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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Pathri<br />
| constituency_no = 98<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| map_image = 98-Pathri.svg<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]<br />
| district = [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]<br />
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref><br />
| reservation = None<br />
| mla = [[Rajesh Vitekar]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| electors =393,392 <br />
}}<br />
'''Pathri Assembly constituency''' <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.indiaelections.co.in/assembly/maharashtra/assembly-elections-2009/pathri-98/ | title=#1 Latest News, Breaking News Today - Bollywood, Finance | date=25 November 2014 }}</ref> is one of four constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in [[Parbhani district]].<br />
<br />
It is a part of the [[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz Jintur, Parbhani and Gangakhed from Parbhani district and Partur and Ghanasawangi from [[Jalna district]].<br />
<br />
Along with whole [[Pathri]] taluka, Pathri Assembly constituency also includes whole of [[Manwath]] and [[Sonpeth]] taluka's & Parbhani Taluka's 42 villages.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Lists/ListPSs.aspx | title=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra }}</ref><br />
<br />
The representative from this constituency in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra state assembly]] from 2014 to 2019 was [[Mohan Fad]] who was an [[Independent politician|independent candidate]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pathri Vidhan Sabha|url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/pathri.html|publisher=Elections|accessdate=11 May 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pathri Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/pathri.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref><br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|- <br />
| [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Ram Rao Balkishan Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Babarao Sopan Naik || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=3 | Sakhram Gopalrao Nakhate || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Zodgaonkar Dagduba Balaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Wadiker Digamberrao Sahebrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=3 | Haribhau Vitthalrao Lahane || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Babajani Durrani|Abdullah "Babajani" Khan Durrani]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Mira Renge]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Mohan Fad]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Suresh Warpudkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Rajesh Vitekar]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rajesh Vitekar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |votes = 83,767 |percentage = 29.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Warpudkar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,523 |percentage = 25.21% |change = {{decrease}}19.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khan Saeed (Gabbar) |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 54,647 |percentage = 19.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babajani Durrani|Abdullah "Babajani" Khan Durrani]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 48,257 |percentage = 17.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhavrao Tukaram Phad |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,544 |percentage = 3.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Engg. Suresh Kisanrao Phad |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,415 |percentage = 1.94% |change = {{decrease}}7.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,657 |percentage = 0.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,244 |percentage = 4.73% |change = {{decrease}}1.57 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 281,445 |percentage = 71.54% |change = {{increase}}4.74 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 279,788}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 393,392 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.16 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.08 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Warpudkar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 105,625 |percentage = 45.02% |change = {{increase}}21.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phad Mohan Madhavrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,851 |percentage = 38.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vilas Saheb Babar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 21,744 |percentage = 9.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Jagdish Balasaheb Shinde |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,551 |percentage = 3.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ajay Sadashiv Solanke |party = Ambedkarist Republican Party |votes = 1,771 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,696 |percentage = 0.72% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gautam Vaijnathrao Ujgare |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,515 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,774 |percentage = 6.30% |change = {{increase}}0.51 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 236,412 |percentage = 66.80% |change = {{decrease}}3.39 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 234,634}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 353,895 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.09 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}15.27 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mohan Fad]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 69,081 |percentage = 29.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Suresh Warpudkar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,632 |percentage = 23.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babajani Durrani|Abdullah "Babajani" Khan Durrani]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 46,304 |percentage = 19.94% |change = {{decrease}}20.68 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meera Kalyanrao Renge |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 35,408 |percentage = 15.25% |change = {{decrease}}31.11 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Com. Vilas Sahebrao Babar |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 5,517 |percentage = 2.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haribhau Vitthalrao Lahane |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,509 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Ramrao Sable Bhogaokar |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 2,636 |percentage = 1.14% |change = {{decrease}}0.47 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitafale Vijaykumar Tulshiram |party = Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 2,400 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,788 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,449 |percentage = 5.79% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 234,133 |percentage = 70.19% |change = {{increase}}5.70 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 232,177}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 333,594 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.98 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}16.61 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2009 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mira Renge]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 89,056 |percentage = 46.36% |change = {{increase}}13.09 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babajani Durrani|Abdullah "Babajani" Khan Durrani]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 78,031 |percentage = 40.62% |change = {{increase}}2.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thore Vishwanath Manohar |party = Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 6,475 |percentage = 3.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saifoddin Sarafarajoddin Faroki |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,827 |percentage = 1.99% |change = {{increase}}0.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Budhan Sk. Gulab Atar |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,525 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sontakke Bandu Alias Dhammapal Rambhau |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,099 |percentage = 1.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Suresh Ramrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,410 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,025 |percentage = 5.74% |change = {{increase}}0.77 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,116 |percentage = 64.49% |change = {{decrease}}7.77 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,115}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 297,910 |ref = |change = {{increase}}65.28 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}8.12 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babajani Durrani|Abdullah "Babajani" Khan Durrani]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 49,801 |percentage = 38.24% |change = {{increase}}6.04 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haribhau Vitthalrao Lahane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 43,331 |percentage = 33.27% |change = {{decrease}}5.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borade Mukesh Haribhaukaka |party = Independent politician |votes = 26,632 |percentage = 20.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shere Patil Ramkrishna Dagdoba |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,183 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamkuwar Shantabai Manoharrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,062 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Sudam Marotrao Chinchane |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,742 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharma Harikishan Ramprasad |party = Independent politician |votes = 810 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,470 |percentage = 4.97% |change = {{decrease}}1.89 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,245 |percentage = 72.26% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,241}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,245 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.01 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}0.82 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Haribhau Vitthalrao Lahane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 39,242 |percentage = 39.06% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babajani Durrani|Abdullah "Babajani" Khan Durrani]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 32,351 |percentage = 32.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nakhate Anil Sakharamji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,500 |percentage = 26.38% |change = {{increase}}3.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kedar Saenath Vithal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,449 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,891 |percentage = 6.86% |change = {{decrease}}9.59 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,251 |percentage = 71.41% |change = {{decrease}}3.93 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,467}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,193 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.71 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Haribhau Vitthalrao Lahane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 42,598 |percentage = 39.21% |change = {{decrease}}3.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raner Uttamrao Ranganathrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,733 |percentage = 22.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Babajani Durrani|Abdullah "Babajani" Khan Durrani]] |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 21,735 |percentage = 20.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Joshi Govind Vithalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,125 |percentage = 10.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kshirsagar Rajan Ramchandra |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,968 |percentage = 3.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Madhavrao Bhagwanrao |party = Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 2,070 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thore Vishwanath Manohar |party = Independent politician |votes = 937 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,865 |percentage = 16.45% |change = {{decrease}}0.39 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,358 |percentage = 75.34% |change = {{increase}}12.74 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,634}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,139 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.32 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}3.62 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Haribhau Vitthalrao Lahane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 37,437 |percentage = 42.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dudhgaonker Ganeshrao Nagorao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,720 |percentage = 25.99% |change = {{decrease}}15.05 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raner Uttamrao Ranganathrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,472 |percentage = 23.42% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Raosdaheb Shankerrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,322 |percentage = 3.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Madhavrao Bhagwanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,281 |percentage = 1.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Balkrishna Shankerrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 838 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,717 |percentage = 16.84% |change = {{increase}}12.27 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,494 |percentage = 62.60% |change = {{increase}}13.03 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 87,409}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,969 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.03 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}2.79 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Wadiker Digamberrao Sahebrao |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 24,011 |percentage = 45.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dakh Baba Saheb Marotrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,603 |percentage = 41.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bansode Laxman Punjaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,481 |percentage = 4.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Marotrao Namdeorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,840 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Loya Kedarnath Motilal |party = Independent politician |votes = 944 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Madhavrao Bhagwanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 614 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhapse Piraji Sayaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 523 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shaikh Ahmed Shaikh Abdulla |party = Independent politician |votes = 457 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,408 |percentage = 4.57% |change = {{decrease}}13.28 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,086 |percentage = 49.57% |change = {{decrease}}8.58 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,635}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,112 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.41 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{decrease}}7.68 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Zodgaonkar Dagduba Balaji |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 30,442 |percentage = 53.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sakhram Gopalrao Nakhate |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 20,246 |percentage = 35.45% |change = {{increase}}10.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Raosdaheb Shankerrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,397 |percentage = 7.70% |change = {{decrease}}13.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Marotrao Namdeorao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,761 |percentage = 3.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,196 |percentage = 17.85% |change = {{increase}}14.75 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,067 |percentage = 58.15% |change = {{decrease}}1.03 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,111}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,580 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.26 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}25.51 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sakhram Gopalrao Nakhate |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,455 |percentage = 27.79% |change = {{decrease}}20.93 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dakh Baba Saheb Marotrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 12,845 |percentage = 24.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Babarao Sopanrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,839 |percentage = 20.84% |change = {{decrease}}21.23 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalegaonkar Govindrao Baburao |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,346 |percentage = 17.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhawle Sitaram Ramji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,931 |percentage = 5.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Janardhanrao Baliram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 2.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Phulari Narharrao Gunderao |party = Independent politician |votes = 352 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,610 |percentage = 3.10% |change = {{decrease}}3.55 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,522 |percentage = 59.18% |change = {{increase}}11.63 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,008}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,130 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}9.54 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}20.93 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sakhram Gopalrao Nakhate |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,584 |percentage = 48.72% |change = {{decrease}}11.84 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Babarao Sopanrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 19,503 |percentage = 42.07% |change = {{increase}}12.28 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devkinandan Deoda |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,024 |percentage = 6.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhole Tulshiram Ganpatrao |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,248 |percentage = 2.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,081 |percentage = 6.65% |change = {{decrease}}24.13 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,432 |percentage = 47.55% |change = {{decrease}}5.16 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,359}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,849 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.77 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.84 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sakhram Gopalrao Nakhate |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,669 |percentage = 60.56% |change = {{increase}}16.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babarao Sopan Naik |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 13,116 |percentage = 29.79% |change = {{decrease}}15.20 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Dagadya |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,999 |percentage = 6.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. P. Shingare |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,250 |percentage = 2.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,553 |percentage = 30.78% |change = {{increase}}30.32 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,032 |percentage = 52.71% |change = {{increase}}11.11 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,034}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,126 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.57 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}15.57 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Babarao Sopan Naik |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 13,758 |percentage = 44.99% |change = {{increase}}1.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sakhram Gopalrao Nakhate |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,616 |percentage = 44.53% |change = {{decrease}}3.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Vithal |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,204 |percentage = 10.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 142 |percentage = 0.46% |change = {{decrease}}4.19 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,521 |percentage = 41.60% |change = {{increase}}13.28 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,578}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,170 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.04 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.71 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Pathri <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ram Rao Balkishan Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,998 |percentage = 47.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandit Rao Hemraj |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,219 |percentage = 43.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopinath Rao Ram Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,011 |percentage = 6.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanker Rao Eknath Rao |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 539 |percentage = 3.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 779 |percentage = 4.65% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 16,767 |percentage = 28.32% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 16,767}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,200 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{coord|19|15|35.68|N|76|25|12.92|E|display=title}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Parbhani district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noney_Railway_Bridge&diff=522417Noney Railway Bridge2026-05-05T17:36:09Z<p>KristyThacker77: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox bridge<br />
| name = Noney Railway Bridge<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Noney railway bridge (under construction)<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|24.769|N|93.558|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| carries = Single-track broad gauge railway ([[Jiribam–Imphal line]])<br />
| crosses = Ijei River<br />
| locale = [[Noney district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]]<br />
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| designer = <br />
| builder = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]] / contractors<br />
| design = Multi-span pier bridge<br />
| material = Reinforced concrete (piers), steel girders (superstructure)<br />
| length = 703 m<br />
| width = 8.5 m<br />
| height = 141 m (pier height)<br />
| mainspan = 8 spans (girder-launched)<br />
| begin = 2014<br />
| complete = Girder launching completed May 2025; overall commissioning pending<br />
| open = <br />
| toll = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Noney Railway Bridge''' or the '''Noney Bridge''', officially known as the '''Bridge Number 164''', is the world's tallest railway [[pier bridge]] which is under construction and is located in the [[Noney district]] of [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=World Highest Railway Bridge: NONEY {{!}} Noney District, Government of Manipur {{!}} India |url=https://noney.nic.in/tourist-place/world-highest-railway-bridge-noney/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chowdhuri |first=Rajib |date=2025-05-29 |title=World's Tallest Railway Pier Bridge Now Reality In Manipur |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/worlds-tallest-railway-pier-bridge-now-reality-in-manipur-1882051 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> It is located in the [[Jiribam-Imphal railway line]], which is an 111 kilometres long railway line that will connect Imphal to India's broad-gauge rail network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-05 |title=Indian Railways Jiribam-Tupul-Imphal line project in North-East to have world's tallest pier bridge; details |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-indian-railways-jiribam-tupul-imphal-line-project-in-north-east-to-have-worlds-tallest-pier-bridge-details-2059668/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> After it is fully done, it will surpass the existing record of the {{cvt|139|m}} high [[Mala Rijeka Viaduct]] of Montenegro.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2018-12-08 |title=World's tallest railway bridge in the making in Manipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/worlds-tallest-railway-bridge-in-the-making-in-manipur/articleshow/67002040.cms |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
The bridge crosses the Ijei River in [[Noney district]], [[Manipur]], between the areas of Khumji and Karuangmuan.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Oct 2024 target set to complete world's tallest pier rail bridge : 07th mar24 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=37..070324.mar24 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It lies on the route of the Jiribam-Imphal line operated by Northeast Frontier Railway.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Northeast Frontier Railway completes girder launching on Noney Bridge in Manipur |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/railways/northeast-frontier-railway-completes-girder-launching-on-noney-bridge-in-manipur/121487742 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=IT Web |date=2025-04-11 |title=Govt taking all measures to complete Jiribam–Imphal Railway Project: MoS Ravneet Singh |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/govt-taking-all-measures-to-complete-jiribam-imphal-railway-project-mos-ravneet-singh/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History and construction ==<br />
This bridge is part of the national priority project to connect [[Imphal]] to the rest of India by rail.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-04 |title=Jiribam-Imphal railway line: Here's all you need to know about the national project |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/jiribamimphal-railway-line-1591264673-1 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-18 |title=Jiribam-Imphal railway line to connect Manipur's capital with national rail network |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jiribam-imphal-railway-line-to-connect-manipurs-capital-with-national-rail-network-10257402/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR)]] and other contractors are handling the construction as part of the 111&nbsp;km Jiribam-Imphal project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2025-05-29 |title=NF Railway completes girder launch on world's tallest pier bridge in Manipur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/29/nf-railway-completes-girder-launch-on-worlds-tallest-pier-bridge-in-manipur |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
By March 2024, local reports suggested an October 2024 target for completing major work. The girder launching, which involves putting up the superstructure spans, was completed in late May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Noney Bridge: Good news for Northeast! World's tallest railway pier bridge 75% complete; Details |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-noney-bridge-construction-indian-railways-jiribam-imphal-project-2577701/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In October 2025, the [[Governor of Manipur]] visited the site as the bridge approached the final stages of construction. State and railway officials reported ongoing work and activities for final commissioning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |date=2025-10-19 |title=Governor Bhalla inspects world's tallest rail bridge in Manipur's Noney District |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/governor-bhalla-inspects-worlds-tallest-rail-bridge-in-manipurs-noney-district-1595065 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur Governor visits worlds tallest railway bridge in Noney |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-governor-visits-worlds-tallest-railway-bridge-in-noney.html |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Design and specifications ==<br />
<br />
* '''Pier height''': The bridge's piers, especially P3 and P4 mentioned in reports, rise to about 141 meters.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
* '''Overall length and width''': The bridge is about 703 meters long and about 8.5 meters wide.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
* '''Superstructure''': The bridge contains several steel-girder spans that were launched or built between the high reinforced concrete piers. The final girder launches were completed in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NFR completes girder launch on world's tallest railway pier bridge |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/nfr-completes-girder-launch-on-worlds-tallest-railway-pier-bridge |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Significance ==<br />
The Noney Bridge is a major engineering milestone for [[Indian Railways]] and for [[Northeast India|northeastern India]] because it:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Shashwat |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2022-08-24 |title=World's highest pier railway bridge on Jiribam–Imphal in Manipur takes shape {{!}} WATCH |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/world-highest-pier-railway-bridge-on-jiribam-imphal-noney-bridge-manipur-takes-shape-watch-video-indian-railways-2022-08-24-802739 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Enables the rail link to Imphal. This improves strategic connectivity, passenger travel, and freight flow for [[Manipur]] and nearby states.<ref name=":4" /><br />
* It shows the ability to construct complex bridges in steep terrain, including the Himalayan foothills and deep river valley conditions.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of railway bridges and viaducts]]<br />
* [[Noney railway station]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bridges in India]]<br />
[[Category:Noney district]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges under construction]]<br />
[[Category:Rail infrastructure in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bridges in Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Railway bridges in India]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sixth_of_Humanity&diff=483722A Sixth of Humanity2026-05-05T17:19:55Z<p>KristyThacker77: adding the details initial version.</p>
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<div>'''''{{Italic title}}A Sixth of Humanity: Independent India's Development Odyssey''''' is a 2026 book on the developmental history of post independent India. It was written by economist [[Arvind Subramanian]] and political scientist [[Devesh Kapur]]<ref name=":0">Parikh, Tej. [https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/cracks-india-model-aiyar Economics for the real world — a provocative new playbook, plus India’s growth story]''.'' ''Financial Times.'' Retrieved on 2026-03-24</ref>.<br />
<br />
The central theme of the book is that the Indian growth model presents a certain 'precociousness'<ref name=":0" /> where democracy outpaced economic development and social change, and where service sector developed before the development of the manufacturing sector and so on<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=An audacious new book about a "precocious" country |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2026/01/22/an-audacious-new-book-about-a-precocious-country |access-date=2026-03-24 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>. It puts forward a four-fold framework of 'state, society, nation and markets' to analyse India's growth story<ref name=":3">Nayak, Pulin B. Mayi-baap development. ''Biblio''. January-March 2026.</ref>. <br />
<br />
The central problem, as identified by the authors, is statism, where people look at the state as the “provider and protector"<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Aiyar |first=Yamini |date=2026-02-17 |title=The Cracks in the India Model |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/cracks-india-model-aiyar |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |volume=105 |issue=2 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref><ref name=":3" />. “Too much was asked of the state, too often and too soon”, write the authors. However, the work also notes that the state machinery in India is actually surprisingly small; India has almost half the number of police personnel per population as compared to England and Wales<ref name=":1" />; State employment as a percentage of the working-age population in India has been far below the global average<ref name=":2" />. The book contains rich comparative analyses of the many different trajectories traversed by different states in the country, and deals with how development is linked to interstate relations<ref name=":1" />. <br />
<br />
[[The Economist]] in its review noted that the book that runs into more than 600 pages adopts an approach where 'charts, arguments and catchy phrases' are used in abundance<ref name=":1" />. [[Tej Parikh]], writing in the [[Financial Times]], concluded that the authors provide "one of the most comprehensive analyses" of India's development journey to date<ref name=":0" />.Pulapre Balakrishnan, writing in the [[The Indian Express|Indian Express]], criticised the authors stating that the work "is hobbled by the absence of a theoretical vision of growth"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-04 |title=Why Devesh Kapur and Arvind Subramanian's 'A Sixth of Humanity' presents a flawed narrative of India's development |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/a-sixth-of-humanity-flawed-narrative-india-development-10453002/ |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:India]]<br />
[[Category:Indology]]<br />
[[Category:Postcolonialism]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singh_vs_Kaur&diff=536066Singh vs Kaur2026-05-05T14:57:20Z<p>KristyThacker77: Started New Bio.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Singh vs Kaur<br />
| image = Singh vs Kaur.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Navaniat Singh]]<br />
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]<br />
| writer = [[Dheeraj Rattan]]<br />
| screenplay = Dheeraj Rattan<br />
| story = Dheeraj Rattan<br />
| starring = [[Gippy Grewal]]<br />[[Surveen Chawla]]<br />[[Rohit Khurana]]<br />[[Binnu Dhillon]]<br />[[Japji Khaira]]<br />[[B. N. Sharma]]<br />
| music = Jatinder Shah<br />
| cinematography = Jitan Harmeet Singh<br />
| editing = Manish More<br />
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]<br />Sippy Grewal Productions<br />Gurfateh Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|2|15}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Singh vs Kaur''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language [[romantic comedy]] [[action film]] directed by [[Navaniat Singh]] and starring [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Surveen Chawla]], [[Japji Khaira]] and [[Binnu Dhillon]] in lead roles. ''Singh vs Kaur'' was released on 15 February 2013.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/previews/singh-vs-kaur/articleshow/18514438.cmsv Singh vs Kaur].{{Dead link|date=May 2024}} ''[[Times of India]]''.</ref><br />
<br />
Gippy Grewal sports a [[Dastar|turbaned avatar]] and a beard for the first time in his film career. It is also the first Punjabi film that has been produced by a [[Multiple-language version|multi-lingual]] producer, [[D. Ramanaidu]].<br />
<br />
The film was remade in Bengali as ''[[Romeo vs Juliet]]'' starring [[Ankush Hazra]] and [[Mahiya Mahi]], in Odia as ''[[Kabula Barabula]]'' starring [[Anubhav Mohanty]] and in Kannada as ''[[Satya Harishchandra (2017 film)|Sathya Harishchandra]]'' in 2017 starring [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] (becoming the first Punjabi film to be remade in Kannada).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Sathya-Harishchandra-movie-review-A-remake-factory-product/articleshow/61157233.cms|title=Sathya Harishchandra movie review: A remake factory product|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Nihal Singh ([[Gippy Grewal]]), living in the village of Nalun Tattebha, is considered a burden on the head of villagers and they all decide to throw him out of the village on the advice of Sarpanch ([[Avtar Gill]]). Nihal's mother is a [[widow]] who lost her husband when Nihal was only a few years old. Meanwhile, Nihal's best friend Taari ([[Binnu Dhillon]]), who is addicted to watching girls with his associates on the Internet and print their photos out, plans an idea to clear up the whole situation. Taari says that to solve the situation he should marry Sarpanch's niece Sapna, an [[Overweight|overweight girl]], which he initially goes through with before regretting his actions. A comic situation arises when Sapna tells her Uncle (Sarpanch) that she loves Nihal and will die if she doesn't marry him.<br />
<br />
Sarpanch, with his niece, presents the proposal to his mother. Meanwhile, Nihal says that he doesn't love her and was just joking. Taari again uses his head and prints out the photo of a girl named Jasneet ([[Surveen Chawla]]), but Nihal doesn't understand what to do to cancel the [[marriage proposal]]. He eventually decides to present a photo of Jasneet, unknown to him at first sight, saying that he loves her. The villagers are unaware of the situation; Nihal's Chachi, who is very jealous of him, asks Nihal if he is actually in love, then asks where she lives. Nihal says that she lives in [[Canada]]. Sarpanch tells Nihal to bring the girl in one month to prove his declaration true otherwise he will have no option to marry him to his overweight niece.<br />
<br />
Nihal feels helpless, but with Taari's help, he travels to Canada to find the girl. Taari and Geeta arrange with his uncle's house Chacha Dhind (B N Sharma) and his son (Sean Bindra). Finally, he finds Jasneet, who it is revealed has been attacked several times. Jasneet tells Nihal to become her [[bodyguard]]. Nihal can't think of a reason to refuse and so accepts. He defends her from attempts on her life, fighting with her rivals. Eventually, he and Jasneet become close friends, but Nihal reveals that she is engaged to her boyfriend ([[Rohit Khurana]]) who lives in [[United States|America]]. Nihal feels sad after hearing this but soon thinks of an idea: he asks Jasneet to stay with him in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is known that the attacks will continue until she turns 21 years old, so Jasneet, having no idea how to prevent the attacks, goes with Nihal to Punjab to prevent any further incidents.<br />
<br />
Taari and Geeta kept on showing the photos to the whole village. Jasneet is unaware that she has been lied to by Nihal, but Nihal's mother feels proud after hearing that her son is married. Jasneet soon learns and leaves out of hurt, but then thinks of Nihal's mother and doesn't want to break her heart, so she returns. Upon her return, she and Nihal begin to fall in love with each other.<br />
<br />
Another comic situation arises when Nihal takes Jasneet home to [[Nabha]] and unintentionally calls his brother a [[wikt:saala|saala]] (brother-in-law) out of frustration. His girlfriend's brother, mischievous in nature, tells the whole family that his sister is married although the other villagers are unaware of this ever happening. Nihal curses himself for using the word again in his life to someone. Meantime, Jasneet's NRI ([[Non-Resident Indian]]) boyfriend comes to take her away, but Jasneet tells him that she now loves Nihal, shocking him.<br />
<br />
In the meantime, Nihal learns that Jasneet's NRI boyfriend had a previous relationship with Nihal's friend before breaking up with her. Nihal calls Jasneet to tell her that her NRI friend ([[Rohit Khurana]]) is surely a [[Scam|fraud]] and [[blackmail]]er, warning her that he is responsible for all the previous attacks on her after gaining access to her property. Jasneet is shocked and stops the car while travelling with her boyfriend. He then shows his true colors, following her with his men and confessing that he wanted her to stay alive and did not want to kill her; his intention was for Jasneet to turn 21 so that he could marry her and blame her uncle. Nihal soon arrives to save Jasneet, getting rid of her boyfriend and his associates. Jasneet and Nihal then live happily after all the difficulties.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
* [[Gippy Grewal]] as Nihal Singh Grewal<br />
* [[Surveen Chawla]] as Jasneet Kaur<br />
* [[Japji Khaira]] as Simrat<br />
* [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Taari<br />
* [[B.N. Sharma|B N Sharma]] as Dhindsa<br />
* [[Daljeet Kaur]] as Nihal Singh Grewal's mother<br />
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Sarpanch<br />
* [[Tej Hundal]] as Angrej Singh (cameo)<br />
* [[Rohit Khurana]] as Roop<br />
* Sean Bindra as Dhindsa's Son<br />
* Sukhpreet Singh Kalkat as Rupinader Singh<br />
* Jarnail Singh Jelly as Anmol<br />
* [[Babbal Rai]] as Samar<br />
* [[Sardar Sohi]] as Simrat's Father<br />
* [[Gurpreet Bhangu]] as Nihal's Taayi<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
A song sequence was shot in [[Victoria, British Columbia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/victoria-meets-bollywood-punjabi-stars-shoot-film-on-inner-harbour-4562985|title=Victoria meets Bollywood: Punjabi stars shoot film on Inner Harbour|work=[[Times Colonist]]|date=28 June 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Massi<br />
| extra1 = Gippy Grewal<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Cut Sleeve<br />
| extra2 = Gippy Grewal<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Zakhmi Dil<br />
| extra3 = Gippy Grewal<br />
| title4 = Donale<br />
| extra4 = Gippy Grewal<br />
| title5 = Bugchu <br />
| extra5= Gippy Grewal<br />
| title6 = Singh<br />
|extra6 = Gippy Grewal<br />
| title7 = Panditji<br />
| extra7 = [[Karamjit Anmol]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film has received mostly positive reviews. According to ''Ballewood.in'', "''Singh vs Kaur'' is a slick action comedy that would set new benchmarks for the Punjabi film industry. A full-blown [[Masala film|masala]] entertainer that establishes [[Gippy Grewal]] as the first real action hero of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]." Gippy Grewal's performance has been especially appreciated. "It is an entertainer where you have songs, dance, entertainment, power packed dialogues and full power [[Cinema of South India|South Indian style action]]."<br />
<br />
Rick of ''Punjabiportal.com'' praised the movie but pointed out certain technical errors as well. He praised Gippy Grewal and [[Surveen Chawla]] for their spontaneous acting but pointed out the abrupt editing and too much attention given to style in action sequences.<ref name="Punjabiportal.com">{{cite web |title=Singh vs Kaur – Review |url=http://www.punjabiportal.com/articles/singh-vs-kaur-review |access-date=15 February 2013 |publisher=Punjabiportal.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to box office reports, ''Singh vs Kaur'' has scored very well in Punjab after also having a strong start. It can be considered another blockbuster in Gippy's career.<ref name=Ballewood.in>{{cite web|title=Singh vs Kaur – Review|url=http://ballewood.in/movies/reviews/singh-vs-kaur|publisher=Ballewood.in|access-date=15 February 2013}}</ref> It had the third highest opening week collections for a Punjabi film at the time of release in Punjab before Gippy's next film ''[[Lucky Di Unlucky Story]]'' came and beat it and took first place. The opening week collections for this film were Rs 113.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|last=Trade Network|title=Top Punjabi Film Opening Weeks|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5703&nCat=|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=31 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616035616/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5703&nCat=|archive-date=16 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Remakes==<br />
<br />
The film has been remade in Bengali as ''[[Romeo vs Juliet]]''. It was an [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production|Indo-Bangladesh joint project]]. It was also remade in Odia in 2017 as ''[[Kabula Barabula]]'' starring [[Anubhav Mohanty]] and in Kannada as [[Satya Harishchandra (2017 film)|''Sathya Harishchandra'']] in 2017 starring [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] and became the first Punjabi film to be remade in Kannada.<br />
<br />
Producer [[D. Ramanaidu]] was quite impressed with the film and wanted it to be remade in Telugu as well.<ref>{{cite web|author=FilmFog.Com|title=Naga Chaitanya in Singh Vs Kaur remake|url=http://www.filmfog.com/1-77/naga-chaitanya-joins-hands-for-singh-vs-kaur/|publisher=Film Fog|access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|2714664}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Punjabi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]<br />
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]<br />
[[Category:Films about bodyguards]]<br />
[[Category:Films about con artists]]<br />
[[Category:Films about fraud]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Vancouver]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_RajaSaab&diff=540658The RajaSaab2026-05-03T11:28:06Z<p>KristyThacker77: Started New Details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Maruthi}}<br />
{{for|the 1969 film|Raja Saab}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = The RajaSaab poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Maruthi]]<br />
| story = <br />
| producer = T. G. Vishwa Prasad<br />
| writer = Maruthi<br />
| starring = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[Prabhas]]<br />
* [[Sanjay Dutt]]<br />
* [[Nidhhi Agerwal]]<br />
* [[Malavika Mohanan]]<br />
* [[Riddhi Kumar]]<br />
* [[Zarina Wahab]]<br />
* [[Ammu Abhirami]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Thaman S]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Karthik Palani]]<br />
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]<br />
| studio = {{Plain list|<br />
* People Media Factory<br />
* IVY Entertainment<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|2026|01|09|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 183 minutes<ref>{{cite web |access-date=6 January 2026 |title=Prabhas' The Raja Saab gets U/A certification: CBFC cuts beheading scene, trims gory scenes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prabhas-the-raja-saab-gets-u-a-certification-cbfc-cuts-beheading-scene-trims-gory-scenes-10458538/ |website=The Indian Express |date=6 January 2026 }}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = {{INR|400–450 crore |date=2026-01-13 |title=The Raja Saab worldwide box office collection day 4: Prabhas film faring worse than Adipurush, Saaho; crawls to ₹170 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-4-prabhas-film-faring-worse-than-adipurush-saaho-170-crore-101768279713775.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vineeta |title=5 films, 1 Prabhas: How Rs 2100 crore is riding on actor's shoulders at box office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/5-films-one-prabhas-rs-2100-crore-riding-on-actor-shoulders-at-box-office-2601365-2024-09-17 |website=India Today |date=17 September 2024 |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prabhas' The Raja Saab teaser leaked online ahead of official release |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/prabhas-the-raja-saab-teaser-leaked-online-ahead-of-official-release-article-13117413.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prabhas's Rajasaab includes an iconic Bollywood song remix |url=https://www.siasat.com/prabhass-rajasaab-includes-an-iconic-bollywood-song-remix-3132988/ |website=Siasat |date=8 April 2025 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR|208.38 crore}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-05 |title=The Raja Saab extended cut to release on OTT: Internet trolls ‘Maruthi Snyder’ over Prabhas' ₹200 crore dud |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-extended-cut-to-release-on-jiohotstar-ott-internet-trolls-maruthi-snyder-over-prabhas-200-crore-dud-101770277248878.html |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The RajaSaab''''' (titled onscreen as '''''Prabhas's''''' '''''The RajaSaab''''') is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[horror comedy film]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2025 |title=''The Rajasaab'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-rajasaab-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmzmzm1 |access-date=29 December 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref> written and directed by [[Maruthi]], and produced by People Media Factory and IVY Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabhas' Birthday Wish For Director Maruthi: "Can't Wait For The World To Witness The Raja Saab" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/prabhas-special-birthday-wish-for-the-raja-saab-director-maruthi-6741448 |access-date=21 March 2025 |publisher=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Prabhas]], alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Nidhhi Agerwal]], [[Malavika Mohanan]] (in her [[Telugu film]] debut), [[Riddhi Kumar]] and [[Zarina Wahab]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2025 |title=This South movie beats Hrithik Roshan's War 2, Alia Bhatt's Alpha to become IMDb's most anticipated film of 2025. No, it's not Prabhas' The Raja Saab |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/coolie-beats-hrithik-roshan-war-2-alia-bhatt-alpha-to-become-imdb-most-anticipated-film-2025-10115118/ |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nayanthara To Join Prabhas's The Raja Saab For A Special Dance Number |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nayanthara-to-join-prabhass-the-raja-saab-for-a-special-dance-number-aa-9159238.html |access-date=24 July 2025 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In the film, a man searching for his missing grandfather finds himself in a mansion inhabited by a sinister presence.<br />
<br />
The project was officially announced in January 2024, though principal photography began earlier in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/the-raja-saab-title-of-prabhas-next-with-maruthi-revealed-by-makers-unveil-actors-massy-avatar-from-film-1271517|title=Prabhas and Maruthi film titled The Raja Saab; set to be romantic horror entertainer|date=15 January 2024|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118121902/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/the-raja-saab-title-of-prabhas-next-with-maruthi-revealed-by-makers-unveil-actors-massy-avatar-from-film-1271517|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's music is composed by [[Thaman S]], with cinematography by [[Karthik Palani]] and editing by [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/prabhas-makes-a-massive-change-to-his-name-the-raja-saab-first-look-spills-the-beans-8740488.html|title=Prabhas Makes a MASSIVE Change to His Name? The Raja Saab First Look Spills The Beans|date=15 January 2024|website=News18|access-date=21 January 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118121858/https://www.news18.com/movies/prabhas-makes-a-massive-change-to-his-name-the-raja-saab-first-look-spills-the-beans-8740488.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was theatrically released worldwide on 9 January 2026, coinciding with [[Sankranti]]. It opened to generally negative reviews from critics, with criticism directed primarily at the screenplay and runtime, which reviewers found to be inconsistent and lacking in narrative cohesion. Despite the festive release window, the film became a [[box office bomb]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Murtuza |date=9 January 2026 |title=The Raja Saab Box Office Collection Day 1 Prediction: Prabhas Starrer Heading For A Good Start, But Will Collect Less Than Kalki 2898 AD & Salaar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-raja-saab-box-office-collection-day-1-prediction-prabhas-starrer-heading-for-a-good-start-but-will-collect-less-than-kalki-2898-ad-salaar |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Free Press Journal]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Garima |date=10 January 2026 |title=The Raja Saab Box Office Collection Day 1: Prabhas Starrer Crosses Rs 50 Crore Mark, Beats Dhurandhar, Chhaava |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/south-cinema/the-raja-saab-box-office-collection-day-1 |access-date=10 January 2026 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Gangamma, an [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer’s]] patient, lives a quiet life under the care of her grandson, RajaSaab. Although she forgets almost everything, she continues to hold on to memories of her husband, Kanakaraju, an exorcist believed to be living in exile.<br />
<br />
RajaSaab's search for his grandfather leads him to [[Hyderabad]]. During his journey, he encounters numerous obstacles and navigates a complex romantic life. He falls in love with Bessy, a devout nun, while another woman, Bhairavi—the granddaughter of a thief—joins his quest and assists him in the search for Kanakaraju.<br />
<br />
Their search eventually leads them to a notorious haunted mansion, where they discover that Kanakaraju is not a victim but the architect of their misfortune. He reveals that he deliberately disappeared and orchestrated a long-term plan to lure RajaSaab to the mansion for his own dark purposes.<br />
<br />
RajaSaab, Bessy, and Bhairavi find themselves imprisoned within the estate. Despite their attempts to escape, Kanakaraju's supernatural or psychological control over the mansion proves too strong. In a desperate attempt, they summon Specialist Padmabhushan, an expert in dealing with such threats; however, he is swiftly defeated by Kanakaraju's superior powers.<br />
<br />
Pushed to his absolute limit, RajaSaab awakens a hidden, mighty strength. His power becomes so immense that it distorts reality, creating a parallel world. Within this altered dimension, RajaSaab manages to overpower and defeat Kanakaraju.<br />
<br />
As the events conclude and the group prepares to move on, a mysterious joker-like figure resembling RajaSaab is seen lurking in the shadows, leaving the ultimate fate of the bloodline uncertain.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Prabhas]] in a [[dual role]] as <br />
** Raju "Rajasaab"<br />
** Joker (Cameo)<br />
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Pekamedala Kanakaraju, Raju's grandfather<br />
* [[Nidhhi Agerwal]] as Bessy<br />
* [[Malavika Mohanan]] as Bhairavi<br />
* [[Riddhi Kumar]] as Anitha<br />
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as Gangadevi "Gangamma", Raju's grandmother and Kanakaraju's wife<br />
** [[Ammu Abhirami]] as young Gangadevi<br />
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Gangaraju, Bhairavi’s grandfather <br />
* [[Boman Irani]] as Dr. Padmabhushan<br />
* [[Murali Sharma]]<br />
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Mangalam Babai<br />
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Autodriver Seenu<br />
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Brother RIP, Bessy’s aide<br />
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Warden<br />
* [[Rajitha]] as Raju’s aunt<br />
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Kareemulla, Raju’s friend<br />
* Mahesh Achanta as Mahesh, Raju’s assistant <br />
* Rohit Pathak as Bhairaagi<br />
* Nanda Gopal MK as Police SI<br />
* Manisha Kandkur as Bessy’s friend<br />
* [[Supreeth Reddy]] as Thief<br />
* Vadlamani Srinivas as Gangadevi’s father<br />
* Sonia Chowdary<br />
* [[Ronson Vincent]] as Goon<br />
* [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] as lady at carnival ([[cameo appearance]])<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In 2022, director [[Maruthi]] narrated a horror comedy script to [[Prabhas]] to which he agreed. While Prabhas was already shooting ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire|Salaar]]'' and ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'', he decided to shoot for the film simultaneously and Maruthi began pre-production work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=Prabhas {{!}} Maruthi : ప్రభాస్-మారుతి సినిమా ప్రారంభానికి ముహూర్తం ఫిక్స్.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/national/prabhas-maruthi-movie-update-film-to-be-launched-on-this-date-here-are-the-details-sr-1237920.html |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref> The film marks the maiden collaboration between Prabhas and Maruthi, and Maruthi called it a “golden opportunity” to direct a star like Prabhas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maruthi opens up on his next with Prabhas, calls it a golden opportunity, deets inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maruthi-opens-up-on-his-next-with-prabhas-calls-it-a-golden-opportunity-deets-inside/4232fa2923102 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202080119/https://www.ottplay.com/news/maruthi-opens-up-on-his-next-with-prabhas-calls-it-a-golden-opportunity-deets-inside/4232fa2923102 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was tentatively titled ''Raja Deluxe'', to be produced by [[DVV Entertainment]], however, production was later transferred to People Media Factory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2022 |title=Producer changed for Prabhas' Raja Deluxe |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Aug/24/producer-changed-for-prabhas-raja-deluxe-34058.html |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331005434/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/aug/24/producer-changed-for-prabhas-raja-deluxe-34058.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Several titles like ''Royal'' and ''Ambassador'' were considered,<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=చిరంజీవితో డైరెక్టర్ మారుతి సినిమా.. ఎప్పుడంటే? |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/update-coming-soon-from-director-maruthi-movie-with-megastar-chiranjeevi |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203231423/https://www.v6velugu.com/update-coming-soon-from-director-maruthi-movie-with-megastar-chiranjeevi |url-status=live }}</ref> however, the title ''The Raja Saab'' was announced in January 2024 on the occasion of [[Sankranti]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2024 |title=The Raja Saab: Prabhas announces new romantic-horror film; check out first look poster |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-prabhas-announces-new-film-first-look-poster-101705284584008.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120070602/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-prabhas-announces-new-film-first-look-poster-101705284584008.html |archive-date=20 January 2024 |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> It is reported that the film takes place at the backdrop of an old [[Movie theater|cinema theatre]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Prabhas: ప్రభాస్-మారుతీ మూవీ ఆ ముగ్గురు హీరోయిన్స్ ఫిక్స్ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/three-heroins-in-prabhas-raja-deluxe/0205/122222340 |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=EENADU |language=te |archive-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127022949/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/three-heroins-in-prabhas-raja-deluxe/0205/122222340 |url-status=live }}</ref> Prabhas reportedly plays [[dual role]]s in the film, as the owner of a theatre and another as a ghost, playing both grandson and grandfather.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=17 January 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Prabhas- Maruthi's Raja Deluxe is a complete entertainer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Jan/17/exclusive-prabhas-maruthis-raja-deluxe-is-a-complete-entertainer-38866.html |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321045244/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/17/exclusive-prabhas-maruthis-raja-deluxe-is-a-complete-entertainer-38866.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Several actresses like [[Raashii Khanna]] and [[Sreeleela]] were considered for the film,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=4 April 2022 |title=Prabhas' Raju Deluxe to begin in May |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Apr/04/prabhas-raju-deluxe-to-begin-in-may-30670.html |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201205315/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Apr/04/prabhas-raju-deluxe-to-begin-in-may-30670.html |url-status=live }}</ref> before signing [[Malavika Mohanan]], [[Nidhhi Agerwal]] and [[Riddhi Kumar]] as the three lead actresses.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 August 2024 |title=Nidhhi Agerwal joins the cast of Prabhas starrer The Raja Saab; celebrates birthday with a warm welcome on set |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/nidhhi-agerwal-joins-cast-prabhas-starrer-raja-saab-celebrates-birthday-warm-welcome-set/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=17 August 2024 }}</ref> [[Nayanthara]] was also roped in for a special song.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 December 2024 |title=Nayanthara to make a special appearance for a song in Prabhas' 'Raja Saab' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayanthara-to-make-a-special-appearance-for-a-song-in-prabhas-raja-saab/articleshow/116389219.cms |work=The Times of India|date=17 December 2024 }}</ref> Later, [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Boman Irani]] also joined the film for important roles.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 May 2025 |title=Sanjay Dutt Soon To Join The Sets Of Raja Saab |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sanjay-dutt-soon-to-join-the-sets-of-raja-saab-1878743 |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=14 May 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=Boman Irani on board Prabhas' next |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Sep/06/boman-irani-on-board-for-prabhas-next-34465.html |access-date=19 October 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906135527/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/sep/06/boman-irani-on-board-for-prabhas-next-34465.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] began in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2022 |title=Prabhas begins shooting for next film Raja Deluxe, BTS pic leaked online |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/prabhas-begins-shooting-for-next-film-raja-deluxe-bts-pic-leaked-online-101672036461929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504100503/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/prabhas-begins-shooting-for-next-film-raja-deluxe-bts-pic-leaked-online-101672036461929.html |archive-date=4 May 2023 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> A special set was erected at the Aluminium Factory near [[Gachibowli]] in [[Hyderabad]]. The next schedule took place in [[Kanchipuram]].<ref name=":2" /> Filming continued at a stretch from a period that began after the completion of Prabhas's previous project, ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''. This block commenced in late July or mid-August and continued uninterrupted until the end of December, totalling approximately five months. During this period, the technical crew worked 16 to 18 hours per day, often from 6:00 AM to 10:00 or 11:00 PM, for more than 120 days. Actors were scheduled in 8-hour shifts, while the crew maintained extended hours to manage the demands of filming on the set.<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite web |title=Prabhas's Raja Saab makers say they shot for 16-18 hours amid 8-hour shift debate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-the-raja-saab-makers-say-they-shot-for-16-18-hours-amid-8-hour-shift-debate-2741481-2025-06-16 |work=India Today |date=16 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Makers of Prabhas' 'The Raja Saab' say crew worked 18 hours without fail amid Deepika Padukone's 8-hour shift demand for Spirit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/makers-of-prabhas-the-raja-saab-say-crew-worked-18-hours-without-fail-amid-deepika-padukones-8-hour-shift-demand-for-spirit/articleshow/121893882.cms |work=The Times of India |date=16 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pinkvilla">{{cite web |title=Amid Deepika Padukone's 8-hour shift row, Prabhas' The Raja Saab makers reveal director worked 16-18 hours every day |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/amid-deepika-padukones-8-hour-shift-row-prabhas-the-raja-saab-makers-reveal-director-worked-16-18-hours-every-day-1391602 |publisher=Pinkvilla |date=16 June 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was shot on what is the largest indoor film set ever constructed in India, spanning 41,256 square feet. This set, designed by art director Rajeevan Nambiar, was erected on property owned by People Media Factory in [[Aziznagar]], [[Moinabad, Ranga Reddy district|Moinabad]], near Hyderabad. Over 1,200 workers completed the set in four months, constructing a full-scale haveli (mansion) with multiple rooms, a drawing room, dining area, library, kitchen, and custom-designed spaces to serve the film’s horror-comedy narrative.<ref name="BH">{{cite web |title=Inside the set of Prabhas-starrer The RajaSaab in Hyderabad, the largest indoor movie set of the WORLD; makers say "Made by 1200 workers in 4 months" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/inside-set-prabhas-starrer-rajasaab-hyderabad-largest-indoor-movie-set-world-makers-say-made-1200-workers-4-months/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=16 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Siasat">{{cite web |title=The Raja Saab: Prabhas is shooting in Moinabad, more details |url=https://www.siasat.com/the-raja-saab-prabhas-is-shooting-in-moinabad-more-details-3118302/ |publisher=Siasat |date=23 October 2024}}</ref> The climax of the film was shot entirely on this set. The post-production phase included nearly 300 days of visual effects work.<ref name="MC">{{cite web |title=Prabhas' Raja Saab team opens up on intense shooting schedule amid work-life balance debate: 'We would work 18 hours a day' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/prabhas-raja-saab-team-opens-up-on-intense-shooting-schedule-amid-work-life-balance-debate-we-would-work-18-hours-a-day-article-13127886.html |publisher=Moneycontrol |date=16 June 2025}}</ref> In October 2025, a song was filmed in [[Greece]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 October 2025 |title=Prabhas's The Raja Saab Hectic Shooting Schedule in Greece |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/prabhass-the-raja-saab-hectic-shooting-schedule-in-greece-1910790 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 October 2025 }}</ref> The principal photography was wrapped by November 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 November 2025 |title=Prabhas wraps The Raja Saab shoot, director Maruthi calls it a victorious journey |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-wraps-the-raja-saab-shoot-director-maruthi-calls-it-a-victorious-journey-2817731-2025-11-11 |work=India Today |date=11 November 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 November 2025 |title=Prabhas wraps The RajaSaab on 23rd anniversary of his film debut; Maruthi pens heartfelt note |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/prabhas-wraps-rajasaab-23rd-anniversary-film-debut-maruthi-pens-heartfelt-note |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 November 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Main article|The RajaSaab (soundtrack)}}<br />
