out-of-10/articleshow/37521407.cms |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Supriya-Pathak-As-a-man-I-give-Pankaj-Kapur-9-out-of-10/articleshow/37521407.cms |quote=My father Baldev Pathak was a Punjabi and mother, Dina Pathak, a Kathiawadi Gujarati. }}</ref><ref name="Humans_of_Bombay">{{cite web |title=Ratna Pathak Shah on playing Maya Sarabhai, Naseeruddin Shah, & Feminism {{!}} Karishma Mehta {{!}} Ep 62 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3l9RI4CIbI&t=1698s |website=YouTube | date=15 October 2023 |publisher=Humans of Bombay |access-date=17 October 2023 |quote=At 28:18 - It's 7th of August}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Happy birthday Ratna Pathak Shah: From Sarabhai Vs Sarabhai to Lipstick Under My Burkha, here are her 5 best works |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-ratna-pathak-shah-from-sarabhai-vs-sarabhai-to-lipstick-under-my-burkha-here-are-her-5-best-works/story-OlWYfkMkEuCIa8qMct6ELO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 March 2019 |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> She is the sister of actress, [[Supriya Pathak]].<ref name="HT" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharatan-Iyer |first1=Shilpa |title=rediff.com, Movies: A tribute to Dina Pathak as she turns 80 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/mar/04dina.htm |access-date=17 October 2023 |work=Rediff.com |date=4 March 2002}}</ref>

Pathak grew up in the [[Dadar Parsi Colony|Parsi Colony]] of [[Dadar]] with her sister,<ref name="FarhanaFarook">{{Cite news |last=Farook |first=Farhana |date=27 June 2014 |title='Pankaj brought therav in my life' |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/pankaj-brought-therav-in-my-life-6557-1.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 July 2016 |archive-date=2 July 2014 |quote=No way did I think of being an actor,” says Supriya who grew up in Parsi Colony in Dadar. |language=en-IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702172327/http://www.filmfare.com/features/pankaj-brought-therav-in-my-life-6557-1.html }}</ref> and is an alumna of the J. B. Vachha High School and the 1981 batch<ref>{{cite web |title=NSD Graduates |url=http://nsd.gov.in/delhi/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NSD-GRADUATES1.pdf |website=[[National School of Drama]] |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref> of the [[National School of Drama]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/jul/190712-Ratna-Pathak-goes-behind-the-camera.htm |title=Ratna Pathak goes behind the camera |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |date=19 July 2012 |access-date=24 January 2013 |author=Dhingra, Deepali}}</ref>

== Career ==
As well as appearing in many successful films, including ''[[Mirch Masala]]'', Ratna Pathak appeared as the wife in ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080817/jsp/7days/story_9701750.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526072146/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080817/jsp/7days/story_9701750.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2011 |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) – 7days - |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

She also acted in the cult sitcom ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' where she played Maya Sarabhai, a high society socialite, for which she received the ITA Award for Best Actress – Comedy in 2005.

In July 2008 she appeared in the coming-of-age romantic comedy ''[[Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na]]'' as the mother of the protagonist. [[Naseeruddin Shah]] played her husband, as a deceased character who talks to her from a portrait. She has also acted in several Russian plays, as well as co-founding and being an active member of "Motley Theatre Group". She appeared in the action comedy ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' opposite [[Mithun Chakraborty]]. She was a part of the Padma Shri and Padma Bhushan Selection Committee for 2012 Awards. Ratna Pathak Shah, who has appeared in many successful Hindi films, will come first time in a Gujarati movie “{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20221109095959/https://bingewatcher.in/gujarati-movie-kutch-express/ Kutch Express Gujarati Movie]}}”.

== Personal life ==
[[File:Naseeruddin Shah, Ratna Pathak at 'Gangs Of Wasseypur' screening 10.jpg|thumb|Ratna Pathak with husband [[Naseeruddin Shah]], 2012]]
Pathak married [[Naseeruddin Shah]] in 1982. They have two sons together, [[Imaad Shah|Imaad]] and [[Vivaan Shah]]. Naseeruddin also has a daughter, Heeba Shah, from his first marriage.<ref name="HT" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lipstick-under-my-burkha-actor-ratna-pathak-shah-shares-a-moment-in-time-from-when-she-dated-naseeruddin-shah-4774143/ |title=Lipstick Under My Burkha actor Ratna Pathak Shah shares a moment in time from when she dated Naseeruddin Shah |date=30 July 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 January 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Film===
====Hindi====

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Mandi (1983 film)|Mandi]]'' || Malti Devi || Debut
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Mirch Masala]]'' || Pallavi ||
|-
| 1989 || ''Jazeere'' || Mrs. Rita Mascarenhas ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Encounter'' || Sudha Rao ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'' || {{N/A}} || Voiceover
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Yun Hota Toh Kya Hota]]'' || Tara Shankarnarayanan ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na|Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na]]'' || Savitri Rathod ||Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Aladin (2009 film)|Aladin]]'' || Marjina ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' || Geeta || Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' || Seema Kapoor ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Khoobsurat (2014 film)|Khoobsurat]]'' || Nirmala Devi ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kapoor & Sons]]'' || Sunita Kapoor || Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]'' || Dr. Reena Deewan ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]'' || Usha Makhija || Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
|-
|2017 || ''[[Mubarakan]]'' || Arshveer/Jeeto Kaur Bajwa || <ref>{{cite magazine |last1=De |first1=Hemchhaya |title=Ratna Pathak Shah: Master of her craft |url=https://www.femina.in/celebs/indian/ratna-pathak-shah-master-of-her-craft-136396.html |access-date=8 March 2022 |magazine=Femina |date=3 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018 || ''[[Love per Square Foot]]'' || Blossom D'Souza ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2020
|''[[Thappad]]'' || Sandhya ||
|-
|''[[Unpaused]]''
| Uma Raja Maheshwari || [[Over-the-top media service|OTT film]] Nominated—[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Actress in a Web Original Film
|-
|2021 || ''[[Hum Do Hamare Do]]'' || Deepti Kashyap || [[Hotstar]] film
|-
|Rowspan=2|2022
|''[[Attack (2022 film)|Attack]]'' || Shanti Shergill || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-yash-raj-films-announces-theatrical-release-dates-bunty-aur-babli-2-prithviraj-jayeshbhai-jordaar-shamshera/ |title=BREAKING: Yash Raj Films announces theatrical release dates for Bunty Aur Babli 2, Prithviraj, Jayeshbhai Jordaar and Shamshera!|date=26 September 2021|website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jayeshbhai Jordaar]]'' || Jashoda || <ref>{{Cite web|last=Bisht|first=Subhash|date=9 February 2022|title=Jayeshbhai Jordaar Amazon Prime Release Date, Star Cast, Makers & More|url=https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/jayeshbhai-jordaar-amazon-prime-release-date-star-cast-makers-more|access-date=11 February 2022|website=JanBharat Times|language=en-US|archive-date=11 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211140330/https://en.janbharattimes.com/entertainment/jayeshbhai-jordaar-amazon-prime-release-date-star-cast-makers-more|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Dhak Dhak]]'' || Manpreet Kaur Sethi "Mahi" ||Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Team Dhak Dhak shoots at world's highest motorable pass Khardung La |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/team-dhak-dhak-shoots-at-world-s-highest-motorable-pass-khardung-la-101656391617879.html |access-date=27 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Detective Sherdil]]'' || Rajeshwari Bhatti ||
|-
|''[[Bachu Ni Benpani]]''
|
|
|}

====English====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]'' || Ritu Verma<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Watson |first1=Keith |title=Review: Heat and Dust |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/heat-and-dust/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |magazine=Slant Magazine |date=27 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 1988 || ''[[The Perfect Murder (1988 film)|The Perfect Murder]]'' || Pratima Ghote
|-
| 1995 || ''Mr. Ahmed'' || Amma
|-
| 2011 || ''The Coffin Maker'' || Isabella
|}

====Gujarati====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Note
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]'' || Baiji
|Debut
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Bachu Ni Benpani]]''|| Suman Gauri Nagar "Simmi" ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year (s) !! Show !! Character !! Notes
|-
| 1985–1998 || ''[[Idhar Udhar]]'' || Sunita ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Bharat Ek Khoj]]'' || [[Rani of Jhansi|Lakshmibai]] || Episode 42-43 1857
|-
| 1993–1995 || ''Filmi Chakkar'' || Rukmani ||
|-
| 1993–1997 || ''[[Tara (TV series)|Tara]]'' || Kanchan ||
|-
| 1996 || ''Mast Mast Hai Zindagi'' || Kalpana ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Movers & Shakers (TV series)|Movers & Shakers]]'' || Herself || Guest appearance
|-
| 1999 || ''Gubbare'' || Ms. Gupta || Episode 6: Jhooth
|-
| 2000 || ''Apna Apna Style'' || Suman ||
|-
| 2004–2006 || ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]'' || [[Maya Sarabhai]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Jay Hind!|The Late Night Show Jitna Rangeen Utna Sangeen]]'' || Herself || Guest appearance
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai: Take 2]]'' || Maya Sarabhai ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Selection Day (TV series)|Selection Day]]'' || Nellie ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2023 || ''[[Trial By Fire (Indian web series)|Trial By Fire]]'' || Mrs. Bedi ||
|-
|''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]'' || Hemlata Mansukhlal Dholakia
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=
https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/watch-ratna-pathak-shah-raj-babbar-s-happy-family-conditions-apply-trailer-101677829058737.html|title=Happy Family Conditions Apply trailer: Ratna Pathak Shah, Raj Babbar play Gujarati couple you will fall in love with|date=3 March 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Charlie Chopra]]'' || Ms. Bharucha ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="6" |Television Awards
|-
!Year
!Show
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2005
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sarabhai vs Sarabhai]]''
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Comic Role
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2006
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actress – Comedy
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Happy Family: Conditions Apply]]''
|[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Comedy Series
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/ |magazine=Filmfare |date=26 November 2023 |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="6" |Film Awards
|-
! Year !! Film!! Award!! Category!! Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na]]''
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2011
| rowspan="5" |''[[Golmaal 3]]''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/zeecineawards2011/story.aspx?aid=79689 |title='Dabangg' bags maximum nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2011 |date=14 January 2011 |work=Zee News |access-date=21 October 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards|Producers Guild Awards]]
|[[Apsara Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2017
| rowspan="4" |[[Kapoor & Sons|''Kapoor & Sons (Since 1921)'']]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2017/nominations |title=Filmfare Awards 2017 Nominations {{!}} 62nd Filmfare Awards 2017 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-stardust-awards-2016/ |title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2016 |date=19 December 2016 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=27 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[62nd Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=12 July 2017 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/18th-iifa-awards-2017-list-of-nominations-1723760 |title=18th IIFA Awards 2017: List Of Nominations |work=NDTV.com |access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zee-cine-awards-2017-complete-winners-list-alia-bhatt-amitabh-bachchan-bag-top-honours-4566303/ |title=Zee Cine Awards 2017 complete winners list: Alia Bhatt, Amitabh Bachchan bag top honours |date=12 March 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=27 December 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Lipstick Under My Burkha]]''
|[[London Asian Film Festival]]
|Standout Performance
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.wmfindia.com/blogs/golden-globe-lipstick-under-my-burkha-alankrita/ |title=The Cultural Cow That Refuses To Certify A Golden Globe Eligible Film |work=WMF |access-date=27 June 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624033655/http://www.wmfindia.com/blogs/golden-globe-lipstick-under-my-burkha-alankrita/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
|Best Actress
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=IFFM 2017 nominations announced; Dangal, Baahubali 2: The Conclusion vie for Best Film honour |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/iffm-2017-nominations-announced-dangal-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-vie-for-best-film-honour-3775585.html |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=4 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/ |title=2018 Archives – Zee Cine Awards |website=Zee Cine Awards |language=en-US |access-date=31 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[63rd Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-6.html |title=Nominations for the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018 |magazine=Filmfare |date=19 January 2018 |access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Unpaused]]''
|[[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Web Original Film
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/web-stories/my-glamm-filmfare-ott-awards-2021-final-nominations-list/articleshow/88049328.cms |title=My Glamm Filmfare OTT Awards 2021: Final Nominations List |work=The Times of India |date=2 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Dhak Dhak]]''
|[[69th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=15 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0665550}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|ratna-pathak}}

{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Comic Actress}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak Shah, Ratna}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Pathak Shah family|Ratna Pathak Shah]]

Lift Kodla

2026-03-04T04:41:38Z

Krrissh: created post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lift Kodla
| image = Lift Kodla.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Ashok Kashyap
| writer = Rama Narayan (dialogue)
| screenplay = Ashok Kashyap
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]'' |V. Eshwar Reddy}}
| producer = Shankar Reddy
| starring = [[Jaggesh]] [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ashok Kashyap
| editing = Udayaravi Hegde
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| studio = Sri CMR Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|7|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INRConvert|3.5|c}}<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/southscope/docs/sep10|title=On the sets of Khaleeja|work=[[South Scope]]|date=September 2010|via=issuu.com|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Lift Kodla''''' ({{Translation|Shall I drop you off?}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy film|comedy]] [[drama film]] directed by Ashok Kashyap and starring [[Jaggesh]] and [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]. It is a remake of the Telugu-language film ''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]'' (2007),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/jul/14/spotlight-on-suicides-169623.html|title=Spotlight on suicides|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 July 2010|last=Reddy|first=Maheswara|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718221428/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/jul/14/spotlight-on-suicides-169623.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which itself is based on the Japanese film ''[[Ikinai]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html|title=Copycats in Tollywood|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=30 January 2017|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=20 July 2023|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003064859/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/300117/copycats-in-tollywood.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7902/kannada/lift-kodla/2665/review.htm|title=Jaggesh proves his mettle again with 'Lift Kodla'|work=[[Indo Asian News Service|IANS]]|date=17 July 2010|via=Nowrunning|last=Rajapur|first=V. S.|access-date=2023-07-19|archive-date=2023-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719232444/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7902/kannada/lift-kodla/2665/review.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film deals with the topic of suicides and was released a day after television actors Indudhar and Hema committed suicide.<ref name="In">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/lift-kodla-swargakke-moore-ghenu-review-hindi-movie-11801|title=Lift Kodla Swargakke Moore Ghenu Review|date=17 July 2010|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718221436/https://www.indiaglitz.com/lift-kodla-swargakke-moore-ghenu-review-hindi-movie-11801|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office success and ran for more than four weeks in theatres.<ref name="S"/>

==Plot==
The film follows Krishna ([[Jaggesh]]) and how he prevents a group of ten bus passengers (including Ring Road Gowda played by [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]) travelling from Bangalore to [[Kodachadri]] Hills from committing suicide.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Jaggesh]] as Krishna
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as Ring Road Gowda<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/81504/shades-chaplin.html|title=Shades of Chaplin|date=15 July 2010|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718221430/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/81504/shades-chaplin.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Shashi Kumar]] as a police officer
*[[Archanna Guptaa]]
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Bogananda Swamy
*[[Raju Talikote]]
*[[Shobaraj]]
*[[R. N. Sudarshan]]
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*Sangamesh Upase
*Rekha Kumar
*[[Sadashiva Brahmavar|Brahmavar]]
*Jeevan
*[[Kruttika Ravindra|Kruthika]]
*[[Mimicry Dayanand]]
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*[[Katta Subramanya Naidu]] as the chief minister (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Manmatha (film)|Manmatha]]'' (2007), brothers [[Jaggesh]] and [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] starred together in this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/nov/21/jaggesh-and-brother-komal-get-together-again-106071.html|title=Jaggesh and brother Komal get together again|date=21 November 2009|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719222131/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/nov/21/jaggesh-and-brother-komal-get-together-again-106071.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Archanna Guptaa]] plays a rich girl who softens out in the end.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/79892/shes-going-places.html|title=She's going places|date=7 July 2010|last=Hegde|first=Sudha|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718221427/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/79892/shes-going-places.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Lift Kodla
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Manohar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2010
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:33
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| g2yDwoDhv2I| Lift Kodla Audio Jukebox }}
}}
}}
The music was composed by [[V. Manohar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3TCzs6sianQeT6ATsvi471|title=Lift Kodla (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2010|work=[[Spotify]]|access-date=2023-07-19|archive-date=2023-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719223643/https://open.spotify.com/album/3TCzs6sianQeT6ATsvi471|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "Ondu Maathu" is plagiarised/translated from the song "Oru Vaarthai Solla" from the Tamil film ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayyaa]]'' (2005). The song "Chirunavvulatho Brathakali" from ''Mee Sreyobhilashi'' was reused as "Manasondu Iddare Marga" with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] singing both versions.
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ondu Maathu
| lyrics1 = Ram Narayan
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Happy Happy Birthday
| lyrics2 = V. Manohar
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length2 = 4:36
| title3 = Suriviya Maleyalli
| lyrics3 = V. Manohar
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length3 = 4:31
| title4 = Manasondu Iddare Marga
| lyrics4 = Ram Narayan
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 7:23
| total_length= 21:33
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Director Ashok Kashyap has faithfully followed the original version. Had this film released a few years earlier, some of the people who had committed suicide might have changed their minds".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/jul/16/liftu-kodla-170422.html|title=Liftu Kodla|date=16 July 2010|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718221249/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2010/jul/16/liftu-kodla-170422.html|url-status=live}}</ref> V. S. Rajapur from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote that "''Lift Kodla'' is a well made film - it has a good story, content, technical values and neat performances".<ref name="I"/> A critic from ''[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]'' wrote that "The movie is a mirror to reality. Don't miss the movie".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2010/lift-kodla-review-190710.html|title=Lift Kodla - Review|work=[[Oneindia|Filmibeat]]|date=19 July 2010|first=Prakash|last=Upadhyaya|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718221426/https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2010/lift-kodla-review-190710.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' rated the film {{Fraction|7|1|2}} out of 10 and wrote that "This is a must watch film for those who are planning to end their life. Live your life full and for the deep neck problems suicide is not the answer".<ref name="In"/> A critic from ''[[Chitraloka]]'' wrote that "''Lift Kodla'' is a film that no self-respecting Kannada film goers would want to miss".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/667-lift-kodla-review.html|title=Lift Kodla Movie Review|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|date=16 July 2010|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718221732/https://chitraloka.com/movie-reviews/667-lift-kodla-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13702092}}

[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of Japanese films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about buses]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]

Naa Manasistha Raa

2026-03-03T21:59:01Z

Krrissh: created new info - done

{{Short description|2001 Telugu film}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naa Manasistha Raa
| image = Naa Manasistha Raa.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = R. R. Shinde
| writer = [[Jandhyala]] (dialogues)
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' (2000) by [[Saran (director)|Saran]]}}
| producer = M. Sudhakar
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]|[[Soundarya]]|[[Richa Pallod|Richa]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Sri Mahaganapathi Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2001|7|18}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Naa Manasistha Raa''''' ({{Translation|Come, I will give you my heart}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language romantic thriller film directed by R. R. Shinde. It stars [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Soundarya]], and [[Richa Pallod|Richa]]. The film is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-08-24 |title=Some love stories are not always pleasant |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/some-love-stories-are-not-always-pleasant/articleshow/1074023583.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2023-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703045800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/some-love-stories-are-not-always-pleasant/articleshow/1074023583.cms |archive-date=3 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film released on 18 July 2001 and was a semi-hit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayalaxmi |first=M D Riti |date=30 May 2003 |title=Vamsi is back! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/30south.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819094853/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/30south.htm |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shankar, an [[aeronautical engineer]], is a soft spoken man. He befriends Nandini, a student of medicine and the both share a platonic relationship. Despite this, Shankar spends a lot of time as a loaner blowing his [[mouth organ]]. Seershika, who works as an employee at a private firm, meets Shankar and starts liking him as a person as well as his taste in music.

Shankar reciprocates her feelings, and they both fall in love with each other. As they decide to get marry, Shankar's parents who live in [[Dubai]] come to India as start the wedding arrangements. Meanwhile, Nandini takes an opportunity and confesses her love to Shankar. Shankar however never had any romantic feelings towards Nandini. Seershika poisons herself and gets hospitalised, and survives. However both Shankar and Seershika get reunited in the end.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Shankar
*[[Soundarya]] as Nandini
*[[Richa Pallod|Richa]] as Seershika
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Shankar's father
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Shankar's mother
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj|Prithivi]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Sivaji Raja]]
*[[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Parasuram
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Cab driver
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]]
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]]
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]]
}}

== Production ==
After the success of films ending with ''Raa'', ''[[Ninne Premistha]]'' (2000) director R. R. Shinde titled this film ''Manasistha Raa'' before ''Naa'' was appended to the beginning. The film is produced by Sudhakar, who produced ''[[Taraka Ramudu]]'' (1997).<ref name="idlebrain">{{Cite web |date=19 January 2001 |title="Manasista .. Raa!" – says love expert Shinde |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news97.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601214307/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news97.html |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2001 |title=RB Chowdary donates 5 lakhs to RR Shinde family |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news171.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613183258/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news171.html |archive-date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> Shooting was scheduled to start on 18 January 2001 but was postponed to the second week of February of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2000 |title=Srikanth – Soundarya combo on 18th Jan |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news90.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613184152/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news90.html |archive-date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref name="idlebrain" /> Srikanth and Soundarya shot for this film and ''[[Kalisi Naduddam]]'' (2001) at the same time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2001 |title=Anjala Zhaveri with Srikanth |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news136.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601053236/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news136.html |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Songs are composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]], who reused all tunes from the original Tamil film originally composed by Bharadwaj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naa Manasista Raa Songs Download: Naa Manasista Raa MP3 Telugu Songs Online Free on |url=https://gaana.com/album/naa-manasista-raa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205230439/http://gaana.com/album/naa-manasista-raa |archive-date=5 December 2022 |access-date=2022-08-23 |publisher=Gaana.com}}</ref><ref name=tc>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/audio/reviews/manasistharaa.htm|title=Naa Manasistha Raa|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=20 September 2025|last=Kiran|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217180921/http://www.telugucinema.com/audio/reviews/manasistharaa.html|archive-date=17 December 2001}}</ref> Kiran of ''Telugu cinema'' called it a good album and a definite plus to the film.<ref name=tc />
*"Twinkle Twinkle" – [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
*"Punnami Jabili" – [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Sunitha
*"Kadantava" – Rajesh, Sunitha
*"Sakkubai" – [[Udit Narayan]]
*"Champodhe" – [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
*"Ooh Prema" – [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]]

== Reception ==
Griddaluru Gopalrao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' gave a positive review for the film. He appreciated the storyline, performances of the leads and camerawork of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalrao |first=Griddaluru |date=9 August 2001 |title=నా... మానసిస్తా రా! చూసి రావోచ్చు!! |language=te |trans-title=Naa Manasistha Raa is watchable |pages=9, 11 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2001/Aug/10-Aug-2001.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=13 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111004951/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2001/Aug/10-Aug-2001.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2022}}</ref> Ajay Bashyam of ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote, "Right from the name (ouch!), everything about ''Naa Manasista... Raa!'' is filmy. It's an old problem – the story starts off pretty okay and has enough steam to carry it till the interval, then there is the twist [...] and then the writer keeps coming up with new problems just to pull along the film for the second half".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bashyam |first=Ajay |title=Naa Manasistha Raa Review |url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/naa-manasistha-raa/telugu/naa-manasistha-raa-movie-reviews-617-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618070350/https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/naa-manasistha-raa/telugu/naa-manasistha-raa-movie-reviews-617-2.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=Full Hyderabad}}</ref> CV of ''Telugu Cinema'' found Srikanth and Soundarya to be miscast but praised Richa's underplayed acting and concluded Shinde joining the list of directors whose creativity dried up with their second films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/naamanasistharaa.html|last=CV|title=Naa Manasistha Raa|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=20 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011109191453/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/naamanasistharaa.html|archive-date=9 November 2001}}</ref>

== Box office ==
A writer from ''[[News18]]'' attributed the film's failure with the audience's rejection of Soundarya in a negative role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=Samantha – Ramya Krishna – Kajal – Soundarya: వెండితెరపై విలనిజం చూపించిన స్టార్ హీరోయిన్స్ వీళ్లే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/from-ramya-krishna-neelambari-to-payal-rajput-indu-these-13-actress-excelled-in-negative-roles-pk-827248-page-2.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613190836/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/from-ramya-krishna-neelambari-to-payal-rajput-indu-these-13-actress-excelled-in-negative-roles-pk-827248-page-2.html |archive-date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |website=[[News18]] Telugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-23 |title=సమంత ప్రేమకథకి నయన్ విలనా? |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/nayanathara-may-be-villain-to-samantha-in-kathuvakula-rendu-kathal-tamil-movie-krkk-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1921112302041174 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204132709/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/nayanathara-may-be-villain-to-samantha-in-kathuvakula-rendu-kathal-tamil-movie-krkk-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1921112302041174 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |website=[[Andhra Jyothy]] |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6925320}}

[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Rakta Sambandham

2026-03-03T20:39:08Z

Krrissh: Made

{{short description|1962 film directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao}}
{{redirect|Raktha Sambandham|the TV series|Raktha Sambandham (TV series)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rakta Sambandham
| image = Rakta Sambandham.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| producer = [[Doondi]] Sundarlal Nahata
| screenplay = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Pasamalar]]'' (Tamil)(1961) by [[A. Bhimsingh]]}}
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Kanta Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Devika]]
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = C. Nageswara Rao
| editing = N. S. Prakasham
| studio = Rajalakshmi Productions
| distributor = East India Film Company
| released = {{film date|df=y|1962|11|1}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Rakta Sambandham''''' ({{translation|A bond of blood}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] and produced by Sundarlal Nahata and [[Doondi]]. The film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Kanta Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Devika]], with [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]], [[Ramana Reddy]], [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] and [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] in supporting roles. A remake of [[A. Bhimsingh]]{{'s}} [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Pasamalar]]'' (1961), it narrates the story of bonding between Rajasekhar "Raju" and his sister Radha, who lose their parents at an early age. Radha falls in love with Raju's friend Anand and they marry. The rest of the film focuses on the impact made by Anand's aunt Kanthamma on their lives post marriage.

Produced on a restricted budget and filmed majorly in sets erected at Golden Film Studios and [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]], ''Rakta Sambandham''{{'}}s screenplay was written by [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]. [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] composed the soundtrack and background score. C. Nageswara Rao and N. S. Prakasham served as the director of photography and editor respectively. Krishna Rao was the art director.

''Rakta Sambandham'' was released on 1 November 1962 and received positive reviews from the critics, who praised the performances of the cast, Ramana's screenplay and Madhusudhan Rao's direction in particular. The film was commercially successful, completing a 100-day run in 11 centers and over 25 weeks in [[Vijayawada]], making it a [[silver jubilee]] film. It was re-released in 1988 and was well received.

== Plot ==
Rajasekhar "Raju" becomes the guardian of his younger sister Radha after their parent's death. The brother-sister duo love, care, adore each other, and are inseparable. He works at a local mill run for daily wages. One day, an accident hurts Radha when Anand, Raju's co-worker at the mill, tends to her injuries. Raju is happy to know this and befriends Anand.

Due to a labor problem, the mill shut down, and Radha gave a depressed Raju one thousand rupees, which she had saved earlier. She advises him to use this money as seed capital and begin his toy business. Raju follows her advice, starts a business, and buys the mill. Anand, who returned to the city after a legal dispute at his village, is jobless and approaches Raju for work. Raju appoints him in his concern, and over some time, Anand and Radha fall in love. Raju, who is very possessive of his sister, gets angry with Anand as he feels betrayed. However, knowing how intensely Radha loves Anand, he arranges for their wedding.

After the marriage, Anand, along with his aunt Kanthamma and cousin Apparao, moves into Raju's house. Raju marries Malathi, a doctor, at Radha's suggestion. They all continue to live under the same roof, and several misunderstandings arise. Kanthamma uses every opportunity to widen the rift between the couples. Unable to witness Radha's troubles, Raju moves out of the house with his wife.

Kanthamma serves legal notice to Raju, demanding a share in the property for Radha. Meanwhile, Anand contests Raju in the local government elections. To avoid further issues, Raju withdraws his nomination. Still, the families do not unite. Radha delivers a boy, and Malathi provides a girl. After her child's birth, Malathi dies, leaving Raju heartbroken. Anand goes to meet Raju, but Malathi's brother Bhaskar expels him, who holds him responsible for his sister's plight. Unable to cope with the separation from his sister and to have peace of mind, Raju goes on a pilgrimage for several months. He donates the entire property to Radha and sends the papers through a lawyer before leaving.

Raju returns on Diwali day and steps to meet Radha, but Kanthamma hinders his entrance. Devastated, Raju turns around when he saves a boy from getting burnt by firecrackers and, in the process, loses his eyesight. Through Subbanna, Radha learns Raju has arrived and rushes to meet him. Raju realizes that the child he saved is none other than his nephew. Anand, who knew about Kanthamma's misdeeds from Apparao, ejects her from his house and rushes to Raju. Thereupon, he collapses to view both Raju & Radha holding each other’s hands.

== Cast ==

;Male actors
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Rajasekhar "Raju"
*[[Kanta Rao]] as Anand
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Apparao
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Vishwanatham
*K. V. S. Sharma as Rathnam
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] as Bhaskar
*Y. V. Raju as Subbanna

;Female actors
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Radha
*[[Devika]] as Malathi
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Sita
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Kanthamma

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Impressed with the commercial success of [[A. Bhimsingh]]{{'s}} 1961 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Pasamalar]]'' (1961), [[Doondi]] and Sundarlal Nahata acquired its remake rights.<ref name="BFP TH" /> They decided to remake it in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] for their production company Rajalakshmi Productions, but were skeptical of the film's success, as it had a very tragic story. After a delay, Nahata revived the plans and signed [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] to direct the film.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> Doondi signed writer [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] to work on the script. His decision was met with severe criticism, as Ramana was known for his humorous works.<ref name="BFP TH" /> Ramana took it as a challenge and completed working on the film's script and shot division in a span of two weeks.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> To tone down the melodrama in the original, Ramana introduced two characters from his fiction works: Apparao, the chronic debtor and his love interest Sita. Both were the subject of Ramana's friend, collaborator and filmmaker [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]{{'s}} paintings.<ref name="BFP TH" />

=== Cast and crew ===
[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] was cast as the female lead, reprising her role from ''Pasamalar''. Nahata approached [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] to play the male lead, but Nageswara Rao politely rejected the proposal, saying that the audience would not accept him playing Savitri's brother, given their reputation as an on-screen romantic pair.<ref name="BFP TH" /> Doondi approached [[N. T. Rama Rao]] for the same, who accepted the proposal.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> [[Kanta Rao]] was signed as the other male lead, played by [[Gemini Ganesan]] in the original.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> [[Devika]], [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] and [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] were cast in key supporting roles.<ref name="BFP TH" /> [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] and [[Girija (actress)|Girija]] were chosen to play Apparao and Sita respectively, and [[Ramana Reddy]] was cast as the latter's father.<ref name="BFP TH" /> K. V. S. Sarma and Y. V. Raju played minor roles as the factory owner and servant Subbanna respectively.<ref name="BFP TH" />

Nahata and Doondi were impressed with [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]{{'s}} soundtrack and score for the original, and approached them to work on the remake. They expressed their inability due to scheduling conflicts, and instead suggested [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]{{'s}} name. Doondi signed Ghantasala as the film's music composer.<ref name="BFP TH" /> C. Nageswara Rao served as the director of photography, and N. S. Prakasham edited the film.<ref name="BFP TH" /> Krishna Rao was the film's art director.<ref name="song book" />

=== Filming ===
''Rakta Sambandham'' was majorly filmed in sets erected at Golden Film Studios and [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]], where the post-production activities were carried out.<ref name="song book" /> Doondi and Nahata wanted to wrap the film within a restricted budget.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> According to Madhusudhan Rao, ''Rakta Sambandham'' was physically and mentally demanding for Savitri, though she played the same role in the original.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> Savitri avoided using [[glycerol]] during emotional scenes and preferred [[method acting]]. As a result, she had swollen eyes and fainted on sets often. Shooting was cancelled at times due to Savitri's illness.<ref name="Prajasakti" />

Suryakantham, who played the role of an abusive mother-in-law, could not bear watching Savitri struggle and used to forget her lines. She expressed her helplessness to Madhusudhan Rao and wished to walk out of the film, until Rama Rao intervened and requested to reconsider her decision.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramarao |first=Imandi |date=17 January 2016 |title=వెండి తెర అత్తమ్మ |language=Telugu |trans-title=On-screen Mother-in-law |work=Prajasakti |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/WEBCONTENT/1743661 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821073454/http://www.prajasakti.com/WEBCONTENT/1743661 |archive-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> While filming an emotional scene, film producer [[Aluri Chakrapani]] visited the sets. He suggested Rama Rao to act in a subtle way; he stated that the Telugu audience would not appreciate melodramatic performances.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rao |first=Raavi Kondala |author-link=Raavi Kondala Rao |title=ఎన్టీఆర్‌ని ఏడవవద్దన్నారు! |trans-title=NTR was asked not to cry! |url=https://www.sitara.net/meeku-telusa/n-t-rama-rao-raktha-sambhandam-chakrapani/9153 |magazine=Sithara |language=Telugu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821073637/https://www.sitara.net/meeku-telusa/n-t-rama-rao-raktha-sambhandam-chakrapani/9153 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> The song "Yevaro Nannu Kavvinchi" was filmed on Kanta Rao and Savitri at [[Kodaikanal]].<ref name="BFP TH" />

== Music ==
Ghantasala composed the film's soundtrack and background score. He was initially apprehensive about the songs as all of them were situation based, and that Viswanathan's music received critical acclaim. With Nahata's encouragement, he composed new tunes for all the songs except "Chanduruni Minchu", "Bangaru Bomma Raaveme", "Manchi Roju Vastundi" which were retained from the original.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> [[Aarudhra]], Anisetty Subbarao, [[C. Narayana Reddy]], [[Daasarathi]] and [[Kosaraju (poet)|Kosaraju]] collaborated for the lyrics.<ref name="song book" /> The soundtrack was marketed by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] and was released on 1 December 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raktha Sambandham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/raktha-sambandham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1369006386 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821102219/https://music.apple.com/us/album/raktha-sambandham-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1369006386 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |access-date=21 August 2019 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

The soundtrack received positive reviews. Venkat Rao, in his review for ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'' dated 9 November 1962, stated that Ghantasala's music was instrumental in taking the film to the next level, and praised the lyrics for the songs "Manchi Roju Vastundi", "Bangaru Bomma Raaveme" and "Yevaro Nannu Kavvinchi".<ref name="AJ Review" /> Radha Krishna, writing for ''[[Andhra Prabha]]'' on 11 November 1962, opined that Ghantasala's music was "uplifting" and praised the lyricists for their contribution.<ref name="AP Review" /> ''[[Visalaandhra]]'', in its review dated 11 November 1962, noted the songs "Idhe Rakta Sambandham", "Chanduruni Minchu" and "Bangaru Bomma Raaveme" as the finest among others in the film's soundtrack.<ref name="VA Review" />

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 29:27
| title1 = Idhe Rakta Sambandham
| lyrics1 = [[Daasarathi]]
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length1 = 04:11
| title2 = Manchi Roju Vastundi
| lyrics2 = [[Kosaraju (poet)|Kosaraju]]
| extra2 = Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]], Chorus
| length2 = 03:04
| title3 = Yevaro Nannu Kavvinchi
| lyrics3 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra3 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]], P. SUsheela
| length3 = 03:00
| title4 = Aakashamele Andala Raje
| lyrics4 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra4 = [[S. Janaki]], Chorus
| length4 = 04:09
| title5 = Bangaru Bomma Raaveme
| lyrics5 = [[Aarudhra]]
| extra5 = P. Susheela, Chorus
| length5 = 04:01
| title6 = Oho Vayyari Vadina
| lyrics6 = Aarudhra
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 = 03:44
| title7 = Chanduruni Minchu
| lyrics7 = Anisetty Subbarao
| extra7 = Ghantasala, P. Susheela
| length7 = 05:24
| title8 = Allaru Mudduga
| lyrics8 = Anisetty Subbarao
| extra8 = Ghantasala
| length8 = 01:54
}}

== Release ==
''Rakta Sambandham'' was released on 1 November 1962,<ref name="Release poster" /> with an approximate total length of {{Convert|15386|feet|metres}} in 17 reels, and a running time of 144 minutes.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGWkIAaOlMA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/qGWkIAaOlMA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Rakta Sambandham (1962) |date=27 February 2016 |publisher=Shalimar Telugu & Hindi Movies |access-date=22 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film's distribution rights were acquired by East India Film Company Private Limited.<ref name="Release poster" /> While Savitri was skeptical of the film's success owing to its melodramatic nature, Rama Rao expressed his confidence citing Ramana's screenwriting as the film's strength.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> ''Rakta Sambandham'' was a commercial success, completing a 100-day run in 11 centers and over 25 weeks in [[Vijayawada]], making it a [[silver jubilee]] film.<ref name="BFP TH" />{{efn|A Silver Jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 25 weeks or 175 days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=29 December 2014 |title=Disappointing year for Telugu tinseltown |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/disappointing-year-for-telugu-tinseltown/article6734032.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110073844/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/disappointing-year-for-telugu-tinseltown/article6734032.ece |archive-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>}} During Rama Rao's tenure as the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]], ''Rakta Sambandham'' was re-released in 1988, and completed a 100-day run in [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="BFP TH" />

== Reception ==
The film received positive reviews from critics. Venkat Rao, in his review for ''Andhra Jyothi'' dated 9 November 1962, praised the performances of the film's cast, especially those of Rama Rao, Savitri and Kanta Rao. Venkat Rao also praised Ramana's screenplay and the emotional climax, but found the inclusion of a dance number in the second half as an unwanted addition.<ref name="AJ Review" /> Radha Krishna, writing for ''Andhra Prabha'' on 11 November 1962, termed the performances of Rama Rao and Savitri as "extraordinary", and praised Ramana for his spontaneity in the dialogues.<ref name="AP Review" /> ''Visalaandhra'', in its review dated 11 November 1962, found Rama Rao's performance in the second half more effective and moving than the one he delivered in ''[[Kalasi Vunte Kaladu Sukham]]'' (1961). The reviewer noted that the film was "technically sound" with profound writing by Ramana and deft handling by Madhusudhan Rao.<ref name="VA Review" />

== Legacy ==
''Rakta Sambandham'' made a significant impact on the on-screen image of Rama Rao and Savitri.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> The portraits of the actors used in the film later gained wide recognition and were used in public gatherings on multiple occasions.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> During its theatrical run, the film influenced many Telugu households to celebrate brother-sister bonding.<ref name="Prajasakti" /> As a mark of gratitude to Doondi, Ramana dedicated his book ''Cineramaneeyam Part I'' to him.<ref name="BFP TH" /> After ''Rakta Sambandham'', Rama Rao and Savitri acted as a romantic couple in [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]{{'s}} ''[[Aatma Bandhuvu]]'' (1962). Its commercial success encouraged Rama Rao to experiment further with his on-screen image.<ref name="BFP TH" />

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="BFP TH">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=20 October 2016 |title=Blast from the past: Raktha Sambandham (1962) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Blast-from-the-past-RAKTHA-SAMBANDHAM-1962/article16076658.ece |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821072257/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Blast-from-the-past-RAKTHA-SAMBANDHAM-1962/article16076658.ece |archive-date=21 August 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Prajasakti">{{Cite news |last=Ramarao |first=Imandi |date=22 July 2017 |title=తెలుగు వారి 'ర‌క్త సంబంధం' |language=Telugu |trans-title='Rakta Sambandham' of the Telugites |work=Prajasakti |url=http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Bala_nestalu/1947694 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821072931/http://www.prajasakti.com/Article/Bala_nestalu/1947694 |archive-date=21 August 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CAN/1 |title=రాజలక్ష్మీ పిక్చర్స్ వారి 'రక్త సంబంధం' |publisher=Sri Padmanabha Press |language=Telugu |trans-title=Rajalakshmi Pictures' 'Rakta Sambandham' |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="AJ Review">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Venkat |date=9 November 1962 |title=చిత్రసమీక్ష: కదిలించే కథ "రక్తసంబంధం" |language=Telugu |trans-title=Film Review: "Rakta Sambandham" has a moving story |work=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/EXA/0,0,2550,3300 |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="AP Review">{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Radha |date=11 November 1962 |title=చిత్రసమీక్ష: రక్తసంబంధం |language=Telugu |trans-title=Film Review: Rakta Sambandham |work=[[Andhra Prabha]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/EXB/0,0,2550,3375 |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="VA Review">{{Cite news |date=11 November 1962 |title=మమత మాధుర్యంచూపి మనసు కరిగించే "రక్తసంబంధం" |language=Telugu |trans-title="Rakta Sambandham" wins the hearts through its portrayal of love and affection |work=[[Visalaandhra]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/document/EXC/0,0,2550,3300 |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
<ref name="Release poster">{{Cite news |date=27 October 1962 |title='Rakta Sambandham' Theatrical release poster |language=Telugu |work=[[Andhra Prabha]] |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/EWZ |access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0263915}}

{{V. Madhusudhana Rao}}

[[Category:1962 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:1962 drama films]]
[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]

Indian numbering system

2026-03-02T16:16:54Z

Krrissh: corrected section further and corrected details

{{short description|Indian convention of naming large numbers}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
The '''Indian numbering system''' is used in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Bangladesh]] to express large numbers, which differs from the [[International System of Units]]. Commonly used quantities include ''[[lakh]]'' (one hundred thousand, 105) and ''[[crore]]'' (ten million, 107) {{endash}} written as 1,00,000 and 1,00,00,000 respectively in some [[Locale (geographic)|locales]].<ref name="nroer">{{cite web|title=Knowing our Numbers|url=http://nroer.gov.in/nroer_team/file/readDoc/55b23f2881fccb054b6be25f/|website=Department Of School Education And Literacy|publisher=National Repository of Open Educational Resources|access-date=13 February 2016|archive-date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216163129/http://nroer.gov.in/nroer_team/file/readDoc/55b23f2881fccb054b6be25f/|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example: 150,000 [[rupee]]s is "1.5 ''lakh'' rupees" which can be written as "1,50,000 rupees", and 30,000,000 (thirty million) rupees is referred to as "3 ''crore'' rupees" which can be written as "3,00,00,000 rupees".