<br />
The film's soundtrack is composed by [[Thaman S]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=16 November 2024 |title=Prabhas' next The Raja Saab to have iconic remake song in its music album? Composer S Thaman spills beans |date=16 November 2024 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/prabhas-next-the-raja-saab-to-have-iconic-remake-song-in-its-music-album-composer-s-thaman-spills-beans-1358556 |publisher=Pinkvilla}}</ref> The music rights were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 November 2024 |title=T-Series acquired the music rights for Prabhas starrer The Raja Saab |date=12 November 2024 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/12/t-series-acquired-the-music-rights-for-prabhas-starrer-the-raja-saab |publisher=Cinema Express}}</ref><br />
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The first single, "Rebel Saab", was released on 23 November 2025;<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 November 2025 |title='The RajaSaab': Prabhas drops first single 'Rebel Saab'; sets the internet ablaze with new hook step |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-rajasaab-prabhas-drops-first-single-rebel-saab-sets-the-internet-ablaze-with-new-hook-step/articleshow/125522881.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2025 }}</ref> the second, "Sahana Sahana", was released 17 December 2025;<ref>{{cite web |access-date=18 December 2025 |title='Sahana Sahana' brings back vintage romance as Prabhas gears up for The Raja Saab |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/sahana-sahana-brings-back-vintage-romance-as-prabhas-gears-up-for-the-raja-saab/153310039 |work=mirchi.in}}</ref> the third, "Raja Yuvaraje", was released 31 December 2025; and the fourth, "Nache Nache", was released 5 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 January 2026 |title=Prabhas sets dance floor on fire with Nache Nache remix promo |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/prabhas-sets-dance-floor-on-fire-with-nache-nache-remix-promo-1036359 |work=The Hans India |date=4 January 2026 }}</ref> The latter is a remake of "Auva Auva Koi Yahan Nache Nache" from ''[[Disco Dancer]]'' (1982), originally composed and sung by [[Bappi Lahiri]] and [[Usha Uthup]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 January 2026 |title=The Raja Saab Promo: Prabhas to dance it out in Bappi Lahiri's Nache Nache remix, full track out on January 5 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/the-raja-saab-promo-prabhas-to-dance-it-out-in-bappi-lahiris-nache-nache-remix-full-track-out-on-january-5-1399634?amp |website=Pinkvilla |date=4 January 2026 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
The film was released worldwide on 9 January 2026, coinciding with [[Sankranti|Sankranthi]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] alongside dubbed versions of [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 August 2025 |title=CONFIRMED: Prabhas' The Raja Saab to release on January 9, 2026 — face-off with Chiranjeevi & Vijay |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/confirmed-prabhas-raja-saab-release-january-9-2026-face-off-chiranjeevi-vijay/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 August 2025 }}</ref> Initially, the film was set to release on 10 April 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=29 July 2024 |title=The Raja Saab 'fan India' glimpse: Prabhas sports new look; film to release in April. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-fan-india-glimpse-prabhas-sports-new-look-film-to-release-in-april-watch-101722250784528.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918130315/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-fan-india-glimpse-prabhas-sports-new-look-film-to-release-in-april-watch-101722250784528.html |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 July 2024 |title=Prabhas returns with a bang in 'Fan India Glimpse' of The Raja Saab; announces film to release in theatres on April 10, 2025 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/prabhas-returns-bang-fan-india-glimpse-raja-saab-announces-film-release-theatres-april-10-2025/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=29 July 2024 }}</ref> and then on 5 December 2025,<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 June 2025 |title=Prabhas' 'The Raja Saab' locks December release following multiple delays |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prabhas-the-raja-saab-locks-december-release-following-multiple-delays/article69651591.ece |work=The Hindu|date=3 June 2025 }}</ref> however, it was later postponed multiple times due to pending [[post-production]] work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2025 |title=Prabhas's The Raja Saab delayed due to production issues: Reports |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-the-raja-saab-delayed-due-to-production-issues-2691872-2025-03-11 |access-date=15 March 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[JioHotstar]] for ₹160 crore.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 January 2026 |title=The Raja Saab: Here's how much the OTT rights of the Prabhas starrer were sold for? |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-raja-saab-heres-how-much-the-ott-rights-of-the-prabhas-starrer-were-sold-for/d016f0e8e5888 |work=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 January 2026 |title=Exclusive: The Raja Saab Strikes Rs 160 Crore OTT Deal? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/exclusive-the-raja-saab-strikes-rs-160-crore-ott-deal-1925577 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 December 2025 }}</ref> The film began streaming on JioHotstar from 6 February 2026 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and dubbed versions of [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]] and [[Malayalam]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2026 |title=Prabhas’ The Raja Saab Set for OTT Debut: Streaming Details Inside |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/prabhas-the-raja-saab-set-for-ott-debut-streaming-details-inside-1933724 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=30 January 2026}}</ref> The [[Hindi]] dubbed version began streaming on the same platform from 6 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026 |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |title=The Raja Saab on OTT: When and where to watch Prabhas' fantasy horror comedy in Hindi |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-raja-saab-on-ott-when-and-where-to-watch-prabhas-fantasy-horror-comedy-in-hindi/bb269bf882563 |website=[[OTTplay]] |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film received negative reviews from critics, who criticized its weak script, lacking substance, and called it an overstretched narrative, without soul and logic.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><br />
<br />
BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and termed the film "missed opportunity" weighed down by a thin plot, stale humour, and uneven execution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=BVS |date=9 January 2026 |title=Raja Saab Review: Spineless, Stale Horror Humdrum |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/prabhas-raja-saab-review-rating-1929354 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Mitali Gautam of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and noted that "the film struggles in storytelling. ‘The Raja Saab’ feels more like a series of ideas loosely tied together especially around the theme of hypnotism. The writing lacks cohesion, and the screenplay leaves much to be desired. Scenes often jump abruptly. Characters are introduced hastily and that too without proper narrative flow."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gautam |first=Mitali |date=9 January 2026 |title=The Raja Saab Review: Prabhas delivers entertainment; script and forced comedy hold film back |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/the-raja-saab-review-prabhas-delivers-entertainment-script-and-forced-comedy-hold-film-back-1503537984.html |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and stated that "the film cruelly does little to nothing with its solid central idea, and instead remains sloppy and outdated from start to finish".<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 January 2026|title=The Raja Saab movie review: An affable Prabhas gets lost in a giant, spiralling mess|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/the-raja-saab-movie-review-prabhas-affable-presence-cant-save-this-film-from-spiraling-out-of-control-10463542/|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 and termed the film "a royal mess" and also mentioned the film is Only for Prabhas fans.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Raja Saab Review: Only For Prabhas Fans|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-raja-saab-review-only-for-prabhas-fans-2-stars-10565255|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=9 January 2026}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and stated that "The horror comedy genre isn’t necessarily new to Indian cinema or Tollywood. When films like ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007) and ''[[Anando Brahma]]'' (2017) exist, it’s lazy to build an intriguing setup and throw some cool ideas at the audience to see what sticks."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=9 January 2026 |title=The Raja Saab movie review: Prabhas' one liners, brief moments of flair cannot save this unhinged mess |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-movie-review-prabhas-one-liners-brief-moments-of-flair-cannot-save-this-unhinged-mess-101767927608855.html |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and noted "On the whole, THE RAJASAAB starts off with an interesting premise and boasts of a striking interval point, but the second half becomes unbearable thanks to the messy and stretched writing and poor direction."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2026 |title=The Raja Saab Movie Review: THE RAJASAAB has an interesting premise but suffers from messy writing. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-raja-saab/critic-review/the-raja-saab-movie-review/the-rajasaab-has-an-interesting-premise-but-suffers-from-messy-writing/ |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and termed the screenplay "muddled" which jumps aimlessly between genres and locations, also stated "Despite Prabhas's sporadic comic timing, the film lacks depth, cohesion and basic storytelling craft".<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 January 2026|title=The Raja Saab review: Prabhas's horror comedy is devoid of charm, thrills and chills|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/prabhas-the-rajsaab-review-horror-comedy-fails-weak-story-poor-effects-2849006-2026-01-09|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "The Raja Saab is a forgettable outing that highlights how star power alone cannot compensate for weak writing and unclear vision."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/the-raja-saabreview-a-grand-idea-lost-in-aimless-spectacle-1038039|title='The Raja Saab'review: A grand idea lost in aimless spectacle|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=9 January 2026|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chandra Mouli of ''[[The Siasat Daily]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and noted "The Raja Saab is a missed opportunity. It has poor graphics, a weak story, and bad editing."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/the-raja-saab-movie-review-a-misfired-sankranti-release-3323489/|title=The Raja Saab movie review: A misfired Sankranti release|first=Chandra|last=Mouli|date=9 January 2026}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and noted "The RajaSaab is so confused about what it wants to do and when to do it that everything else — the few positive aspects — feels like a wasted effort."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2026/01/09/the-raja-saab-review-did-a-teenager-come-up-with-this-idea.html|title='The RajaSaab' review: Did a teenager come up with this idea?|website=The Week}}</ref><br />
<br />
Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP Live]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Calling it a bad film wouldn’t be accurate—it’s far worse than that."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Amit |date=9 January 2026 |title=Raja Saab Review: Weak Story, Poor VFX Drag Down Prabhas Starrer |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-raja-saab-review-weak-story-poor-vfx-drag-down-prabhas-starrer-1820948 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[ABP Live]]}}</ref> Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' termed the film as "loud, lazy, and hopelessly outdated".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/the-rajasaab-review-prabhas-film-is-loud-lazy-and-hopelessly-outdated|title=The Rajasaab review: Prabhas' film is loud, lazy, and hopelessly outdated|first=Balakrishna|last=Ganeshan|date=9 January 2026|website=The News Minute}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
The film collected ₹9.15 crore from paid previews the day before release and opened with ₹53.75 crore domestically and ₹100.9 crore worldwide. The film grossed ₹6 crore in Hindi on its opening day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Snehanjali |first1=M |title=The Raja Saab box office collection day 1: Prabhas's horror-comedy starts strong, earns Rs 54.15 crore |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/the-raja-saab-box-office-collection-day-1-prabhas-s-horror-comedy-starts-strong-earns-rs-54-15-crore-article-13766421.html |access-date=10 January 2026 |work=[[Moneycontrol]] |date=10 January 2026 |quote=The film also made a remarkable impact globally, amassing a worldwide collection of Rs 100.90 crore on its first day.}}</ref> The film grossed ₹170 crore worldwide by the end of its first weekend worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=The Raja Saab worldwide box office collection day 4: Prabhas film faring worse than Adipurush, Saaho; crawls to ₹170 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-raja-saab-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-4-prabhas-film-faring-worse-than-adipurush-saaho-170-crore-101768279713775.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The film collected ₹208.38 crore worldwide by the end of its run.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
== Sequel ==<br />
In the film's end credits, a sequel titled ''RajaSaab 2: Circus 1935'' was announced.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 January 2026 |title=BREAKING: The RajaSaab ends with the promise of a sequel titled RajaSaab 2: Circus 1935 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-rajasaab-ends-promise-sequel-titled-rajasaab-2-circus-1935/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 January 2026 |title='The Raja Saab' sequel confirmed; Prabhas to return in 'The Raja Saab Circus 1935' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-raja-saab-sequel-confirmed-prabhas-to-return-in-the-raja-saab-circus-1935/articleshow/126438566.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt23790696}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama title|the-raja-saab}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja Saab}}<br />
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]<br />
[[Category:Films about inheritances]]<br />
[[Category:Films about royalty]]<br />
[[Category:Films about spirit possession]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Maruthi]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in cinemas and movie theaters]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in country houses]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in palaces]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in studio lots]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kanchipuram]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in abandoned houses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian haunted house films]]<br />
[[Category:People Media Factory films]]<br />
[[Category:2020s supernatural horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]<br />
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian 4DX films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about grandparent–grandchild relationships]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._C._Datta&diff=531200S. C. Datta2026-04-29T19:56:27Z<p>KristyThacker77: new!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
'''S . C . Datta''' was an [[Indian politician]] and a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Khowai Assembly constituency]] in 1967 election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1967 Election Results |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html|website=Elections India}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, S. C.}}<br />
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{{Tripura-politician-stub}}<br />
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[[Category:Indian political people]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masala_(2013_film)&diff=516661Masala (2013 film)2026-04-27T16:07:19Z<p>KristyThacker77: started new stub.</p>
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<div>{{short description|2013 film directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Masala<br />
| image = Masala telugu film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| screenplay = K. Vijaya Bhaskar<br />
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br />
| label1= Dialogues by<br />
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Anil Ravipudi]]}}<br />
}}<br />
| story = [[Rohit Shetty]]<br />
| director = [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[D. Suresh Babu]]<br />
*[[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]]<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]<br />
*[[Ram Pothineni]]<br />
*[[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]]<br />
*[[Shazahn Padamsee]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[S. Thaman]]<br />
| cinematography = I. Andrew<br />
| editing = M. R. Varma<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Bol Bachchan]]''| [[Rohit Shetty]]}}<br />
| studio = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Suresh Productions]]<br />
*[[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[Suresh Productions]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| released = {{Film date|2013|11|14|ref1=<ref name="Rel Nov">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-10-23/Venky-Rams-Masala-on-November-14-74700|title= Venky-Ram's Masala on November 14|date= 23 October 2013| publisher=[[The Hans India]]| accessdate=23 October 2013}}</ref>|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 140 minutes<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Masala''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]. It is produced by [[D. Suresh Babu]] and [[Sravanthi Ravi Kishore]] under the [[Suresh Productions]] and [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]] banners. The film stars [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Ram Pothineni]], [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] and [[Shazahn Padamsee]] with music composed by [[S. Thaman]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=Masala audio launch postponed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/masala-audio-launch-postponed/articleshow/21932234.cms |access-date=2026-02-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is a remake of the 2012 Hindi film ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Venky-Ram-busy-with-Bol-Bachchan-remake/articleshow/19427726.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006095712/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-07/news-interviews/38345251_1_venky-and-ram-film-bol-bachchan-sravanthi-movies|url-status=live|archive-date=6 October 2013|title= Venky, Ram busy with Bol Bachchan remake| date= 7 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date= 7 April 2013 }}</ref> The film released worldwide on 14 November 2013.<ref name="Rel Nov" /> Upon release, the film received mixed reviews from critics with appreciation to the cast performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toleti |first=Siddartha |date=2013-11-14 |title=Masala Review |url=https://www.m9.news/reviews/masala-review/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as Veera Venkata Raja Narasimha Balaram<br />
* [[Ram Pothineni]] as Rehman/ Ram (Fake Name)<br />
* [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] as Sania / Sarita / Savitri (in portrait)<br />
* [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Eddulu Kameshwar Rao<br />
* [[Shazahn Padamsee]] as Meenakshi<br />
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Narayana Rao<br />
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Anjali Devi / Chintamani<br />
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Suri<br />
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Nagaraju<br />
* [[Suman Shetty]] as Suri's drama mate<br />
* [[Master Bharath]] as Suri's friend<br />
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Census officer<br />
* [[Brahmanandam]]<br />
* [[Ramjagan]] as Advocate <br />
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as Doctor<br />
* {{ill|Kadambari Kiran|te|కాదంబరి కిరణ్}} as P. Shyam Babu<br />
* [[Ananth Babu]] as Doctor<br />
* [[Vizag Prasad]] as Judge <br />
* [[Harsha Chemudu]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Masala<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 13 Oct 2013<br />
| recorded = 2013<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 19:12<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| label = [[Aditya Music]], [[Muzik 247]]<br />
| producer = S. Thaman<br />
| prev_title = [[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]<br />
| prev_year = 2013<br />
| next_title = [[All in All Azhagu Raja]]<br />
| next_year = 2013<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Music composed by [[S. Thaman]]. Lyrics were written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]].<ref>http://adityamusic.com/acd/masala-acd/p-5101232-1264591467-cat.html</ref> The music released on ADITYA Music Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Venkatesh-Ram-Masala-audio-on-Oct-13/articleshow/23419327.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015114452/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-02/news-interviews/42614722_1_masala-audio-vijay-bhaskar-venkatesh-and-ram|url-status=live|archive-date=15 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Venkatesh, Ram, Masala audio on Oct 13|access-date=2 October 2013}}</ref> The Music received a positive response from both critics and audience alike.{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| total_length = 19:12<br />
| title1 = Ninu Choodani<br />
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]<br />
| length1 = 04:56<br />
| title2 = Kotlallo Okkaday<br />
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]<br />
| length2 = 04:04<br />
| title3 = Meenakshi Meenakshi<br />
| extra3 = [[Suchith Suresan]], [[M. M. Manasi]]<br />
| length3 = 03:42<br />
| title4 = Acharey Acharey<br />
| extra4 = Ranjith, Bindu<br />
| length4 = 04:02<br />
| title5 = Masala (Remix)<br />
| extra5 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], Naveen Madhav, Bindu<br />
| length5 = 02:26<br />
}}<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
The film had its formal pooja ceremony on 13 March 2013 at [[Ramanaidu Studios]] in Hyderabad. The event had the crew of the film in full attendance and Ram clapped for the muhurat shot. Since Venkatesh was out of town and he couldn't attend the film's launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Bol-Bachchan-Telugu-remake-rolls-out/articleshow/18966694.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518060805/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-14/news-interviews/37712032_1_bollywood-film-abhishek-bachchan-bollywood-version|url-status=live|archive-date=18 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Bol Bachchan Telugu remake rolls out|access-date=14 March 2013<!--, 12.00PM IST-->}}</ref> Though Initially it was named "Garam Masala", it was officially renamed as "Gol Maal", which was confirmed by the Producers.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Later on the titles "Ram – Balaram" and "Masala" were considered.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Finally, the title was confirmed as "Masala" after the first look poster was released in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Masala-first-look-poster-out/articleshow/23060937.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927202920/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-25/news-interviews/42391704_1_look-poster-masala-anjali-and-shazhan-padamsee|url-status=live|archive-date=27 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Masala first look poster out|access-date=25 September 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Ram Pothineni|Ram]] were the first persons who were signed for this film in 2012. This film marks the third collaboration of Venkatesh with Vijaya Bhaskar after ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' and ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]''.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Venkatesh would sport a twirled moustache in the same way which he was last seen in Gautham Menon's Gharshana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/regional/twirled-moustache-for-venkatesh-in-bol-bachchan-remake_130888.htm|title=Twirled moustache for Venkatesh in 'Bol Bachchan' remake|publisher=Zee News|accessdate=28 March 2013}}</ref> Later [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] and [[Shazahn Padamsee]] were roped to play the siblings of Ram and Venkatesh in the film respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/actress-anjali-to-star-in-tollywood-remake-of-bol-bachchan/381345-71-180.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403012725/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/actress-anjali-to-star-in-tollywood-remake-of-bol-bachchan/381345-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2013 |title=Actress Anjali to star in Tollywood remake of 'Bol Bachchan'|publisher=IBNLive|accessdate=26 March 2013 <!-- at 03:58pm IST --> }}</ref> This film marked the second film of Anjali with Venkatesh after ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'', which was also a multistarrer film.{{cn|date=October 2024}} It also marked the second film of Bollywood Actress Shazahn Padamsee after the 2010 film ''[[Orange (2010 Telugu film)|Orange]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/shazahn-in-bol-bachchan-telugu-remake/article4858576.ece |title=Shazahn in 'Bol Bachchan' Telugu remake|work=The Hindu|date=27 June 2013 |accessdate=28 June 2013}}</ref> During the Thai Schedule of the film, Ram learnt Muay Thai, a famous boxing technique in Thailand.{{cn|date=October 2024}} [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[M. S. Narayana]] and [[Kovai Sarala]] were roped in to play important roles in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2013/may/240513-it-was-fun-galore-for-rohit-shetty-on-bol-bachchan-remake-set.htm|title=It was fun galore for Rohit Shetty on 'Bol Bachchan' remake set|publisher=midday.com|accessdate=24 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
The film's first schedule was held in Hyderabad and few scenes were shot on Ram and Anjali. Late it was reported in the end of March that After a major schedule in Bangalore, the film will also be shot in Panchgani, near Pune.{{cn|date=October 2024}} Later, Anjali, who couldn't join the film unit in Bangalore after she went missing, had promised to join the film's shooting in Panchgani.{{cn|date=October 2024}} During the shoot, [[Rohit Shetty]], the director of Bol Bachchan visited the sets and wished the team for the movie's success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bollywood-director-rohit-shetty-visits-garam-masala-sets/393087-71-216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619141232/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bollywood-director-rohit-shetty-visits-garam-masala-sets/393087-71-216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2013|title=Bollywood director Rohit Shetty visits 'Garam Masala' sets|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=21 May 2013<!-- 05:38 PM IST-->}}</ref> In June, a fight sequence was canned on Venkatesh and Ram at [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad amidst the principal star crew's presence.{{cn|date=October 2024}} In July, the complete talkie portion was shot and it was reported that only two songs were left to shoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/venkaresh-rams-golmaal-left-with-two-songs/articleshow/20910771.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230052/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-04/news-interviews/40370176_1_golmaal-vijay-bhaskar-bol-bachchan|url-status=live|archive-date=4 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Venkaresh, Ram's Golmaal left with two songs|access-date=4 July 2013}}</ref> Later a song on Ram and Shahzan Padamsee were shot at Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Ram-Venkateshs-Golmaal-progressing-briskly/articleshow/21648064.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010407/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-06/news-interviews/41130820_1_golmaal-talkie-part-vijay-bhaskar|url-status=live|archive-date=5 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Ram-Venkatesh's Golmaal progressing briskly|access-date=6 August 2013}}</ref> A song on Venkatesh and Anjali was planned to be shot in Japan from 3 September 2013.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The song was shot at Hokkaido, the second largest island in Japan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/masala-humour-despite-twirling-moustache/article5204367.ece |title=Masala: Humour despite twirling moustache|work=The Hindu|date=5 October 2013 |accessdate=5 October 2013|last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. }}</ref> The title song was shot in October in which Venkatesh, Ram, Jayaprakash Reddy, Kovai Sarala and Ali took part in the shoot thus wrapping the film's shoot.{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
AustraliaTelugu won the overseas rights for screening in Australia and New Zealand. The film had its worldwide theatrical release on 14 November 2013 to 1000 screens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Masala-movie-to-release-on-Nov-14/articleshow/24542629.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110071944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-22/news-interviews/43286924_1_masala-film-vijay-bhaskar-film-bol-bachchan |url-status=live |archive-date=10 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Masala movie to release on Nov 14 |access-date=22 October 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
<br />
=== Critical response ===<br />
''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave a review stating "On a whole, ''Masala'' is a paisa vasool movie for Venkatesh funny dialogues and JP’s reactions coupled with Ram’s balancing act!" and rated the film 3/5 terming it a "paisa vasool" ({{Translation|Money's worth}}) movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/masala.html|title=Masala review: Masala jeevi review|publisher=idlebrain.com|accessdate=14 November 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Box office ===<br />
''Masala'' earned a share of ₹8.4 crore at the box office in its opening week.{{cn|date=October 2024}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=3334734}}<br />
<br />
{{K. Vijaya Bhaskar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar]]<br />
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Bengali films]]<br />
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vedic_Heritage_Portal&diff=543886Vedic Heritage Portal2026-04-27T04:46:29Z<p>KristyThacker77: Started Data.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian government portal}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Vedic Heritage Portal<br />
| bgcolor = <!-- header background color --><br />
| fgcolor = <!-- header text color --><br />
| image = File:Vedic Heritage logo.png<br />
| image_border = <br />
| image_size = <!-- default 200 --><br />
| image_alt = <!-- alt text; see [[WP:ALT]] --><br />
| caption = <br />
| map = <!-- optional --><br />
| map_size = <!-- map size, optional, default 200px --><br />
| map_alt = <!-- map alt text --><br />
| map_caption = <!-- optional --><br />
| abbreviation = <br />
| formation = {{Start date and age|2023|03|27|df=y}}<br />
| extinction = <!-- date of extinction, optional --><br />
| type = Governmental project<br />
| status = <!-- ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc --><br />
| purpose = <!-- focus as e.g. humanitarian, peacekeeping, etc --><br />
| headquarters = <br />
| location = <br />
| coordinates = <!-- Coordinates of location using a coordinates template --><br />
| region_served = [[India]]<br />
| num_members = <br />
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<!-- official languages --><br />
| publication = <br />
| leader_title = Project Director<!-- position title for the leader of the org --><br />
| leader_name = Sudhir Lal<br />
| main_organ = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc --><br />
| parent_organisation = [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture, India]]<!-- if one --><br />
| affiliations = <!-- if any --><br />
| num_staff = <br />
| num_volunteers = <br />
| budget = <br />
| website = {{URL|https://vedicheritage.gov.in/}}<br />
| remarks = <br />
}}<br />
'''Vedic Heritage Portal''' is an [[Indian government]] project initiated at [[IGNCA]], under the [[Ministry of Culture (India)]]. It provides a portal to communicate messages enshrined in the [[Vedas]] and preserve Vedic heritage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Vedic Heritage Portal {{!}} Vedic Heritage Portal |url=https://vedicheritage.gov.in/about-project/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=vedicheritage.gov.in}}</ref> The portal contains transcriptions of ancient texts including [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]], [[Vedanga]]s, [[Vedas#Upaveda|Upvedas]], and Vedic rituals in both audio-visual form.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baruah |first=Antara |date=2024-02-21 |title=India's cultural renaissance has begun. IGNCA leading it with Vastu, Vedas, and 'new' history |url=https://theprint.in/ground-reports/indias-cultural-renaissance-has-begun-ignca-leading-it-with-vastu-vedas-and-new-history/1973263/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Portal was launched by [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] and Union Culture Minister [[G. Kishan Reddy]] on 27 March 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-26 |title=IGNCA launches Vedic Heritage Portal with 550 hours of audio-visual content |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ignca-launches-vedic-heritage-portal-audio-visual-content-8520267/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Clips {{!}} Vedic Heritage Portal |url=https://vedicheritage.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Press-Clips.pdf |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=vedicheritage.gov.in}}</ref> Shah said the government is using technology to secure the knowledge in India's ancient scriptures and manuscripts in digital formats making it more accessible.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-23 |title=Government tapping technology to secure ancient scriptures for future: Amit Shah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-tapping-technology-to-secure-ancient-scriptures-and-manuscripts-for-the-future-amit-shah/article66653737.ece |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 23, 2023 |title=Modi govt securing India's ancient books, manuscripts using tech: Shah |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/modi-govt-securing-india-s-ancient-books-manuscripts-using-tech-shah-123032300729_1.html |access-date=August 11, 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Aditi |date=March 18, 2024 |title=Event management, make-up, styling have basis in Shastras: Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/event-management-make-up-styling-have-basis-in-shastras-indira-gandhi-national-centre-for-arts-489230/ |access-date=August 11, 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sudhir Lal, the project director said IGNCA has been working on various aspects of this project since the center was established in 1987. In 2003, [[UNESCO]] declared the chanting of Vedas an ‘intangible cultural heritage of humanity’. Later that year, IGNCA's Arts department made the [[Documentary film|documentary]] on the same.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Shreya Roy |date=2018-11-17 |title=Culture Ministry starting 'Vedic Heritage Portal' to communicate scientific knowledge in the Vedas |url=https://scroll.in/article/902435/culture-ministry-starting-vedic-heritage-portal-to-communicate-scientific-knowledge-in-the-vedas |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PIB Press Releases |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/release02/lyr2003/rnov2003/11112003/r1111200311.html |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Portal ==<br />
According to [[IGNCA]], the website has over 550 hours of audio-visual content consisting of more than 18,000 Vedic mantras. It is prepared in collaboration with people from various Vedic research institutes and ''Vedapathi'' families, who are experts of Vedic knowledge from across the world. The portal is available in both [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]] languages, along with content in [[Sanskrit]]. The website also documents research articles in conjunction with lectures on scientific subjects explaining the relation between '''Vedic knowledge''<nowiki/>' and [[modern science]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-23 |title=वैदिक हेरिटेज पोर्टल से वेदों व उपनिषदों की ज्ञान परम्परा आगे बढ़ेगीः अमित शाह |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/literature/home-minister-amit-shah-launched-vedic-heritage-portal-virtual-museum-kala-vaibhav-ignca-rambahadur-rai-5635697.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Objectives ===<br />
The objective of the portal is to:<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
# Introduce the four Vedas: [[Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda]], [[Samaveda]], and [[Atharvaveda]].<br />
# Recite and chant [[Samhita|Vedic samhita]].<br />
# Record ancient scholars to create awareness about their Vedic wisdom and its importance in present world.<br />
# Document manuscripts and books such as Upanishads and Vedangas, in digital format.<br />
# Spread information about Vedic rituals based on [[Shrauta sutra]].<br />
# List Vedic scholars and learning centers.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Traditional Knowledge Digital Library]]<br />
* [[Indian Knowledge Systems]]<br />
* [[Traditional knowledge]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://vedicheritage.gov.in/ Official website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ministry of Culture (India)]]<br />
[[Category:Government programmes of India]]<br />
[[Category:2023 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Vedas]]<br />
[[Category:Translations into English]]<br />
[[Category:Translations into Hindi]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komal_Kumar&diff=510385Komal Kumar2026-04-26T01:55:17Z<p>KristyThacker77: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1973)}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Komal Kumar<br />
| image = Komal Kumar.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Komal Kumar Shivalingappa<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|07|04|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Komal Kumar: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Komal-Kumar |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Mayasandra]], [[Tumkur]], [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]), India<br />
| years_active = 1992–present<br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Anasooya|1993}}<br />
| relatives = [[Jaggesh]] (brother)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Komal Kumar Shivalingappa''' (born 4 July 1973), known [[mononymously]] as '''Komal''', is an Indian actor and film producer known for his work in [[Kannada cinema]]. He made his acting debut with ''Super Nan Maga'' in 1992. Since his debut, Komal has acted in over 100 films, initially in comedic roles as a supporting actor before playing lead roles. He is the younger brother of actor [[Jaggesh]], with whom he has frequently collaborated professionally.<br />
<br />
Komal has won [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for the film ''[[Thavarige Baa Thangi]]'' in 2003 and won the [[Filmfare Awards South|South Filmfare Award]] for his performance in ''[[Neenello Naanalle]]'' in 2006.<br />
<br />
== Early life and family ==<br />
Komal was born into a well-to-do family of industrialists. He completed his studies in [[Ooty]] and was interested in taking up the [[civil service examinations]] before he lost interest in academics. He subsequently wanted to pursue a course in cinematography at the [[Film and Television Institute]] in [[Pune]], but was unable to do so "owing to my academic background in arts." He then took to acting "doing small roles". His brother, [[Jaggesh]], is an established actor in Kannada cinema.<ref name="dh1">{{cite web |last1=Dinesh |first1=Chethana |title=Smile saar, smile |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr13/ent2.asp |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203121025/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr13/ent2.asp |archive-date=3 February 2004 |date=13 April 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Komal's nephews [[Gururaj]] and Yathiraj are also actors. His wife Anasooya is a producer who has produced the film ''[[Kal Manja]]''. The couple released the film under their home banner Soundarya Lahari Combines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realbollywood.com/2010/10/komal-kumar-signs-films-simultaneously.html|title=Komal Kumar signs films simultaneously|website=www.realbollywood.com|access-date=5 June 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201011445/http://www.realbollywood.com/2010/10/komal-kumar-signs-films-simultaneously.html|archive-date=1 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Komal made his film debut playing a supporting role in his brother's 1992 film ''Super Nanna Maga''. In ''Military Mava'' (1993), he was cast in a lead role under the stage name of Chiranjeevi. In an interview to ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' in 2003, he recalled, "Unfortunately, the [latter] film flopped miserably and I lost interest in acting. But my brother kept encouraging me to take up more acting assignments. He would always advice me not to give up." He added, "My role of a villain in ''[[Soma (1996 film)|Soma]]'' (1996) against my brother Jaggesh and [[Subhashri]], who is [[Malashri]]'s sister, was appreciated so much by Malashri that she cast me for her brother's role in her next movie ''Lady Commissioner''." After a string of other films that he acted in failed to do well or failed to fetch him recognition, it was in ''[[Thavarige Baa Thangi]]'' (2002) that he received appreciation for his performance. He was subsequently cast in ''[[Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu]]'' (2003).<ref name="dh1"/><br />
<br />
Komal return to playing a lead role with ''[[Mr. Garagasa]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-darshan-dinakar-to-jaggesh-komal-a-look-at-the-star-siblings-ruling-the-kannada-film-industry/articleshow/74303759.cms|title=From Darshan-Dinakar to Jaggesh-Komal: A look at the star siblings ruling the Kannada film industry|date=25 February 2020|work= The Times of India}}</ref> However he got a break as a lead actor in the 2009 released ''[[Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi]]'' produced by his brother-in-law and his wife. Since then he acted as a solo hero in films such as ''[[Maryade Ramanna]]'' and ''[[Kal Manja]]''.<ref name="hit">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-to-act-in-vasco-da-gama/articleshow/18267729.cms|title=Komal to act in Vasco Da Gama|date=21 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125121604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Komal-to-act-in-Vasco-Da-Gama/articleshow/18267729.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
His 2012 film ''[[Govindaya Namaha]]'' has been declared a blockbuster catapulting him to the stardom status.<ref name="hit"/> The song "[[Pyarge Aagbittaite]]" featuring [[Parul Yadav]] and himself went viral on the internet.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sharanya C. R. |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/news-interviews/31013554_1_song-debut-film-yogaraj-bhat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115062440/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-02/news-interviews/31013554_1_song-debut-film-yogaraj-bhat |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2014 |title=Is Pyarge the next Kolaveri in the making? |date=2 February 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=31 July 2012}}</ref> After a string of commercial failures, Komal starred in the horror–comedy ''[[Namo Bhootatma]]'' (2014), a performance that was received well by critics. Shyam Prasad S. of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' felt that "Komal does his job well" and that "[t]here are no histrionics with everything cut to the point."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prasad S. |first1=Shyam |title=Film Review: Namo Bhootatma |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/film-review-namo-bhootatma/articleshow/45315216.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=12 October 2020 |language=en |date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Prior to the film's release, Komal had stated that he would quit Kannada films if it failed commercially.<ref>{{cite news |title=Komal Threatens to Quit Sandalwood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/oct/08/komal-threatens-to-quit-sandalwood-669401.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 October 2014}}</ref> After being typecast as an actor who could only play comedic roles,<ref>{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Nina C. |title=Will attend to flooding, says new BBMP administrator |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/will-attend-to-flooding-says-new-bbmp-administrator-888110.html |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=12 October 2020 |language=en |date=15 September 2020}}</ref> Komal starred in the cop film ''[[Kempegowda 2]]'' (2019), the eponymous role that he shed {{convert|26|kg|lb}} to play.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sebastian R. |first1=Shilpa |title=Komal goes from being overweight to a fit cop in Kempegowda 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/komal-goes-from-being-overweight-to-a-fit-cop-in-kempegowda-2/article28900488.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=12 October 2020 |language=en-IN |date=8 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
After a few years of no releases, Komal appeared in the comedy film ''[[Undenama]]'' (2023). He played the role of an engineer Venkatesh whose only aim in life to get married and thereby get the license to have sex, something he had been obsessed with since childhood. The film was not received well by critics who called it "jaded".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lokesh |first1=Vinay |title=Undenama Movie Review : Komal carries this comic capper solely on his shoulders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/undenama/movie-review/99492085.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=5 August 2023 |date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Joy |first1=Prathibha |title=Undenaama review: Komal and Harish Raj lead adult comedy that isn't fun |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/undenaama-review-komal-and-harish-raj-lead-adult-comedy-that-isnt-fun/235865c4b674 |website=OTTPlay |access-date=5 August 2023 |language=en |date=3 June 2023}}</ref> In the horror-comedy ''[[Namo Bhootatma 2]]'' as Arjun, a prankster and owner of a local television channel, that gets into trouble after he pranks a couple of gangsters. The film received mixed reviews from critics. Shashiprasad S. M. of the ''South First'' called him "the only saving grace" of the film,<ref>{{cite web |last1=S. M. |first1=Shashiprasad |title=Namo Bhoothathma 2 review: A ghastly affair of 11 ghosts that intolerably haunt for over two hours |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/namo-bhoothathma-2-movie-review |website=The South First |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805105615/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/namo-bhoothathma-2-movie-review/ |archive-date=5 August 2023 |date=4 August 2023}}</ref> while ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Komal Kumar's comedic timing acts as a lifeline, serving as the saving grace that ties together the mishmash of gags. His comic brilliance keeps you engaged, often reminiscent of his brother Jaggesh's expressions."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title='Namo Bhoothathma 2' movie review: Komal Kumar anchors this lacklustre horror comedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/aug/05/namo-bhoothathma-2-movie-review-komal-kumaranchors-this-lacklustrehorror-comedy-2602083.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805110123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/aug/05/namo-bhoothathma-2-movie-review-komal-kumaranchors-this-lacklustrehorror-comedy-2602083.html |archive-date=5 August 2023 |date=5 August 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
*''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || ''Super Nanna Maga'' || Vishnu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1993 || ''Shivanna'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''Military Mava'' || || Credited as S. Chiranjeevi<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|1994 || ''Prema Simhasana'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Beda Krishna Ranginata'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|1996 || ''[[Soma (1996 film)|Soma]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pattanakke Banda Putta'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Shivanna'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || ''Lady Commissioner'' || Hari ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || ''[[Drona (1999 film)|Drona]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2000 || ''Shukradese'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Khiladi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|2001 || ''[[Jipuna Nanna Ganda]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mr. Harishchandra'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Rusthum'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' || Ice Candy Gopala ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"|2002 || ''[[123 (film)|123]]'' || Kotigobba || Partially reshot version<br />
|- <br />
|''[[Ninagoskara]]'' || Thief ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Hattoora Odeya'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thavarige Baa Thangi]]'' || Nandeesha || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Love U'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Makeup (2002 film)|Makeup]]'' || Karate master ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2003 || ''[[Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu]]'' || Komi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Preetisle Beku]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kasu Iddone Basu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Love (2004 film)|Love]]'' || Antony ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maurya (film)|Maurya]]'' || Manu's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6"|2005 || ''[[Jootata]]'' || Eeshwar Khan || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Varsha (film)|Varsha]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mr. Bakra]]'' || Director || Guest appearance<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gowramma]]'' || Bunty ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sye (2005 film)|Sye]]'' || [[Reliance Communications|Reliance]] worker ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Love Story (2005 film)|Love Story]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="13"|2006 || ''[[7 O' Clock]]'' || Thief||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Neenello Naanalle]]'' || Gunda || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mohini 9886788888]]'' || Investigating officer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chellata (film)|Chellata]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shree (2006 film)|Shree]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Odahuttidavalu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''Student'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Thandege Thakka Maga]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Honeymoon Express (2006 film)|Honeymoon Express]]'' || Rama||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tenali Rama (film)|Tenali Rama]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aishwarya (film)|Aishwarya]]'' || Bunk Seena ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dattha]]'' || Tingu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sevanthi Sevanthi]]'' || Malavalli ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="9"|2007 || ''Govinda Gopala'' || Gopala ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]'' || Daas ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hudugaata]]'' || "Mathi" Madesha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Tamashegaagi'' || Shivu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sathyavan Savithri]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Cheluvina Chittara]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Manmatha (film)|Manmatha]]'' || Marriage broker ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maathaad Maathaadu Mallige]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chanda (2007 film)|Chanda]]''|| College friend||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10"|2008 || ''[[Gaja (film)|Gaja]]'' || Appaji ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Akasha Gange]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Satya in Love]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vamshi (film)|Vamshi]]'' || Vamshi's sidekick || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mast Maja Maadi]]'' || Mylari || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meravanige]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mr. Garagasa]]'' || Muniya "Mr. Garagasa" ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Shivani'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sangama (film)|Sangama]]'' || Kama ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dheemaku]]'' ||Komal Kumar alias KK|| Cameo<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|2009 || ''[[Jaaji Mallige]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chamkaisi Chindi Udaysi]]'' || Bot Seena || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Muniya]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Male Bille]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mooru Guttu Ondu Sullu Ondu Nija]]'' || Siddu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7"|2010 || ''[[Appu and Pappu]]'' || Animal trainer ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nannavanu]]'' || Thief ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thipparalli Tharlegalu]]'' || Pandu || <br />
|-<br />
| '' [[Lift Kodla]]'' || Ring Road Gowda || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aptharakshaka]]'' || Dr. Srinath ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaksha (film)|Yaksha]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vaare Vah]]'' || Adesh Deshpande a.k.a. Adi || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Kal Manja]]'' || "Kal" Manja || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Allide Nammane Illi Bande Summane]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maryade Ramanna]]'' || Ramu || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Govindaya Namaha]]'' || Govinda || Nominated—SIIMA Award for Best Comedian<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nandeesha]]'' || Nandeesha || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5"|2013 || ''[[Lakshmi (2013 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[CID Eesha]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Veera (2013 film)|Veera]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Radhan Ganda]]'' || Krishna ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pyarge Aagbittaite (film)|Pyarge Aagbittaite]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4"|2014 || ''[[Karoodpathi]]'' || Banti Babu || Also singer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/komal-croons-for-karodpathi/articleshow/25436397.cms|title=Komal croons for Karodpathi|author=Vinay Lokesh|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pungi Daasa]]'' || Ramadasa ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aindhaam Thalaimurai Sidha Vaidhiya Sigamani]]'' || Dr. Sathish Kumar || Tamil film<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Namo Boothatma]]'' || Karthik ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Goa (2015 film)|Goa]]'' || Swamy ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lodde]]'' || Narasimha "Lodde" ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Kathe Chitrakathe Nirdeshana Puttanna]]'' || Puttanna ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Deal Raja]]'' || "Deal" Raja ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Kempegowda 2]]'' || Kempegowda ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[Undenama]]'' || Venkatesh ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Namo Bhootatma 2]]'' || Arjun ||<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Yala Kunni]]''<br />
|K. D. Nagappa / Satya Harishchandra<br />
|[[Dual role]]<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2025||''[[Rajaputhiran]]'' || Linga || Tamil film<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kona'' || Narayana || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2025/Oct/31/kona-movie-review-komal-kumar-anchors-the-films-uneasy-horror|title=Kona Movie Review: Komal Kumar anchors the film’s uneasy horror|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=31 October 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4" |2026<br />
|''Rolex''<br />
|<br />
|Filming <br />
|-<br />
|''Tenali D A. LLB''<br />
|Tenali<br />
|Filming <br />
|-<br />
|''Sangeetha Bar And Restaurant''<br />
| <br />
|Post-Production <br />
|-<br />
|''Ashokavana''<br />
|<br />
|Completed <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|3837488}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120215021545/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist/2793/1/komal-kumar.html Komal Kumar Filmography]<br />
* [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3428757.ece Komal Interview]<br />
{{Subject bar<br />
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|commons-search = <br />
|d = yes<br />
|d-search = <br />
|portal1 = Biography<br />
|portal2 = <br />
}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kannada actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tumakuru district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:1973 births]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amargarh_Assembly_constituency&diff=485840Amargarh Assembly constituency2026-04-22T16:18:43Z<p>KristyThacker77: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Amargarh<br />
| map_image = 106-Amargarh.svg<br />
| mla = [[Jaswant Singh Gajjanmajra]]<br />
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| district = [[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Fatehgarh Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehgarh Sahib]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:165909}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 106<br />
}}<br />
'''Amargarh Assembly constituency''' (Sl. No.: 106) is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Malerkotla district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=14 May 2021|title=Adjoining Amargarh will also form part of Punjab's 23rd district, according to the announcement at a state-level event on Eid-ul-Fitr.|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/punjab-cm-declares-state-s-only-muslim-majority-town-malerkotla-as-district-on-eid-1802664-2021-05-14|url-status=live|access-date=2022-02-07|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514124539/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/punjab-cm-declares-state-s-only-muslim-majority-town-malerkotla-as-district-on-eid-1802664-2021-05-14 |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
| [[Iqbal Singh Jhundan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<br />
| [[Surjit Singh Dhiman]]<ref name=election2017/><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| [[Jaswant Singh Gajjanmajra]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Amargarh }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Jaswant Singh Gajjanmajra]]<br />
|votes={{formatnum:44523}} |percentage=34.28<br />
|change={{increase}}}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate =[[Simranjit Singh Mann]]|votes={{formatnum:38480}}<br />
|percentage =29.63|change= {{increase}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Iqbal Singh Jhundan]]|votes={{formatnum:26068}}<br />
|percentage= 20.07|change={{decrease}}}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Smit Singh]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>|votes={{formatnum:16923}}<br />
|percentage=13.03|change={{decrease}}}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Punjab Lok Congress|candidate=[[Sardar Ali]]|votes={{formatnum:1342}}<br />
|percentage= 1.03|change=New}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the above|votes={{formatnum:595}}<br />
|percentage= 0.46|change={{decrease}}}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6043}}<br />
|percentage = 4.65<br />
|change = {{decrease}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:129868}}<br />
|percentage = 77.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:165909}}<br />
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2017===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Amargarh<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/members/detail/16|title= Ajnala Assembly election result, 2012|accessdate= 13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Surjit Singh Dhiman|Surjit Dhiman]]<br />
|votes = 50994<br />
|percentage = 39.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|candidate = Iqbal Singh Jhundan<br />
|votes = 39115<br />
|percentage = 29.95<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = [[Jaswant Singh Gajjanmajra]]<br />
|votes = 36063<br />
|percentage = 27.61<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = Pritam Singh<br />
|votes = 696<br />
|percentage = 0.53<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 850<br />
|percentage = 0.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:156256}}<br />
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2012===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]: Amargarh }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Iqbal Singh Jhundan]]<br />
|votes = 38915<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Surjit Singh Dhiman]]<br />
|votes = 34489<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = <br />
|ref= <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}<br />
{{coord|30.46|76.01|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Sangrur district]]<br />
[[Category:Amritsar district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989_Indian_general_election&diff=4812371989 Indian general election2026-04-21T22:16:53Z<p>KristyThacker77: enhanced layout for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|none}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| previous_election = 1984 Indian general election<br />
| previous_year = 1984<br />
| next_election = 1991 Indian general election<br />
| next_year = 1991<br />
| election_date = 22 and 26 November 1989<ref name="ipu.org"/><br />
| seats_for_election = 529 of the 543 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| majority_seats = 265<br />
| turnout = 61.95% ({{decrease}} 2.06[[Percentage point|pp]])<br />
| registered = 498,906,129<br />
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Rajiv Gandhi (1987).jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}<br />
| leader1 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />
| party1 = Indian National Congress (Indira)<br />
| last_election1 = 46.86%, 414 seats<br />
| seats1 = '''197'''<br />
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 217<br />
| popular_vote1 = '''118,894,702'''<br />
| percentage1 = '''39.53%'''<br />
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 7.33[[Percentage point|pp]]<br />
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=V. P. Singh (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}<br />
| leader2 = [[V. P. Singh]]<br />
| party2 = Janata Dal<br />
| last_election2 = 13.50%, 14 seats<!--Combined total of parties that merged to form JD--><br />
| seats2 = 143<br />
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 129<!--Compared to combined total of parties that merged to form JD--><br />
| popular_vote2 = 53,518,521<br />
| percentage2 = 17.79%<br />
| swing2 = {{increase}} 4.29[[Percentage point|pp]]<!--Compared to combined total of parties that merged to form JD--><br />
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=lkadvani.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}<br />
| leader4 = [[Lal Krishna Advani]]<br />
| party4 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| last_election4 = 7.74%, 2 seats<br />
| seats4 = 85<br />
| seat_change4 = {{increase}} 83<br />
| popular_vote4 = 34,171,477<br />
| percentage4 = 11.36%<br />
| swing4 = {{increase}} 3.62[[Percentage point|pp]]<br />
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=5}}<br />
| leader5 = [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]]<br />
| party5 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
| last_election5 = 5.87%, 22 seats<br />
| seats5 = 33<br />
| seat_change5 = {{increase}} 11<br />
| popular_vote5 = 19,691,309<br />
| percentage5 = 6.55%<br />
| swing5 = {{increase}} 0.68[[Percentage point|pp]]<br />
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br />
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election<br />
| before_election = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]<br />
| before_party = Indian National Congress (Indira)<br />
| after_election = [[V. P. Singh]]<br />
| after_party = [[Janata Dal|JD]]<br />
| map_image = Wahlergebnisse Indien 1989.svg<br />
| map_caption = Results by constituency<br />
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 8th Lok Sabha<br />
| elected_members = List of members of the 9th Lok Sabha<br />
}}{{Politics of India}}<br />
<br />
General elections were held in [[India]] on 22 and 26 November 1989 to elect the members of the [[9th Lok Sabha|ninth]] [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="ipu.org">{{Cite web |title=INDIA: Parliamentary elections Lok Sabha, 1989 |website=Inter-Parliamentary Union |url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_89.htm |access-date=26 April 2009}}</ref> The incumbent [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] government under the premiership of [[Rajiv Gandhi]] lost its mandate, even though it was still the largest single party in the Lok Sabha.{{sfnp|Krishna, India since Independence|2011|p=343}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sumeda |date=2024-04-06 |title=How the 1989 Lok Sabha election changed Indian politics |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/1989-election-coalition-politics-india-congress-loss-victory-rajiv-gandhi-vp-singh/article67679186.ece |access-date=2024-05-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[V. P. Singh]], the leader of the second largest party [[Janata Dal]] (which also headed the [[National Front (India)|National Front]]) was invited by the President of India to form the government.<ref><br />
{{harvp|Krishna, India since Independence|2011|loc=p. 349: 'The Rashtrapati Bhawan communiqué that evening was a commentary on the fractured nature of the mandate: "Since the Congress (I), elected to the Ninth Lok Sabha with the largest membership, has opted not to stake its claim for forming the Government, the President invited Mr. V. P. Singh, leader of the second largest party/group, namely the Janata Dal/National Front to form the Government and take a vote of confidence in the Lok Sabha within 30 days of his assuming office."'}} <br />
</ref> The government was formed with outside support from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and Communist parties led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].{{sfnp|Krishna, India since Independence|2011|p=347}} [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh|V. P. Singh]] was sworn in as the seventh [[Prime Minister of India]] on 2 December 1989.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The 1989 elections were held after the Lok Sabha [[1984 Indian general election|elected in 1984]] completed its five-year term. Although [[Rajiv Gandhi]] had won the 1984 elections by an unprecedented landslide (mainly due to an overwhelming outpour of [[Mourning sickness|popular grief]] for to [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|his mother's assassination]]), by 1989 he was trying to fight off scandals that had marred his administration.<br />
<br />
The [[Bofors scandal]], Gandhi's supposed attempt at shielding [[Adil Shahryar]], who had been involved in the [[Bhopal disaster|1984 Bhopal tragedy]], allegations of Muslim appeasement in the wake of the [[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum|Shah Bano case]], rising [[Assam Movement|insurgency in Assam]], [[Khalistan movement|insurrection in Punjab]], Indian involvement in the [[Sri Lankan civil war]] were just some of the problems that stared at his government. Rajiv's biggest critic was [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]], who held the portfolios of the finance ministry and the defence ministry in the government.<br />
<br />
But Singh was soon sacked from the Cabinet and he then resigned from his memberships in the Congress and the Lok Sabha. He formed the [[Jan Morcha|Jana Morcha]] with [[Arun Nehru]] and [[Arif Mohammad Khan]] and re-entered the Lok Sabha as an Independent MP from [[Prayagraj Lok Sabha constituency|Allahabad]]. Witnessing V. P. Singh's meteoric rise on national stage, Rajiv tried to counter<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=A. J. |title=Opinion: A gentleman among politicians |newspaper=The Tribune (Chandigarh) |date=7 September 2006 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060907/edit.htm |access-date=1 January 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013081719/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060907/edit.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> him with another prominent Rajput stalwart [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha|Satyendra Narain Singh]] but failed eventually.<br />
<br />
On 11 October 1988, the birth anniversary of [[Jayaprakash Narayan|Jayprakasha Narayan]], V. P Singh made Jana Morcha merge with the [[Janata Party]] & some of its breakaway factions like the [[Janata Party (Secular)]], [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]] & [[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)|Congress (Jagjivan)]] to form the [[Janata Dal]]. Singh then formed the National Front consisting of the Janata Dal, [[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|Congress (Socialist)]] of [[Sarat Chandra Sinha]], [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] of [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] of [[M. Karunanidhi]] & [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]] of [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta|Prafulla Mahanta]]. The National Front also received outside support of [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (which had also been formed out of the Janata Party) & [[Jyoti Basu]] from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<br />
<br />
To remove the allegations of Muslim appeasement against the Congress (I) party, Rajiv Gandhi took the step of unlocking the gates of the [[Ayodhya dispute|disputed]] [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]] in 1986,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-01-03 |title=How Rajiv Gandhi fell for bad advice to open Babri Masjid locks in 1986 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/how-rajiv-gandhi-fell-for-bad-advice-to-open-babri-masjid-locks-in-1986 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> which inadvertently caused increased public consciousness about the dispute over the site. The BJP was able to galvanize significant support from the country's Hindu majority towards itself by its electoral promise of constructing a [[Ram Mandir|Hindu temple]] at the site after [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|tearing down the mosque]].<br />
<br />
Voting was not held in [[Assam]] due to rising unrest and a rebellion of [[Boro people|Bodos]], culminating into a massacre of 535 people at [[Gohpur]]. The [[Union territory]] of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] was split into [[Goa]] and [[Daman & Diu]] with Goa retaining its two seats and the latter gaining a seat, resulting in the total number of Lok Sabha seats increasing by one to a total of 543. As elections were not held in Assam, only 529 seats were contested.<br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
{{Election results<br />
|image=[[File:Lok Sabha Zusammensetzung 1989.svg|350px]]<br />
|party1=[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]|votes1=118894702|seats1=197|sc1=<br />
|party2=[[Janata Dal]]|votes2=53518521|seats2=143|sc2=<br />
|party3=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|votes3=34171477|seats3=85|sc3=<br />
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=19691309|seats4=33|sc4=<br />
|party5=[[Telugu Desam Party]]|votes5=9909728|seats5=2|sc5=<br />
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=7734697|seats6=12|sc6=<br />
|party7=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes7=7196099|seats7=0|sc7=<br />
|party8=[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]|votes8=6213390|seats8=3|sc8=<br />
|party9=[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|votes9=4518649|seats9=11|sc9=<br />
|party10=[[Janata Party]]|votes10=3029743|seats10=0|sc10=<br />
|party11=[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|Shiromani Akali Dal (Simranjit Singh Mann)]]|votes11=2318872|seats11=6|sc11=<br />
|party12=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]|votes12=1854276|seats12=4|sc12=<br />
|party13=[[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]|votes13=1561371|seats13=0|sc13=<br />
|party14=[[Doordarshi Party]]|votes14=1338566|seats14=0|sc14=<br />
|party15=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|votes15=1261310|seats15=3|sc15=<br />
|party16=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]|votes16=1032276|seats16=3|sc16=<br />
|party17=[[Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha]]|votes17=978377|seats17=1|sc17=<br />
|party18=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes18=974234|seats18=2|sc18=<br />
|party19=[[Indian People's Front]]|votes19=737551|seats19=1|sc19=<br />
|party20=[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]|votes20=636589|seats20=0|sc20=<br />
|party21=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|votes21=617376|seats21=1|sc21=<br />
|party22=Lok Dal (Bahuguna)|votes22=602110|seats22=0|sc22=<br />
|party23=Bharatiya Republican Paksha|votes23=572434|seats23=0|sc23=<br />
|party24=Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha|votes24=495565|seats24=0|sc24=<br />
|party25=[[Republican Party of India (Khobragade)]]|votes25=468615|seats25=0|sc25=<br />
|party26=[[Gorkha National Liberation Front]]|votes26=435070|seats26=1|sc26=<br />
|party27=Shiromani Akali Dal (Badal)|votes27=427609|seats27=0|sc27=<br />
|party28=Jharkhand Dal|votes28=367838|seats28=0|sc28=<br />
|party29=[[Kerala Congress (M)]]|votes29=352191|seats29=1|sc29=<br />
|party30=[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]|votes30=339426|seats30=1|sc30=<br />
|party31=[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]]|votes31=247013|seats31=1|sc31=<br />
|party32=[[Naga People's Front|Nagaland People's Council]]|votes32=239124|seats32=0|sc32=<br />
|party33=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes33=217514|seats33=1|sc33=<br />
|party34=[[Manipur Peoples Party]]|votes34=147128|seats34=0|sc34=<br />
|party35=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes35=129300|seats35=0|sc35=<br />
|party36=Humanist Party of India|votes36=122947|seats36=0|sc36=<br />
|party37=All India Dalit Muslim Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh|votes37=120159|seats37=0|sc37=<br />
|party38=[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]|votes38=116392|seats38=1|sc38=<br />
|party39=Kuki National Assembly|votes39=108085|seats39=0|sc39=<br />
|party40=[[Shiromani Akali Dal]]|votes40=100570|seats40=0|sc40=<br />
|party41=[[Marxist Communist Party of India (S.S. Srivastava)]]|votes41=100300|seats41=0|sc41=<br />
|party42=[[People's Party of Arunachal]]|votes42=96181|seats42=0|sc42=<br />
|party43=Uttar Pradesh Republican Party|votes43=91740|seats43=0|sc43=<br />
|party44=[[Sikkim Sangram Parishad]]|votes44=91608|seats44=1|sc44=<br />
|party45=[[Amra Bangali]]|votes45=80834|seats45=0|sc45=<br />
|party46=[[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]|votes46=71194|seats46=3|sc46=<br />
|party47=[[Mizo National Front]]|votes47=70749|seats47=0|sc47=<br />
|party48=[[Kerala Congress]]|votes48=68811|seats48=0|sc48=<br />
|party49=Tharasu Makkal Mandaram|votes49=64885|seats49=0|sc49=<br />
|party50=Democratic Party|votes50=43667|seats50=0|sc50=<br />
|party51=Shoshit Samaj Dal|votes51=42282|seats51=0|sc51=<br />
|party52=[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]|votes52=39465|seats52=0|sc52=<br />
|party53=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]|votes53=38937|seats53=0|sc53=<br />
|party54=[[All India Muslim Majlis (Dr. Faridi)|Muslim Majlis Uttar Pradesh]]|votes54=25839|seats54=0|sc54=<br />
|party55=Proutist Bloc Of India|votes55=23331|seats55=0|sc55=<br />
|party56=Jammu & Kashmir Panthers Party|votes56=22625|seats56=0|sc56=<br />
|party57=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes57=22446|seats57=0|sc57=<br />
|party58=Karnataka Gana Parishad|votes58=19593|seats58=0|sc58=<br />
|party59=Socialist Party (Lohiya)|votes59=17639|seats59=0|sc59=<br />
|party60=Tamiliar Kazhagam|votes60=12859|seats60=0|sc60=<br />
|party61=[[Rising Sun Party]]|votes61=12858|seats61=0|sc61=<br />
|party62=[[Indian National Congress (Jagjivan)|Indian Congress (J) Trikha Group]]|votes62=12539|seats62=0|sc62=<br />
|party63=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes63=12430|seats63=0|sc63=<br />
|party64=[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|Socialist Unity Centre of India]]|votes64=8747|seats64=0|sc64=<br />
|party65=All India Garib Congress|votes65=7635|seats65=0|sc65=<br />
|party66=[[Hul Jharkhand Party]]|votes66=6663|seats66=0|sc66=<br />
|party67=Bhatiya Krishi Udyog Sangh|votes67=5895|seats67=0|sc67=<br />
|party68=Lok Party|votes68=4731|seats68=0|sc68=<br />
|party69=[[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League|Akhil Bhartiya Gorkha League (Budhiman Gurung)]]|votes69=4426|seats69=0|sc69=<br />
|party70=Shoshit Samaj Party|votes70=3756|seats70=0|sc70=<br />
|party71=Scientific Vedic Revolutionary Party|votes71=3470|seats71=0|sc71=<br />
|party72=Deseeya Karshaka Party|votes72=3059|seats72=0|sc72=<br />
|party73=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes73=2998|seats73=0|sc73=<br />
|party74=Barat Desam Labour Party|votes74=2944|seats74=0|sc74=<br />
|party75=Progressive Hul Jharkhand|votes75=2890|seats75=0|sc75=<br />
|party76=Republicon Presidium Party|votes76=2791|seats76=0|sc76=<br />
|party77=West Orissa Peoples Front|votes77=2682|seats77=0|sc77=<br />
|party78=West Bengal Socialist Party (Biman Mitra)|votes78=2411|seats78=0|sc78=<br />
|party79=All India Shiromani Baba Jiwan Singh Mazhbi Dal|votes79=2368|seats79=0|sc79=<br />
|party80=Akhil Bhartiya Hindustani Krantikari Samajwadi Party|votes80=2263|seats80=0|sc80=<br />
|party81=Green Party of India|votes81=2142|seats81=0|sc81=<br />
|party82=Akhil Baratiya Pichhra Varg Party|votes82=2055|seats82=0|sc82=<br />
|party83=Tamil Nadu Peoples Welfare Association|votes83=1964|seats83=0|sc83=<br />
|party84=Sadharam Rajya Parishad|votes84=1928|seats84=0|sc84=<br />
|party85=Indian National Congress (O) Anti-Merger Group|votes85=1735|seats85=0|sc85=<br />
|party86=Gujarat Janata Parishad|votes86=1577|seats86=0|sc86=<br />
|party87=All India Justice Party|votes87=1428|seats87=0|sc87=<br />
|party88=Peoples Democracy of India|votes88=1392|seats88=0|sc88=<br />
|party89=Punjab Peoples Party|votes89=1374|seats89=0|sc89=<br />
|party90=[[Hindustan Janata Party]]|votes90=1361|seats90=0|sc90=<br />
|party91=Bharatha Makkal Congress|votes91=1357|seats91=0|sc91=<br />
|party92=Deccan Congress|votes92=1332|seats92=0|sc92=<br />
|party93=Akhil Bhartiya Lok Tantrik Party|votes93=1272|seats93=0|sc93=<br />
|party94=Vijaya Shakti|votes94=1093|seats94=0|sc94=<br />
|party95=Bhartiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Dal|votes95=1035|seats95=0|sc95=<br />
|party96=Pandav Dal|votes96=918|seats96=0|sc96=<br />
|party97=National Republican Party|votes97=839|seats97=0|sc97=<br />
|party98=Bhartiya Loktantrik Mazdoor Sangh|votes98=703|seats98=0|sc98=<br />
|party99=Mahabharat Peoples Party|votes99=694|seats99=0|sc99=<br />
|party100=Indian Union Muslim League (IML)|votes100=687|seats100=0|sc100=<br />
|party101=Manipur Peoples Council|votes101=677|seats101=0|sc101=<br />
|party102=Vishal Bharat Party|votes102=621|seats102=0|sc102=<br />
|party103=Republican Party of India (Gavai Group)|votes103=539|seats103=0|sc103=<br />
|party104=Punjab Kairon Dal|votes104=493|seats104=0|sc104=<br />
|party105=Peoples Party of India|votes105=478|seats105=0|sc105=<br />
|party106=Indian Labour Party|votes106=406|seats106=0|sc106=<br />
|party107=Socialist Labour League|votes107=391|seats107=0|sc107=<br />
|party108=Bharatiya Krantikari Kisan Sang|votes108=367|seats108=0|sc108=<br />
|party109=Kamaraj Desiya Congress|votes109=322|seats109=0|sc109=<br />
|party110=Punjab Naya Front|votes110=314|seats110=0|sc110=<br />
|party111=Hindu Shiv Sena|votes111=160|seats111=0|sc111=<br />
|party112=Bhartiya Lok Kalyan Dal|votes112=145|seats112=0|sc112=<br />
|party113=Labour Party of India|votes113=99|seats113=0|sc113=<br />
|party114=Independents|votes114=15793781|seats114=12|sc114=<br />
|row115=Nominated [[Anglo-Indians]]|seats115=2|sc115=<br />
|invalid=8274072<br />
|electorate=498906129<br />
|source=[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4120-general-election-1989-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9761&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0a53970c570a9414c865fa27dd5a8267 ECI]<br />
}}<br />
==State Wise Results==<br />
{|class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left" style="font-size: 100%"<br />
!rowspan="2"|[[States and union territories of India|State/Union Territory]]<br />
!rowspan="2"|Seats<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal}}"|<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Left Front}}"|<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}"|<br />
|-<br />
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br />
![[Janata Dal|JD]]<br />
![[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
![[Left Front (West Bengal)|LFT]]<br />
!OTH<br />
|-<br />
![[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
!42<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|39<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|3<br />
|-<br />
![[Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
!2<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Bihar]]<br />
!54<br />
|4<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|32<br />
|8<br />
|5<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
![[Goa]]<br />
!2<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
![[Gujarat]]<br />
!26<br />
|3<br />
|11<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|12<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Haryana]]<br />
!10<br />
|4<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|6<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
!4<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|3<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[1989 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu & Kashmir]]<br />
!6<br />
|2<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Other}}; color:black;"|4<br />
|-<br />
![[Karnataka]]<br />
!28<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|27<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[1989 Indian general election in Kerala|Kerala]]<br />
!20<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|14<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|2<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
![[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
!40<br />
|8<br />
|4<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|27<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
![[Maharashtra]]<br />
!48<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|28<br />
|5<br />
|10<br />
|1<br />
|4<br />
|-<br />
![[Manipur]]<br />
!2<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Meghalaya]]<br />
!2<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Mizoram]]<br />
!1<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Nagaland]]<br />
!1<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Orissa]]<br />
!21<br />
|3<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|16<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
![[Punjab]]<br />
!13<br />
|2<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Other}}; color:black;"|10<br />
|-<br />
![[Rajasthan]]<br />
!25<br />
|0<br />
|11<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|13<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Sikkim]]<br />
!1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1<br />
|-<br />
![[1989 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]<br />
!39<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|27<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|11<br />
|-<br />
![[Tripura]]<br />
!2<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|2<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
!85<br />
|15<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|54<br />
|8<br />
|3<br />
|5<br />
|-<br />
![[West Bengal]]<br />
!42<br />
|4<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Left Front}}; color:white;"|37<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
![[A & N Islands]]<br />
!1<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Chandigarh]]<br />
!1<br />
|0<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Dadra & Nagar Haveli]]<br />
!1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1<br />
|-<br />
![[Daman & Diu]]<br />
!1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Other}}; color:black;"|1<br />
|-<br />
![[1989 Indian general election in Delhi|NCT of Delhi]]<br />
!7<br />
|2<br />
|1<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|4<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Lakshadweep]]<br />
!1<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
![[Pondicherry]]<br />
!1<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
!529<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|'''197'''<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}}; color:white;"|'''143'''<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|'''85'''<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Left Front}}; color:white;"|'''52'''<br />
|style="background:{{party color|Other}}; color:black;"|'''52'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
V. P. Singh, who was the head of the Janata Dal, was chosen leader of the National Front government with outside support of the BJP & CPI(M).<ref><br />
{{cite web |date=19 December 2008 |title=V. P. Singh: Prime Minister of India who tried to improve the lot of the poor |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/v-p-singh-prime-minister-of-india-who-tried-to-improve-the-lot-of-the-poor-1203626.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/v-p-singh-prime-minister-of-india-who-tried-to-improve-the-lot-of-the-poor-1203626.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=6 October 2017}}{{cbignore}}<br />
</ref> The alliance broke down after Singh supported Bihar's Chief Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]'s step to arrest Advani in [[Samastipur]] to stop his [[Ram Rath Yatra]], which was going to the [[Babri Masjid]] site in Ayodhya on 23 October 1990. Following this incident, BJP withdrew their support to Singh government, causing them to lose parliamentary [[Motion of no confidence|vote of confidence]] on 7 November 1990.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 November 1990 |title=India's Cabinet Falls as Premier Loses Confidence Vote, by 142–346, and Quits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/08/world/india-s-cabinet-falls-as-premier-loses-confidence-vote-by-142-346-and-quits.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-date=11 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711200750/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/11/08/world/india-s-cabinet-falls-as-premier-loses-confidence-vote-by-142-346-and-quits.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Chandra Shekhar]] broke away from the Janata Dal with 64 MPs and formed the [[Samajwadi Janata Party]] in 1990. He got outside support from the Congress(I) and became the 8th Prime Minister of India. He finally resigned on 21 June 1991, after the Congress(I) withdrew its support alleging that the Chandra Shekhar government was spying on Rajiv Gandhi.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[V. P. Singh ministry]]<br />
*[[Chandra Shekhar ministry]]<br />
*[[List of members of the 9th Lok Sabha]]<br />
*[[:Category:1989 Indian general election by state or union territory]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{citation |title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics |first=Ananth V. |last=Krishna |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2011 |isbn=9788131734650 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC |ref={{sfnref|Krishna, India since Independence|2011}}}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{cite web |title=Elections 1989: Congress(I) faces prospect of being routed in Bihar |newspaper=India Today |date=30 November 1989 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19891130-elections-1989-congressi-faces-prospect-of-being-routed-in-bihar-816812-1989-11-29}}<br />
*{{cite web |last=Pandya |first=Haresh |title=V. P. Singh, a Leader of India Who Defended Poor, Dies at 77 |work=The New York Times |date=29 November 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30singh.html?_r=1& |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120194616/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/world/asia/30singh.html?_r=1& |archive-date=20 November 2020}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1989 elections in Asia|India]]<br />
[[Category:1989 Indian general election| ]]<br />
[[Category:November 1989 in India|General]]<br />
[[Category:General elections in India]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dabang_Delhi_K.C.&diff=495226Dabang Delhi K.C.2026-04-21T10:07:18Z<p>KristyThacker77: Made some entry more to come</p>
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{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox sports team<br />
| name = Dabang Delhi K.C.<br />
| image = Dabang Delhi logo.png<br />
| captain = Ashu Malik<br />
| coach = Joginder Narwal<br />
| championships = [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|16px]] [[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League|2021-22]], [[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|2025]]<br />
| city = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| colors = {{color box|#000080}}{{color box|#FF0000}}<br />
| owner = Radha Kapoor<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age|2014}}<br />
| first_season = [[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|2014]]<br />
| last_season = [[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|2025]]<br />
| current = 2025 Pro Kabaddi League<br />
| current_icon = Kabaddi<br />
| ground = [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]] (4,949)<br />
| website = [https://www.dabangdelhikc.com/ dabangdelhikc.com]<br />
| uniforms = {{Football kit home and away<br />
| pattern_b1 = _dbd22<br />
| leftarm1 = 080172<br />
| body1 = 080172<br />
| rightarm1 = 080172<br />
| shorts1 = 080172<br />
| socks1 = none <br />
| title1 = ''Regular kit'' <br />
| pattern_b2 = _dbdred22<br />
| leftarm2 = b3010c<br />
| body2 = da0109<br />
| rightarm2 = b3010c<br />
| shorts2 = da0109<br />
| socks2 = none <br />
| title2 = ''Red kit''}}<br />
| full_name = Dabang Delhi Kabaddi Club<br />
| league_titles = 2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dabang Delhi K.C.''' is a professional [[kabaddi]] team based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]], that competes in the [[Pro Kabaddi League]]. It is owned by Radha Kapoor and plays its home matches at the [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]].<ref name="g293">{{cite web | title=Kabaddi: Dabang Delhi gears up to take home advantage | website=The Hindu | date=2014-08-02 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/kabaddi-dabang-delhi-gears-up-to-take-home-advantage/article6275395.ece | access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref> The team is currently captained by Ashu Malik and coached by Joginder Narwal.<ref name="k708">{{cite web | title=Ashu Malik confirmed as Dabang Delhi captain for PKL 12 | website=Sportstar | date=2025-08-21 | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/kabaddi/ashu-malik-dabang-delhi-captain-pro-kabaddi-league-2025-pkl-12-updates/article69960287.ece | access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref> <br />
In 2022, Delhi won their maiden PKL title defeating [[Patna Pirates]] in the [[2021-22 Pro Kabaddi League season|2021–22 season]] final<ref name="u673">{{cite web | title=Dabang Delhi KC beat Patna Pirates to become PKL Season 8 champions | website=The Times of India | date=2022-02-25 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/pro-kabaddi-league/dabang-delhi-kc-beat-patna-pirates-to-become-pkl-season-8-champions/articleshow/89835293.cms | access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref> and won their second title in [[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|2025]] by defeating [[Puneri Paltan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-31 |title=PKL Final, Dabang Delhi vs Puneri Paltan Highlights: Dabang Delhi Beats Puneri Paltan, Win Their Second PKL Title; DEL 31-28 PUN |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/pkl-final-dabang-delhi-vs-puneri-paltan-live-score-pro-kabaddi-2025-pkl-match-updates-scorecard-commentary-liveblog-153082200 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Current squad ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col2left" style="font-size: 85%"<br />
|+ Dabang Delhi K.C. squad [[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|2025]]<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Jersey No<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Name<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Nationality<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Position<br />
|-<br />
| 77|| Ashu Malik (c) || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Raider<br />
|-<br />
| 1|| [[Fazel Atrachali]] (vc) || {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran national kabaddi team|Iran]] || Defender - Left Corner<br />
|-<br />
| 9|| Neeraj Narwal || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Raider<br />
|-<br />
| 19|| Ajinkya Pawar || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Raider<br />
|-<br />
| || Vijay || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Raider<br />
|-<br />
| || Anil Gurjar || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Raider<br />
|-<br />
| 2|| Akshit Dhull || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Left Raider<br />
|-<br />
| || Mohit Deswal || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Right Raider<br />
|-<br />
| || Ashish Sangwan || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || All-Rounder<br />
|-<br />
| 44|| Naveen Rawal || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || All-Rounder<br />
|-<br />
| || Amit || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || All-Rounder<br />
|-<br />
| || Arkam Shaikh || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || All-Rounder<br />
|-<br />
| 6|| [[Surjeet Singh Narwal|Surjeet Singh]]|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Defender - Right Cover<br />
|-<br />
| || Gaurav Chhillar || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Defender - Right Cover<br />
|-<br />
| 22|| Saurabh Nandal || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Defender - Left Corner<br />
|-<br />
| || Mohit Narwal || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Defender - Left Cover<br />
|-<br />
| 60|| Sandeep Deswal || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Defender - Left Cover<br />
|-<br />
| || Anurag Kumar || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Defender - Left Corner<br />
|-<br />
| || Raman Singh || {{flagicon|IND}} [[India national kabaddi team|India]] || Defender - Right Corner<br />
|-<br />
| || Amir Hossain || {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iran national kabaddi team|Iran]] || Defender - Right Corner<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="4" style="text-align:right;"| <small>Source: Pro Kabaddi<ref name="t614">{{cite web | title=Season 12 players list, stats, records | website=Pro Kabaddi League | url=https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/dabang-delhi-kc-profile-2/players | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822120732/https://www.prokabaddi.com/teams/dabang-delhi-kc-profile-2/players | archive-date=2025-08-22 | url-status=live | access-date=2025-09-05}}</ref></small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Seasons ==<br />
=== Season I ===<br />
{{Main|2014 Pro Kabaddi League season}}<br />
Delhi finished sixth in the first season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Season 1, results|url=http://www.prokabaddi.com/season1-results|access-date=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721172008/http://www.prokabaddi.com/season1-results|archive-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
{{2014 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
=== Season II ===<br />
{{Main|2015 Pro Kabaddi League season}}<br />
<br />
Dabang Delhi finished 7th in the second season.<br />
{{2015 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
=== Season III ===<br />
{{Main|2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)}}<br />
<br />
Dabang Delhi finished 8th in the Third season.<br />
{{2016 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
=== Season IV ===<br />
{{Main|2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (June)}}<br />
<br />
{{2016_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season(June)_points_table}}<br />
<br />
=== Season V ===<br />
{{Main|2017_Pro_Kabaddi_League_season}}<br />
<br />
Dabang Delhi finished 7th in the Fourth season.<br />
{{2017 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
=== Season VI ===<br />
{{Main|2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season}}<br />
<br />
{{2018 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
=== Season VII ===<br />
{{Main|2019 Pro Kabaddi League season}}<br />
<br />
{{2019 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
=== Season VIII ===<br />
{{Main|2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League season}}<br />
<br />
{{2021-22 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
=== Season IX ===<br />
{{Main|2022 Pro Kabaddi League season}}<br />
<br />
{{2022 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
===Season X===<br />
{{main|2023–24 Pro Kabaddi League}}<br />
<br />
{{2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
===Season XI===<br />
{{main|2024 Pro Kabaddi League}}<br />
<br />
{{2024 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}<br />
<br />
===Season XII===<br />
{{main|2025 Pro Kabaddi League}}<br />
<br />
{{2025 Pro Kabaddi League points table}}<br />
<br />
== Records ==<br />
<br />
=== Overall results Pro Kabaddi season ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"<br />
|-<br />
! Seasons<br />
! Total<br />
! Wins<br />
! Losses<br />
! Tied<br />
! % Win<br />
! Position<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 1]] || 14 || '''5''' || 8 || 1 || 35.71% || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[2015 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 2]] || 14 || '''4''' || 9 || 1 || 28.57% || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)|Season 3]] || 14 || '''1''' || 12 || 1 || 7.14% || 8<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (June)|Season 4]] || 14 || '''4''' || 9 || 1 || 28.57% || 7<br />
|-<br />
| [[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 5]] || 22 || '''5''' || 16 || 1 || 22.72% || 6<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018–19 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 6]] || 24 || '''12''' || 10 || 2 || 50% || 3<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 7]] || 24 || '''16''' || 5 || 3 || 66.66% || style="background: silver;" | Runners-up <br />
|-<br />
| [[2021–22 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 8]] || 24 || '''14''' || 6 || 4 || 58.33% || style="background: gold;" | Champions<br />
|-<br />
| [[2022 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 9]] ||23|| '''10'''|| 11|| 2 || 43.47% || Eliminator <br />
|-<br />
| [[2023–24 Pro Kabaddi League|Season 10]] || 23 || '''13''' || 7 || 3 || 56.52% || Eliminator<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 11]] || || || || || || Semifinal<br />
|-<br />
| [[2025 Pro Kabaddi League season|Season 12]] ||20|| '''15'''|| 5 || || 75% ||style="background: gold;" | Champions <br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== By opposition ===<br />
:''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Opposition<br />
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Played<br />
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Won<br />
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Lost<br />
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|Drawn<br />
! style="background:#04a; color:#fff;"|% Win<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengal Warriors]] || 23 || 10 || 9 || 4 || 43.4%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]] || 24 || 12 || 10 || 2 || 50.0%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujarat Giants (kabaddi)|Gujarat Fortune Giants]] || 15 || 6 || 6 || 3 || 40.0%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Haryana Steelers]] || 16 || 7 || 9 || 0 || 43.7%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] || 24 || 9 || 12 || 3 || 37.5%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Patna Pirates]] || 22 || 9 || 10 || 3 || 40.9%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Puneri Paltan]] || 24 || 9 || 12 || 3 || 37.5%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Thalaivas]] || 12 || 8 || 2 || 2 || 66.6%<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telugu Titans]] || 20 || 11 || 8 || 1 || 55.0%<br />
|-<br />
| [[U Mumba]] || 24 || 10 || 13 || 1 || 41.6%<br />
|-<br />
| [[UP Yoddha]] || 13 || 5 || 7 || 1 || 38.4%<br />
|-<br />
! Total || 217 || 96 || 98 || 23 || 44.2%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sponsors ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 100%" align="center" width:"80%"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Season<br />
!Kit Manufacturer<br />
!Main Sponsor<br />
!Back Sponsor<br />
!Sleeve Sponsor<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|[[2014 Pro Kabaddi League season|I]]<br />
|Shiv-Naresh<br />
|[[Reliance Group]]<br />
|[[Jaypee Group|Jaypee Cement]]<br />
|[[Jaypee Group|Jaypee Cement]]<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[[2015 Pro Kabaddi League season|II]]<br />
| rowspan="4"|[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]<br />
|Red Chief Shoes<br />
|[[Manipal Hospitals India|Manipal Hospitals]]<br />
|[[Gaursons India|Gaurs]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2016<br />
|[[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (January)|III]]<br />
|[[Jaypee Group]]<br />
|[[Holiday Inn]]<br />
|[[Uber]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 Pro Kabaddi League season (June)|IV]]<br />
|<br />
|[[Fortis Healthcare|Fortis]]<br />
|Creambell<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|[[2017 Pro Kabaddi League season|V]]<br />
|[[Indian School of Design & Innovation|ISDI]]<br />
|[[Indian School of Management & Entrepreneurship|ISME]]<br />
|DICE Academy<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|[[2018 Pro Kabaddi League season|VI]]<br />
|<br />
|Awfis<br />
|DoIT Sports<br />
|ART<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|[[2019 Pro Kabaddi League|VII]]<br />
|Reforce<br />
|rowspan="3"|[[J. K. Organisation|JK Super Cement]]<br />
|[[Indian School of Management & Entrepreneurship|ISME]]<br />
|[[Officer's Choice]]<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|[[2021-22 Pro Kabaddi League season|VIII]]<br />
|rowspan="2"|Shiv-Naresh<br />
|rowspan="2"|Vision11<br />
|[[Herbalife Nutrition]]<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|[[2022 Pro Kabaddi League season|IX]]<br />
|[[Dafabet|DafaNews]]<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|[[2023-24 Pro Kabaddi League|X]]<br />
|Omtex<br />
|[[FUN88|Fun88 News]]<br />
|Red Chief<br />
|MyMaster11<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[2024 Pro Kabaddi League|XI]]<br />
|SIX5SIX<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|[[2025 Pro Kabaddi League|XII]]<br />
|Amra<br />
|[[Valvoline]]<br />
|Technosport<br />
|ART<br />
|}<br />
{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Pro Kabaddi League}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League teams]]<br />
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:2014 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Kabaddi clubs and teams established in 2014]]<br />
[[Category:Sport in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Balaji Telefilms]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sachchidanand_Rai&diff=531601Sachchidanand Rai2026-04-21T02:58:49Z<p>KristyThacker77: Started New Details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Politician}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Sachchidanand Rai<br />
| education = [[IIT Kharagpur]] (Mechanical Engineering)<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|15 jULY 1963|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bihar]], India<br />
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]<br />
| term_start = 2022<br />
| predecessor = ''Sachchidanand Rai''<br />
| constituency = Saran<br />
| term_start1 = 2015<br />
| term_end1 = 2021<br />
| predecessor1 = <br />
| successor1 = ''Sachchidanand Rai''<br />
| constituency1 = Saran<br />
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
| occupation = Politician<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sachchidanand Rai''' is an Indian politician and a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sachchidanand Rai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):(LOCAL AUTHORITIES) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/biharmlc/candidate.php?candidate_id=134 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Current members : Bihar Legislative Council Election Candidate Information |url=https://myneta.info/biharmlc/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Candidates : LOCAL AUTHORITIES |url=https://myneta.info/biharmlc/index.php?action=show_constituencies&state_id=4 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Council polls: NDA stays ahead, but BJP tally down; RJD gets a boost |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/patna-news/council-polls-nda-stays-ahead-but-bjp-tally-down-rjd-gets-a-boost-101649349516154.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Newly-elected Bihar MLC Sachchidanand Rai meets Prashant Kishor, discusses state's economic issues |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/15/newly-elected-bihar-mlc-sachchidanand-rai-meets-prashant-kishor-discusses-states-economic-issues-2453964.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Rai has won Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] in 2022 as Independent Candidate and in 2015 as [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा के बागी सच्चिदानंद राय महराजगंज से ठोकेंगे चुनावी ताल, जानिए क्या कहा? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bihar/bjp-rebel-satchidanand-rai-will-hit-the-election-tally-from-maharajganj-know-what-he-said/1170060 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=नाथ |first=आशुतोष |date=2022-03-14 |title=एमएलसी चुनाव में BJP ने सारण से टिकट काटा तो निर्दलीय ताल ठोकेंगे सच्चिदानंद राय |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-news-sachchidanand-rai-fight-independent-from-saran-in-mlc-election-2022-bjp-cuts-tickets-ann-2081033 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=नाथ |first=आशुतोष |date=2022-03-19 |title=सच्चिदानंद राय वापस नहीं लेंगे अपना नामांकन, BJP के बयान को किया खारिज, जानें पूरा मामला |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-mlc-election-2022-good-news-for-bjp-from-saran-chapra-bihar-sachidanand-rai-can-withdraw-his-name-from-mlc-candidate-ann-2084288 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar BJP MLC Candidate List : सारण से सच्चिदानंद राय का कटा टिकट, पांच महीने से कर रहे थे चुनाव की तैयारी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-bjp-mlc-list-saran-seating-candidate-sachchidanand-rai-ticket-cut-preparing-for-elections-last-five-months/articleshow/90157514.cms |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=भाजपा और राजद के उम्मीदवारों को पटखनी देकर निर्दलीय जीते सच्चिदानंद, सारण से लगातार दूसरी बार हुए विजयी |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/saran/bihar-mlc-election-sachidanand-rai-won-in-saran-vidhan-parishad-chunav-chapra-news |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar MLC Election Result: छपरा से BJP के बागी सच्चिदानंद राय जीते, NDA को तीसरा स्थान |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-latest-news-chhapra-story-mlc-elecction-result-bjp-bagi-sachchidanand-rai-won-nda-candidate-on-third-place-6205469.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Madan Kumar|date=Mar 13, 2022 |title=rai: Denied Ticket, Ex-bjp Mlc To Contest As Independent {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/denied-ticket-ex-bjp-mlc-to-contest-as-independent/articleshow/90177584.cms |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2022-04-07 |title=Bihar MLC election results; एमएलसी चुनाव में बागियों ने किया कमाल, सारण में सच्चिदानंद राय तो नवादा में अशोक यादव की हुई जीत |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/bihar/bihar-mlc-election-results-rebels-did-wonders-in-mlc-elections-satchidanand-rai-in-saran-and-ashok-yadav-in-nawada-1160687.html |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar MLC चुनाव में भूमिहार और राजपूतों ने बाजी मारी, मुसलमानों और दलितों का सूपड़ा साफ |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/bihar/story/most-candidates-from-bhumihar-and-rajput-caste-won-the-bihar-mlc-election-ntc-1442488-2022-04-07 |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Aaj Tak |date=7 April 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vardhan |first=Anand |title=Bihar bypoll shows political fluidity in upper caste groups too |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/04/29/bihar-bypoll-shows-political-fluidity-in-upper-caste-groups-too |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=Newslaundry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Bihar legislative council elections: BJP denies tickets to three sitting MLCs |url=https://theprint.in/politics/bihar-legislative-council-elections-bjp-denies-tickets-to-three-sitting-mlcs/869831/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Sachchidanand}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1963 births]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]<br />
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{{Bihar-politician-stub}}</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radha_Stirling&diff=527925Radha Stirling2026-04-19T02:03:53Z<p>KristyThacker77: done!</p>
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<div>{{short description|Human rights advocate}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Advert|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Undisclosed paid|date=July 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Radha Stirling<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = November 1978<br />
| birth_place = Florida, USA<br />
| alma_mater = Bond University<br />
| occupation = Human rights advocate<br />
| website = [http://www.radhastirling.com radhastirling.com]<br />
}}<br />
'''Radha Stirling''' (born 1978) is the founder of the UK-based organizations Detained in Dubai, Due Process International, and IPEX Reform. Her work focuses on judicial systems and extradition laws in the Middle East.<br />
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In 2008, Stirling founded ''Detained in Dubai'', a justice organisation, after her friend, Cat Le-Huy, had been imprisoned in Dubai. Stirling campaigned for his release;<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7276175.stm|title=Man held for jet-lag drugs 'free'|date=2008-03-03|access-date=2019-01-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> subsequently, she received requests from other people in need of help. Stirling subsequently founded Detained in Dubai to provide legal and advocacy assistance to individuals detained in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-03-03|title=Man held for jet-lag drugs 'free'|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7276175.stm|access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref><br />
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Stirling also campaigns for changes to the legal system of the [[United Arab Emirates]] (UAE) and founded Due Process International<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delaney |first=James |date=2022-10-18 |title=Scot held over Qatar loan debt left 'isolated' in 'rat-infested cell' |url=https://news.stv.tv/east-central/scottish-engineer-held-in-iraq-over-qatar-loan-debt-had-everything-taken-away-in-rat-infested-cell |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=STV News |language=en-GB}}</ref> to campaign for reforms in the wider Middle East. Stirling lobbied the Australian Parliament regarding human rights provisions in its extradition treaty with the UAE.<ref>{{cite AV media |people = Stirling, Radha |date= 9 February 2011 |title= SBS Radio Interview |trans-title= |medium= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e20mH77wLI8 |access-date= 3 July 2019 |format= |time= |location= |publisher=Radha Stirling |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote=Timestamps of source content needed in support of appearing statements. }}{{full citation needed|date=July 2019}}</ref><br />
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In March 2018, Stirling acted for [[Hervé Jaubert]] and [[Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (II)|Sheikha Latifa Bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], after she made allegations of abuse and torture against her father, [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], the ruler of Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bianca Britton|title=Sheikha Latifa: Former UN rights chief criticized|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/28/middleeast/dubai-princess-sheika-latifa-mary-robinson-intl/index.html|access-date=2021-08-18|website=CNN|date=28 December 2018}}</ref> Indian and UAE soldiers captured the two as they were in the Arabian Sea, near the coast of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/world/french-captain-to-file-suit-over-2018-capture-of-dubai-princess-case-to-also-be-against-india | title=French Captain to File Suit over 2018 Capture of Dubai Princess, Case to 'Also be Against India' }}</ref><br />
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==Early life==<br />
Stirling attended [[Mater Christi College]], in Belgrave, Victoria; [[Yarra Valley Grammar]]; Box Hill TAFE and [[Bond University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/bonduniversity/docs/the_arch_-_issue_4_-_2010_summer|title=The ARCH Magazine {{!}} Issue 4 {{!}} 2010 Summer|website=Issuu|date=9 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref><br />
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==Career==<br />
Stirling became active in the Middle East when Cat Le-Huy, a friend, was detained in Dubai. She led a campaign for his release in 2008, founding [[Detained in Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-02-22|title=TV executive faces jail in Dubai for barely visible cannabis speck|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/tv-executive-faces-jail-in-dubai-for-barely-visible-cannabis-speck-785595.html|access-date=2021-08-18|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Radha Stirling interview with Channel 9 on Cat Le-Huy's arbitrary arrest in Dubai in 2008 | date=August 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0Ye6FPZhi4 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref><br />
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Stirling founded a campaign group, IPEX Reform,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scots father held in Iraq prison over alleged debt released, pressure group says |url=https://www.shropshirestar.com/news/uk-news/2022/11/13/scots-father-held-in-iraq-prison-over-alleged-debt-released-pressure-group-says/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.shropshirestar.com |date=13 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> where she focuses on cases involving extradition and Interpol red notices. Stirling has provided [[expert witness]] testimony in UAE and Qatar extradition cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tranent man could face extradition to Qatar over empty cannabis grinder |url=https://www.eastlothiancourier.com/news/18832725.conor-howard-face-extradition-qatar-empty-cannabis-grinder/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=East Lothian Courier |date=30 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Staff Writers | date = 27 February 2017 | title=Lawyers call for UAE extradition treaty to be suspended over human rights fears | journal = Irish Legal News | url=https://www.irishlegal.com/article/lawyers-call-for-uae-extradition-treaty-to-be-suspended-over-human-rights-fears | language=en | access-date= 3 July 2019 }}</ref><br />
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in 2017, Stirling and barrister Ben Cooper of [[Doughty Street Chambers]] urged the British Irish Commercial Bar Association (BICBA) to cancel an upcoming conference with the Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC) following allegations of corruption and malpractice.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Staff Writers | date = 27 February 2017 | title=BICBA urged to cancel arbitration seminar in Dubai | journal = Irish Legal News | url=https://www.irishlegal.com/article/bicba-urged-to-cancel-arbitration-seminar-in-dubai | language=en | access-date= 3 July 2019 }}</ref> BICBA later cancelled their event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BICBA urged to cancel arbitration seminar in Dubai|url=https://www.scottishlegal.com/article/bicba-urged-to-cancel-arbitration-seminar-in-dubai|access-date=2021-08-18|website=Scottish Legal News|date=27 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In 2023, Stirling was hired by [[Joe Biden]]'s sexual assault accuser, [[Tara Reade]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XO_IZcE7Quk |title=Biden accuser Tara Reade & Interpol expert Radha Stirling talk to the Hill Rising: Washington DC |language=en |access-date=2024-05-15 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><br />
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=== Lobbying ===<br />
Stirling has engaged with various political figures on behalf of her clients. In 2010, Senator Kroger and Stirling<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-16 |title=Coalition to vote down treaty |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/coalition-to-vote-down-treaty-20101116-17vgr.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> successfully lobbied Australian parliament to install human rights safety provisions into the newly passed extradition treaty between Australia and the UAE.<ref name="Coalition to vote down treaty">{{Cite web |date=2010-11-16 |title=Coalition to vote down treaty |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/coalition-to-vote-down-treaty-20101116-17vgr.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Stirling has worked with a number of British politicians including [[Priti Patel]] who advocated for Asa Hutchinson to be freed by the UAE,<ref name="Coalition to vote down treaty"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neill |first=Lottie |date=2018-03-03 |title=How this woman's 'dream' Dubai trip left her stranded and facing prison |url=https://www.essexlive.news/news/essex-news/dad-brentwood-woman-facing-jail-1288253 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=EssexLive |language=en}}</ref> [[Kenny MacAskill]] for Conor Howard,<ref name="edinburghnews.scotsman.com">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-05 |title='Relieved' Conor Howard to fly home after 'rollercoaster' 3 months facing Qatar extradition over cannabis grinder find |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/people/relieved-scot-conor-howard-fly-home-after-rollercoaster-3-months-facing-qatar-extradition-over-ps10-cannabis-grinder-find-and-he-could-have-faced-5-years-jail-3025316 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Emma Lewell-Buck]] who raised the case of Robert Urwin in Parliament,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McFadden |first=Brendan |date=2019-12-08 |title=British man detained in Ukraine for 14 months over bounced cheque allowed home |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/british-man-detained-ukraine-14-21054354 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Interpol Red Notice Removal. Interpol Red Notice removed by IPEX after Qatar Interpol Abuse | date=24 September 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiXW-gQjkAU |language=en |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref> Crispin Blunt who supported Christopher Emms<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-30 |title=U.S. fails in bid to extradite Brit for helping North Korea evade sanctions with cryptocurrency |url=https://therecord.media/us-fails-in-bid-to-extradite-brit-for-helping-north-korea-evade-sanctions-with-cryptocurrency/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=The Record by Recorded Future |language=en}}</ref> and Canadian MP [[Richard Martel]] and Parliamentary Secretary to the Foreign Affairs Minister [[Pamela Goldsmith-Jones]] to successfully resolve 86 criminal cases against André Gauthier<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Monde Juridique – The Montreal Lawyer {{!}} Canadian government in the dark about whistleblower's status |date=29 May 2019 |url=http://lemondejuridique.com/actualites/canadian-government-in-the-dark-about-whistleblowers-status/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |language=en}}</ref> in the Gold AE scandal. Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] responded to calls by Martel,<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Trudeau talks CUSMA, Andre Gauthier, and Toronto Raptors (or not) {{!}} Watch News Videos Online |url=https://globalnews.ca/video/5324777/pm-trudeau-talks-cusma-andre-gauthier-and-toronto-raptors-or-not/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref> before his release from jail in Dubai. Stirling has worked with [[Timothy Clement-Jones, Baron Clement-Jones|Lord Timothy Clement-Jones]],<ref>{{Citation |title=BBC on Ryan Cornelius - interview with Lord Timothy Clement-Jones & Radha Stirling | date=13 March 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNZuQ5_2Ors |language=en |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref> [[Janet Whitaker, Baroness Whitaker|Baroness Janet Whitaker]] and [[Andy Slaughter|Andy Slaughter, MP]] to call on the Foreign Office to increase their travel warnings and even sanction the UAE over the abuse of Brits in detention.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tortured yet again - Albert's health deteriorates in Dubai jail as UK government finally acts |url=http://www.travellerstimes.org.uk/news/2022/01/tortured-yet-again-alberts-health-deteriorates-dubai-jail-uk-government-finally-acts |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Travellers Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-13 |title=British football coach jailed for 25 years in Dubai over cannabis oil found in car |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/billy-hood-dubai-football-cbd-b1937526.html |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, she worked with [[Douglas Chapman (Scottish politician)|Douglas Chapman]], [[Douglas Chapman (Scottish politician)|MP]] to secure the freedom of Scotsman Brian Glendinning.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Young |first1=Iona |last2=Vesty |first2=Sarah |date=2022-10-17 |title=Wife of Scottish dad jailed in Iraq fears he is unwell after distressing prison phone call |url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/wife-scottish-dad-jailed-iraq-25278856 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=edinburghlive |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Interpol and extradition reform ===<br />
Stirling founded IPEX Reform, an NGO campaigning for reform of extradition laws and the red notice system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brother of Scot held in Iraq says his conditions are 'vile' |url=https://www.thewestonmercury.co.uk/news/national/23083574.brother-scot-held-iraq-says-conditions-vile/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Weston Mercury |date=27 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Stirling has stated that the Interpol red notice system is subject to misuse by various governments, including the United States and the UAE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crispin Blunt condemns Foreign Secretary's inaction over constituent detained in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.blunt4reigate.com/news/crispin-blunt-condemns-foreign-secretarys-inaction-over-constituent-detained-saudi-arabia |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=Crispin Blunt MP |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-10 |title=While soccer player Hakeem was locked up in Bangkok Airport last summer, the AFP missed a crucial email |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-11/bungles-that-led-to-hakeem-al-araibi-being-locked-up-in-thailand/11583270 |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-10 |title=UK dad's arrest in Iraq 'sends warning to World Cup fans' |language=en-GB |work=HullLive |url=https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/news/real-life/uk-dads-arrest-iraq-sends-7683401 |access-date=2022-11-12 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lagan |first=Sarah |date=2020-08-14 |title=Stevenson detention 'an abuse of his rights' |url=https://www.royalgazette.com/other/news/article/20200814/stevenson-detention-an-abuse-of-his-rights/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.royalgazette.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===Criticism of the British Foreign Office ===<br />
Stirling has called for increased travel warnings, saying "no-one would really be aware" of the severity of cyber-crime laws in the UAE, and the "FCO had failed to adequately warn tourists about them."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-07 |title=British woman faces Dubai jail over Facebook 'horse' insult |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-47847740 |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref> Over Billy Hood's detention, she said "These are not isolated incidents but repeat patterns and this is why Baroness Whitaker, Andy Slaughter and other MP's have called on the foreign office to increase their travel warnings and even sanction the UAE over the abuse of Brits in detention."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Neil |date=2022-02-11 |title=Brit jailed for 25 years in Dubai after friend left CBD oil in car |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/uk-news/brit-jailed-25-years-dubai-23060670 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=WalesOnline |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Stirling accused the Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office of "working too strongly in cooperation with the UAE Government". She criticised the FCO for providing advice to British travellers which "really falls short of the reality of the situation". Stirling also worked with Billy Barclay, who said "that the embassy was advising the family against campaigning for his release. "In fact, it was only as a result of the campaign...that he is home today."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Claims that Dubai locals get Brits jailed for "sport" as Scot Jamie Harron goes on trial |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15611818.claims-dubai-locals-get-brits-jailed-sport-scot-jamie-harron-goes-trial/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=HeraldScotland |date=22 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Media appearances ===<br />
Stirling has appeared in a number of documentaries and TV shows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radha Stirling |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm10607081/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=IMDb}}</ref> She has appeared on ''Good Morning Britain'',<ref>{{Citation |title=Good Morning Britain TV with Radha Stirling, Susanna Reid & Ben Shephard on Billy Hood case | date=15 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DV1juApjETo |language=en |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref> ''[[60 Minutes (Australian TV program)|60 Minutes]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=60 Minutes: The incredible story about a missing princess |url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/princess-latifa-kidnapping-tom-steinfort-analysis-60-minutes/299f2188-6b94-4d2b-9147-c3f305e2b270 |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=www.9news.com.au|date=16 July 2018 }}</ref> ITV's ''DayBreak'',<ref>{{Citation |title=ITV1 DayBreak British Death in Police Custody with Radha Stirling | date=22 April 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qs-DfKJBHSs |language=en |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref> BBC's ''The Missing Princess'', an Aljazeera documentary with [[Tamer Almisshal]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Investment in Dubai - Radha Stirling showcases the risks of investing in the UAE with Tamer Misshal | date=9 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-2qIUXaQSw0 |language=en |access-date=2022-11-15}}</ref> and the ''[[The Sean Hannity Show|Sean Hannity show]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannity Radio Show Recap: Apr 27 |url=https://www.iheart.com/content/2018-04-28-hannity-hannity-radio-show-recap-apr-27/ |access-date=2022-11-12 |website=iHeart |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Journalism===<br />
<br />
She hosts her own blog and has contributed to the [[The Jerusalem Report|Jerusalem Report]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detained in Dubai: Helping tourists wrongfully accused, jailed in the UAE |url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/detained-in-dubai-helping-tourists-wrongfully-accused-jailed-in-the-uae-656718 |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=26 January 2021 |language=en-US |issn=0792-822X}}</ref> the [[The Times of Israel|Times of Israel]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radha Stirling's Blog |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/radha-stirling/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=blogs.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[the Independent]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-17 |title=Shocked that a woman was arrested for reporting rape in Dubai? I'm not |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/dubai-woman-arrested-gang-rape-uae-sex-crime-local-laws-know-how-common-it-is-a7422336.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> and Inside Arabia.<br />
<br />
===Ras Al Khaimah and hacking===<br />
<br />
Stirling's work includes criticism of the administration of Ras Al Khaimah (RAK) and its ruler, Sheikh Saud bin Saqr Al Qasimi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MarketScreener |title=RAK Ceramics Bangladesh : UAE 'asks' Bangladesh to freeze assets of RAKIA CEO Khater Massaad {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/RAK-CERAMICS-BANGLADESH-29688871/news/RAK-Ceramics-Bangladesh-UAE-asks-Bangladesh-to-freeze-assets-of-RAKIA-CEO-Khater-Massaad-32338205/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=www.marketscreener.com |date=2 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