There are names for numbers larger than ''crore'', but they are less commonly used. These include ''arab'' (100 ''crore'', 109), ''kharab'' (100 ''arab'', 1011), ''nil'' or sometimes [[Devanagari transliteration|transliterated]] as ''neel'' (100 kharab, 1013), ''padma'' (100 nil, 1015), ''shankh'' (100 padma, 1017), and ''mahashankh'' (100 shankh, 1019). In common parlance (though inconsistent), the ''lakh'' and ''crore'' terminology repeats for larger numbers. Thus ''lakh crore'' is 1012.

In the ancient Indian system, still in use in regional languages of India, there are words for{{Clarify|date=July 2025}} (1062). These names respectively starting at 1000 are ''sahasra'', ''ayuta'', ''laksha'', ''niyuta'', ''koti'', ''arbhudha'', ''abhja'', ''karva'', ''nikarva'', ''mahapadma'', ''shanmkhu'', ''jaladhi'', ''amtya'', ''madhya'', ''paraardha''. In the Indian system, now prevalent in the northern parts,{{Clarify|date=December 2023|reason=northern parts of what?}} the next powers of ten are one ''lakh'', ten ''lakh'', one ''crore'', ten ''crore'', one ''arab'' (or one hundred ''crore''), and so on.

==Multiples==

The Indian system is [[decimal]] (base-10), same as in the [[International System of Units]], and the first five [[orders of magnitude]] are named in a similar way: one (100), ten (101), one hundred (102), one thousand (103), and ten thousand (104). For higher powers of ten, naming diverges. The Indian system uses names for every ''second'' power of ten: ''lakh'' (105), ''crore'' (107), ''arab'' (109), ''kharab'' (1011), etc. In the [[long and short scales]], there are names for every ''third'' power of ten. The short scale uses million (106), billion (109), trillion (1012), etc.

==Decimal formatting==

The Indian system groups digits of a large decimal is represented differently than the [[International System of Units]]. The Indian system does group the first three digits to the left of the decimal point, but thereafter, groups by two digits to align with the naming of quantities at multiples of 100.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-numbers.html#Special_Pattern_Characters|title=UNICODE LOCALE DATA MARKUP LANGUAGE (LDML) PART 3: NUMBERS|last=Emmons|first=John|date=2018-03-25|website=Unicode.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183458/https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-numbers.html#Special_Pattern_Characters|archive-date=2018-07-25|url-status=live|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="clear:both;margin:1em auto;text-align:left"
|-
!Indian
!International
|-
|5,00,000
|500,000
|-
|12,34,56,789
|123,456,789
|-
|17,00,00,00,000
|17,000,000,000
|-
|6,78,90,00,00,00,00,000
|6,789,000,000,000,000
|}

Like English and other locales, the Indian system uses a [[Period (punctuation)|period]] as the [[decimal separator]] and the [[comma (punctuation)|comma]] for grouping, while others use a comma for decimal separator and a [[thin space]] or point to group digits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Decimal and Thousands Separators (International Language Environments Guide) |url=https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19455-01/806-0169/overview-9/index.html |website=docs.oracle.com |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref>

==Pronunciation in English==
When speakers of indigenous Indian languages are speaking English, the pronunciations may be closer to their mother tongue (e.g. "lakh" and "crore" might be pronounced /lɑkʰ/, /kɑrɔːr/, respectively).

* lakh /lɑːkʰ/
* crore /kɹɔːɹ/ (or /kɹoʊɹ/ in American English)
* arab /ʌˈɾʌb/
* kharab /kʰʌˈɾʌb/

== Names of numbers ==
The table below includes the spelling and pronunciation of numbers in various Indian languages along with corresponding short scale names.

<div style="overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable" style="clear:both;margin:1em auto;text-align:left"
|-
! Value
!Numerals
! Short scale
! Indian English
! [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] {{nowrap|[[Hindi]] / [[Urdu]]}}
! [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
!colspan="2"| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
! [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
! [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
! [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|1
| one
| one
| {{lang|hi|एक}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|ēk}})
| {{lang|mr|एक}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|এক}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|êk}})
| {{lang|ne|एक}} ({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk}})
| {{lang|ta|ஒன்று}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|oṉṟu}})
| {{lang|te|ఒకటి}} ({{translit|te|ISO|okaṭi}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 10
|10
| ten
| ten
| {{lang|hi|दस}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|das}})
| {{lang|mr|दहा}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|dahā}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|দশ}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś}})
| {{lang|ne|दश}} ({{translit|ne|ISO|daś}})
| {{lang|ta|பத்து}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|pattu}})
| {{lang|te|పది}} ({{translit|te|ISO|padi}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 102
|100
| hundred
| hundred
| {{lang|hi|सौ}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|سو}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|sau}})
| {{lang|mr|शंभर}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|śambhar}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|শত}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|śato}})
| {{lang|ne|सय}} ({{translit|ne|ISO|saya}})
| {{lang|ta|நூறு}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|nūṟu}})
| {{lang|te|వంద/నూరు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|vanda/nūru}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 103
|1,000
| thousand
| thousand
| हज़ार / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ہزار}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|hazār}})
| {{lang|mr|एक हजार}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk hajār}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|হাজার}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|hāzār}})
| {{lang|ne|एक हजार}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk hajār}})}}
| {{lang|ta|ஆயிரம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|āyiram}})
| {{lang|te|వెయ్యి}} ({{translit|te|ISO|veyyi}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 104
|10,000
| ten thousand
| ten thousand
| {{lang|hi|दस हज़ार}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|دس ہزار}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|das hazār}})
| {{lang|mr|दहा हजार}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|dahā hajār}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|অযুত}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|ōjut}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|দশ হাজার}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś hāzār}})
| {{lang|ne|दश हजार}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś hajār}})}}
| {{lang|ta|பத்தாயிரம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|pattāyiram}}) {{lang|ta|ஆயுதம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|āyutam}})
| {{lang|te|పది వేలు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|padi vēlu}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 105
|1,00,000
| hundred thousand
| ''lakh''
| {{lang|hi|लाख}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|لاکھ}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|lākh}})
| {{lang|mr|एक लाख}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk lākh}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|লক্ষ}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|lôkkhō}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|লাখ}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|lākh}})
| {{lang|ne|एक लाख}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk lākh}})}}
| {{lang|ta|இலட்சம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|ilaṭcam}}) {{lang|ta|நியுதம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|niyutam}})
| {{lang|te|లక్ష}} ({{translit|te|ISO|lakṣa}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 106
|10,00,000
| million
| ten{{nbsp}}''lakh''
| {{lang|hi|दस लाख}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|دس لاکھ}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|das lākh}})
| {{lang|mr|दहा लाख}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|dahā lākh}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|নিযুত}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|nijut}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|দশ লাখ}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś lākh}}) 
| {{lang|ne|दश लाख}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś lākh}})}}
| {{nowrap|{{lang|ta|பத்து இலட்சம்}}}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ta|ISO|pattu ilaṭcam}})}}
| {{nowrap|{{lang|te|పది లక్షలు}}}} {{nowrap|({{translit|te|ISO|padi lakṣalu}})}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 107
|1,00,00,000
| ten million
| ''crore''
| {{lang|hi|करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|کروڑ}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|एक कोटी}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk kōṭī}})
|colspan="2" style="padding-left: 3.5em;"| {{lang|bn|কোটি}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|एक करोड}} ({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk karoḍ}})
| {{lang|ta|கோடி}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|kōṭi}})
| {{lang|te|కోటి}} ({{translit|te|ISO|kōṭi}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 108
|10,00,00,000
| hundred million
| ten{{nbsp}}''crore''
| {{lang|hi|दस करोड़}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|دس کروڑ}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|das karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|दहा कोटी}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|dahā kōṭī}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|অর্বুদ}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|ōrbud}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|দশ কোটি}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|दश करोड}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś karoḍ}})}}
| {{lang|ta|அற்புதம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|aṟputam}})
| {{lang|te|పది కోట్లు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|padi kōṭlu}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 109
|1,00,00,00,000
| billion
| ''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ hundred{{nbsp}}''crore''
| {{lang|hi|अरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|ارب}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|arab}}) {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|सौ करोड़}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|سو کروڑ}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|sau karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|एक अब्ज}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk abja}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|মহার্বুদ}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|môhārbud}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|একশ কোটি}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|êkśō kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|एक अर्ब}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk arba}})}}
| {{lang|ta|நிகற்புதம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|nikaṟputam}})
| {{lang|te|వంద కోట్లు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|vanda kōṭlu}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1010
|10,00,00,00,000
| ten billion
| ten{{nbsp}}''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ thousand{{nbsp}}''crore''
| {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|दस अरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس ارب}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|das arab}}) {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|एक हज़ार करोड़}}}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک ہزار کروڑ}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|ēk hazār karōṛ}})
| एक खर्व ({{translit|mr|ISO|ek kharva}})
|style="border-style:solid dashed;"| {{lang|bn|খর্ব}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|khôrbō}})
|style="border-style:solid solid solid dashed;"| {{nowrap|{{lang|bn|হাজার কোটি}}}} {{nowrap|({{translit|bn|ISO|hāzār kōṭi}})}}
| {{lang|ne|दश अर्ब}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś arba}})}}
| {{lang|ta|கும்பம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|kumpam}})
| {{lang|te|వెయ్యి కోట్లు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|veyyi kōṭlu}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1011
|1,00,00,00,00,000
| hundred billion
| ''kharab''{{nbsp}}/ hundred{{nbsp}}''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ ten{{nbsp}}thousand{{nbsp}}''crore''
| {{lang|hi|खरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|کھرب}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|kharab}})
| एक {{lang|mr|निखर्व}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|ek nikharva}})
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|মহাখর্ব}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|môhākhôrbō}}) {{lang|bn|দশ হাজার কোটি}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś hājār kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|एक खर्ब}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|ēk kharba}})}}
| {{lang|ta|கணம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|kaṇam}})
| {{lang|te|పది వేల కోట్లు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|padi vēla kōṭlu}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1012
|10,00,00,00,00,000
| trillion
| ten{{nbsp}}''kharab''{{nbsp}}/ one{{nbsp}}thousand{{nbsp}}''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ {{Anchor|lakh crore}}one{{nbsp}}''lakh{{nbsp}}crore''
| {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|दस खरब}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس کھرب}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|das kharab}}) {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|एक लाख करोड़}}}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک لاکھ کروڑ}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|ēk lākh karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|एक पद्म}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk padma}})
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|শঙ্খ}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|śôṅkhō}}) {{lang|bn|লাখ কোটি}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|lākh kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|दश खर्ब}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś kharba}})}}
| {{lang|ta|கற்பம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|kaṟpam}})
| {{lang|te|లక్ష కోట్లు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|lakṣa kōṭlu}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1013
|1,00,00,00,00,00,000
| ten trillion
| ''nil''{{nbsp}}/ hundred{{nbsp}}''kharab''{{nbsp}}/ ten{{nbsp}}thousand{{nbsp}}''{{not a typo|arab}}''{{nbsp}}/ ten{{nbsp}}''lakh{{nbsp}}crore''
| {{lang|hi|नील}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|نیل}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|nīl}})
| {{lang|mr|एक महापद्म}} (ek mahāpadma)
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|মহাশঙ্খ}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|môhāśôṅkhō}}) {{lang|bn|দশ লাখ কোটি}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|dôś lākh kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|नील}} ({{translit|ne|ISO|nīl}})
| {{lang|ta|நிகற்பம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|nikaṟpam}})
| {{lang|te|పది లక్షల కోట్లు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|padi lakṣala kōṭlu}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1014
|10,00,00,00,00,00,000
| hundred trillion
| ten{{nbsp}}''nil''{{nbsp}}/ ''crore{{nbsp}}crore''
| {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|दस नील}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|دس نیل}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|das nīl}}) {{nowrap|{{lang|hi|एक करोड़ करोड़}}}} / {{nowrap|{{lang|ur|{{nq|ایک کروڑ کروڑ}}}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|ēk karōṛ karōṛ}})
| {{lang|mr|एक शंखू}} ({{translit|mr|ISO|ēk śaṅkhū}})
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|পদ্ম}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|pôddō}}) {{lang|bn|একশ লাখ কোটি}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|êkśō lākh kōṭi}}) {{lang|bn|শতলক্ষ কোটি }} ({{translit|bn|ISO|śôtôkōṭi lôkkō}})
| {{lang|ne|दश नील}} {{nowrap|({{translit|ne|ISO|daś nīl}})}}
| {{lang|ta|பதுமம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|patumam}})
| {{lang|te|కోటి కోట్లు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|kōṭi kōṭlu}})
|-
| style="text-align:center" | 1015
|1,00,00,00,00,00,00,000
| quadrillion
| ''padma''{{nbsp}}/ hundred{{nbsp}}''nil''{{nbsp}}/ ten{{nbsp}}''crore{{nbsp}}crore''
| {{lang|hi|पद्म}} / {{lang|ur|{{nq|پدم}}}} ({{translit|hi|ISO|padma}})
|एक जलधि शंखू (eka jaladhi śaṅkhū)
|colspan="2"| {{lang|bn|মহাপদ্ম}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|môhāpôddō}}) {{lang|bn|হাজার লাখ কোটি}} ({{translit|bn|ISO|hāzār lākh kōṭi}})
| {{lang|ne|पद्म}} ({{translit|ne|ISO|padma}})
| {{lang|ta|சங்கம்}} ({{translit|ta|ISO|caṅkam}})
| {{lang|te|పది కోట్ల కోట్లు}} ({{translit|te|ISO|padi kōṭla kōṭlu}})
|-
|}</div>

==Historic numbering systems==

===Numbering systems in Hindu epics===
There are various systems of numeration found in various ancient epic literature of India (''[[itihasa]]s''). The following table gives one such system used in the Valmiki [[Ramayana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Valmiki Ramayana - Yuddha Kanda, Chapter (Sarga) 28,(Verses 33 – 38)|url= http://valmikiramayan.pcriot.com/utf8/yuddha/sarga28/yuddha_28_frame.htm|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="clear:both;margin:1em auto;text-align:left"
|-
! Name
! Indian decimal
! Value
! Short scale
|-
| {{lang|sa|एक}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|ēka}}'')
| {{0|0,00,00}}1
|style="text-align:center"| 1
| one
|-
| {{lang|sa|दश}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|daśa}}'')
| {{0|0,00,0}}10
|style="text-align:center"| 10
| ten
|-
| {{lang|sa|शत}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|śata}}'')
| {{0|0,00,}}100
|style="text-align:center"| 102
| hundred
|-
| {{lang|sa|सहस्र}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|sahasra}}'')
| {{0|0,0}}1,000
|style="text-align:center"| 103
| thousand
|-
| {{lang|sa|लक्ष}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|lakṣa}}'')
| 1,00,000
|style="text-align:center"| 105
| hundred thousand
|-
| {{lang|sa|कोटि}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|kōṭi}}'') 
| 1,00,00,000
|style="text-align:center"| 107
| ten million
|-
| {{lang|sa|शङ्कु}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|śaṅku}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|koṭi}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1012
| trillion
|-
| {{lang|sa|महाशङ्कु}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahāśaṅku}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|śaṅku}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1017
| hundred quadrillion
|-
| {{lang|sa|वृन्द}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|vr̥nda}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|mahāśaṅku}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1022
| ten sextillion
|-
| {{lang|sa|महावृन्द}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahāvr̥nda}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|vr̥nda}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1027
| octillion
|-
|{{lang|sa|पद्म}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|padma}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|mahāvr̥nda}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1032
| hundred nonillion
|-
| {{lang|sa|महापद्म}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahāpadma}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|padma}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1037
| ten undecillion
|-
| {{lang|sa|खर्व}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|kharva}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|mahāpadma}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1042
| tredecillion
|-
| {{lang|sa|महाखर्व}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahākharva}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|kharva}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1047
| hundred quattuordecillion
|-
| {{lang|sa|समुद्र}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|samudra}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|mahākharva}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1052
| ten sexdecillion
|-
| {{lang|sa|ओघ}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|ogha}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|samudra}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1057
| octodecillion
|-
| {{lang|sa|महौघ}} (''{{translit|sa|ISO|mahaugha}}'')
| 1,00,000 {{translit|sa|ISO|ogha}}
|style="text-align:center"| 1062
| hundred novemdecillion
|}

=== Other numbering systems ===
The denominations by which land was measured in the [[Kumaon Kingdom]] were based on arable lands and thus followed an approximate system with local variations. The most common of these was a [[vigesimal]] (base-20) numbering system with the main denomination called a ''bisi'' (see [[Hindustani numerals|Hindustani number ''bīs'']]), which corresponded to the land required to sow 20 ''nalis'' of seed. Consequently, its actual land measure varied based on the quality of the soil.<ref>{{cite book |last=Traill |first=G.W. |editor-last=Batten |editor-first=J.H. |title=Statistical Sketch of Kamaon |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |date=1828 |page=34 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53201/page/n48/mode/1up?q=bisi}}</ref> This system became the established norm in Kumaon by 1891.<ref>{{cite journal |title=North Indian Notes and Queries |publisher=Pioneer Press |date=1891 |page=216 |volume=1-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5gsAAAAMAAJ&dq=bisi+twenty+base+counting+system+india&pg=PA216 |website=Google Books }}</ref>

==Usage in different languages==
{{main|lakh|crore}}
Below is a list of translations for the words lakh and crore in other languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Usage of lakh and crore in other Indic languages
|-
! Language
! Lakh
! Crore
! 100 crores (a billion)
! 1000 crores (10 billion)
! 10,000 crores (100 billion)
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| {{lang|as|লক্ষ}} ''lokhyo'', or {{lang|as|লাখ}} ''lakh''
| {{lang|as|কৌটি}} ''kouti'', or {{lang|as|কোটি}} ''koti''
| rowspan="4" colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| {{lang|bn|লাখ}} ''lākh''{{efn|Tadbhava}}, or {{lang|bn|লক্ষ}} ''lokkho''{{efn|Ardha-tatsama}}
| {{lang|bn|কোটি}} ''kōṭi''
|-
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| lakh{{efn|in [[Burmese English]]}}
| {{lang|my|ကုဋေ}} {{IPA|my|ɡədè|}}
|-
| [[Maldivian language|Dhivehi]]
| ލައްކަ ''la'kha''
| ކްރޯރް ''kroaru''
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| {{lang|gu|લાખ}} ''lākh''
| {{lang|gu|કરોડ}} ''karoḍ''
| {{lang|gu|અબજ}} ''abaj''
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| {{lang|hi|लाख}} ''lākh''
| {{lang|hi|करोड}} ''karoḍ''
| {{lang|hi|अरब}} ''arab''
|-
| [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| {{lang|kn|ಲಕ್ಷ}} ''lakṣha''
| {{lang|kn|ಕೋಟಿ}} ''kōṭi''
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Khasi language|Khasi]]
| ''lak''
| ''klur'' or ''krur''
| ''arab''
| {{n/a}}
| ''kharab''
|-
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| {{Lang|ml|ലക്ഷം}} ''laksham''
| {{Lang|ml|കോടി}} ''kodi''
| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| {{Lang|mr|लाख/लक्ष }} ''lākh''
| {{Lang|mr|कोटी}} ''koṭi'', or {{Lang|mr|करोड}} ''karoḍ''
| {{Lang|mr|अब्ज}} ''abja''
| colspan="2" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| {{Lang|ne|लाख}} ''lākh''
| {{lang|ne|करोड}} ''karoḍ''
| rowspan="3" colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| {{lang|or|ଲକ୍ଷ}} ''lôkhyô''
| {{lang|or|କୋଟି}} ''koṭi''
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''lakkh'' ([[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਲੱਖ}}, [[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{nastaliq|لکھ}}}})
| ''karoṛ'' ([[Gurmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|ਕਰੋੜ}}, [[Shahmukhi]]: {{lang|pa|{{Nastaliq|کروڑ}}}})
|-
| [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
| ''lák''
| ''kurul''
| {{n/a}}
| ''kuthí''
| {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]
| {{lang|si|ලක්ෂ}} {{translit|si|lakṣa}}
| {{lang|si|කෝටි}} {{translit|si|kōṭi}}
| rowspan="3" colspan="3" {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{Lang|ta|இலட்சம்}} ''ilaṭcam''
| {{Lang|ta|கோடி}} ''kōṭi''
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| {{Lang|te|లక్ష}} ''lakṣha''
| {{Lang|te|కోటి}} ''kōṭi''
|-
| [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|لاکھ}}}} ''lākh''
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کروڑ}}}} ''karoṛ''
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|ارب}}}} ''arab''
| {{n/a}}
| {{lang|ur|{{nq|کھرب}}}} ''kharab''
|-
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]]
| {{lang|sw|laki}}
| colspan="4" {{n/a}}
|}

Formal written publications in English in India tend to use lakh/crore for Indian currency and International numbering for foreign currencies.<ref>{{cite web|author=Shapiro, Richard|url=https://public.oed.com/blog/the-most-distinctive-counting-system-in-english-indian-cardinal-numbers/|title=The most distinctive counting system in English? Indian cardinal numbers|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|date=2012-08-16|access-date=2020-05-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630011705/https://public.oed.com/blog/the-most-distinctive-counting-system-in-english-indian-cardinal-numbers/ |archive-date= Jun 30, 2020 }} Shapiro is/was an OED employee. The article states: "The opinions and other information contained in the OED blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of [[Oxford University Press]]."</ref>

== Current usage ==
The official usage of this system is limited to the nations of [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]]. It is universally employed within these countries, and is preferred to the International numbering system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hey! Who Can Explain What India Does With Its Commas? (Not Commies. Commas.) |last1=Krulwich|first1=Robert|last2=Block|first2=Ezra|date=21 October 2010|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2010/10/19/130674804/counting-millionaire-india|access-date=2020-08-03|website=[[NPR]]|language=en}}</ref>

[[Sri Lanka]] and [[Nepal]] used this system in the past but has switched to the International numbering system in recent years. In the [[Maldives]], the term lakh is widely used in official documents and local speech. However, the [[International System of Units]] is preferred for higher denominations (such as millions).{{cn|date=May 2025}}

Most institutions and citizens in India use the Indian number system. The [[Reserve Bank of India]] was noted as a rare exception in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gurpur|date=10 August 2015|title=Can we follow Indian numbering system for simplicity and good order?|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/can-we-follow-indian-numbering-system-for-simplicity-and-good-order/43059.html|website=Moneylife News & Views|access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref> whereas by 2024 the Indian system was used for amounts in rupees and the International system for foreign currencies throughout the Reserve Bank's website.<ref>[[Reserve Bank of India]], [https://www.rbi.org.in/ old] and [https://website.rbi.org.in/ new website] (known on archive.org since 5 Apr 2024). Retrieved 16 Apr 2024.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Scientific notation]]
* [[Japanese_numerals|Japanese notation]]

==References==
;Notes
{{notelist}}

;References
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Numerals]]
[[Category:Indian mathematics|Numbering system]]
[[Category:Economy of India|Numbering system]]
[[Category:Economy of Pakistan|Numbering system]]
[[Category:Economy of Nepal|Numbering system]]
[[Category:Numeral systems]]
[[Category:Economy of Bangladesh]]

Manoj Kumar

2026-02-27T07:29:11Z

Krrissh: brief update structure for clarity also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian film actor and filmmaker (1937–2025)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manoj Kumar
| birth_name = Harikrishan Giri Goswami
| image = File:Manoj Kumar close up.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1937|07|24}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title='Will continue to inspire generations...,' PM Modi mourns demise of Manoj Kumar |url=https://theprint.in/feature/will-continue-to-inspire-generations-pm-modi-mourns-demise-of-manoj-kumar/2577581/ |access-date=7 April 2025 |website=ThePrint}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Abbottabad]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan)<ref>"10 interesting facts about Manoj Kumar | Hindi Movie News - Times of India" https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/10-interesting-facts-about-manoj-kumar/articleshow/21302138.cms</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|04|04|1937|07|24}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| othername = ''Bharat Kumar''
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film director|film producer|screenwriter|lyricist|editor|politician}}
| yearsactive = 1957–1999
| works = [[Manoj Kumar filmography|Full list]]
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Shashi Goswami
| children = 2; including [[Kunal Goswami]]
| parents = Father: H.L. Goswami, Mother: Krishna Kumari Goswami
| relatives = [[Manish R Goswami]] (brother)
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Manoj Kumar|Full list]]
| honours = {{ubl
| [[Padma Shri]] (1992)
| [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (2015)
}}
}}
'''Harikrishan Giri Goswami''', professionally known as '''Manoj Kumar''' (24 July 1937 – 4 April 2025), was an Indian actor, director, screenwriter, lyricist and editor who worked in [[Hindi cinema]]. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most accomplished actors of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Iconic heroes of Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128234730/https://www.indiatoday.in/cinema/100-years-of-indian-cinema/photo/iconic-heroes-of-bollywood-367542-2012-05-01/5 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=24 August 2020 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> He is noted for his acting in patriotism-themed films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2019 |title=Republic Day 2019: These Bollywood films will reignite the patriotic fervour in you |url=https://zeenews.india.com/culture/republic-day-2019-these-bollywood-films-will-reignite-the-patriotic-fervour-in-you-2174283.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507093542/https://zeenews.india.com/culture/republic-day-2019-these-bollywood-films-will-reignite-the-patriotic-fervour-in-you-2174283.html |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=[[Zee News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2019 |title=Happy Republic Day: Swades, Rang De Basanti, Uri – 12 iconic Bollywood films that commemorate the spirit of being Indian |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-happy-republic-day-swades-rang-de-basanti-uri-12-iconic-bollywood-films-that-commemorate-the-spirit-of-being-indian-2712084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507093547/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-happy-republic-day-swades-rang-de-basanti-uri-12-iconic-bollywood-films-that-commemorate-the-spirit-of-being-indian-2712084 |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=7 May 2019 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> In a career spanning over four decades, he worked in [[List of roles and awards of Manoj Kumar|55 films]].

Kumar was honoured with the [[Padma Shri]] in 1992 and [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 2015 by the [[Government of India]] for his contribution to Indian cinema and arts. He was also the recipient of a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] and seven [[Filmfare Awards]].

==Early life==
Kumar was born in [[Abbottabad]], modern-day Pakistan, into a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] ([[Saraswat Brahmin]]) family.<ref name="Verghis-2011">{{Cite news |last=Verghis |first=Shana Maria |date=8 May 2011 |title='I left behind a can of marbles in Abbotabad after Partition' |url=http://dailypioneer.com/336876/%E2%80%98I-left-behind-a-can-of-marbles-in-Abbotabad-after-Partition%E2%80%99.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015406/http://dailypioneer.com/336876/%E2%80%98I-left-behind-a-can-of-marbles-in-Abbotabad-after-Partition%E2%80%99.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 |access-date=24 May 2011}}</ref>

When he was 10, his family migrated from his ancestral village [[Jandiala Sher Khan]] to Delhi due to the [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakar |first=Rajiv |title=A patriot at heart |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/487441/a-patriot-heart.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818003910/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/487441/a-patriot-heart.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=DHNS}}</ref> He completed a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]] before pursuing acting. He decided to go by the name Manoj Kumar, inspired by [[Dilip Kumar]]'s eponymous character in the 1949 film ''[[Shabnam (1949 film)|Shabnam]]''.<ref name="Verghis-2011" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Manoj Kumar got his name and whom does he thank for that? |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/2EBrx1Q856I |website=Youtube |language=Hindi |format=video}}</ref>

==Career==
{{Further information|Manoj Kumar filmography}}

===1957–1964: Debut and rise to prominence===
After making a début in ''Fashion'' (1957), followed by minor roles in ''[[Sahara (1958 film)|Sahara]]'' (1958), ''[[Chand (film)|Chand]]'' (1959) and ''Honeymoon'' (1960), Kumar landed his first leading role in ''Kaanch Ki Gudiya'' (1961). ''Piya Milan Ki Aas'' (1961), ''Suhag Sindoor'' (1961), ''Reshmi Roomal'' (1961) followed, but most of these productions went unnoticed.<ref name="BOI-Death-2025"/>

His breakthrough came in 1962 with [[Vijay Bhatt]]'s ''[[Hariyali Aur Rasta]]'' opposite [[Mala Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Office 1962 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014080632/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg== |archive-date=14 October 2013 |access-date=20 October 2009}}</ref> The success of ''Hariyali Aur Rasta'' was followed by ''[[Shaadi (1962 film)|Shaadi]]'' (1962), ''[[Dr. Vidya]]'' (1962), ''[[Grahasti (film)|Grahasti]]'' (1963) and ''[[Phoolon Ki Sej]]'' (1964), all four of which performed well at the box office.<ref>[http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg== BoxOffice India.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922021831/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=168&catName=MTk2Mg%3D%3D |date=22 September 2012 }}</ref> Kumar also found success as the main lead with [[Raj Khosla]]'s [[Thriller film|mystery thriller]] ''[[Woh Kaun Thi?]]'' (1964). The film emerged as a [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]], featuring songs composed by [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan]], such as ''[[Lag Jaa Gale]]'' and ''Naina Barse Rimjhim'' performed by [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Manoj Kumar gave India its most beloved Bharat. Then came Kalyug and silence |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/manoj-kumar-gave-india-its-most-beloved-bharat-then-came-kalyug-and-silence/2578473/ |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref>

===1965–1981: Stardom===
The year 1965 marks the start of Kumar's rise to stardom.<ref name="BOI-Top Actors">{{Cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> His first release was patriotic drama ''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]'', based on the life of [[Bhagat Singh]], an [[Indian independence movement|Independence Movement]] revolutionary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2017 |title=Shaheed: The definite Bhagat Singh film which almost didn't get made, listen to its songs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shaheed-the-definite-bhagat-singh-film-manoj-kumar-which-almost-didnt-get-made-listen-to-its-songs-4581778/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It received highly positive responses from critics as well as the then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]], and was a box office success.<ref name="BOI-Death-2025" /> In late 1965, Kumar was seen in [[Romance film|romantic drama]] ''[[Himalay Ki God Mein]]'' and the [[Mystery film|mystery thriller]] ''[[Gumnaam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2024 |title=Yodha Monday Box Office Collections |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8384}}</ref>

In 1966, he reunited with Khosla for ''[[Do Badan]]'' alongside [[Asha Parekh]]. This film featured songs by the lyricist [[Shakeel Badayuni]], including ''Raha Gardishon Mein'' sung by [[Mohammed Rafi]], and ''Lo Aa Gayi Unki Yaad'' sung by Lata Mangeshkar.> He also appeared in [[Shakti Samanta]]'s ''[[Sawan Ki Ghata]]'' opposite [[Sharmila Tagore]] that year.

After the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965]], Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri asked him to create a film based on the popular slogan ''[[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan|Jai Jawan Jai Kissan]]'' ("Hail the soldier, hail the farmer").<ref name="Verghis-2011" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2012 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=171&catName=MTk2NQ== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210134027/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=171&catName=MTk2NQ== |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref> The result was his directorial debut ''[[Upkar]]'' (1967) that opened to critical acclaim and emerged as the third-highest grossing Hindi-language film at the time, behind ''[[Mughal-E-Azam]]'' (1960) and ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'' (1964).<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2021 |title=Upkar — film born of churn in newly-Independent India gave Bollywood a hit formula |url=https://theprint.in/feature/upkar-film-born-of-churn-in-newly-independent-india-gave-bollywood-a-hit-formula/714560/ |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2014 |title=Sajid Nadiadwala Joins An Elite List With Kick |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=584}}</ref> One of the songs from the film ''[[Mere Desh Ki Dharti]]'' is played often during the [[Republic Day]] and [[Independence Day of India|Independence Day]] celebrations in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganesh Anantharaman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA64 |title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-14-306340-7 |pages=64–}}</ref> ''Upkar'' won Kumar the [[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film]] as well as his first [[Filmfare Best Director Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=National Awards Winners 1967: Complete list of winners of National Awards 1967 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1967/108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324034914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/1967/108 |archive-date=24 March 2020 |access-date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Winners from 1953 to 2020 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners}}</ref> Among his next few releases in 1967, ''[[Patthar Ke Sanam]]'' performed well at the box office while ''[[Anita (1967 film)|Anita]]'' opposite [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] received negative reviews.

In 1968, he co-starred with [[Raaj Kumar]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]] in ''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]]''. Later, he reunited with Rehman for ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' with [[Dilip Kumar]] as the leading man.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2010 |title=Aadmi (1968) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article257195.ece |access-date=3 May 2013 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''Neel Kamal'' proved to be a blockbuster, becoming the third highest-grossing film of 1968.<ref name="BOI-Death-2025">{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Legendary Actor Director Manoj Kumar Passes Away |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9050}}</ref> ''Aadmi'' was also a box office success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2010 |title=Aadmi (1968) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Aadmi-1968/article16576648.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Kumar's only release in 1969 was the adaptation of Mohan Sehgal's ''[[Happy Go Lovely]]'' (1951) called ''[[Sajan (1969 film)|Sajan]]'' opposite Asha Parekh.<ref> Parekh, Asha and Mohammed, Khalid. ''The Hit Girl''. New Delhi: Om Books International (2017), p. 130 </ref> The film was ranked tenth among the highest-grossing films of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Worth Their Weight in Gold! – Box Office India : India's premier film trade magazine |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915183938/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/worth-their-weight-in-gold |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

Kumar appeared next in ''[[Purab Aur Paschim]]'' (1970) which gained recognition both in India and overseas.<ref>{{Citation |title=Vinod Khanna Passes Away |date=27 April 2017 |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2882 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> The film secured a [[United Kingdom]] release in 1971, and ran for over 50 weeks in London, earning £285,000, equivalent to {{INRConvert|2.5|m|year=1971|mode=historical}}, surpassing the UK box office record of ''Do Raaste'' which released in the UK in 1969. ''Purab Aur Paschim'' held this record for 23 years, until the 1994 release of ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Kaun]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=United Kingdom Evolution – £100k To £4 Million Of Pathaan |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7602 |access-date=2 March 2023 |work=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> His other releases in 1970 included ''[[Yaadgaar (1970 film)|Yaadgaar]]'' and ''[[Pehchan (1970 film)|Pehchan]]'', both of which were box office successes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malhotra |first=Aps |date=10 March 2016 |title=Pehchan (1970) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/pehchan-1970/article8337394.ece |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salazkina |first=Masha |date=2010 |title=Soviet-Indian Coproductions: ''Alibaba'' as Political Allegory |url=https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978004/1/Soviet-Indian_coproductions_proofs.pdf#page=4 |journal=[[Cinema Journal]] |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=71–89 [72–73] |doi=10.1353/cj.2010.0002}}</ref> The same year, Kumar played a supporting role in [[Raj Kapoor]]'s ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]'' which became [[Cult following|cult-classic]] despite not performing well at the time of release.><ref>{{Cite news |title=Cult Hindi films that flopped |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/cult-hindi-films-that-flopped/photostory/27856115.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj Kapoor's Russian co-star from Mera Naam Joker to mark his birth anniversary in Mumbai |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/raj-kapoors-russian-co-star-from-mera-naam-joker-to-mark-his-birth-anniversary-in-mumbai/articleshow/55969656.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

In 1971, Kumar starred in ''[[Balidaan (1971 film)|Balidaan]]'' which received a lukewarm response.
The following year, he appeared in Sohanlal Kanwar's ''[[Be-Imaan]]'' for which he received his first and only [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].
He also directed and acted in ''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2014 |title=Be-Imaan (1972) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/beimaan-1972/article5582183.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shor (1972) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shor |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> One of the songs featured in the film ''Ek Pyar Ka Nagma Hai'', a [[Lata Mangeshkar]]-[[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] duet composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], was listed at #29 in the [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1972]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Ananda |url=https://archive.org/details/televisionpopula00mitr_0/page/83 |title=Television and popular culture in India: a study of the Mahabharat |publisher=Sage Publications |year=1993 |isbn=0803991347 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/televisionpopula00mitr_0/page/83 83] |url-access=registration}}</ref> ''Shor'' won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Editing]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and {{sic|nolink=1|Winner}} |url=https://archive.org/download/FilmfareAwards/FilmfareAwards.pdf |access-date=6 May 2023 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

In mid-1970s, Kumar delivered three blockbusters in a row starting with the [[Social|social drama]] ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'' which he also directed.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Surendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcLihj0Yzi0C&pg=PA12 |title=India of My Dreams |last2=Kapur |first2=Pradeep Kumar |publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2008 |isbn=9788171886890 |access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> Released on 18 October 1974, the film ensemble cast included [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Zeenat Aman]] and [[Moushmi Chatterjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewind – Greatest Indian Film Sholay Is 43 Years Old – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4183 |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film's album, composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal, became the fifth best-selling Hindi-language film album of the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2010 |title=Music Hits 1970–1979 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5 |archive-date=5 February 2010 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

In 1975, Kumar reunited with Sohanlal Kanwar for ''[[Sanyasi (film)|Sanyasi]]'' which emerged as a blockbuster, ranking third at the box office that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2024 |title=Jigra v Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video: First Week Circuit Comparison |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8751}}</ref> For his portrayal of a religious-minded young man in the film, he received his fourth and final nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshmi, Times Exclusive Photo, 1975 Filmfare Awards: Actress ... |url=http://www.timescontent.com/tss/showcase/preview-buy/6671/Times-Exclusive/Lakshmi-Gulshan-Rai-K-T-Desai-K-K-V.html |website=www.timescontent.com}}</ref> He later appeared in the 1976 [[crime film|action-crime film]] ''[[Dus Numbri]]''.

In 1977, Kumar had two releases, the much delayed ''[[Amaanat (1977 film)|Amaanat]]'' and ''[[Shirdi Ke Sai Baba]]''. After a year-long break, he starred in a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''Jat Punjabi''. Kumar directed and appeared in the 1981 historical drama ''[[Kranti]]'' alongside Dilip Kumar, [[Hema Malini]], Shashi Kapoor, [[Parveen Babi]] and [[Shatrughan Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Diptakirti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ |title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters |date=1 October 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9789352140084}}</ref>

===1987–1999: Later career===
After ''Kranti'', Kumar's career began to decline, as his subsequent appearances in ''[[Kalyug Aur Ramayan]]'' (1987), ''[[Santosh (1989 film)|Santosh]]'' (1989), ''[[Clerk (1989 film)|Clerk]]'' (1989) and ''[[Deshwasi]]'' (1991) failed to garner attention at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2018 |title=The Real Winner With Dhadak |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4133}}</ref> He retired from acting after the 1995 film ''[[Maidan-E-Jung]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2016 |title=It's a pleasant surprise: Manoj Kumar on Dadasaheb Phalke Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/its-a-pleasant-surprise-manoj-kumar-on-dadasaheb-phalke-award/}}</ref> He directed his son, [[Kunal Goswami]], in the 1999 film ''Jai Hind''. The film was a box office failure and the last film Kumar worked on.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Hind – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2426 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> At the [[44th Filmfare Awards]] that year, he was honoured with the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]] for his career in film spanning over 40 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards (1999) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1999/101 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Politics===
Similarly to other [[Bollywood]] stars, Kumar decided to enter politics following his retirement. Before the [[2004 Indian general election]], he officially joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Kumar, Apra Mehta join BJP |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/mar/08bjp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326140933/https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/mar/08bjp.htm |archive-date=26 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Manoj_Kumar_portrait_on_the_ambulance_in_which_Manoj_Kumar's_body_is_carried.jpg|alt=Manoj Kumar_portrait_on_the_ambulance_in_which_Manoj_Kumar's_body_is_carried|thumb|Kumar's portrait on the ambulance in which his body was carried]]

Kumar was admitted to [[Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital]] in [[Mumbai]], where he died on 4 April 2025 at the age of 87 due to chronic heart-related complications. The secondary cause of death was decompensated [[liver cirrhosis]], according to the medical certificate issued by the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veteran Bollywood Actor Manoj Kumar Dies At 87 In Mumbai |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/veteran-actor-manoj-kumar-known-for-roles-in-purab-aur-paschim-kranti-dies-at-87-in-mumbai-8082750 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherylann Mollan |date=4 April 2025 |title=Manoj Kumar: Bollywood actor and director dies at 87 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czx4dd0gqego |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=www.bbc.com}}</ref>

The [[Government of Maharashtra]] approved his cremation with state honours at the Pawan Hans crematorium the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/watch-veteran-actor-manoj-bharat-kumar-cremated-with-state-honours-in-mumbai/articleshow/120005657.cms|title=Veteran actor Manoj 'Bharat' Kumar cremated with state honours in Mumbai|work=The Times of India |date=5 April 2025}}</ref> In a letter addressed to Kumar's wife, Shashi Goswami, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] recalled his experience meeting with the actor and praised his contribution to the Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-remembers-indian-cinemas-bharat-kumar-pens-heartfelt-note-8114549|title=PM Modi Remembers Indian Cinema's 'Bharat Kumar', Pens Heartfelt Note|date=8 April 2025}}</ref> President [[Droupadi Murmu]], expressing her condolences, said, "Kumar left an indelible mark on Indian cinema with his patriotic films, which promoted pride in India’s values and contributions. The iconic roles he played—whether as national heroes, farmers, or soldiers—will always be remembered. His work will continue to inspire generations."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/manoj-kumar-passes-away-president-droupadi-murmu-expresses-sorrow-and-says-characters-of-national-heroes-farmers-and-soldiers-he-brought-to-life-will-remain-etched-in-our-collective-memory/articleshow/119965401.cms|title=Manoj Kumar passes away: President Droupadi Murmu expresses sorrow and says, "Characters of national heroes, farmers, and soldiers he brought to life will remain etched in our collective memory"|work=The Times of India |date=4 April 2025}}</ref> On 12 April 2025, his ashes were immersed in the [[Ganges]] at [[Haridwar]], [[Uttarakhand]] by his sons Vishal and Kunal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-kumars-sons-immerse-his-ashes-in-ganga-at-haridwar-close-family-members-attend-ceremony-101744443073696.html|title=Manoj Kumar's sons immerse his ashes in Ganga at Haridwar, close family members attend ceremony|work=Hindustan Times |date=12 April 2025}}</ref>

==Legacy==
As of 2025, Manoj Kumar is the second most successful [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] actor of all time, after [[Dilip Kumar]], with over 56% box-office successes and numerous gross records. Many of the films he directed including ''[[Upkar]]'' (1967), ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'' (1974) and ''[[Kranti (1981 film)|Kranti]]'' (1981) sold around 40–50 million tickets in India alone.<ref name="BOI-Death-2025" />

In 2022, he featured in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "75 Best Bollywood Actors" list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=75 Bollywood Actors Who Conquered Hearts Of The Millions |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/75-actors-who-conquered-hearts-of-the-millions-since-1947-news-215861/amp |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=16 August 2022 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

Kumar's signature move of covering his face with one hand has been referenced in numerous popular culture contexts. In 2007, the [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' featured the lead character pretending to be Manoj Kumar, so as to sneak into a movie premiere, by holding his hand over his face. Kumar, displeased by the caricature, filed a lawsuit which was settled out of court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=When Manoj Kumar Filed Defamation Charges Against Shah Rukh Khan, Sought Rs 100 Crore Compensation |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/when-manoj-kumar-filed-defamation-charges-against-shah-rukh-khan-sought-rs-100-crore-compensation-8083576}}</ref>

==Accolades and honours==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Manoj Kumar}}

==Personal life==
Kumar was married to Shashi Goswami; the couple met while in college before Kumar turned to acting. Shashi was offered a film role in 1957, but Kumar told her that "only one of them should work in films." As a result, she chose to work in a few radio plays instead. They have two sons, Vishal and [[Kunal Goswami|Kunal]].<ref>{{Cite web| title= Who is Manoj Kumar's wife, Shashi Goswami? Read about their heartfelt love story| work= The Times of India| date= 4 April 2025| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/who-is-manoj-kumars-wife-shashi-goswami-read-about-their-heartfelt-love-story/articleshow/119969043.cms}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite web |date=4 April 2025 |title=Manoj Kumar Biography in Hindi |url=https://www.yugantarpravah.com/entertainment/manoj-kumar-death-biography-in-hindi/article-7766 |access-date=4 April 2025 |website=Yugantar Pravah |language=hi}}

==External links==
{{Sister project auto}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* [http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/02dinesh.htm Manoj Kumar: Bollywood's Own Mr Bharat]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202124755/http://www.in.com/manoj-kumar/biography-182385.html Manoj Kumar : Profile, Gallery, Photos, Videos, News]

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Manoj Kumar
| list =
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Story}}
{{Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Cinema|India}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Manoj}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Abbottabad]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]

SHAKTI (microprocessor)

2026-02-24T16:13:49Z

Krrissh: Stub...

{{short description|Technology project funded by the Government of India}}
{{Infobox CPU
| name = Shakti
| designfirm = [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]]
| manuf1 = [[Intel]]
| manuf2 = [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory]]
| application = SoC, development boards, based software platform, IOT
| arch = [[RISC-V]]
| model1 = E-Class
| model2 = C-Class
| model3 = I-Class
| model4 = M-Class
| model5 = S-Class
| model6 = H-Class
|image=Shakti microcontroller.png|caption=A prototype version of a Shakti microcontroller.}}

'''Shakti''' (stylized as '''SHAKTI''') is an [[Open-source hardware|open-source]] initiative by the Reconfigurable Intelligent Systems Engineering (RISE) group at [[IIT Madras]] to develop the first indigenous industrial-grade processor.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2021 |url=https://shakti.org.in/ |title=Shakti |publisher=IIT Madras |language=en |access-date=2024-09-04}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Veezhinathan |first1=Kamakoti |title=Building the Shakti Microprocessor |url=https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2022/11/265822-building-the-shakti-microprocessor/fulltext |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=cacm.acm.org |date=November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The aims of the Shakti initiative include building an [[open source]] production-grade processor, complete [[System on a chip|systems on a chip]], [[microprocessor development board]]s, and a Shakti-based [[Computing platform|software platform]]. The main focus of the team is [[computer architecture]] research to develop SoCs, which are competitive with commercial offerings in the market in area, power, and performance. The [[source code]] for Shakti is [[Open-source software|open-sourced]] under the [[BSD licenses#3-clause|Modified BSD License]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/iit-madras-develops-indias-first-microprocessor-shakti-1941909|title=IIT-Madras Develops 'India's First Microprocessor', Shakti|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=2 November 2018 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>

V. Kamakoti carried out the SHAKTI Microprocessor Project, at Prathap Subrahmanyam Centre for Digital Intelligence and Secure Hardware Architecture (Department of Computer Science & Engineering, IIT Madras). The [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] supports it through its Digital India RISC-V initiative.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacob |first=Shine |date=11 February 2025 |title=IIT Madras, Isro develop semiconductor for space research, other sectors |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/tech-news/iit-madras-isro-develop-semiconductor-chip-to-address-rising-space-needs-125021100640_1.html |access-date=11 February 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
== Processors ==
Shakti processors are based on the [[RISC-V]] [[instruction set architecture]] (ISA). The processors are designed to have either [[22 nm process]] [[fin field-effect transistor]] (FinFET) or [[180 nm process]] complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor ([[CMOS]]) technology nodes depending on the manufacturing [[semiconductor fabrication plant]] (foundry).

Shakti plans a family of processors as part of its road-map, catering to different segments of the market. They have been broadly categorized into "Base Processors", "Multi-Core Processors" and "Experimental Processors".

The E and C-classes core are for the [[Internet of things]] (IoT), [[embedded system]], and [[desktop computer]] markets. The processor design is free of any royalty and is [[open-source license]]d under the modified [[BSD licenses|BSD License]].<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Gala|first1=Neel|last2=Menon|first2=Arjun|last3=Bodduna|first3=Rahul|last4=Madhusudan|first4=G. S.|last5=Kamakoti|first5=V.|conference=2016 29th International Conference on VLSI Design and 2016 15th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID) |title=Shakti Processors: An Open-Source Hardware Initiative |date=January 2016|pages=7–8|doi=10.1109/VLSID.2016.130|isbn=978-1-4673-8700-2|s2cid=14815714}}</ref>

E-class and C-class cores are both implemented in [[Bluespec]] [[SystemVerilog]] (BSV) language, a [[Haskell]] dialect.<ref name=":0"/>

The Shakti project aims to build 6 variants of processors based on the RISC-V ISA.

== Base classes of processors ==

=== E-class ===
The E-class are [[32-bit computing|32-]] and [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] [[microcontroller]]s able to support all extensions of the RISC-V ISA, for low-power and low computer applications. The E-class is an in-order 3 stage [[Pipeline (computing)|pipeline]] having an operational frequency of less than 200 MHz on silicon. It is positioned against [[ARM architecture|ARM]]'s M-class ([[ARM Cortex-M|Cortex-M]] series) cores. It can run [[real-time operating system]]s like [[FreeRTOS]], [[Zephyr (operating system)|Zephyr]], and eChronos. Market segments of E-class processor support [[smart card]]s, IoT devices, motor controls, and robotic platforms.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://shakti.org.in/docs/user_manual.pdf|title=Shakti Development Board User Manual|website=Shakti|access-date=10 April 2010}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://engineersasylum.com/t/shakti-the-open-source-indian-microprocessor-microcontroller/664|title=Shakti - The Open Source Indian Microprocessor & Microcontroller|date=2020-04-07|website=Engineer's Asylum|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>

E-arty35T is a SoC built around E-class. The E-arty35T SoC is a single-chip [[32-bit computing|32-bit]] E-class microcontroller with 128kB RAM. It has 32 [[general-purpose input/output]] (GPIO) pins (out of which upper 16 GPIO pins are dedicated to onboard LEDs and switches), a [[Interrupt handler|platform level interrupt controller]] (PLIC), a Counter, 2 [[Serial Peripheral Interface]] (SPI), 2 [[universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter]] (UART), 1 Inter-Integrated Circuit ([[I²C]]), 6 [[Pulse-width modulation|pulse-width modulator]] (PWM) and an inbuilt Xilinx [[analog-to-digital converter]] (X-ADC).<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://gitlab.com/shaktiproject/cores/shakti-soc/tree/master/fpga/boards/artya7-35t/e-class|title=E-Class on ARTY-A7-35t Board|website=GitLab|language=en|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>

=== C-class ===
The C-class is a [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] controller class of processor, for mid-range embedded application. The core is highly optimized, 6-stage in-order design with MMU support and the capability to run operating systems like [[Linux]] and [[L4 microkernel family|Sel4]]. It is extremely configurable with the support of the standard RV64GC ISA extensions. It is for mid-range compute systems running over 200-800 MHz. It can also be customized up to 2 GHz. It is positioned against ARM's Cortex A35/A55. The application domain of this class ranges from embedded systems, motor-control, IoT, storage, industrial applications to low-cost high-performance Linux based applications such as networking, gateways etc.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":12"/>

C-arty100T is a SoC built around the C-class. The C-arty100T SoC is a single-chip 64-bit C-class microcontroller with 128MB DDR3 RAM, 16 General Purpose Input Output (GPIO) pins, a Platform Level Interrupt Controller (PLIC), a Counter, 1 Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) and 1 Inter-Integrated Circuit (I²C). It is for mid-range application workloads with a very low power use and support for optional memory protection.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://gitlab.com/shaktiproject/cores/shakti-soc/tree/master/fpga/boards/artya7-100t/c-class|title=C-Class on ARTY-A7-100t Board|website=GitLab|language=en|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>

=== I-class ===
The I-class is a 64-bit processor for the compute, mobile, storage, and networking platforms. Its features include [[out-of-order execution]], [[Multithreading (computer architecture)|multithreading]], aggressive [[Branch predictor|branch prediction]], [[non-blocking cache]]s and deep [[instruction pipelining]] stages. The operational clock frequency of this processor is 1.5-2.5 GHz. As of April 2020, the team was working on implementing atomics, memory dependence prediction, instruction window/scheduler optimizations, implementation of some functional units, performance analysis/projections, optimizations to meet first-cut target frequency on 1 GHz on 22 nm processor.<ref name=":12"/><ref name=":42">{{Cite web|url=https://shakti.org.in/processors.html|title=Processors|website=Shakti|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://shakti.org.in/docs/shaktiweek-i-class.pdf|title=Shakti I Class: Introduction|last1=Ranganathan|first1=Nitya|website=Shakti|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>

== Multicore processors ==

=== M-class ===
A mobile class processor with a maximum of eight cores, the cores being a combination of C and I class cores. The M-class processors are for general-purpose compute, low-end server and mobile applications. The operation frequency ranges up to 2.5 GHz. It supports large issue size, quad-threaded and optional NoC fabric. The M-class processors are optimized for various power and performance goals.<ref name=":42"/>

=== S-class ===
The S-Class is a 64-bit [[Superscalar processor|superscalar]], [[multi-threaded]] variant for desktop and enterprise server uses. Its supports 2–16 cores with a clock frequency of about 1.2–3 GHz.<ref name=":42"/>

=== H-class ===
The H-class is a 64-bit processor for highly parallel enterprise, HPC, and analytics applications. The cores can be a combination of C or I class, single-thread performance driving the core choice. The H-class has up to 128 cores with multiple accelerators per core.<ref name=":42"/>

== Experimental processors ==
These are experimental/research projects which focus on developing a high security and fault tolerant processor.

=== T-class ===
The T-class is aimed to provide additional hardware support for securing information from memory-based attacks. Its design focuses on a unified hardware framework for mitigating spatial and temporal memory attacks.<ref>{{Cite conference|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3092627.3092629|title=Shakti-T: A RISC-V Processor with Light Weight Security Extensions|book-title=Proceedings of the Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy|date=25 June 2017 |pages=1–8 |language=EN|doi=10.1145/3092627.3092629|isbn=9781450352666 |s2cid=207646970|access-date=2020-04-10|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== F-class ===
The F-class is a fault-tolerant version of the base class processor. Features include redundant compute blocks (like DMR and TMR), temporal redundancy modules to detect permanent faults, lock-step core configurations, fault localization circuits, ECC for critical memory blocks and redundant bus fabrics.<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Gupta|first1=Sukrat|last2=Gala|first2=Neel|last3=Madhusudan|first3=G. S.|last4=Kamakoti|first4=V.|conference=2015 IEEE 24th Asian Test Symposium (ATS) |title=Shakti-F: A Fault Tolerant Microprocessor Architecture |date=November 2015|pages=163–168|doi=10.1109/ATS.2015.35|isbn=978-1-4673-9739-1|s2cid=7705965}}</ref>

== Tapeouts ==
Two C-class processors (codenamed ''RIMO'' and ''Risecreek'') and one E-class processor (''Moushik'') have been [[Tapeout|taped-out]] so far.

=== RIMO ===
RIMO is the code name of the Shakti C-class based SoC that has been taped-out at [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory]] at Mohali using [[180 nm process|180 nm process]] technology. The 144 sq.mm. chip has been tested to operate at a frequency of up to 70 MHz. The chip has been packaged on a 208-pin Ceramic Quad Flat Pack (CQFP).<ref name=":02"/>

=== Risecreek ===
CREEK is the code name of the Shakti C-class based SoC that has been taped-out at [[Intel|Intel's]] Oregon fab using a 22nm FinFET process. The 16mm² chip has been tested to operate at a frequency of up to 350 MHz. The chip has been packaged on a 208-pin Ball Grid Array (BGA).<ref name=":02"/>

=== Moushik ===
Moushik is the code name of the Shakti E-class based SoC that has been taped-out at SCL using 180 nm process technology. It operates in frequency of 100 MHz and developed along with a motherboard called Ardonyx 1.0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet India's Atmanirbhar Microprocessor chip 'Moushik', meant for IoT devices|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/meet-indias-atmanirbhar-microprocessor-chip-moushik-meant-for-iot-devices-329966|access-date=2020-09-25|website=WION|date=24 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

=== IRIS ===
[[IIT Madras]] and [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] successfully designed and booted a 64-bit IRIS (Indigenous RISC-V Controller for Space Applications) chip based on the SHAKTI baseline processor in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-02-12 |title=IIT Madras and ISRO develop indigenous aerospace chip for space applications |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/iit-madras-isro-develop-indigenous-aerospace-micro-processor-to-aid-space-technologies/article69209899.ece |access-date=2025-03-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The chip configuration takes into account the processing power and functional needs of the devices and sensors utilized in ISRO missions. To improve dependability, fault-tolerant internal memory were interfaced with the SHAKTI core.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=2025-02-11 |title=Isro and IIT Madras develop indigenous semiconductor chip |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-and-iit-madras-develop-indigenous-semiconductor-chip-2678119-2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

IRIS is the third chip produced by [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory|SCL]] using 180 nm process, following RIMO in 2018 and MOUSHIK in 2020. The chip packaging process was handled by [[Tata Advanced Systems]]. Syrma SGS finished the installation and assembly, while PCB Power developed the motherboard. Chip design, fabrication, packaging, motherboard design and fabrication, software, and boot were all completed in India validating the presence of expertise and complete semiconductor ecosystem. To validate chip performance, a flight test is scheduled.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-11 |title=IIT Madras & ISRO jointly develop aerospace quality semiconductor chip |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/iit-madras-isro-jointly-develop-and-successfully-boot-aerospace-quality-semiconductor-chip/article69205916.ece |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Rishab |date=2025-02-11 |title=IIT Madras and ISRO develop SHAKTI-based semiconductor chip under Make in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/iit-madras-and-isro-develop-shakti-based-semiconductor-chip-under-make-in-india-2678241-2025-02-11 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Features of RIMO and Risecreek ==
Some of the features of RIMO and Risecreek are as follows:

* In-order 5 stage 64-bit [[microcontroller]] supporting the entire stable RISC-V ISA(RV64IMAFD).
* Compatible with privilege spec (v1.10) of RISC-V ISA and supports the sv39 virtualisation scheme.
* Includes a branch predictor with a Return-Address-Stack.
* Pipelined IEEE-754 compliant single and double-precision floating point units and Multi-channel [[direct memory access]] (DMA) support.
* Peripherals like 2 x [[I²C]], 2 x [[Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter|UART]], 2 x [[Serial Peripheral Interface|QSPI]], a [[debugger]], a 256KB tightly coupled memory, 32-bit GPIOs and an expansion bus that can be connected to a [[field-programmable gate array]] (FPGA).<ref name=":02"/>

== Development boards ==
There are development boards for both E and C-class of processors. The details on the board support for different classes of processors are given below.

=== E-arty35T ===
* E-arty35Tis a SoC based on Shakti E class [14].
* E-arty35Tis supported on Artix 7 35T board.
* It has an abridged version of 32-bit E class. It includes I, M, A and C.<ref name=":22"/>

=== C-arty100T ===
* C-arty100Tis a SoC based on Shakti C-class.
* C-arty100Tis supported on Artix 7 100T board.
* It has an abridged version of 64-bit C-class. It includes I, M, A, F, D and C.<ref name=":32"/>

== Commercial support ==
[[Altair Engineering]] from July 2021, included E-Class processor in its embedded system firmware support portfolio for its global customers.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=MP|first1=Sidharth|date=6 July 2021|title=India's home-grown microprocessor Shakti is now part of tech-giant Altair's offerings|url=https://www.wionews.com/technology/indias-home-grown-microprocessor-shakti-is-now-part-of-tech-giant-altairs-offerings-396147|access-date=2021-07-09|website=WION|language=en}}</ref>

== Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge ==
On December 7, 2021, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology honored the Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge winners. At different phases of the challenge, participants get up to ₹4.40 [[crore]] in funding for the development of a hardware prototype and the incubation of a start-up by participating teams. C-DAC and [[IIT Madras]] made accessible for the challenge their SoCs, [[VEGA Microprocessors#THEJAS|THEJAS32 and THEJAS64]], based on VEGA 32-bit and 64-bit processors and Shakti. The participating teams successfully implemented the SoCs in a variety of designs. Ten teams became victorious from the 30 finalist teams. Team VEGA FCS FT (AI drone), received a [[₹]]35 lakh cheque for their drone application; second-place winners, Team HWDL, received ₹30 lakh for FM Radio Data System Utilities; and third-place winners, Cytox, received ₹25 lakh for their ''cell count'' project. Each of the other teams received a check for ₹20 lakh for sharing fourth place. The teams are Astrek Innovations (lower limb [[exosuit]] for [[Disability|disabled]]), Team 6E Resources (remote monitoring and optimization of [[sewage treatment]] plant), Team Anshashodhak (unique calibration system for [[nuclear spectroscopy]] applications), Team Quicproc (wireless maternal monitoring system), Team Avrio Energy (AI Energy Meter with intelligence at edge and [[deep learning]]), and Team JayHawks ([[Anti-theft system|anti-theft]] [[geofencing]] based locking system).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=MeitY felicitates winners of microprocessor challenge; participants get financial support |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/meity-felicitates-winners-of-microprocessor-challenge-participants-get-financial-support-314698-2021-12-07 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=S Krishnakumar |date=3 December 2021 |title=VEGA Processors : Making India AtmaNirbhar in Swadeshi Compute Designs |url=https://amritmahotsav.negd.in/presentation/day5/VEGA%20%20Processors.pdf |access-date=4 September 2024 |agency=Centre for Development of Advanced Computing}}</ref>

Thirty finalist teams of the Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge have been awarded incubation support by Maker Village, the largest electronic system design and production center in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=Maker Village of Digital University Kera to incubate 10 winners of Swadeshi Microprocessor Challenge |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/technology/maker-village-of-digital-university-kera-to-incubate-10-winners-of-swadeshi-microprocessor-challenge-1.6257128 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[VEGA Microprocessors|VEGA Series]] - RISC-V processor developed by [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|shakti.org.in}}
* [https://blogshakti.org.in/ Official blog]
* {{YouTube|channel=UCW_zRvcYedhikIfRRZczyrg}}

[[Category:Microcontrollers]]
[[Category:Embedded microprocessors ]]
[[Category:32-bit microprocessors]]
[[Category:64-bit microprocessors]]
[[Category:Technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Indian inventions]]

Adolphe Trillard

2026-02-20T04:10:18Z

Krrissh: Made New Info

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Adolph Joseph Antoine Trillard
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| order = 
| office = Gouverneur Général de l'Inde française
| term_start = 1875
| term_end = 1878
| lieutenant = 
| predecessor = Pierre Aristide Faron
| successor = Léonce Laugier
}}

'''Adolph Joseph Antoine Trillard''' (18 April 1826{{snd}}12 October 1908)<ref name=leonore>{{cite web |title=Trillard, Adolphe Joseph Antoine |url=https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/ |website=Base de données Léonore |publisher=French Government |access-date=1 November 2025 |language=fr}}</ref> was [[Governor General]] for [[Inde française]] in the Second [[French Colonial Empire]] under [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}

He was appointed an officer of the [[Legion of Honour]] on 30 December 1858.<ref name=leonore/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | before= [[Pierre Aristide Faron]] | title=[[Gouverneur Général de l'Inde française]] | after=[[Léonce Laugier]]| years= 1875–1878}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trillard, Adolph Joseph Antoine}}
[[Category:Governors of French India]]
[[Category:People of the French Third Republic]]

{{France-mil-bio-stub}}

Japan Air Lines Flight 471

2026-02-19T22:56:32Z

Krrissh: brief improve layout and improved wording

{{Short description|1972 aviation accident}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Expand Japanese|topic=transp|date=January 2025}}{{Infobox Aircraft occurrence
| name = Japan Air Lines Flight 471
| image = JA8012 DC-8-53 Japan Air Lines JFK 09JUL70 (5580803202).jpg
| caption = JA8012, the aircraft involved in the accident, seen in 1970 in a previous livery
| date = 14 June 1972
| summary = Cause disputed
* [[Controlled flight into terrain]] due to [[pilot error]] ([[India]])
* False [[glide slope]] ([[Japan]])
| occurrence_type = Accident
| site = Near [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Palam International Airport]], New Delhi
| aircraft_type = Douglas DC-8-53
| coord =
| occupants = 89
| crew = 11
| passengers = 78
| fatalities = 86
| survivors = 3
| origin = [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]], [[Tokyo]], Japan
| stopover0 = [[Kai Tak International Airport]], British Hong Kong
| stopover1 = [[Don Mueang International Airport]], [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| stopover2 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Palam International Airport]], [[New Delhi]], India
| stopover3 = [[Cairo International Airport]], [[Cairo]], Egypt
| stopover4 = [[Leonardo da Vinci International Airport]], [[Rome]], Italy
| stopover5 = [[Frankfurt International Airport]], [[Frankfurt]], West Germany
| destination = [[Heathrow Airport]], [[London]], United Kingdom
| aircraft_name = ''Akan''
| operator = [[Japan Air Lines]]
| callsign = JAPAN AIR 471
| tail_number = JA8012
| total_fatalities = 90
| ground_fatalities = 4
}}
'''Japan Air Lines Flight 471''' was a [[Japan Airlines|Japan Air Lines]] [[international flight]] from [[Don Mueang International Airport]] in [[Bangkok, Thailand]], to Palam International Airport (now [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]) in New Delhi, India. On 14 June 1972 the [[Douglas DC-8-53]] operating the flight, registered JA8012, crashed short of the New Delhi airport, killing 86 of the 89 occupants: 10 of 11 crew members, and 76 of 78 passengers. Four people on the ground were also killed.<ref name="ASN" />

== Passengers ==
Sixteen of the dead were Americans.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 15, 1972 |title=Death Toll in Air Disasters Heavy |work=[[Oshkosh Northwestern]] |agency=[[United Press International]] |url=http://www.newspaperarchive.com/freepdfviewer.aspx?img=17802041 |access-date=March 23, 2009}}</ref> Brazilian actress [[Leila Diniz]] was also among those killed,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=1972-06-15 |title=Nearly 200 die in Asian air crashes |work=The Bryan Times |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5JBPAAAAIBAJ&pg=1482,5333448&dq=leila+diniz+dies&hl=en |access-date=2020-02-11 |archive-url= |archive-date= |via=Google News}}</ref> as was the sole Indian passenger on the flight,<ref>Indian Express edition of 14 06 1972</ref> Dr. K.K.P. Narasinga Rao, a senior official of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)]] of the [[United Nations]].

One of the cabin attendants killed in the crash was the sister of [[San'yūtei Enraku V]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-01 |title=円楽さん不慮の死をとげた妹と易行院に |trans-title=Mr. Enraku and his sister who died unexpectedly at Ikkyoin |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/p-et-tp0-20091101-561742.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=nikkansports.com |language=ja}}</ref>

== Sequence of events ==
The flight was on the Bangkok-New Delhi portion of its Tokyo-London route when the accident occurred. The flight took off from Don Mueang International Airport in Bangkok at 11:21 UTC en route to New Delhi. At 14:43 UTC, the flight was given clearance for a straight-in [[Instrument landing system|ILS]] approach to runway 28. The plane crashed into the banks of the Yamuna River not long after the 23 mile (43 km) report from the [[Distance measuring equipment (aviation)|DME]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accidents JAL has caused other than Flight 123 Accident |url=https://www.jal.com/en/flight/safety/center/accident.html |access-date=2016-12-02 |website=www.jal.com |publisher=Japan Airlines}}</ref>

== Cause ==
The exact cause of the accident remains disputed. Investigators representing Japan pointed to the possibility of a false [[glide slope|glide path]] signal causing the crash. Indian investigators claimed the crash was caused by [[pilot error]], specifically the captain ignoring instrument indications and not having sight of the runway (the [[first officer (aviation)|first officer]] was flying the approach to New Delhi).<ref name="ASN">{{Cite web |last=Ranter |first=Harro |date= |title=14 JUN 1972 Douglas DC-8-53 Japan Air Lines – JAL |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19720614-1 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2009-03-23 |website=[[Aviation Safety Network]] |publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Japan|India|Aviation|1970s}}
*[[Indian Airlines Flight 440]], another [[aviation disaster]] that took place at Palam less than a year after Japan Air Lines Flight 471.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{YouTube|id=r3RO17gl6LM?si=d4Mx6DkMBWYDImfD|title=Japan Air Lines Flight 471 CVR recording}}

{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 1972}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in India}}
{{JAL Group}}
{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:Japan Airlines accidents and incidents|471]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in India]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1972]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-8]]
[[Category:1972 in India]]
[[Category:1972 in Japan]]
[[Category:June 1972 in Asia]]

SAI International School

2026-02-03T13:19:35Z

Krrissh:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox school
| name = SAI International School
| image = Sai_International_School_bhubaneshwar_Logo.png
| address = Plot No.5-A & 6-B, Chandrasekharpur, Infocity Road, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751031
| coordinates = {{coord |20.344659|85.814576}}
| founder = Late [[Dr Bijaya Kumar Sahoo]]
| founded = April 2008
| affiliation = CBSE, New Delhi, IGCSE, IBCP
| grades = Pre School to 12
| yearbook = SAIONEERS
| sister_school = SAI Angan, [[SAI International Residential School]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.saiinternational.edu.in/}}
}}

'''SAI International School''' is a [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] cum IGCSE cum IBCP affiliated,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=1530112|title=Complete Information Form|website=cbseaff.nic.in|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921193506/http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=1530112|url-status=dead}}</ref> day-cum boarding, co-educational school in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/CBSE-toppers-in-Bhubaneswar-aim-high/articleshow/20299283.cms CBSE toppers in Bhubaneswar aim high] ''The Times of India'' Retrieved 21 September 2017</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ommcomnews.com/public/sai-international-school-adjudged-the-4th-best-school-in-the-country-at-national-conclave-|title=SAI International School Adjudged The 4th Best School In The Country At National Conclave|first=OMMCOM|last=NEWS|website=ommcomnews.com|date=24 September 2017 |accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/1368718/The-New-Indian-Express-Bhubaneswar/24.09.2017#page/5/1|title=Express Publications The New Indian Express-Bhubaneswar epaper dated Sun, 24 Sep 17|website=newindianexpress.com|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref> It was founded by Late Dr. Bijaya Kumar Sahoo in 2008, and is affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi.

The school received the D. L. Shah National Quality Gold Award by the [[Quality Council of India]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qcin.org/nbqp/dsa/2017/node/56|title=11th Cycle, Year 2017 {{!}} QCI|website=www.qcin.org|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> and was ranked 1st in the Education World India School Rankings 2020-21 .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationworld.in/ew-india-school-rankings-2020-21/?school=Co-ed%20Day-cum-Boarding%20School|title=EW India School Rankings 2020-21 - Day-cum-Boarding Schools|website=EducationWorld|date=17 November 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2021-05-19}}</ref> It was again ranked 1st second year in a row in the EducationWorld India School Ranking 2021–22.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationworld.in/ew-india-school-rankings-2021-22/?school=Co-ed%20Day-cum-Boarding%20School|website=EducationWorld|language=en-US|access-date=2021-12-28|title=EW India School Rankings 2021-22 - Top & best schools in India }}</ref> SAI International was included by Fortune India in the list of "Future 50 Schools Shaping Success".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ommcomnews.com/odisha-news/sai-international-school-included-in-the-future-50-schools-shaping-success-list-by-fortune-india-|title=Future 50 Schools Shaping Success|website=Ommcomnews|date=8 October 2017 |access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref> It was also awarded the International School Award in the "exemplary" category by the [[British Council]] for its achievements. SAI International School, Bhubaneswar, has been recognized as one of only six elite schools in India and the sole institution in Odisha to receive the prestigious 'Ivy League' status in the EducationWorld India School Rankings (EWISR) 2025–26.