A [[Citizen Lab]] and [[Facebook]] investigation found her clients were targeted by Israeli spy company, Bluehawk CI. Stirling suggested America should hold foreign states and corporations to account.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rawnsley |first=Adam |date=2021-12-16 |title='Violent in Its Psychological Effects': Inside the Dark World of Cyber Spies-for-Hire |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/reports-from-meta-citizen-lab-reveal-dark-world-of-facebook-cyber-spies-for-hire |access-date=2022-11-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
In a separate incident, ''The Daily Beast'' reported on an attempt to install malware on Stirling's phone by individuals seeking information regarding her litigation against Ras Al Khaimah. The hackers were seeking information on her RAK clients and litigations she was involved with as well as the Jordanian [[Princess Haya bint Hussein|Princess Haya]]. They then tried to send her malware to surveil her phone<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rawnsley |first=Adam |date=2021-04-06 |title=Israeli Snoop-for-Hire Posed as a Fox News Journalist for a Spy Operation |language=en |work=The Daily Beast |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/israeli-snoop-for-hire-posed-as-a-fox-news-journalist-for-a-spy-operation |access-date=2022-11-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Alcohol in the UAE===<br />
In August 2018, Stirling stated that "the UAE maintains a deliberately misleading facade that alcohol consumption is perfectly legal for visitors" after Swedish-Iranian national Ellie Holman, whom she assisted, was reportedly arrested for drinking one complimentary glass of wine aboard an [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]] flight from London to Dubai. She said "They will offer you alcohol on their airline, and arrest you at the airport for accepting it. This can only be regarded as such a deliberate attempt to misrepresent UAE rules on alcohol that it amounts to entrapment."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/aug/11/woman-arrested-with-daughter-in-dubai-over-drinking-wine-is-released|title=Woman arrested with daughter in Dubai over drinking wine is released|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://radhastirling.com}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Stirling, Radha}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1978 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bond University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:British women human rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:British human rights activists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century British people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century British women]]<br />
[[Category:British political consultants]]<br />
[[Category:People educated at Yarra Valley Grammar]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampinagar_Assembly_constituency&diff=486114Ampinagar Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:32:44Z<p>KristyThacker77: adding some post w/ infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura state, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Ampinagar<br />
| state = [[Tripura]]<br />
| district = [[Gomati district|Gomati]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East Lok Sabha constituency|Tripura East]]<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Ampinagar Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| constituency_no = 41<br />
| mla = [[Pathan Lal Jamatia]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Tipra Motha Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:42135}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Ampinagar''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Gomati district|Gomati]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Bullu Kuki || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=3 | [[Nagendra Jamatia]] || {{Full party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Debabrata Koloy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | [[Nagendra Jamatia]] || {{Full party name with color|Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || {{Full party name with color|Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=2 | [[Daniel Jamatia]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Sindhu Chandra Jamatia]] || {{Full party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Pathan Lal Jamatia]]|| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pathan Lal Jamatia]] |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=21,525 |percentage=57.03% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Patal Kanya Jamatia|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=9,339|percentage=24.74%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Parikhit Kalai|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=4,151|percentage=11.00%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sindhu Chandra Jamatia]]|party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|votes=2,068|percentage=5.48%|change={{decrease}}47.99}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=341|percentage=0.90%|change={{decrease}}1.01}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pabitra Mohan Jamatia|party=Independent politician|votes=319|percentage=0.85%|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,186 |percentage=32.29% |change= {{increase}}17.75 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=37,743|percentage=89.60%|change={{decrease}}0.94}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,135 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.04 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tipra Motha Party |loser=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |swing= {{increase}}3.56 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2018 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sindhu Chandra Jamatia]] |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=18,202 |percentage=53.47% |change={{increase}}52.04 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Daniel Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,255 |percentage=38.94% |change={{decrease}}13.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Krishna Jamatia |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=1,303 |percentage=3.83% |change={{decrease}}39.53 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daniel Kaipeng |party=Indian National Congress |votes=672 |percentage=1.97% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=651 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,947 |percentage=14.53% |change= {{increase}}5.20 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,041 |percentage=90.69% |change= {{increase}}0.13 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,608 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.97 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.78 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2013 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Daniel Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=15,714 |percentage=52.69% |change={{decrease}}0.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nagendra Jamatia]] |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=12,930 |percentage=43.36% |change={{increase}}1.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Patal Kanya Jamatia |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=426 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subir Kumar Jamatia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=420 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manaram Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=333 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,784 |percentage=9.34% |change= {{decrease}}1.64 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,823 |percentage=93.06% |change= {{decrease}}0.81 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,997 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}0.57 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2008 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Daniel Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,284 |percentage=53.26% |change={{increase}}4.29 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nagendra Jamatia]] |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=11,340 |percentage=42.28% |change={{decrease}}8.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sindhu Chandra Jamatia]] |party=Independent politician |votes=462 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagendra Kalai |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=269 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Joy Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=241 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silendra Reang |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=225 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,944 |percentage=10.98% |change= {{increase}}8.91 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,821 |percentage=91.28% |change= {{increase}}15.25 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,412 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |swing= {{increase}}2.22 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2003 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nagendra Jamatia]] |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=11,439 |percentage=51.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nakshatra Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,975 |percentage=48.96% |change={{increase}}3.38 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=464 |percentage=2.07% |change= {{decrease}}4.43 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,414 |percentage=76.05% |change= {{increase}}0.28 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,516 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.23 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1998 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nagendra Jamatia]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=11,054 |percentage=52.09% |change={{increase}}10.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Upaharan Jamatia |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,674 |percentage=45.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khagendra Kalai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=495 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,380 |percentage=6.50% |change= {{decrease}}4.74 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,223 |percentage=78.02% |change= {{decrease}}3.03 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,050 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.19 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1993 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Debabrata Koloy |party=Independent politician |votes=11,488 |percentage=53.19% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nagendra Jamatia]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=9,060 |percentage=41.95% |change={{decrease}}12.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Kalai Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=633 |percentage=2.93% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Minati Roy |party=Amra Bangali |votes=337 |percentage=1.56% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,428 |percentage=11.24% |change= {{increase}}0.75 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,598 |percentage=79.67% |change= {{decrease}}3.67 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,448 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.44 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= {{decrease}}1.42 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1988 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nagendra Jamatia]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=10,882 |percentage=54.61% |change={{decrease}}4.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debabrata Koloy |party=Independent politician |votes=8,792 |percentage=44.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pabitra Mohan Laskar |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,090 |percentage=10.49% |change= {{decrease}}17.65 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,926 |percentage=83.16% |change= {{increase}}8.38 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,195 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.74 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1983 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nagendra Jamatia]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=9,449 |percentage=58.99% |change={{increase}}13.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhu Sudan Kalai |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,941 |percentage=30.84% |change={{decrease}}7.02 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pabitra Mohan Laskar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,629 |percentage=10.17% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,508 |percentage=28.14% |change= {{increase}}20.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,019 |percentage=75.29% |change= {{increase}}2.13 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,653 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.36 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1977 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nagendra Jamatia]] |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=5,744 |percentage=45.17% |change={{increase}}36.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madhu Sudan Kalai |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,814 |percentage=37.86% |change={{decrease}}19.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sravan Kalai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,583 |percentage=12.45% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manindra Debbarman |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=423 |percentage=3.33% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tabil Kalai |party=Janata Party |votes=151 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=930 |percentage=7.31% |change= {{decrease}}16.73 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,715 |percentage=73.60% |change= {{increase}}14.15 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,696 |ref = |change= {{increase}}61.24 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}12.66 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 1972 Assembly election ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampinagar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bullu Kuki |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,663 |percentage=57.84% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopinath Jamatia |party=Independent politician |votes=2,140 |percentage=33.79% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sachindra Kumar Jamatia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=530 |percentage=8.37% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,523 |percentage=24.05% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,333 |percentage=59.63% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,975 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Gomati district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|23.66|91.62||display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gomati district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Tripura]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shorapur_Assembly_constituency&diff=535246Shorapur Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:35:11Z<p>KristyThacker77: Started New Data.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Shorapur<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = 36-Shorapur constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Yadgir district|Yadgir]]<br />
| division = [[Kalaburagi division|Kalaburagi]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Raichur Lok Sabha constituency|Raichur]]<br />
| constituency_no = 36<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| abolished = <br />
| mla = [[Raja Venugopal Naik]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| alliance = <br />
| preceded_by = Raja Venkatappa Nayak<br />
| latest_election_year = 2024<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:281869}}<ref name="by-election-2024">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Congress wins by-poll in Surpur Assembly seat in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-by-election-2024-raja-venugopal-naik-of-congress-defeats-narasimha-naik-of-bjp-in-surpur-assembly-constituency/article68250530.ece |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Surapura Assembly constituency.jpg|thumb|Shorapur Vidhana Sabha constituency map]]<br />
[[File:Shorapur Vidhana Sabha constituency Map.jpg|thumb|Shorapur Vidhana Sabha constituency map]]<br />
'''Shorapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in India.<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |access-date= 10 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Yadgir district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]]'s son [[Raja Venugopal Naik]] was elected in the by-election, caused due to the demise of his father in February 2024.<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || [[Kollur Mallappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Kumar Naik Venkatappa Naik<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="3" | Raja Pidnaik Raja Krishtappa Naik || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Raja Kumar Naik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="3" | Raja Madan Gopal Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan="2" | [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[Narasimha Nayak (Raju Gowda)]] || {{Full party name with color|Kannada Nadu Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Narasimha Nayak (Raju Gowda)]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 elections in India#Karnataka|2024 By-election]] {{efn|Died [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] on 24 February 2024}} || [[Raja Venugopal Naik]]<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly By-election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 elections in India#Karnataka|2024 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15621-bye-elections-2024-jan-to-june2024/ |title=Bye Elections 2024 (Jan to June,2024) - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Venugopal Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 114,886 |percentage = 53.57% |change = {{decrease}}1.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narasimha Nayak (Raju Gowda)]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,566 |percentage = 45.03% |change = {{increase}}2.46 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashoka Laxmana |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,612 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 848 |percentage = 0.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.21 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,320 |percentage = 8.54% |change = {{decrease}}3.61 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 215,261 |percentage = 76.02% |change = {{increase}}0.35 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 214,451}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,148 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.78 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.15 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 113,559 |percentage = 54.72% |change = {{increase}}13.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narasimha Nayak (Raju Gowda)]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 88,336 |percentage = 42.57% |change = {{decrease}}10.39 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shravanakumar Nayak |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,544 |percentage = 0.74% |change = {{decrease}}1.69 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Manjunath Nayak |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,348 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,259 |percentage = 0.61% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,223 |percentage = 12.15% |change = {{increase}}0.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 208,464 |percentage = 75.67% |change = {{increase}}4.09 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 207,530}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,483 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.07 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.76 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narasimha Nayak (Raju Gowda)]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 104,426 |percentage = 52.96% |change = {{increase}}50.40 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 81,858 |percentage = 41.51% |change = {{decrease}}9.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Krishnappa Nayak |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,796 |percentage = 2.43% |change = {{decrease}}45.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,720 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Ramappa Nayak. J. G |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 1,513 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,568 |percentage = 11.44% |change = {{increase}}8.23 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,311 |percentage = 71.58% |change = {{increase}}5.20 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 197,196}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,668 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.12 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.80 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,033 |percentage = 51.16% |change = {{increase}}7.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narasimha Nayak (Raju Gowda)]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 60,958 |percentage = 47.95% |change = {{increase}}45.13 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraj Malleshi |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 8,239 |percentage = 6.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanagouda Bhimarayagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,250 |percentage = 2.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madangopal Nayak |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,249 |percentage = 2.56% |change = {{decrease}}44.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandkumar Malipatil |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 2,005 |percentage = 1.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhulinga Siddapur. J |party = Independent politician |votes = 993 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 985 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,075 |percentage = 3.21% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,244 |percentage = 66.38% |change = {{increase}}7.25 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,118}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,323 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.92 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.79 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narasimha Nayak (Raju Gowda)]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,542 |percentage = 47.37% |change = {{increase}}42.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,961 |percentage = 43.79% |change = {{increase}}7.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girijamma |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,601 |percentage = 2.82% |change = {{decrease}}15.00 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somanna Biradar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,929 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Rao Nayak |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,835 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Ramappa Nayak. J. G |party = Independent politician |votes = 804 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanagouda Bommanalli |party = Independent politician |votes = 774 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,581 |percentage = 3.58% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,831 |percentage = 59.13% |change = {{decrease}}0.74 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,800}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,176 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.65 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Kannada Nadu Party |swing = {{increase}}8.74 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Narasimha Nayak (Raju Gowda)]] |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 43,608 |percentage = 38.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,733 |percentage = 36.08% |change = {{decrease}}10.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna Mangihal |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 20,117 |percentage = 17.82% |change = {{increase}}15.83 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venugopal Naik Sugappa. J |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,657 |percentage = 5.01% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghanshamdas Tiwari |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,770 |percentage = 2.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,875 |percentage = 2.55% |change = {{decrease}}18.35 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,885 |percentage = 59.87% |change = {{decrease}}2.11 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,885}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,559 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.08 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Kannada Nadu Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.72 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,351 |percentage = 46.35% |change = {{increase}}28.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna Mangihal |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,901 |percentage = 25.45% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Madan Gopal Nayak |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,195 |percentage = 20.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venugopal Naik Sugappa. J |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,273 |percentage = 4.37% |change = {{decrease}}5.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ninganna Chinchodi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,946 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghanshamdas Tiwari |party = Independent politician |votes = 945 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,450 |percentage = 20.90% |change = {{increase}}14.56 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,441 |percentage = 61.98% |change = {{increase}}0.37 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,852}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,589 |percentage = 4.48% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,287 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.99 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |swing = {{increase}}8.16 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Raja Venkatappa Naik]] |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 34,078 |percentage = 38.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Diwan Shivanna Mangihal |party = Janata Dal |votes = 28,419 |percentage = 31.85% |change = {{increase}}10.97 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Madan Gopal Nayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,213 |percentage = 18.17% |change = {{decrease}}22.24 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Venkatappa Naik (Tata) S/o Raja Pid Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,066 |percentage = 10.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ayyanna Saibanna Halbhavi |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 938 |percentage = 1.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,659 |percentage = 6.34% |change = {{decrease}}10.05 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,588 |percentage = 61.61% |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,224}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,364 |percentage = 3.63% |change = {{decrease}}2.80 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,271 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.25 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.22 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Madan Gopal Nayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,545 |percentage = 40.41% |change = {{increase}}0.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna Mangihal |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,156 |percentage = 24.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neelakantraya |party = Janata Dal |votes = 15,778 |percentage = 20.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavantraygouda |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 11,101 |percentage = 14.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,389 |percentage = 16.39% |change = {{increase}}14.30 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,774 |percentage = 59.26% |change = {{increase}}5.45 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,580}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,194 |percentage = 6.43% |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,295 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.83 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.45 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Madan Gopal Nayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,411 |percentage = 39.96% |change = {{decrease}}14.00 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna Mangihal |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,238 |percentage = 37.87% |change = {{increase}}14.73 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Pidda Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,261 |percentage = 16.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mareppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,245 |percentage = 2.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Kumar Gadagade |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 906 |percentage = 1.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumappa Talwar |party = Independent politician |votes = 521 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,173 |percentage = 2.09% |change = {{decrease}}28.73 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,830 |percentage = 53.81% |change = {{increase}}0.62 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,077}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,753 |percentage = 3.03% |change = {{decrease}}2.03 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,463 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.36 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.00 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Madan Gopal Nayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,062 |percentage = 53.96% |change = {{increase}}42.78 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Pidda Naik |party = Janata Party |votes = 11,177 |percentage = 23.14% |change = {{decrease}}13.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Venkatappa Naik Raja Kumar Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,062 |percentage = 22.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,885 |percentage = 30.82% |change = {{increase}}15.73 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,873 |percentage = 53.19% |change = {{decrease}}3.27 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,301}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,572 |percentage = 5.06% |change = {{decrease}}0.17 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,645 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.60 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}2.00 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Kumar Naik |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,201 |percentage = 51.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Pidda Naik |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,461 |percentage = 36.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivappa Basappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,992 |percentage = 11.18% |change = {{decrease}}17.15 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,740 |percentage = 15.09% |change = {{decrease}}10.76 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,119 |percentage = 56.46% |change = {{increase}}10.55 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,654}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,465 |percentage = 5.23% |change = {{increase}}5.23 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,457 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.49 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}2.22 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Pidnaik Raja Krishtappa Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,541 |percentage = 54.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abbas Ali |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,648 |percentage = 28.33% |change = {{decrease}}53.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahant Swami |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 5,341 |percentage = 17.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,893 |percentage = 25.85% |change = {{decrease}}37.56 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,068 |percentage = 45.91% |change = {{increase}}2.94 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,530}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,847 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.46 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}27.52 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Pidnaik Raja Krishtappa Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,117 |percentage = 81.70% |change = {{increase}}52.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Wahed |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,505 |percentage = 18.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,612 |percentage = 63.41% |change = {{increase}}22.13 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,688 |percentage = 42.97% |change = {{decrease}}9.47 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,622}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,110 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.67 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{increase}}11.06 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Pidnaik Raja Krishtappa Naik |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 18,841 |percentage = 70.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharmrao Sharnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,830 |percentage = 29.36% |change = {{decrease}}30.01 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,011 |percentage = 41.28% |change = {{increase}}22.54 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,430 |percentage = 52.44% |change = {{increase}}0.50 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,671}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,121 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.21 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.27 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kumar Naik Venkatappa Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,561 |percentage = 59.37% |change = {{increase}}6.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahant Swami |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,650 |percentage = 40.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,911 |percentage = 18.74% |change = {{increase}}6.35 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,211 |percentage = 51.94% |change = {{increase}}14.99 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,211}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,463 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.45 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.56 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Shorapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kollur Mallappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,428 |percentage = 52.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahant Swami |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,217 |percentage = 40.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,207 |percentage = 6.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,211 |percentage = 12.39% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,852 |percentage = 36.95% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,852}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,312 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Yadgir district]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|16.52|76.76|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Yadgir district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagatsinghpur_Assembly_constituency&diff=505123Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:26:39Z<p>KristyThacker77: put up a biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Jagatsinghpur}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jagatsinghpur<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| constituency_no = 104<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = 104-Jagatsinghpur.svg<br />
| map_caption = Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency in [[Jagatsinghpur district]]<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| division = Central Division<br />
| district = [[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Jagatsinghpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jagatsinghpur]]<br />
| established = 1961<br />
| reservation = None <br />
| incumbent_image = Amarendra Das.jpg<br />
| mla = [[Amarendra Das]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 2,20,988{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jagatsinghpur''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Jagatsinghpur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=104|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009|work= empoweringindia.org|quote= Constituency: Jagatsinghpur (104) District: Jagatsinghpur|accessdate= 14 April 2014|archive-date= 19 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140419051219/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=104|url-status= usurped}}</ref><br />
<br />
This constituency includes [[Jagatsinghpur|Jagatsinghpur (M)]], Jagatsinghpur block and Naugaon block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Elected members==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp38.htm|title= 38 - Jagatsinghpur Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 16 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|54.34}}<br />
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.29}}<br />
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.34}}<br />
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|50.64}}<br />
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.72}}<br />
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|65.87}}<br />
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|48.71}}<br />
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|65.36}}<br />
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.16}}<br />
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|43.91}}<br />
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|54.62}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1959. It was a 2-member constituency for 1957.<ref name="byElections1952-95">{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
List of members elected from Jagatsinghpur constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Jatatsinghpur Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/jagatsinghpur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 18 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jagatsinghpur Assembly Election Results 2024: Jagatsinghpur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/jagatsinghpur-constituency-result-18104 |access-date=2025-06-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Amarendra Das]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners">{{Cite news |last=Zee News |date=24 May 2019 |title=Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners |url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108183944/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/odisha-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205899.html |archive-date=8 November 2022 |access-date=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|[[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
|[[Chiranjib Biswal]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" /><br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Bishnu Charan Das]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Krushna Chandra Mallick<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Kanduri Charan Mallik<br />
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Lakshman Mallick]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|Kanduri Charan Mallik<br />
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br />
|Priyanath Dey<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|1959 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Nilamani Pradhan}}<br />
|Bira Kishore Das<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br />
|Nilamani Pradhan<br />
|-<br />
|Kanduri Charan Mallik<br />
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br />
|Nilamani Pradhan<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507223908/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |archive-date=7 May 2024 |access-date=29 May 2024 |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Amarendra Das]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]] by a margin of 22,138 votes.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Jagatsinghpur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Amarendra Das]] <br />
|votes = 92,555<br />
|percentage = 54.34<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]]|votes=70,417|percentage=41.34|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pratima Mallick|votes=5,932|percentage=3.48|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=402|percentage=0.24|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=22,138|percentage=13.00|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,70,334|percentage=77.08|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Chiranjib Biswal]] by a margin of 8,642 votes.<ref name="election2019" /><ref name="Odisha Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Jagatsinghpur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Prasanta Kumar Muduli]]<br />
|votes = 70,116<br />
|percentage = 43.29<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Chiranjib Biswal]]<br />
|votes = 61,474<br />
|percentage = 37.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Satyabrata Mohapatra<br />
|votes = 28,639 <br />
|percentage = 17.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 584<br />
|percentage = 0.36<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 8,642<br />
|percentage = 5.34<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,61,969<br />
|percentage = 75.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Chiranjib Biswal]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bishnu Charan Das]] by a margin of 2,888 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jagatsinghpur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Jagatsinghpur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18104.htm?ac=104|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=31 May 2014|archive-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531144406/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18104.htm?ac=104|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Jagatsinghpur (104)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=104|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531163517/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=104|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Chiranjib Biswal]]<br />
|votes = 67,067<br />
|percentage = 43.34<br />
|change = {{up}}0.28<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Bishnu Charan Das]]<br />
|votes = 64,179<br />
|percentage = 41.47<br />
|change = {{down}}9.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Satyabrata Mohapatra<br />
|votes = 8,844<br />
|percentage = 5.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Pratap Kumar Mishra<br />
|votes = 7,058<br />
|percentage = 4.56<br />
|change = {{up}}0.9<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 568<br />
|percentage = 0.37<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 2,888<br />
|percentage = 0.18<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,54,757<br />
|percentage = 79.8<br />
|change = {{up}}9.8<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 1,93,927<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bishnu Charan Das]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Chiranjib Biswal]] by a margin of 10,077 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=10077 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Jagatsinghpur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Bishnu Charan Das]]<br />
|votes = 67,299<br />
|percentage = 50.64<br />
|change = {{down}}1.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Chiranjib Biswal]]<br />
|votes = 57,222<br />
|percentage = 43.06<br />
|change = {{up}}2.82<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Upendranath Biswal<br />
|votes = 4,864<br />
|percentage = 3.66<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 10,077<br />
|percentage = 7.58{{efn|%of total valid votes}}<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,33,017<br />
|percentage = 70.00<br />
|change = {{down}}1.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 1,90,024<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Jagatsinghpur district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}<br />
{{coord|20.26|86.17|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Jagatsinghpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahui_language&diff=459132Brahui language2026-03-28T18:17:22Z<p>KristyThacker77: basic improve details to improve readability also and corrected details for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Dravidian language spoken in Pakistan and Afghanistan}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Brahui<br />
| nativename = {{lang|brh|{{nq|براہوئی}}}}<br />
| region = [[Balochistan]]<br />
| states = [[Pakistan]]<ref name="e26" /><br />
| map = Dravidian map.svg<br />
| pronunciation = {{IPA|to|bɾaːhuiː|}}<br />
| mapcaption = Brahui is geographically isolated from other Dravidian languages, spoken by a Baloch tribal confederacy.{{sfn|Dashti|2012|p=129}}<br />
| ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahuis]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkzEEAAAQBAJ&dq=brahui+people+a+ethnic+group&pg=PA47|title= Ethnic groups South Asia and the Pacific|author=James B. Minahan|year=2012|language=English|page=47|publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn= 978-1-59884-660-7|access-date=22 October 2025}}</ref><br />
| speakers = {{sigfig|2.795000|2}} million<br />
| date = 1980–2017 Census<br />
| ref = e26<br />
| familycolor = Dravidian<br />
| fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]]<br />
| script = [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Brahui alphabet]])<br />
{{Collapsible list|titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title = Other scripts|<br />
|[[Latin script]] ([[Brolikva]])<br />
}}<br />
| iso3 = brh<br />
| glotto = brah1256<br />
| glottorefname = Brahui<br />
| image = Brahui language.png<br />
| imagecaption = The word ''Brahui'' written in the [[Nastaliq script]]<br />
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg<br />
| mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.<br />
| agency = Department of Brahui, [[University of Balochistan]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Brahui'''<ref name="University of Balochistan" /> ({{IPA|brh|braːhʋiː, braːhu.iː|lang}}, {{IPA|en|bɹəˈhuːi|lang}} {{respell|brə|HOO|ee}};<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref> {{langx|brh|{{nq|براہوئی}}|links=no}}; also romanised as '''Brahvi''' or '''Brohi''') is a [[Dravidian language]] which is primarily spoken in central and southern parts of the [[Pakistan]]i province of [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], with smaller communities in [[Sistan and Baluchestan province|Iranian Baluchestan]], [[Balochistan, Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]] (around [[Merv]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=18 February 2017}}</ref> Expatriate Brahui communities also exist in [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Brahui is geographically isolated from other Dravidian languages, with the nearest being over {{convert|1500|km}} away in [[South India]].{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} The [[Kalat District|Kalat]], [[Khuzdar District|Khuzdar]], [[Mastung District|Mastung]], [[Quetta District|Quetta]], [[Bolan District|Bolan]], [[Nasirabad District|Nasirabad]], [[Nushki District|Nushki]], and [[Kharan District|Kharan]] districts of Balochistan Province are predominantly Brahui-speaking.<br />
<br />
Brahui is the only Dravidian language that is primarily written in the [[Arabic script]]. It is also written in the [[Latin script]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The origin of the word "Brahui" is uncertain.<ref name="IranicaNoQuote">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1989 |title=BRAHUI |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4 |publisher= |location= |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui |last=Elfenbein |first=Josef |editor-last= |editor-first= |editor-link= |pages=433–443 |isbn= |authorlink=}}</ref> Mikhail Andronov hypothesised a derivation from Dravidian (lit. Northern hillmen). However, Josef Elfenbein found it unconvincing and hypothesised a derivation from [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (Jaṭki) ''brāhō'', referring to the prophet ''[[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]]''; the term perhaps served to distinguish the neo-Muslim nomadic pastoralists — who had migrated into [[Sindh]] from the Western Deccan {{circa|a millennium}} ago and adopted Islam.<ref name="IranicaNoQuote" /><br />
<br />
==Distribution==<br />
[[File:Brahui-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.6|<br />
<div style="text-align: center">The proportion of people with Brahui as their [[mother tongue]] in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]]</div>]]<br />
[[File:Distribution of Brahui as a first, second, and third largest mother tongue by district in Pakistan.jpg|thumb|Brahui as a first, second, and third largest mother tongue by district.<br />
]]<br />
Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani [[Balochistan]], mainly in the [[Kalat District|Kalat]], [[Khuzdar District|Khuzdar]] and [[Mastung District|Mastung]] districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighboring districts, as well as in [[Afghanistan]] which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of the ethnic group [[language attrition|no longer speak]] Brahui.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} There are also an unknown (but very small) number of expatriate Brahuis in the Arab States of the [[Persian Gulf]], and Turkmenistan.<ref name="books.google.nl" /><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
There is no consensus as to whether Brahui is a relatively recent language introduced into Balochistan or the remnant of a formerly more widespread Dravidian language family. According to Josef Elfenbein (1989), the most common theory is that the Brahui were part of a [[proto-Dravidian people|Dravidian]] migration into north-western parts of the [[Pakistan]] in the 3rd millennium BC, but unlike other Dravidians who migrated to the south, they remained in Sarawan and Jahlawan since before 2000 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui|title=BRAHUI – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=www.iranicaonline.org}}</ref> However, some other scholars see it as a recent migrant language to its present region. They postulate that Brahui could only have migrated to Balochistan from [[central India]] after 1000 AD. This is contradicted by genetic evidence that shows the Brahui population to be indistinguishable from neighbouring Balochi speakers, and genetically distant from central Dravidian speakers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pagani |first1=Luca |last2=Colonna |first2=Vincenza |last3=Tyler-Smith |first3=Chris |last4=Ayub |first4=Qasim |title=An Ethnolinguistic and Genetic Perspective on the Origins of the Dravidian-Speaking Brahui in Pakistan |journal=Man in India |date=2017 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=267–278 |pmid=28381901 |pmc=5378296}}</ref> Others claimed that Brahui was a Dravidian language spoken by the indigenous people of Kalat valley, and was later adopted by Baloch tribes who spoke Balochi and Brahui tribes who at the time spoke a language known as Kurdgali.<ref>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936: Volume 1, 1987, pp. 680</ref> The main Iranian contributor to Brahui vocabulary, [[Balochi language|Balochi]], is a [[Northwestern Iranian language]], and moved to the area from the west only around 1000 AD.{{sfn|Witzel|2008|p=1}}{{sfn|Elfenbein|1987}} One scholar places the migration as late as the 13th or 14th century.{{sfn|Sergent|1997|pp=129–130}} The Brahui lexicon is believed to be of: 35% Perso-Arabic origin, 20% Balochi origin, 20% Indo-Aryan origin, 15% Dravidian origin, and 10% unknown origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bashir |first=Elena |title=A contrastive analysis of Brahui and Urdu |date=1991 |publisher=Academy for Educational Development |oclc=31900835}}</ref>{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=27}} The Brahui language, with all dialects, was called Kurdi or Kurdgali, after the [[Kūrd|Kurd]] tribe, with Brahui becoming used more after the British colonization.<ref>Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore: Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore, Sabir Badal Khan, pp. 115</ref><br />
<br />
[[David W. McAlpin]] and [[Franklin Southworth]] proposed that Brahui is not a Dravidian language, but can be linked with the remaining Dravidian languages and [[Elamite language|Elamite]] to form the "[[Elamo-Dravidian languages|Zagrosian family]]," which originated in Southwest Asia (southern Iran) and was widely distributed in South Asia and parts of eastern West Asia before the Indo-Aryan migration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McAlpin |first1=David |title=Modern Colloquial Eastern Elamite |journal=Al-Burz |date=2022 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=64–123 |doi=10.54781/abz.v14i1.370 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Southworth 2012">{{cite journal |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |year=2011 |title=Rice in Dravidian and its linguistic implications |journal=Rice |volume=4 |pages=142–148 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9076-9 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dialects==<br />
There are no important dialectal differences. Jhalawani (southern, centered on [[Khuzdar]]) and Sarawani (northern, centered on [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]]) dialects are distinguished by the pronunciation of *h, which is retained only in the north (Elfenbein 1997).<br />
Brahui has been influenced by the [[Iranian languages]] spoken in the area, including [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]] and [[Pashto]].{{sfn|Emeneau|1962|p={{Page needed|date=September 2010}}}}<br />
<br />
==Phonology==<br />
Brahui vowels show a partial length distinction between long {{IPA|/aː eː iː oː uː/}} and [[diphthong]]s {{IPA|/aɪ̯ aʊ̯/}} and short {{IPA|/a i u/}}. Brahui does not have short /e, o/ due to influence from neighbouring Indo-Aryan and Iranic languages, the PD short *e was replaced by a, ē and i, and ∗o by ō, u and a in root syllables.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=118}} However, some older sources, such as by Denys Bray, claimed that Brahui has had a short {{IPA|/e/}}, in addition to its long counterpart.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+[[Vowels]]<br />
!<br />
![[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
![[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
![[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
![[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
|({{IPA link|e}}) {{IPA link|eː}}<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|o|oː}}<br />
|-<br />
![[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Brahui consonants show patterns of retroflexion but lack the [[Aspirated consonant|aspiration]] distinctions found in surrounding languages and include several [[fricatives]] such as the [[voiceless lateral fricative]] {{IPA|[ɬ]}}, a sound not otherwise found in the region.{{sfn|Bashir|2016|p=274}}<br />
Consonants are also very similar to those of Balochi, but Brahui has more fricatives and nasals (Elfenbein 1993).<br />
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center<br />
|+[[Consonants]]<br />
!<br />
!colspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
!colspan=2|[[Dental consonant|Dental]]{{break}}[[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]<br />
!colspan=2|[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br />
!colspan=2|[[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato-{{break}}alveolar]]<br />
!colspan=2|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
!colspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
|style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|m}}<br />
|style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|n}}<br />
|style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|ɳ}}<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|({{IPA link|ŋ}})<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|-<br />
![[Stop consonant|Stop]]<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|p}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|b}}<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|t}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|d}}<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|ʈ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|ɖ}}<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|k}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|ɡ}}<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|ʔ}}||style=border-left:0|<br />
|-<br />
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|f}}||style=border-left:0|<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|s}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|z}}<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|ʃ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|ʒ}}<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|x}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|ɣ}}<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|h}}||style=border-left:0|<br />
|-<br />
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|style=border-right:0|{{IPA link|ɬ}}||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|l}}<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|-<br />
![[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|ɾ}}<br />
|style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|ɽ}}<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|-<br />
![[Glide consonant|Glide]]<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|j}}<br />
|style=border-right:0| ||style=border-left:0|{{IPA link|w}}<br />
|colspan=2|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* {{IPA|[h]}} of north corresponds to a glottal stop of south initially and intervocalically. Before a C in word-final position it is lost. Non-phonemic glottal stop before word-initial vowels, e.g. hust (N), ʔust (S) 'heart'.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=77}}<br />
* {{IPA|[ɬ]}} and {{IPA|[l]}} vary freely in many cases; contrast is limited to two or three items. Conditions for the emergence of {{IPA|[ɬ]}} are not clear.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=77}}<br />
* {{IPA|/ɽ/}} does not occur word-initially. {{IPA|/r/}} → {{IPA|/ɽ/}} before {{IPA|/t d s z/}} in northern Brahui (Elfenbein 1998: 394), e.g. xūrt → xūṛt 'tiny'.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=77}}<br />
* The consonants {{IPA|[p t k]}} freely alternate with aspirated counterparts in the northeast. Aspirated stops word-initially occur in loanwords in the south, where they freely vary with unaspirated stops.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=77}}<br />
* {{IPA|[ŋ]}} occurs before velar stops {{IPA|/k, g/}}.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=58}}<br />
* Brahui preserves the PD laryngeal *{{IPA|/H/}} as {{IPA|/h/}} in some words e.g. PD. *caH- ~ *ceH- > Br. kah-.{{sfn|Krishnamurti|2003|p=118}}<br />
<br />
===Stress===<br />
Stress in Brahui follows a quantity-based pattern, occurring either on the first long vowel or diphthong, or on the first syllable if all vowels are short.<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
===Verbal morphology===<br />
Below is the paradigm of the simple verb uŧ "to be" in Brahui:<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Present <br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! colspan="2" | Affirmative<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st person<br />
| ''uŧ''<br />
| ''un''<br />
| ''affaŧ''<br />
| ''affan''<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd person<br />
| ''us''<br />
| ''ure''<br />
| ''affés''<br />
| ''affére''<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd person<br />
| ''é''<br />
| ''o''<br />
| ''affak''<br />
| ''affas''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Past<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! colspan="2" | Affirmative<br />
! colspan="2" | Negative<br />
|-<br />
!<br />
! Singular<br />
! Plural<br />
! Singular <br />
! Plural<br />
|-<br />
! 1st person<br />
| ''assuŧ''<br />
| ''assun''<br />
| ''allavaŧ''<br />
| ''allavan''<br />
|-<br />
! 2nd person<br />
| ''assus''<br />
| ''assure''<br />
| ''allavés''<br />
| ''allavére''<br />
|-<br />
! 3rd person<br />
| ''ass''<br />
| ''assur/asso''<br />
| colspan="2" | ''allav''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Similarly, regular finite verbs exhibit two paradigmatic series affirmative vs negative. Below is the schematic overview of fully finite, non-negated paradigm of the verb ''bar'' ("to come").<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Fully finite, non-negated, first person singular of the root ''bar'' ("to come")<br />
|-<br />
! <br />
! Form<br />
! Example<br />
! Meaning<br />
|-<br />
! Future/Present<br />
| Σ-i/e-{{gcl|PERS}}/{{gcl|NUM}}-a<br />
| bar-e-v-a <br />
| "I come"<br />
|-<br />
! Future<br />
| Σ-o-uŧ<br />
| bar-o-ŧ<br />
| "will come"<br />
|-<br />
! Past<br />
| Σ.{{gcl|PST}}-{{gcl|PERS}}/{{gcl|NUM}}<br />
| bass-uŧ<br />
| "I came"<br />
|-<br />
! Past Conditional<br />
| Σ-os-uŧ<br />
| bar-os-uŧ<br />
| "If I had come"<br />
|-<br />
! Imperfect<br />
| Σ.{{gcl|PST}}-{{gcl|PERS}}/{{gcl|NUM}}-a<br />
| bass-uŧ-a<br />
| "I was coming"<br />
|-<br />
! Perfect<br />
| Σ.{{gcl|PST}}-n-uŧ<br />
| bass-un-uŧ<br />
| "I have come"<br />
|-<br />
! Pluperfect<br />
| Σ.{{gcl|PST}}-s-uŧ<br />
| bass-us-uŧ<br />
| "I had come"<br />
|-<br />
! Subjunctive<br />
| Σ-e/i-{{gcl|PERS}}/{{gcl|NUM}}<br />
| bar-e-v<br />
| "I shall come"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Orthography==<br />
Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script.<br />
<br />
===Arabic script===<br />
{{Infobox Writing system<br />
| name = Brahui<br />
| sample = BrahuiLam.svg<br />
| caption = Brahui has the rare letter "{{nq|[[ڷ]]}}" and is written in Nastaliq script.<br />
| type = Abjad<br />
| languages = Brahui language<br />
| time = 20th century - present<br />
| fam1 = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]<br />
| fam2 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]<br />
| fam3 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]<br />
| fam4 = [[Nabataean alphabet|Nabataean]]<br />
| fam5 = [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]<br />
| fam6 = [[Persian alphabet]]<br />
| fam7 = [[Urdu alphabet]]<br />
| unicode = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
Brahui has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=23 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=23 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other Dravidian languages have also been historically written in the Arabic script by the Muslim minority speakers of each respective language, namely [[Arwi|Arabi-Tamil]] and [[Arabi-Malayalam]].<br />
In Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing. Brahui orthography is unique in having the letter 'ڷ', representing the sound {{IPAblink|ɬ}}. Table below presents the letters adopted for Brahui orthography:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Letter !! Latin equivalent !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/ɡ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|و}}}} || v, o, ú || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/u/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|brh|{{nq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Latin script===<br />
More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper ''[[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]''.<br />
<br />
Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103173656/https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=5 October 2023|archive-date=3 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4;text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
| [[A|Aa]]<br /> {{IPA|/ə/}}<br />
| [[I|Ii]]<br /> {{IPA|/ɪ/}}<br />
| [[U|Uu]]<br /> {{IPA|/ʊ/}}<br />
| [[E|Ee]]<br /> {{IPA|/eː/}}<br />
| [[O|Oo]]<br /> {{IPA|/oː/}}<br />
| [[K|Kk]]<br /> {{IPA|/k/}}<br />
| [[G|Gg]]<br /> {{IPA|/g/}}<br />
| [[X|Xx]]<br /> {{IPA|/x/}}<br />
| [[H|Hh]]<br /> {{IPA|/h/}}<br />
| [[P|Pp]]<br /> {{IPA|/p/}}<br />
| [[B|Bb]]<br /> {{IPA|/b/}}<br />
| [[F|Ff]]<br /> {{IPA|/f/}}<br />
| [[V|Vv]]<br /> {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}}<br />
| [[T|Tt]]<br /> {{IPA|/t/}}<br />
| [[D|Dd]]<br /> {{IPA|/d/}}<br />
| [[C|Cc]]<br /> {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}<br />
| [[S|Ss]]<br /> {{IPA|/s/}}<br />
| [[Z|Zz]]<br /> {{IPA|/z/}}<br />
| [[J|Jj]]<br /> {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}<br />
| [[M|Mm]]<br /> {{IPA|/m/}}<br />
| [[N|Nn]]<br /> {{IPA|/n/}} ({{IPA|/ŋ/}})<br />
| [[R|Rr]]<br /> {{IPA|/ɾ/}}<br />
| [[L|Ll]]<br /> {{IPA|/l/}}<br />
| [[Y|Yy]]<br /> {{IPA|/y/}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Á|Áá]]<br /> {{IPA|/aː/}}<br />
| [[Í|Íí]]<br /> {{IPA|/iː/}}<br />
| [[Ú|Úú]]<br /> {{IPA|/uː/}}<br />
|colspan="3" style="background:#EEE"| <br />
| [[Ģ|Ģģ]]<br /> {{IPA|/ɣ/}}<br />
|colspan="5" style="background:#EEE"| <br />
| ([[W|Ww]])<br /> {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}}<br />
| [[Ŧ|Ŧŧ]]<br /> {{IPA|/ʈ/}}<br />
| [[Đ|Đđ]]<br /> {{IPA|/ɖ/}}<br />
|style="background:#EEE"| <br />
| [[Ş|Şş]]<br /> {{IPA|/ʃ/}}<br />
| [[Ź|Źź]]<br /> {{IPA|/ʒ/}}<br />
|colspan="2" style="background:#EEE"| <br />
| [[Ń|Ńń]]<br /> {{IPA|/ɳ/}}<br />
| [[Ŕ|Ŕŕ]]<br /> {{IPA|/ɽ/}}<br />
| [[Ļ|Ļļ]]<br /> {{IPA|/ɬ/}}<br />
|style="background:#EEE"| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, the post-alveolar or retroflex consonants, and the voiced velar or voiceless alveolar fricatives.<br />
<br />
The native alphabetic order is: b á p í s y ş v (w) x e z ź ģ f ú m n l g c t ŧ r ŕ d o đ h j k a i u ń ļ<br />