SAI Angan, the play school of the SAI International School, with a total area of 1,50,000 square feet caters to 1500 students in the age group of 2 to 7 years. SAI Angan was granted the International School Award (ISA) 2018-21 by the British Council on Wednesday, December 5, 2018. SAI Angan is the Asia's largest and Eastern India's best (No.1) play school. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/3-school-odisha-get-british-council-international-school-award-isa/|title=3 school from Odisha get British Council International School Award (ISA)|website=orissadiary|date=6 December 2018 |access-date=2019-08-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.saiinternational.edu.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Schools in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:International schools in India]]

{{Odisha-school-stub}}

Niranjan Shah

2026-01-24T17:39:20Z

Krrissh: further fixed layout for clarity additionally and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Niranjan Shah
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Niranjan Rasiklal Shah
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|6|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], India
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling =
| family = [[Jaydev Shah]] (son)
| club1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| year1 = 1965/66–1974/75
| clubnumber1 =
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 12
| runs1 = 281
| bat avg1 = 11.70
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 45
| deliveries1 = 20
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 5/–
| date = 16 December
| year = 2015
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/34986.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Niranjan Shah''' (born 4 June 1944) is a former Indian [[first-class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]]er, businessman and cricket administrator. During his playing career, Shah played for [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] from 1965/66 to 1974/75. He currently serves as the honorary secretary of the [[Saurashtra Cricket Association]].

==Career==
Shah started his cricket career while pursuing a [[B.Sc.]] at Dharmendra College and also went on to captain [[Saurashtra University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=I understand players' needs better: Niranjan Shah|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sport/interview-i-understand-players-needs-better-niranjan-shah-1448847|publisher=DNA India|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> He appeared in 12 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches playing for [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] between the 1965/66 and 1974/75 seasons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Niranjan Shah|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/40/40887/40887.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> He took over from [[Shatrusalyasinhji]] as the honorary secretary of [[Saurashtra Cricket Association]] in 1972 and has remained in the position ever since.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kings of the cricketing world|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/kings-of-the-cricketing-world/143887.html|work=The Tribune|access-date=16 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122829/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/kings-of-the-cricketing-world/143887.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although, he never got a chance to play even a single international match, he has had over four decades of senior cricket administration, holding positions such as the honorary secretary of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) (elected four times at the role), vice-president of BCCI from West Zone, and vice-chairman of [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). In August 2015, he was elected to chair a five-member ad-hoc committee for the administration of cricket in the state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BCCI secretary Niranjan Shah to chair ad-hoc panel for Bihar|url=https://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/bcci-secretary-niranjan-shah-to-chair-ad-hoc-panel-for-bihar_1643448.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref>

Currently, Shah is the honorary secretary of the Saurashtra Cricket Association, chairman of the [[National Cricket Academy]] Board and member of the disciplinary committee of the BCCI.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manohar positive on Indo-Pak series|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/manohar-positive-on-indopak-series/article7862823.ece|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> He has been credited with the progress made by [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra region]] in cricket including [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]] in Rajkot gaining the Test venue status and the town becoming the base of a new IPL team in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=SCA hails Niranjan Shahs efforts for bringing IPL to Rajkot|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sca-hails-niranjan-shahs-efforts-for-bringing-ipl-to-rajkot-527753-2015-12-09|publisher=Zee News|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/34986.html}}
* {{cricketarchive|ref=Archive/Players/40/40887/40887.html}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Niranjan}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Saurashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian cricket administrators]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Rajkot]]

Ultimate Kho Kho

2026-01-12T17:33:33Z

Krrissh:

{{Short description|Indian franchise-based Kho-Kho league}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title = Ultimate Kho Kho
| current_season =
| last_season = 2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho
| upcoming_season = 2024
| logo = Ultimate kho kho logo.jpg
| sport = [[Kho Kho]]
| founded = 2022
| inaugural = [[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
| ceo = Tenzing Niyogi
| teams = 6
| venue =
| country = {{IND}}
| champion = [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]]
| champ_season = [[2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho|2023–24]]
| most successful club = [[Odisha Juggernauts]] [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]] (1 each)
| website = {{URL|https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/|Website}}
| current = [[2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho]]
}}
{{Season sidebar
| title = Seasons
| list =
* [[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
* [[2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho|2023–24]]
}}

'''Ultimate Kho Kho''', abbreviated as '''UKK''' is an Indian [[Franchising|franchise]]-based [[kho-kho]] league.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |title=Ultimate Kho Kho franchises pick up 143 players from draft |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ultimate-kho-kho-franchises-pick-up-143-players-from-draft/articleshow/92903956.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref> Hosted by the [[Kho Kho Federation of India]], it was founded in 2022.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=2023-01-17 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho S1 claims total reach of 41 million viewers from India |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/ultimate-kho-kho-s1-claims-total-reach-of-41-million-viewers-from-india-11673930091871.html |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The [[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho season|first season]] had a viewership of 64 million, 41 million of which came from India, making UKK the third-most viewed non-[[cricket]] sports tournament in India after the [[Pro Kabaddi League]] and the [[Indian Super League]].<ref name=":10" />

== History ==
Several changes were made to the standard rules of kho-kho in UKK in order to make the game more exciting and presentable on television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-17 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho — Welcome revival or departure from roots? |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-2022-ukk-odisha-juggernauts-telugu-yoddhas-pune-maharashtra/article65898347.ece |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> Sony Pictures Network India signed a 5-year deal to broadcast UKK, and will invest {{INRConvert|200|c}} into the league over the 5 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entering the big league, Amit Burman's Ultimate Kho Kho all set to launch this year |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/sports-trends/entering-the-big-league-amit-burmans-ultimate-kho-kho-all-set-to-launch-this-year-6647041.html |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Moneycontrol |date=15 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

There are plans to launch a women's version of UKK in a few years' time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=Indigenous sport gets modern treatment as Kho Kho is the latest to try league format |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/indigenous-sport-gets-modern-treatment-as-kho-kho-is-the-latest-to-try-league-format-8090505/ |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Gopalakrishnan |title="Women's League in Pipeline": Ultimate Kho Kho CEO Tenzing Niyogi |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/bos/women-s-league-pipeline-ultimate-kho-kho-ceo-tenzing-niyogi |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=sportskeeda.com |date=29 August 2022 }}</ref> Future editions of UKK will expand to have eight to ten teams (potentially including a team from [[Northeast India]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-17 |title='Kho Kho has affection of masses, needs no promotion' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/kho-kho-has-affection-of-masses-needs-no-promotion-9072143/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baparnash |first=Tridib |date=2023-03-16 |title=Making efforts to have a NE team in Ultimate Kho Kho: Mittal |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/assam/2023/03/16/making-efforts-to-have-a-ne-team-in-ultimate-kho-kho-mittal/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref> with venues in multiple cities to be used.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Rohit |date=2022-09-08 |title=After success of Ultimate Kho Kho Season 1, India's 'maati ka khel' on the trail of global recognition |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/after-success-of-ultimate-kho-kho-season-1-indias-maati-ka-khel-on-the-trail-of-global-recognition-194693 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=NEWS9LIVE}}</ref> It was confirmed that for Season 3, some foreign players will participate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-06-13 |title=International players to feature in Ultimate Kho Kho Season 3 beginning on Nov 29 |url=https://theprint.in/sport/international-players-to-feature-in-ultimate-kho-kho-season-3-beginning-on-nov-29/2657088/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

Before the start of the second season, UKK became the first Indian sports league to secure private equity-based funding, receiving it from a UK-based group.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ultimate Kho Kho becomes first Indian sports league to secure PE investment |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/other-sports-news/ultimate-kho-kho-becomes-first-indian-sports-league-to-secure-pe-investment-123112400312_1.html}}</ref>

== Format ==
{{Anchor|Rules}}UKK uses a modified set of rules referred to by the [[International Kho Kho Federation]] as the "fast format", as opposed to the standard "test format".<ref>{{Cite web |title=General 4 |url=https://www.khokho.net/the-game |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007111758/https://www.khokho.net/the-game |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=International Kho Kho Federation |language=en-GB }}</ref> The following modifications apply:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
* Only 7 players from the attacking (chasing) team are on the field.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |title=Scoring, fouls & more - All the rules of Kho Kho you need to know before Ultimate Kho Kho 2022 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/scoring-fouls-all-rules-kho-kho-need-know-ultimate-kho-kho-2022 |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: Squads, format, fixtures – all you need to know about latest Indian sports league |url=https://scroll.in/field/1030441/ultimate-kho-kho-squads-format-fixtures-all-you-need-to-know-about-latest-indian-sports-league |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Scroll.in |date=14 August 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Avinash |date=2022-08-14 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2022: Revamped format, changed mat dimensions, tickets; all you need to know |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/ultimate-kho-kho-2022-revamped-format-changed-mat-dimensions-tickets-all-you-need-to-know-195659.html |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=MyKhel }}</ref>
* The playing field is only 22 meters long and 16 meters wide.{{Efn|Certain other dimensions of the playing field are changed as well. For example, the boxes which the sitting chasers squat in have been turned into 40cm squares.}}<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
* 2 points are scored per tag.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Maanas |date=2024-01-24 |title="If I'm worried about whether he got two or three points, then I'll miss out on that"- UKK CEO Tenzing Niyogi divulges reason for scoring rule changes |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kho-kho/news-if-i-m-worried-whether-got-two-three-points-i-ll-miss-that-ukk-ceo-tenzing-niyogi-divulges-reason-scoring-rule-changes |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
* A 30-second break is taken between the dismissal of one batch and the entry of the next batch.{{Efn|The attacking team can select any of its on-court players to be the active attacker at the start of the new batch. A kho does not need to be given by the attacker after the break.}}<ref name=":6" />
* If a batch of defenders can avoid being completely dismissed for at least 3 minutes (known as a "Dream Run"), they earn 1 point, and then an extra point for every 30 seconds survived afterwards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho revolutionises traditional sport: Expanding, innovating and inspiring |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/ultimate-kho-kho-revolutionises-traditional-sport-expanding-innovating-and-inspiring-259092 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2: All your FAQs answered |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/news/ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-all-your-faqs-answered |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>
* One attacking player (known as the ''wazir'') may run in any direction when acting as the active attacker.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
* The attacking team can take a powerplay in each of their attacking turns during which they have two ''wazirs''. Each powerplay lasts until all 3 defenders of the current batch are out.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />
* Each team's turn to score/defend lasts 7 minutes, with the break time between turns also shortened.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: Shorter duration, more points for acrobatic tags among new rules for the league |url=https://scroll.in/field/923769/ultimate-kho-kho-shorter-duration-more-points-for-acrobatic-tags-among-new-rules-for-the-league |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Scroll.in |date=17 May 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=Understanding The Game Play - KHO-KHO |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTPuIoPkM9g |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Ultimate Kho Kho Rules {{!}} Update New rules of Kho Kho |url=https://khokhoskills.com/ultimate-kho-kho-new-rules/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=KHO KHO }}</ref>
* Tiebreaker (named "Minimum Chase"): Each team gets one additional turn to score (with the powerplay being active), and the team that scores its first point the fastest wins.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=rules-season1.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IPH86qv3lt83qKmrKD6MzZ6c0ImMQPDc/view |access-date=2022-08-14 |website=Google Docs}}</ref>
The game is split into two innings, each of which is split into two turns of seven minutes each. An interval of 3 minutes is taken after the end of the first inning, while a break of 2 minutes is taken after the end of the first and third turns respectively.<ref name=":6" />

== Teams ==
{{location map+ |India3
|width=300
|float=right
|caption=Locations of the UKK teams
|alt=Locations of the UKK teams
|places=

{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |mark=Orange pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Mumbai Khiladis]]</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=26.93 |mark=Pink pog.svg|long=75.82 |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Rajasthan Warriors]]</div>|position=left}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=17.37 |mark=Yellow pog.svg|long=78.48 |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Telugu Yoddhas]]</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=23.0225 |long=72.5714 |label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]]</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=20.9517|long=85.0985|mark=Brown pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Odisha Juggernauts]]</div>|position=right}}

{{location map~ |India |lat=13.0827 |long=80.2707 |mark=Blue pog.svg|label= <div style="font-size:70%;">[[Chennai Quick Guns]]</div>|position=right}}
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Team<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=Ultimate Kho Kho League: 143 Players Picked In Season One Draft {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/ultimate-kho-kho-league-143-players-picked-in-season-one-draft-3160084 |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>
!City
!Debut
!Head Coach
|-
![[Chennai Quick Guns]]
|[[Chennai]]
|[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
|
|-
![[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
|
|-
![[Mumbai Khiladis]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
|
|-
![[Odisha Juggernauts]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
|
|-
![[Rajasthan Warriors]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
|
|-
![[Telugu Yoddhas]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
|
|}

==Editions and results==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2|Season
! colspan=4|Final
! rowspan=2|Teams
! rowspan=2|Player of the Season
! rowspan=2|Ref
|-
! Winner
! Scoreline
! Runner-up
! Venue
|-
|[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
![[Odisha Juggernauts]]
|[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho final|46–45]]
|[[Telugu Yoddhas]]
|[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, Pune]]
| rowspan=2|6
|[[Ramji Kashyap]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= |title=A Glance at the Season Award Winners of Ultimate Kho Kho Season 1 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/news/a-glance-at-the-season-award-winners-of-ultimate-kho-kho-season-1 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023-24 Ultimate Kho Kho|2023–24]]
![[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]]
|[[2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho final|31–26]]
|[[Chennai Quick Guns]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium (Cuttack)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium, Cuttack]]
|[[Ramji Kashyap]]
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Meet the Kings of Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/news/ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-award-winners-list |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Team performance==

=== By season ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!Team
![[Chennai Quick Guns|CQG]]
![[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|GG]]
![[Mumbai Khiladis|MK]]
![[Odisha Juggernauts|OJ]]
![[Rajasthan Warriors|RW]]
![[Telugu Yoddhas|TY]]
|-
![[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
| style="background:#cfc" |4th
| bgcolor="#c96" |3rd
|5th
| bgcolor="gold" |'''C'''
|6th
| bgcolor="silver" |'''RU'''
|-
![[2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho|2023–24]]
| bgcolor="silver" |'''RU'''
| bgcolor="gold" |'''C'''
|5th
| bgcolor="#c96" |3rd
|6th
|4th
|-
|}

===By position===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Year
!1st
!2nd
!3rd
!4th
!5th
!6th
|-
![[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]
| bgcolor="#c96" |[[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|GG]]
| bgcolor="gold" |[[Odisha Juggernauts|OJ]]
| bgcolor="silver" |[[Telugu Yoddhas|TY]]
| bgcolor="#cfc" |[[Chennai Quick Guns|CQG]]
|[[Mumbai Khiladis|MK]]
|[[Rajasthan Warriors|RW]]
|-
![[2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho|2023–24]]
| bgcolor="silver" |[[Chennai Quick Guns|CQG]]
| bgcolor="#c96" |[[Odisha Juggernauts|OJ]]
| bgcolor="gold" |[[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|GG]]
| bgcolor="#cfc" |[[Telugu Yoddhas|TY]]
|[[Mumbai Khiladis|MK]]
|[[Rajasthan Warriors|RW]]
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Season
! Player of the Tournament
! Rising Star of the Tournament{{Efn|Known in Season 1 as the Young Player of the Tournament}}
! Attacker of the Tournament
! Defender of the Tournament
! Ref
|-
![[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho season|2022]]
| rowspan=2|[[Ramji Kashyap]] of [[Chennai Quick Guns]]
|Madan of [[Chennai Quick Guns]]
|Abhinandan Patil of [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]]
|Deepak Madhav of [[Telugu Yoddhas]]
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
![[2023–24 Ultimate Kho Kho|2023–24]]
|Shubham Thorat of [[Gujarat Giants (kho kho)|Gujarat Giants]]
|[[Pratik Waikar]] of [[Telugu Yoddhas]]
|[[Aditya Ganpule]] of [[Telugu Yoddhas]]
|<ref name=":5" />
|}

== See also ==
* [[Kho Kho World Cup]]
* [[Sport in India]]
* [[Pro Kabaddi League]]
* [[World Chase Tag]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Notelist}}{{Ultimate Kho Kho}}{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Ultimate Kho Kho|*]]
[[Category:Kho kho]]
[[Category:Sport in India]]
[[Category:Professional sports leagues in India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Variations of kho kho]]

Cyclone Amphan

2026-01-08T13:31:20Z

Krrissh: add content also

{{short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone in 2020}}


{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan
| image = Amphan 2020-05-18 0745Z.jpg
| caption = Amphan near peak intensity over the [[Bay of Bengal]] on 18 May
| formed = 16 May 2020
| dissipated = 21 May 2020
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 130 
| pressure = 920
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 145 
| pressure = 901
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2020
| damage-suffix =  ([[List of costliest tropical cyclones|Second costliest on record]] in the North Indian Ocean; third costliest when [[Real and nominal value|adjusted for inflation]])
| damage = 15500000000
| fatalities = 133 total
| areas = [[India]] ([[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Andaman Islands]]), [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]]
}} {{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Super Cyclonic Storm Amphan''' ({{IPAc-en|'|ʌ|m|.|p|ʌ|n|}} {{respell|um|pun}})<ref name="Thai">{{Cite web |title=Naming of Tropical Cyclones over the North Indian Ocean|url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/tc-names.pdf |access-date=6 December 2023|publisher=[[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]]|location=New Delhi|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903132359/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/tc-names.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> was an extremely powerful and catastrophic [[tropical cyclone]] that caused widespread damage in [[Eastern India]], specifically in [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]], and in [[Bangladesh]], in May 2020. It was the strongest tropical cyclone to strike the [[Ganges Delta]]. It was the strongest tropical cyclone to hit India since 1999. It was a rare cyclone that lashed northern Bangladesh from [[Rajshahi]] to [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]] in the early hours of 21 May with strong winds. It caused severe damage to mango production of [[Rajshahi]] and [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]]. It was also the fourth super cyclone that hit [[West Bengal]] and [[Kolkata]] as well as being one of the strongest storms to impact the area.<ref>1. Kumar S, Lal P, Kumar A. Influence of Super Cyclone “Amphan” in the Indian Subcontinent amid COVID-19 Pandemic. Remote SeSyst Sci [Internet]. 2021 Jun 12 [cited 2021 Jun 13]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41976-021-00048-z
</ref><ref name="strongest">{{Cite news|title=Amphan: Cyclone wreaks deadly havoc in India and Bangladesh|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52734259|date=20 May 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>*{{Cite news|title=Super Cyclonic Storm #Amphan is the 1st SUCS in the Bay of Bengal since the 1999 Odisha Super Cyclone|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amphan-transforming-into-super-cyclone-first-after-deadly-1999-super-cyclone-in-bay-of-bengal/story-12vMmByNipIQwibsJwHJIO.html|first1=Jayashree|last1=Nandi|first2=Joydeep|last2=Thakur|date=18 May 2020|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518232122/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amphan-transforming-into-super-cyclone-first-after-deadly-1999-super-cyclone-in-bay-of-bengal/story-12vMmByNipIQwibsJwHJIO.html|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news|title=Cyclone 'Amphan' LIVE updates: Second super cyclone after 1999, moving with wind speed of 200-240 kmph, says IMD|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cyclone-amphan-live-updates-second-super-cyclone-after-1999-moving-with-wind-speed-of-200-240-kmph-says-imd-2825274|first=Joydeep|last=Bose|date=19 May 2020|publisher=DNA India|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523175416/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cyclone-amphan-live-updates-second-super-cyclone-after-1999-moving-with-wind-speed-of-200-240-kmph-says-imd-2825274|url-status=live}}</ref> Causing over US$15 billion of damage, Amphan was also the costliest cyclone ever recorded in the [[North Indian Ocean]], until it was surpassed by [[Cyclone Senyar]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cyclone-amphan-of-2020-resulted-in-14-billion-economic-losses-in-india-un-report/article34364773.ece|title=Cyclone Amphan of 2020 resulted in $14 billion economic losses in India: U.N. report|work=The Hindi|date=20 April 2021|access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="NDMCDamage" /> The name ''Amphan'' was suggested by [[Thailand]] which means '[[sky]]' in [[Thai language|Thai]].<ref name = "Thai"/>

The first tropical cyclone of the [[2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], Amphan originated from a [[low-pressure area]] persisting a couple of hundred miles (300 km) east of [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]], on 13 May 2020. Tracking northeastward, the disturbance organized over exceptionally warm [[sea surface temperatures]]; the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) upgraded the system to a tropical depression on 15 May while the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) followed suit the following day. On 17 May, Amphan underwent [[rapid intensification]] and became an extremely severe cyclonic storm within 12 hours. On 18 May, at approximately 12:00 [[UTC]], Amphan reached its peak intensity with 3-minute sustained wind speeds of {{convert|240|kph||abbr=on}}, 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 270 km/h (165 mph), and a minimum [[Central pressure|central barometric pressure]] of {{convert|920|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|comma=off}}. The storm began an [[eyewall replacement cycle]] shortly after it reached its peak intensity, but the continued effects of dry air and [[wind shear]] disrupted this process and caused Amphan to gradually weaken as it paralleled the eastern coastline of India. On 20 May, 12:00 UTC, the cyclone made [[landfall]] in [[West Bengal]]. At the time, the JTWC estimated Amphan's 1-minute sustained winds to be {{convert|175|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. Amphan rapidly weakened once inland and dissipated shortly thereafter.

Coastal areas in [[West Bengal]] comprising [[West Midnapore]], [[East Midnapore]], [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[Kolkata]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Howrah district|Howrah]] were heavily affected by the cyclone. It also caused significant destruction in [[Bangladesh]], bringing rain and strong winds to [[Rajshahi]] and Rangpur. It created havoc in the metro city of Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-21|title=Cyclone devastates Kolkata and leaves scores dead|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52749935|access-date=2020-05-23}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Amphan 2020 path.png|colors=new}}
During 13 May 2020, an area of low pressure developed over the Southeastern Bay of Bengal about {{convert|1,020|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on|comma=off}} to the southeast of [[Visakhapatnam]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean May 13, 2020 06z|url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/DEMS/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20200513/071900/A_WTIN20DEMS130719_C_RJTD_20200513072446_98.txt|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518154737/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/DEMS/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20200513/071900/A_WTIN20DEMS130719_C_RJTD_20200513072446_98.txt|archive-date=18 May 2020|date=13 May 2020|publisher=India Meteorological Department}}</ref><ref name="STWA 13/05/20">{{cite report|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Indian Ocean May 13, 2020 18z|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abpwweb.txt|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518171103/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Analysis/Miscellaneous/20200513/180000/A_ABIO10PGTW131800_C_RJTD_20200513171946_85.txt|date=13 May 2020|publisher=United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref> The area of low pressure was located within a favorable environment for further development with good equator-ward [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures between 32 and 34 °C recorded in the basin, and low vertical [[wind shear]].<ref name="STWA 13/05/20" /> Over the next couple of days, the system became more marked as it gradually consolidated further, with bands of deep [[atmospheric convection]] wrapping into the system's low-level center.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean May 14, 2020 06z|url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/DEMS/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20200513/071900/A_WTIN20DEMS130719_C_RJTD_20200513072446_98.txt|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518200332/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/DEMS/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20200514/070000/A_WTIN20DEMS140700_C_RJTD_20200514071617_78.txt|archive-date=18 May 2020|date=14 May 2020|publisher=India Meteorological Department}}</ref><ref name="TCFA 15/05/20">{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert May 15, 2020 10z|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/|archive-date=18 May 2020|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518200022/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20200515/100000/A_WTIO21PGTW151000_C_RJTD_20200515095331_29.txt|date=15 May 2020|publisher=United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center}}</ref> During 16 May, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) reported that the area of low pressure had developed into a depression and designated it as BOB 01 while it was located about {{convert|1100|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the south of Paradip in the Indian state of Odisha.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook for the North Indian Ocean May 16, 2020 04:05z|url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/DEMS/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20200513/071900/A_WTIN20DEMS130719_C_RJTD_20200513072446_98.txt |access-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518200332/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/DEMS/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20200514/070000/A_WTIN20DEMS140700_C_RJTD_20200514071617_78.txt|archive-date=18 May 2020|date=14 May 2020|publisher=India Meteorological Department}}</ref>
<div style="clear:right;float:right;">{{Most Intense North Indian Cyclones}}</div>
Moving northwards, the depression continually organised and became a cyclonic storm a few hours later, receiving the name ''Amphan''. Intensification was temporarily impeded as moderate easterly [[wind shear]] disrupted the system's cloud pattern.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/bulletin/rsmc.pdf|title=RSMC TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY BULLETIN|publisher=Regional Specialised Metrological Center|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/75DcwAXcf?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201901041400.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 17 May, conditions for significant intensification became more conducive as upper-level winds improved. As a result, Amphan underwent [[rapid intensification|explosive intensification]], with the U.S.-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) assessing an increase in winds from {{convert|140|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} at 12:00 UTC to {{convert|215|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, the equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]] (SSHWS), just six hours later.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indias Super Cyclone – Amphan|url=https://www.severe-weather.eu/tropical-weather/india-cyclone-amphan-bengal-mk/amp/|website=Severe weather.eu|date=19 May 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608170706/https://www.severe-weather.eu/tropical-weather/india-cyclone-amphan-bengal-mk/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, the IMD upgraded Amphan to an extremely severe cyclonic storm on their cyclone intensity scale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BULLETIN NO.: 19 (BAY OF BENGAL 01/2020)|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/bulletin/indian.pdf|date=18 May 2020|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008072444/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/bulletin/indian.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> At 10:30 UTC, the IMD assessed Amphan as peaking as a super cyclonic storm with 3-minute sustained winds of {{convert|240|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} and a minimum pressure of {{convert|920|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4}},<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Best Track of IMD from 1982 to 2020|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/best-track/best%20track%20ecscsuc-2020.xls|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614155529/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/best-track/best%20track%20ecscsuc-2020.xls |archive-date=14 June 2020 |access-date=January 1, 2021|website=[[India Meteorological Department]]}}</ref> while the JTWC set the peak about eight hours later with 1-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph), or Category 5-equivalent intensity.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|via=Iowa Environmental Mesonet|date=18 May 2020|accessdate=26 November 2025|title=Tropical Cyclone 01B (Amphan) Warning NR 010|url=https://mtarchive.geol.iastate.edu/2020/05/18/text/Severe/}}</ref> The broad storm was characterized by a cloud shield extending more than {{convert|1,110|km|mi|abbr=on}} and a sharply-outlined 10 nautical mile-wide [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tropical cyclone Amphan threatens India and Bangladesh|url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/news/cyclone-amphan-highlights-value-of-multi-hazard-early-warnings|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218175614/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/media/news/cyclone-amphan-highlights-value-of-multi-hazard-early-warnings|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2023|website=World Meteorological Organization|date=18 May 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

Early on 18 May, microwave imagery depicted two distinct concentric eyewalls, a telltale sign of an [[eyewall replacement cycle]] that is typical for very intense cyclones.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Life threatening storm surge – Cyclone Amphan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/05/18/category-5-cyclone-amphan-takes-aim-northeastern-india-bangladesh-with-life-threatening-storm-surge/?outputType=amp|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=27 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527003926/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/05/18/category-5-cyclone-amphan-takes-aim-northeastern-india-bangladesh-with-life-threatening-storm-surge/?outputType=amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Through the day, the effects of wind shear and dry air hampered this internal core change, causing the eyewall to erode by late on 18 May.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amphan continues to weaken as it bears down on the Bengal coast|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/TropicalWeather/comments/gkyycb/amphan_01b_bay_of_bengal/|website=Reddit|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>{{User-generated inline|date=August 2020}} Around 5:30 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (12:00 UTC), Amphan made landfall as a Very Severe Cyclonic storm near [[Bakkhali]], [[West Bengal]] with winds of {{convert|155|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=In pictures: Cyclone Amphan hits India and Bangladesh|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/20/weather/gallery/cyclone-amphan|date=20 May 2020|publisher=CNN|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520182918/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/20/asia/gallery/cyclone-amphan/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As it moved further inland, Amphan rapidly weakened. Just six hours after landfall, the JTWC downgraded the storm to a Category 1-equivalent cyclone and issued its final warning on the system, as it became disorganized.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tropical cyclone 01B (Amphan) Warning Nr 018|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0120web.txt|date=20 May 2020|website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|url-status=live|archive-date=27 May 2020|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527225532/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/io0120web.txt}}</ref> On 21 May, Amphan degenerated into a well-marked low pressure area.
{{clear}}

== Preparations ==
[[File:01B 2020-05-16 0450Z.jpg|thumb|left|Amphan shortly after being classified as a depression on 16 May|alt=Satellite image of a newly formed depression]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi chairing a high-level meeting to review the response measures against cyclone ‘Amphan’ developing in the Bay of Bengal, in New Delhi on May 18, 2020 (2).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] chairing a high-level meeting to review the response measures against cyclone Amphan, in [[New Delhi]] on 18 May 2020]]
Amphan's forecast track placed 38.9 million people in India and Bangladesh at risk of exposure to the storm's winds, according to the US [[Pacific Disaster Center]].<ref name="BraceForRecordStorm">{{cite news |last1=Westcott |first1=Ben |last2=Sud |first2=Vedika |last3=Suri |first3=Manveena |title=India and Bangladesh brace for the strongest storm ever recorded in the Bay of Bengal |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/19/asia/super-cyclone-amphan-india-banglash-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=19 May 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> The formation of the precursor low-pressure system prompted the IMD to issue a cyclonic alert for India's coastline along the Bay of Bengal, advising fishermen not to sail to susceptible locations in the Bay of Bengal from 15 to 18 May.<ref name="LowPressureLikelyToIntensify">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan: Low pressure over Bay of Bengal, likely to intensify into cyclonic storm by May 16 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/cyclone-amphan-6410113/ |work=The Indian Express |agency=Express Web Desk |publisher=The Indian Express Ltd. |date=14 May 2020}}</ref> Fishermen from [[Sri Lanka]] were also advised by the national government to return to or remain in the country,<ref name="SriLankaFishermen">{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka fishermen asked to stay ashore as cyclone Amphan intensifies |url=https://economynext.com/sri-lanka-fishermen-asked-to-stay-ashore-as-cyclone-amphan-intensifies-70025/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=EconomyNext |date=17 May 2020}}</ref> and additional maritime traffic from [[Singapore]] and other countries were advised to remain clear of Amphan's vicinity.<ref name="AlertSoundedPreparationsUnderway" /> Ships and aircraft of the [[Indian Coast Guard]] directed fishing boats to harbour in coordination with the administrations and fisheries departments of [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="LikelyToBringHeavyRain">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan likely to bring heavy rain in coastal Bengal districts from May 19 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclonic-storm-likely-to-bring-heavy-rain-in-coastal-bengal-districts-from-may-19/story-JJJVxMAViaQKRry2JyO32L.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre in [[Chennai]] activated an International Safety Net for the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="AlertSoundedPreparationsUnderway">{{cite news |last1=Loiwal |first1=Manogya |title=Alert sounded, preparations underway to safeguard districts in West Bengal from cyclone Amphan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/alert-sounded-preparations-underway-to-safeguard-districts-in-west-bengal-from-cyclone-amphan-1679437-2020-05-19 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=India Today |publisher=Living Media India |date=19 May 2020 |location=Digha, India}}</ref> Ports were cleared and their operations suspended along the Bay of Bengal, while ferry service along major routes in Bangladesh was suspended by the [[Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corporation]].<ref name="TriggersEvacuations">{{cite news |title='Extremely severe' cyclonic storm Amphan forces evacuations in India, Bangladesh |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/extremely-severe-cyclonic-storm-amphan-forces-evacuations-in-india-bangladesh-20200519-p54u70.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=19 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="FerryServicesShutDown">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan: Ferry services shut on major routes across Bangladesh |url=https://newsroompost.com/world/cyclone-amphan-ferry-services-shut-on-major-routes-across-bangladesh/521091.html |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=Newsroom Post |publisher=Headlong Newsroom Post India |date=19 May 2020 |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref> Bangladeshi ports suspended the loading and unloading of goods on board ships.<ref name="EvacuatingMillions">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh, India evacuating millions as super cyclone bears down on coast |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/05/19/bangladesh-india-evacuating-millions-as-super-cyclone-bears-down-on-coast |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Smaller vessels in the harbour at [[Chittagong]] were moved to safety upstream the [[Karnaphuli River]].<ref name="AmphanTriggersRainChittagong" /> Ships were ordered out of some ports, such as the port of [[Paradip]], to avoid damage.<ref name="HurtlingBangladesh">{{cite news |title=Super cyclone Amphan hurtling towards Bangladesh |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/05/18/bangladesh-raises-danger-signal-as-cyclone-amphan-intensifies |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> Public works departments were called upon by the government of Odisha to ensure infrastructure resiliency;<ref name="ZeroCasualtyTarget"/> crews and backup systems for electricity and telecommunications were deployed to meet these needs,<ref name="OdishaDeploys">{{cite news |title=Odisha deploys NDRF, ODRAF teams as cyclonic storm Amphan intensifies into very severe cyclonic storm |url=http://www.uniindia.com/odisha-deployes-ndrf-odraf-teams-as-cyclonic-storm-amphan-intensifies-into-very-severe-cyclonic-storm/east/news/2000507.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=United News of India |date=17 May 2020 |location=Bhubaneswar, India}}</ref> establishing [[helpline]]s for emergency response.<ref name="GovtReleasesHelpline">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan: Govt releases helpline numbers, sets up round-the-clock control rooms |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/cyclone-amphan-govt-releases-helpline-numbers-sets-up-round-the-clock-control-rooms/594242 |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=TimesNowNews.com |agency=Times Now Digital |publisher=Bennett Coleman & Company |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Rail and vehicular traffic in Odisha and West Bengal was halted or rerouted.<ref name="CycloneTimeCOVID">{{cite news |last1=Dwyer |first1=Colin |title='Cyclone In The Time Of COVID-19': Amphan Bears Down On Bangladesh And India |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/19/858550368/cyclone-in-the-time-of-covid-19-amphan-bears-down-on-bangladesh-and-india |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=NPR |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> The ''Shramik'' train service for [[migrant worker]]s was halted in both states for up to four days, with service expected to be curtailed in the storm's aftermath.<ref name="SuspendsShramikSpecials">{{cite news |title=Odisha suspends 'Shramik Specials' in view of cyclone Amphan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/may/17/odisha-suspends-shramik-specials-in-view-of-cyclone-amphan-2144387.html|access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |date=17 May 2020|location=Bhubaneswar, India}}</ref><ref name="SpecialRoute">{{cite news |title=Bhubaneswar-New Delhi AC special train to run on diverted route |url=https://updateodisha.com/2020/05/17/bhubaneswar-new-delhi-ac-special-train-to-run-on-diverted-route-67316/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=Update Odisha |date=17 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="3LakhEvacuatedMoved">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Harshita |title=Cyclone Amphan: 3 lakh people evacuated, moved to relief shelters, says West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/cyclone-amphan-3-lakh-people-evacuated-moved-to-relief-shelters-says-west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee/story-dC72rNqD4PEvZhEtGes4FK.html |access-date=19 May 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="ShramikSpecialRoster">{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Rohit |last2=Gupta |first2=Jayanta |title=Cyclone Amphan alters Shramik Special roster, 2 trains cancel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/amphan-alters-shramik-spl-roster-2-trains-cancelled/articleshow/75837062.cms |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |date=20 May 2020 |location=Kolkata, India}}</ref> Other migrants travelling to Odisha were asked to wait out the storm.<ref name="ProcessLastFourHours">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan LIVE Updates: Cyclone begins landfall, process to last for four hours |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/cyclone-amphan-live-updates-rain-lashes-several-parts-of-odisha-rescue-op-underway-623424 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The Hans India |agency=Hans News Service |publisher=Hyderabad Media Hous |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]] special trains operating routes between [[New Delhi]] and [[Bhubaneswar]] were diverted to avoid the cyclone's effects.<ref name="IntensifiesSevereCyclonic">{{cite news |title=Cyclone 'Amphan' intensifies into severe cyclonic storm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/cyclone-amphan-live-updates-odisha-west-bengal-cyclone/liveblog/75775009.cms |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] in [[Kolkata]] was closed until 21 May, with planes evacuating or [[wheel chock|chocked]] and the [[airport terminal]] roof fortified to minimize damage.<ref name="AirportMarketsShut">{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Chandrasekar |title=Airport, Markets Shut, People To Stay Inside As Kolkata Preps For Amphan |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cyclone-amphan-airport-markets-shut-people-to-stay-inside-as-kolkata-prepares-for-storm-2231968 |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=NDTV |date=20 May 2020 |location=Kolkata, India}}</ref><ref name="PlanesFlownOut">{{cite news |title=Kolkata: Planes flown out, terminal roof bolstered ahead of Cyclone Amphan strike |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/planes-flown-out-terminal-roof-bolstered-ahead-of-amphan-strike/articleshow/75835784.cms |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |date=20 May 2020 }}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] held a meeting with Minister of Home Affairs [[Amit Shah]], Chief Minister of West Bengal [[Mamata Banerjee]], Chief Minister of Odisha [[Naveen Patnaik]] and other officials on 18 May to review preparations and evacuation plans.<ref name="TakesStock">{{cite news |last1=Nandi |first1=Jayashree |title=Bengal and Odisha brace for super cyclone Amphan, PM Modi takes stock |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-and-odisha-brace-for-cyclone-pm-modi-takes-stock/story-XfLIGsg9OMIUXl8iIIWvQN.html |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 May 2020 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref><ref name="AmitShahSpeaks">{{cite news |title=Amit Shah speaks to Mamata Banerjee and Naveen Patnaik, assures all help for super cyclone 'Amphan' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/priyanka-gandhis-office-accuses-up-govt-of-playing-politics-over-congress-offer-to-provide-buses-for-migrants-839369.html |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=The Printers |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Chief Minister of West Bengal, [[Mamata Banerjee]] announced on the day of hitting of cyclone, that all the areas through which the cyclone will pass are to be disconnected from the power supply until the disaster passed on, except the important places like hospitals, fire station etc. Teams from the [[Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force]] and [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) were pre-positioned across districts in Odisha and West Bengal on 17 May to assist in preparations for Amphan and render aid where necessary,<ref name="ZeroCasualtyTarget">{{cite news |title=CM Naveen Patnaik sets 'zero casualty' target for cyclone Amphan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/may/17/cm-naveen-patnaik-sets-zero-casualty-target-for-cyclone-amphan-2144390.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |date=17 May 2020|location=Bhubaneswar, India}}</ref><ref name="NDRFTeams">{{cite news |title=Cyclone 'Amphan': NDRF deploys 17 teams in Odisha, West Bengal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/cyclone-amphan-likely-to-turn-into-very-severe-storm-landfall-on-west-bengal-bangladesh-coasts-on-may-20-85997 |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The Tribune |publisher=The Tribune Trust |date=17 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="NDRFDeploys17Member">{{cite news |title=NDRF deploys 17 member team in Paradip to prepare for Cyclone Amphan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ndrf-deploys-21-member-team-in-paradip-to-prepare-for-cyclone-amphan/articleshow/75787830.cms |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=Asian News International |date=17 May 2020 |location=Jagatsinghpur, India}}</ref> with additional units placed on standby;<ref name="TurnsVerySevere">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Vikash |title=Cyclone Amphan Turns 'Very Severe', Disaster Response Teams Deployed In Odisha, WB |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/cyclone-amphan-turns-very-severe-disaster-response-teams-deployed-in-odisha-wb-452133 |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=Odishatv.in |publisher=Odisha Television |date=17 May 2020 }}</ref> these units could be readily airlifted to affected areas on board [[Indian Air Force]] transport aircraft.<ref name="53Teams">{{cite news |title=Cyclone 'Amphan': 53 teams deployed to save lives, property, says NDRF |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/19/cyclone-amphan-53-teams-deployed-to-save-lives-property-says-ndrf-2145136.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=19 May 2020 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> The [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]] advised that these crews and other [[first responder]]s would also need [[personal protective equipment]] and [[N95 mask]]s due to the ongoing pandemic.<ref name="LikelyToIntensify" /> A diving team from the [[Indian Navy]] was sent to [[Kolkata]] to aid relief efforts,<ref name="AmphanExtremelySevere">{{cite news |title=Live Updates: Cyclone Amphan weakens into 'extremely severe' category, rain lashes several parts of Odisha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/super-cyclone-amphan-expected-to-make-landfall-on-west-bengal-coast-on-wednesday/articleshow/75818904.cms |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times |agency=ET Online |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> with ships from the navy placed on standby for relief operations.<ref name="Clocks112kmph">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan [LIVE]: Wind velocity in Kolkata clocks 112 kmph as cyclone crosses WB; 2 people dead in state |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/cyclone-amphan-live-updates-cyclone-in-west-bengal-odisha-cyclone-amphan-sundarbans-ndrf/594335 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=TimesNowNews.com |agency=Times Now Digital |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

The Bangladesh Cyclone Preparedness Programme and National Disaster Response Coordination Group convened on 18 May to outline preparations for Amphan.<ref name="DangerSignal7">{{cite news |title=Danger signal 7 for coast as Cyclone Amphan intensifies |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/05/18/danger-signal-no-7-advised-as-cyclone-amphan-nears|access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> Several [[non-governmental agencies]] coordinated with the Cyclone Preparedness Programme to support [[Rohingya]] refugees at [[Kutupalong refugee camp|camps]] in [[Cox's Bazar]] during Amphan.<ref name="WarningFlagRaisedRohingya">{{cite news |title=Warning flag raised at Rohingya camps over cyclone 'Amphan' |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/warning-flag-raised-at-rohingya-camps-over-cyclone-amphan-1589781185 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Financial Express |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Department of Public Health Engineering]] distributed sanitation supplies and set up 15 water treatment plants.<ref name="LocalGovernmentControlRoom">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan: Local Government Division opens control room |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/cyclone-amphan-local-government-division-opens-control-room/51898 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=United News of Bangladesh |date=20 May 2020 |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref> All 32 Rohingya camps in Cox's Bazar were staffed with relief volunteers.<ref name="May20CycloneAmphan">{{cite news |last1=Berlinger |first1=Joshua |last2=Regan |first2=Helen |last3=Rahim |first3=Zamira |title=May 20 Cyclone Amphan news |url=https://www.cnn.com/asia/live-news/live-updates-cyclone-amphan-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Health services in Bangladesh during the storm were reinforced by 1,933 medical teams distributed around Bangladesh.<ref name="1933Medical">{{cite news |title=1,933 medical teams ready: Media cell |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/1933-medical-teams-ready-media-cell/51911 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=United News of Bangladesh |date=21 May 2020 |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref> Fifteen thousand volunteers and 284 medical teams were prepared to render aid around Chittagong.<ref name="AmphanTriggersRainChittagong">{{cite news |last1=Hussain |first1=Anwar |title=Cyclone Amphan triggers rain in Chittagong |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2020/05/19/cyclone-amphan-triggers-rain-in-chittagong |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> According to [[Inter-Services Public Relations (Bangladesh)|Inter-Services Public Relations]], 145 disaster management teams from the [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] were placed on standby with special equipment. The [[Bangladesh Army]] deployed 71 medical teams and arranged 18,400 packets and relief materials in preparation for Amphan's aftermath. Twenty-five ships were dispatched by the [[Bangladesh Navy]] to handle emergency, rescue, and relief operations, with aerial support from the [[Bangladesh Air Force]].<ref name="BangladeshArmedForcesReady">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh armed forces ready to tackle aftermath of super cyclone Amphan |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/05/19/bangladesh-armed-forces-ready-to-tackle-aftermath-of-super-cyclone-amphan |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Agriculture (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Agriculture]] of Bangladesh advised coastal farmers to harvest all mature [[paddy field]]s to mitigate the estimated loss of 12 percent of crop yield.<ref name="Harvest All Paddy">{{cite news |title=Harvest all paddy now |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/harvest-all-paddy-now-1903654 |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=18 May 2020 |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref> Seven thousand domestic animals were also moved to shelter under the direction of the [[Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock]].<ref name="FisheriesMinistryOpensControl">{{cite news |title=Fisheries Ministry opens control room over super cyclone 'Amphan' |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/fisheries-ministry-opens-control-room-over-super-cyclone-amphan/51867 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=United News of Bangladesh |date=19 May 2020 }}</ref>
[[File:Amphan 1825 190520.gif|thumb|left|Satellite animation of Amphan rapidly intensifying on 17 May|alt=Infrared satellite animation of Amphan rapidly intensifying, an eye has formed over the center]]
An IMD yellow alert was active for 13 of Kerala's 14 districts on 18 May,<ref name="13KeralaUnderAlert">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan: 13 Kerala districts under yellow alert, says IMD |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/cyclone-amphan-13-kerala-districts-under-yellow-alert-says-imd/593628 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=TimesNowNews.com |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=Bennett Coleman & Company |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> while an orange alert was issued by the agency for West Bengal, anticipating extensive damage in six districts.<ref name="BiggestEvacuationExercises">{{cite news |title=Cyclone 'Amphan': West Bengal government mounts one of its biggest evacuation exercises |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/20/cyclone-amphan-west-bengal-government-mounts-one-of-its-biggest-evacuation-exercises-2145512.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 May 2020 |location=Kolkata, India}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Meteorological Department]] issued cyclone danger signal #10, their highest warning, at the [[Port of Mongla]] and the [[Port of Payra]] on 20 May, signifying "great danger" due to Amphan with winds expected to exceed {{cvt|89|km/h}}. Signal #10 was also issued for eleven coastal districts, in addition to offshore islands and islands within the [[Ganges Delta]].<ref name="Signal10PayraMongla">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh raises cyclone warning to great danger signal 10 for Payra, Mongla |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/05/20/bangladesh-raises-cyclone-warning-to-great-danger-signal-10-for-payra-mongla |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Flood and landslide warnings were issued by the Disaster Management Centre of Sri Lanka on 19 May. Boats, helicopters, and crews were stationed by the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] and [[Sri Lanka Navy]] throughout the island to bolster emergency response.<ref name="RainsWreakHavocSriLanka" /> Coastal [[provinces of Thailand]] along the Andaman Sea were warned by the [[Thai Meteorological Department]] of the threat of heavy rain on 19 May.<ref name="FloodAlarmAndaman">{{cite news |title=Flood alarm sounds on Andaman coast |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1920268/flood-alarm-sounds-on-andaman-coast |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=Bangkok Post |publisher=Bangkok Post Public Company |date=19 May 2020 |location=Bangkok, Thailand}}</ref> Storm alerts issued by the Thai Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation encompassed 62 provinces, including [[Bangkok]],<ref name="StormsAlertThailand">{{cite news |last1=Wancharoen |first1=Supoj |title=Storms alert for most of Thailand |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1920764/storms-alert-for-most-of-thailand |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=Bangkok Post |publisher=Bangkok Post Public Company |date=19 May 2020 }}</ref> while warnings for flash floods, high waves, and landslides were issued for 14 provinces in [[southern Thailand]].<ref name="ThailandECHOFlash19May">{{cite web|title=Thailand – Flash floods and landslides (DG ECHO, TMD, media) (ECHO Daily Flash of 19 May 2020) |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/thailand-flash-floods-and-landslides-dg-echo-tmd-media-echo-daily-flash-19-may-2020|via=ReliefWeb |publisher=European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations |access-date=19 May 2020 |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> The National Centre for Hydrology and Meteorology of [[Bhutan]] warned of the possibility of flash flooding and landslides in the country.<ref name="NHCMIssues">{{cite news |title=NCHM issues weather warning over cyclonic storm AMPHAN |url=http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=132441 |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Bhutan Broadcasting Service |publisher=Bhutan Broadcasting Service Corporation |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> The Bhutanese Department of Disaster Management advised against travelling, particularly in southern Bhutan.<ref name="AffectPartsBhutan">{{cite news |last1=Palden |first1=Tshering |title=Cyclone Amphan to affect parts of Bhutan for the next two days |url=https://kuenselonline.com/cyclone-amphan-to-affect-parts-of-bhutan-for-the-next-two-days/ |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Kuensel |publisher=Kuensel Corporation |date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Evacuations ===
[[File:Amphan 2020-05-19 0736Z.jpg|thumb|Amphan approaching [[East India]] and [[Bangladesh]] on 19 May]]
The government of Odisha directed the [[district magistrate|magistrates]] of four [[List of districts of Odisha|districts]] on 15 May to establish shelter homes for possible evacuees.<ref name="OdishaBracing">{{cite news |last1=Mohanty |first1=Debabrata |title=Odisha bracing for possible cyclone, 12 districts on alert |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-bracing-for-possible-cyclone-12-districts-on-alert/story-BLW4ir3Gc38e8k1QhrO1WK.html |access-date=14 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Media Limited |date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Odisha Chief Secretary Asit Kumar Tripathy initially identified 403 possible cyclone shelters in areas potentially impacted by Amphan, though 105 served as temporary medical centres for quarantines associated with the concurrent [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="ZeroCasualtyTarget"/> Shelters could only be filled to one-third capacity to maintain [[social distancing]] guidelines due to the pandemic.<ref name="LikelyToIntensify">{{cite news |last1=Nandi |first1=Jayashree |last2=Thakur |first2=Joydeep |title=Cyclone Amphan likely to intensify, hit Bengal soon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-amphan-likely-to-intensify-hit-bengal-soon/story-nwfhMMbOhrJ2cDSdy2B2fN.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 May 2020 |location=Bhubaneswar, India}}</ref><ref name="MillionsAheadOfSuperCyclone" /> Social distancing restrictions in West Bengal reduced evacuation capacity in shelters from 500,000 people to 200,000 people.<ref name="TellMillionsToEvacuate">{{cite news |last1=Brackett |first1=Ron |title=India, Bangladesh Tell Millions to Evacuate as Tropical Cyclone Amphan Approaches |url=https://weather.com/news/news/2020-05-19-cyclone-amphan-india-bangladesh-evacuations |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Weather Channel |publisher=TWC Product and Technology |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] located schools and community centres for possible use as temporary shelters to augment evacuation capacity.<ref name="OdishaSwings">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Vikash |title=Cyclone Amphan: With 7 Lakh Expected To Be Affected, Odisha Swings Into Action Mode |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha/cyclone-amphan-with-7-lakh-expected-to-be-affected-odisha-swings-into-action-mode-451892 |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=Odishatv.in |publisher=Odisha Television |date=16 May 2020 |location=Bhubaneswar, India}}</ref><ref name="SetToHit">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan set to hit West Bengal today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/beast-from-bay-bears-down-on-bengal-at-185kmph-3-lakh-shifted-from-4-dists/articleshow/75837216.cms |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |date=20 May 2020 }}</ref> At least 1,704 shelters were ultimately established in Odisha and more than 2,000 were used in West Bengal, including schools and public buildings.<ref name="HurtlesTowardsBengal">{{cite news |title=Over 1 lakh evacuated in Odisha as cyclone Amphan hurtles towards Bengal coast |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/over-1-lakh-evacuated-in-odisha-as-cyclone-amphan-hurtles-towards-bengal-coast |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Free Press Journal |agency=Asian News International |date=20 May 2020 |location=Bhubaneswar, India}}</ref> Pandemic constraints on shelters in Bangladesh prompted deputy commissioners in 19 [[Districts of Bangladesh|coastal districts]] to seize educational institutions and mosques for use as shelters.<ref name="BangladeshAlertsMaritime">{{cite news |last1=Hossain |first1=Emran |title=Bangladesh alerts maritime ports as Cyclone Amphan intensifies |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/106629/bangladesh-alerts-maritime-ports-as-cyclone-amphan-intensifies |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=New Age Bangladesh |publisher=Media New Age |date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="GovtNecessaryPreparations">{{cite news |title=Govt has necessary preparations to face cyclone 'Amphan': Enamur |url=http://www.unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/govt-has-necessary-preparations-to-face-cyclone-amphan-enamur/51740 |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=United News Bangladesh |date=17 May 2020 |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref> More than 12,000 shelters were opened across Bangladesh, supplied with food and emergency cash from the Bangladeshi [[Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief]] and yielding capacity for 5.19 million evacuees.<ref name="Evacuate5Million">{{cite news |last1=Parija |first1=Pratik |title=India, Bangladesh Prepare to Evacuate 5 Million From Cyclone |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-18/india-bangladesh-may-shift-millions-as-category-5-storm-nears |access-date=18 May 2020 |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="AmphanMayBadSidr">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Pinaki |title=Amphan may be as bad as Sidr |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/amphan-may-be-bad-sidr-1903927 |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=19 May 2020 |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref> There were 5,767 more shelters in Bangladesh for Amphan than for [[Cyclone Bulbul]], which struck the country in November 2019, due in part to social distancing restrictions.<ref name="SocialDistancingChallenge">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan: Social distancing at shelters a big challenge |url=http://www.unb.com.bd/category/Special/cyclone-amphan-social-distancing-at-shelters-a-big-challenge/51866 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=United News of Bangladesh |date=19 May 2020 |last1=Syfullah|first1= Muhammad}}</ref>

Approximately 4.2 million people were evacuated in coastal India and Bangladesh, with roughly 2 million from India and 2.2 million from Bangladesh. Most of the evacuations in India occurred in West Bengal.<ref name="AsAmphanNears">{{cite news |last1=Thakur |first1=Joydeep |last2=Mohanty |first2=Debabrata |title=As cyclone Amphan nears, 4.2 million evacuated in coastal regions of India, Bangladesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/as-cyclone-amphan-nears-4-2mn-evacuated-in-coastal-regions-of-india-b-desh/story-bpZ14tH5LNaaDNckvZknDK.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="SuperCycloneHitsCoast">{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Ratcliffe |first2=Rebecca |title=Super-cyclone Amphan hits coast of India and Bangladesh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/20/super-cyclone-amphan-evacuations-in-india-and-bangladesh-slowed-by-virus |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=20 May 2020 }}</ref> Over a million people were expected to evacuate from areas near the [[Bangladesh–India border]].<ref name="MoreThan1MillionEvacuated">{{cite news |last1=Lotus |first1=Jean |title=Cyclone Amphan: More than 1 million to be evacuated in India, Bangladesh |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2020/05/18/Cyclone-Amphan-More-than-1-million-to-be-evacuated-in-India-Bangladesh/9891589822288/ |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=United Press International |date=17 May 2020}}</ref> Around 4,000 personnel from the SDRF oversaw evacuations in India.<ref name="YellowAlert9Kerala">{{cite news |title='Amphan' weakens into extremely severe cyclonic storm; yellow alert in 9 Kerala districts |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/05/19/cyclone-amphan-landfall-kerala-yellow-alert.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Onmanorama |publisher=Manorama Online |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Evacuations began on 17 May in Jagatsinghpur, beginning with the elderly and pregnant living in thatched homes.<ref name="AmphanKeepsFishermenOff">{{cite news |title='Amphan' keeps fishermen off sea |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/may/17/amphan-keeps-fishermen-off-sea-2144412.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=17 May 2020 |location=Kendrapara, India}}</ref> Magistrates were directed to begin evacuating residents from vulnerable homes and low-lying areas in Odisha the following day.<ref name="ThatchedAsbetosTile">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan: Odisha govt. asks Collectors to evacuate people living in thatched, asbestos, tile houses |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/cyclone-amphan-odisha-govt-asks-collectors-to-evacuate-people-living-in-thatched-asbestos-tile-houses/States/news/2002048.html |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=United News of India |date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The Odisha government took a more targeted evacuation approach for Amphan than in previous storms where more widespread evacuations were utilized.<ref name="SetToHitBengal">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan set to hit Bengal today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cyclone-amphan-set-to-hit-bengal-today/articleshow/75837066.cms |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Odisha had shelter capacity for up 1.1 million evacuees, though only 10 percent was expected to be used.<ref name="IndiaBangladesh2Million" /> Over 141,000 people were ultimately moved to shelters in coastal Odisha.<ref name="Clocks112kmph" /> The government of West Bengal planned to evacuate 200,000 people from their homes by 18 May;<ref name="IndiaBangladesh2Million">{{cite news |title=India and Bangladesh to evacuate 2 million people as Cyclone Amphan approaches |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/south-asia/article/3084949/india-and-bangladesh-evacuate-2-million-people-cyclone-amphan |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=South China Morning Post |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> nearly 300,000 people evacuated in total from the state, including 200,000 from [[North 24 Parganas district]] and more than 40,000 from [[Sagar Island]].<ref name="PosesExtremeStormSurge">{{cite news |last1=Freedman |first1=Andrew |last2=Slater |first2=Joanna |title=Cyclone Amphan poses extreme storm surge danger for eastern India, Bangladesh |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2020/05/19/cyclone-amphan-india-bangladesh-storm-surge/ |access-date=19 May 2020 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=19 May 2020}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="ThreeLakhEvacuated">{{cite news |last1=Nag |first1=Jayari |title=West Bengal: Three lakh people evacuated to safety ahead of 'Amphan' landfall |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/west-bengal-three-lakh-people-evacuated-to-safety-ahead-of-amphan-landfall/articleshow/75828078.cms |access-date=19 May 2020 |work=Bangalore Mirror |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |date=19 May 2020 }}</ref><ref name="AlertSoundedPreparationsUnderway" /> The NDRF reported that over 500,000 people evacuated from [[Odisha]] and West Bengal.<ref name="HeavyRain10Points">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Himanshu Sekhar |title=Cyclone Amphan To Hit Bengal Between 4 And 6 PM, Heavy Rain Along Coast: 10 Points|editor1-last=Bhasin|editor1-first=Swati |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cyclone-amphan-likely-to-hit-bengal-today-over-3-lakh-evacuated-10-points-2231831 |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=NDTV |date=20 May 2020 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> Officials farther inland in [[Dhanbad]] and [[Bokaro Steel City]], [[Jharkhand]], were also instructed to move people from susceptible housing to safety.<ref name="DhanbadBokaroDistrictsBrace">{{cite news |last1=Choubey |first1=Praduman |last2=Nikhar |first2=Suresh Prasad |title=Dhanbad and Bokaro districts brace for Amphan |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/dhanbad-and-bokaro-districts-brace-for-cyclone-amphan/cid/1774346 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Telegraph |date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Two million people were expected to evacuate from low-lying areas of Bangladesh on 19 May;<ref name="FearsOfSevereDamage">{{cite news |title=India, Bangladesh evacuate millions ahead of Cyclone Amphan amid fears of 'severe damage' |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/india-bangladesh-evacuate-millions-ahead-of-cyclone-amphan-amid-fears-of-severe-damage |access-date=18 May 2020 |work=SBS News |publisher=Special Broadcasting Service |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Enamur Rahman, the Minister of Disaster Management and Relief, stated that the evacuation for Amphan in Bangladesh was unprecedented in scale.<ref name="SlamsCoast">{{cite news |title=Coastal farmers take the brunt |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/amphan-slams-the-coast-1904605 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Trawlers were used to evacuate thousands from the sediment islands in the Ganges Delta to the Bangladeshi mainland.<ref name="ThousandsRushedBhola">{{cite news |title=Thousands rushed to safety in Bhola from storm shelter-less shoals with Amphan lurking |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/05/20/thousands-rushed-to-safety-in-bhola-from-storm-shelter-less-shoals-with-amphan-lurking |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Approximately 50,000 people were evacuated from the islands of the [[Sundarbans]].<ref name="MillionsAheadOfSuperCyclone">{{cite news |title=Amphan: India and Bangladesh evacuate millions ahead of super cyclone |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52718826 |access-date=19 May 2020 |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

==Impact==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;float:right;"
|+ Fatalities by country
|-
! scope="col"| Country
! scope="col"| Fatalities
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|scope="row"| India
|align="right"|{{nts|103}}
|<ref name="MamataPegs"/><ref name="Odisha death"/><ref name="Odisha4"/>
|-
|scope="row"| [[Bangladesh]]
|align="right"|{{nts|26}}
|<ref name="DhakaTrib_1"/>
|-
|scope="row"| [[Sri Lanka]]
|align="right"|{{nts|4}}
|<ref name="RatnapuraAffected"/><ref name="AdverseWeatherClaimsTwoLives"/>
|-class="sortbottom"
|scope="row"|Total
|align="right"|133
|
|-
|}

=== India ===

==== Eastern India ====
[[File:Kolkata after Amphan 06.jpg|alt=A downed tree along the side of a Kolkata street|left|thumb|Damage from Cyclone Amphan in Kolkata]]

Amphan made landfall near [[Bakkhali]] in [[West Bengal]] at 2:30 p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] on 20 May,<ref name=":0" /> buffeting the region with strong winds and heavy rains.<ref name="AtLeast12Dead">{{cite news |title=HIGHLIGHTS {{pipe}} 6.5 lakh evacuated, at least 24 dead as Cyclone 'Amphan' batters Bengal, Odisha; to weaken into 'deep depression' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/live/2020/May/20/highlights--65-lakh-evacuated-at-least-12-dead-as-cyclone-amphan-batters-bengal-odisha-to-weaken-into-deep-depression-2145664.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Although the extent of fatalities was less than initially feared, the cyclone's effects were nonetheless widespread and deadly.<ref name="500000FamiliesMayBeHomeless">{{cite news |last1=Beer |first1=Tommy |title=500,000 Families May Be Homeless Due To Devastation From Cyclone Amphan |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2020/05/22/500000-families-may-be-homeless-due-to-devastation-from-cyclone-amphan |access-date=23 May 2020 |work=Forbes |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> West Bengal, the epicenter of the cyclone's landfall, saw the most widespread damage from Amphan. The storm was considered the strongest to hit the region in over a decade.<ref name="strongest"/> At least 86 people died in West Bengal;<ref name="MamataPegs">{{cite news |title=Mamata pegs cyclone Amphan damage at ₹1 lakh crore, toll rises to 86 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-pegs-cyclone-amphan-damage-at-1-lakh-crore-toll-rises-to-86/article31660847.ece |access-date=23 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |publisher=THG Publishing |date=23 May 2020}}</ref> most of the fatalities were due to electrocution or the collapse of homes.<ref name="72KilledMarchModiVisit">{{cite news |title=72 killed in Amphan's march through Bengal, PM Modi to visit today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/72-killed-in-amphans-march-through-bengal-pm-modi-to-visit-today/articleshow/75878314.cms |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=Times News Network |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> The state government estimated that the storm caused at least [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]1.02 trillion (US$13.5 billion) in damages and directly affected 70 percent of the state's population.<ref name="MamataPegs" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=7 June 2020|title=Bengal pegs cyclone Amphan damage at ₹1.02 lakh crore|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bengal-pegs-cyclone-amphan-damage-at-102-lakh-crore/article31771039.ece|access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee described the storm's effects there as worse than that of COVID-19.<ref name="Clocks112kmph" /> An estimated [[storm surge]] of {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} inundated a wide swath of coastal communities and communications were severed. The greatest inundations were expected in the Sundarbans, where flooding could extend {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland.<ref name="Reuters10"/> Embankments in the region were overtaken by the surge, leading to inundation of the islands in the Sundarbans.<ref name="ProtestsEruptAsBengalReels" /> Bridges linking islands to the Indian mainland were swept away.<ref name="TheWaitingBegins">{{cite news |title=After Cyclone Hits India and Bangladesh, the Waiting Begins |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/20/world/asia/cyclone-amphan-india-bangladesh-map.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=21 May 2020}} {{subscription required}}</ref> The cyclone produced sustained winds of {{cvt|112|km/h}} and gusts to {{cvt|190|km/h}}, which were recorded by the Alipore observatory, Kolkata, West Bengal, damaging homes and uprooting trees and electric poles.<ref name="Clocks112kmph" /> Wind speed along coastal areas were measured up to {{convert|150|–|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. In [[Canning, South 24 Parganas|Canning]] a wind speed of {{convert|157|km/h||abbr=on}} with gusting up to {{convert|185|km/h||abbr=on}} was recorded, while nearby nimpith and [[Sagar Island]] observed {{convert|155|and|111|km/h||abbr=on}} wind speed.<ref name="TheHindu1">{{cite news|date=21 May 2020|title=72 people dead in West Bengal, Mamata urges PM Modi to visit state|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/super-cyclone-amphan-live-tracking-may21/liveblog/75859242.cms|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] recorded wind speeds up to {{convert|133|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. [[Kolkata]] and its surrounding recorded highest [[wind speed]] of 110–130 km/h at 7-8 pm and rainfall between 220 and 240 mm was recorded in Kolkata and its surroundings on 20 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=6 Hours Of Fear As Cyclone Amphan Ripped Through Kolkata: Videos|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kolkata-news/cyclone-amphan-kolkata-over-6-hours-of-fear-as-cyclone-amphan-ripped-through-kolkata-videos-2232440|access-date=2021-06-01|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In [[Kolkata]], the strong winds overturned vehicles and snapped approximately 10,000 trees.<ref name="TheHindu1"/><ref name="Reuters10"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kolkata loses 5,000 trees, experts want shift in plantation pattern |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-5k-trees-experts-want-shift-in-plantation-pattern/articleshow/75877109.cms |last1=Niyogi|first1=Subhro|last2=Ray|first2=Saikat |date=22 May 2020 |work=The Times of India|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref><ref name="ModiOffersHelp" /> The streets were waterlogged and trees blocking the roads. The [[CCU Airport|airport]] was remained shut and became waterlogged, many structural damages were reported.<ref>{{Cite web|title=At Least 12 Dead As Cyclone Amphan Wrecks Parts Of Bengal: 10 Points|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cyclone-amphan-at-least-12-dead-as-cyclone-amphan-wrecks-parts-of-west-bengal-homes-destroyed-2232479|access-date=2021-01-14|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The Calcutta Municipal Corporation stated that Amphan toppled over 4,000 electric poles, leaving much of the city without power for over 14 hours.<ref name="ProtestOverLack">{{cite news |title=Protests over lack of power & water in several parts of Calcutta |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/cyclone-amphan-in-west-bengal-protests-over-lack-of-power-water-in-several-parts-of-kolkata/cid/1775110 |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=The Telegraph |date=23 May 2020 |location=Kolkata, India}}</ref><ref name="SurvivorsReturnFaceDestruction">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan: Survivors return to face destruction left by storm |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52765962 |access-date=23 May 2020 |publisher=BBC |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> At least 19 people were killed in Kolkata.<ref name="ModiOffersHelp">{{cite news |last1=Nagchoudhary |first1=Subrata |last2=Paul |first2=Ruma |title=Cyclone Amphan leaves thousands homeless in eastern India, Modi offers help |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asia-storm-india/cyclone-amphan-leaves-thousands-homeless-in-eastern-india-modi-offers-help-idUSKBN22Y0YL |access-date=23 May 2020 |work=Reuters |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> The storm also triggered widespread flooding around the city. 236 mm of rain was recorded in Kolkata.<ref name="ModiOffersHelp" />
{{Costliest known North Indian cyclones|align=left}}

[[File:Cyclone Amphan making landfall.gif|thumb|right|Satellite animation of Amphan making landfall over West Bengal on 20 May|alt=Infrared satellite animation of Amphan]]

Downed power lines caused [[power outage]]s across West Bengal, prompting CM [[Mamata Banerjee]] to order power supplies to be cut in the two states of [[24 Parganas]] as a precautionary measure.<ref name="Clocks112kmph" /> In [[North 24 Parganas]], 2 people were killed and up to 5,500 homes were damaged.<ref name="Clocks112kmph" /> Thousands of mud homes were damaged in the neighboring [[Hooghly district]].<ref name="Reuters10"/> A million homes were damaged in [[South 24 Parganas]] and breached embankments led to the flooding of villages and swaths of cropland.<ref name="MamataPegs" /><ref name="72KilledMarchModiVisit" /> About 26,000 homes were destroyed in [[Gosaba (community development block)|Gosaba]]. Saltwater inundation affected surrounding areas following damage to {{cvt|19|km}} of nearby embankments. Around 150 km from the area in Nadia, the storm caused severe damage.<ref name="ModiOffersHelp" /> Across West Bengal, {{convert|88,000|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of rice paddies and {{convert|200,000|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of vegetable and sesame crops were damaged.<ref name="72KilledMarchModiVisit" />

Neighboring [[Odisha]] saw significant effects. In the [[Dhamra Port|Dharma Port]], an estimated wind speed of {{Cvt|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-21|title=3 dead as Cyclone Amphan crosses Odisha before making landfall in Bengal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-dead-as-cyclone-amphan-crosses-odisha-before-making-landfall-in-bengal/story-DvIAOCX2kG6L4IJtjzaurO.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In [[Bhadrak]], rainfall reached {{convert|384.6|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Odisha4"/> Approximately {{convert|1167|km|mi|abbr=on}} of power lines of varying voltages,{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} 126,540 transformers, and 448 [[electrical substation]]s were affected, leaving 3.4 million without power. Damage to the power grid reached ₹3.2 billion (US$42 million).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=26 May 2020|access-date=27 May 2020|title=Cyclone 'Amphan' aftermath: Power supply restored in affected districts|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bhubaneswar/2020/May/26/cyclone-amphan-aftermath-power-supply-restored-in-affected-districts-2147961.html}}</ref> Four people died in [[Odisha]], two from collapsed objects, one due to drowning,<ref name="Odisha death">{{cite news|first=Debabrata|last=Mohanty|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=21 May 2020|access-date=21 May 2020|title=3 dead as Cyclone Amphan crosses Odisha before making landfall in Bengal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-dead-as-cyclone-amphan-crosses-odisha-before-making-landfall-in-bengal/story-DvIAOCX2kG6L4IJtjzaurO.html}}</ref> and one from head trauma.<ref name="Odisha4">{{cite news|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=22 May 2020|access-date=27 May 2020|title=Agony after cyclone Amphan in Odisha|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/May/22/agony-after-cyclone-amphan-in-odisha-2146551.html}}</ref> Due to high gust winds and intense rainfall, districts like [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]] and [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]] suffered especially for the paddy farmers since the paddy fields became unsuitable for paddy cultivation which was inundated by saline water due to storm surge.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barik|first=Satyasundar|date=2020-05-21|title=Super cyclone Amphan leaves 45 lakh affected in Odisha|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/super-cyclone-amphan-leaves-45-lakh-affected-in-odisha/article31639588.ece|access-date=2021-01-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Across the 10 affected districts in Odisha, 4.4 million people were impacted in some way by the cyclone. At least 500 homes were destroyed and a further 15,000 were damaged. Nearly 4,000 livestock, primarily poultry, died.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

==== Southern India ====
Rains and strong winds from Amphan swept across many districts in [[Kerala]] beginning on 16 May.<ref name="HeavyRainsKerala">{{cite news |last1=N. |first1=Smitha |title=Cyclone Amphan intensifies, heavy rains in Kerala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/180520/cyclone-amphan-to-intensify-into-super-cyclone-by-evening-mha.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=18 May 2020 |location=Kochi, India}}</ref> Thunderstorms associated with Amphan caused severe [[coastal erosion]] in the [[Valiyathura]] suburb of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], damaging roads and destroying homes and threatening to displace over a hundred families from their homes.<ref name="AmphanRavagesCoast">{{cite news |last1=Mohan |first1=Shainu |title=Super Cyclone Amphan ravages coast |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/May/20/super-cyclone-amphan-ravages-coast-2145417.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |date=20 May 2020 }}</ref> Strong winds inflicted severe damage in [[Kottayam district]], especially in [[Vaikom]] taluk, where homes and temples were impacted and trees and electric poles were downed.<ref name="VaikomBadlyHit" /> The tiled roof of the [[Vaikom Temple|Vaikom Mahadeva Temple]] was damaged by these winds. A [[Indian rupee|₹]]1.47 billion (US$19.3 million) damage toll resulted from the destruction of 16 homes and the partial damage of 313 homes.<ref name="SufferDamageStormKerala">{{cite news |title=Temples, houses suffer damage in storm in Kerala |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/temples-houses-suffer-damage-in-storm-in-kerala-839111.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=Deccan Herald News Service |publisher=The Printers |date=18 May 2020 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, India}}</ref> A high school used as a homeless shelter collapsed, causing minor injuries.<ref name="VaikomBadlyHit">{{cite news |title=Strong winds wreak havoc in Kottayam; Vaikom badly hit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/may/19/strong-winds-wreak-havoc-in-kottayam-vaikom-badly-hit-2145091.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |agency=Express News Service |date=19 May 2020 }}</ref>

Tamil Nadu faced some impact from the cyclone. Heavy winds damaged at least 100 boats anchored in the [[Ramanathapuram district]].<ref name="100BoatsDamaged">{{cite news |title=100 boats damaged in heavy winds |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/100-boats-damaged-in-heavy-winds/article31615599.ece |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Hindu |publisher=THG Publishing |date=18 May 2020 |location=Rameswarm, India}}</ref> Coastal erosion from rough seas generated by Amphan led to the collapse of three houses at Bommayarpalayam in [[Viluppuram district]].<ref name="ThreeHousesCollapseTN">{{cite news |last1=Marx |first1=Karal |title=Cyclone Amphan: Three houses collapse in TN due to coastal erosion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cyclone-amphan-three-houses-collapse-in-tn-due-to-coastal-erosion/articleshow/75828461.cms |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=Bennett, Coleman & Company |date=19 May 2020 }}</ref> Roughly 35 acres of banana crops around [[Gandarvakottai]] and [[Aranthangi]] were destroyed.<ref name="TamilNaduBanana">{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu reports widespread destruction of Banana crops after strong winds and rain hit coastal districts |url=http://www.newsonair.com/News?title=Tamil-Nadu-reports-widespread-destruction-of-Banana-crops-after-strong-winds-and-rain-hit-coastal-districts&id=389022 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=All India Radio |date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=19 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519205822/http://newsonair.com/News?title=Tamil-Nadu-reports-widespread-destruction-of-Banana-crops-after-strong-winds-and-rain-hit-coastal-districts&id=389022 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Northern areas of the state have heatwave-like conditions for a week because Amphan took all of the area's moisture.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chennai braces for heatwave due to super cyclone Amphan, mercury breaches 40-degree mark|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/May/19/chennai-braces-for-heatwave-due-to-super-cyclone-amphan-mercury-breaches-40-degree-mark-2145375.html|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