<br />
==Sample text==<br />
<br />
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights===<br />
<br />
====English====<br />
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<br />
<br />
====Arabic script====<br />
{{nq|مُچَّا اِنسَاںک آجو او اِزَّت نَا رِد اَٹ بَرےبَر وَدِى مَسُّنو. اوفتے پُهِى او دَلِىل رَسےںگَانے. اَندَادے وفتے اَسِ اےلو تون اِىلُمِى اے وَدِّفوئِى اے.}}<ref name="Omniglot">{{cite web |last1=Ager |first1=Simon |title=Brahui |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/brahui.htm |website=Omniglot}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Latin script====<br />
Muccá insáńk ájo o izzat ná rid aŧ barebar vadí massuno. Ofte puhí o dalíl raseńgáne. andáde ofte asi elo ton ílumí e vaddifoí e.<ref name="Omniglot" /><br />
<br />
==Endangerment==<br />
According to a 2009 [[UNESCO]] report, Brahui is one of the 27 [[languages of Pakistan]] that are facing the danger of extinction. It was classified as "unsafe", the least endangered level out of the five levels of concern (Unsafe, Definitely Endangered, Severely Endangered, Critically Endangered and Extinct).{{sfn|Moseley|2009|p={{page needed|date=November 2020}}}} This status has since been renamed to "vulnerable".<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite book |year=2010 |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=Christopher |title=Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/ |series=Memory of Peoples |edition=3rd |location=Paris |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |isbn=978-92-3-104096-2 |access-date=11 April 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Publications===<br />
[[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]] is the first daily newspaper in the Brahui language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yousaf |first1=Muhammad |last2=Ali Sani |first2=Liaqat |date=2017 |title=Evolution of Brahui Journalism |url=http://web.uob.edu.pk/uob/Journals/Alburz/journals/Alburz-2017/eng/234-245%20Muhammad%20Yousaf.pdf |journal=Al-Burz |volume=9 |issue= |pages=234–245 |doi=10.54781/abz.v9i1.114 |issn=2071-9477 |access-date=19 February 2025 |via=web.uob.edu.pk}}</ref> It uses the new Roman orthography and is "an attempt to standardize and develop [the] Brahui language to meet the requirements of modern political, social and scientific discourse."<ref>{{citation|title=Haftaí Talár|url=http://www.talarpub.tk/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624214800/http://talarpub.tk/|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 June 2013|publisher=Talár Publications|access-date=29 June 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2010}}<br />
* {{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }}<br />
* Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986.<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dashti |first=Naseer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIjyLNpusbAC&pg=PA33 |title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State |date=2012 |publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=978-1-4669-5896-8}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }}<br />
* {{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}}<br />
* {{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780|url-access=subscription}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |series=Kleine Schriften von Michael Witzel |volume=13 |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{Cite book|last1=Kobayashi|first1=Masato|last2=Ali|first2=Liaquat|chapter=Asyndetic Conditional Clauses in Brahui |pages=|editor-last1=Amritavalli|editor-first1=R.|editor-last2=Narasimhan|editor-first2=Bhuvana|title=The Oxford Handbook of Dravidian Languages|date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19761-044-2|location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197610411.013.33}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Brahui Texts: Glossed and Translated Short Stories and Folktales |last1=Ali |first1=Liaquat |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Masato |series=Asian and African Lexicon |volume=66 |location=Tokyo |publisher=Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA); Tokyo University of Foreign Studies |date=2024 |isbn=9784863375321 |url=https://tufs.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2000650 |lang=Brahui, English}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Incubator|code= brh}}<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)]<br />
* [https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607085825/https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home |date=7 June 2012 }}<br />
* [https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114153726/https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost |date=14 November 2012 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui]<br />
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language]<br />
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]<br />
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{{Dravidian languages}}<br />
{{Languages of South Asia}}<br />
{{Languages of Afghanistan}}<br />
{{Languages of Pakistan}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}}<br />
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]<br />
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Iran]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Iraq]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Qatar]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Vulnerable languages]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bicameralism&diff=468805Bicameralism2026-03-28T02:55:07Z<p>KristyThacker77: minor edit</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Legislature with two chambers}}<br />
{{About|a form of legislature||Bicameralism (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Legislature}}<br />
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'''Bicameralism''' is a type of [[legislature]] that is divided into two separate [[Deliberative assembly|assemblies]], chambers, or houses, known as a '''bicameral legislature'''. Bicameralism is distinguished from [[unicameralism]], in which all members deliberate and vote as a single group. {{as of|2022}}, roughly 40% of the world's national legislatures are bicameral, while unicameralism represents 60% nationally and much more at the subnational level.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022 |title=IPU PARLINE database: Structure of parliaments |url=https://data.ipu.org/compare?field=country%3A%3Afield_structure_of_parliament#pie |access-date=25 October 2015 |website=ipu.org |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503232124/https://data.ipu.org/compare?field=country%3A%3Afield_structure_of_parliament#pie |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected by different methods, which vary from [[Jurisdiction (area)|jurisdiction]] to jurisdiction. This can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members.<br />
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[[Enactment of a bill|Enactment]] of [[primary legislation]] often requires a [[concurrent majority]]—the approval of a majority of members in each of the chambers of the legislature. When this is the case, the legislature may be called an example of '''perfect bicameralism'''. However, in many parliamentary and semi-presidential systems, the house to which the executive is [[Responsible government|responsible]] (e.g. [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK]] and [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] of [[French Parliament|France]]) can overrule the other house (e.g. [[House of Lords]] of the UK and [[Senate (France)|Senate]] of France) and may be regarded as an example of '''imperfect bicameralism'''. Some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house able to overrule the other only under certain circumstances.<br />
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==History of bicameral legislatures==<br />
[[File:Casas del Parlamento. Palacio de Westminster - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Palace of Westminster]], seat of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]]]]<br />
[[File:12-07-13-washington-by-RalfR-10.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Capitol]], seat of the [[United States Congress]]]]<br />
[[File:Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi (2).jpg|thumb|The [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|New Sansad Bhavan]], seat of the [[Parliament of India]]]]<br />
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===Significance of the British Parliament===<br />
<br />
{{Main|Parliament of the United Kingdom}}<br />
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The British Parliament is often referred to as the "[[Mother of Parliaments]]" (in fact a misquotation of [[John Bright]], who remarked in 1865 that "England is the Mother of Parliaments") because the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] has been the model for most other parliamentary systems, and its [[Act of Parliament|Act]]s have created many other parliaments.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Seidle|first1=F. Leslie|last2=Docherty|first2=David C.|title=Reforming parliamentary democracy|date=2003|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn=9780773525085|page=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6je60BF-3sC&pg=PA3}}</ref><br />
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The origins of British bicameralism can be traced to 1341, when the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter. This Upper Chamber became known as the [[House of Lords]] from 1544 onward, and the Lower Chamber became known as the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]], collectively known as the [[Houses of Parliament]].<br />
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===Debate in the founding of the United States===<br />
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{{Main|Federal government of the United States}}<br />
{{See also|Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States}}<br />
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The [[Founding Fathers of the United States]] also favoured a bicameral legislature. The idea was to have the upper chamber, the [[United States Senate|Senate]], be wealthier and wiser than the lower chamber, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. [[Benjamin Rush]] noted, however, that "this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence". The Senate was created to be a stabilising force, not elected by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more deliberate—a sort of republican nobility—and a counter to what [[James Madison]] saw as the "fickleness and passion" that could absorb the House.<ref name="HG1">{{cite web |title=The Constitutional Background – House of Representatives archives |url=http://archives.democrats.rules.house.gov/Archives/jcoc2br.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730195430/http://archives.democrats.rules.house.gov/Archives/jcoc2br.htm |archive-date=30 July 2015 |access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref><br />
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He noted further that "The use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with more system and with more wisdom, than the popular branch." Madison's argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, and caution were deemed especially important.<ref name="HG1" /> Accordingly, state legislators initially chose the Senate; this lasted until 1913, after which the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|17th amendment]] required Senators be elected by popular vote.<ref name="HG1" /> As part of the [[Connecticut Compromise]], the Founding Fathers invented a new rationale for bicameralism in the context of [[Federalism in the United States|federalism]]. The Senate would have exactly two delegates per [[U.S. State|state]], and the House would have representatives by relative populations.<br />
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===Rise of the Commonwealth===<br />
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{{See also|Commonwealth of Nations}}<br />
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Many monarchies then followed, and to some degree emulated, the British "three-tier" model.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Julian Go |title=Constitutionalism and political reconstruction |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004151741 |editor1-last=Arjomand |editor1-first=Saïd Amir |pages=92–94 |chapter=A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYmmnYKEvE0C&pg=PA94}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2013 |title=How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/how-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190945/http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/features/how-the-westminster-parliamentary-system-was-exported-around-the-world |archive-date=16 December 2013 |access-date=16 December 2013 |publisher=University of Cambridge}}</ref> In the 20th century most countries in Europe and the Commonwealth abolished the monarchy, and the upper house. Often a largely ceremonial [[head of state]] who formally opens and closes parliament was introduced, a larger house representing the population, and a smaller house mostly representing the regions was established.<ref>{{Cite book |last=LIJPHART |first=AREND |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1ww3w2t |title=Democracies |date=1984-09-10 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1ww3w2t |isbn=978-0-300-23620-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tsebelis |first1=George |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511609350 |title=Bicameralism |last2=Money |first2=Jeannette |date=1997-06-13 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511609350 |isbn=978-0-521-58972-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Anwar |last2=Watts |first2=Ronald L. |date=March 1999 |title=Comparing Federal Systems in the 1990s |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3551415 |journal=Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=152 |doi=10.2307/3551415 |jstor=3551415 |issn=0317-0861|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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==Rationale for bicameralism and criticism==<br />
{{Blockquote|text=A formidable sinister interest may always obtain the complete command of a dominant assembly by some chance and for a moment, and it is therefore of great use to have a second chamber of an opposite sort, differently composed, in which that interest in all likelihood will not rule.|author=[[Walter Bagehot]]|source="[[The English Constitution]]" (1867), in Norman St John-Stevas, ed., ''The Collected Works of Walter Bagehot'', London, The Economist, vol. 5, pp. 273–274.}}<br />
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[[Federation|Federal states]] have often adopted it as an awkward compromise between existing power held equally by each state or territory and a more democratic proportional legislature.<ref name=":42">{{cite book | last = Wirls | first = D. | title = The Senate : From White Supremacy to Governmental Gridlock | publisher = University of Virginia Press | date = 2021 | isbn = 978-0-8139-4689-4}}</ref> For states considering a different constitutional arrangement that may shift power to new groupings, bicameralism could be demanded by currently hegemonic groups who would otherwise prevent any structural shift (e.g. military dictatorships, aristocracies).<br />
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The growing awareness of the complexity of the notion of representation and the multi-functional nature of modern legislatures may be affording incipient new rationales for second chambers, though these do generally remain contested institutions in ways that first chambers are not. An example of political controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the [[Senate of Canada]] or the election of the [[Senate of France]].<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.liberation.fr/politiques/010132156-senat-le-triomphe-de-l-anomalie Liberation.fr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928055906/http://www.liberation.fr/politiques/010132156-senat-le-triomphe-de-l-anomalie |date=28 September 2012 }}, Sénat, le triomphe de l'anomalie</ref> Bicameral legislatures as a result have been trending down for some time with [[Unicameralism|unicameral]], proportional legislatures seen as more democratic and effective.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Wirls |first=Daniel |title=The invention of the United States Senate |date=2004 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |others=Stephen Wirls |isbn=0-8018-7438-6 |location=Baltimore |oclc=51878651}}</ref><br />
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The relationship between the two chambers varies: in some cases, they have equal power, while in others, one chamber (the directly elected lower house with proportional representation<ref name=":42" />) is clearly superior in its powers. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments. The second tends to be the case in unitary states with [[parliamentary system]]s. Two streams of thought exist: critics believe bicameralism makes meaningful political reforms more difficult to achieve and increases the risk of gridlock—particularly in cases where both chambers have similar powers—while proponents argue the merits of the "[[checks and balances]]" provided by the bicameral model, which they believe help prevent ill-considered legislation.<br />
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==Communication between houses==<br />
Formal communication between houses is by various methods, including:<ref name="Odgers">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Odgers_Australian_Senate_Practice/Chapter_21#h02 |chapter=Chapter 21: Relations with the House of Representatives |publisher=Parliament of Australia |title=Odgers' Australian Senate Practice |edition=14th |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518084044/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Odgers_Australian_Senate_Practice/Chapter_21#h02 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
;Sending messages: Formal notices, such as of [[resolution (law)|resolution]]s or the passing of bills, usually done in writing, via the [[Clerk (legislature)|clerk]] and [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] of each house.<br />
;Transmission: of bills or amendment to bills requiring agreement from the other house.<br />
;[[Joint session]]: a [[plenary session]] of both houses at the same time and place.<br />
;[[Joint committee (legislative)|Joint committees]]:which may be formed by committees of each house agreeing to join, or by joint resolution of each house. The [[United States Congress]] has [[United States congressional conference committee|conference committee]]s to resolve discrepancies between House and Senate versions of a bill, similar to "Conferences" in Westminster parliaments.<br />
;Conferences:Conferences of the Houses of the English (later British) Parliament met in the [[Painted Chamber]] of the [[Palace of Westminster]].<ref name="Jones2014">{{cite journal|last=Jones|first=Clyve|year=2014|title=Accommodation in the Painted Chamber for Conferences between the Lords and the Commons from 1600 to 1834|journal=Parliamentary History|volume=33|issue=2|pages=342–357|issn=0264-2824|doi=10.1111/1750-0206.12100}}</ref> Historically there were two distinct types: "ordinary" and "free". The British Parliament last held an ordinary conference in 1860—its elaborate procedure yielding to the simpler sending of messages. A free conference resolves a dispute through "managers" meeting less formally in private. The last free conference at Westminster was in 1836 on an amendment to the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]];<ref>Blayden 2017 p.6; {{cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1836/aug/11/free-conference-municipal-corporations|title=Free Conference—Municipal Corporations' Act Amendment (, )|date=11 August 1836|work=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]|pages=HC Deb vol 35 cc1125–7|no-pp=y|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312065113/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1836/aug/11/free-conference-municipal-corporations|url-status=live}}</ref> the previous one had been in 1740—with not much more success than ordinary conferences, the free type yielded to the greater transparency of messages.<ref>Blayden 2017 p.6; {{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol25/pp518-526|title=Managers for the Free Conference, on the Bill to prevent Commerce with Spain.|date=22–24 April 1740|work=House of Lords Journal|publisher=British History Online|pages=Volume 25, pp.518–526|no-pp=y|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033241/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/lords-jrnl/vol25/pp518-526|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Parliament of Australia]] there have been two formal conferences, in 1930 and 1931, but many informal conferences.<ref name="Odgers" /><ref name="BlaydenPLPP">{{cite web|url=https://www.aspg.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BlaydenPLPP-Research-Essay-Free-Conferences-in-New-South-Wales.pdf|title=Do free conferences have a place in the present-day NSW Parliament?|last=Blayden|first=Lynsey|date=September 2017|publisher=Australasian Study of Parliament Group|access-date=19 February 2018|archive-date=20 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033243/https://www.aspg.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/BlaydenPLPP-Research-Essay-Free-Conferences-in-New-South-Wales.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2007}} the "Conference of Managers" remains the usual procedure for dispute resolution in the [[Parliament of South Australia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crump|first=Rick|date=Spring 2007|title=Why the conference procedure remains the preferred method for resolving disputes between the two houses of the South Australian Parliament|journal=Australasian Parliamentary Review|volume=22|issue=2|pages=120–136 |citeseerx=10.1.1.611.7131}}</ref> In the [[Parliament of New South Wales]] in 2011, the [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] requested a free conference with the [[New South Wales Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] over a bill on graffiti; after a year the Council refused, describing the mechanism as archaic and inappropriate.<ref name="BlaydenPLPP" /> The two houses of the [[Parliament of Canada]] have also used conferences, but not since 1947 (although they retain the option).<br />
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==Examples of bicameralism at the national level==<br />
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===Federal===<br />
[[File:Webysther 20180212163207 - Congresso Nacional.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Congress of Brazil]], seat of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)|Chamber of Deputies]] and the [[Brazilian Senate|Federal Senate]]]]<br />
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Some countries, such as [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Germany]], [[India]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mexico]], [[Nepal]], [[Nigeria]], [[Pakistan]], [[Russia]], [[Switzerland]], and the [[United States]], link their bicameral systems to their [[federation|federal]] political structure.<br />
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In the United States, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Nepal for example, each state or province is given the same number of seats in one of the houses of the legislature, despite variance between the populations of the states or provinces.<br />
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====Australia====<br />
[[File:Parliament House - panoramio (7).jpg|thumb|right|The federal bicameral [[Parliament of Australia]], which contains a [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and a [[Australian Senate|Senate]]]]<br />
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The bicameral [[Parliament of Australia]] consists of two Houses: the [[lower house]] is called the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[upper house]] is named the [[Australian Senate|Senate]]. As of 31 August 2017,<ref name="AECannouncement31August2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.aec.gov.au/media/media-releases/2017/08-31.htm|title=Determination of membership entitlement to the House of Representatives|work=aec.gov.au|date=31 August 2017|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831130456/http://www.aec.gov.au/media/media-releases/2017/08-31.htm|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the lower house has 151 members, each elected from single-member constituencies, known as [[Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives|electoral divisions]] (commonly referred to as "electorates" or "seats") using full-preference [[instant-runoff voting]]. This tends to lead to the chamber being dominated by two major groups, the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]/[[National Party of Australia|National]] [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] and the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor Party]]. The government of the day must achieve the confidence of this House to gain and hold power.<br />
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The upper house, the Senate, is also popularly elected, under the [[single transferable vote]] system of [[proportional representation]]. There are a total of 76 senators: 12 senators are elected from each of the 6 [[Australian state]]s (regardless of population) and 2 from each of the 2 autonomous internal territories (the [[Australian Capital Territory]] and the [[Northern Territory]]). This makes the total number 76, i.e. 6×12 + 2×2.<br />
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In many respects, Australia is a unique hybrid with influences from the [[United States Constitution]], as well as from the traditions and conventions of the [[Westminster system]] and some indigenous features. Australia is exceptional in this sense because the government faces a fully elected upper house, the [[Australian Senate|Senate]], which must be willing to pass all its legislation. Although only the lower house, the House of Representatives, can hold a no-confidence vote against the government, in practice the support of the Senate is also necessary in order to govern. The Senate maintains the ability similar to that held by the British House of Lords, prior to the enactment of the [[Parliament Act 1911]], to block supply against the government of the day. A government that is unable to obtain supply can be dismissed by the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]]: however, this is generally considered a last resort and is a highly controversial decision to take, given the conflict between the traditional concept of confidence as derived from the lower house and the ability of the Senate to block supply (see [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis]]). Many political scientists have held that the [[Politics of Australia|Australian system of government]] was consciously devised as a blend or hybrid of the Westminster and the [[Federal Government of the United States|United States systems of government]], especially since the Australian Senate is a powerful upper house like the U.S. Senate; this notion is expressed in the nickname "the Washminster mutation".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Elaine |date=1980 |title=The 'Washminster' mutation |journal=Politics |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=32–40 |doi=10.1080/00323268008401755}}</ref><br />
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Unlike upper houses in most [[Westminster system|Westminster parliamentary systems]], the Australian Senate is vested with significant power, including the capacity to block legislation initiated by the government in the House of Representatives. This block can however be overridden in a [[Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament|joint sitting]] after a [[double dissolution]] election, at which the House of Representatives has the dominant numbers. As a result of proportional representation, the chamber features a multitude of parties vying for power. The governing party in the lower house rarely has a majority in the Senate, and so generally needs to negotiate with other parties and independents to get legislation passed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/pop34 |title=Papers on Parliament No. 34 Representation and Institutional Change: 50 Years of Proportional Representation in the Senate |date=1999 |access-date=23 February 2017 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003608/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/pops/pop34 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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This variant of bicameralism has also been further explored by Tarunabh Khaitan, who coined the phrase "Moderated Parliamentarism" to describe a parliamentary system with several distinctive features: mixed bicameralism, moderated (but distinct) electoral systems for each chamber, weighted multipartisanship, asynchronous electoral schedules, and deadlock resolution through conference committees.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Khaitan |first=Tarunabh |date=2021 |title=Balancing Accountability and Effectiveness: A Case for Moderated Parliamentarism |url=https://www.cjccl.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/6-Khaitan.pdf |journal=Canadian Journal of Comparative and Contemporary Law |volume=7 |pages=81–155 |access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref><br />
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====Canada====<br />
[[File:Mosaika display, Centre Block, Parliament Hill.jpeg|thumb|right|The federal bicameral [[Parliament of Canada]], which contains a [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] and a [[Senate of Canada|Senate]]]]<br />
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Canada's elected lower house, the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], comprises Members of Parliament (MPs) from single-member "ridings" based mainly on population (updated every 10 years using Census data). The Commons is democratically elected every four years (constitutionally up to five years). In contrast, in [[Senate of Canada|Canada's upper house]], Senators are appointed to serve until age 75 by the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] on the [[Advice (constitutional)|advice]] of the [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] through an [[Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments|Independent Advisory Board]] as of 2016.<br />
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The government (i.e. executive) is responsible to and must maintain the confidence of the elected House of Commons. Although the two chambers formally have many of the same powers, this accountability clearly makes the Commons dominant—determining which party is in power, approving its proposed budget, and (largely) the laws enacted. The Senate primarily acts as a chamber of revision: it rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons but does regularly amend them; such amendments respect each bill's purpose, so they are usually acceptable to the Commons. The Senate's power to investigate issues of concern to Canada can raise their profile (sometimes sharply) on voters' political agendas.<br />
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====Others====<br />
In German, Indian, and Pakistani systems, the upper houses (the [[Bundesrat of Germany|Bundesrat]], the [[Rajya Sabha]], and the [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] respectively) are even more closely linked with the federal system, being appointed or elected directly by the governments or legislatures of each [[States of Germany|German]] or [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]], or [[Provinces of Pakistan|Pakistani province]]. This was also the case in the United States before the [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Seventeenth Amendment]] was adopted. Because of this coupling to the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]], German legal doctrine does not treat the ''Bundesrat'' as the second chamber of a bicameral system formally. Rather, it sees the ''Bundesrat'' and the ''[[Bundestag]]'' as independent constitutional bodies. Only the directly elected ''Bundestag'' is considered the parliament.<ref>According to the ''[[Bundesverfassungsgericht]]'', BVerfGE 37, 363, Aktenzeichen 2 BvF 2, 3/73</ref> In the German [[Bundesrat of Germany|''Bundesrat'']], the various ''Länder'' have between three and six votes; thus, while the less populated states have a lower weight, they still have a stronger voting power than would be the case in a system based proportionately on population, as the [[North Rhine-Westphalia|most populous ''Land'']] currently has about 27 times the population of the [[Bremen (state)|least populous]]. The Indian upper house does not have the states represented equally, but on the basis of their population.<br />
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There is also bicameralism in countries that are not federations, but have upper houses with representation on a territorial basis. For example, in South Africa, the [[National Council of Provinces]] (and before 1997, the [[Senate of South Africa|Senate]]) has its members chosen by each [[Provinces of South Africa|province]]'s legislature.<br />
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In Spain, the [[Spanish Senate|Senate]] functions as a ''de facto'' territorially based upper house, and there has been some pressure from the [[Autonomous Communities]] to reform it into a strictly territorial chamber.<br />
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The [[European Union]] maintains a somewhat close to bicameral legislative system consisting of the [[European Parliament]], which is elected in elections on the basis of universal suffrage, and the [[Council of the European Union]], which consists of one representative for each government of member countries, who are competent for a relevant field of legislation. Though the European Union has a highly unusual character in terms of legislature, one could say that the closest point of equivalency lies within bicameral legislatures.<ref>European Union Politics, John McCormick, 3rd Edition</ref> The European Union is considered neither a country nor a state, but it enjoys the power to address national Governments in many areas.<br />
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===Aristocratic and post-aristocratic===<br />
In a few countries, bicameralism involves the juxtaposition of democratic and aristocratic elements.<br />
<br />
====House of Lords of the United Kingdom====<br />
[[File:House of Lords Chamber.png|thumb|The House of Lords chamber]]<br />
<br />
The best known example is the British [[House of Lords]], which includes a number of [[hereditary peer]]s. The House of Lords is a vestige of the aristocratic system that once predominated in British politics, while the other house, the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], is entirely elected. Over the years, some have proposed reforms to the House of Lords, some of which have been at least partly successful. The [[House of Lords Act 1999]] limited the number of hereditary peers (as opposed to [[life peer]]s, appointed by the [[British monarchy|Monarch]] on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]]) to 92, down from around 700. Of these 92, one is the [[Earl Marshal]], a hereditary office always held by the [[Duke of Norfolk]], one is the [[Lord Great Chamberlain]], a hereditary office held by turns, currently by [[Rupert Carington, 7th Baron Carrington|Baron Carrington]], and the other 90 are [[Representative peer|elected by all sitting peers]]. Hereditary peers elected by the House to sit as representative peers sit for life; when a representative peer dies, there is a by-election to fill the vacancy. The power of the House of Lords to block legislation is curtailed by the [[Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949]]. Peers can introduce bills except Money Bills, and all legislation must be passed by both [[Lords Spiritual]] and [[Temporal and Commons|Houses of Parliament]]. If not passed within two sessions, the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] can override the Lords' delay by invoking the ''Parliament Act''. Certain legislation, however, must be approved by both Houses without being forced by the Commons under the ''Parliament Act''. These include any bill that would extend the time length of a Parliament, private bills, bills sent to the House of Lords less than one month before the end of a session, and bills that originated in the House of Lords.<br />
<br />
Life Peers are appointed either by recommendation of the Appointment Commission (the independent body that vets non-partisan peers, typically from academia, business or culture) or by Dissolution Honours, which take place at the end of every Parliamentary term when leaving MPs may be offered a seat to keep their institutional memory. It is traditional to offer a peerage to every outgoing Speaker of the House of Commons.<ref>"[http://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords-appointment/ How do you become a Member of the House of Lords?" – UK Parliament]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112203428/https://www.parliament.uk/about/mps-and-lords/about-lords/lords-appointment/ |date=12 January 2021 }}. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref><br />
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Further reform of the Lords has been proposed; however, no proposed reforms have been able to achieve public consensus or government support. Members of the House of Lords all have an aristocratic title, or are from the [[Lords Spiritual|Clergy]]. 26 Archbishops and Bishops of the [[Church of England]] sit as [[Lords Spiritual]] (the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Archbishop of York]], the [[Bishop of London]], the [[Bishop of Durham]], the [[Bishop of Winchester]] and the next 21 longest-serving Bishops). It is usual that retiring Archbishops, and certain other Bishops, are appointed to the [[Crossbencher|Crossbenches]] and given a life peerage.<br />
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Until 2009, 12 [[Lord of Appeal in Ordinary|Lords of Appeal in Ordinary]] sat in the House as the highest court in the land; they subsequently became justices of the newly created [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]]. As of 16 February 2021, 803 people sit in the House of Lords, with 92 Hereditary Peers, 26 Lords Spiritual and 685 Life Peers. Membership is not fixed and decreases only on the death, retirement or resignation of a peer.<br />
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====Japan's former House of Peers====<br />
Another example of aristocratic bicameralism was the Japanese [[House of Peers (Japan)|House of Peers]], abolished after [[World War II]] and replaced with the present [[House of Councillors]].<br />
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===Unitary states===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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| image1 = Senate @ Jardin du Luxembourg @ Paris (23764477852).jpg<br />
| image2 = Paris - Palais Bourbon (24519023495).jpg<br />
| footer=Some bicameral legislatures have chambers that meet in different buildings, at different parts of the city. Here, France's upper house called the [[Senate of France|Senate]] meet in the [[Luxembourg Palace]] (top), while the lower house, the [[National Assembly of France|National Assembly]], meets at the [[Palais Bourbon]] (bottom).<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Many [[unitary state]]s like [[Italy]], [[France]], the [[Netherlands]], the [[Philippines]], the [[Czech Republic]], the [[Republic of Ireland]] and [[Romania]] have bicameral systems. In countries such as these, the upper house generally focuses on scrutinizing and possibly vetoing the decisions of the lower house.<br />
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====Italian Parliament====<br />
On the other hand, in [[Italy]] the [[Italian Parliament|Parliament]] consists of two chambers that have the same role and power: the [[Italian Senate|Senate]] (Senate of the Republic, commonly considered the ''upper house'') and the [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]] (considered the ''lower house''). The main difference among the two chambers is the way the two chambers are composed: the deputies, in fact, are elected on a nationwide basis, whilst the members of the Senate are elected on a regional basis: this may lead to different majorities among the two chambers because, for example, a party may be the first nationally but second or third in some regions. Considering that in the Italian Republic the Government needs to win confidence votes in both the chambers, it may happen that a Government has a strong majority (usually) in the Chamber of Deputies and a weak one (or no majority at all) in the Senate. This has led sometimes to legislative deadlocks, and has caused instability in the Italian Government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://parliamentsandlegislatures.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/italy-by-c-fasone-and-m-romaniello.pdf |title=The Italian Parliament: Symmetric Bicameralism Under Review |first1=Cristina |last1=Fasone |first2=Maria |last2=Romaniello |access-date=10 September 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228100009/https://parliamentsandlegislatures.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/italy-by-c-fasone-and-m-romaniello.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fusaro |first=Carlo |title=Bicameralism in Italy. 150 Years of Poor Design, Disappointing Performances, Aborted Reforms |url=http://www.carlofusaro.it/in_english/Bicameralism_in_ITA_2013.pdf |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=Carlo Fusaro |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223201219/http://www.carlofusaro.it/in_english/Bicameralism_in_ITA_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitutionnet.org/news/italian-constitutional-reforms-towards-stable-and-efficient-government |first1=Francesco |last1=Clementi |date=23 June 2016 |title=Italian constitutional reforms: Towards a stable and efficient government|website=ConstitutionNet|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221175127/http://constitutionnet.org/news/italian-constitutional-reforms-towards-stable-and-efficient-government|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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====Indirectly elected Upper Houses (France, Ireland, Netherlands)====<br />
In some of these countries, the upper house is indirectly elected. Members of France's [[French Senate|Senate]] and Ireland's [[Seanad Éireann]] are chosen by [[electoral college]]s. In Ireland, it consists of members of the lower house, local councillors, the [[Taoiseach]], and graduates of selected universities, while the Netherlands' [[Senate of the Netherlands|Senate]] is chosen by members of provincial assemblies (who, in turn, are directly elected).<br />
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====Semi-bicameral (Hong Kong, Northern Ireland; earlier in Norway, the Netherlands)====<br />
In [[Hong Kong]], members of the unicameral [[Legislative Council (Hong Kong)|Legislative Council]] returned from the democratically elected geographical constituencies and partially democratic [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituencies]] are required to vote separately since 1998 on motions, bills or amendments to government bills not introduced by the government. The passage of these motions, bills or amendments to government motions or bills requires double majority in both groups simultaneously. (Before 2004, when elections to the Legislative Council from the [[Election Committee]] was abolished, members returned through the Election Committee vote with members returned from geographical constituencies.) The double majority requirement does not apply to motions, bills and amendments introduced by the [[Hong Kong Government|government]].<br />
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Another similar situation are [[cross-community vote]]s in [[Northern Ireland]] when the ''petition of concern'' procedure is invoked.<br />
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[[Norway]] had a kind of [[Qualified unicameralism|semi-bicameral legislature]] with two chambers, or departments, within the same elected body, the [[Storting]]. These were called the Lagting and the Odelsting, and were abolished after the general election of 2009. According to [[Morten Søberg]], there was a related system in the 1798 constitution of the [[Batavian Republic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.minervanett.no/|title=Minerva|website=Minerva|access-date=17 December 2018|archive-date=17 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217134415/https://www.minervanett.no/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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==Examples of bicameralism in subnational entities==<br />
In some countries with federal systems, individual states (like those of the [[U.S. state|United States]], [[Provinces of Argentina|Argentina]], [[States and territories of Australia|Australia]] and [[States and territories of India|India]]) may also have bicameral legislatures. A few such states as or were [[Nebraska]] in the U.S., [[Queensland]] in Australia, [[Bavaria]] in Germany, and [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]] and [[Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba]] in Argentina have later adopted unicameral systems. ([[States of Brazil|Brazilian states]] and [[Provinces of Canada|Canadian provinces]] all abolished upper houses).<br />
<br />
===Argentina===<br />
[[File:Legislaturas provinciales de Argentina.png|thumb|upright|[[List of provincial legislatures in Argentina|Provincial legislatures in Argentina]]]]<br />
<br />
Only 8 out of 24 [[Provinces of Argentina|provinces]] still have bicameral legislatures, with a [[Senate]] and a [[Chamber of Deputies]]: [[Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]], [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]], [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]], [[Mendoza Province|Mendoza]], [[Salta Province|Salta]], [[San Luis Province|San Luis]] (since 1987) and [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]]. [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]] and [[Córdoba Province, Argentina|Córdoba]] changed to [[unicameral]] systems in 1990 and 2001 respectively.<ref>Malamud, Andrés and Martín Costanzo (2010) "[http://repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/11915 Bicameralismo subnacional: el caso argentino en perspectiva comparada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113161734/https://repositorio.ul.pt/handle/10451/11915 |date=13 January 2021 }}". In: Igor Vivero Ávila (ed.), Democracia y reformas políticas en México y América Latina (pp. 219–246). Mexico: M. A. Porrúa.</ref> [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]] changed to a bicameral legislature in 1884, but changed back to a unicameral system in 1903.<br />
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===Australia===<br />
When the Australian states were founded as British colonies in the 19th century, they each had a bicameral Parliament. The lower house was traditionally elected based on the one-vote-one-value principle, with universal male suffrage, later expanded to women, whereas the upper house was either appointed on the advice of the government or elected, with a strong bias towards country voters and landowners. After [[Federation of Australia|Federation]], these became the state Parliaments. In Queensland, the appointed [[Queensland Legislative Council|upper house]] was abolished in 1922, while in [[New South Wales]] there were similar attempts at abolition, before the [[New South Wales Legislative Council|upper house]] was reformed in the 1970s to provide for direct election.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/australias-upper-houses/11038996| title = Australia's Upper Houses – ABC Rear Vision| date = 24 April 2019| publisher = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]| access-date = 7 September 2020| archive-date = 7 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230458/https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/rearvision/australias-upper-houses/11038996| url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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Beginning in the 1970s, Australian states (except Queensland, which is unicameral) began to reform their upper houses to introduce proportional representation in line with the Federal Senate. The first was the [[South Australian Legislative Council]] in 1973, which initially used a [[Party-list proportional representation|party list]] system (replaced with STV in 1982),<ref>{{cite book|last=Dunstan |first=Don |year=1981 |title=Felicia: The political memoirs of Don Dunstan |publisher=Griffin Press Limited |pages=214–215 |isbn=0-333-33815-4}}</ref> followed by the Single Transferable Vote being introduced for the [[New South Wales Legislative Council]] in 1978,<ref name=LA>{{cite web|title = Role and History of the Legislative Assembly|publisher = Parliament of New South Wales|url = http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/LARole|access-date = 9 September 2014|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110423094710/https://parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/LARole|archive-date = 23 April 2011}}</ref> the [[Western Australian Legislative Council]] in 1987<ref>Electoral Reform expected to alter balance of power, ''The Australian'', 11 June 1987, p.5</ref> and the [[Victorian Legislative Council]] in 2003.<ref>Constitution (Parliamentary Reform) Act 2003</ref><br />
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Nowadays, the upper house both federally and in most states is elected using [[proportional representation]] while the lower house uses [[Instant-runoff voting]] in single member electorates. This is reversed in the state of [[Tasmania]], where proportional representation is used for the [[Tasmania House of Assembly|lower house]] and single member electorates for the [[Tasmania Legislative Council|upper house]].<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Griffith| first1 = Gareth| last2 = Srinivasan| first2 = Sharath| title = State Upper Houses in Australia| publisher = New South Wales Parliamentary Library Service| year = 2001| url = https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/researchpapers/Documents/state-upper-houses-in-australia/bg01-01.pdf| access-date = 6 September 2020| archive-date = 27 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201127235022/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/researchpapers/Documents/state-upper-houses-in-australia/bg01-01.pdf| url-status = live}}</ref><br />
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===Bosnia and Herzegovina===<br />
The Legislature of the [[Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], one of the two entities of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], is a bicameral legislative body. The House of Representatives has 98 delegates, elected for four-year terms by proportional representation. The House of Peoples has 58 members, 17 delegates from among each of the constituent peoples of the Federation, and 7 delegates from among the other peoples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advokat-prnjavorac.com/legislation/constitution_fbih.pdf|title=Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305182336/https://advokat-prnjavorac.com/legislation/constitution_fbih.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Republika Srpska]], the other entity, has a unicameral parliament, known as the [[National Assembly (Republika Srpska)|National Assembly]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.narodnaskupstinars.net/?q=en/national-assembly/about-national-assembly|title=About National Assembly – NSRS|website=narodnaskupstinars.net|date=28 January 2015|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408154612/http://narodnaskupstinars.net/?q=en/national-assembly/about-national-assembly|url-status=live}}</ref> but there is also a Council of Peoples who is ''de facto'' the other legislative house.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vijecenarodars.net/ |work=vijecenarodars.net |language=sr |title=Home page |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208112946/https://www.vijecenarodars.net/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===India===<br />
Only 6 of the 36 states or Union Territories of India have bicameral legislatures, [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]], while the rest all have unicameral legislatures. The lower houses are called [[State legislative assemblies of India|Legislative Assemblies]], and their members are elected by universal adult suffrage from single-member constituencies in state elections, which are normally held every five years called Vidhana Sabha. In the six states with bicameral legislatures, the upper house is called the [[State Legislative Council (India)|Legislative Council]] (''Vidhan Parishad'') or Vidhana Parishat, one-third of whose members are elected every two years. Members of the Legislative Council are elected in various ways:<br />
* One-third are elected by the members of local bodies in the state such as [[Municipal governance in India|municipalities]], [[Gram panchayat|''gram panchayats'']], [[Panchayat samiti|block development councils]] and [[District Councils of India|district councils]].<br />
* One-third are elected by the members of the state's [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|Legislative Assembly]] from amongst persons who are not members of the State Legislative Assembly.<br />
* One-sixth are nominated by the [[Governor (India)|governor]] of the state from amongst persons having knowledge or practical experience in fields such as [[literature]], [[science]], [[arts]], the [[Cooperative|co-operative movement]] and [[Social work|social service]].<br />
* One-twelfth are elected from special constituencies by persons who are college graduates of three years' standing residing in those constituencies.<br />
* One-twelfth are elected by persons engaged for at least three years in teaching in [[Education in India|educational institutions within the state]] not lower than [[secondary school]]s, including [[college]]s and [[University|universities]].<ref>{{cite constitution|article=171|clause=3|polity=India|date=1950}}</ref><br />
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From 1956 to 1958 the Andhra Pradesh Legislature was unicameral. In 1958, when the State Legislative Council was formed, it became bicameral until 1 June 1985 when it was abolished. This continued until March 2007 when the State Legislative Council was reestablished and elections were held for its seats. In [[Tamil Nadu]], a resolution was passed on 14 May 1986 and the state's Legislative Council was dissolved on 1 November 1986. Again on 12 April 2010, a resolution was passed to reestablish the council, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Similarly, the states of [[Assam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[West Bengal]] have also dissolved the upper houses of their [[State Legislature (India)|state legislatures]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br />
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===United States===<br />
During the 1930s, the legislature of the State of [[Nebraska]] was reduced from bicameral to unicameral with the 43 members that once comprised that state's Senate. One of the arguments used to sell the idea at the time to Nebraska voters was that by adopting a unicameral system, the perceived evils of the "[[conference committee]]" process would be eliminated.<br />
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A conference committee is appointed when the two chambers cannot agree on the same wording of a proposal, and consists of a small number of legislators from each chamber. This tends to place much power in the hands of only a small number of legislators. Whatever legislation, if any, the conference committee finalizes is presented in an unamendable "take-it-or-leave-it" manner by both chambers.<br />
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During his term as [[governor]] of the State of [[Minnesota]], [[Jesse Ventura]] proposed converting the Minnesotan legislature to a single chamber with [[proportional representation]], as a reform that he felt would solve many legislative difficulties and impinge upon legislative corruption. In his book on political issues, ''Do I Stand Alone?'', Ventura argued that bicameral legislatures for provincial and local areas were excessive and unnecessary, and discussed unicameralism as a reform that could address many legislative and budgetary problems for states.<br />
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===Historical===<br />
The German federal state of [[Bavaria]] had a bicameral legislature from 1946 to 1999, when the [[Senate of Bavaria|Senate]] was abolished by a referendum amending the state's constitution. The other 15 states have used a unicameral system since their founding.<br />
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In the [[Soviet Union]], regional and local [[Soviet (council)|Soviets]] were unicameral. After the adoption of the [[Constitution of Russia|1993 Russian Constitution]], bicameralism was introduced in some regions. Bicameral regional legislatures are still technically allowed by federal law but this clause is dormant now. The last region to switch from bicameralism to unicameralism was [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]] in 2012.<br />
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Four [[Federative units of Brazil|Brazilian states]] ([[Bahia]], [[Ceará]], [[Pernambuco]], and [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]) had bicameral legislatures that were abolished when [[Getúlio Vargas]] came to power after the [[Revolution of 1930]].<br />
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==Reform==<br />
<br />
===Arab political reform===<br />
A 2005 report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/pdf/Arab_Democracy_TF.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705153315/http://www.cfr.org/pdf/Arab_Democracy_TF.pdf|url-status=dead|title=2005 report|archive-date=5 July 2008}}</ref> on democratic reform in the Arab world by the U.S. [[Council on Foreign Relations]] co-sponsored by former Secretary of State [[Madeleine Albright]] urged Arab states to adopt bicameralism, with upper chambers appointed on a 'specialized basis'. The Council claimed that this would protect against the '[[Tyranny of the majority]]', expressing concerns that without a system of checks and balances extremists would use the single chamber parliaments to restrict the rights of [[minority group|minority]] groups.<br />
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In 2002, [[Bahrain]] adopted a bicameral system with an elected lower chamber and an appointed upper house. This led to a boycott of parliamentary elections that year by the [[Al Wefaq]] party, who said that the government would use the upper house to veto their plans. Many secular critics of bicameralism were won around to its benefits in 2005, after many MPs in the lower house voted for the introduction of so-called [[Islamic religious police|morality police]].<br />
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===Romania===<br />
A [[2009 Romanian parliamentary reform referendum|referendum]] on introducing a unicameral Parliament instead of the current bicameral [[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]] was held in [[Romania]] on 22 November 2009. The turnout rate was 50.95%, with 77.78% of "Yes" votes for a unicameral Parliament.<ref>[http://www.news-ro.info/referendum-turnout-5095-7778-said-yes-for-a-unicameral-parliament-8884-voted-for-the-decrease-in-the-number-of-parliamentarians.html Referendum turnout 50.95%. 77.78 said YES for a unicameral Parliament, 88.84% voted for the decrease in the number of Parliamentarians] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231024/http://www.news-ro.info/referendum-turnout-5095-7778-said-yes-for-a-unicameral-parliament-8884-voted-for-the-decrease-in-the-number-of-parliamentarians.html |date=21 July 2011 }}, Official results from the Romanian Central Electoral Commission</ref> This referendum had a consultative role, thus requiring a parliamentary initiative and another referendum to ratify the new proposed changes.<br />
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===Ivory Coast===<br />
A [[2016 Ivorian constitutional referendum|referendum]] on a new [[Constitution of Ivory Coast#2016 Constitution (proposed)|constitution]] was held on 30 October 2016. The constitution draft would create a bicameral [[Parliament of Ivory Coast|Parliament]] instead of the current unicameral. The [[Senate (Ivory Coast)|Senate]] is expected to represent the interests of territorial collectivities and Ivoirians living abroad. Two thirds of the Senate is to be elected at the same time as the general election. The remaining one third is appointed by the president elect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://constitutionnet.org/news/innovations-draft-constitution-cote-divoire-towards-hyper-presidentialism|title=Innovations of the Draft Constitution of Cote d'Ivoire: Towards hyper-presidentialism?|website=ConstitutionNet|access-date=13 January 2020|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408021122/http://constitutionnet.org/news/innovations-draft-constitution-cote-divoire-towards-hyper-presidentialism|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Georgia ===<br />
[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], currently a unitary republic with the [[Parliament of Georgia|Parliament]] as only chamber, adopted a provision to its [[Constitution of Georgia (country)|constitution]] in 2017. According to article 37, the country will shift to bicameralism once Georgia restores its jurisdiction over the [[Russian-occupied territories in Georgia|Russian-occupied territories]], with the Parliament being renamed to the Council of the Republic, and the Senate composed of members elected from [[Adjara]], [[Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]], other territorial units and five presidential appointees forming a new chamber.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://matsne.gov.ge/en/document/view/30346?publication=36|title=Constitution of Georgia|website=matsne.gov|access-date=10 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
===Bangladesh===<br />
[[Constitutional Reform Commission]] of Bangladesh has proposed to establishment of upper house of the Parliament which will called [[Senate of Bangladesh]]. According to the [[July Charter]], it has been proposed the member of the upper house who are called senator will be elected according to the percentage of vote of the lower house election and 5 members are nominated by the [[president of Bangladesh]]. The total seat of the house will be 105.<ref>{{Cite web |title=July Charter and Constitutional Reforms in Bangladesh |url=http://constitutionnet.org/news/voices/july-charter-and-constitutional-reforms-bangladesh |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=ConstitutionNet |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
And [[2026 Bangladeshi constitutional referendum]] will decided the whatever the house are constitute or not.<ref>{{Cite web |title=July Charter referendum: What it is and why it’s confusing |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/396364/july-charter-referendum-what-it-is-and-why-it%E2%80%99s |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==List of bicameral legislatures==<br />
<br />
===Current===<br />
[[File:Unibicameral Map.svg|center|{{legend|#38b4d8|Nations with a bicameral legislature}}{{legend|#f09c30|Nations with a unicameral legislature<br />
}}{{legend|#b0e947|Nations with a unicameral legislature and an advisory body}}{{legend|#303030|Nations with no legislature}}{{legend|#a0989f|No data}}|frame]]<br />
<br />
====Federal====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=3| Country !! colspan=2| Bicameral body !! rowspan=3| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Upper house !! Lower house<br />
|-<br />
! Seats of Upper house !! Seats of Lower house<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Argentina}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Argentine National Congress|National Congress]]''' || rowspan=3| Of the twenty-three provincial legislatures, eight ([[Legislature of Buenos Aires Province|Buenos Aires]], [[Legislature of Catamarca|Catamarca]], [[Legislature of Corrientes|Corrientes]], [[Legislature of Entre Ríos|Entre Ríos]], [[Legislature of Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Legislature of Salta|Salta]], [[Legislature of San Luis|San Luis]], and [[Legislature of Santa Fe|Santa Fe]]) are bicameral, while the remaining fifteen and the legislature of the [[Autonomous City of Buenos Aires]] are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Argentine Senate|Senate]] || [[Argentine Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 72 || 257<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Australia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Australia|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the state parliaments except [[Parliament of Queensland|Queensland]]'s are also bicameral. The legislatures of the [[Parliament of the Northern Territory|NT]] and the [[Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly|ACT]] are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Australian Senate|Senate]] || [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 76 || 150<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Austria}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Austrian Parliament|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the ''[[States of Austria|Bundesländer]]'' have unicameral parliaments.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bundesrat (Austria)|Bundesrat]] (Federal Council) || [[National Council (Austria)|Nationalrat]] (National Council)<br />
|-<br />
| 60 || 183<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Belgium}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Belgian Federal Parliament|Federal Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the [[Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium|community and regional]] parliaments are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Belgian Senate|Senate]] || [[Belgian Chamber of Representatives|Chamber of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 60 || 150<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Parliamentary Assembly]]''' ||rowspan=3| The [[Parliament of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] is also bicameral, while the [[National Assembly (Republika Srpska)|National Assembly of Republika Srpska]] is unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Peoples]] || [[House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 15 || 42<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Brazil}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the 26 state legislatures and the Federal District legislature are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Brazil|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 81 || 513<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Canada}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the provincial and territorial legislatures are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] || [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]<br />