In Sooradapeta, near [[Kakinada]] in Andhra Pradesh, rough seas destroyed 35 homes and damaged several others.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 May 2020|access-date=20 May 2020|title=Fishermen hamlet reels under Amphan impact|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/fishermen-hamlet-reels-under-amphan-impact/article31636285.ece}}</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
[[File:Amphan 2020-05-20 0730Z.jpg|thumb|right|Satellite image of Amphan making landfall on West Bengal on 20 May|alt=Satellite image of Amphan showing its curved rainbands|297x297px]]
Officials feared Amphan would be the deadliest storm in Bangladesh since [[Cyclone Sidr]] in [[2007 North Indian cyclone season|2007]], which killed about 3,500 people. The IMD predicted a storm surge as high as {{convert|3|–|5|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amphan: Cyclone wreaks deadly havoc in India and Bangladesh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-52734259 |access-date=22 May 2020 |publisher=BBC |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Over a million people were affected by Amphan across nine districts in the divisions of [[Khulna Division|Khulna]] and [[Barisal Division|Barisal]]. The cost of cyclone was estimated to be [[Bangladeshi taka|৳]]11 billion (US$130 million) initially.<ref name="InflictsMassive">{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Pianki |last2=Hasan|first2=Rashidul|last3=Alamgir|first3=Mohiuddin |title=Amphan inflicts massive damage |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/amphan-inflicts-massive-damage-1904977 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> Members of the National Disaster Management Council (NDMC) of Bangladesh estimated the damage of Amphan to be ৳127 billion (US$1.5 billion).<ref name="NDMCDamage">{{cite news |last=Nafiu |first=Rummana Foisal |title=Cyclone Amphan: Bangladesh may face losses worth Tk12,744cr |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/210453/cyclone-amphan-bangladesh-may-face-losses-worth |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Dhaka Tribute |date=20 May 2020}}</ref> At least 20 people died in storm-related incidents, including the Cyclone Preparedness Programme leader of unit no. 6 in Dhankhali union Shah Alam, who drowned when his boat capsized.<ref name="DhakaTrib_1">{{cite news|first1=Tauhid|last1=Zaman|last2=Jessore|first3=Arif|last3=Mostafa|last4=Pirojpur|first5=Asaduzzaman|last5=Sardar|last6=Satkhira|first7=Nazmul|last7=Nasim|last8=Bogra|first9=Bijoy|last9=Dhar|last10=Rangamati|newspaper=Dhaka Tribune|date=21 May 2020|access-date=21 May 2020|title=Cyclone Amphan weakens as death toll rises to 20|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/05/21/cyclone-amphan-slows-down-moves-towards-rajshahi-region}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Body of Cyclone Preparedness Programme leader recovered after boat capsize|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/body-of-cyclone-amphan-preparedness-programme-leader-recovered-after-boat-capsize-1904467|date=2020-05-20|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref> Damaging effects began in Bangladesh prior to the landfall of Amphan as coastal water levels rose.<ref name="Reuters10" /> Collapsed embankments led to the inundation of 17 villages across [[Galachipa Upazila|Galachipa]], [[Kalapara Upazila|Kalapara]], and [[Rangabali Upazila|Rangabali]].<ref name="DhakaTrib_1"/> A ship evacuating residents of a coastal community sank, killing one person.<ref name="AlreadyAKiller">{{cite news |last1=Zargar |first1=R. |title=Huge Cyclone Amphan slams into India's coast, and it's already a killer |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cyclone-amphan-landfall-india-death-bangladesh-today-2020-05-20/ |access-date=23 May 2020 |work=CBS News |date=20 May 2020 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> [[Storm surge]] destroyed at least 500 homes on an island within the [[Noakhali District]].<ref name="Reuters10">{{cite news|first1=Subrata|last1=Nagchoudhary|first2=Ruma|last2=Paul|work=Reuters|date=20 May 2020|access-date=20 May 2020|title=Cyclone kills 14 in India, Bangladesh leaving trail of destruction|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asia-storm-india/cyclone-kills-14-in-india-bangladesh-leaving-trail-of-destruction-idUSKBN22W0MT}}</ref>

Winds in Satkhira topped out at {{cvt|151|km/h}}.<ref name="SlamsCoast" /> Nearly 220,000 homes were damaged, of which 55,667 were destroyed, rendering an estimated 500,000 people homeless according to the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]].<ref name="InflictsMassive" /><ref name="Estimated132Billion">{{cite news |last1=Sud |first1=Vedika |last2=Rajaram |first2=Prema |title=Cyclone Amphan caused an estimated $13.2 billion in damage in India's West Bengal: government source |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/22/weather/cyclone-amphan-damage-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=23 May 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> A {{convert|2.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[storm surge]] breached {{cvt|150|km}} of embankments, leading to the inundation of roughly 100 villages.<ref name="InflictsMassive" /><ref name="SlamsCoast" /> In Purba Durgabati, part of a [[levee]] was washed away by floodwaters up to {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=off}} high, causing 600 houses to be inundated.<ref name="EverythingGone">{{cite news |title='Everything is gone': Cyclone Amphan destroys Bangladesh villages |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/international/everything-is-gone-cyclone-amphan-destroys-bangladesh-villages-840298.html |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Low-lying areas in Barishal were submerged {{convert|0.9|–|1.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} under water. Flooded rivers affected parts of [[Rangabali Upazila|Rangabali]] and [[Galachipa Upazila|Galachipa]] upazilas in [[Patuakhali]] district and parts of Khulna district.<ref name="SlamsCoast" /> Three hundred shelters in Cox's Bazar were damaged by flooding and landslides.<ref name="WestBengalSeeksIndianArmy">{{cite news |last1=Brokaw |first1=Sommer |title=Cyclone Amphan: West Bengal seeks Indian army's support |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2020/05/23/Cyclone-Amphan-West-Bengal-seeks-Indian-armys-support/1011590245356/ |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=United Press International |date=23 May 2020}}</ref> All 65 freshwater ponds in the Sundarbans were inundated by saltwater and numerous [[kewra]] trees were uprooted;<ref name="InflictsMassive" /> however, damage to the mangrove forest was less than initially feared.<ref name="FloodsCoastalDistricts">{{cite news |title=Cyclone floods coastal districts of Bangladesh, damages thousands of homes |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/05/21/cyclone-floods-coastal-districts-of-bangladesh-damages-thousands-of-homes |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Across 26 districts, approximately {{cvt|1100|km}} of roads and over 200 bridges were damaged.<ref name="BangladeshIncursLoss129">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh incurs loss worth $129 million due to Cyclone Amphan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/bangladesh-incurs-loss-worth-129-million-due-to-cyclone-amphan/596148 |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=TimesNowNews.com |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=Bennett Coleman & Company |date=23 May 2020 |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh}}</ref>

The [[Department of Fisheries (Bangladesh)|Department of Fisheries]] estimated that ৳2.17 billion (US$25.6 million) in losses to crab, finfish, and shrimp were sustained by 40,800 farmers due primarily to the flooding of farms. These losses were most significant in Khulna and Barisal.<ref name="CoastalFarmersBrunt" /> Floods severely damaged or destroyed around 3,000 shrimp and crab farms.<ref name="EverythingGone" /> An estimated {{convert|176,000|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of farmland were affected by Amphan according to the Ministry of Agriculture, with mango farmers in Sathkhira taking the brunt of the agricultural impacts;<ref name="CoastalFarmersBrunt" /> the [[Department of Agricultural Extension]] estimated that Amphan damaged 16 percent of Bangladesh's annual mango production,<ref name="MangoGrowersHitHard">{{cite news |last1=Ali|first1=Anwar|title=Mango growers hit hard by cyclone |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/mango-growers-hit-hard-cyclone-1904974 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> while as much as 70 percent of mangoes in Sathkhira were damaged.<ref name="CoastalFarmersBrunt" /> [[Boro rice]] paddies, beans, and [[betel]] also sustained significant losses due to Amphan.<ref name="CoastalFarmersBrunt">{{cite news |last1=Parvez |first1=Sohel |title=Coastal farmers take the brunt |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/coastal-farmers-take-the-brunt-1905004 |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=The Daily Star |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> Amphan left 22 million electricity customers without power. Roughly 2,500 phone towers operated by the [[Association of Mobile Telecom Operators of Bangladesh]] were disabled by the cyclone.<ref name="DisruptsTelecoms">{{cite news |last1=Ahamed |first1=Shamim |title=Cyclone Amphan disrupts telecoms connectivity amid power outages in Bangladesh |url=https://bdnews24.com/business/2020/05/21/cyclone-amphan-disrupts-telecoms-connectivity-amid-power-outages-in-bangladesh |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=21 May 2020}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
The cyclone produced heavy rainfall and strong winds in Sri Lanka while intensifying east of the island, affecting some 2,000 people and triggering floods and landslides.<ref name="HeavyRainsSWSriLanka">{{cite news |title=Heavy rains in South-west Sri Lanka due to 'AMPHAN' |url=https://www.newsradio.lk/justin/south-west-sri-lanka-to-receive-heavy-rains-due-to-amphan/ |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=TNLRN News Radio |publisher=News Radio |date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607061046/https://www.newsradio.lk/justin/south-west-sri-lanka-to-receive-heavy-rains-due-to-amphan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="2KilledOver2000Affected" /> Minor flooding occurred along the banks of the [[Kalu Ganga]].<ref name="RatnapuraAffected">{{cite news |title=Ratnapura affected the most by inclement weather; 2 deaths reported |url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/63860/ratnapura-affected-the-most-by-inclement-weather-2-deaths-reported- |access-date=20 May 2020 |publisher=Ada Derana |date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Two people were killed as a result of these rains in [[Ratnapura District]], with one killed by a landslide and another by a fallen tree. Landslide-related injuries hospitalized other residents in the area.<ref name="RainsWreakHavocSriLanka" /> Two people were killed in [[Kegalle]], where {{cvt|214|mm|in}} of rain fell in 24 hours.<ref name="AdverseWeatherClaimsTwoLives">{{cite news |last1=Borham |first1=Maneshka |title=Adverse weather claims two lives |url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2020/05/17/news/adverse-weather-claims-two-lives |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Sunday Observer |publisher=The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon |date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518220949/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2020/05/17/news/adverse-weather-claims-two-lives |url-status=dead }}</ref> Flash floods in Kottampitiya and [[Pelmadulla Divisional Secretariat|Pelmadulla]] prompted the evacuation of 60 people from homes susceptible to a possible landslide.<ref name="RainsWreakHavocSriLanka">{{cite news |last1=Fernando |first1=Asiri |title=Rains wreak havoc, claim two lives |url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Rains-wreak-havoc-claim-two-lives/56-700487 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=Daily FT |publisher=Wijeya Newspapers |date=18 May 2020}}</ref> Over 500 homes were damaged by Amphan,<ref name="2KilledOver2000Affected">{{cite news |title=2 killed, over 2,000 affected by heavy rains in Sri Lanka |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/18/c_139067033.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603202919/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/18/c_139067033.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=18 May 2020 |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka}}</ref> of which 145 were in [[Polonnaruwa]].<ref name="Amphan900KM">{{cite news |title=Amphan 900km away from Sri Lanka, now Super Cyclonic Storm |url=https://economynext.com/amphan-900km-away-from-sri-lanka-now-super-cyclonic-storm-70098/ |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=EconomyNext |date=19 May 2020}}</ref>

===Bhutan===
[[File:Amphan 2020.gif|thumb|left|Amphan weakening over Bangladesh as unsettled weather extends into Bhutan]]

The remnants of Amphan produced several days of unsettled weather across Bhutan, with the [[Tsirang District]] in particular seeing three days of heavy rain. Landslides and rockfalls across the nation blocked roadways and damaged homes. Flash flooding in Threna damaged crops and prompted the evacuation of five households. Seventeen yaks and horses died across [[Lingzhi Gewog|Lingzhi]], [[Naro Gewog|Naro]], and [[Soe Gewog|Soe]] gewogs.<ref>{{cite news|first=Chimi|last=Dema|newspaper=Kuensel|date=23 May 2020|access-date=26 May 2020|title=Incessant rainfall cause damage in Tsirang |url=https://kuenselonline.com/incessant-rainfall-cause-damage-in-tsirang/}}</ref> Stemming from damage to [[fibre-optic cable]]s in Kolkata, [[Bhutan Telecom]] saw a total loss of service for 17 hours on 20–21 May and TashiCell saw a 60 percent outage.<ref>{{cite news|first=Younten|last=Tshedup|newspaper=Kuensel|date=22 May 2020|access-date=26 May 2020|title=Cyclone Amphan disrupts internet connectivity|url=https://kuenselonline.com/cyclone-amphan-disrupts-internet-connectivity/}}</ref> Power outages occurred in Drepong, Gongdu, [[Jurmey Gewog|Jurmey]], [[Kengkhar Gewog|Kengkhar]], and [[Silambi Gewog|Silambi]] gewogs. Rainfall proved beneficial for the country's hydroelectric power production with the [[Energy in Bhutan#Mangdechhu Hydroelectric Project|Mangdechhu hydroelectric plant]] producing 791.39 [[Megawatts|MW]] of power, more than its intended capacity of 720 MW.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Kuensel|date=22 May 2020|access-date=26 May 2020|title=Amphan spares Bhutan|url=https://kuenselonline.com/amphan-spares-bhutan/}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Aftermath ==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi makes an aerial survey of Amphan Cyclone affected areas in West Bengal, on May 22, 2020 (1).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] making an aerial survey of Cyclone Amphan affected areas of West Bengal on 22 May 2020.]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi holds review meeting with the officials at Basirhat, West Bengal after his aerial survey of the Amphan Cyclone affected areas in the state, on May 22, 2020 (3).jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] with [[West Bengal]] Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]], held a review meeting after the aerial survey of the Cyclone Amphan affected areas of West Bengal, in [[Basirhat]] on 22 May 2020.]]
On 22 May, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] conducted an aerial survey over Kolkata, along with [[West Bengal]] Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In PM Modi's aerial survey of cyclone-hit Bengal, CM Mamata a co-traveller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-pm-modi-s-aerial-survey-of-cyclone-hit-bengal-cm-mamata-a-co-traveller/story-4UceFk4iXK4IIsC6Bqj6PN.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> Modi announced a ₹10 billion (US$132 million) immediate relief package for West Bengal and ₹5 billion (US$66.2 million) in relief for Odisha.<ref name="WB_Relief">{{cite news |title=PM Modi announces Rs 1,000 cr immediate relief for Cyclone Amphan-hit Bengal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-announces-rs-1-000-cr-immediate-relief-for-cyclone-amphan-hit-bengal/story-kmshOClDcFNqLUjubNxUVJ.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi announces Rs 500 crore advance relief for cyclone-hit Odisha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-announces-rs-500-crore-advance-relief-for-cyclone-hit-odisha/story-dtYl3tTrOAnaHXhi5Mh1cJ.html |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2020}}</ref> In advance, Modi announced that ₹200,000 (US$2,650) would be provided to the next of kin of people who died during the storm, and ₹50,000 (US$660) would be given to each injured person.<ref name="WB_Relief"/> Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee stated that it would take three to four days to assess the damage.<ref name="TracksForKolkata">{{cite news |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Westcott |first2=Ben |last3=Sud |first3=Vedika |last4=Suri |first4=Manveena |last5=Reynolds |first5=Emma |title=Cyclone Amphan makes landfall in India and tracks for Kolkata |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/20/weather/super-cyclone-amphan-india-banglash-evacuations-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=23 May 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Twenty disaster relief teams were dispatched by the Indian Coast Guard to begin search and rescue operations.<ref name="TracksForKolkata" /> Ten teams were sent to West Bengal to aid recovery, in addition to the NDRF teams pre-positioned there before Amphan's passage.<ref name="ProtestsEruptAsBengalReels" /> Approximately 1,000 ground teams worked to restore infrastructure and services in West Bengal after Amphan, though only 25–30 percent of workers were staffed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name="MamataPegs" /> The resulting slow restoration of power sparked protests across West Bengal aimed primarily at electricity company [[CESC Limited|CESC]].<ref name="ArmyDeployedWestBengal" /> Some restoration efforts were disrupted by these protests.<ref name="AgitatedMobObstructs">{{cite news |title=Agitated mob obstructs telecom restoration work in Amphan-hit areas of West Bengal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/agitated-mob-obstructs-telecom-restoration-work-in-amphan-hit-areas-of-west-bengal-841204.html |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=The Printers |location=Kolkata, India}}</ref> The [[Department of Home (West Bengal)|Home Department]] of West Bengal requested additional crews from railway and port interest, while five brigades from the Indian Army were deployed in Kolkata and the 24 Parganas districts to support recovery efforts.<ref name="ProtestsEruptAsBengalReels">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan: Protests erupt as Bengal reels under storm aftermath; Army deployed for restoration work |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cyclone-amphan-ndrf-army-mamata-banerjee-restoration-work-6424209/ |access-date=25 May 2020 |work=The Indian Express |date=23 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="ArmyDeployedWestBengal">{{cite news |last1=Dutt |first1=Ishita Ayan |title=After devastation from cyclone Amphan, Army deployed in West Bengal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/after-devastation-from-cyclone-amphan-army-deployed-in-west-bengal-120052301215_1.html |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Business Standard |date=23 May 2020}}</ref> Additional assistance was requested from Jharkhand and Odisha.<ref name="MamataPegs" /> The government of Odisha sent 500 members of its disaster rapid action force and fire service to West Bengal.<ref name="ProtestsEruptAsBengalReels" /> Odisha Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] performed an aerial survey of the damage in his state following Amphan.<ref name="ProcessLastFourHours" />

The [[European Union]] stated that it would initially provide €500,000 (US$545,000) for those affected by the storm in India.<ref name="ProtestsEruptAsBengalReels"/> German NGO Welthungerlife released 100,000 Euro to fund Cyclone Amphan relief efforts.<ref name="Relief">{{Cite web|url=https://healthpolicy-watch.news/cyclone-amphan-relief-efforts-ramp-up|title=Cyclone Amphan Complicates COVID-19 Response as Relief Efforts Underway in Bangladesh and India's West Bengal State - Health Policy Watch|date=25 May 2020}}</ref>

The Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief in Bangladesh approved a ৳2.5–3 billion (US$29–35 million) budget to repair embankments damaged by Amphan. Another ৳1.5 billion (US$18 million) was distributed to each district heavily impacted by the storm, along with 500 bundles of corrugated tin sheets.<ref name="Tk11bnOff">{{cite news |title=Cyclone Amphan wipes Tk 11bn off Bangladesh, government says |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2020/05/21/cyclone-amphan-wipes-tk-11bn-off-bangladesh-government-says |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=bdnews24.com |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> [[International development]] organisation [[BRAC (organisation)|BRAC]] disbursed ৳30 million (US$350,000) to low-income families in 10 [[upazila]]s, with ৳5,000 (US$60) per family. The organisation also distributed gloves, masks, and sanitizers to Bagerhat, Khulna, and Satkhira districts.<ref name="BracAllocates">{{cite news |title=Brac allocates Tk3 crore for 6,000 households affected by cyclone Amphan |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/05/23/brac-allocates-tk3-crore-for-6-000-amphan-affected-households |access-date=23 May 2020 |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=23 May 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|India|Bangladesh}}
*[[Tropical cyclones in 2020]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200607030351/https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc20/IO/01B.AMPHAN/ 01B.AMPHAN] from the United States Naval Research Laboratory
*[https://reliefweb.int/disaster/tc-2020-000136-mmr Tropical Cyclone Amphan - May 2020] from ReliefWeb
*{{YouTube|id=gREsI9xjEsQ|title=Disaster footage}}
{{2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Disasters in India in 2020}}
{{Super Cyclonic Storms}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amphan}}
[[Category:2020 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:May 2020 in Asia]]
[[Category:Super cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:2020 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]

East Indian (1815 ship)

2025-12-16T18:47:30Z

Krrissh: new new data

{{other ships|East Indian (ship)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=
| country=United Kingdom
| flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
| name = ''East Indian''
| namesake =
| owner =
| operator =
| ordered =
| builder =J.Kyd & Co.,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|pp=106 & 109}} or Kyd & Richards,{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=271}} [[Kidderpore]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
| original_cost = 150,000 sicca rupees{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=130}}
| laid_down =
| launched = 17 April 1815
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Wrecked December 1826
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen=518,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=130}} or 537{{small|{{frac|59|94}}}},{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=271}} or 553{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|pp=106 & 109}} ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length ={{cvt|119|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| beam ={{cvt|32|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement =
| armament =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''''East Indian''''' was launched at Calcutta in 1815. She remained a ''country ship'', that is, a British vessel trading east of the [[Cape of Good Hope]], until 1819. In 1819 she apparently sailed to England and may briefly have assumed British registry. By 1824 she had returned to Calcutta registry. She was wrecked in 1826 near [[Sagar Island|Saugor]].

==Career==
A list of vessels registered at Calcutta in 1819 showed ''East Indian'' with H. Hogg, master, and Hogue & Co. owner.<ref>''East-India register and directory'' (1819), p.153.</ref> The ''Register of Shipping'' (''RS'') for (1820) showed ''East Indian'' with H. Hogg, master, Hogue & Co. owners, and trade London-[[Cape of Good Hope]].<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214309?urlappend=%3Bseq=211 ''RS'' (1820), Seq.№E797.]</ref>

A list of vessels registered at Calcutta in 1824 shows ''East Indian'' with Peter Roy, master, and Davidson & Co., owners.<ref>''East-India register and directory'' (1824), p.153.</ref>

==Fate==
On 25 July 1826, ''East Indian'', Captain Peter Roy, was wrecked on the [[Sagar Island|Saugor]] Sand. She had left [[Machilipatnam|Masulipatam]] on the 11th. She had attempted to ride out a gale that had come up but lost her anchors. By 26 December it was clear that she could not be saved. Roy and part of the crew took to her long boat and reached Edomonstone's Island ({{coord|21.59|N|88.17|E}}). Some of the crew took to her cutter, which overturned; only two men were saved.<ref>''Asiatic Journal'' Vol., 23, No. 133, Jan 1827, pp.81-2.</ref> ''[[Lloyd's List]]'' reported that she was coming from Rangoon, and stated that four men, natives, had drowned. It also gave the date of loss as 28 July.<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735036?urlappend=%3Bseq=403 ''Lloyd's List'' №6178.]</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John|year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}
{{1826 shipwrecks}}

{{italic title}}

[[Category:1815 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in July 1826]]

Anakapalli mandal

2025-12-11T06:03:45Z

Krrissh: Made A Entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anakapalli mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.6913|N|83.0039|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Coastal Andhra]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Anakapalli]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 169.62
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,86,937
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| mapp =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 531001
| registration_plate = AP 31
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Anakapalli''' mandal is one of the [[mandal]]s in located in [[Anakapalli district]] of the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is administered under [[Anakapalle revenue division|Anakapalli revenue division]] and its headquarters are located at Anakapalli.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Visakhapatnam district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/visakhapatnam.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|accessdate=28 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419175752/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/visakhapatnam.html|archive-date=2014-04-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is bounded by [[Kasimkota]] Mandal towards west, [[Munagapaka]] Mandal towards South, [[Paravada]] Mandal towards East, [[Achutapuram]] Mandal towards South.

==Demographics==

Anakapalli mandal spreads across an area of 161.62 sq km. The total population of Anakapalli Mandal is 100,418 residing in 26,224 Houses, Spread across total 64 villages and 43 panchayats and 1 Census Town . Population of males are 49,627 and females are 50,791. Urban population is 5,001 (excluding [[Anakapalle|Anakapalli]] town, where as rural population is 95,417. The mandal has Highest rural population in [[Visakhapatnam district]]. Population in the age-group 0-6 is 10,879 of which 5,560 are male and 5,319 are female. The literacy rate of Anakapalli mandal is 56.66 with 56,903 literates in the Mandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2813_PART_B_DCHB_VISAKHAPATNAM.pdf|title=Visakhapatnam district Census Handbook}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[census of India|census]], [[Thummapala]] is the most populated and Papayya Palem is the least populated settlement in the mandal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Visakhapatnam District|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=13|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171612/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=13|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The mandal consists of 26 settlements. It includes 1 town and 25 villages. Anakapalli municipality was merged with [[Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Two municipalities merged in GVMC |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130731/news-politics/article/two-municipalities-merged-gvmc |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |accessdate=18 February 2015 |location=Visakhapatnam |date=31 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218121411/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130731/news-politics/article/two-municipalities-merged-gvmc |archivedate=18 February 2015 }}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|style=width:450px;|

#[[Anakapalle]]†
#Allikhanudupalem
#Bhatlapudi
#Bowluvada
#Chintanippula
#[[Golagam]]
#Gopalapuram
#Jagannadhapuram
#Koduru
#Kondupalem
#Koppaka
#[[Kunchangi]]
#Kundram
#Makavaram
#Mamidipalem
#[[Maredupudi]]
#Maredupudi Agraharam
#[[Marturu]]
#Mettapalem
#Papayya Palem
#Papayya Santha Palem
#Pisinikada
#Rajupalem
#Rebaka
#Sampathipuram
#Sankaram
#Seethanagaram
#Tagarampudi
#Thummapala
#Valluru
#Venkupalem
#Vetajangalapalem
#Vooderu
}}

''Note:'' †–Mandal headquarter

==Transport==

Anakapalli mandal is well connected by road and Rail. [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] or [[Asian Highway 45]] passes through the mandal. It also has major District roads and State Highways connecting it to nearby mandals and Visakhapatnam. [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APS RTC]] runs bus services from Anakapalli bus station to major parts of the state and [[Visakhapatnam]].
[[Anakapalle railway station|Anakapalli railway station]] is on Howrah-Chennai main line. It is under Vijayawada division of South Central railway zone. Almost every Passenger and Express train passes through halts here. The mandal also has Minor railway stations like [[Thadi railway station|Thadi]]. [[Visakhapatnam Airport]] (VTZ) is the nearest International airport at a distance of 20 km from the mandal.

The following bus routes go to Anakapalli from Visakhapatnam.

==Public transportation==
[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] runs buses to this area along these routes
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Route Number
!Start
!End
!Via
|-
|500
|RTC complex
|Anakapalli
|NAD, Gajuwaka, Kurmannapalem, Aganampudi
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Mandals in Anakapalli district]]

Maha Singh

2025-12-10T11:49:08Z

Krrissh: brief adjust formatting based on references further and improved wording

{{Short description|Sardar of Sukerchakia Misl (1756/60-1790/92)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Sukerchakia Misl#Leaders|Sardar of Sukerchakia Misl]]
| image = Maha Singh of the Sukarchakia Misl.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sardar Maha Singh of the Sukarchakia Misl
| predecessor = [[Charat Singh]]
| successor = [[Ranjit Singh]]
| father = [[Charat Singh]]
| mother = [[Desan Kaur]]
| spouse = {{ubl|[[Mananwala|Mai Man]]|[[Raj Kaur]] (Mai Malwain)}}
| issue = [[Ranjit Singh]]
| royal house = [[Sukerchakia]]
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| birth_date = 1756 or 1760
| birth_place = [[Gujranwala]], [[Sukerchakia Misl]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = 15 April 1790 or April 1792
| death_place = Gujranwala Fort, [[Sukerchakia Misl]], [[Sikh Confederacy]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
}}

'''Maha Singh''' ({{langx|pa|Mahaṅ Singh}}; 1760 – 15 April 1790<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Herrli |first=Hans |title=The Coins of the Sikhs |pages=7}}</ref> or 1756 – April 1792),<ref name=eos>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx
|title=MAHAN SINGH |last=Khurana |first=J.S.
|website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism
|publisher=Punjabi University Patiala
|access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="KakshiPathak2007">{{cite book|last1=Kakshi|first1=S.R.|last2=Pathak|first2=Rashmi|last3=Pathak|first3=S.R.Bakshi R.|title=Punjab Through the Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_FRF3a5y2EC|access-date=12 June 2010|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1|pages=272–274}}</ref> also spelt as '''Mahan''' or '''Mahn Singh''', was the second [[Sardar]] of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]], which as a Sikh grouping with its guerilla militia was one of twelve [[Sikh Confederacy|Sikh Misls]] that later became part of the [[Sikh Empire]]. He was the eldest son of [[Charat Singh|Sardar Charat Singh]] and [[Desan Kaur|Sardarni Desan Kaur Warraich]]. He was the father of the Punjabi king [[Ranjit Singh]].

Upon the death of his father, [[Charat Singh]], he succeeded to the leadership of the Sukerchakia Misl. His son [[Ranjit Singh]] succeeded him and established the [[Sikh Empire]]. He is known for his alliance with [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] and for reducing the power of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]]. Maha Singh married firstly [[Mananwala|Mai Man Kaur]], daughter of Sardar Jai Singh Mann of [[Mananwala|Mughalchak-Mananwala]], and secondly [[Sardar]]ni [[Raj Kaur]], daughter of Raja Gajpat Singh of [[Jind State|Jind]] and mother of Ranjit Singh.

== Early life ==
Maha Singh was born in a [[Sandhawalia]] [[Jat Sikh]] family to Charat Singh and his wife, Desan Kaur in 1756. Some sources say he was born in the year 1760.<ref>{{Cite book|last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhMisals|title=History Of The Sikh Misals|language=English}}</ref><ref>Ahmad Shah Batalia, op. tit., p. 29; Carmichael Smyth, op. tit., p. 9.</ref> He had three younger siblings, Saher Kaur, Raj Kaur and Sahej Singh, who died in infancy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Siṅgha|first=Bhagata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=raj+kaur+bhangi|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|date=1993|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|language=en}}</ref> Maha Singh was brought him up in his family's martial tradition by his parents and accompanied his father to a variety of military expeditions from an early age. Charat Singh married Maha Singh to [[Mananwala|Mai Man Kaur]], daughter of Sardar Jai Singh Mann, chief of [[Mananwala|Mogalchak-Mananwala]], before his death in 1770 to strengthen the [[Sukerchakia]] Misl.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 113">Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 113.</ref> His own [[matchlock]] accidentally exploded and killed him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pathak|first=Rashmi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxtEFA5qqR8C&dq=charat+singh&pg=PA15|title=Punjab Through the Ages|date=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-738-1|language=en}}</ref>

==Leadership of the Sukerchakia Misl==
[[File:Painting of Mahan Singh (also spelt as Maha Singh) of the Sukerchakia Misl seated underneath a red canopy.jpg|thumb|Painting of Mahan Singh seated underneath a red canopy with attendants]]
He succeeded his father as the chief of the Sukerchakia Misl.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 113"/> Maha Singh was assisted by his mother in the affairs of the state. Desan Kaur was a worldly-wise, experienced, courageous and an intelligent lady, her people were content with her admiration skills.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 113"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luoKAQAAMAAJ&q=desan+kaur|title=Studies in Sikhism and Comparative Religion|date=2006|publisher=Guru Nanak Foundation|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Lafont 2002">{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C&dq=desan+kaur&pg=PA14|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}</ref> To strengthen her position she married her daughter, '''Raj Kaur''' to '''Sahib Singh''', son of '''Gujjar Singh''' of the [[Bhangi Misl]] and the other daughter, '''Saher Kaur''' was married to '''Sohel Singh'''.<ref>[[Ganesh Das|Ganesh Das Badehra]], op. tit, p 135</ref> She later arranged for her son Maha Singh to be married to [[Raj Kaur|Rajkumari Raj Kaur]], daughter of [[Jind State|Raja Gajpat Singh]] of [[Jind]] in 1774. By setting up these alliances she ensured the sympathies of the [[Phulkian Misl|Phulkians]] and the [[Bhangi Misl|Bhangis]](who were jealous of the growing fame of her late husband); these matrimonial alliances helped her consolidate power.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lafont|first=Jean Marie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrG_aJTgnw0C|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh|date=2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}</ref> Desan Kaur and Maha Singh were assisted by her brothers Dal Singh of Akalgarh and Gurbaksh Singh as well as [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya|Sardar Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] with whom Charat Singh once exchanged turbans with - a practice done to express solidarity with each other.<ref>Kanaihya Lai, Tarikh-i-Punjab (1877), Punjabi, Version, Patiala, 1968. p. 135.</ref>

Soon Maha Singh captured the [[Rohtas Fort]] from Nur-ud-din Bamezai, a general of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] and occupied Kotli Ahangaran, near [[Sialkot]]. After this victory, he laid a four-month [[Siege of Rasulnagar|siege to Rasool Nagar]] assisted by [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]].<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 113"/> He triumphed over Pir Muhammad, the ruler of the Chathas, on the eastern bank of river [[Chenab River|Chenab]] who surrendered to Maha Singh. This victory added luster to the Sukarchakia Misal, and many other chiefs who were the dependents of the Bhangis offered to transfer their allegiance to the Sukarchakias.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 113"/><ref>{{Cite book
| last = Kakshi
| first = S.R.
|author2=Rashmi Pathak |author3=S.R.Bakshi |author4=R. Pathak
| title = Punjab Through the Ages
| publisher = Sarup and Son
| year = 2007
| location = New Delhi
| pages = 16–17
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kxtEFA5qqR8C&q=charat%20singh&pg=PA16
| isbn = 978-81-7625-738-1}}</ref> While he was at battle, Raj Kaur affectionately known as ''Mai Malwain'' gave birth to their only son. The child was named Budh Singh after their ancestor who received [[Amrit Sanskar|amrit sanskar]] from [[Guru Gobind Singh]] himself.<ref>Sohan Lai Suri, op. tit., II, p. 15;</ref> On his return from [[Rasulnagar]], Maha Singh was presented with his son and to commemorate his victory the child's name was changed to Ranjit meaning "victor in battle") Singh (meaning "lion").

Mahan Singh distributed grains to every body who approached him, it was said that his good will was the reason behind the recovery of his son from smallpox.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 119">Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 119.</ref>

==Military campaign==
=== Conflict with the [[Bhangi Misl]] ===
[[File:'Assembly of Sikhs and Sansar Chand of Kangra', attributed to Purkhu of Kangra, ca.1780.jpg|thumb|[[Ramgarhia Misl|Ramgarhia]] and [[Sukerchakia Misl|Sukarchakia]] Misls hold a diplomatic meeting. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia (long, white beard) on left. Maha Singh with checked blanket covering chest on the right, in centre]]
Capture of Bhangi territories Chait Singh, youngest brother of Gujar Singh, had come to help. the Chathas. Mahan Singh arrested him and imprisoned him in the fort of Gujranwala. Raj Kaur, sister of Mahan Singh and wife of Sahib Singh, came from Gujrat to Gujranwala to secure liberation of Chait Singh. Mahan Singh did not listen to her, and did not set the Bhangi sardar free. The Mahan Singh then turned towards Bhangi territories. He captured Sahiwal and imprisoned its qiladar. He seized Pindi Bhattian, [[Isa Khel]] and [[Musakhel, Punjab|Musa Khel]]. He killed Desa Singh of Chiniot in 1782. Karam Singh Dulu held his own successfully at [[Jhang]].

In 1777, Mahan Singh entered the [[Sialkot]] district, almost the whole of which belonged to Bhangis. First of all he attacked [[Kotli]] famous for the manufacture of arms. He obtained match locks in tribute. He stayed in the district for two months. He invited all the Bhangi chiefs to meet him on a fixed day at a certain place. Twenty-two of them responded to his call. They were imprisoned. They were set free on acknowledgement of his overlordship and payment of tribute. Mahan Singh failed to capture [[Sialkot]] as it was bravely defended by Charat Singh Bajwa of Badhala village and Mansa Singh and Rupa Singh. Mahan Singh's two months siege proved fairly satisfactory.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 113"/> Bhangis then had to pay tribute to Gujranwala.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 114.</ref>

In 1788 Gujjar Singh died and was succeeded by his son, Sahib Singh who was also Maha Singh's brother-in-law. Mahan Singh demanded his tribute but Sahib Singh decided to wage war against Maha Singh.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 119"/> Maha Singh then sieged the Sodhara accompanied by his 10 year old son, Ranjit Singh.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 119"/>

=== Conflict with the [[Kanhaiya Misl]] ===

After the death of Ranjit Deo, Kanhaiya and Bhangis occupied some of the territories of Jammu. Ranjit Deo's son, Brij Deo asked Maha Singh for help but due to his pact with the Kanhaiyas he asked him to pay tribute to them. Later in January 1784 [[Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya]] and Mahan Singh had made a pact to attack and share the wealth, but Maha Singh did it alone, he Plundered Jammu for three days and nights killing thousands of men the booty was secured was worth than more than one crore, Haqiqat Singh was so deeply shocked at this treachery that he soon died afterwards, the death of Haqiqat Singh was great Loss to Jai Singh, he demanded the Half of the booty from Maha Singh for Haqiqat Singh Son, Jaimal Singh, which Maha Singh refused<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 119"/> On the Diwali day in 1784, all the Sikhs chiefs gathered at Amritsar, Jai Singh Kanhaiya behaved coldly with Maha Singh and refused his attempts to reconcile and called him Dancing boy Maha Singh took this insult to heart and he attacked Kanhaiya camp outside Amritsar, Jai Singh pursued him, A further engagements took place near [[Majitha]], Jai Singh was forced to seek shelter inside the town, which was besieged, he escaped into [[Jalandhar]] and prepared his army for battle against Maha Singh.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993">Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India:Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |year=1918|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London, New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31113/page/n176 118] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31113|quote=a history of the sikhs cunningham. }}</ref><ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 119"/> Maha Singh knows, he could not face him alone, so he invited Raja Sansar Chand Katoch and [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] both enemies of Jai Singh to join him, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia hurried from [[Tosham]] at the head of his whole force, and stopped at [[Jagraon]], where Maha Singh agent's met him to form the plan of action, A Kanhaiya force tried to check Ramgarhias but failed a hard battle was fought in near Achal about 4 km from [[Batala]], the battle continued for six hours [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya]] son of Jai Singh died in battle the Kanhaiya force's having lost their leader got disheartened and were routed, Gurbakhsh Singh death broke the back of his father who made no further resistance, He Burst into tears, emptied his quiver of its arrow and dismounting from his horse expose himself to the enemy fires, Tara Singh and Jaimal Singh took him away from the battle field to a place of safely [[Sada Kaur]] who was also present in the battle field escaped to her fort [[Sohian]]<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993"/>

After the battle of Achal Jai Singh Kanhaiya retired to Naushera where he reorganized his force for a fresh struggle Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and Sansar Chand Katoch got busy in occupying there former possessions, Maha Singh alone remained in the field, Another battle was fought between Maha Singh and Jai Singh Kanhaiya at Naushera, Both sides sustained heavy losses but Jai Singh Kanhaiya suffered a defeat, he escape to his fort of Nurpur Maha Singh pursued him and laid siege to the fort to the fort, Maha Singh did not like to stay at a distant place, he raised the siege and turned homeward, Maha Singh seized Kanhaiya territories with worth a three lakhs a year,<ref name="Singh2004">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2 January 2023|edition=2nd|date=11 October 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1}}</ref><ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 119"/>

==Matrimonial alliances==

In 1784, [[Ran Singh Nakai|Sardar Ran Singh Nakai]], an ambitious chief from the [[Nakai Misl]] who just like Maha Singh was considered the future of the Sikh nation, died. He was succeeded by his son, Bhagwan Singh who was unable to hold territory against another chief, Wazir Singh.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 165.</ref> Realizing they need a powerful ally to counter Wazir Singh with them, [[Karmo Kaur|Sardarni Karmo Kaur]], widow of Sardar Ran Singh sent a proposal to get her infant daughter, Raj Kaur Nakai betrothed to his four-year-old son, Ranjit Singh and Maha Singh readily agreed. This was the first alliance between Nakais and Sukherchakias.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=2021-04-25|title=Three Maharanis of the great Sikh Maharajahs|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1620259|access-date=2021-10-22|website=DAWN.COM|language=en}}</ref> This marriage took place in 1792<ref>{{Cite book|last1=von Hugel|first1=Karl Alexander|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139198622|title=Travels in Kashmir and the Panjab|last2=Jervis|first2=T. B.|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-19862-2|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139198622 }}</ref> and Raj Kaur Nakai was renamed Datar Kaur as many ladies in the Sukerchakia Misl bore the name "Raj Kaur", like Ranjit Singh mother and his aunt. She was affectionately called Mai Nakain by Ranjit Singh.<ref name="Lafont 2002"/> In 1801, she gave birth to Ranjit Singh's first son and [[heir apparent]], [[Kharak Singh]]. The couple had two other sons [[Rattan Singh]] born in 1805 and Fateh Singh who died in infancy.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|last=Bance|first=Bhupinder Singh|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/105619|title=Duleep Singh, Princess Catherine Hilda (1871–1942), suffragette|date=2013-10-03|series=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/105619 }}</ref>

After the death of [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya]] his widow, [[Sada Kaur]] being a farsighted woman, finding the Sukerchakia Misl in its ascendancy, proposed the marriage of her two-year-old daughter to Ranjit Singh. Jai Singh's pride was humbled but he agreed for the match and in 1786 the young children were engaged. [[Sada Kaur]] would later succeed to the leadership of the [[Kanheya Misl|Kanhaiya Misl]]. With this matrimonial alliance peace was restored between the two contending Misals. This alliance proved very helpful to Ranjit Singh in his future conquests and consolidation of Punjab under his sway.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 119"/> This marriage took place in 1789<ref>{{Cite book |last=Atwal |first=Priya |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/31929 |title=Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-754831-8 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197548318.001.0001 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> and Mehtab Kaur became his first wife and mother of twins, [[Sher Singh]] and [[Tara Singh (Sikh prince)|Tara Singh]] in 1807.

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Tomb of Maha Singh or Mahan Singh.jpg|thumb|Samadhi of Maha Singh or Mahan Singh, in [[Sheranwala Bagh|Sheranwala Garden]], Gujranwala.]]During the siege of [[Sodhra]], which was being occupied by the [[Bhangi Misl]], he contracted dysentery<ref name="eos" /> The ambitious Sukarchakia chief was having a failing health due to overwork and exhaustion and in the course of the siege of Sodhra when the victory was just insight he was suddenly taken ill by a violent attack of fever. He handed charge to Ranjit Singh and retired to Gujranwala.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 119"/> Ranjit Singh was victorious but Maha Singh died on April 15, 1790.<ref name="Singha, Bhagata 1993 p. 119"/> According to [[Hari Ram Gupta]],<ref>Hari Ram Gupta, op. tit, IV, p. 313.</ref> <blockquote>"There is not the least doubt about it that if he had lived ten years longer, he would have become the sole monarch of the whole of northern India from the Khyber Pass to the Ganga, and from the Himalayas to the Arabian sea, and Emperor Shah Alam II would have become his protege."</blockquote>[[Syad Muhammad Latif|Muhammad Latif]] states,<ref>Muhammad Latif, op. tit, p. 344-45; cf, Prinsep, op. tit, pp. 37-38.</ref><blockquote>"Mahan Singh was brave, enterprising and prudent beyond his years; and the age in which he lived highly favoured his ambitious schemes His early feats in arms had acquired for him so great a reputation that many influential independent Sardars joined his banner. His rapid successes gave him an ascendancy over all the Sikh chiefs. His military genius, undaunted courage, stern temper and rigid observance of the rules of delicacy and honour, at times, involved him in serious trouble, but he honourably acquitted himself on all such occasions."</blockquote>

== In popular culture ==

*In the 2010 historical TV series ''[[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'' telecasted on [[DD National]], the character of Maha Singh is portrayed by [[Gavie Chahal]].
* Maha Singh was portrayed by [[Shalin Bhanot]] in [[Life OK]]'s historical drama ''[[Sher-e-Punjab: Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Leader of the [[Sukerchakia Misl]]|before=[[Charat Singh]]|after=[[Ranjit Singh]]
|years=1770 –1792}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Maha}}
[[Category:Misl leaders]]
[[Category:1792 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Ranjit Singh]]

Shrimant Patil

2025-12-06T07:41:19Z

Krrissh:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| name = Shrimant Patil
| occupation = Agriculturist, Businessman, Educationist, Politician<ref>http://www.athanisugars.com/board-member Board of Directors</ref>

| office = Minister of Handloom & Textiles from Commerce and Industries department 
Minister of Minority welfare
[[Government of Karnataka]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| term_start = 6 February 2020
| term_end = 26 July 2021
| predecessor =
| successor =

| office1 = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Kagwad (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kagwad]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Bharamgoud Alagoud Kage]] ([[Raju Kage]])
| successor1 = [[Raju Kage]]

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|1|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kempwad]], [[Belgaum]]<ref name="Kagwad candidate lives in Maharashtra">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Kagwad candidate lives in Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kagwad-candidate-lives-in-maharashtra/article30123037.ece |access-date=5 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=30 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505142338/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kagwad-candidate-lives-in-maharashtra/article30123037.ece |archive-date=5 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata party]] {{small|(2019–present)}}
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(till 2019)}}
}}
'''Shrimant Balasaheb Patil''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kagwad (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Kagwad]] in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>[http://myneta.info/karnatka2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=691 MyNeta]</ref><ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/india/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-bjp-congress-jds-2696524.html Karnataka MLA's List 2018: Full List of Winners From BJP, Congress, JDS and More]</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/disqualified-karnataka-mlas-barring-roshan-baig-join-bjp/articleshow/72051891.cms Disqualified Karnataka MLAs, barring Roshan Baig, join BJP]</ref><ref>[https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/rebel-karnataka-mlas-barring-roshan-baig-to-join-bjp-after-sc-allows-them-to-contest-bypolls Rebel Karnataka MLAs barring Roshan Baig to join BJP after SC allows them to contest bypolls]</ref> He was one among the 17 [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] legislators who withdrew their support to the [[H.D.Kumaraswamy]] government in 2019.<ref name="The 15 MLAs who brought down Kumaraswamy government">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=The 15 MLAs who brought down Kumaraswamy government |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2019/Jul/24/the-15-mlas-who-brought-down-kumaraswamy-government-102416.html |access-date=5 May 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505142220/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2019/Jul/24/the-15-mlas-who-brought-down-kumaraswamy-government-102416.html |archive-date=5 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He was disqualified from his position as legislator and later joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Disqualified Karnataka MLAs, barring Roshan Baig, join BJP">{{cite news |title=Disqualified Karnataka MLAs, barring Roshan Baig, join BJP |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/disqualified-karnataka-mlas-barring-roshan-baig-join-bjp/articleshow/72051891.cms |access-date=5 May 2025 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505142226/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/disqualified-karnataka-mlas-barring-roshan-baig-join-bjp/articleshow/72051891.cms |archive-date=5 May 2025}}</ref> He won reelection from Kagwad and was inducted into the ministry of [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] in 2020. However, he was not included into the Council of ministers when [[Basavaraj Bommai]] became Chief minister.

==Education==
He completed SSLC (10th Standard) from Shri Siddeshwara High School, [[Mole, Karnataka|Mole]] which is affiliated with [[Karnataka Secondary Education Examination Board]], [[Bangalore]] in 1970. Later he did [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]]<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/dec/04/bitter-fight-for-old-rivals-in-karnatakas-sugar-bowl-2071186.html] Bitter fight for old rivals in Karnataka's Sugar Bowl</ref> graduation from [[College of Agriculture, Kolhapur]] (affiliated with [[Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth]], [[Rahuri]]) in 1974.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shrimant Balasaheb Patil(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KAGWAD(BELGAUM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=http://myneta.info/karnataka2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5797 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2019/jul/24/the-15-mlas-who-brought-down-kumaraswamy-government-102416.html|title=The 15 MLAs who brought down Kumaraswamy government|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-falling-short-of-numbers-bjp-revisits-operation-kamala-of-2008/articleshow/64183422.cms?from=mdr|title=After falling short of numbers, BJP revisits 'Operation Kamala' of 2008|first=Sowmya|last=Aji|date=16 May 2018|work=The Economic Times |accessdate=11 October 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Shrimant}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}
{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Tort law in India

2025-11-26T15:09:21Z

Krrissh: added stub

{{Short description|Aspect of Indian law}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Tort law}}
{{Infobox
|name = Infobox/doc
|bodystyle =
|title = Tort law in India
|titlestyle =
|image = [[File:Flag of India.svg|200px]]
|imagestyle =
|caption = National flag of [[India|Republic of India]]
|captionstyle =
|headerstyle = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle = background:#ddf;
|datastyle =
|header1=[[Legal system]]
|data2=[[Common law]]
|header3=Sources of tort law
|data4=[[Common law]]
|data5=[[Statutes]]
|header6=Categories of tort law
|data7=[[Assault (tort)|Assault]]
|data8=[[Battery (tort)|Battery]]
|data9=[[False imprisonment]]
|data10='''[[Negligence]]'''
|data11=[[Professional negligence]]
|data12=[[Contributory negligence]]
|data13='''[[Defamation]]'''
|data14='''[[Economic torts]]'''
|data15=[[Conspiracy (civil)|Conspiracy]]
|data16=Fraud
|data17=[[Tortious interference|Intentional interference]]
|data18=[[Restraint of trade]]
|data19='''Land torts'''
|data20=[[Trespass to land|Trespass]]
|data21=[[Nuisance]]
|data22=[[Rylands v Fletcher|Rule in ''Rylands v Fletcher'']]
|data23='''Constitutional torts'''
}}

'''Tort law in India''' is primarily governed by judicial precedent as in other [[common law]] jurisdictions, supplemented by statutes governing [[damages]], civil procedure, and codifying common law torts.<ref>King, B. E. (1954). Review of *English Law and the Moral Law* by A. L. Goodhart. The Cambridge Law Journal, 12(2), 242–243. doi:10.1017/S0008197300040219.</ref> As in other common law jurisdictions, a [[tort]] is breach of a [[contract|non-contractual]] duty which has caused damage to the plaintiff giving rise to a civil [[cause of action]] and for which [[Legal remedy|remedy]] is available. If a remedy does not exist, a tort has not been committed since the rationale of tort law is to provide a remedy to the person who has been wronged.

While Indian tort law is generally derived from [[Law of England and Wales|English law]], there are certain differences between the two systems. Indian tort law uniquely includes remedies for constitutional torts, which are actions by the government that infringe upon rights enshrined in the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]], as well as a system of [[absolute liability]] for businesses engaged in hazardous activity.

==Background==

As tort law is similar in nature across common law jurisdictions, courts have readily referred to [[case law]] from other common law jurisdictions such as the UK,<ref>See ''J. Kuppanna Chetty, Ambati Ramayya Chetty and Co. v Collector of Anantapur and Ors'' 1965 (2) ALT 261 at [39].</ref> Australia,<ref>See ''Rattan Lal Mehta v Rajinder Kapoor'' [1996] ACJ 372 at [10].</ref> and Canada<ref>See ''Rattan v Rajinder'' (1996) ACJ 372 at [8], [11], and [13].</ref> in addition to domestic precedent. However, attention is given to local [[Cultural practice|norms]] and conditions, as well as India's distinct constitutional framework in applying foreign precedent. The legislature have also created statutes to provide for certain social conditions. Similar to other common law countries,<ref>See Defamation Act 1952 of UK and Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) of Australia</ref> aspects of tort law have been codified.<ref>See Motor Vehicle Act 1988</ref>

Certain conduct which gives rise to a cause of action under tort law is additionally criminalised by the [[Indian Penal Code]]<ref>Defamation and certain areas of negligence are criminalised in the [[Indian Penal Code]], Act No. 45 of 1860</ref> or other criminal legislation. Where a tort also constitutes a criminal offence, its prosecution by the state does not preclude the aggrieved party from seeking a remedy under tort law. The overlap between the two areas of law is a result of the distinct purposes each serves and the nature of the remedies each provides. Tort law aims to hold a tortfeasor accountable and consequently tort actions are brought directly by the aggrieved party in order to seek damages, whereas criminal law aims to punish and deter conduct deemed to be against the interests of society and criminal actions are thus brought by the state and penalties include imprisonment, fines, or execution.

In India, as in the majority of common law jurisdictions, the [[standard of proof]] in tort cases is the [[balance of probabilities]] as opposed to the [[beyond a reasonable doubt|reasonable doubt standard]] used in criminal cases or the [[preponderance of the evidence]] standard used in American tort litigation, although the latter is extremely similar in practice to the balance of probabilities standard. Similar to the constitutional [[presumption of innocence]] in Indian criminal law, the [[burden of proof (law)|burden of proof]] is on the plaintiff in tort actions in India. India,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lay Justice in India|author=Jean-Louis Halpérin|author-link=:fr:Jean-Louis Halpérin|date=25 March 2011|publisher=[[École Normale Supérieure]]|url=http://www.droit.ens.fr/IMG/pdf/Lay_Justice_in_India_1.pdf|access-date=3 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503122852/http://www.droit.ens.fr/IMG/pdf/Lay_Justice_in_India_1.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> like the majority of common law jurisdictions in Asia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postcolonialweb.org/singapore/government/leekuanyew/lky2.html|title=Lee Kuan Yew's Opposition to Trial by Jury|author=George P. Landow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11877.html|title='Judiciary', Singapore – A Country Study}}</ref> and Africa,<ref>Jearey, J. (1961). Trial by Jury and Trial with the Aid of Assessors in the Superior Courts of British African Territories: II. Journal of African Law, 5(1), 36-47. doi:10.1017/S0021855300002941)</ref> does not permit [[jury trial|the use of juries]] in civil or criminal trials, in direct contrast to America and the Canadian common law provinces which retain civil juries as well as to jurisdictions like [[England and Wales]] or [[Law of New Zealand|New Zealand]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2016/0048/latest/whole.html |title= section 16, Senior Courts Act 2016 No 48 |publisher= Parliamentary Counsel Office}}</ref> which permit juries in a limited set of tort actions.

==Categories of torts==
===Trespass to the person===
{{main|Trespass to the person}}
A trespass, or offence, to the person is any tort characterised by harming or threatening to harm an individual's body. This category of tort is closely related to criminal law as the grounds giving rise to a claim for each tort in this category generally constitutes grounds for prosecution under the penal code.. In contemporary Indian tort law, there are three torts of this variety:

*Assault: While it is typically defined by case law in England or other common law jurisdictions, assault in Indian tort law (and in jurisdictions such as Singapore, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Malaysia who adopted the Indian penal code at the formation of the [[Straits Settlements]] or the dissolution of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]) is based on the definition provided in section 351 of the penal code.<ref name="penal"/> In accordance with the penal code, Indian courts have held that to constitute [[assault]] it is not necessary that there should be some actual hurt caused. A [[threat]] constitutes assault.<ref>''Rupabati v. Shyama'' [1958] Cut 170.</ref> Per section 351, the following criteria constitute assault:<ref name="penal">The Indian Penal Code Act No. 45 of 1860 s 351.</ref>
**Making of any gesture or preparation by a person in the presence of another.
**Intention or knowledge of likelihood that such gesture or preparation will cause the person present to apprehend that the person making it is about to use criminal force on him.
*Battery: The criteria for [[Battery (tort)|battery]] in Indian tort law is equivalent to that of criminal force<ref>The Law of Tort, P. S. Atchuthen Pillai (Eastern Book Co, 8 Ed, 1987).</ref> defined in Section 350 of the Indian Penal Code: "Whoever intentionally uses force to any person, without that person's consent in order to the committing of any offence or intending by the use of such force he will cause injury, fear, or annoyance to the person to whom the force is used is said to use criminal force to that other".<ref>The Indian Penal Code Act No. 45 of 1860 s 350.</ref>
*[[False imprisonment]] "is the complete deprivation of his liberty for any time, however short, without lawful cause ... There need not be any actual imprisonment in the ordinary sense."<ref>The Law of Tort, P. S. Atchuthen Pillai (Eastern Book Co, 8 Ed, 1987) at p 34.</ref> This tort is roughly equivalent to wrongful confinement under 342 of the penal code<ref>The Indian Penal Code Act No. 45 of 1860 s 342.</ref> and additionally encompasses the more specific conduct related to [[kidnapping]] under section 359.<ref>The Indian Penal Code Act No. 45 of 1860 s 359.</ref> The ingredients of this tort are as follows:<ref>'The Law of Tort, P. S. Atchuthen Pillai (Eastern Book Co, 8 Ed, 1987) at pp 34-35.</ref>
**Restraint must be complete.
**There must be no reasonable condition imposed by occupiers of premises.
**There must be no reasonable and honest belief which would justify the confinement.

===Negligence===
[[Negligence]] is a failure to exercise appropriate and/or ethical ruled care expected to be exercised amongst specified circumstances.<ref>{{citation|title=Negligence|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/negligence|publisher=Merriam-Webster|access-date=12 June 2011}}</ref> With regard to [[negligence]], Indian jurisprudence follows the approach stated in ''Ratanlal & Dhirajlal: The Law of Torts'',<ref>{{Citation|editor-last=Singh J|editor-first=G.P.|title=The Law of Torts|author=Ratanlal & Dhirajlal|publisher=Butterworths|edition=24th.}}</ref><ref>In the case of Ms Grewal & Anor v Deep Chand Soon & Ors [2001] L.R.I. 1289 at [14], the court held that "negligence in common parlance mean and imply failure to exercise due care, expected of a reasonable prudent person. It is a breach of duty and negligence in law ranging from inadvertence to shameful disregard of safety of others. ... negligence represents a state of the mind which however is much serious in nature than mere inadvertence. ... whereas inadvertence is a milder form of negligence, negligence by itself means and imply a state of mind where there is no regard for duty or the supposed care and attention which one ought to bestow."</ref> laying down three elements:
*A [[duty of care]] (i.e. a legal duty to exercise "ordinary care and skill")
*A violation of the appropriate [[standard of care]]{{efn|In other words, the breach of the duty caused by the omission to do something which a [[reasonable person]], guided by those considerations which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs would do, or doing something which a reasonable person would not do.}}
* [[Causation (law)|Causation]] (i.e. the violation resulted in injury to the plaintiff's person or property)

The Indian approach to [[Professional negligence in English law|professional negligence]] requires that any skilled task requires a skilled professional.<ref>''Jacob Mathew v State of Punjab'' [2005] S.C. 0547, per R.C. Lahoti.</ref> Such a professional would be expected to be exercising his skill with reasonable competence.<ref name="JM">''Jacob Mathew v State of Punjab'' at [8]</ref> Professionals may be held liable for negligence on one of two findings:
*They were not possessed of the requisite skill which he professed to have possessed.
*They did not exercise, with reasonable competence in the given case, the skill which he did possess. The standard to be applied for determining whether or not either of the two findings can be made is whether a competent person exercising ordinary skill in that profession would possess or exercise in a similar manner the skill in question. Consequently, it is not necessary for every professional to possess the highest level of expertise in that branch which he practices.<ref name="JM"/> Professional opinion is generally accepted, but courts may rule otherwise if they feel that the opinion is "not reasonable or responsible".<ref>''Vinitha Ashok v Lakshmi Hospital & Ors'' [2001] 4 L.R.I.292 at [39].</ref>

===Defamation===
[[Defamation]] law in India largely resembles that of [[England and Wales]]. Indian courts have endorsed the defences of absolute<ref>''Pukhraj v State of Rajasthan'' [1973] SCC (Cri) 944.</ref> and qualified privilege,<ref>''Rustom K. Karanjia and Anr v Krishnaraj M.D. Thackersey and Ors.'' (1970) 72 BOMLR 94.</ref> fair comment,<ref>‘'Ram Jethmalani Vs. Subramaniam Swamy'’ 2006 (87) DRJ 603.</ref> and justification.<ref>''Santosh Tewari and Ors V State of U.P. and Anr'' 1996 (20) ACR 808.</ref> While statutory law in the United Kingdom provides that, if the defendant is only successful in proving the truth of some of the several charges against him, the defence of justification might still be available if the charges not proved do not materially injure the reputation,<ref>Defamation Act, 1952 (England).</ref> there is no corresponding provision in India, though it is likely that Indian courts would treat this principle as persuasive precedent.<ref name="analysis">{{citation|author=Ayesha|title=The Tort of Defamation: An Analysis of the Law in India and the United Kingdom|date=6 October 2010|url=http://jurisonline.in/2010/10/the-tort-of-defamation-an-analysis-of-the-law-in-india-and-the-united-kingdom/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001185414/http://jurisonline.in/2010/10/the-tort-of-defamation-an-analysis-of-the-law-in-india-and-the-united-kingdom/|archive-date=1 October 2011}}.</ref> Recently, incidents of defamation in relation to public figures have attracted public attention.<ref>[http://www.mylaw.net/Article/Defamation_law_in_India/?past=Article%20List#.Uc1SYfkwdNM,Samarjit Pattnaik, Aju John 'Defamation Law in India'2 March 2013]</ref>

In Indian law, there is little distinction between libel and slander and both are actionable ''[[Per se (terminology)|per se]]''.<ref name="analysis"/> In United Kingdom, only libel and certain types of slander are actionable ''per se''.<ref>''English and Scottish Co-operative Properties Mortgage and Investment Society Ltd v Odhams Press Ltd'' [1940] 1 All ER 1.</ref> Similarly, while criminal libel in UK was abolished in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2009/ukpga_20090025_en_6 |title=Coroners and Justice Act 2009 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=17 August 2010|access-date=7 September 2010}}</ref> both slander and libel remain criminal offences in India and other jurisdictions applying versions of the Indian Penal Code.<ref>{{citation|title=Indian Penal Code Chapter XXI|year=1860|url=http://www.helplinelaw.com/docs/THE%20INDIAN%20PENAL%20CODE,%201860/CHAPTER%20XXI%20OF%20DEFAMATION.}}</ref> Consequently, individuals liable for defamation in India are subject not just to damages under tort law but also to imprisonment under criminal law.<ref>{{citation|author= Vibhor Verdhan|title=Online Defamation & Various Legal Issues|date=4 September 2001|url= http://legalserviceindia.com/article/l380-Online-Defamation.html}}</ref> In addition to damages, courts may also issue an [[injunction]] to stop further publication of defamatory material.<ref>See ''Prameela Ravindran v. P. Lakshmikutty Amma'' A.I.R. 2001 Mad 225 and 'Douglas V Hello! Ltd' (2005) 3 WLR 881.</ref>

===Economic torts===

[[Economic Torts]] seek to protect a person in relation to his trade, business or livelihood.<ref name="mark">{{citation|title=Markesinis and Deakin's tort law 6th ed|author=Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston and Basil Markesinis|publisher=Clarendon press, Oxford|year=2007}}</ref>

While Indian courts have been reluctant to award damages for the economic torts of simple and unlawful conspiracy as well as inducing breach of contract<ref>{{Cite web|title=Breach of Contract ›› Everything About Breach of Contract Types, Remedies, Elements, Examples & Penalties – Legitquest|url=https://www.legitquest.com/legal-guide/breach-of-contract|access-date=2021-05-03|website=legitquest.com}}</ref> due to the confused state of the law,<ref>''Rohtas Industries Ltd. and Anr. V Rohtas Industries Staff Union and Ors'' [1976] 3 SCR 12.</ref> damages are regularly awarded for torts affecting economic interests under the conspiracy to injure and courts have referred to English precedent on the matter.<ref>''Rajlal Sindhi V Kaka & Company, Satna and Anr'' ILR [1984] MP 645.</ref>

The courts have been more willing to adopt English precedent in areas such as the tort of deceit,<ref>''Ellerman & Bucknall Steamship Co. Ltd v Sha Misrimal Bherajee'' [1966] SuppSCR 92.</ref> unlawful interference with trade,<ref>''Gujarat Bottling Co. Ltd. and others vs Coca Cola Company and others'' 1995 (2) ARBLR 249 (SC).</ref> intimidation,<ref>''Bavisetti Venkata Surya Rao V Respondent: Nandipati Muthayya'' AIR1964AP382</ref> and malicious falsehood<ref>''Dabur India Ltd. V Colortek Meghalaya Pvt. Ltd.'' 2010 (42) PTC 88 (Del).</ref> which constitute an intentional attempt to undermine the interests of a specific party.

===Property torts===
Property torts seek to prevent interference with property in the possession of another.<ref name="entick">''Entick v Carrington''(1765) 95 ER 807.</ref> With regard to land, interference may take the form of entering land or part of it, or of remaining there after the withdrawal of permission, or of dispossessing the occupant.<ref name="mark"/> Similarly, with regard to [[Personal property|chattels]], interference may take place in the form of depriving an individual of rightful possession.

The following two land torts currently exist under Indian law:
* [[Trespass to land]] is any direct interference with land in the possession of another and is actionable ''per se''.<ref name="mark"/> Examples of trespass are unauthorised entry to land, placing things on land and inducing animals to enter.<ref>''Tutton v A. D. Walter Ltd'' [1986] QB 61.</ref> Also, continuing trespass, which is actionable from day to day,<ref>''Holmes v Wilson'' (1839) 10 A&E 503.</ref> occurs when there is continuation of presence after permission is withdrawn.<ref>''Lonskier v B. Goodman Ltd'' [1928] 1 KB 421.</ref> The position taken with regards to the elements of trespass is similar in the UK and India.<ref>''Kewal Chand Mimani(d) by Lrs. v S.K. Sen and Ors'' (2001) 3 SCR 1056.</ref>
*[[Nuisance]] is a form of lesser interference with land.<ref name="mark"/> It may be private or public, and private nuisance has come to cover the conduct of the defendants which affects the claimant's interest in the land.<ref>''Goldman v Hargrave'' [1967] 1 AC 645.</ref> The law regarding nuisance in India is closely modelled after that in England and Wales.<ref>''Roshan Lal and Anr.v Banwari Lal and Anr'' 1986 (2) WLN 733.</ref> This could be done by affecting materially their land, affecting their use or enjoyment of it, or interfering with servitudes and similar rights over the land.<ref name="mark"/> While private nuisance is always actionable, [[public nuisance]] is not. A claimant of public nuisance has to establish special loss over and above the inconvenience suffered by the public in general.<ref>''Ricket v Metropolitan Ry. Co'' (1867) LR 2 HL 175.</ref> Although originating as an outgrowth of nuisance as a tort in English law, public nuisance is regarded as a crime under the Indian Penal Code as well as under contemporary English law since it would be unreasonable for everyone inconvenienced by it to be allowed to claim.<ref>''R v Rimmington and Goldstein'' [2006] 1 AC 459.</ref><ref>''Datta Mal Chiranji Lal V L. Ladli Prasad and Anr'' 1960 AII 632.</ref>

The following torts with regard to personal property exist in India and other common law jurisdictions:
* [[Trespass to chattels]] is any direct interference with property other than land in the lawful possession of another person without thereby depriving the person of possession as a whole. Examples of this may include [[vandalism|vandalising]] or otherwise modifying an individual's personal property, as well as using such property without permission.
* [[Conversion (law)|Conversion]] is the equivalent in tort law to [[theft]] or [[larceny]] under criminal law. In an action for conversion, a plaintiff essentially asserts that the defendant has stolen their property and either seeks the return of the property or compensation for the property in the form of damages. A plaintiff may also seek restitution for any profit the tortfeasor made through the use of the property, compensation for profits lost as a result of the conversion, and damages for any other pecuniary loss caused by the conversion. In an action for conversion, a plaintiff is required to prove intent to convert the tangible or intangible property of another to one's own possession and use, and that he property in question is subsequently converted.<ref>''[[Hartford Financial Corp. v. Burns]]'', 96 Cal. App.3d 591, 158 Cal. Rptr. 169, 27 U.C.C.R.S. 831</ref><ref>''[[Brown v. Meyer]]'', {{West|SW|580|2|533|||}}</ref><ref>''[[Gebhart v. D. A. Davidson & Co.]]'', {{West|P|661|2|855|||}}</ref><ref name="18 Am Jur 2d Conversion section 2">18 Am. Jur.2d ''Conversion'' § 2</ref>

===Sui generis torts originating in India===
While the majority of torts in contemporary Indian law are [[legal transplant]]s from [[English law|England]] and are shared with other common law jurisdictions, a limited number of torts originated in India as a result of the country's distinct [[Constitution of India|constitutional jurisprudence]] and [[Asian values|Asian norms]]. These torts are confined to [[consumer protection]] and the enforcement of [[human rights]], and are closely linked to India's [[legal culture]] of [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]], which more closely resembles North American [[class action]] lawsuits and [[private attorney general]] suits than litigation in the United Kingdom.

[[Absolute liability]], under the rule in [[M. C. Mehta v. Union of India]], in Indian tort law is a unique outgrowth of the doctrine of [[strict liability]] for [[ultrahazardous activity|ultrahazardous activities]]. Under the precedent established in the English case of [[Rylands v Fletcher]], upon which the Indian doctrine of absolute liability is based, anyone who in the course of "non-natural" use of his land "accumulates" thereon for his own purposes anything likely to cause [[mischief]] if it escapes is answerable for all direct damage thereby caused.<ref>''Rylands v Fletcher'' (1868) LR 3 HL 330.</ref> While, in England and many other common law jurisdictions, this precedent is used to impose strict liability on certain areas of nuisance law<ref name="mark"/> and is strictly "a remedy for damage to land or interests in land" under which "damages for personal injuries are not recoverable",<ref>''Transco plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council'' [2003] UKHL 61.</ref> Indian courts have developed this rule into a distinct principle of absolute liability, where an enterprise is absolutely liable, without exceptions, to compensate everyone affected by any accident resulting from the operation of hazardous activity.<ref name="mehta">''MC Mehta v Union of India'' AIR 1987 SC 1086 (Oleum Gas Leak Case).</ref> This differs greatly from the UK approach as it includes all kinds of resulting liability other than damage to land.<ref name="mehta"/>

Another area of tort that developed in India which differs from the UK is the notion of constitutional torts. Creating constitutional torts is a public law remedy for violations of rights, generally by agents of the state, and is implicitly premised on the strict liability principle.<ref>The landmark case on this was ''Rudul Sah v State of Bihar'' (1983) 4 SCC 141 – a case on illegal detention.</ref> The tort was further entrenched when the court allowed compensation to be awarded as "a remedy available in public law; based on strict liability for the contravention of fundamental rights to which the principle of sovereign immunity does not apply, even though it may be available as a defence in private law in an action based on tort".<ref>''Nilabati Behara v State of Orissa'' (1993) 2 SCC 746.</ref> This approach is vastly different from the approach taken in UK as compensation for damages is not an available public law remedy.<ref>''[[Rookes v Barnard]]'' [1964] UKHL 1.</ref> In practice, constitutional torts in India serve the role served by [[administrative court]]s in many [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] jurisdictions and much of the function of [[constitutional review]] in other jurisdictions, thereby functioning as a branch of [[administrative law]] rather than [[private law]]. Rather than developing principles of [[Administrative law#In common law countries|administrative fairness]] as a distinct branch of law as other common law jurisdictions have, Indian courts have thus extended tort law as it applies between private parties to address unlawful administrative and legislative action.

===Torts not recognised in India===
Like the United Kingdom and British Columbia,<ref>See ''Ari v Insurance Corporation of British Columbia'', 2013 BCSC 1308. [http://canlii.ca/en/bc/bcsc/doc/2013/2013bcsc1308/2013bcsc1308.html]</ref> but unlike Ontario<ref>[http://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/2012/2012onca32/2012onca32.html See "Jones v Tsige", 2012 ONCA 32]</ref> and most jurisdictions in the United States, Indian tort law does not traditionally recognise [[invasion of privacy]] or [[Intrusion on Seclusion|intrusion on seclusion]] as a tort.<ref name=FLTH>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30177786.ece/|title = A case for privacy}}</ref> Nevertheless, there is a shift in jurisprudence toward recognising breech of [[confidentiality]] as an actionable civil wrong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1541/Confidentiality,-An-Emerging-Tort-In-India.html|title = Confidentiality, an Emerging Tort in India}}</ref> Proponents of protection for privacy under Indian tort law argue that "the [[right to privacy]] is implicit" in Article 21 of the [[Constitution of India]], which guarantees protections for personal liberties.<ref name=FLTH/> Despite the lack of a tort addressing violations of privacy by private individuals, the Supreme Court [[Right to Privacy verdict|recognised privacy as a constitutional right]] in 2017.

Similarly, neither [[intentional infliction of emotional distress]] (IIED) nor [[negligent infliction of emotional distress]] (NIED) is recognised as a tort in Indian jurisprudence.<ref name=IIED>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indialegallive.com/transnational-exploration-of-the-tort-of-intentional-infliction-of-emotional-distress/|title=India Legal: Latest Law News, Latest India Legal News, Legal News India, Supreme Court Updates, High Courts Updates, Daily Legal Updates India}}</ref> While claims seeking damages for infliction of emotional distress were historically an accessory claim in a tort action alleging another distinct tort, the doctrine has evolved in North America into a stand-alone tort while English jurisprudence has evolved to typically recognise only recognised psychiatric injuries as grounds for compensation.<ref name=IIED/> Indian courts, while recognising the infliction of emotional distress regardless of intention as an actionable wrong in matrimonial disputes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/health-law/infliction-of-emotional-distress.php|title=Infliction of Emotional Distress}}</ref> typically follow the English approach, although case law from both the United Kingdom and the North America is frequently employed by judges ruling on cases in which damages for mental distress are sought.<ref name=IIED/>

==Damages==

===Calculation of damages===
[[Damages]] in the law of torts in India are premised on the concept of ''[[restitutio ad integrum]]''.<ref>''Destruction of Public and Private Properties v State of A.P. and Ors'' (2009) 5 SCC 212.</ref> India adopts a compensatory method and advocates "full and fair compensation" in all cases.<ref>''Rattan v Rajinder''(1996) ACJ 372 at [19].</ref>

In determining the quantum of damages, the Indian court will look to similar cases that may enable comparison.<ref>The court acknowledged that "no two cases are alike, but still, it is possible to make a broad classification which enables one to bring comparable awards together" ''P Satyanarayana v I Babu Rajendra Prasad & Anor'' 1998 ACJ 88 at [26].</ref>

India's formulation of damages for tort cases is premised on the multiplier method, awarding compensation based on the degree of compromise to the earning ability of the victim.<ref>''Bijoy Kumar Dugar v. Bidya Dhar Dutta'' (2006) 3 SCC 242; ''Spring Meadows Hospital v. Harjot Ahluwalia'' (1998) 4 SCC 39 and ''Klaus Mittelbachert v. East India Hotels'' AIR 1997 Del 201.</ref> Under the multiplier method, the fair and just amount represents

{{blockquote|the number of years' purchase on which the loss of dependency is capitalised. Then allowance to scale down the multiplier would have to be made taking into account the uncertainties of the future. The allowance for immediate lump sum payment the period over which the dependency is to last being shorter and the capital feed also to be spent away over the period of dependency is to last.<ref>''general manager, Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, Trivandrum v. Susamma Thomas (Mrs.) and Ors'' at [17].</ref>}}

The multiplier principle is encapsulated in a statutory form for tortious cases involving personal injuries caused by motor vehicles, under the Motor Vehicle Act.<ref>Motor Vehicle Act c163A (India) Second Schedule.</ref> However, in so calculating, the court will take into account inflation in calculating damages.<ref>''Nagappa v Gurudayal Singh & Ors'' [2003] 1 LRI 76 at [26].</ref>

===Damages for personal injuries===
[[File:Personalinjury.png|thumb|Heads of claims under personal injury]]
Indian jurisprudence identifies seven distinct categories of harm for which damages may be awarded in tort actions involving personal injuries. These categories are referred to as heads of claim and can be divided into pecuniary and non-pecuniary subsets, analogous to the more general distinction made between economic and [[Non-economic damages caps|non-economic damages]] in other common law jurisdictions. Indian tort law recognises the following pecuniary heads of claim:<ref>''Lata Wadhwa & Ors v State of Bihar & Ors'' [2001] 3 LRI 1112.</ref>
*Loss of earning.
*Medical, hospital and nursing expenses.
*The loss of matrimonial prospects.
Contemporary Indian jurisprudence also recognises the following non-pecuniary heads of claim:<ref>''Lata Wadhwa & Ors''.</ref>
*Loss of expectation of life.
*Loss of amenities or capacity for enjoying life.
*Loss or impairment of physiological function.
*Pain and suffering.

===Approach towards pain and suffering===

In analysing [[pain and suffering]], several factors such as severity of injury, medical treatment required, psychological stress<ref>''Lata Wadhwa & Ors'' at [5]</ref> and long-term physical and emotional scars, would be taken into account.<ref>''Nagappa v Gurudayal Singh & Ors'' [2003] 1 LRI 76 at [25]</ref>

In cases of victims who were unconscious, one must award not only for the "loss of amenities and loss of expectation of life, but also for pain and suffering".<ref>''Rattan v Rajinder'' (1996) ACJ 372 at [19].</ref> Such damages are awarded not as a matter of "solace".<ref name="rat">''Rattan v Rajinder'' at [19].</ref> This view comes close to that expressed by [[Lord Scarman]] in ''Lim Poh Choo v Camden and Islington Area Health Authority'',<ref>''Lim Poh Choo v Camden and Islington Area Health Authority'' [1979] UKHL 1.</ref> difference being that an award must be "made even for pain and suffering in case of unconscious plaintiffs".<ref name="rat"/> The reason for so doing is that it "looks strange that wrongdoer whose negligence makes the victim unconscious is placed in a more advantageous position than one who inflicts a lesser injury which does not render the victim unconscious".<ref>''P Satyanarayana v I Babu Rajendra Prasad & Anor'' (1988) ACJ 88.</ref>

There are three guiding principles in measuring the quantum of compensation for pain and suffering:<ref>''Klaus Mittelbachert v East India Hotels Ltd'' at [64].</ref>
*Amount of compensation awarded must be reasonable and must be assessed with moderation.
*Regard must be had to awards made in comparable cases.
*The sum awarded must to a considerable extent be conventional.