|-<br />
| 105 || 343<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Ethiopia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]]''' || rowspan=3| Regional Councils are unicameral. Assemblypersons of the Regional Councils are elected directly.<br />
|-<br />
| [[House of Federation]] || [[House of Peoples' Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 112 || 547<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Germany}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| N/A || rowspan=3| Technically, Bundestag and Bundesrat form two distinct unicameral legislative constitutional bodies not framed by a comprehensive institution. German jurisprudence doesn't recognise the Bundesrat as a parliamentary chamber, because it consists of members of the state governments. Although it must always be heard in the legislative process, it only has to give consent to bills in certain defined areas. All of the federal states (''[[States of Germany|Länder]]'') today have unicameral ''[[Landtag]]e''.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bundesrat (Germany)|Bundesrat]] (Federal Council) || de |[[Bundestag]] (Federal [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]])<br />
|-<br />
| 69 || 630<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|India}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of India|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| Six of the [[States and union territories of India|twenty-eight states]] also have bicameral legislatures, consisting of the upper house, the [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Council]] (Vidhan Parishad) and the lower house, the [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assembly]] (Vidhan Sabha) respectively. The remaining twenty-two states and the [[Union territory|union territories]] of [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] have unicameral legislatures.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) || [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People)<br />
|-<br />
| 245 || 543<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Iraq}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''Parliament''' || rowspan=3| The Federation Council is envisioned by article 65 of the [[Constitution of Iraq|constitution]] as an upper house but has never convened, meaning the legislature de-facto practices as a [[unicameral]] system solely under the [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Council of Representatives]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Without a Federation Council, State-building in Iraq remains elusive {{!}} MERI |url=https://www.meri-k.org/publication/without-a-federal-council-state-building-in-iraq-remains-elusive/ |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=www.meri-k.org |quote=The problem here does not lie in the topic, but in the fact that Iraq’s shaky Parliament is enjoying a monopoly in the country’s supreme legislative body and not subject to any form of checks and balances. Iraq was meant to have a Federation Council, an upper chamber, that can play a vital role in the country’s democracy, state-building and rule-of-law. This Council was mandated in Articles 48 and 65 of the 2005 Constitution, and was meant to be created during the term of the first Parliament (2006-2010).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2025 |title=Can the Federation Council help address Iraq's ongoing 'state' crisis? - Kalam |url=https://kalam.chathamhouse.org/articles/can-the-federation-council-help-address-iraqs-ongoing-state-crisis/ |access-date=26 March 2025 |language=en-US |quote=Article 65 of Iraq’s 2005 Constitution calls for the establishment of a second legislative chamber known as the Federation Council (FC). However, this article remains dormant, awaiting ‘to be regulated by law’ – just like many other suspended constitutional provisions.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chomani |first=Kamal |date=8 November 2018 |title=Iraq's Missing Federation Council |url=https://timep.org/2018/11/08/iraqs-missing-federation-council/ |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy - |language=en-US |quote=The Iraqi parliament’s upper house, constitutionally defined as the Federation Council, has never been established. Establishing the Federation Council would be a step forward in Iraq’s democratization and ability to resolve disputes.}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Federation Council (Iraq)|Federation Council]] || [[Council of Representatives of Iraq|Council of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 0 || 329<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Malaysia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| All the 13 State Legislative Assemblies are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dewan Negara]] (Senate) || [[Dewan Rakyat]] (House of Representatives)<br />
|-<br />
| 70 || 222<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Mexico}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Congress of Mexico|Congress]]''' || rowspan=3| All the 31 State Congresses and the Congress of Mexico City are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Mexico|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Deputies of Mexico|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 128 || 500<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Nepal}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Nepal|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf |title=Constitution of Nepal |access-date=18 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223153410/http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2015 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[National Assembly (Nepal)|Rastriya Sabha]] (National Assembly) || [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|Pratinidhi Sabha]] (House of Representatives)<br />
|-<br />
| 59 || 275<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Nigeria}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the [[houses of assembly of Nigerian states]] are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Nigeria|Senate]] || [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 109 || 360 <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Pakistan}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the provincial assemblies are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] || [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 96 || 336<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Russia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Federal Assembly (Russia)|Federal Assembly]]''' || rowspan=3| All the regional legislatures are now unicameral while bicameralism in regions is technically allowed by the Federation.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Federation Council of Russia|Federation Council]] || [[State Duma]]<br />
|-<br />
| 178 || 450<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Somalia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Federal Parliament of Somalia|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Somalian Senate|Senate]]|| [[Lower House|House of The People]]<br />
|-<br />
| 54 || 275<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Switzerland}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Federal Assembly of Switzerland|Federal Assembly]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the cantons have unicameral parliaments.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Swiss Council of States|Council of States]] || [[National Council of Switzerland|National Council]]<br />
|-<br />
| 46 || 200<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|United States}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[United States Congress|Congress]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the state legislatures are bicameral, except [[Nebraska legislature|Nebraska]]. The [[Council of the District of Columbia]] is unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[United States Senate|Senate]] || [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 100 || 435<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Unitary====<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=3| Country !! colspan=2| Bicameral body !! rowspan=3| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Upper house !! Lower house<br />
|-<br />
! Seats of Upper house !! Seats of Lower house<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Algeria}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Algeria|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Council of the Nation]] || [[People's National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 174 || 407<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Antigua and Barbuda|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Antigua and Barbuda|Senate]] || [[House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 17 || 17<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Bahamas}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of the Bahamas|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Parliament of the Bahamas|Senate]] || [[Parliament of the Bahamas|House of Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 16 || 39<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Bahrain}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[National Assembly (Bahrain)|National Assembly]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Consultative Council (Bahrain)|Consultative Council]] || [[Council of Representatives of Bahrain|Council of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 40 || 40<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Barbados}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Barbados|Parliament]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Barbados|Senate]] || [[House of Assembly of Barbados|House of Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || 30<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Belarus}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[National Assembly of Belarus|National Assembly]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Council of the Republic of Belarus|Council]] || [[House of Representatives of Belarus|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 64 || 110<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Belize}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[National Assembly (Belize)|National Assembly]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Belize|Senate]] || [[House of Representatives of Belize|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || 31<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Bhutan}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Bhutan|Parliament]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[National Council (Bhutan)|National Council]] || [[National Assembly (Bhutan)|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 25 || 47<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Bolivia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Plurinational Legislative Assembly]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Plurinational Legislative Assembly|Senate]] || [[Plurinational Legislative Assembly|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 36 || 130<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Burundi}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Burundi|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Burundi|Senate]] || [[National Assembly of Burundi|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || 111<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Cambodia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Parliament of Cambodia|Parliament]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Cambodia|Senate]] || [[National Assembly of Cambodia|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 62 || 125<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Cameroon}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]] || [[National Assembly of Cameroon|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 100 || 180<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Chad}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''Parliament of Chad''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Chad|Senate]] || [[National Assembly of Chad|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 69 || 188<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Chile}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[National Congress of Chile|National Congress]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Chile|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 50 || 155<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Colombia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Congress of Colombia|Congress]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Colombia|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 108 || 188<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Czech Republic}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of the Czech Republic|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 81 || 200<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|DR Congo}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Senate]] || [[National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 108 || 500<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Congo}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of the Republic of the Congo|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of the Republic of the Congo|Senate]] || [[National Assembly of the Republic of the Congo|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 72 || 151<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Congress of the Dominican Republic|Congress]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Senate of the Dominican Republic|Senate]]|| [[Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 32 || 190<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Egypt}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Egypt|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Senate (Egypt)|Senate]] || [[House of Representatives (Egypt)|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 300 || 596<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Equatorial Guinea|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate (Equatorial Guinea)|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 55 || 100<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Eswatini}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Eswatini|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Eswatini|Senate]] || [[House of Assembly of Eswatini|House of Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 30 || 70<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|France}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[French Parliament|Parliament]]''' in the [[France|Fifth French Republic]] || rowspan=3| All [[Regional Council (France)|Regional Councils]] are unicameral. The regional councillors are elected directly.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate (France)|Senate]] || [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 348 || 577<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Gabon}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Gabon|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate (Gabon)|Senate]] || [[National Assembly (Gabon)|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 70 || 145<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Grenada}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Grenada|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Parliament of Grenada|Senate]] || [[Parliament of Grenada|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || 15<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Haiti}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Haitian Parliament|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate (Haiti)|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 30 || 119<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Indonesia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[People's Consultative Assembly]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the provinces have unicameral parliaments.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Regional Representative Council]] || [[People's Representative Council]]<br />
|-<br />
| 152 || 580<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Ireland}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{lang|ga|'''[[Oireachtas]]'''}} || rowspan=3| A [[Thirty-second Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2013|2013 proposal to abolish the Seanad]] was defeated at referendum.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Seanad Éireann]] (Senate of Ireland'')'' || [[Dáil Éireann]] (Assembly of Ireland)<br />
|-<br />
| 60 || 174<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Italy}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Italian Parliament|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| Both houses possess the same powers. The executive is responsible to both houses. All of the [[Regional council (Italy)|regional councils]] are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Italian Senate|Senate of the Republic]] || [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 200 || 400<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Ivory Coast}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Ivory Coast|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate (Ivory Coast)|Senate]] || [[National Assembly (Ivory Coast)|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 99 || 255<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Jamaica}} ||colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Jamaica|Parliament]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Parliament of Jamaica|Senate]] || [[Parliament of Jamaica|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || 63<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Japan}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[National Diet]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[House of Councillors of Japan|House of Councillors]] || [[House of Representatives of Japan|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 248 || 465<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Jordan}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Jordan|Parliament]]'''||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Parliament of Jordan|Senate]] || [[Parliament of Jordan|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 69 || 138<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]]'''||rowspan=3|All of the [[mäslihat]]s (local assemblies) are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]] || [[Mäjilis]] (Assembly of People)<br />
|-<br />
| 49 || 98<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Kenya}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Kenya|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Kenya|Senate]] || [[National Assembly of Kenya|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 67 || 349<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Lesotho}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Lesotho|Parliament]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Lesotho|Senate]] || [[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 33 || 120<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Liberia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Legislature of Liberia|Legislature]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Liberia|Senate]] || [[House of Representatives of Liberia|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 30 || 73 <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Madagascar}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Madagascar|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| Senate supended. Unicameral parliament current "de facto"<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Madagascar|Senate]] || [[National Assembly of Madagascar|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 0 || 163<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Morocco}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Morocco|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|House of Councillors]] || [[House of Representatives (Morocco)|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 120 || 395<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Myanmar}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Assembly of the Union|Pyidaungsu Hluttaw]] (Assembly of the Union)''' || rowspan=3| All the 14 State and Region Hluttaw (Assemblies) are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[House of Nationalities|Amyotha Hluttaw]] (House of Nationalities) || [[House of Representatives (Myanmar)|Pyithu Hluttaw]] (House of Representatives)<br />
|-<br />
| 224 || 440<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Namibia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Namibia|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[National Council of Namibia|National Council]] || [[National Assembly of Namibia|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 42 || 104<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Netherlands}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[States General of the Netherlands|States General]]''' || rowspan=3| [[Provincial council (Netherlands)|Provincial councils]] are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of the Netherlands|Eerste Kamer]] || [[House of Representatives of the Netherlands|Tweede Kamer]]<br />
|-<br />
| 75 || 150<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Oman}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Oman|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| |[[Council of State of Oman|Majlis al-Dawla]] (Council of State) || [[Consultative Assembly of Oman|Majlis al-Shura]] (Consultative Assembly)<br />
|-<br />
| 83 || 90<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Palau}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Palau National Congress|National Congress]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Palau|Senate]] || [[House of Delegates of Palau|House of Delegates]]<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || 16<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Paraguay}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Congress of Paraguay|Congress]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Paraguay|Senate]]|| [[Chamber of Deputies of Paraguay|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 45 || 80<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Philippines}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]]''' || rowspan=3| The [[Bangsamoro Parliament]] of the [[Bangsamoro|Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] and all Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Council), Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Council), and Sangguiniang Bayan (Municipal Council) are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] || [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 24 || 317<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Poland}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Poland|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the [[voivodeship sejmik]]s are unicameral. Bicameral body technically does not have a name instead being referred to as the Sejm and the Senate,<ref>{{Cite Polish law<br />
| title = Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej<br />
| trans_title = Constitution of the Republic of Poland<br />
| year = 1997<br />
| volume = 78<br />
| number = 483<br />
| date = 1997-04-02<br />
}}</ref> but generally when referring to the body the name Parliament is used, as it is the most official unofficial name.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of the Republic of Poland|Senate]] || [[Sejm of the Republic of Poland|Sejm]] ([[Diet (assembly)|''Diet'']])<br />
|-<br />
| 100 || 460<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Romania}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Romania|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Romania|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Deputies of Romania|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 136 || 330<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Rwanda}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Rwanda|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate (Rwanda)|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 26 || 80<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3| {{flag|Saint Lucia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Saint Lucia|Parliament]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Senate of Saint Lucia|Senate]]||[[House of Assembly of Saint Lucia|House of Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || 17<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Slovenia}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Slovenian Parliament|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|In 2008, the [[Constitutional Court of Slovenia]] recognized the Slovenian Parliament as incompletely bicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[National Council (Slovenia)|National Council]] || [[National Assembly (Slovenia)|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 40 || 90<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|South Africa}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of South Africa|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| All of the provincial legislatures are unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[National Council of Provinces]] || [[National Assembly of South Africa|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 90 || 400<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Spain}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''{{Lang|es|[[Cortes Generales]]|italic=no}}''' || rowspan=3| A fixed number of 208 members of the Senate are elected by citizens, a variable number (currently 58) are appointed by the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous regions]]. Congress of Deputies can override a negative vote of the Senate on a bill with an [[absolute majority]] affirmative vote. Moreover, each Spanish autonomous region has its own [[List of Spanish regional legislatures|unicameral regional parliament]], with wide-ranging legislative powers on their own.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Spanish Senate|Senate]] || [[Spanish Congress of Deputies|Congress of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| 266 || 350<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Tajikistan}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Supreme Assembly (Tajikistan)|Supreme Assembly]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[National Assembly of Tajikistan|National Assembly]]|| [[Assembly of Representatives (Tajikistan)|Assembly of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 33 || 63<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Thailand}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[National Assembly of Thailand|National Assembly]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Thailand|Senate]] || [[House of Representatives (Thailand)|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 200 || 500<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Togo}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Togo|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Senate (Togo)|Senate]] || [[National Assembly (Togo)|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 61 || 113<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago|Parliament]]''' ||rowspan=3| The [[Tobago House of Assembly]] in the island of [[Tobago]] is unicameral.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Trinidad and Tobago|Senate]] || [[House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 31 || 41<br />
<br />
|-co<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3| [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] and [[Northern Ireland]] have devolved unicameral legislatures, each with a varying range of powers.<br />
|-<br />
| [[House of Lords]] || [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]]<br />
|-<br />
| {{HOL|TOTAL}} || 650<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Uruguay}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[General Assembly of Uruguay|General Assembly]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Uruguay|Senate]] || [[Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay|Chamber of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 30 || 99<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Uzbekistan}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Oliy Majlis]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Uzbekistan|Senate]] || [[Legislative Chamber of Uzbekistan|Legislative Chamber]]<br />
|-<br />
| 100 || 150<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Yemen}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''Parliament''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shura Council (Yemen)|Shura Council]] ||[[House of Representatives (Yemen)|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 111 || 301<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Zimbabwe}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Parliament of Zimbabwe|Parliament]]''' ||rowspan=3|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Zimbabwe|Senate]]||[[National Assembly of Zimbabwe]]<br />
|-<br />
| 80 || 280<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Territorial===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=3| Country !! colspan=2| Bicameral body !! rowspan=3| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Upper house !! Lower house<br />
|-<br />
! Seats of Upper house !! Seats of Lower house<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|American Samoa}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[American Samoa Fono|Fono]]'''||rowspan=3|Unincorporated territory of the United States<br />
|-<br />
| [[American Samoa Senate|Senate]] || [[American Samoa House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 18 || 21<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Bermuda}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Parliament of Bermuda|Parliament]]'''||rowspan=3|British Overseas Territory<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Bermuda|Senate]]||[[House of Assembly of Bermuda|House of Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || 36<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Isle of Man}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Tynwald]]'''||rowspan=3|British Overseas Territory<br />
|-<br />
| [[Legislative Council of the Isle of Man|Legislative Council]]||[[House of Keys]]<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || 24<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Legislature|Commonwealth Legislature]]'''||rowspan=3|Commonwealth of the United States<br />
|-<br />
| [[Northern Mariana Islands Senate|Senate]]||[[Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || 20<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Puerto Rico}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]]'''||rowspan=3|Unincorporated territory of the United States/Commonwealth<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Puerto Rico|Senate]]||[[House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 28 || 53<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===State parliaments with limited recognition===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=3| Country !! colspan=2| Bicameral body !! rowspan=3| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Upper house !! Lower house<br />
|-<br />
! Seats of Upper house !! Seats of Lower house<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| {{flag|Somaliland}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Parliament of Somaliland|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=3|Each house has 82 members. The constitution of Somaliland does not clarify how members of the elders house are elected. But the members of the house of representative are elected once every five years.<br />
|-<br />
| [[House of Elders (Somaliland)|House of Elders]] || [[House of Representatives (Somaliland)|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| 82 || 82<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of historical bicameral legislatures==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=3| Country !! colspan=2| Bicameral body !! rowspan=3| Notes<br />
|-<br />
! Upper house !! Lower house<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Denmark}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Rigsdagen]]''' || rowspan=2| Under the 1849 [[Constitution of Denmark|constitution]] ''Rigsdagen'' was created, with two houses, an upper and a lower house. However, after the [[1953 Danish constitutional and electoral age referendum|1953 referendum]], both ''Rigsdagen'' and the ''Landsting'' was abolished, making the ''Folketing'' the [[Unicameralism|sole chamber]] of the parliament.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Landsting (Denmark)|Landsting]] ([[Upper house]]) || [[Folketing]] ([[Lower house]])<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Greece|old}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Hellenic Parliament|Parliament of the Hellenes]]''' || rowspan=2| The [[Greek Senate|Senate]] as an upper chamber was established by the [[Greek Constitution of 1844]], of the [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|Kingdom of Greece]], and was abolished by the [[Greek Constitution of 1864]]. The [[Greek Senate|Senate]] was reestablished by the [[republic]]an [[Greek Constitution of 1927|Constitution of 1927]], which establishing the [[Second Hellenic Republic]] and was disestablished by the restoration of the [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Kingdom of Greece]] at 1935.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Greek Senate|Gerousia]] ([[Senate]]) || [[Hellenic Parliament|Vouli]] ([[Chamber of Deputies]])<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Hungary}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[National Assembly (Hungary)|Assembly of the Realm]]''' || rowspan=2| Between 1608 and 1918 the Hungarian Parliament called ''Országgyűlés'' (Assembly of the Realm) had a bicameral structure, both houses having the same rights in legislature. In 1848 the popular representation was introduced for the Lower Table (replacing the representation of the Estates), while with Act VII of 1885 the Upper Table was slightly transformed, but its historical and partly aristocratic nature was preserved.<br />
|-<br />
| Upper Table (after 1885: House of Lords) || Lower Table (after 1848: House of Representatives)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[National Assembly (Hungary)|Assembly of the Realm]]''' || rowspan=2| Between 1927 and 1944 the Hungarian Parliament became bicameral again, as Act XXII of 1926 reistanted the upper chamber, now simply called ''Felsőház'' (Upper House). This new house was partly an elected body: the mid-level local governments (counties) and some corporative, cultural and scientific associations (such as, e.g., the universities or the chamber of commerce) got the right to co-opt deputies from their own members. From 1945 on, the Hungarian Parliament is a unicameral legislative body.<br />
|-<br />
| Upper House || House of Representatives<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Iceland}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Althing|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=2| Once the Icelandic Parliament was restored by royal decree in 1844, it originally operated unicamerally from 1845 to 1874 when it became principally bicameral with an additional third chamber, known as Unified Parliament. However, the third chamber consisted of the union of the other two and deliberated as a single body, which makes some scholars classify it as only a bicameral system. However, the third chamber did have its own speaker distinct from the speakers for the other two chambers. The Icelandic Parliament followed the legislatures of Denmark and Sweden and became unicameral once more in 1991.<br />
|-<br />
| Upper Chamber || Lower Chamber<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|South Korea|1949|name=Korea, South}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[National Assembly of South Korea|National Assembly]]''' || rowspan=2| Under the first constitution ([[First Republic of South Korea|first republic]], 1948–52), the National Assembly was unicameral. The second and third constitutions (first republic, 1952–60) regulated the National Assembly was bicameral and consisted of the House of Commons and the Senate, but only the House of Commons was established and the House of Commons could not pass a bill to establish the Senate. During the short-lived [[Second Republic of South Korea|second republic]] (1960–61), the National Assembly became practically bicameral, but it was overturned by the [[May 16 coup]]. The National Assembly has been unicameral since its reopen in 1963.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate (South Korea)|Senate]] || [[House of Commons (South Korea)|House of Commons]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|New Zealand}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=2| Until 1950, the New Zealand Parliament was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1951, following the abolition of the Legislative Council, leaving the House of Representatives as the sole parliamentary chamber.<br />
|-<br />
| [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] || [[House of Representatives of New Zealand|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Peru}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Congress''' || rowspan=2| The [[Constitution of Peru#1979 Constitution|1979 Constitution]], which marked the return to democracy, followed the trend of previous constitutions by retaining a bicameral legislature. However it was dissolved altogether by President [[Alberto Fujimori]] by his [[1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis|1992 autocoup]]. Later, under the newer [[Constitution of Peru|1993 constitution]], the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress of the Republic]].<br />
|-<br />
| Senate || Chamber of Deputies<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|General Sejm]]''' || rowspan=2| The General Sejm was the parliament of the {{nowrap|Polish–Lithuanian}} Commonwealth. It had descended from the [[Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland]], and possessed two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies was indirectly elected by [[sejmik]]s, while the Senate was composed of various offices who were members ex-officio, with the offices themselves being appointed by the King. The General Sejm was a specific type of sejm, with a number of other sejms (such as convocation sejms, election sejms, or coronation sejms) being composed differently and not being bicameral. <br />
|-<br />
| Senate || Chamber of Deputies<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Portugal|1830}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Portuguese Cortes|Cortes]]''' || rowspan=2| During the period of Constitutional Monarchy, the Portuguese Parliament was bicameral. The lower house was the Chamber of Deputies and the upper house was the Chamber of Peers (except during the 1838–1842 period, where a Senate existed instead). With the replacement of the Monarchy by the Republic in 1910, the Parliament continued to be bicameral with a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate existing until 1926.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chamber of Most Worthy Peers|Chamber of Peers]] || [[Chamber of Deputies of Portugal (1822–1910)|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Soviet Union}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union]]''' || rowspan=2| The [[Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union|Congress of People's Deputies]] superseded the Supreme Soviet. The Soviet of the Republics briefly succeeded the Soviet of Nationalities in late 1991.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Soviet of Nationalities]] || [[Soviet of the Union]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Sweden}}<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |[[Riksdag]]en<br />
| rowspan="2" |Until 1970, the Swedish [[Riksdag]] was bicameral. It became unicameral in 1971, but retained the name Riksdag.<br />
|-<br />
|{{Lang|sv|[[Första kammaren]]|italic=no}} ([[Upper house]])<br />
|[[Andra kammaren]] ([[Lower house]])<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Taiwan}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''Parliament''' || rowspan=2| The tricameral parliament became bicameral in 1993 after the [[Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China|1991 constitutional amendments]] made the [[Control Yuan]] a non-parliamentary institution; the National Assembly became the upper house and the Legislative Yuan the lower house. The parliament became [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] in 2005 when the National Assembly was suspended.<br />
|-<br />
| [[National Assembly (Republic of China)|National Assembly]] ([[Upper house]]) || [[Legislative Yuan]] ([[Lower house]])<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Yugoslavia}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Parliament of Yugoslavia|Federal Assembly]]''' || rowspan=2| Between 1974 and 1992.<br />
|-<br />
| Chamber of Republics || Federal Chamber<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Turkey}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Turkish Parliament|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=2| It was established with the [[Turkish constitution of 1961]] and abolished with the [[Turkish constitution of 1982]], although it did not exist between 1980 and 1982 either as a result of the [[1980 coup d'état in Turkey]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of the Republic (Turkey)|Senate of the Republic]] || [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Venezuela|1954}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Congress''' || rowspan=2| Under the [[Constitution of Venezuela|1999 constitution]], the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral [[National Assembly of Venezuela]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Venezuela|Senate]]||[[Venezuelan Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Fiji}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Parliament of Fiji|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=2| Original bicameral system suspended by [[2006 Fijian coup d'état|2006 coup]]. [[2013 Constitution of Fiji]] abolished it and replaced it with a single chamber Parliament.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Fiji|Senate]] || [[House of Representatives of Fiji|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2|{{flag|Turkmenistan}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[National Council of Turkmenistan|National Council]]''' ||rowspan=2|<br />
|-<br />
| [[People's Council of Turkmenistan|People's Council]] || [[Assembly of Turkmenistan|Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Mauritania|1959}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Parliament of Mauritania|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=2| Under the 2017 Referendum, the bicameral system was replaced by the unicameral system.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Mauritania|Senate]] || [[National Assembly (Mauritania)|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Iran|1964}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''Parliament''' || rowspan=2| Between 1950 and 1979<br />
|-<br />
| [[Senate of Iran|Senate]] || [[National Consultative Assembly|National Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Croatia}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Croatian Parliament|Parliament]]''' || rowspan=2| Between 1990 and 2001<br />
|-<br />
| Chamber of Counties || Chamber of Representatives<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2| {{nowrap|1={{flag|South Vietnam|1964|name=Republic of Vietnam}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''National Assembly''' || rowspan=2| Between 1966 and 1975<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 South Vietnamese Senate election|Senate]] || [[1967 South Vietnamese parliamentary election|House of Representatives]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4| {{nowrap|1={{flag|Czechoslovakia}}}} || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[National Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|National Assembly]]''' || rowspan=2| Between 1920 and 1939<br />
|-<br />
| Senate || Chamber of Deputies<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''[[Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|Federal Assembly]]''' || rowspan=2| Under the [[Constitutional Act on the Czechoslovak Federation]], the Federal Assembly replaced the unicameral [[National Assembly (Communist Czechoslovakia)|National Assembly]] in 1969. Its two constituent republics, the [[Czech Socialist Republic|Czech (Socialist) Republic]] and the [[Slovak Socialist Republic|Slovak (Socialist) Republic]], had unicameral legislatures ([[Czech National Council]] and [[Slovak National Council]]). When [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia was dissolved]] at the start of 1993, the Federal Assembly was disbanded. The Czech Republic established their upper house, the [[Senate of the Czech Republic|Senate]], in December 1992.<br />
|-<br />
| Chamber of Nations || Chamber of People<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Federalism]]<br />
* [[List of abolished upper houses]]<br />
* [[Tricameralism]]<br />
* [[Unicameralism]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite journal|last=Aroney|first=Nicholas|title=Four Reasons for an Upper House: Representative Democracy, Public Deliberation, Legislative Outputs and Executive Accountability|url=https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=687101067008103021026024001076080090096055058047023043031088001109087108029089028121061053000000033097052116074125026022096070009094010045014121127004118118086071075085127002099028023121082113095080104121081027119117006027108109092066005102102089&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE|year=2008|volume=29|journal=Adelaide Law Review|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001222310/https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=687101067008103021026024001076080090096055058047023043031088001109087108029089028121061053000000033097052116074125026022096070009094010045014121127004118118086071075085127002099028023121082113095080104121081027119117006027108109092066005102102089&EXT=pdf&INDEX=TRUE|url-status=dead}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://ssrn.com/abstract=505822 ''Noncontemporaneous Lawmaking: Can the 110th Senate Enact a Bill Passed by the 109th House?''], 16 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 331 (2007).<br />
* [https://ssrn.com/abstract=932574 Against Mix-and-Match Lawmaking] Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl, ''Against Mix-and-Match Lawmaking]'', 16 '''Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y''' 349 (2007).<br />
* [https://ssrn.com/abstract=956155 ''Defending the (Not So) Indefensible: A Reply to Professor Aaron-Andrew P. Bruhl''], 16 '''Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol'y''' 363 (2007).<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Administrative theory]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kumkum_%E2%80%93_Ek_Pyara_Sa_Bandhan&diff=473394Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan2026-03-28T02:15:32Z<p>KristyThacker77: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian drama television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Kumkum_Ek_Pyara_Sa_Bandhan_Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| runtime = 21 minutes<br />
| creator = <br />
| writer = Mayah Basle<br />Jayesh Patil<br /> Harsha Jagdish<br />Radheshyam Rai<br />Shobhit Jaiswal<br />Binita Desai<br />Mahesh Pandey<br />S Farhan<br />Barry Dhillon<br />R M Joshi<br />Mitesh Shah<br />Kapil Bavad<br /> Virendra Shahaney<br />Faizal Akhtar<br />Anshuman Sinha<br />Gayatri Gill<br />Ved Raj <br> Koel Chaudhuri <br> Ranu Uniyal<br />
| director = Aashish Patil<br />Anil V. Kumar<br />[[Arvind Babbal]]<br />Manchan Vikal<br />Paresh Patil <br />Swapnil Shahaney<br />Sanjay Upadhyay<ref>{{Cite web|title="Kumkum Will Give Me That New Identity": TV Actor Juhi Parmar|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/y2k2/actor/juhiparmar.htm|website=Indian Television dot com|date=23 July 2007 }}</ref><br />
| producer = Anuradha Prasad<ref>{{Cite news|title=Soaps drop off air without fanfare|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Soaps-drop-off-air-without-fanfare/articleshow/4265387.cms|website=The Times of India|date=15 March 2009 }}</ref><br />
| company = BAG Films<br />
| open_theme = "Kumkum" by [[Sonu Nigam]] and Pamela Jain<br />
| starring = [[Juhi Parmar]]<br />[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| network = [[Star Plus]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|2002|07|15|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020707/spectrum/tv.htm|title=Family saga where there is kabhi khushi kabhi gham|website=[[The Tribune]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404170342/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020707/spectrum/tv.htm|archive-date= 4 April 2020}}</ref><br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2009|03|13|df=yes}}<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 1449<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/telly-hypnotists-what-makes-a-mega-serial-tick-what-keeps-it-running-for-years/300598|title=Telly Hypnotists: What Makes A Mega Serial Tick, What Keeps It Running For Years?|website=[[Outlook India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404172357/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/telly-hypnotists-what-makes-a-mega-serial-tick-what-keeps-it-running-for-years/300598|archive-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><br />
| genre = Soap opera<br />
| composer = [[Lalit Sen]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/throwbackthurday-these-awesome-title-tracks-from-indian-tv-serials-are-something-we-miss-today-1168939.html|title = #ThrowbackThursday: These awesome title tracks from Indian TV serials are something we miss today|date = 26 November 2015}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan'''''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumkum|url=http://apni.tv/serials/kumkum.html|access-date=2020-06-20|website=apni.tv}}</ref> ({{IPA|hns|ˈkʊmkʊm eːk ˈpjɑːɾɑː sɑː ˈbəndʱən|pron}}; {{translation}} ''A Lovely Bond'') is an Indian television series which aired on [[Star Plus]] from 15 July 2002 to 13 March 2009 in the afternoon slot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/kumkum-ek-pyara-sa-bandhan-journey-ended-10-years-back/2019/03/17/amp|title=Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan: A journey that ended 10 years back|date=17 March 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404171212/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/celebrities/kumkum-ek-pyara-sa-bandhan-journey-ended-10-years-back/2019/03/17/amp|archive-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/4589_star-to-launch-new-programmes|title=STAR to launch new programmes|date=10 July 2002 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404173254/https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/4589_star-to-launch-new-programmes#bypass-sw|archive-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> It stars [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] and [[Juhi Parmar]] as the lead roles of Sumeet and Kumkum, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/throwback-juhi-parmar-gets-nostalgic-about-her-show-kumkum-ek-pyara-sa-bandhan-see-post/articleshow/68412253.cms|title=Throwback: Juhi Parmar gets nostalgic about her show Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan; see post|website=The Times of India|date=14 March 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404171345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/throwback-juhi-parmar-gets-nostalgic-about-her-show-kumkum-ek-pyara-sa-bandhan-see-post/articleshow/68412253.cms|archive-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> It was produced under the company BAG films.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Newsmaker Anupradha Prasad|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/newsmaker-anurradha-prasad-107032301011_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=23 March 2007}}</ref> The show is currently being reaired on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]] and [[Utsav Plus]] at 2:30 pm.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
The soap opera tells the tale of the Wadhwa family and its daughter-in-law, Kumkum. She is happily married to Jatin. However, he dies of a brain tumor while she is expecting their first child. The Wadhwas decide to get their young daughter-in-law remarried and find an eligible young man named Vishal. However, when obstacles arise leading and the marriage is called off on the last day, Jatin's younger brother Sumeet impulsively marries Kumkum in order to save her from societal disgrace.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/juhi-parmar-writes-emotional-post-for-kumkum-co-star-hussain-kuwajerwala-as-the-show-turns-16-1304163-2018-08-03|title=Juhi Parmar writes emotional post for Kumkum co-star Hussain Kuwajerwala as the show turns 16|website=India Today|date=3 August 2018 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404172156/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/juhi-parmar-writes-emotional-post-for-kumkum-co-star-hussain-kuwajerwala-as-the-show-turns-16-1304163-2018-08-03|archive-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> Sumeet is plagued by guilt for marrying Kumkum against her will, but she eventually falls in deep love with him while trying to expose Renuka (Sumeet's ex-girlfriend). The crux of the story evolves as a blossoming romance between Sumeet and Kumkum leads them to realise that they are soulmates and how Kumkum being the ideal daughter-in-law of the Wadhwa family protects Sumeet's family despite the adverse circumstances facing them. Manik (an impostor bearing Jatin's face) creates havoc in their lives, but Kumkum exposes his fake identity and unites with Sumeet. Kumkum gives birth to Sharman and Aashka (Sumeet and Kumkum's progeny).<br />
<br />
===20 years later===<br />
<br />
Sumeet and Kumkum's story continues with their grown-up kids Dhruv, Sharman and Aashka and Kumkum's role of establishing harmony in the Wadhwa family. Dhruv's wife Antara plans an elaborate ruse to usurp the Wadhwa property and house to herself, but her plans are foiled after Sumeet and Kumkum unveil her truth to Dhruv. Sharman who is in deep love with Neeti gets engaged to her, but when Dhruv refuses to accept Siya on the day of the wedding owing to his feelings for Antara, Sharman impulsively marries Siya. Siya is disappointed and vents her frustration at the Wadhwa family, but she eventually forgives Sharman and confesses her love for him and Sumeet-Kumkum are finally happy to see the Wadhwa family happily settled. Unfortunately both Kumkum and Sumeet die before they complete a ritual that would enable them to be soulmates by Pulkit (Kumkum's ex-stalker) who conspires to kill Sumeet after trailing Kumkum secretly for several days. The shot misses Sumeet, but Kumkum is shot dead and Sumeet punishes Pulkit but still kills himself, unable to bear the separation.<br />
<br />
===20 years later===<br />
<br />
Sumeet and Kumkum are reborn as prophesied again without any memory of their past life. In the new life Sumeet and Kumkum initially hate each other, but fall in deep love all over again owing to unusual circumstances, prompting them to be a false husband and wife in front of their family members. When they finally realise their love for each other, they are separated due to a misunderstanding between the Raichand and Mishra families and later by a series of new obstacles but eventually reunite in the end. Sumeet marries Kumkum and Harshvardhan and Rajeshwari Wadhwa accompany them to the sacred pilgrimage site where their lives ended in the previous birth. The show ends with memories of the idealistic couple who demonstrated that love finds a way back and is undying and immortal. Sumeet and Kumkum complete the sacred ritual at this place, finally uniting together forever.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Juhi Parmar]] as <br />
** Kumkum Rai Wadhwa – Balwant's elder daughter; Simran's sister; Jatin's widow; Sumeet Wadhwa's wife; Dhruv, Sharman and Aashka's mother (2002–2008) (Dead)<br />
** Chanda – Kumkum Wadhwa's lookalike (2003–2004) (Dead)<br />
** Kumkum Mishra Raichand – Reborn Kumkum; Chandumal's daughter; Mini's cousin; Sumeet Raichand's wife (2008–2009)<br />
*** [[Richa Mukherjee]] as Child Kumkum Mishra (2008)<br />
* [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] as <br />
** Sumeet Wadhwa – Kulbhushan and Veena's younger son; Jatin and Preeti's brother; Kumkum Wadhwa's second husband; Sharman and Aashka's father; Dhruv's step-father (2002–2008) (Dead)<br />
** Sumeet Raichand – Reborn Sumeet; Kumkum Raichand's husband (2008–2009)<br />
*** Varun Shukla as Child Sumeet Raichand (2008)<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
* [[Arun Bali]] as Harshvardhan Wadhwa: Rajeshwari's husband; Brijbhushan, Kulbhushan and Sukanya's father; Rahul, Aarati, Jatin, Sumeet Wadhwa, Preeti, Malini and Nalini's grandfather; Keertan, Pooja, Pamela, Dhruv, Sharman, Aashka's great-grandfather; Om's great great-grandfather; Veena and Hemant's father-in-law; Naina, Kumkum and Neeti's grandfather-in-law; Antara and Siya's great grandfather-in-law (2002–2009)<br />
* Jyotsna Karyekar / [[Rita Bhaduri]] as Rajeshwari Wadhwa – Harshvardhan's wife; Brijbhushan, Kulbhushan and Sukanya's mother; Rahul, Aarati, Jatin, Sumeet Wadhwa, Preeti, Malini and Nalini's grandmother; Keertan, Pooja, Pamela, Dhruv, Sharman and Aashka's great-grandmother; Om's great great-grandmother (2002) / (2002–2009)<br />
* Paritosh Sand as Kulbhushan Wadhwa – Harshvardhan and Rajeshwari's younger son; Brijbhushan and Sukanya's brother; Veena's husband; Jatin, Sumeet Wadhwa and Preeti's father; Dhruv, Sharman and Aashka's grandfather (2002–2008)<br />
* [[Prabha Sinha]] as Veena Wadhwa – Kulbhushan's wife; Jatin, Sumeet Wadhwa and Preeti's mother; Dhruv, Sharman and Aashka's grandmother (2002–2009)<br />
* [[Anuj Saxena]] as <br />
** Jatin Wadhwa – Kulbhushan and Veena's elder son; Sumeet Wadhwa and Preeti's brother; Kumkum Wadhwa's first husband; Dhruv's father (2002) <br />
** Manik – A goon; Jatin's look alike; Kanta's boyfriend; Mr. Jindal and Kamya's murderer (2005–2006) (Dead)<br />
* Smita Malhotra as Preeti Wadhwa Khanna – Kulbhushan and Veena's daughter; Jatin and Sumeet Wadhwa's sister; Ashutosh's wife (2002–2005)<br />
* Unknown / Bhuvan Chopra / Kuldeep Dubey as Dr. Ashutosh Khanna – Preeti's husband (2002) / (2003) / (2005)<br />
* [[Vivan Bhatena]] / Vishal Watwani as Dhruv Wadhwa – Kumkum Wadhwa and Jatin's son; Sumeet Wadhwa's step-son; Sharman and Aashka's half-brother; Antara's widower (2006–2007) / (2007–2008)<br />
* [[Sayantani Ghosh]] / [[Sonia Singh]] as Advocate Antara Wadhwa – Dhruv's wife (2006) / (2006–2008) (Dead)<br />
* [[Gaurav Khanna]] / Amit Khanna / [[Gagan Malik]] as Sharman Wadhwa – Kumkum Wadhwa and Sumeet Wadhwa's son; Aashka's twin brother; Dhruv's half-brother; Neeti's former love interest; Siya's husband (2006–2007) / (2007) / (2007–2008)<br />
* Karishma Mehta / [[Nikita Thukral]] / Snigdha Srivastav as Siya Garewal Wadhwa – Sharman's wife (2006) / (2007) / (2007–2008)<br />
* [[Chahat Khanna]] / Niyati Joshi as Aashka Wadhwa Kapoor – Kumkum Wadhwa and Sumeet Wadhwa's daughter; Sharman's twin sister; Dhruv's half-sister; Vikram's wife (2006) / (2006–2007)<br />
* [[Mihir Mishra]] as Dr. Vikram Kapoor – Aashka's husband (2006–2007)<br />
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as Brijbhushan Wadhwa – Harshvardhan and Rajeshwari's elder son; Kulbhushan and Sukanya's brother; Rahul's father (2002–2006; 2007)<br />
* Prabhat Bhattacharya / Harsh Vashisht as Rahul Wadhwa – Brijbhushan's son; Naina's husband; (2002–2003) / (2003–2005; 2007–2008)<br />
* [[Kavita Kaushik]] as Naina Kulkarni Wadhwa – Rahul's wife (2004–2005)<br />
* [[Megha Gupta]] / [[Ira Soni]] as Neeti Damani – Sharman's former love interest (2006–2007) / (2007–2008)<br />
* [[Alka Kaushal]] as Sukanya Wadhwa / Sukanya Hemant Malhotra (2002–2008)<br />
* Iqlaq Khan as Hemant Malhotra, Sukanya's husband (2002)<br />
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Pulkit (2008) (Dead)<br />
* [[Soni Singh]] as Kajal, Pulkit's adopted daughter (2008)<br />
* [[Shweta Kawatra]] as Nivedita Mittal (2007)<br />
* [[Buddhaditya Mohanty]] as Akshay Saluja (2003)<br />
* [[Tasneem Sheikh]] as Renuka Bajaj (2002–2004; 2005) (Dead)<br />
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] / Raman Trikha as Vishal Malhotra (2002) / (2002–2003)<br />
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Abhay Chauhan: Abha's elder brother; Chanda's boyfriend; Asit's murderer (2004–2005)<br />
* [[Kabir Sadanand]] as Salil Patel: Akash and Sushma's elder son; Sanket's elder brother; Nalini's murderer; Renuka's one sided obsessive lover (2005) (Dead)<br />
* [[Sameer Soni]] as Advocate Yash Thakur (2005)<br />
* Unknown as Gauri Thakur, Yash's daughter (2005)<br />
* [[Kuljeet Randhawa]] / [[Eva Grover]] as Simran (Simi) Rai, Kumkum's sister (2002) / (2002–2003)<br />
* [[Kunal Kumar]] / Vijay Bhatia / Unknown as Uday, Abhay's assistant (2004) / (2004) / (2005)<br />
* Aparna Bhatnagar as Aarti Wadhwa (2002–2003)<br />
* Unknown / Natasha Singh / [[Malini Kapoor]] as Malini (Malli) Malhotra / Malini Inder Kashyap (2002–2003) / (2003) / (2003–2004) / (2004–2006)<br />
* Unknown / [[Tarana Raja]] as Nalini (Nalli) Malhotra (2002–2003) / (2005) (Dead)<br />
* Pragati Mehra as Ramola Raichand (2008)<br />
* [[Hasan Zaidi]] as Ratan Raichand (2008)<br />
* [[Aditi Shirwaikar]] as Mini Mishra, Kumkum Mishra's sister, Chandumal Mishra's daughter (2008–2009)<br />
* [[Surendra Pal]] as Chandumal Mishra (2008–2009)<br />
* Mohini Sharma as Omprakash Raichand's mother (2008)<br />
* Priya Ahuja as Pamela Wadhwa (2007–2008)<br />
* Unknown as Pooja Wadhwa (2007–2008)<br />
* Sanjay Swaraj / [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Inspector Bhupendra Singh (2003) / (2003–2004; 2006–2007)<br />
* [[Yusuf Hussain]] / Jitendra Trehan as Balwant Rai (Kumkum's father) (2002) / (2002–2003)<br />
* Rajeev Kumar as Raj (2002)<br />
* Radhakrishna Dutta as Mr. Bajaj (2002–2003)<br />
* [[Imran Khan (TV actor)|Imran Khan]] as <br />
** Professor Naren (2002)<br />
** Rajeev Oberoi (2007–2008) (Dead)<br />
* [[Akhil Mishra]] as Vrinda's Mama (2004)<br />
* Puneet Vashisht as Veerendra (Veeru) Sachdev (2003–2004)<br />
* [[Rajesh Kumar (actor)|Rajesh Kumar]] as Sushant, Naina's ex-husband (2004)<br />
* [[Ami Trivedi]] as Vrinda (2004–2005)<br />
* [[Abir Goswami]] as Asit Sengupta (2004; 2005) (Dead)<br />
* [[Surbhi Tiwari]] as Abha Chauhan (2005)<br />
* Gautam Chaturvedi as Akash Patel (2005) (Dead)<br />
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Dr. Rohit Kapoor (2005)<br />
* [[Shagufta Ali]] as Gul (2005)<br />
* [[Pankit Thakker]] as Krishnakant (Krish) Wadhwa (2005–2006)<br />
* Dimple Inamdar as Kamya Verma (2006) (Dead)<br />
* [[Anang Desai]] as Advocate Ashwin Vanjara (2006)<br />
* [[Nimai Bali]] as Inspector Satyadev Tipley (2007)<br />
* Phalguni Parekh as Susheela, Neeti's Aunt (2006–2007)<br />
* [[Rohit Bakshi (actor)|Rohit Bakshi]] as Sanjay (2007)<br />
* [[Sonia Kapoor]] as Inspector Revati (2007–2008)<br />
* Akshita Garud as Child Roshni Mehra (2003–2005)<br />
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Shatru Mishra (2008)<br />
* Hemant Thatte as Ashwin (2008)<br />
* [[Faisal Raza Khan]] as Sarjan Singh (2008–2009)<br />
* [[Ajay Chaudhary]] as Ustad (2008–2009)<br />
* [[Gauri Pradhan]] as Aditi Kapoor (2009)<br />
* [[Rajesh Khattar]] as Kishan Katara (2007)<br />
* [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Ranveer Singh (2009)<br />
* Jayant Rawal as Basheshwar Kapoor (2009)<br />
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Pakiya (2005–2006)<br />
* Roma Bali as Preeto Kapoor (2009)<br />
* Sai Ballal as Mr. Mittal, Nivedita's father (2007)<br />
* [[Meghna Malik]] as Sushma Akash Patel (2005)<br />
* Kapil Soni as Sanket Patel (2005)<br />
* [[Nupur Joshi]] as Mishri (2007)<br />
* Sachin Verma as Mahesh (2007)<br />
* Vineeta Malik as Dulari, Mahesh's grandmother (2007)<br />
* Meenakshi Verma as Mrs. Chauhan (2004)<br />
* Pratichi Mishra as <br />
** Mrs. Khanna (2002)<br />
** Bhanumati (Manno) Chandumal Mishra (2008–2009)<br />
* Mahru Sheikh as Rukmini Vikram Malhotra (2002–2003)<br />
* [[Mehul Buch]] as Vikram Malhotra, Vishal's father (2003)<br />
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Omprakash Raichand (2008–2009)<br />
* Utkarsha Naik as Yashodhara Omprakash Raichand (2008–2009)<br />
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Devyani (2008)<br />
* Pratap Sachdev as Mr. Verma (2003)<br />
* [[Simple Kaul]] as Dr. Chanchal (2008)<br />
* [[Gurmeet Choudhary]] as Ballu (2004)<br />
* [[Iqbal Azad]] / Siraj Mustafa Khan as Aditya Garewal (2006–2007) / (2007)<br />
* [[Dinesh Kaushik]] as Mr. Acharya (2007)<br />
* Manasvi Vyas as Sudha Acharya (2007)<br />
* Manasi Jain as Chutki Acharya (2007)<br />
* [[Purbi Joshi]] as Amandeep (2007) <br />
* Yash Mittal as Child Nimbuda (2007)<br />
* [[Sanjeet Bedi]] as Mohit, Neeti's ex-fiancé (2006–2007)<br />
* Ajit Mehra as Dr. Karan Roy (2002; 2005)<br />
* Vikram Sahu as Dr. Shah (2002; 2005)<br />
* Raja Kapse as Ashok Mehta / Doctor / Dr. Sinha / Mr. Gupta / Kumkum Sumeet Wadhwa's Fake Father <br />
* [[Neha Bam]] as Doctor (2003)<br />
* Nilofer Khan as Madhu Rastogi, Rahul's girlfriend (2003)<br />
* Bharat Arora as Rajat Talukdar (2003)<br />
* Vishal Saini as Teju (2004)<br />
* Seema Pandey / [[Shivani Gosain]] as Komal Raichand (2008) / (2008–2009)<br />
* Avantika Salian as Dilasa Shatru Mishra (2008)<br />
* Monaz Mevawala as Pinky Rai (2004)<br />
* Ahmed Khan as Dhanpat Rai (2004)<br />
* [[Aadesh Chaudhary]] as Avinash (2008–2009)<br />
* [[Manini Mishra]] as Anita (2004)<br />
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Jagannath (2004)<br />
* Dinesh Thakkar as Manohar Shah (2004–2005)<br />
* Sunil Nagar as Mr. Garewal (2004)<br />
* Bhumika Seth as Chandni (2004)<br />
* [[Sulabha Deshpande]] / [[Usha Nadkarni]] as Viju (2004) / (2004)<br />
* Ali Khan as Madan (2008–2009) <br />
* Nasir Sheikh as Inspector Sharma (2002)<br />
* Rajesh Dubey as Hotel Manager / Inspector Rajesh Rathore<br />
* Pramatesh Mehta as College Vice Chancellor (2002)<br />
* Rajan Kapoor as Doctor / Tina's Father <br />
* Deepak Advani as Advocate Goel (2006)<br />
* Sanatan Modi as Advocate (2003)<br />
* Kuldeep Sareen as Murad Khan (2004)<br />
* [[Imran Hasnee]] as Naina's Boss (2004)<br />
* Badrul Islam as Chamanlal (2009)<br />
* Unknown / Unknown as Tara Verma / Tara Rahul Wadhwa (2003) / (2003)<br />
* Shravani Goswami (2004)<br />
* [[Mithilesh Chaturvedi]] (2004)<br />
* [[Shweta Shinde]]<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
After 780 episodes, on 10 April 2006, the storyline of the series took a leap of 20 years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fast forward: 20 years plus|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/fast-forward-20-years-plus/cid/1667559|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Then it took another leap of 20 years in 2008 where the leads were shown reincarnated with a new family.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In February 2009, the channel informed the production house to terminate the series by 13 March 2009. As per the channel's instructions the series ended on that day.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Saat saal baad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Saat-saal-baad/articleshow/4194176.cms|website=The Times of India|date=26 February 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
It received the highest ratings in the afternoon slot and is regarded as one of the longest ran Indian soap during afternoons.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shanti-to-kumkum-5-afternoon-shows-we-loved-to-watch-juhi-parmar-mandira-bedi-lifetv-968591-2017-03-30|title=Shanti to Kumkum, 5 afternoon shows we loved to watch|website=India Today|date=30 March 2017 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404171523/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shanti-to-kumkum-5-afternoon-shows-we-loved-to-watch-juhi-parmar-mandira-bedi-lifetv-968591-2017-03-30|archive-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
After a time change from 3:30 pm to 1:00pm (IST) in November 2002, it started receiving ratings ranging 6 to 7 TVR in March 2003, becoming the most viewed afternoon show, overcoming the other highest rated afternoon shows like [[Bhabhi (TV series)|''Bhabhi'']] and ''[[Shagun]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/apr/apr2.htm|title=Kumkum claims top spot in afternoon band|website=Indian Television|date=April 2003}}</ref> On 25 March 2004, it received the highest ever afternoon rating of 13.12 TVR, overtaking some prime time soaps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr99.htm|title=BAG films afternooner on Star Plus Shoots up|website=Indian Television|date=12 April 2004|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404171726/https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/apr/apr99.htm|archive-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
*[[Indian Telly Awards]] 2005: [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actor critic (Female)]] – [[Juhi Parmar]] - Won<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2005-list-of-winners/|title=Indian Telly awards 2005 list of winners|website=Biz Asia|date=29 November 2005|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404172003/https://www.bizasialive.com/indian-telly-awards-2005-list-of-winners/|archive-date=4 April 2020|access-date=4 April 2020}}</ref><br />
*[[Indian Telly Awards]] 2007: Style Icon of the Year:[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]] - Won<ref name=2007Telly>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantellyawards.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617131115/http://www.indiantellyawards.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-06-17|title=Winners List|website=Indiantellyawards.com}}</ref><br />
*[[Indian Telly Awards]] 2007: Best Actor in a Leading Role (Male)-[[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]- Nominated<ref name=2007Telly/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{SP Shows}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumkum - Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan}}<br />
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br />
[[Category:2002 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows about reincarnation]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandavulu_Pandavulu_Tummeda&diff=524106Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda2026-03-25T18:44:32Z<p>KristyThacker77: new!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummada<br />
| image = Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Movie poster<br />
| alt = <br />
| director = [[Sriwass]]<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Vishnu Manchu]]<br />
*[[Manoj Manchu]]<br />
}}<br />
| story = [[B. V. S. Ravi]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Kona Venkat]]<br />
*[[Gopimohan]]<br />
}}<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*Vishnu Manchu<br />
*Manoj Manchu<br />
*[[Varun Sandesh]]<br />
*[[Tanish]]<br />
*[[Pranitha Subhash]]<br />
*[[Hansika Motwani]]<br />
*[[Raveena Tandon]]<br />
*[[Mohan Babu]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Achu Rajamani]]<br />
*[[Bappi Lahiri]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = M. R. Palani Kumar<br />
| editing = M. R. Varma<br />
| studio = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[24 Frames Factory]]<br />
*[[Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = [[24 Frames Factory]] (worldwide) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/118352.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141123202417/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/118352.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2014|title=24 frames factory bags 'Erra Bus' worldwide release rights|work= indiaglitz.com |date= 11 November 2014|accessdate= 11 November 2014}}</ref><br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|01|31}}<br />
| runtime = 156 mins<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = ₹15 crore<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://english.tupaki.com/enews/view/MAA-TV-rescued-Manchu-family/53778 PPT satellite rights sold for MAA TV | Maa TV Bags Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda Satellite Rights<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228214830/http://english.tupaki.com/enews/view/MAA-TV-rescued-Manchu-family/53778 |date=28 February 2014 }}</ref><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda''''' ({{translation|Five [[Pandavas]] with a honey bee}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Sriwass]] and featuring an ensemble cast composed of [[Vishnu Manchu]], [[Manoj Manchu]], [[Varun Sandesh]], [[Tanish]], [[Pranitha Subhash]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Raveena Tandon]], and [[Mohan Babu]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130715005935/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-18/news-interviews/39353564_1_mohan-babu-raveena-tandon-vishnu-manchu Mohan Babu shakes a leg with Raveena Tandon - The Times of India<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/330645/hansika-finds-peace-slovenia.html Hansika finds peace in Slovenia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/raveena-tandon-teams-up-with-mohan-babu-for-telugu-film/1119164/ Raveena Tandon teams up with Mohan Babu for Telugu film - Indian Express<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Manchu Vishnu and Manchu Manoj are jointly producing the film on their respective banners, 24 Frames Factory and [[Sri Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures]]. [[Kona Venkat]], [[Gopimohan]] and [[BVS Ravi]] wrote the film's screenplay with Palani Kumar handling cinematography.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140122233053/http://www.sify.com/movies/mohan-babu-vishnu-manoj-team-up-news-telugu-neqlDvdafgc.html Mohan Babu, Vishnu, Manoj team up<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
The film is partly inspired by the Hindi movie ''[[Golmaal 3]]''.<ref>[http://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/2014/02/03/Manchu-Manoj-differs-with-dad-Mohan-Babu/movie/3189 Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda remake of Golmaal 3<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The movie also marks the return of Mohan Babu on film after a long self-imposed hiatus, sharing the screen with both his sons Vishnu and Manoj for the first time. Raveena Tandon also returned to Telugu cinema after a long hiatus with this film. The soundtrack and music on the film were composed by Bappa Lahiri and [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]. Released worldwide on 31 January 2014, the film featured [[Brahmanandam]], [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Raghu Babu]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Supreeth Reddy]], [[M. S. Narayana]] in other pivotal roles. Upon release, the film received a positive reception from critics and it was successful at both the Indian and overseas box offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/pandavulu-pandavulu-tummeda-turn-big-money-spinner-131373.html|title=Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda Turns A Big Money Spinner At Box Office|publisher=Oneindia Entertainment|date=6 February 2014|access-date=9 February 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
In the [[Andhra Pradesh]]-[[Karnataka]] border, there are two villages named Pandavapuram and Kauravapuram. Dharmanna is the head of Pandavapuram and is considered as the latest descendant of the [[Pandavas]], while Suyodhana is the head of Kauravapuram and also is considered as the latest descendant of the [[Kauravas]]. As expected, Dharmanna is a good Samaritan while Suyodhana is a dangerous criminal who runs a quarry business. Similar to the tale of [[Mahabharata]], here in this film too, Dharmanna and Suyodhana play the game of cards in which Suyodhana fails, which makes him follow the stipulation of the game - no celebration, marriage, and any good events should not be conducted for 14 years. This leaves Suyodhana swearing vengeance and exactly after 14 years, by manipulation, Suyodhana wins the game and asks Dharmanna to give his daughter's hand with his youngest son's marriage. Thus to ensure his daughter Honey's safety, Dharmanna sends her to Bangkok along with his friend and his friend's daughter. There she stays with Satya's family and starts working with her sons Vijay and Gopal in a successful boat business.<br />
<br />
On a separate note, Naidu is a tourist guide in Bangkok, and his three sons Ajay, Varun, and Lucky are cons. Naidu, who is disciplined, punishes them for their misdeeds. On the other hand, Vijay turns into a very short-tempered man if one raises a finger towards him and always, in any case, Vijay keeps on breaking those fingers pointing him. Gopal stutters, while Lucky is a dumb person. While Vijay and Gopal emotionally blackmail Satya that they would have been happy if their father was there, Ajay, Varun and Lucky would emotionally blackmail Naidu that they would have been happy if their mother was there as she would support them and defend Naidu. Including Honey, only Naidu and Satya knew that the five men are orphans and Naidu and Satya sacrificed their love to raise them and still remained unmarried as their marriage was put on hold during their young days by Satya's father Subba Rao as Naidu was a poor man then. Honey somehow manages to unite them and get them married, and she makes arrangements to bring all the five men under one roof. Satya's sons and Naidu's sons often quarrel, until they realise they are orphans. They conceal the fact before their new parents that they knew about their identity in order not to hurt them. Vijay is in love with Honey, and when Honey is going to propose to him, Suyodhana's son-in-law Siddha reaches Bangkok along with his men and forcibly takes her back to Kauravapuram in India.<br />
<br />
The new family learns about the game of cards, its stipulations, and consequences from Dharmanna's friend, which makes Naidu promise Dharmanna that he would bring Honey back to Pandavapuram without any violence. Thus with reference to the Virata Parva of Mahabharata, the whole family enters Suyodhana's house in disguise. First, Naidu and Varun enter into the good books of Suyodhana's elder sons Guna and Gana and then enter the house as Graharaja, a powerful astrologer and Upagraharaja, his assistant. Satya, Lucky, and Gopal enter the house as Satya Menon, a Malayali cook, and her assistants. Vijay makes an entry as Gambler Gopi, a skilled gambler and fan of Suyodhana. Meanwhile, Suyodhana's brother-in-law Bapure, a Telugu freak and over a suspicious person, and his westernized daughter Kuchala Kumari alias KuKu, whom Bapure wishes to turn into a traditional Telugu girl. Finally, Ajay makes an entry in a female attire as Mohini, Gambler Gopi's sister-in-law who loves Gopi. Ajay in the disguise of Mohini makes Guna, Gana, and Honey's would-be Gaja fall for her charms, and KuKu, who knows Mohini's real identity is in mutual love with Ajay. Though Bapure is fond of commenting and complaining about people, Graharaja fixes him in such a situation that if he does it, he would die the next moment. On the day of the marriage of Honey and Gaja, Mohini creates a brawl between the three brothers and fakes her death.<br />
<br />
In order to escape from the clutches of Mohini's brother Mohan, a police officer, Graharaja advises to Suyodhana to conduct the marriage of Gopi and Honey so that Mohan, who is a police officer would punish Gopi for Mohini's death. Mohan turns out to be Ajay in a police uniform and since Suyodhana's family does not know about Ajay's identity, they remain silent. The marriage is conducted and after the rituals get completed, the drama is exposed to Suyodhana's family by Guna as he finds out that the corpse of Mohini thrown in the well was a doll. Naidu is shot with a gun by Suyodhana at Naidu's arm which makes the five furious. A riot happens in which Naidu and his sons emerge victorious. Finally, Bapure is forced to accept the marriage of Ajay and KuKu after he learns the truth since the couple is in love.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Vishnu Manchu]] as Vijay / Gambler Gopi<br />
* [[Manoj Manchu ]] as Ajay / Mohini / Mohan<br />
* [[Varun Sandesh]] as Prem / UpaGraha Raj<br />
* [[Tanish]] as Lucky<br />
* [[Pranitha Subhash]] as Kuchela Kumari (Kuku)<br />
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Honey<br />
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Sathya<br />
* [[Mohan Babu]] as Naidu / Graha Raju<br />
* [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as Toyota/Mazda/Nissan<br />
* [[Adivi Sesh]] as Mitsubishi/Suzuki/Hyundai<br />
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Gopal<br />
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Pichakuntla Paidithalli (Bapure)<br />
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Dolly Bhai<br />
* [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] as Subbu<br />
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Mastan<br />
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] as Suryodhana<br />
* [[Giri Babu]] as Dharmanna <br />
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Narayana <br />
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Siddha<br />
* [[Supreeth Reddy]] as Guna <br />
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]] as Honey's uncle<br />
* Bharani as Gana<br />
* Shravan as Gaja<br />
* [[Gurleen Chopra]]<br />
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]]<br />
* [[Krishna Bhagawan]]<br />
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]]<br />
* Alekhya Varma<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film was officially launched on 23 April 2013 in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and the launch event was graced by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], [[Lavanya Tripathi]], [[BVS Ravi]], Gopi Mohan and [[Kona Venkat]].<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/mohan-babu-vishnu-manoj-manchu-movie-launch-108097.html Mohan Babu's multi-starrer movie launched today - Oneindia Entertainment<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
Manchu Vishnu and Hansika Motwani paired up to film the first song of the movie in some landscapes and locations in [[Italy]] during the month of May in 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224752/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/93524.html Manchu multi-starrer shooting in Italy - Bollywood Movie News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
Manoj plays three different characters in the movie and teams up with Pranitha,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.takkari.net/2015/02/latest-tollywood-kisses-1.html|title=Manoj with Pranita Lip Lock|publisher=Takkari.net|accessdate=15 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214142654/http://www.takkari.net/2015/02/latest-tollywood-kisses-1.html|archive-date=14 February 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> who plays a boisterous, fun-loving girl. She finished a brief shooting schedule in [[Slovenia]] during the same month.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130614012512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-21/news-interviews/39417339_1_pranita-pranitha-slovenia Pranitha and Manoj Manchu in Slovenia! - The Times of India<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
[[Raveena Tandon]], previously starring in ''[[Bangaru Bullodu (1993 film)|Bangaru Bullodu]]'', ''Ratha Sarathi'', and ''[[Akasa Veedhilo]]'', marks her return to the Telugu Film Industry after twelve years. She pairs up with industry veteran Dr. Mohan Babu. The pair had also finished shooting a song in [[Venice]].<ref name=autogenerated2 /><br />
<br />
''Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda'' brings landscapes from Europe including [[Germany]], [[Austria]], [[Italy]], [[Slovenia]] among others. The film also features some backdrops from [[Bangkok]].<br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
The film was released on 31 January, earning approximately {{INR}} 11.50 crores [[net income|nett]] in India and about {{INR}} 1.06 crores nett ($1,70,000) overseas.<ref>[https://www.filmbeat.com/telugu/news/2014/pandavulu-pandavulu-tummeda-1-week-collection-box-office-131547.html#sthash.OstXWhOw.dpuf Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda 1st Week Collection At Box Office<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Achu Rajamani]] and [[Bappi Lahiri]]. Lyrics of songs were written by Bhaskara Batla, [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] and [[Anantha Sriram]]. The audio launch of the film held at the Shilpa Kala Vedika in Shilparamam, Hyderabad on 11 January 2014.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Pandavulu-Pandavulu-Tummeda-music-launched/articleshow/28714316.cms Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda music launched - The Times of India<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Music Mania rated the soundtrack 2.5/5 and stated that the title song is better than all but that no song is worth noting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mp3hotz.blogspot.in/2014/01/pandavulu-pandavulu-tummeda-2014-movie.html |title=Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda Telugu Audio review |work=MusicMania |date=27 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| collapsed =<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| total_length = 23:09<br />
| title1 = Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda<br />
| lyrics1 =<br />
| extra1 = [[Baba Sehgal]]<br />
| length1 = 02:23<br />
| title2 = Guchi Guchi Nuvvu Chudakala<br />
| lyrics2 =<br />
| extra2 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| length2 = 04:10<br />
| title3 = Chusa Nene<br />
| lyrics3 =<br />
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]]<br />
| length3 = 04:50<br />
| title4 = Saturday Night<br />
| lyrics4 =<br />
| extra4 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], Charu Semvai, Jonitha<br />
| length4 = 03:57<br />
| title5 = Sathemma Sathemma<br />
| lyrics5 =<br />
| extra5 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]<br />
| length5 = 03:56<br />
| title6 = Burra Girra Girra<br />
| lyrics6 =<br />
| extra6 = [[Achu Rajamani]], Ranjitha, [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]<br />
| length6 = 03:51<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Home media ==<br />
This film is now available on [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha Video]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/pandavulu-pandavulu-tummeda |title=Watch Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda Full Movie Online for Free in HD Quality {{!}} Download Now |date=2018-04-30 |last=Ltd |first=Arha Media & Broadcasting Pvt |language=en |access-date=2024-05-21 |via=www.aha.video}}</ref> and [[Disney+ Hotstar|Disney+Hotstar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/pandavulu-pandavulu-thummeda/1000055958 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en}}</ref> platforms<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web| title = Pandavulu Pandavulu Tummeda Telugu Movie Review | url = http://meraneed.com/pandavulu-pandavulu-tummeda-review/| publisher = meraneed.com| accessdate =2014-02-07}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|3353850}}<br />
* [http://www.pptmovie.com/ Official website]<br />
{{Sriwass}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 films]]<br />
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Bappa Lahiri]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2010s action comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Achu Rajamani]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Slovenia]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Austria]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Venice]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sriwass]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karnataka_Control_of_Organised_Crimes_Act,_2000&diff=508640Karnataka Control of Organised Crimes Act, 20002026-03-25T18:35:54Z<p>KristyThacker77: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Law to combat organised crime and terrorism}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
| image = <br />
| enacted_by = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl2619/stories/20090925261910500.htm |title=An Act in question |website=frontline.thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-04 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
| status = in force<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Karnataka Control of Organised Crimes Act, 2000'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://home.karnataka.gov.in/en/Pages/Acts.aspx |title=GOK: Acts |website=home.karnataka.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Karnataka]] |location=Karnataka, India |access-date=2019-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001120538/http://home.karnataka.gov.in/en/Pages/Acts.aspx |archive-date=2018-10-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> (KCOCA) is a law enacted by [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]] in 2000 to combat organised crime and terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/pdf_files/1%20of%202002%20(E).pdf |title=THE KARNATAKA CONTROL OF ORGANISED CRIME ACT ,2000 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS |publisher=Department of Parliamentary Affairs, [[National Informatics Centre]] |location=Karnataka, India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/jan/04/cops-to-invoke-kcoca-against-land-grabbers-1920374.html |title=Bengaluru cops to invoke Karnataka Control of Organised Crimes Act against land grabbers |website=The New Indian Express |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804173032/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/jan/04/cops-to-invoke-kcoca-against-land-grabbers-1920374.html |archive-date=2019-08-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/mar/14/karnataka-cops-will-invoke-kcoca-to-deal-with-heinous-crimes-1950790.html |title=Karnataka cops will invoke KCOCA to deal with heinous crimes |website=The New Indian Express |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804173028/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/mar/14/karnataka-cops-will-invoke-kcoca-to-deal-with-heinous-crimes-1950790.html |archive-date=2019-08-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gauri-lankesh-murder-case-sit-invokes-karnataka-control-of-organised-crimes-act/story-eHSGVK8p0fx8RgPYAqWtJJ.html |title=Gauri Lankesh murder case: SIT invokes Karnataka Control of Organised Crimes Act |date=2018-08-14 |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=India |access-date=2019-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804173028/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gauri-lankesh-murder-case-sit-invokes-karnataka-control-of-organised-crimes-act/story-eHSGVK8p0fx8RgPYAqWtJJ.html |archive-date=2019-08-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Act was modeled on the [[Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, 1999]] (MCOCA).<ref name=":1"/><br />
<br />
The Act's stated purpose was to fight underworld and organized crime. An amendment bill was passed on 29 July 2009, making four main changes to the Act, adding ′terrorist act′ to purview of ‘organized crime′.<ref name=":1"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Portal|India|Law}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Organised crime in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Counterterrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka state legislation]]<br />
[[Category:Organised crime in India]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Law enforcement in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:2000 in Indian law]]<br />
[[Category:Acts related to organized crime]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_elephant&diff=460248Asian elephant2026-03-25T14:08:23Z<p>KristyThacker77: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Second-largest species of elephant}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| name = Asian elephant<br />
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Pleistocene|Recent}}<br />
| image = Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg<br />
| image_caption = A tusked bull<br />[[Bandipur National Park]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| image2 = Sri Lankan elephant (Elephas maximus maximus) female and young 1.jpg<br />
| image2_caption = A cow, juveniles and a calf<br />[[Yala National Park]], [[Sri Lanka]]<br />
| status = EN<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name="MSOF">{{cite iucn |title=''Elephas maximus'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Williams, C. |author2=Tiwari, S.K. |author3=Goswami, V.R. |author4=de Silva, S. |author5=Kumar, A. |author6=Baskaran, N. |author7=Yoganand, K. |author8=Menon, V. |date=2020 |article-number=e.T7140A45818198 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T7140A45818198.en |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><br />
| status2 = CITES_A1<br />
| status2_system = CITES<br />
| status2_ref = <ref name=CITES>{{cite web |title=Appendices |url=https://CITES.org/eng/app/appendices.php |publisher=Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ([[CITES]]) |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205014647/https://CITES.org/eng/app/appendices.php |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| genus = Elephas<br />
| species = maximus<ref name=MSW>{{MSW3 Proboscidea |id=11500004 |page=90 |heading=Species ''Elephas maximus''}}</ref><br />
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<br />
| range_map = Elephas Maximus distribution evolution map.svg<br />
| range_map_caption = {{leftlegend|#eea78f|&nbsp;Historical range}} <br />
{{leftlegend|#ea4035|&nbsp;Range in early 21st century}}<br />
| synonyms = <br />
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies<br />
| subdivision = *[[Sri Lankan elephant|''E. m. maximus'']]<br />
* [[Indian elephant|''E. m. indicus'']]<br />
* [[Sumatran elephant|''E. m. sumatranus'']]<br />
| subdivision_ref = <ref name=MSW/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Asian elephant''' ('''''Elephas maximus'''''), also known as the '''Asiatic elephant''', is the only living species in the genus ''[[Elephas]]''. It is the largest living land animal in [[Asia]] and the second largest living [[Elephantidae|elephantid]] in the world. It is characterised by its long [[Elephant trunk|trunk]] with a single finger-like process; large [[tusk]]s in males; laterally folded large ears and wrinkled grey skin that is partly [[depigment]]ed on the trunk, ears or neck. Adult males average {{cvt|4|t|ST|lk=on}} in weight and females {{cvt|2.7|t|ST}}. It has a large and well developed [[neocortex]] of the brain, is highly intelligent and self-aware, being able to display behaviours associated with grief, learning and greeting. Three [[subspecies]] are recognised—''[[Sri Lankan elephant|E. m. maximus]]'', [[Indian elephant|''E. m. indicus'']] and ''[[Sumatran elephant|E. m. sumatranus]]''.<br />
<br />
The Asian elephant is distributed in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]], from [[India]] in the west to [[Borneo]] in the east, and [[Nepal]] in the north to [[Sumatra]] in the south. It inhabits [[grassland]]s, [[tropical evergreen forest]]s, semi-evergreen forests, moist [[deciduous forest]]s, [[dry deciduous forest]]s and dry thorn forests. It is herbivorous, eating about {{cvt|150|kg}} of vegetation per day. Cows and calves form groups, while males remain solitary or form "bachelor groups" with other males. During the breeding season, males temporarily join female groups to mate. Wild Asian elephants live to be about 60 years old. While female captive elephants are recorded to have lived beyond 60 years when kept in semi-natural surroundings, Asian elephants die at a much younger age in captivity; captive populations are declining due to a low birth and high death rate.<br />
<br />
Since 1986, the Asian elephant has been listed as [[endangered species|Endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]], as the population has declined by at least 50 per cent over the last three elephant generations, which is about 60–75 years. It is primarily threatened by [[loss of habitat]], [[habitat degradation]], [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] and [[poaching]]. The earliest indications of captive use of Asian elephants are engravings on seals of the [[Indus Valley civilisation]] dated to the 3rd millennium BC.<br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
[[File:Tucking in, yet watchful (7568587412).jpg|thumb|Elephant in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[File:Bathing Elephant.jpg|thumb|Elephant in [[Kaziranga National Park]], India]]<br />
[[File:Elephant Sumatra ProfilG.jpg|thumb|Elephant in Sumatra]]<br />
[[Carl Linnaeus]] proposed the [[scientific name]] ''Elephas maximus'' in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'']], the foundational work of modern zoological taxonomy.<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaei, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=Tomus I |publisher=Impensis Direct. Laurentti Salvii |location=Holmiae|chapter=''Bruta'' |page=33 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/32/mode/2up}}</ref> Carl Linnaeus based his description on a variety of sources and specimens, some of which were later shown to be African elephants. Linnaeus's description heavily relied on a 1693 description of an elephant skeleton by [[John Ray]]. This skeleton still exists within the collection of the [[Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze|Natural History Museum of the University of Florence]], and almost certainly represents that of [[Hansken]], a female Asian elephant from Sri Lanka that toured Europe in the 17th century.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Witteveen|first=Joeri|last2=Müller-Wille|first2=Staffan|date=December 2020|title=Of elephants and errors: naming and identity in Linnaean taxonomy|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40656-020-00340-z|journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|doi=10.1007/s40656-020-00340-z|issn=0391-9714}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Cappellini |first=Enrico |last2=Gentry |first2=Anthea |last3=Palkopoulou |first3=Eleftheria |last4=Ishida |first4=Yasuko |last5=Cram |first5=David |last6=Roos |first6=Anna-Marie |last7=Watson |first7=Mick |last8=Johansson |first8=Ulf S. |last9=Fernholm |first9=Bo |last10=Agnelli |first10=Paolo |last11=Barbagli |first11=Fausto |last12=Littlewood |first12=D. Tim J. |last13=Kelstrup |first13=Christian D. |last14=Olsen |first14=Jesper V. |last15=Lister |first15=Adrian M. |date=2014-01-01 |title=Resolution of the type material of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758 (Proboscidea, Elephantidae) |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/170/1/222/2433462 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=222–232 |doi=10.1111/zoj12084 |issn=0024-4082}}</ref> This specimen was declared to be the [[lectotype]] specimen for the species in 2014.<ref name=":6" /> ''Elephas indicus'' was proposed by [[Georges Cuvier]] in 1798, who described an elephant from India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cuvier, G. |year=1798 |title=Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux |publisher=Baudouin |location=Paris |pages=148–149 |chapter=''Elephas indicus'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/tableaulmen00cuvi#page/148/mode/2up}}</ref> [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] named an elephant from Sumatra ''Elephas sumatranus'' in 1847.<ref>{{cite book |author=Temminck, C. J. |year=1847 |title=Coup-d'oeil général sur les possessions néerlandaises dans l'Inde archipélagique |volume=Tome second |location=Leide |publisher=A. Arnz and Comp. |chapter=''Elephas sumatranus'' |page=91 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/coupdoeilgnrals03temmgoog#page/n103/mode/2up}}</ref> [[Frederick Nutter Chasen]] classified all three as [[subspecies]] of the Asian elephant in 1940.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chasen, F.N. |year=1940 |title=A handlist of Malaysian mammals, a systematic list of the mammals of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java, including the adjacent small islands |journal=Bulletin of the Raffles Museum |volume=15 |pages=1–209 |url=https://blsea.nus.edu.sg/shared/UPLOADS/JOURNALS/LOW/BulRaf_no15.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212165718/https://blsea.nus.edu.sg/shared/UPLOADS/JOURNALS/LOW/BulRaf_no15.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2020}}</ref> These three subspecies are currently recognised as [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] [[Taxon|taxa]].<ref name="MSOF"/><ref name="Shoshani82">{{cite journal |author=Shoshani, J. |author2=Eisenberg, J. F. |year=1982 |title=''Elephas maximus'' |journal=Mammalian Species |issue=182 |pages=1–8 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-182-01-0001.pdf |jstor=3504045 |doi=10.2307/3504045 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430131057/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-182-01-0001.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}</ref> Results of [[Phylogeography|phylogeographic]] and [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] analyses indicate that the Sri Lankan and Indian elephants are not distinct enough to warrant classification as separate subspecies.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fleischer, R.C. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Perry, E.A. |author3=Muralidharan, K. |author4= Stevens, E.E. |author5=Wemmer, C.M. |year=2001 |title=Phylogeography of the Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus'') based on mitochondrial DNA |journal=Evolution |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=1882–1892 |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00837.x |doi-access=free |jstor=2680432 |pmid=11681743}}</ref><br />
<br />
Three subspecies are recognised:<ref name="MSOF"/><ref name="Shoshani82"/><br />
* [[Sri Lankan elephant]] (''E. maximus maximus'' {{small|Linnaeus, 1758}})<br />
* [[Indian elephant]] (''E. maximus indicus'' {{small|Cuvier, 1798}}) <br />
* [[Sumatran elephant]] (''E. maximus sumatranus'' {{small|Temminck, 1847}})<br />
<br />
Sri Lankan elephants are the largest subspecies. Their skin colour is darker than of ''E. m. indicus'' and of ''E. m. sumatranus'' with larger and more distinct patches of [[depigmentation]] on ears, face, trunk and belly.<ref name="Shoshani06">{{cite book |last1=[[Jeheskel Shoshani|Shoshani, J]]. |year=2006 |chapter=Taxonomy, Classification, and Evolution of Elephants |pages=3–14 |title=Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants |editor1-last=Fowler |editor1-first=M. E. |editor2-last=Mikota |editor2-first=S. K. |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=0-8138-0676-3 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCpiZA61tyQC&pg=PA3 |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020223555/https://books.google.com/books?id=oCpiZA61tyQC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> The skin color of the Indian elephant is generally grey and lighter than that of ''E. m. maximus'' but darker than that of ''E. m. sumatranus''.<ref name="Shoshani82"/><br />
<br />
A potential fourth subspecies, the [[Borneo elephant]] (''Elephas maximus borneensis''), occurs in [[Borneo]]'s northeastern parts, primarily in [[Sabah]] ([[Malaysia]]), and sometimes in [[Kalimantan]] ([[Indonesia]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Farrows|title=Bornean Elephant: Species in World Land Trust reserves|url=https://www.worldlandtrust.org/species/mammals/bornean-elephant/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=World Land Trust|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514030341/https://www.worldlandtrust.org/species/mammals/bornean-elephant/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was proposed by [[Paules Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Paules Deraniyagala]] in 1950, who described an elephant in an illustration published in the ''[[National Geographic]]'' magazine, but not as a living elephant in accordance with the rules of the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]].{{sfn|Deraniyagala|1955|p=123–124}}<ref name="Cranbrook07">{{cite journal |author1=Cranbrook, E. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Payne, J. |author3=Leh, C.M.U. |year=2007 |title=Origin of the elephants ''Elephas maximus'' L. of Borneo |journal=Sarawak Museum Journal |volume=63 |issue=84 |pages=95–125 |doi=10.61507/smj22-2007-Q11Q-04 |url=http://assets.panda.org/downloads/pages_from_originofelephants_in_borneofinal2oct07_2.pdf |access-date=13 March 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014013/http://assets.panda.org/downloads/pages_from_originofelephants_in_borneofinal2oct07_2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> These elephants living in northern Borneo are smaller than all the other subspecies, but had larger ears, a longer tail, and straight tusks.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Nurzhafarina, O. |author2=Maryati, M. |author3=Ahmad, A.H. |author4=Nathan, S. |author5=Pierson, H.T. |author6=Goosens, B. |year=2008 |url=http://www.ums.edu.my/webv3/appl/downloadfiles/NURZHAFARINA%20Othman.pdf |title=A preliminary study on the morphometrics of the Bornean Elephant |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307134646/http://www.ums.edu.my/webv3/appl/downloadfiles/NURZHAFARINA%20Othman.pdf |archive-date=March 7, 2012 |journal=Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=109–113}}</ref> Results of genetic analysis indicate that their ancestors separated from the mainland population about 300,000 years ago.<ref name="Fernando">{{cite journal |last1=Fernando |first1=P. |last2=Vidya |first2=T. N. C. |last3=Payne |first3=J. |last4=Stuewe |first4=M. |last5=Davison |first5=G. |last6=Alfred |first6=R. J. |last7=Andau |first7=P. |last8=Bosi |first8=E. |last9=Kilbourn |first9=A. |name-list-style=amp|year=2003 |title=DNA Analysis Indicates That Asian Elephants Are Native to Borneo and Are Therefore a High Priority for Conservation |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |article-number=e6 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006 |pmid=12929206 |pmc=176546 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A study in 2003, using [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis and [[Microsatellite (genetics)|microsatellite data]], indicated that the Borneo elephant population is derived from stock that originated in the region of the [[Sunda Islands]], and suggests that the Borneo population has been separated from the other elephant populations of southeast Asia since the [[Pleistocene]].<ref name=Fernando03>{{cite journal |author=Fernando, P. |author2=Vidya T.N.C. |author3=Payne J. |author4=Stuewe M. |author5=Davison G. |author6=Alfred, R.J. |author7=Andau, P. |author8=Bosi, E. |author9=Kilbourn, A. |author10=Melnick, D.J. |year=2003 |title=DNA Analysis indicates that Asian Elephants are native to Borneo and are therefore a High Priority for conservation |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=1 |issue=1 |article-number=e6 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0000006 |pmid=12929206 |pmc=176546 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
The following Asian elephants were proposed as [[extinct]] subspecies, but are now considered [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]] with the Indian elephant:<ref name="Shoshani82"/><br />
* [[Syrian elephant]] (''E. m. asurus''), proposed by Deraniyagala, based on fossil remains and [[Bronze Age]] illustrations.{{sfn|Deraniyagala|1955|p=116}}<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Girdland Flink, E.L. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Albayrak, E. |author3=Lister, A. |year=2018 |title=Genetic insight into an extinct population of Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus'') in the Near East |journal=Open Quaternary |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.5334/oq.36 |doi-access=free |hdl=2164/13525 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><br />
* [[Elephants in ancient China|Chinese elephant]] (''E. m. rubridens''), also proposed by Deraniyagala, based on a Chinese bronze statuette.{{sfn|Deraniyagala|1955|p=125}}<br />
* [[Javan elephant]] (''E. m. sondaicus''), also proposed by Deraniyagala, based on an illustration of a carving on the Buddhist monument of [[Borobudur]].{{sfn|Deraniyagala|1955|p=124}}<ref name="Cranbrook07"/><br />
<br />
=== Evolution ===<br />
{{cladogram|style=font-size:70%|caption=Elephantids phylogeny based on morphological and DNA evidence<br />
{{clade|{{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Loxodonta]]'' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:African elephant (PSF).png|60px]]</span><br />
|2={{extinct}}''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' [[File:Palaeoloxodon namadicus-bpk (cropped).jpg|60 px]]<br />
}}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Elephas]]'' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Indian elephant (PSF).png|70 px]]</span><br />
|2={{extinct}}''[[Mammuthus]]'' [[File:Mammuthus trogontherii122DB.jpg|70 px]]<br />
}}}}|label1=[[Elephantidae]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The genus ''[[Elephas]]'', of which the Asian elephant is the only living member, is the closest relative of the extinct [[mammoth]]s. The two groups are estimated to have split from each other around 7 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rohland |first1=Nadin |last2=Reich |first2=David |last3=Mallick |first3=Swapan |last4=Meyer |first4=Matthias |last5=Green |first5=Richard E. |last6=Georgiadis |first6=Nicholas J. |last7=Roca |first7=Alfred L. |last8=Hofreiter |first8=Michael |date=2010-12-21 |title=Genomic DNA Sequences from Mastodon and Woolly Mammoth Reveal Deep Speciation of Forest and Savanna Elephants |journal=PLOS Biology |language=en |volume=8 |issue=12 |article-number=e1000564 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564 |doi-access=free |issn=1545-7885 |pmc=3006346 |pmid=21203580}}</ref> <br />
''Elephas'' originated in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] during the [[Pliocene]] and spread throughout Africa before expanding into the southern half of Asia.<ref name=Haynes1993>{{cite book |author=Haynes, G. |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRrZ-TK91LMC&pg=PA8 |title=Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants: Biology, Behavior and the Fossil Record |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-45691-3 |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317064751/https://books.google.com/books?id=PRrZ-TK91LMC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live|page=8}}</ref> The earliest ''Elephas'' species, ''[[Elephas ekorensis]]'', is known from the Early [[Pliocene]] of East Africa, around 5–4.2 million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sanders |first1=William J. |last2=Haile-Selassie |first2=Yohannes |date=June 2012 |title=A New Assemblage of Mid-Pliocene Proboscideans from the Woranso-Mille Area, Afar Region, Ethiopia: Taxonomic, Evolutionary, and Paleoecological Considerations |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=105–128 |doi=10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y |s2cid=254703858 |issn=1064-7554 |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317064827/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10914-011-9181-y |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The oldest remains of the genus in Asia are known from the [[Siwalik Hills]] in the Indian subcontinent, dating to the late Pliocene, around 3.6 to 3.2 million years ago, assigned to the species ''[[Elephas planifrons]].''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iannucci |first1=Alessio |last2=Sardella |first2=Raffaele |date=28 February 2023 |title=What Does the "Elephant-Equus" Event Mean Today? Reflections on Mammal Dispersal Events around the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary and the Flexible Ambiguity of Biochronology |journal=Quaternary |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=16 |doi=10.3390/quat6010016 |issn=2571-550X |doi-access=free|bibcode=2023Quat....6...16I |hdl=11573/1680082 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The modern Asian elephant is suggested to have evolved from the species ''[[Elephas hysudricus]]'', which first appeared at the beginning of the [[Early Pleistocene]] around 2.6 million years ago, and is primarily known from remains of Early-[[Middle Pleistocene]] age found on the Indian subcontinent.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lister |first1=Adrian M. |last2=Dirks |first2=Wendy |last3=Assaf |first3=Amnon |last4=Chazan |first4=Michael |last5=Goldberg |first5=Paul |last6=Applbaum |first6=Yaakov H. |last7=Greenbaum |first7=Nathalie |last8=Horwitz |first8=Liora Kolska |date=September 2013 |title=New fossil remains of Elephas from the southern Levant: Implications for the evolutionary history of the Asian elephant |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003101821300237X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=386 |pages=119–130 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.013 |bibcode=2013PPP...386..119L |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102052605/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003101821300237X |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>'' Skeletal remains of ''E. m. asurus'' have been recorded from the [[Middle East]]: [[Iran]], [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], and [[Turkey]] from periods dating between at least 1800 BC and likely 700 BC.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last1=Çakırlar|first1=Canan|last2=Ikram|first2=Salima|date=2016-05-03|title='When elephants battle, the grass suffers.' Power, ivory and the Syrian elephant|journal=Levant|language=en|volume=48|issue=2|pages=167–183|doi=10.1080/00758914.2016.1198068|issn=0075-8914|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
[[File:Asian elephant size comparison.jpg|thumb|Young adult male Asian elephant skeleton compared to a human]]<br />
[[File:Asiatic Elephant.jpg|thumb|Depigmented skin on the forehead and ears of an Asian elephant]]<br />
In general, the Asian elephant is smaller than the [[African bush elephant]] and has the highest body point on the head. The back is convex or level. The [[ear]]s are small with dorsal borders folded laterally. It has up to 20 pairs of ribs and 34 [[caudal vertebrae]]. The feet have five nail-like structures on each forefoot, and four on each hind foot.<ref name="Shoshani82" /> The forehead has two hemispherical bulges, unlike the flat front of the African elephants.<ref name="Clutton-Brock">{{cite book |last=Clutton-Brock |first=Juliet |title=A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-292-71532-5 |page=141}}</ref> Its long [[Elephant#Trunk|trunk]] or [[proboscis]] has only one fingerlike tip, in contrast to the African elephants, which have two.<ref name="Shoshani82" /> Hence, the Asian species relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth, rather than grasping with the tip. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex tasks.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Shoshani, J. |year=2000 |title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild |publisher=Checkmark Books|pages=38–41, 74–77 |isbn=978-0-87596-143-9 |oclc=475147472}}</ref>[[File:Toes of an Asian elephant.jpg|thumb|The nail-like structures on the toes of an Asian elephant]]Cows usually lack [[tusk]]s; if tusks—in that case, called "tushes"—are present, they are barely visible and only seen when the mouth is open.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chelliah |first1=Karpagam |last2=Sukumar |first2=Raman |date=2013-12-01 |title=The role of tusks, musth and body size in male–male competition among Asian elephants, Elephas maximus |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347213004260 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=1207–1214 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.022 |issn=0003-3472 |access-date=17 March 2024 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202215326/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347213004260 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Tooth enamel|enamel plates]] of the [[molars]] are greater in number and closer together in Asian elephants.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.21011 |title=Qualitative Comparison of the Cranio-Dental Osteology of the Extant Elephants, Elephas Maximus (Asian Elephant) and Loxodonta africana (African Elephant) |author=Nancy E. Todd |journal=Anatomical Record|volume=293 |issue=1 |date=January 2010 |pages=62–73 |doi=10.1002/ar.21011 |pmid=19937635 |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521080809/https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.21011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some bulls may also lack tusks; these individuals are called "makhnas" and are especially common among the Sri Lankan elephant population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elephant.se/index.php?id=18 |title=Makhna |work=Elephant database |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521080811/https://www.elephant.se/index.php?id=18 |url-status=live }}</ref> A tusk from an {{convert|11|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall elephant killed by Sir [[Victor Brooke]] measured {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} in length, and nearly {{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} in circumference, and weighed {{convert|90|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. This tusk's weight is, however, exceeded by the weight of a shorter tusk of about {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} in length, which weighed {{convert|100|lb|kg|abbr=on}}, and there have reportedly been tusks weighing over {{convert|150|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=lydekker/><br />
<br />
Skin colour is usually grey, and may be masked by soil because of dusting and [[wallowing]]. Their wrinkled skin is movable and contains many nerve centres. It is smoother than that of African elephants and may be [[Depigmentation|depigmented]] on the trunk, ears, or neck. The [[epidermis (zoology)|epidermis]] and [[dermis]] of the body average {{convert|18|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick; skin on the [[dorsum (biology)|dorsum]] is {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick providing protection against bites, bumps, and adverse weather. Its folds increase surface area for heat dissipation. They can tolerate cold better than excessive heat. Skin temperature varies from {{convert|24|to|32.9|C|F|abbr=on}}. Body temperature averages {{convert|35.9|C|F|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Shoshani82/><br />
<br />
===Size===<br />
On average, when fully-grown, bulls are about {{cvt|2.75|m}} tall at the shoulder and {{cvt|4.0|t|ST}} in weight, while cows are smaller at about {{cvt|2.40|m}} at the shoulder and {{cvt|2.7|t|ST}} in weight.<ref name=probos_mass>{{cite journal |last1=Larramendi |first1=A. |year=2016 |title=Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans | journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=537–574 |doi=10.4202/app.00136.2014 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Sukumar>{{cite journal | last1=Sukumar |first1 =R. |last2=Joshi |first2=N.V. |last3=Krishnamurthy |first3=V. |year=1988 |title=Growth in the Asian elephant |doi=10.1007/BF03179558 | journal=Proceedings: Animal Sciences |volume=97 |issue=6|pages=561–571 |s2cid=84871322}}</ref><ref name=Kurt>{{cite journal |author1=Kurt, F. |author2=Kumarasinghe, J.C. |year=1998 |title=Remarks on body growth and phenotypes in Asian elephant ''Elephas maximus'' |journal=Acta Theriologica |volume=5 |issue=Supplement |pages=135–153 |doi=10.4098/AT.arch.98-39 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sexual dimorphism in body size is relatively less pronounced in Asian elephants than in African bush elephants; with bulls averaging 15% and 23% taller in the former and latter respectively.<ref name=probos_mass/> Length of body and head including trunk is {{cvt|5.5|-|6.5|m}} with the tail being {{cvt|1.2|-|1.5|m}} long.<ref name=Shoshani82/> The largest bull elephant ever recorded was shot by the [[Maharajah]] of Susang in the Garo Hills of [[Assam, India]], in 1924, it weighed an estimated {{cvt|7|t|ST}}, stood {{cvt|3.43|m}} tall at the shoulder and was {{cvt|8.06|m}} long from head to tail.<ref name=probos_mass/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pillai |first1=N.G. |year=1941 |title=On the height and age of an elephant |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=42 |pages=927–928 |url=https://archive.org/details/biostor-150258}}</ref><ref name=Wood>{{cite book |author=Wood, G. |title=The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85112-235-9 |publisher=Guinness Superlatives |place=Enfield, Middlesex | page=17 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofan00wood}}</ref> The [[Raja Gaj]] elephant in [[Bardia National Park]] was estimated to be {{cvt|11.3|ft|order=flip}} tall at the shoulder and one of the biggest Asian bull elephants.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Furaha tenVelde, P. |year=1997 |title=The wild elephants of the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal |journal=Gajah: Journal of the SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group |issue=17 |pages=41–44 |url=http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/17-41-tenVelde.pdf}}</ref> There are reports of larger individuals as tall as {{cvt|3.66|m}} and {{cvt|2.92|m}}, and {{cvt|7.99|m}} long from head to tail.<ref name=lydekker>{{cite book |author=Lydekker, R. |year=1894 |title=The Royal Natural History |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/stream/royalnaturalhist02lydeuoft#page/542/mode/2up |publisher=Frederick Warne and Co. |location=London |pages=522–530}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Distribution and habitat ==<br />
Asian elephants are distributed throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Southeast Asia]], from [[India]] in the west, to [[Borneo]] in the east, and [[Nepal]] in the north, to [[Sumatra]] in the south.<ref name=MSOF/> They inhabit grasslands, [[tropical evergreen forest]]s, semi-evergreen forests, moist [[deciduous forest]]s, dry deciduous forests and dry thorn forests, in addition to cultivated and secondary forests and scrublands. Over this range of habitat types elephants occur from sea level to over {{cvt|3000|m}}. In the eastern [[Himalaya]] in northeast India, they regularly move up above {{cvt|3000|m}} in summer at a few sites.<ref name=Choudhury99>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=1999 |title=Status and conservation of the Asian elephant ''Elephas maximus'' in north-eastern India |journal=Mammal Review |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=141–173 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2907.1999.00045.x|bibcode=1999MamRv..29..141C }}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Bangladesh]], some isolated populations survived in the south-east [[Chittagong Hills]] in the early 1990s.<ref name=sukumar93>{{cite book |author=Sukumar, R. |year=1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95MoRwdQlcYC |title=The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management |edition=Second |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-43758-5 |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317064803/https://books.google.com/books?id=95MoRwdQlcYC |url-status=live |page=18 }}</ref> In [[Malaysia]]'s northern Johor and Terengganu National Park, two Asian elephants tracked using satellite tracking technology spent most of their time in secondary or "logged-over forest"; they travelled 75% of their time in an area less than {{cvt|1.5|km}} away from a water source.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aini |first1=S. |last2=Sood |first2=A. M. |last3=Saaban |first3=S. |title=Analysing elephant habitat parameters using GIS, remote sensing and analytic hierarchy process in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=37–50 |url=http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/pjst/browse/regular-issue?article=JST-0466-2013 |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517010533/http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/pjst/browse/regular-issue?article=JST-0466-2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[China]], the Asian elephant survives only in the prefectures of [[Xishuangbanna]], [[Simao District|Simao]] and [[Lincang]] of southern [[Yunnan]]. {{As of|2020}}, the estimated population was around 300 individuals.<ref name="ECNS"/><br />
<br />
As of 2017, the estimated wild population in India account for nearly three-fourths of the extant population, at 27,312 individuals.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/india-has-27312-elephants-census-shows/article19504528.ece |title=India has 27,312 elephants, census shows |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203094419/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/india-has-27312-elephants-census-shows/article19504528.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the Asian elephant population in India increased to an estimated 27,000–29,000 individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Srinivasaiah |first1=Nishant M. |last2=Vaidyanathan |first2=Srinivas |last3=Sukumar |first3=Raman |last4=Sinha |first4=Anindya |date=2019 |title=Elephants on the Move: Implications for Human–Elephant Interaction |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=46 |issue=3/4 |pages=100–113 |jstor=26946286 |issn=0376-9771 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baskaran |first1=N. |last2=Varma |first2=S. |last3=Sar |first3=C.K. |last4=Sukumar |first4=R. |title=Current status of elephants in India |date=2011 |url=https://www.academia.edu/55985574 |pages=47–54 |volume=35 |journal=Gajah |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521144712/https://www.academia.edu/55985574 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, the global wild population was estimated at 48,323–51,680 individuals.<ref name="Menon 2019">{{cite journal |author=Menon, V. |author2=Tiwari, S. |year=2019 |title=Population status of Asian elephants ''Elephas maximus'' and key threats |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=17–30 |doi=10.1111/izy.12247 |s2cid=209571148 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ecology and behaviour==<br />
[[File:Wild_elephants,_Munnar.jpg|thumb|Asian elephants are [[megaherbivores]], consuming large amount of plant matter. Pictured are grazing elephants from [[Kerala]], India]]<br />
[[File:Kui_Buri_National_Park_(Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_Province,_Thailand.jpg|thumb|Asian elephant cows and calves live in closely knit groups. Pictured is group of elephants in [[Thailand]]]]<br />
Asian elephants are [[crepuscular]].<ref name="Shoshani82"/> They are classified as [[megaherbivore]]s and consume up to {{convert|150|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of plant matter per day.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samansiri |first1=K. A. P. |last2=Weerakoon |first2=D. K. |year=2007 |url=http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/27-27-Samansiri.pdf |title=Feeding Behaviour of Asian Elephants in the Northwestern Region of Sri Lanka |journal=Gajah |volume=2 |pages=27–34 |access-date=18 October 2011 |archive-date=18 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118170121/http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/27-27-Samansiri.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 50 to 75% of the day is devoted to eating.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sukumar |first=R. |date=July 2006 |title=A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus |url=https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x |issn=0074-9664 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318182118/https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> They are generalist feeders, and are both [[Grazing|grazers]] and [[Browsing (predation)|browsers]]. They are known to feed on at least 112 different plant species, most commonly of the order [[Malvales]], as well as the [[Leguminosae|legume]], [[Palmae|palm]], [[Cyperaceae|sedge]] and [[Graminae|true grass]] families.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sukumar |first=R. |year=1990 |url=http://www.asiannature.org/pdf_resources/JournalofTropicalEcologyB1989.pdf |title=Ecology of the Asian Elephant in southern India. II. Feeding habits and crop raiding patterns |journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=6 |pages=33–53 |doi=10.1017/S0266467400004004 |s2cid=85129439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012123045/http://www.asiannature.org/pdf_resources/JournalofTropicalEcologyB1989.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> They browse more in the dry season with bark constituting a major part of their diet in the cool part of that season.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pradhan |first1=N. M. B. |last2=Wegge |first2=P. |last3=Moe |first3=S. R. |last4=Shrestha |first4=A. K. |year=2008 |title=Feeding ecology of two endangered sympatric megaherbivores: Asian elephant ''Elephas maximus'' and greater one-horned rhinoceros ''Rhinoceros unicornis'' in lowland Nepal |journal=Wildlife Biology |volume=14 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.2981/0909-6396(2008)14[147:FEOTES]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85964847 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16072/files/PAL_E3863.pdf |access-date=3 January 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313032933/https://doc.rero.ch/record/16072/files/PAL_E3863.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> They drink at least once a day and are never far from a permanent source of fresh water.<ref name="Shoshani82"/> They need 80–200 litres of water a day and use even more for bathing. At times, they scrape the soil for clay or minerals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sach |first1=Fiona |last2=Dierenfeld |first2=Ellen S. |last3=Langley-Evans |first3=Simon C. |last4=Hamilton |first4=Elliott |last5=Murray Lark |first5=R. |last6=Yon |first6=Lisa |last7=Watts |first7=Michael J. |date=2020-05-15 |title=Potential bio-indicators for assessment of mineral status in elephants |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=8032 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-64780-0 |pmid=32415129 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.8032S |issn=2045-2322|pmc=7229182 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=A. P. |last2=Sharma |first2=Ramesh C. |date=2001-09-24 |title=Conflicts between linear developments and Asian elephants in sub-Himalayan zone of Uttranchal |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7c7135nq |journal=Road Ecology Center |language=en |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318055715/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7c7135nq |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Cows and calves move about together as groups, while bulls disperse from their mothers upon reaching adolescence. Bulls are solitary or form temporary "bachelor groups".<ref name="McKay1973">{{cite journal |last=McKay |first=G. M. |s2cid=128585445 |year=1973 |title=Behavior and ecology of the Asiatic elephant in southeastern Ceylon |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology |volume=125 |issue= 125|pages=1–113 |doi=10.5479/si.00810282.125 }}</ref> Cow-calf units generally tend to be small, typically consisting of three adults (most likely related females) and their offspring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernando |first1=P. |last2=Lande |first2=R. |title=Molecular genetic and behavioral analysis of social organization in the Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus'') |journal=Behav Ecol Sociobiol |year=2000 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=84–91 |doi=10.1007/s002650000218 |bibcode=2000BEcoS..48...84F |s2cid=33707844 }}</ref> Larger groups of as many as 15 adult females have also been recorded.<ref name="deSilva1">{{cite journal |last1=de Silva |first1=S. |last2=Wittemyer |first2=G. |year=2012 |title=A Comparison of Social Organization in Asian Elephants and African Savannah Elephants |journal=International Journal of Primatology |volume= 33|issue= 5|pages= 1125–1141|doi=10.1007/s10764-011-9564-1 |s2cid=17209753 }}</ref> Seasonal aggregations of 17 individuals including calves and young adults have been observed in Sri Lanka's [[Uda Walawe National Park]]. Until recently, Asian elephants, like African elephants, were thought to be under the leadership of older adult females, or [[matriarchy|matriarchs]]. It is now recognized that cows form extensive and very fluid social networks, with varying degrees of associations between individuals.<ref name="deSilva2">{{cite journal |last1=de Silva |first1=S. |last2=Ranjeewa |first2=A. D. G. |last3=Kryazhimskiy |first3=S. |year=2011 |title=The dynamics of social networks among female Asian elephants |journal=BMC Ecology |volume=11|issue=1 |page=17 |doi=10.1186/1472-6785-11-17|pmid=21794147 |pmc=3199741 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2011BMCE...11...17D }}</ref> Social ties generally tend to be weaker than in African bush elephants.<ref name="deSilva1"/> Unlike African elephants, which rarely use their forefeet for anything other than digging or scraping soil, Asian elephants are more agile at using their feet in conjunction with the trunk for manipulating objects. They can sometimes be known for their violent behavior.<ref name="Clutton-Brock"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Re-union of guardians of the jungle.jpg|thumb|Elephant reunion in East Nepal]]<br />