===Punitive damages===

Influenced by ''[[Rookes v Barnard]]'',<ref>{{cite BAILII|litigants=Rookes v Barnard|link=Rookes v Barnard|court=UKHL|year=1964|num=1|parallelcite=[1964] AC 1129|date=21 January 1964}}.</ref> Indian courts initially ruled that [[punitive damages]] can be awarded in only three categories:<ref>''Rustom K. Karanjia and Anr. v Krishnaraj M.D. Thackersey and Ors'' (1970) 72 BOMLR 94.</ref>

*Cases where the plaintiff is injured by the oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional action by a servant of the government.
*Cases in which the defendant's conduct has been calculated by him to make a profit for himself which may well exceed the compensation payable to the plaintiff.
*Where provided by statute.

However, this stand has since shifted with an expanding tort jurisdiction. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] accepted a committee's suggestion to evolve a "principle of liability – punitive in nature – on account of vandalism and rioting".<ref name="dppp">''Destruction of Public and Private Properties'' at [4].</ref> The reasoning given was that it "would deter people from similar behaviour in the future".<ref name="dppp"/>

In an environmental tort case, the defendant was made to pay exemplary damages "so that it may act as deterrent for others not to cause pollution in any manner".<ref>''M. C. Mehta v. Kamal Nath'' (1997) 1 SCC 388 at [24].</ref>

Presently, in addition to compensatory damages and restitution, [[punitive damages|aggravated damages]] may be awarded to compensate victims for hurt feelings in certain cases. These damages are determined by examining if the defendant's conduct aggravated the plaintiff's damage by injuring "feelings of dignity, safety, and pride".<ref>''Destruction of Public and Private Properties v State of A.P. and Ors.'' AIR 2009 SC 2266 at [5].</ref>

====Comparative negligence====

While the traditional approach of [[contributory negligence]] held that a plaintiff who bore even partial responsibility for the harm they experienced due to negligence could not recover damages in tort law, contemporary Indian jurisprudence is based on the principle of [[comparative negligence]]. Consequently, when a person fails to use reasonable care for the safety of either of himself or his property such that that they become blameworthy in part as an "author of [their] own wrong",<ref>''Pramodkumar Rasikbhai Jhaveri v Karmasey Tak and Ors''. [2002] S.C. 5436, as per Balakrishnan J.</ref> any damages they may recover are reduced in proportion with the extent of their liability.<ref>Relationship between Liability Regimes and Economic Development: A Study of Motor Vehible Accidents in India, Ram Singh, CSLG Working Paper Series, CSLG/WP/09/03</ref>

==Criticism==
{{main|Tort reform}}
[[File:Art21.png|thumb|Article 21 is at contention here with regards to constitutional torts.]]
India's tort system has been criticised for a variety of reasons, ranging from delays and outdated procedural rules to substantive criticism of the implications of its system of absolute liability and the unpredictability of [[judicial activism]] enabled by constitutional torts.

===Procedural deficiencies===
The delay in delivery of justice is a major problem plaguing India.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_pendency-of-cases-are-gigantic-problems-sc-judge_1264662|title=Pendency of cases are "gigantic problems": SC Judge|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> This has been attributed to reasons such a low judge to population ratio (1 judge per 100,000 capita, with a small number of courts available),<ref>''Pendency of cases are "gigantic problems": SC Judge.'' see table 1.</ref> as well as poor administrative governance.<ref name="gal">Galanter, at 71.</ref>

Outmoded procedural laws allow for delaying tactics, such as interlocutory appeals and stay orders.<ref name="gal"/> The government has also been accused of employing delay tactics whenever it is a litigant, appealing even when the chance of success is remote.<ref>Galanter, at 73-74.</ref> As a result, the system appears to resemble a "sunk cost auction", where litigants invest ever-increasing amounts to stave off higher losses.<ref name="Galanter, at 74"/>

Despite being often cited as a litigious country,<ref>Marc Galanter, "Part I Courts, Institutions, and Access to Justice: "To the Listed Field …”: The Myth of Litigious India" (2009) 1 Jindal Global Law Rev. 65 at 70</ref> the rate of litigation is low, due to problems such as long delays, heavy expenses and meagre damage awards.<ref name="Galanter, at 74">Galanter, at 74.</ref> There has apparently been an increase in litigation over the past years, especially with cases involving the government.<ref name="chugh">{{Citation|url=http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l452-Litigation-&-Delays-in-India.html|title=Litigation & Delays in India|publisher=Legal Service India|author=Bharat Chugh|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> This has been said to be due to India's socio-economic growth and the resultant sensitisation regarding legal rights.<ref name="chugh"/> Due to the problems noted, it has been stated that reformation lay with the parliamentarians and legislators. [[Law reform|Structural reforms]] are to be brought about by amendments to legislation, while operational reforms can only be brought about by "a change in mindset".<ref>''Pendency of cases are "gigantic problems": SC Judge.''</ref>

===Absolute liability===
One of the controversies in Indian tort law concerns the rule on [[absolute liability]]. The extremely strict approach, where even [[Act of God|acts of God]] are not recognised as a defence is severely criticised especially since it disregarded the "generally accepted parameter of minimum competence and reasonable care".<ref name="Ghosh">{{Citation|url=http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/articles/Strict-and-Absolute-Liability-A-critique-1451.asp|title=The Concept of Strict and Absolute Liability: A Critique|publisher=Lawyers Club India|author=Indranil Ghosh|access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> The implementation of such a rule endangers the growth of science and technical industries, as investors have to take the risk of liability given that there is no defence to the rule.<ref name="Ghosh"/>

===Constitutional torts and public interest litigation===
{{further|Public interest litigation}}
In hearing [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] and creating constitutional torts, the Indian judiciary has been criticised for being overly [[Judicial activism|activist]] and overstepping its jurisdiction. By creating constitutional torts, they are accused of usurping both legislative and administrative functions.<ref>Jamie Cassels, "Judicial Activism and Public Interest Litigation in India: Attempting the Impossible" (1989) 37 Am. J. Comp. L. 495 at 509.</ref> Controversy further arose when judges began to read such obligations of the state into Article 21 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]]<ref>''Noor Mahmmad Usmanbhai Mansuri v State of Gujarat'' (1997) 1 GujLH 49 at [57].</ref> to impose [[vicarious liability]] on the state.<ref>Such situations include custodial violence (''Lawyers' Forum for Human Rights v State of West Bengal'' (1997) 1 CalHCN – a case where a man died in police custody; held that "it is the paramount duty of police officials to protect his body" at 491), medical negligence (''Rasikbhai Ramsing Rana v State of Gujarat'' (1998) 9 SCC 604 – here the prison officials neglected in providing medical treatment to a prisoner assaulted by other inmates, resulting in the victim’s death), encounter deaths (extra-judicial killings in staged encounters; see ''People’s Union for Civil Liberties v Union of India'' (1997) 3 SCC 433), illegal detention, disappearances (see ''Sebastian Hongray v Union of India'' (1984) 1 SCC 339), and culpable inaction.</ref> However, proponents of public interest litigation and constitutional torts argue that their impact has been to facilitate "social and distributive justice".<ref>P N Bhagwati, "The Role of the Judiciary in the Democratic and Judicial Restraint" (1992) 18 CommwLBull 1262 at 1266.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==

* [[Judiciary of India]]
* [[Indian Penal Code]]
* [[Tort law]]
* [[Common law]]
* [[Negligence]]
* [[Medical negligence]]
* [[Contributory negligence]]
* [[Law of India]]

==Further reading==

===Cases===

* ''Lata Wadhwa & Ors v State of Bihar & Ors'' [2001] 3 LRI 1112 : 2001 ALL SCR 501<ref>{{Cite journal|last=OF INDIA|first=SUPREME COURT|date=16 August 2001|title=Writ Petition (Civil) 232 of 1991 LATA WADHWA & ORS. vs. STATE OF BIHAR & ORS.|url=https://nearlaw.com/PDF/SC/2001/2001_all_scr_501.html|journal=All SCR (All Supreme Court Cases Reporter)|pages=501|via=Print Journal, Bound Volume}}</ref>
* ''Jacob Mathew v State of Punjab'' [2005] S.C. 0547.

===Articles===

*Marc Galanter, "Part I Courts, Institutions, and Access to Justice: 'To the Listed Field …': The Myth of Litigious India" (2009) 1 ''[[Jindal Global Law Review]]''. 65
*{{Citation|last=Ramanathan|first=Usha|title=Tort Law in India 1994|publisher=International Environmental Law Research Centre|url=http://www.ielrc.org/content/a9402.pdf|access-date=16 October 2011}}

===Books===

*P.S. Atchuthen Pillai (1987). ''Law of Tort'', India: Eastern Book Company. {{ISBN|978-0-7855-3491-4}}.
*B.L. Babel (2009). " Apkritya Vidhi (Law of Torts in Hindi)अपक्रत्य विद्यि " . {{ISBN|978-8-1701-2185-5}}.
*Tort Liability for Environment Claims in India : A Comparative View ( 1st ) Author Name: Charu Sharma {{ISBN|9788131250693}}

==External links==
* [http://advgyan.com/ Free online Indian Law guide for law students]
*[http://liiofindia.org/ Legal Information Institute of India (LIIofIndia)]

[[Category:Law of India]]
[[Category:Tort law]]

Operation Security

2025-11-12T23:02:27Z

Krrissh: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Operation Accomplishment]]

Mohan Kumar Raja

2025-10-18T06:14:33Z

Krrissh: created bio - done

{{short description|Indian sprinter (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox athlete
| name = Mohan Kumar Raja
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[400 metres]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[ambattur]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| height=
| weight=
| pb =
}}
'''Mohan Kumar Raja''' (born 14 December 1996) is an Indian [[Sprint (running)|sprinter]] who was part of India's six-member [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4 × 400 metres relay]] team at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/Meet-Ambattur-Raja-failed-Class-I-twice-but-cleared-Rio-test/2016/07/27/article3548863.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812013253/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/olympics/Meet-Ambattur-Raja-failed-Class-I-twice-but-cleared-Rio-test/2016/07/27/article3548863.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 August 2016 | title=Meet Ambattur Raja, failed Class I twice but cleared Rio test | work=newindianexpress.com | accessdate=2016-08-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
*[https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/mohankumar-raja?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C6454072038 Rio Olympics 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922190951/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/mohankumar-raja?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C6454072038 |date=22 September 2016 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja, Mohan Kumar}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Athletes from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]

Pavithra Vengatesh

2025-10-17T16:23:27Z

Krrissh: Done...

{{Short description|Indian athlete (born 2001)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Pavithra Vengatesh
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fullname = Pavithra Vengatesh
| nickname =
| nationality = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Pole vault]]
| pb = 4.10 m (2022)
| club =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|12|8}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| residence =
| retired=
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height =
| weight =
| country = India
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport | Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country | {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2023 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2023 Astana]]|[[2023 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results|Pole vault]]}}
}}
'''Pavithra Vengatesh''' (also '''Venkatesh''', born 8 December 2001) is an [[Athletics in India|Indian athlete]] from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":1" /> She represents India in the pole vault event. She is part of the Indian team for the [[Asian Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]. Pavithra's personal best is 4.10m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Riya |date=2023-09-27 |title=Pavithra Venkatesh Biography: Personal Life, Career, Age, Height, Facts & Networth - |url=https://www.sportzcraazy.com/pavithra-venkatesh-biography-personal-life-career-age-height-facts-networth/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Sportzcraazy |language=en-US}}</ref> The national record of 4.15m stands in the name of [[V. S. Surekha|V S Surekha]] set in 2014.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2021-09-15 |title=TN girl Pavithra Venkatesh wins pole vault gold |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/tn-girl-pavithra-venkatesh-wins-pole-vault-gold/articleshow/86238160.cms |access-date=2023-09-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She comes from a poor family. Her father is a daily wage worker in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] and her mother is a home maker. She has two siblings, a sister and a brother. She went to Sarada Vidyalaya Girls’ Higher Secondary School.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2022-05-01 |title=For perfection, Pole-vaulter Pavithra Venkatesh sought pictures |url=https://theprint.in/sport/for-perfection-pole-vaulter-pavithra-venkatesh-sought-pictures/938691/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Now she is studying final-year BA (English Honours) at AVS College of Arts And Science, Salem. For the last ten years she is training under Sports Development of Tamil Nadu coach K Elamparithi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Manoj |first=S. S. |date=2022-04-30 |title=Trained by Mariyappan Thangavelu's coach, Pavithra sets new record in pole vault |url=https://thebridge.in/khelo-india-university-games/pavithra-mariyappan-thangavelu-coach-new-record-pole-vault-31112 |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> She started at the age of 9 years<ref name=":0" /> as sprinter and long jumper, and also did 400m. Later in 2013, she decided to shift to pole vault. In August 2022, she secured a job in the sports quota and was employed by Southern Railways.

== Career ==

* 2023: In February, she made her international debut and won silver in the Asian Indoor Championships at Astana, Kazakhstan clearing 4 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=India names 25-member team for Asian Indoor Athletics Championships |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/india-names-25-member-team-for-asian-indoor-athletics-championships-1188503.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Indoor Athletics Championships 2023: Indian Contingent Results |url=https://sportslumo.com/athletics/asian-indoor-athletics-championships-2023-indian-contingent-results/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Sportslumo |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927114937/https://sportslumo.com/athletics/asian-indoor-athletics-championships-2023-indian-contingent-results/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2022: She represented Tamil Nadu's [[Periyar University]] in the [[Khelo India University Games]] at [[Bengaluru]]. She became the fifth woman athlete to clear 4.00 metres when she cleared 4.01m in the pole vault event on the first day of the games.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudarshan |first=N. |date=2022-04-30 |title=Khelo India University Games: Pavithra sets pole-vault record; B'lore City University enters hockey finals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/khelo-india-university-games-pavithras-sets-pole-vault-record-bangalore-city-enters-hockey-finals/article38482911.ece |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
* 2022: She set the all India inter-University (AIU) record of 4m at the 81st All India Inter University Women's Athletics Championships at [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-23 |title=Pavithra sets pole vault meet record |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/02/24/pavithra-sets-pole-vault-meet-record/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2021: In September, she won the gold in the 60th National Open athletics meet at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Warangal. Telangana State.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-16 |title=Tamil Nadu girl Pavithra Venkatesh wins pole vault gold |url=https://www.dtnext.in/sports/2021/09/16/tamil-nadu-girl-pavithra-venkatesh-wins-pole-vault-gold |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
* 2021: Won gold at the South Zone Junior athletics meet.<ref name=":1" />
* 2018: Gold medal in [[Khelo India Youth Games]].
* 2019: Gold medal in [[Khelo India Youth Games]].

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==
* {{sports links}}
* [https://indianathletics.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/pole-vault-women-final.pdf Official AFI website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh, Pavithra}}
[[Category:2001 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women pole vaulters]]
[[Category:Athletes from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Niten Chandra

2025-08-23T09:55:15Z

Krrissh: Pg...

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Niten Chandra''' (born 25 October 1965) is a retired [[IAS officer]] of [[Odisha]] cadre 1990 batch who served as [[Secretary]], of the [[Ministry (government department)|Department]] of Ex-[[Servicemen]] [[Welfare spending|Welfare]] under the [[Ministry (government department)|Ministry]] of [[Defense (military)|Defence]] till his superannuation. Previously, he served as [[Law]] [[Secretary]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} Department of Legal Affairs, MoL &J, GoI |url=https://legalaffairs.gov.in/about-us/whos-who |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Ministry of Legal Affairs of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IAS Niten Chandra Continues Holding Addl. Charge of Secy., Legislative Department |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ias-news/ias-niten-chandra-continues-holding-addl-charge-of-secy-legislative-department/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-08-23 |title=India-UK agree to exchange experiences & best practices in working of commercial courts, ADR mechanisms |url=https://pragativadi.com/india-uk-agree-to-exchange-experiences-best-practices-in-working-of-commercial-courts-adr-mechanisms/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Niten}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

{{India-diplomat-stub}}

Balunga Toka

2025-07-30T04:30:15Z

Krrissh: further added information per sources also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2011 Indian Odia-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balunga Toka
| image = Balunga toka.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Sudhakar Basant]]
| producer = Prabhas Chandra Rout
| writer = Muni Patra
| screenplay = Sudhakara Basant
| starring = [[Anubhav Mohanty]] [[Barsha Priyadarshini]] [[Papu Pom Pom]] [[Minaketan Das]]
| music = Abhijit Mazumdar
| cinematography = R. Bhagat Singh
| editing = Chandra Sekhar Mishra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|10|2}}
| runtime = 157 min
| country = India
| language = Odia
| budget = 75 lakhs
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|link=yes}} 4 [[crore]]<ref>[https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2011/dec/25/best-of-bengali-and-oriya-cinema-2011-323738.html Best of Bengali and Oriya Cinema - 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709141743/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2011/dec/25/best-of-bengali-and-oriya-cinema-2011-323738.html |date=9 July 2022 }}. [[New Indian Express]].</ref>
}}
'''''Balunga Toka''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Odia language|Odia]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Sudhakar Basant]]. The film stars [[Anubhav Mohanty]] and [[Barsha Priyadarshini]] as lead role. A remake of the 2004 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-[[Telugu language|Telugu]] bilingual film ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]],'' it released on 2 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fulloriyaentertainment.blogspot.in/2011/10/balunga-toka-upcoming-odia-movie.html// |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309152240/http://fulloriyaentertainment.blogspot.in/2011/10/balunga-toka-upcoming-odia-movie.html// |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2015 |title='BALUNGA TOKA'-Upcoming Odia Movie |publisher=Fulloriyaentertainment.blogspot.in }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://incredibleorissa.com/en/balunga-toka-new-film-of-anubhav-barsha-jodi/// |title= 'Balunga Toka – New Film of Anubhav – Barsha Jodi |publisher= Incredibleorissa.com |date= 31 July 2011 |access-date= 6 March 2015 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105733/http://incredibleorissa.com/en/balunga-toka-new-film-of-anubhav-barsha-jodi/// |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.orissaspider.com/resources/3309-Details-of-Oriya-Movie-Balunga-Toka.aspx |title= Upcoming Oriya Film on Durga Puja named Balunga Toka |publisher= Orissaspider.com |access-date= 6 March 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402120615/http://www.orissaspider.com/resources/3309-Details-of-Oriya-Movie-Balunga-Toka.aspx |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |url-status= usurped }}</ref> The film was commercially successful.The film score was released by [[Amara Muzik]].

==Synopsis==
Chiku (Anubhav Mohanty) is living with his parents and younger sister . He always involves in fights on street and not interested in studies. Due to his rough behaviour, his father always scolds him. Chiku's life changes when he meets Preeti (Barsha Priyadarshini) and falls in love with her. He got a job due to Preeti's efforts and Chiku's skill to convince people with very good way. When Preeti's mother got know the affair between chiku and preeti then she left the society and arranged the pre-planned marriage of her daughter with another guy. Preeti escapes from home to unite with Chiku. But due to some misunderstanding with Chiku, Preeti leaves Chiku and had an accident. And at the same place chiku also had an accident. Due to the accident, he losses his memory. After getting back his memory, he got to know that his father is getting beaten by some baddies. And at the same place Chiku saw Preeti is preparing for the marriage. At last and after the fight, Preeti's father feel the love and affection between Chiku and Preeti and he accepts their love.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Anubhav Mohanty]] as Chiku
* [[Barsa Priyadarshini]] as Preeti
* [[Minaketan Das]] as Chiku's father
* Priyanka Mahapatra as Chiku's mother
* Prativa Panda as Rocky
* Salil Mitra
* Arabinda Sadhangi as Das Babu
* Jiban Panda
* Manoj Panda
* [[Sambit Acharya]]
* Guddu Comedian
* Kalicharan
* [[Sudhakar Basant]]
}}
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/balunga-toka// |title=Balunga Toka |publisher=Incredibleorissa.com |date=2011-09-01 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs are composed by Abhijit Mazumdar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/balunga-toka/nKCNMX53dP8_|title=Balunga Toka|date=2016|work=JioSaavn}}</ref> The song "Balunga Toka" is based on "Hey Vetri Velaa" from ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]''.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Balunga Toka
| lyrics1 = Nirmal Nayak
| extra1 = [[Vinod Rathod]]
| length1 = 5:31
| title2 = Are Re Re
| lyrics2 = Nizam
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], Anjali Mishra
| length2 = 6:30
| title3 = Tuki Sei Sapana
| lyrics3 = Nizam
| extra3 = [[Javed Ali]], Anjali Mishra
| length3 = 2:13
| title4 = Mana Mo Ma Emiti Eka
| lyrics4 = Nirmala Nayak
| extra4 = [[Babul Supriyo]]
| length4 = 5:26
| title5 = Kichi Hau Hau Kichi Hela
| lyrics5 = Nirmala Nayak
| extra5 = Babul Supriyo
| length5 = 3:56
}}

==Box office==
The film proved to be a big hit and have crossed 100 days in several theaters in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2012/Apr/22/big-money-debuts-in-ollywood-360873.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140812223917/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/article385927.ece |url-status= |archive-date= 12 August 2014 |title=Big money debuts in Ollywood|publisher=Newindianexpress.com|date=2012-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111127/jsp/odisha/story_14804613.jsp// |title=Big stars, bigger money |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2011-11-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609010540/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111127/jsp/odisha/story_14804613.jsp |archivedate=9 June 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> It grossed a total of {{INR}}4 crore at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=aN9bWbfCIj0 |title=Top 10 Highest Grossed Odia Movies Of Superstar Anubhav Mohanty | top Ollywood |Lokabhiram Studio - YouTube |publisher=M.youtube.com |date=2017-12-19 |accessdate=2019-08-26}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 3rd [[Tarang Cine Awards]] 2012
** Best Film – Prabhas Raut
** Best Actor – [[Anubhav Mohanty]]
** Best Supporting Actor – [[Minaketan Das]]
** Best Comedian – [[Papu Pam Pam]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article344032.ece// |title=Balunga Toka' best film, Anubhav best actor| publisher= Newindianexpress.com|date=2012-05-16}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* 3rd [[Etv Oriya Film Awards]] 2012
** Best Film – Prabhas Raut
** Best Director – Sudhakara Basanta
** Best Actor – [[Anubhav Mohanty]]
** Best Comedian – [[Papu Pam Pam]]
** Best Music director – Abhijit Majumdar
** Best Lyrics writer – Nirmal Nayak<ref>{{cite web |url= http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/3rd-etv-oriya-cine-awards-2012/// |title=3rd Etv Oriya Cine Awards 2012| publisher= Incredibleorissa.com|date=2012-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=37597//|title= Veteran Actor and director Govind Tej conferred ETV odia Lifetime Award for Film|publisher= Orissadiary.com|date= 2012-11-06}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Lalchand Entertainment Awards 2012
** Best Actor – [[Anubhav Mohanty]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article539831.ece//|title=Lalchand Entertainment Awards to be aired today|publisher= Newindianexpress |date=2012-09-05}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2093065}}

{{Sudhakar Basant}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Telugu films]]

S Burjavalasa

2025-07-28T19:45:12Z

Krrissh: Made

{{One source|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
'''S Burjavalasa''' is a village located in [[Dattirajeru]] tehsil of [[Vizianagaram District]]. It is {{cvt|15|km}} away from Dattirajeru and {{cvt|45|km}} away from [[Vizianagaram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/andhra-pradesh/vizianagaram/dattirajeru/s-burjavalasa.html|title=Map of S Burjavalasa Village in Dattirajeru Tehsil, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Vizianagaram district]]

{{Vizianagaram-geo-stub}}

Lallit Anand

2025-07-28T13:23:55Z

Krrissh: created data

{{Short description|American academic}}
{{third-party|date=January 2019}}
{{Autobio|date=July 2019}}{{Infobox academic|name=Lallit Anand|image=Lallit Anand.png|education={{unbulleted list|[[IIT Kharagpur]]|[[Brown University]]}}|workplaces=[[MIT]]}}

'''Lallit Anand''' is the Warren and Towneley Rohsenow Professor of [[Mechanical Engineering]] at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). His research focuses on solid mechanics and large deformation [[flow plasticity theory | plasticity theory]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Society of Engineering Science |url=http://ses.egr.uh.edu/member-spotlight/lallit-anand |website=SES Member Spotlight}}</ref> He has received numerous awards and accolades for his significant contributions to the field of [[applied mechanics]] and [[mechanical engineering]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mallinson |first1=Alissa |title= Lallit Anand selected for ASME Drucker Medal |url=https://news.mit.edu/2014/lallit-anand-selected-asme-drucker-medal |website= MIT News |date=5 June 2014 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Lallit Anand was born in [[Delhi]], India on June 29, 1948. He completed his undergraduate studies in [[mechanical engineering]] at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] in 1970. He went on to earn his doctorate degree from [[Brown University]] in 1975. That year he started work as a research scientist at the [[United States Steel Corporation]]'s Mechanical Sciences Division of the Fundamental Research Laboratory, and was later promoted to senior research scientist. He served in that position until 1981. He joined the faculty in the department of mechanical engineering at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) in 1982, and has worked there for over thirty six years.<ref name=IJPS>{{cite journal |last1=Bronkhorst |first1=Curt |title= International Journal of Plasticity Special Issue in honor of Lallit Anand |url= https://www.academia.edu/23279739 |journal=International Journal of Plasticity|year=2010 |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=1071–1072 |doi=10.1016/j.ijplas.2010.06.001 }}</ref> From 2008 to 2013, he served as the head of the Area for Mechanics. He currently holds the title of Warren and Towneley Rohsenow Professor of Mechanical Engineering.<ref name="Prager">{{cite web|url=http://meche.mit.edu/news-media/lallit-anand-awarded-2018-william-prager-medal|title=Lallit Anand Awarded 2018 William Prager Medal|last1=O’Leary|first1=Mary Beth|website=MIT MECHE}}</ref> Professor Anand has mentored over 25 Ph.D. students during his years as an educator at [[MIT |Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="Brown">{{cite journal|last1=Morton|first1=Gordon|date=2018|title=Ka Yee C. Lee and Lallit Anand Awarded Brown Engineering Alumni Medals|url=https://www.brown.edu/academics/engineering/sites/brown.edu.academics.engineering/files/uploads/reduced%20size.pdf|journal=Brown Engineering|volume=Summer|page=32|accessdate=8 January 2019}}</ref> He was elected as a member to the [[ National Academy of Engineering]] in 2018<ref name=":0" /> for contributions to the development of plasticity for engineering technology: theory, experiment, and computation.

In addition to his work at the university, he has served as the program director for the Mechanics of Materials Program [https://nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=13355], as well as the Manufacturing Processes Program in the Engineering Directorate of the [[National Science Foundation]] from 1989 to 1991. Further, from 1994 to 1999 he was a member of the Executive Committee of the [[Applied Mechanics Division]] [https://community.asme.org/applied_mechanics_division/w/wiki/3471.honors-awards.aspx] of the [[ASME| American Society of Mechanical Engineers]], and served as the chair of the Applied Mechanics Division in 1999.<ref name=IJPS />

== Research ==
In his research, Anand focuses on [[Solid Mechanics |solid mechanics]], [[Continuum Mechanics | continuum mechanics]], and [[Plasticity (physics)|plasticity]]. Many of the theories that he has developed in his research have been used in [[Finite element method|finite-element-based]] computer programs and are widely implemented for structural and materials-processing design in [[engineering]].<ref name=SESMedalists>{{cite web |title=2018 SES Medalists |url=http://ses.egr.uh.edu/news/2018-ses-medalists |website=Society of Engineering Science Inc |accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref>

Anand has published over 130 peer-reviewed research papers in academic journals.<ref name=Brown /> He has also coauthored a textbook with [[Morton Gurtin]] and Eliot Fried, titled ''The Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Continua'' published by Cambridge University Press in 2010, which is frequently used in engineering courses focusing on [[continuum mechanics]].<ref name = Brown /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gurtin |first1=Morton E. |last2=Fried |first2=Eliot |last3=Anand |first3=Lallit |title=The Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Continua by Morton E. Gurtin |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mechanics-and-thermodynamics-of-continua/D098B8CCA2EC48608BC2444FBD03D43F |publisher=Cambridge Core |language=en |date=2010|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511762956 |isbn=9780521405980 |s2cid=118995700 }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
* 1992: [[Eric Reissner|Eric Reissner Medal]], 1992 from the International Society for Computational Engineering & Sciences.<ref>{{cite web |title= The ICCES Eric Reissner Award |url= http://www.iccesconf.org/the-icces-eric-reissner-award/ |website= ICCES}}</ref>

* 2003: Fellow of the [[ASME| American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] [https://www.asme.org/], 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title= List of all ASME Fellows |url= https://www.asme.org/wwwasmeorg/media/ResourceFiles/AboutASME/Honors%20Awards/Fellows/Fellows-All_180911.pdf |website= ASME}}</ref>

* 2007: Khan International Plasticity Medal, 2007 from the International Journal of Plasticity [https://www.journals.elsevier.com/international-journal-of-plasticity] for outstanding life-long contributions to the field of [[Plasticity (physics)|Plasticity]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Khan Award Recipients |url= https://sites.google.com/view/khanplasticityaward/recipients |website= Khan Plasticity Award}}</ref>

* 2011: Distinguished Alumnus Award from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Alumnus Awards |url= http://alumni.iitkgp.ac.in/Alumniweb/Alumaward |website= ITT Kharagpur Alumni Network |access-date= 2019-01-08 |archive-date= 2021-04-19 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210419184519/http://alumni.iitkgp.ac.in/Alumniweb/Alumaward |url-status= dead }}</ref>

* 2014: Symposium Honoring Professor Lallit Anand on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday at the 17th U. S. National Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mechanics [https://www.usnctam2014.org/] at Michigan State University.<ref>{{cite web |title= Symposium Honoring Professor Lallit Anand on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday|url= https://www.usnctam2014.org/minisymposium/symposium-honoring-professor-lallit-anand-occasion-his-65th-birthday |website= 17th U.S. National Congress of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics}}</ref>

* 2014: [[ Drucker Medal | Daniel C. Drucker Medal]] from the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers| ASME]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Daniel C. Drucker Medal |url=https://www.asme.org/about-asme/participate/honors-awards/achievement-awards/daniel-c-drucker-medal |website=ASME.org}}</ref>

* 2017: J. P. Den Hartog Distinguished Educator Award for excellence in teaching Mechanical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=IITKGP Alumnus Lallit Anand receives Highest Teaching Award at MIT |url=https://www.iitkgpfoundation.org/article.html?aid=200 |website=www.iitkgpfoundation.org}}</ref>

* 2018: [[William Prager Medal]] from the Society of Engineering Science, for outstanding research contributions in Solid Mechanics.<ref name=SESMedalists />

* 2018: Brown Engineering Alumni Medal from Brown University for his distinguished career and contributions to the field of engineering research.<ref name=Brown />

* 2018: Elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Members: Professor Lallit Anand |url=https://www.nae.edu/178169.aspx |website=NAE Website}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Google Scholar id}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Lallit}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering faculty]]
[[Category:Educators from Delhi]]
[[Category:Brown University School of Engineering alumni]]

Vāgīśvarakīrti

2025-07-12T03:01:48Z

Krrissh: added new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Vāgīśvarakīrti''' (also known by the monastic name of '''Śīlakīrti''') was an 11th-century [[History of Buddhism in India|Indian Buddhist]] monk and scholar at the monastery of [[Vikramashila]] in the modern-day state of [[Bihar]].<ref name=Schneider2018>{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=J |title=Vāgīśvarakīrti |journal=Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism Online |date=2018 |doi=10.1163/2467-9666_enbo_COM_2070 |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/ENBO/COM-2070.xml|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He played a significant role in the development of [[Vajrayana|esoteric]] Buddhism.<ref name=Szanto2020>{{cite book |last1=Szánto |first1=P.D |title=Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions |chapter=On Vāgīśvarakīrti's Influence in Kashmir and among the Khmer |date=2020 |pages=170–193 |doi=10.1163/9789004432802_009 |isbn=978-90-04-43280-2 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004432802/BP000010.xml?language=en|hdl=1887/3160649 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

==Life==
[[file:Vikramashila University.jpg|thumb|Panorama of Vikramaśīla monastery, modern day [[Bhagalpur district]], [[Bihar]].]]
The exact dates of Vāgīśvarakīrti life are uncertain. As per the 16th-century Tibetan monk, [[Taranatha]] who provided a detailed account of his life, Vāgīśvarakīrti was born into a noble family in [[Varanasi]]. He was initiated as a monk by Hāsavajra who taught him [[Cakrasaṃvara Tantra]]. He roamed throughout the [[Magadha]] region and arrived at the monastery of [[Vikramashila]] where he became one of the so-called "six gate-keepers". He was said to have been a contemporary of [[Ratnākaraśānti]].<ref name= Schneider2018 />

Later in his life, he travelled to [[Nepal]]. At a dedication ceremony which took place in the [[Swayambhunath]] temple complex in [[Kathmandu]], Vāgīśvarakīrti was the officiant at a [[Ganachakra]] ritual. As per legends that emerged in the 15th century, he is still said to be residing there.<ref name= Schneider2018 /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Quintman |first1=Andrew |title=Himalayan Passages: Tibetan and Newar Studies in Honor of Hubert Decleer |date=2014 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=360 |isbn=978-1-61429-092-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n6QqAwAAQBAJ&dq=Vāgīśvarakīrti&pg=PT271}}</ref>

==Influence==
As per the scholar, Péter-Dániel Szántó, Vāgīśvarakīrti's works were notable enough during his lifetime, to merit contestation and discussion in [[Kashmir]] and in the [[Khmer Empire]].<ref name= Szanto2020 />

The Kashmiri monk, Ratnavajra, launched an attack on Vāgīśvarakīrti in his work, the Gūḍhapadā which is a commentary on the [[Mañjuśrīnāmasaṃgīti]]. He states that he has read Vāgīśvarakīrti's work, the Caturthāloka and believes the author to be an "ignoramus" as he disagrees with the idea of a fourth initiation (Caturthābhiṣeka).<ref name= Szanto2020 />

The Sab Bāk inscription was discovered in what is now [[Nakhon Ratchasima province]], [[Thailand]]. The inscription mixes Sanskrit verses with [[Old Khmer]]. Part of the inscription is believed to echo Vāgīśvarakīrti's words:<ref name= Szanto2020 />

"''In all my existences, may I become a servant of the servant who has supreme devotion and stainless faith in the glorious Samāja. Having thus heard the command of the supreme guru, I respect it with praises, (and) having repeated it with devotion, I always pay homage to the glorious Samāja.''"

Szántó states that this is Vāgīśvarakīrti's "signature verse" and a reference to his works which had spread to the Khmer Empire.<ref name= Szanto2020 />

===White Tara===
[[File:White Tara - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Tibetan painting of White [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]]]]
Vāgīśvarakīrti also played a role in the propagation of the worship of White [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] and this deity was the focus of his text, the ''Mṛtyuvañcanopadeśa'' in conjunction with other deities. He was also held to have received a personal revelation from White Tara and is therefore used as a source for her worship in [[Tibet]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keul |first1=Istvan |title=Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond |date=2012 |publisher=De Gruyter |page=275 |isbn=978-3-11-025811-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=38gxbEft3-4C&dq=V%C4%81g%C4%AB%C5%9Bvarak%C4%ABrti&pg=PA275}}</ref>

==Works==
His surviving works relate to Vajrayana Buddhism and were originally written in [[Sanskrit]]. These are:<ref name= Szanto2020 />

*''Mṛtyuvañcanopadeśa'', an anthology of rites on how to cheat death once the signs have been spotted. This work was translated into [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]] by [[Atisa]] who knew Vāgīśvarakīrti personally and brought the text with him during his journey to [[Tibet]].<ref name= Schneider2018 />
*''Saṃkṣiptābhiṣekavidhi'', an initiation manual relating to [[Guhyasamāja Tantra]].
*''Tattvaratnāvaloka'', a 21 verse treatise
*''Saptāṅga'', a treatise of which the original Sanskrit version has been lost.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Monks of Vikramashila]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:11th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]

Paigaon

2025-07-02T07:45:12Z

Krrissh: Data...

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
'''Paigaon''' is a large village in the [[Chhata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhata constituency]] of the [[Mathura district, Uttar Pradesh]], India.
It is connected by road to [[Kosi Kalan]] and Shergarh. Chhata railway station is the nearest railway station.
Kosikala is nearest town to paigaon for all major economic activities, which is approximately 10km away.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paigaon Village Population - Chhata - Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/123693-paigaon-uttar-pradesh.html|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=19 March 2017}}</ref>

== Culture ==
A two-day fair is organized every year in Paigaon. Which is dedicated to Naga Baba, a great saint of Paigaon. Naga Baba was a great devotee of Krishna.

== Language ==
The native language of Paigaon is [[Hindi]], [[Braj Bhasha]] and most of the village people speak this language and use it for communication.

== See also ==

* [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex]]
* [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], Rama's birthplace
* [[Kundinapuri]], Rukmini's birthplace
* [[Kaundinyapur]], near Nagpur and associated with Rukmini's birthplace Kundinapuri
* [[Raval, Mathura]], Radha's birthplace 
* [[Parikrama]]
* [[Yatra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|27|47|N|77|32|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Mathura district]]

{{Mathura-geo-stub}}

Gandhari (Mahabharata)

2025-06-06T13:00:05Z

Krrissh: Content improved for clarity and flow

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