Asian elephants are recorded to make three basic sounds: growls, squeaks and snorts. Growls in their basic form are used for short distance communication. During mild arousal, growls resonate in the trunk and become [[Rumble (noise)|rumbles]] while for long-distance communication, they escalate into roars. Low-frequency growls are [[infrasonic]] and made in many contexts. Squeaks come in two forms: chirpings and trumpets. Chirping consists of multiple short squeaks and signals conflict and nervousness. Trumpets are lengthened squeaks with increased loudness and are produced during extreme arousal. Snorts signal changes in activity and increase in loudness during mild or strong arousal. During the latter case, when an elephant bounces the tip of the trunk, it creates booms which serve as threat displays.<ref name=Sukumar2003>{{cite book |author=Sukumar, R. |year=2003 |title=The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0 |url-access= registration |isbn=978-0-19-510778-4 |page=142 }}</ref> Elephants can distinguish low-amplitude sounds.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heffner |first1=R. |last2=Heffner |first2=H. |year=1980 |title=Hearing in the elephant (''Elephas maximus'') |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15830977 |pmid=7367876 |volume=208 |issue=4443 |pages=518–520 |doi=10.1126/science.7367876 |bibcode=1980Sci...208..518H |access-date=27 September 2013 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317064810/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15830977_Hearing_in_the_Elephant_Elephas_maximus |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Rarely, [[Bengal tiger|tiger]]s have been recorded attacking and killing calves, especially if the calves become separated from their mothers, stranded from their herd, or orphaned. Adults are largely invulnerable to natural predation. There is a singular anecdotal case of a mother Asian elephant allegedly being killed alongside her calf; however, this account is contestable.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Karanth, K. U.|author2=Nichols, J. D.|name-list-style=amp|year=1998|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/89442/1/3-P.pdf|title=Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures|journal=Ecology|volume=79|issue=8|pages=2852–2862|doi=10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[2852:EOTDII]2.0.CO;2|jstor=176521|access-date=7 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809055944/http://repository.ias.ac.in/89442/1/3-P.pdf|archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |year=2006 |url=http://www.elephant-news.com/index.php?id=1613 |title=Tiger kills mother, baby elephant |work=Elephant News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714144420/http://www.elephant-news.com/index.php?id=1613 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref> In 2011 and 2014, two instances were recorded of tigers successfully killing adult elephants; one by a single tiger in [[Jim Corbett National Park]] on a 20-year-old young adult elephant cow, and another on a 28-year-old sick adult bull in [[Kaziranga National Park]] further east, which was taken down and eaten by several tigers hunting cooperatively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiger kills elephant in Corbett Reserve|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tiger-kills-elephant-in-Corbett-Reserve/article15536997.ece|work=The Hindu|date=January 29, 2011|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208141952/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Tiger-kills-elephant-in-Corbett-Reserve/article15536997.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kaziranga elephant killed in tiger attack|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Kaziranga-elephant-killed-in-tiger-attack/articleshow/44902721.cms|work=The Times of India|date=October 22, 2014|access-date=8 February 2024|archive-date=8 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208141952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Kaziranga-elephant-killed-in-tiger-attack/articleshow/44902721.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Elephants appear to distinguish between the growls of larger predators like tigers and smaller predators like [[leopard]]s; they react to leopards less fearfully and more aggressively.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Thuppil, V.|author2=Coss, R. G.|year=2013|title=Wild Asian elephants distinguish aggressive tiger and leopard growls according to perceived danger|journal=Biology Letters|volume=9|issue=5|article-number=20130518|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2013.0518|pmid=24026347|pmc=3971691|url=http://mon.univ-montp2.fr/claroline/backends/download.php?url=L1REXzE3LTEwLTIwMTMvVGh1cHBpbF9ldF9hbF8yMDEzLnBkZg%3D%3D&cidReset=true&cidReq=UMBGAE339|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225616/http://mon.univ-montp2.fr/claroline/backends/download.php?url=L1REXzE3LTEwLTIwMTMvVGh1cHBpbF9ldF9hbF8yMDEzLnBkZg%3D%3D&cidReset=true&cidReq=UMBGAE339|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><br />
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=== Reproduction ===<br />
{{See also|Elephant#Mating}}<br />
Reproduction in Asian elephants can be attributed to the production and perception of signaling compounds called [[pheromone]]s. These signals are transmitted through various bodily fluids. They are commonly released in urine but in males they are also found in special secretions from the [[Anatomical terms of location#temporal|temporal glands]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=L. E. L. |date=1999-06-01 |title=Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant,Elephas maximus: behavioural and ecological influences |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=241–251 |doi=10.1007/BF02941206 |s2cid=37477741 |issn=0973-7138 }}</ref> Once integrated and perceived, these signals provide the receiver with information about the reproductive status of the sender. If both parties are ready to breed, reproductive ritualic behavior occurs and the process of sexual reproduction proceeds.<ref name="Schulte">{{cite journal |last1=Schulte |first1=Bruce A. |last2=Bagley |first2=Kathryn |last3=Correll |first3=Maureen |last4=Gray |first4=Amy |last5=Heineman |first5=Sarah M. |last6=Loizi |first6=Helen |last7=Malament |first7=Michelle |last8=Scott |first8=Nancy L. |last9=Slade |first9=Barbara E. |last10=Stanley |first10=Lauren |last11=Goodwin |first11=Thomas E. |last12=Rasmussen |first12=L. E. L. |date=2005 |editor-last=Mason |editor-first=Robert T. |editor2-last=LeMaster |editor2-first=Michael P. |editor3-last=Müller-Schwarze |editor3-first=Dietland |title=Assessing chemical communication in elephants |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-25160-X_18 |journal=Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10 |language=en |location=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |pages=140–151 |doi=10.1007/0-387-25160-X_18 |isbn=978-0-387-25160-8 |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122154659/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-25160-X_18 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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Bulls will fight one another to get access to [[wikt:oestrous|oestrus]] cows. Strong fights over access to females are extremely rare. Bulls reach sexual maturity around the age of 12–15. Between the ages of 10 and 20 years, bulls undergo an annual phenomenon known as "[[musth]]". This is a period where the [[testosterone]] level is up to 100 times greater than non-musth periods, and they become aggressive. Secretions containing [[pheromones]] occur during this period, from the paired temporal glands located on the head between the lateral edge of the eye and the base of the ear.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jainudeen |first1=M. R. |last2=McKay |first2=G. M. |last3=Eisenberg |first3=J. F. |year=1972 |title=Observation on musth in the domesticated Asiatic elephant (''Elephas maximus'') |journal=Mammalia |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=247–261 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1972.36.2.247|s2cid=84275661 }}</ref> The aggressive behaviors observed during musth can be attributed to varying amounts of [[frontalin]] (1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) throughout the maturation process of bulls. Frontalin is a [[pheromone]] that was first isolated in bark beetles but can also be produced in the bulls of both Asian and African Elephants. The compound can be excreted through urine as well as through the temporal glands of the bull, allowing signaling to occur. During musth, increased concentrations of frontalin in the bull's urine communicate the reproductive status of the bull to female elephants.<ref name="Rasmussen">{{cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=L.E.L |date=June 1, 2003 |title=Frontalin: a Chemical Message of Musth in Asian Elephants (elephas maximus) |url=https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article/28/5/433/349666 |journal=Chemical Senses |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=433–446 |doi=10.1093/chemse/28.5.433 |pmid=12826539 |doi-access=free |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103232714/https://academic.oup.com/chemse/article/28/5/433/349666 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Similar to other mammals, hormone secretion in female elephants is regulated by an [[estrous cycle]]. This cycle is regulated by surges in [[Luteinizing hormone]] that are observed three weeks from each other. This type of estrous cycle has also been observed in African Elephants but is not known to affect other mammals. The first surge in Luteinizing hormone is not followed by the release of an egg from the ovaries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=J.L. |last2=Schmitt |first2=D.L. |last3=Bellem |first3=A. |last4=Graham |first4=L.H. |last5=Lehnhardt |first5=J. |date=November 1999 |title=Hormone Secretion in the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus): Characterizationof Ovulatory and Anovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surges |journal=Biology of Reproduction |language=en |volume=61 |issue=5 |pages=1294–1299 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod61.5.1294 |pmid=10529277 |issn=0006-3363|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, some female elephants still exhibit the expected mating protocols during this surge. Female elephants give ovulatory cues by utilizing sex [[pheromone]]s. A principal component thereof, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate, has also been found to be a sex pheromone in numerous species of insects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rasmussen |first1=L. E. L. |last2=Lee |first2=T. D. |last3=Zhang |first3=A. J. |last4=Roelofs |first4=W. L. |last5=Daves |first5=G. D. |year=1997 |title=Purification, identification, concentration and bioactivity of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate: sex pheromone of the female Asian elephant, ''Elephas maximus'' |journal=Chemical Senses |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=417–437 |doi=10.1093/chemse/22.4.417 |pmid=9279465 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rasmussen |first1=L. E. L. |last2=Lee |first2=T. D. |last3=Roelofs |first3=W. L. |last4=Zhang |first4=A. J. |last5=Daves |first5=G. D. |year=1996 |title=Insect pheromone in elephants |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=379 |issue=6567 |page=684 |bibcode=1996Natur.379..684R |doi=10.1038/379684a0 |pmid=8602213 |doi-access=free |s2cid=4330432}}</ref> In both insects and elephants, this chemical compound is used as an attractant to assist the mating process. In elephants, the chemical is secreted through urination and this aids in the attraction of bulls to mate. Once detected, the chemical stimulates the [[vomeronasal organ]] of the bull, thus providing information on the maturity of the female.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=L.E.L |date=February 22, 1996 |title=Insect Pheromones in Elephants |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/379684a0.pdf?platform=hootsuite |journal=Nature |volume=379 |issue=6567 |page=684 |doi=10.1038/379684a0 |pmid=8602213 |bibcode=1996Natur.379..684R |s2cid=4330432 |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=3 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103224206/https://www.nature.com/articles/379684a0.pdf?platform=hootsuite |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Reproductive signaling exchange between male and female elephants are transmitted through olfactory cues in bodily fluids.<ref name="Schulte"/> In males, the increase in frontalin during musth heightens their sensitivity to the (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate produced by female elephants.<ref name="Rasmussen"/> Once perceived by receptors in the trunk, a sequence of ritualistic behaviors follow. The responses in males vary based on both the stage of development and the temperament of the elephant.<ref name="Schulte"/> This process of receiving and processing signals through the trunk is referred to as flehmen. The difference in body movements give cues to gauge if the male is interested in breeding with the female that produced the secretion.<ref name="Bruce">{{cite journal |last1=Schulte |first1=Bruce A. |last2=LaDue |first2=Chase A. |date=30 September 2021 |title=The Chemical Ecology of Elephants: 21st Century Additions to Our Understanding and Future Outlooks |journal=Animals |volume=11 |issue=10 |page=2860 |doi=10.3390/ani11102860 |pmid=34679881 |pmc=8532676 |issn=2076-2615|doi-access=free }}</ref> A bull that is ready to breed will move closer to the urine and in some cases an erection response is elicited. A bull that is not ready to breed will be timid and try to dissociate themselves from the signal.<ref name="Schulte"/> In addition to reproductive communication, chemosensory signaling is used to facilitate same-sex interactions. When less developed males detect pheromones from a male in musth, they often retreat to avoid coming in contact with aggressive behaviors. Female elephants have also been seen to communicate with each other through pheromone in urine.<ref name="Schulte"/> The purpose of this type of intrasex communication is still being investigated. However, there are clear differences in signaling strength and receiver response throughout different stages of the estrous cycle.<ref name="Bruce"/><br />
<br />
The [[gestation period]] is 18–22 months, and the cow gives birth to one [[calf (animal)|calf]], only occasionally [[twin]]s. The calf is fully developed by the 19th month, but stays in the [[Uterus|womb]] to grow so that it can reach its mother to feed. At birth, the calf weighs about {{convert|100|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and is [[Lactation|suckled]] for up to three years. Once a female gives birth, she usually does not breed again until the first calf is weaned, resulting in a four to five-year birth interval.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crawley |first1=J. A. H. |last2=Mumby |first2=H. S. |last3=Chapman |first3=S. N. |last4=Lahdenperä |first4=M. |last5=Mar |first5=K. U. |last6=Htut |first6=W. |last7=Thura Soe |first7=A. |last8=Aung |first8=H. H. |last9=Lummaa |first9=V. |date=2017-08-05 |title=Is bigger better? The relationship between size and reproduction in female Asian elephants |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=1836–1845 |doi=10.1111/jeb.13143 |pmid=28703384 |issn=1010-061X }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Owen-Smith |first=R. Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jT72JdLVIcC |title=Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42637-4 |language=en |pages=145–150 |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521144710/https://books.google.com/books?id=1jT72JdLVIcC |url-status=live }}</ref> During this period, mother to calf communication primarily takes place through temporal means. However, male calves have been known to develop sex pheromone-producing organs at a young age. Early maturity of the vomeronasal organ allows immature elephants to produce and receive [[pheromone]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Edward W. |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Lel |date=2002-07-01 |title=Morphological characteristics of the vomeronasal organ of the newborn Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) |journal=The Anatomical Record |language=en |volume=267 |issue=3 |pages=252–259 |doi=10.1002/ar.10112 |pmid=12115276 |s2cid=30345793 |issn=0003-276X|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is unlikely that the integration of these pheromones will result in a flehmen response in a calf.<ref name="Bruce"/> Females stay on with the herd, but mature males are chased away.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elephant Social Organisation |url=http://www.ccrsl.org/CCR/Programs/SocialOrganisation.htm |website=ccrsl |access-date=29 August 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192956/http://www.ccrsl.org/CCR/Programs/SocialOrganisation.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Female Asian elephants sexually mature around the age of 10~15 and keep growing until 30, while males fully mature at more than the age of 25, and constantly grow throughout their life.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Fernando, P. |author2=Vijayakrishnan, S. |author3=Ranjeewa, A. D. |author4=Pastorini, J. |year=2022 |title=Size-age class scale for Asian elephants |journal=Gajah |volume=55 |pages=30–39 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mumby, H. S. |author2=Chapman, S. N. |author3=Crawley, J. A. |author4=Mar, K. U. |author5=Htut, W. |author6=Thura Soe, A. |author7=Lummaa, V. |year=2015 |title=Distinguishing between determinate and indeterminate growth in a long-lived mammal |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0487-x |doi-access=free |pmid=26464339 |pmc=4604763 |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..214M }}</ref> Average elephant [[life expectancy]] is approximately 60 years.<ref name="Shoshani82"/> Some individuals are known to have lived into their late 80s.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=7 February 2019 |title='Oldest known elephant in captivity' dies at 88 in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47161030 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> [[Generation time|Generation length]] of the Asian elephant is 22 years.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation length for mammals |last1=Pacifici |first1=M. |last2=Santini |first2=L. |last3=Di Marco |first3=M. |last4=Baisero |first4=D. |last5=Francucci |first5=L. |last6=Grottolo Marasini |first6=G. |last7=Visconti |first7=P. |last8=Rondinini |first8=C. |journal=Nature Conservation |year=2013 |volume=5 |pages=87–94 |url=https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/1343/ |doi=10.3897/natureconservation.5.5734 |doi-access=free |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126190754/https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/1343/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Intelligence===<br />
{{main|Elephant cognition}}<br />
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[[File:Insightful-Problem-Solving-in-an-Asian-Elephant-pone.0023251.s008.ogv|thumb|Elephant stacking blocks to allow it to reach food]]<br />
<br />
Asian elephants have a very large and highly developed [[neocortex]], a trait also shared by [[humans]], [[apes]] and certain [[dolphin]] species. They have a greater volume of [[cerebral cortex]] available for [[cognitive]] processing than all other existing land animals. Results of studies indicate that Asian elephants have cognitive abilities for tool use and tool-making similar to [[great apes]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hart |first1=Benjamin L. |last2=Hart |first2=Lynette A. |last3=McCoy |first3=Michael |last4=Sarath |first4=C. R. |date=November 2001 |title=Cognitive behaviour in Asian elephants: use and modification of branches for fly switching |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347201918159 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=839–847 |doi=10.1006/anbe.2001.1815 |issn=0003-3472 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205034217/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347201918159 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> They exhibit a wide variety of behaviours, including those associated with [[grief]], learning, [[allomothering]], [[mimicry]], play, [[altruism]], use of [[tools]], [[compassion]], [[cooperation]], [[self-awareness]], [[memory]], and [[Animal communication|language]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barrett |first1=Lisa P. |last2=Benson-Amram |first2=Sarah |date=August 2021 |title=Multiple assessments of personality and problem-solving performance in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana). |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |language=en |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=406–419 |doi=10.1037/com0000281 |issn=1939-2087|doi-access=free |pmid=34166041 }}</ref> Elephants reportedly head to safer ground during natural disasters like [[tsunami]]s and earthquakes, but data from two satellite-collared Sri Lankan elephants indicate this may be untrue.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wikramanayake, E. |author2=Fernando, P. |author3=Leimgruber, P. |title=Behavioral response of satellite-collared elephants to the tsunami in southern Sri Lanka |journal=Biotropica |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=775–777 |date=2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00199.x |s2cid=85358582 |doi-access=}}</ref> Several students of elephant cognition and [[neuroanatomy]] are convinced that Asian elephants are highly intelligent and self-aware.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=S. |first1=J. K. |last2=Williams |first2=J. H. |date=October 1950 |title=Elephant Bill |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=116 |issue=4/6 |page=229 |doi=10.2307/1789395 |jstor=1789395 |bibcode=1950GeogJ.116..229S |issn=0016-7398 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Aldous, P. |title=Elephants see themselves in the mirror |publisher=New Scientist |date=2006 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10402-elephants-see-themselves-in-the-mirror.html |access-date=24 August 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511085708/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn10402-elephants-see-themselves-in-the-mirror.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Elephants |last=Poole |first=J. |publisher=World Life Library |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-896-58357-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/elephants00pool |page=61 }}</ref> Others contest this view.<ref>{{cite book |title=Thirteen years among the wild beasts of India |last=Sanderson|first=G. P.|publisher=W.H. Allen and Co. |year=1879|location=London |page=80}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Nissani|first=M. |date=2006|title=Do Asian elephants apply causal reasoning to tool use tasks?|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes|volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1037/0097-7403.32.1.91|pmid=16435969}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
The pre-eminent threats to the Asian elephant today are the loss, degradation and fragmentation of its habitat, which leads to increasing conflicts between humans and elephants. Asian elephants are [[Poaching|poached]] for [[ivory]] and a variety of other products including [[Elephant meat|meat]] and [[leather]].<ref name="MSOF" /> The demand for elephant skin has risen due to it being an increasingly-common ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=David Q-H |last2=Carey |first2=Martin C |date=2014-08-07 |title=Therapeutic uses of animal biles in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnopharmacological, biophysical chemical and medicinal review |journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=20 |issue=29 |pages=9952–9975 |doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9952 |doi-access=free |issn=1007-9327 |pmc=4123376 |pmid=25110425}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nijman |first1=Vincent |last2=Shepherd |first2=Chris R. |date=2017-07-12 |title=Ethnozoological assessment of animals used by Mon traditional medicine vendors at Kyaiktiyo, Myanmar |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874117304865 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=206 |pages=101–106 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.010 |pmid=28506903 |issn=0378-8741 |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145240/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874117304865 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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=== Human–elephant conflict ===<br />
[[File:Jhum.jpg|thumb|Forests cleared for ''[[jhum]]''—a type of [[shifting cultivation]] practiced in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India]]<br />
[[File:Khaoyai 06.jpg|thumb|Elephants on the road in [[Khao Yai National Park]], Thailand]]<br />
In some parts of Asia, people and elephants have co-existed for thousands of years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=T. |last2=Campos-Arceiz |first2=A. |date=2022 |title=A Review of Human-Elephant Ecological Relations in the Malay Peninsula: Adaptations for Coexistence |journal=Diversity |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=36 |doi=10.3390/d14010036 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Diver..14...36L}}</ref> In other areas, people and elephants come into conflict, resulting in violence, and ultimately, the displacement of elephants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=De la Torre |first1=J. A. |last2=Wong |first2=E. P. |last3=Lechner |first3=A. M. |last4=Zulaikha |first4=N. |last5=Zawawi |first5=A. |last6=Abdul-Patah |first6=P. |last7=Saaban |first7=S. |last8=Goossens |first8=B. |last9=Campos-Arceiz |first9=A. |date=2021 |title=There will be conflict – agricultural landscapes are prime, rather than marginal, habitats for Asian elephants |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=720–732 |doi=10.1111/acv.12668 |bibcode=2021AnCon..24..720D}}</ref> The main causes of human-elephant conflict includes the growing human population, large-scale development projects and poor top-down [[governance]]. Proximate causes includes [[habitat loss]] due to [[deforestation]], disruption of elephant migratory routes, [[agricultural expansion|expansion of agriculture]] and illegal encroachment into protected areas.<ref name=Barua2010>{{cite journal |author=Barua, M. |year=2010 |title=Whose issue? Representations of human-elephant conflict in Indian and international media |doi=10.1177/1075547009353177 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxtYWFuYmFydWF8Z3g6MzA5MTlkMjU2YjllMWVhMw |journal=Science Communication |volume=32 |pages=55–75 |s2cid=143335411 |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008191918/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxtYWFuYmFydWF8Z3g6MzA5MTlkMjU2YjllMWVhMw |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
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[[Deforestation in Southeast Asia|Destruction of forests]] through [[logging]], encroachment, [[slash-and-burn]], [[shifting cultivation]], and [[monoculture]] tree plantations are major threats to the survival of elephants. Human–elephant conflicts occur when elephants raid crops of shifting cultivators in fields, which are scattered over a large area interspersed with forests. [[Pest (organism)|Depredation]] in human settlements is another major area of human–elephant conflict occurring in small forest pockets, encroachments into elephant habitat, and on elephant migration routes.<ref name="Choudhury2003">{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A. U. |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Human%E2%80%93Elephant%20Conflicts%20in%20Northeast%20India.pdf|doi=10.1080/10871200490505693|title=Human–Elephant Conflicts in Northeast India |year=2004|journal=Human Dimensions of Wildlife|volume=9|issue=4|pages=261–270|bibcode=2004HDW.....9..261C |s2cid=145776270|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114151840/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Human%E2%80%93Elephant%20Conflicts%20in%20Northeast%20India.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, studies in Sri Lanka indicate that traditional slash-and-burn agriculture may create optimal habitats for elephants by creating a mosaic of successional-stage vegetation. Populations inhabiting small habitat fragments are much more liable to come into conflict with humans.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fernando, P. |year=2000 |url=http://www.ccrsl.org/Downloads/Fernando-00-ElephantsSriLanka.pdf |title=Elephants in Sri Lanka: past present and future |journal=Loris |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=38–44 |access-date=8 December 2012 |archive-date=14 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114060744/http://www.ccrsl.org/Downloads/Fernando-00-ElephantsSriLanka.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Development such as border fencing along the [[India–Bangladesh border]] has become a major impediment to the free movement of elephants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=A. U. |year=2007 |title = Impact of border fence along India – Bangladesh border on elephant movement |url=http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/26-27-Choudhury.pdf |journal=Gajah |volume=26 |pages=27–30 |access-date = 18 October 2011 |archive-date = 25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425075130/http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/26-27-Choudhury.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Assam]], more than 1,150 humans and 370 elephants died as a result of human-elephant conflict between 1980 and 2003.<ref name=Choudhury2003/> In a 2010 study, it was estimated that in India alone, over 400 people were killed by elephants each year, and 0.8 to 1 million hectares were damaged, affecting at least 500,000 families across the country.<ref name=Rangarajan2010>Rangarajan, M., Desai, A., Sukumar, R., Easa, P. S., Menon, V., Vincent, S., Ganguly, S., Talukdar, B. K., Singh, B., Mudappa, D., Chowdhary, S., Prasad, A. N. (2010). [http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/ETF_REPORT_FINAL.pdf ''Gajah: Securing the future for elephants in India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619130613/http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/ETF_REPORT_FINAL.pdf |date=19 June 2013 }}. Report of the Elephant Task Force. Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Choudhury, A. |year=2004 |title=Human–elephant conflicts in Northeast India |journal=Human Dimensions of Wildlife |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=261–270 |doi=10.1080/10871200490505693}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |date=2005 |title=People and Wildlife, Conflict or Co-existence? |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82505-4 |editor1=Rabinowitz, A. |editor2=Thirgood, S. |editor3=Rabinowitz, A. |last1=Woodroffe |first1=R. |last2=Thirgood |first2=S. |last3=Rabinowitz |first3=A.|chapter=The impact of human–wildlife conflict on natural systems |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/people-and-wildlife-conflict-or-coexistence/impact-of-humanwildlife-conflict-on-natural-systems/81919D9BCBE4377164F59C4D52F1CBA6 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511614774.002}}</ref> Moreover, elephants are known to destroy crops worth up to US$2–3 million annually.<ref name=Bist2006>{{cite journal |author=Bist, S. S.|year=2006|url=http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/25-27-Bist.pdf|title=Elephant conservation in India – an overview |journal=Gajah|volume=25|pages=27–35|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603035950/http://www.asesg.org/PDFfiles/Gajah/25-27-Bist.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This has major impacts on the welfare and livelihoods of local communities, as well as the future conservation of this species.<ref name=Barua2010/> In countries like [[Bangladesh]] and [[Sri Lanka]], the Asian elephant is one of the most feared wild animals, even though they are less deadly than other local animals such as [[venomous snake]]s (which were estimated to claim more than 30 times more lives in Sri Lanka than elephants).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Raihan Sarker, A. H. M. |author2=Røskaft, E. |year=2010 |title=Human–wildlife conflicts and management options in Bangladesh, with special reference to Asian elephants (''Elephas maximus'') |journal=International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management |volume= 6 |issue=3–4 |pages=164–175 |doi=10.1080/21513732.2011.554867}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Ceylon Journal of Sciences (Bio. Sci.) |last1=Santiapillai |first1=C. |last2=Wijeyamohan |first2=S. |last3=Bandara |first3=G. |last4=Athurupana |first4=R. |last5=Dissanayake |first5=N. |last6=Read |first6=B. |date=2010 |title=An assessment of the human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka |volume=39 |issue=1 |page=21 |doi=10.4038/cjsbs.v39i1.2350 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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As a whole, Asian elephants display highly sophisticated and sometimes unpredictable behaviour. Most untamed elephants try to avoid humans, but if they are caught off guard by any perceived physical threat, including humans, they will likely charge. This is especially true of males in [[musth]] and of females with young. Gunfire and other similar methods of deterring, which are known to be effective against many kinds of wild animals including tigers, may or may not work with elephants, and can even worsen the situation. Elephants that have been abused by humans in the past often become "rogue elephants", which regularly attack people with no provocation.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hoare, R. E. |year=1999 |title=Determinants of human–elephant conflict in a land-use mosaic |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=689–700 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00437.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rasmussen, L. E. L. |year=1999 |title=Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant, ''Elephas maximus'': behavioural and ecological influences |journal=Journal of Biosciences |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=241–251 |doi=10.1007/BF02941206}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sukumar, R. |year=1995 |title=Elephant raiders and rogues |journal=Natural History |volume=104 |issue=7 |pages=52–61}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Poaching ===<br />
====For ivory====<br />
The demand for [[ivory]] during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in [[East Asia]], led to rampant [[poaching]] and the serious decline of elephants in both Africa and Asia. In [[Thailand]], the [[Wildlife trade#Illegal wildlife trade|illegal trade]] in live elephants and ivory still flourishes. Although the amount of ivory being openly sold has decreased substantially since 2001, Thailand still has one of the largest and most active black markets for ivory seen anywhere in the world. Tusks from Thai-poached elephants also enter the market; between 1992 and 1997 at least 24 male elephants were killed for their tusks.<ref name=Stiles2009>Stiles, D. (2009). [http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_mammals50.pdf ''The elephant and ivory trade in Thailand.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304094029/http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_mammals50.pdf |date=4 March 2012 }} TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.</ref><br />
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Up to the early 1990s, Vietnamese ivory craftsmen used exclusively Asian elephant ivory from Vietnam and neighbouring Lao and Cambodia. Before 1990, there were few tourists and the low demand for worked ivory could be supplied by domestic elephants. Economic liberalisation and an increase in tourism raised both local and visitors' demands for worked ivory, which resulted in heavy poaching.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stiles, D. |year=2009 |title=The status of ivory trade in Thailand and Vietnam |url=http://www.traffic.org/traffic-bulletin/traffic_pub_bulletin_22_2.pdf |journal=TRAFFIC Bulletin |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=83–91 |access-date=8 December 2012 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417145251/https://www.traffic.org/bulletin/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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====For skin====<br />
The skin of the Asian elephant is used as an ingredient in [[Chinese medicine]] as well as in the manufacture of ornamental beads. The practice has been aided by China's [[State Forestry Administration]] (SFA), which has issued licences for the manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products containing elephant skin, thereby making trading legal. In 2010, four skinned elephants were found in a forest in Myanmar; 26 elephants were killed by poachers in 2013 and 61 in 2016. According to the [[NGO]] [[Elephant Family]], Myanmar is the main source of elephant skin, where a poaching crisis has developed rapidly since 2010.<ref>{{cite report |author1=Flynn, V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Stewart-Cox, B. |author3=Melidonis, C. |title=Skinned; The growing appetite for Asian elephants |date=2018 |publisher=Elephant Family |location=London |url=http://elephant-family.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ElephantFamily_Elephant_Skin_Report.pdf |access-date=26 April 2018 |archive-date=26 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426145126/http://elephant-family.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/ElephantFamily_Elephant_Skin_Report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Disease===<br />
The [[elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus]] (EEHV) is a member of the ''[[Proboscivirus]]'' genus, a novel clade most closely related to the mammalian [[Betaherpesvirinae|betaherpesviruses]]. As of 2011, it is responsible for as many as 70 deaths of both zoo and wild Asian elephants worldwide, especially in young calves.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2011|title=Detection and evaluation of novel herpesviruses in routine and pathological samples from Asian and African elephants: Identification of two new probosciviruses (EEHV5 and EEHV6) and two new gammaherpesviruses (EGHV3B and EGHV5)|journal=Veterinary Microbiology|volume=147|issue=1–2|pages=28–41|author1=Latimer E |author2=Zong JC |author3=Heaggans SY |author4=Richman LK |author5=Hayward GS |pmc=2976818|pmid=20579821|doi=10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.05.042}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=2006|title=Endotheliotropic elephant herpes virus (EEHV) infection. The first PCR-confirmed fatal case in Asia.|journal=Veterinary Quarterly|volume=28|issue=2|pages=61–64|vauthors=Reid CE, Hildebrandt TB, Marx N, Hunt M, Thy N, Reynes JM, Schaftenaar W, Fickel J |pmid=16841568|doi=10.1080/01652176.2006.9695209|s2cid=25537428}}</ref> In particular, several incidents of calves dying from elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus have been recorded in Myanmar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oo |first1=Zaw Min |last2=Aung |first2=Ye Htut |last3=Aung |first3=Tin Tun |last4=San |first4=Nyo |last5=Tun |first5=Zaw Min |last6=Hayward |first6=Gary S. |last7=Zachariah |first7=Arun |date=January 2020 |title=Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Hemorrhagic Disease in Asian Elephant Calves in Logging Camps, Myanmar |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=63–69 |doi=10.3201/eid2601.190159 |issn=1080-6040 |pmc=6924905 |pmid=31855135}}</ref> The elephant [[schistosome]] is a parasitic [[trematode]] that uses the Asian elephant as a definitive host. Two other hosts may be the Indian elephant and the greater one-horned rhinoceros.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Devkota|first1=R.|last2=Brant|first2=S.V.|last3=Thapa|first3=A.|last4=Loker|first4=E.S.|date=2014|orig-date=Published online 2012|title=Sharing schistosomes: the elephant schistosome Bivitellobilharzia nairi also infects the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232744087|journal=[[Journal of Helminthology]]|volume=88|issue=1|pages=32–40|doi=10.1017/S0022149X12000697|pmid=23113960|s2cid=7039264|access-date=18 March 2024|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120247/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232744087|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Conservation ==<br />
{{multiple image |direction= |image1= Indian_Elephants.jpg |image2=Asian elephant walking in Tad Lo river at golden hour, Bolaven Plateau, Laos.jpg |footer=Asian elephants are protected across various geographies. Pictured are elephants in [[Mudumalai National Park]] in India (left) and Tad Lo river, Salavan Province, [[Laos]] (right)}}<br />
The Asian elephant is listed on [[CITES Appendix I]].<ref name="CITES"/> It is a quintessential [[flagship species]], deployed to catalyze a range of conservation goals, including habitat conservation at landscape scales, generating public awareness on conservation issues, and mobilisation as a popular cultural icon both in India and the West.<ref name="Bowen Jones">{{cite journal |last1=Bowen-Jones |first1=E. |last2=Entwistle |first2=A. |name-list-style=amp|year=2002 |title=Identifying appropriate flagship species: The importance of culture and local contexts |journal=[[Oryx (journal)|Oryx]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=189–195 |doi=10.1017/S0030605302000261 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Barua Mutiny">{{cite journal |author=Barua, M. |author2=Tamuly, J. |author3=Ahmed, R.A. |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1080/10871200903536176 |title=Mutiny or Clear Sailing? Examining the Role of the Asian Elephant as a Flagship Species |year=2010 |journal=Human Dimensions of Wildlife |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=145–160 |bibcode=2010HDW....15..145B |s2cid=143021377 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxtYWFuYmFydWF8Z3g6MzY0YTEyN2M1NjFkYjFmZA |access-date=6 May 2012 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008191925/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxtYWFuYmFydWF8Z3g6MzY0YTEyN2M1NjFkYjFmZA |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=Barua2010/> A key aspect of conservation is connectivity of the preferred movement routes of Asian elephants through areas with high vegetation cover and low human population density.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vasudev |first1=D. |last2=Goswami |first2=V. |last3=Srinivas |first3=N. |last4=La Nam Syiem |first4=B. |last5=Sarma |first5=A. |title=Identifying important connectivity areas for the wide-ranging Asian elephant across conservation landscapes of Northeast India |journal=Diversity and Distributions |date=2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=2510–2523 |doi=10.1111/ddi.13419 |jstor=48632844 |s2cid=244245085 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021DivDi..27.2510V}}</ref><br />
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The [[World Elephant Day]] is celebrated annually on 12 August since 2012. Events are organized to divulge information and to engage people about the problems that the Asian elephant is facing.<ref name="The Atlantic">{{cite news |title=World Elephant Day 2020 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2020/08/photos-world-elephant-day-2020/615196/|author=Shelden, D. |newspaper=The Atlantic |date=2020 |access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=7 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907062148/https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2020/08/photos-world-elephant-day-2020/615196/|url-status=live}}</ref> August has been established as the Asian Elephant Awareness Month by zoos and conservation partners in the United States.<ref name=OKC>{{cite news |url=https://city-sentinel.com/2020/08/okc-zoo-to-host-2nd-annual-asian-elephant-awareness-month/ |title=OKC Zoo to host 2nd annual Asian Elephant Awareness Month |author=Shelden, D. |newspaper=The City Sentinel |date=2020 |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926045255/https://city-sentinel.com/2020/08/okc-zoo-to-host-2nd-annual-asian-elephant-awareness-month/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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[[Karnataka|Karnataka state]] in India hosts the most Asian elephants of any known area, comprising around 20% of the total population in the country. The distribution of elephants in the state according to one estimate is roughly {{cvt|38,310|km2}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Madhusudan |first1=M.D. |last2=Sharma |first2=Narayan |last3=Raghunath |first3=R. |last4=Baskaran |first4=N. |last5=Bipin |first5=C.M. |last6=Gubbi |first6=Sanjay |last7=Johnsingh |first7=A.J.T. |last8=Kulkarni |first8=Jayant |last9=Kumara |first9=Honnavalli N. |last10=Mehta |first10=Prachi |last11=Pillay |first11=Rajeev |last12=Sukumar |first12=Raman |date=July 2015 |title=Distribution, relative abundance, and conservation status of Asian elephants in Karnataka, southern India |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=187 |pages=34–40 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.04.003 |bibcode=2015BCons.187...34M |issn=0006-3207 }}</ref> In a 2013 study, an estimated 10, 000 elephants inhabited the [[Western Ghats]], and were primarily threatened by poaching and habitat fragmentation. An increase in conflict with humans was also cited as a likely issue. Conservation plans aimed to establish wildlife corridors, stop poaching of bulls, and protect or manage land area.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baskaran |first=Nagarajan |date=2013-10-26 |title=An overview of Asian Elephants in the Western Ghats, southern India: implications for the conservation of Western Ghats ecology |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=5 |issue=14 |pages=4854–4870 |doi=10.11609/jott.o3634.4854-70 |issn=0974-7893 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Project Elephant]] was initiated in 1992 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] of the [[Government of India]]. The project was initiated to protect the Indian elephant and its habitats and to establish dedicated elephant reserves for sustaining elephant populations.<ref name="PE">{{cite web|title=Project Elephant|work=The Official Website of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India |publisher=Government of India|url=https://moef.gov.in/moef/division/forest-divisions-2/project-elephant-pe/introduction/index.html|access-date=1 April 2024|archive-date=21 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145147/https://moef.gov.in/moef/division/forest-divisions-2/project-elephant-pe/introduction/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The distribution of elephants in Sri Lanka is only two-fifths of what it was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Due to this decrease, interactions with humans occur much more frequently. During a 2003 survey, the local people expressed some form of disapproval towards the conservation of Asian elephants as farmers viewed them as pests, however, most of the participants were supportive of the idea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandara |first1=Ranjith |last2=Tisdell |first2=Clem |date=2003-04-01 |title=Comparison of rural and urban attitudes to the conservation of Asian elephants in Sri Lanka: empirical evidence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320702002410 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=110 |issue=3 |pages=327–342 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00241-0 |issn=0006-3207 |access-date=20 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145258/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320702002410 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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In China, Asian elephants are under first-level protection. Yunnan province has 11 national and regional nature reserves. In total, the covered [[protected area in China]] is about {{cvt|510000|ha}}. In 2020, the population of Asian elephants in Yunnan was estimated at around 300 individuals. As conflicts between humans and wild elephants have emerged around protected areas in the last years, the prefecture of Xishuangbanna built food bases and planted bananas and bamboo to create a better habitat.<ref name="ECNS">{{cite news |url=http://www.ecns.cn/news/2020-09-03/detail-ifzzucuv5909166.shtml|title=Solving a dilemma caused by elephants|author=Shuang, F. |work=ECNS |date=2020|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042735/http://www.ecns.cn/news/2020-09-03/detail-ifzzucuv5909166.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In Thailand, Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary and [[Tham Than Lot National Park]] are protected areas hosting around 250–300 elephants, according to figures from {{As of|2013|alt=2013}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1037661/its-risky-but-elephants-are-feeling-frisky|title=It's risky, but elephants are feeling frisky|author=Jeerawat na Thalang|newspaper=Bangkok Post|date=2020|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=2 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002171558/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1037661/its-risky-but-elephants-are-feeling-frisky|url-status=live}}</ref> In recent years the National Park has faced issues due to encroachment and over-exploitation.<ref>{{cite report|title=Proposed Eastern Extension to Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary|url=https://www.ecn-thailand.org/pdf/eastern-extension-report.pdf|author=Elephant Conservation Network|website=The Elephant Conservation Network |access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921185208/https://www.ecn-thailand.org/pdf/eastern-extension-report.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In India, the [[National Board of Wildlife]] recommended to allow coal mining in [[Dehing Patkai National Park]] in April 2020. The decision raised concerns between students and environmental activists who launched an online campaign to stop the project.<ref name="hindustan">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-students-environment-activists-launch-online-campaign-to-stop-coal-mining-in-elephant-reserve/story-bvyE8cCGvsfrjnqwJHb0sO.html|title=Assam students, environment activists launch online campaign to stop coal mining in elephant reserve|author=Parashar, U. |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2020|access-date=6 September 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629194454/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-students-environment-activists-launch-online-campaign-to-stop-coal-mining-in-elephant-reserve/story-bvyE8cCGvsfrjnqwJHb0sO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== In captivity ==<br />
[[File:Devi AsianElephant SanDiegoZoo 20071230 RockingBehaviour.gif|thumb|Rhythmic swaying behaviour is not reported in free ranging wild elephants and may be symptomatic of psychological disorders.]]<br />
About half of the global zoo elephant population is kept in European zoos, where they have less than half (18.9 years) the median life span of [[conspecifics]] (41.6 years) in protected populations in range countries. This discrepancy is clearest in Asian elephants: infant mortality is more than two to three times that seen in Burmese timber camps, and adult survivorship in zoos has not improved significantly in recent years. One risk factor for Asian zoo elephants is being moved between institutions, with early removal from the mother tending to have additional adverse effects. Another risk factor is being born into a zoo rather than being imported from the wild, with poor adult survivorship in zoo-born Asians apparently being conferred prenatally or in early infancy. Likely causes for compromised survivorship is [[Stress (biology)|stress]] and/or [[obesity]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Clubb, R. |author2=Rowcliffe, M. |author3=Lee, P. |author4=Mar, K. U. |author5=Moss, C. |author6=Mason, G. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |journal=Science |title=Compromised Survivorship in Zoo Elephants |volume=322 |issue=5908 |page=1649 |pmid=19074339 |hdl=1893/974 |bibcode=2008Sci...322.1649C |doi=10.1126/science.1164298 |s2cid=30756352 |url=https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/974/1/Clubbtext.pdf |hdl-access=free |access-date=9 December 2012 |archive-date=14 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514224814/https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/974/1/Clubbtext.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Foot problems are commonly observed in captive elephants. These are related to lack of exercise, long hours standing on hard substrates, and contamination resulting from standing in their dung. Many of these problems are treatable. However, mistreatment may lead to serious disability or death.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roocroft |first1=Alan |last2=Oosterhuis |first2=James |date=December 2000 |chapter=Foot Care for Captive Elephants |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470292150.ch5 |title=The Elephant's Foot |doi=10.1002/9780470292150.ch5 |pages=1–5 |isbn=978-0-8138-2820-6 |access-date=19 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145129/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470292150.ch5 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Demographic analysis of captive Asian elephants in [[North America]] indicates that the population is not self-sustaining. First year mortality is nearly 30 per cent, and [[fecundity]] is extremely low throughout the prime reproductive years.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Wiese, R. J. |title=Asian elephants are not self-sustaining in North America |doi=10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5<299::AID-ZOO2>3.0.CO;2-Z |year=2000 |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=299–309|doi-access=free}}</ref> Data from North American and European regional [[studbook]]s from 1962 to 2006 were analysed for deviations in the birth and juvenile death sex ratios. Of 349 captive calves born, 142 died prematurely. They died within one month of birth, major causes being [[stillbirth]] and [[infanticide]] by either the calf's mother or by one of the exhibition mates. The sex ratio of stillbirths in Europe was found to have a tendency for excess of males.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Saragusty, J. |author2=Hermes, R. |author3=Goritz, F. |author4=Schmitt, D.L. |author5=Hildebrandt, T. B. |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |url=http://www.elephantsincanada.com/reports-and-papers/skewed-birth-sex-ratio-and-premature-mortality-in-elephants |title=Skewed birth sex ratio and premature mortality in elephants |journal=Animal Reproduction Science |volume=115 |issue=1–4 |pages=247–254 |doi=10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.10.019 |pmid=19058933 |access-date=9 December 2012 |archive-date=21 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621054118/http://www.elephantsincanada.com/reports-and-papers/skewed-birth-sex-ratio-and-premature-mortality-in-elephants |url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Handling methods ===<br />
[[File:Indian-Elephant-444.jpg|thumb|Elephants are used for safari tourism in some Asian countries]]<br />
Young elephants are captured from the wild and illegally imported to Thailand from [[Myanmar]] for use in the tourism industry; calves are used mainly in amusement parks and are trained to perform various stunts for tourists.<ref name=Stiles2009/> The calves are often subjected to a 'breaking in' process, which may involve being tied up, confined, starved, beaten and tortured; as a result, two-thirds may perish.<ref name=guard120724>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/24/tourism-elephant-trade-burma-thailand |title=Tourism driving illegal elephant trade in Burma and Thailand – video |work=The Guardian |date=2012 |access-date=11 December 2016 |archive-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202025152/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/24/tourism-elephant-trade-burma-thailand |url-status=live}}</ref> Handlers use a technique known as the [[training crush]], in which "handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to 'break' the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners"; moreover, handlers drive nails into the elephants' ears and feet.<ref name=Hile>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1016_021016_phajaan.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021018085547/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/10/1016_021016_phajaan.html|archive-date=18 October 2002|title=Activists Denounce Thailand's Elephant 'Crushing' Ritual |last=Hile|first=J.|year=2002 |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |access-date=1 October 2014|quote=Just before dawn in the remote highlands of northern Thailand, west of the village Mae Jaem, a four-year-old elephant bellows as seven village men stab nails into her ears and feet. She is tied up and immobilized in a small, wooden cage. Her cries are the only sounds to interrupt the otherwise quiet countryside. The cage is called a 'training crush.' It's the centerpiece of a centuries-old ritual in northern Thailand designed to domesticate young elephants. In addition to beatings, handlers use sleep-deprivation, hunger, and thirst to 'break' the elephants' spirit and make them submissive to their owners.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In culture ==<br />
{{Further|Elephants in Kerala culture|Cultural depictions of elephants}}<br />
{{Further|Captive elephants}}<br />
[[File:Thajavur Ganesha.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ganesha]] on his [[vahana]] ''mūṣaka'' the rat, c. 1820]]<br />
The Asian elephant is the [[List of national animals|national animal]] of Thailand and Laos.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Han |first=Jianghua |date=2019-07-03 |title=The Study of Thai Elephant Culture Based on the "Elephant Metaphors" in Thai Idioms |journal=Comparative Literature: East & West |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=148–162 |doi=10.1080/25723618.2019.1701306 |issn=2572-3618 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://southeastasiaglobe.com/thailand-and-laos-elephant/|title=Thailand and Laos elephant|work=South East Asia Globe|date=28 February 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001045716/https://southeastasiaglobe.com/thailand-and-laos-elephant/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also been declared as the [[National symbols of India|national heritage animal]] of India.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sukumar |first=Raman |date=26 July 2016 |title=Iconic Fauna of Heritage Significance in India |url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol51_2016_2_2_Art08.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=51 |issue=2.2 |doi=10.16943/ijhs/2016/v51i2.2/48450 |issn=0019-5235 |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204160424/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol51_2016_2_2_Art08.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Bones of Asian elephants [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavated]] at [[Mohenjo-daro]] in the [[Indus Valley]] indicate that they were [[tamed]] in the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] and used for work. Decorated elephants are also depicted on seals and were modelled in clay.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Iljas |url=https://www.fao.org/4/ad031e/ad031e0g.htm |title=Giants on Our Hands: Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Domesticated Asian Elephant, Bangkok, Thailand, 5 to 10 February 2001 |last2=Kashio |first2=Masakazu |date=2002 |publisher=FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |isbn=978-974-90757-1-5 |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521145656/https://www.fao.org/4/ad031e/ad031e0g.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The Asian elephant became a [[siege engine]], a mount in war, a [[status symbol]], a [[Working animal|beast of burden]], and an elevated platform for hunting during historical times in [[South Asia]].<ref name="IWH3">{{cite book |author=Rangarajan, M. |year=2001 |title=India's Wildlife History |publisher=Permanent Black |location=Delhi |chapter=The Forest and the Field in Ancient India |pages=1–10 |isbn=978-8-178-24140-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a89yMml_etQC&pg=PA1 |access-date=19 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317064905/https://books.google.com/books?id=a89yMml_etQC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Asian elephants have been captured from the wild and tamed for use by humans. Elephants can remember tone, melody, and words, allowing them to recognise more than 20 verbal commands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lim |first=Teckwyn |url=https://www.editions.ird.fr/produit/696/9782709929943/composing-worlds-with-elephants |title=Composing Worlds with Elephants: Interdisciplinary Dialogues |publisher=IRD Éditions |year=2023 |isbn=978-2-7099-2993-6 |editor-last=Lainé |editor-first=De Nicolas |location=Marseille |pages=137–155 |chapter=From the mouth of the mahout: a review of elephant command words |editor-last2=Keil |editor-first2=P. G. |editor-last3=Khatijah Rahmat |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387795167}}</ref> Their ability to work under instruction makes them particularly useful for carrying heavy objects. They have been used particularly for [[Lumber|timber]]-carrying in jungle areas. Other than their work use, they have been used in war, in ceremonies, and for carriage.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liehrmann |first1=Océane |last2=Crawley |first2=Jennie A. H. |last3=Seltmann |first3=Martin W. |last4=Feillet |first4=Sherine |last5=Nyein |first5=U. Kyaw |last6=Aung |first6=Htoo Htoo |last7=Htut |first7=Win |last8=Lahdenperä |first8=Mirkka |last9=Lansade |first9=Léa |last10=Lummaa |first10=Virpi |date=2021-07-29 |title=Handler familiarity helps to improve working performance during novel situations in semi-captive Asian elephants |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=15480 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-95048-w |pmid=34326446 |pmc=8322261 |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> It is reported that war elephants are still used by the [[Kachin Independence Army]] (KIA) in [[Kachin State]] in northern [[Myanmar]] against Myanmar's military. The KIA use about four dozen elephants to carry supplies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Winn |first1=P. |title=War elephants still exist. But only in one forbidding place |url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-27/war-elephants-still-exist-only-one-forbidding-place |access-date=1 March 2017 |work=Public Radio International (PRI) |date=2017 |archive-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301001718/https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-02-27/war-elephants-still-exist-only-one-forbidding-place |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Asian elephant plays an important part in the culture of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] and beyond, being featured prominently in the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' fables and the [[Buddhist]] ''[[Jataka tales|Jataka]]'' tales. They play a major role in [[Hinduism]]: the god [[Ganesha]]'s head is that of an elephant, and the "blessings" of a temple elephant are highly valued. Elephants are frequently used in [[parade|processions]] where the animals are adorned with festive outfits.<ref name="Nila">{{cite book |last=Rajamangalam) |first=Nīlakaṇṭha |title=The Elephant-lore of the Hindus: The Elephant-sport (Matanga-lila) of Nilakantha |date=1985 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications |isbn=978-8-12080-005-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u6-41berm3IC 1-10]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Asian elephant is depicted in several Indian manuscripts and treatises with notable amongst these including ''[[Matanga Lila]]'' (elephant sport) of Nilakantha.<ref name="Nila"/> The manuscript ''[[Hastividyarnava]]'' is from [[Assam]] in northeast India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jayeeta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2dtxgZba6MC |title=Empire's Garden: Assam and the Making of India |date=August 2011 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-82235-049-1 |page=25 |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524120054/https://books.google.com/books?id=W2dtxgZba6MC |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[Burmese zodiac#Weekdays|Burmese, Thai and Sinhalese animal and planetary zodiac]], the Asian elephant, both tusked and tuskless, are the fourth and fifth animal zodiacs of the [[Myanmar|Burmese]], the fourth animal zodiac of the [[Thai people|Thai]], and the second animal zodiac of the [[Sinhalese people]] of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book |author=Upham, E. |year=1829 |url=https://archive.org/details/historydoctrineo00upha |title=The History and Doctrine of Budhism: Popularly Illustrated: with Notices of the Kappooism, Or Demon Worship, and of the Bali, Or Planetary Incantations, of Ceylon |location=London |publisher=R. Ackermann}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Ling |first=Trevor |date=March 1971 |title=Sinhalese buddhism in regent anthropological writing: Some implications |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/0048-721X%2871%2990007-8 |journal=Religion |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=49–59 |doi=10.1016/0048-721X(71)90007-8 |issn=0048-721X |access-date=15 May 2024 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515093741/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1016/0048-721X(71)90007-8 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Similarly, the [[Pig (zodiac)|elephant]] is the twelfth animal zodiac in the [[Chinese zodiac|Dai animal zodiac]] of the [[Dai people]] in southern China.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.warriortours.com/intro/zodiac.htm |title=Chinese Zodiac |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915225846/https://www.warriortours.com/intro/zodiac.htm |archive-date=15 September 2018 |publisher=Warriortours |access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Div col start}}<br />
* [[Elephants in Thailand]]<br />
* [[Endangered species]]<br />
* [[Ivory trade]]<br />
* [[Khedda]]<br />
* [[List of individual elephants]]<br />
* [[Mela shikar]]<br />
* [[War elephant]]<br />
* [[White elephant]]<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Deraniyagala |first=Paulus Edward Pieris |year=1955 |title=Some Extinct Elephants, Their Relatives, and the Two Living Species |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAhDAAAAYAAJ |location=Ceylon |publisher=Department of National Museums }}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite journal |author1=Bandara, Ranjith |author2=Clem Tisdell |name-list-style=amp| year = 2004 | title = The net benefit of saving the Asian elephant a policy and contingent valuation study | journal = Ecological Economics | volume = 48 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–107 | doi = 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2003.01.001|bibcode=2004EcoEc..48...93B |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/48968/files/WP87.pdf }}<br />
*{{cite book|author1=Miall, L. C. |author2=Greenwood, F. |year=1878 |title=Anatomy of the Indian Elephant |publisher= Macmillan and Co.| place= London| url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyofindiane00mial}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.saveelephant.org/ Save Elephant Foundation]<br />
* [http://www.elephantconservation.org International Elephant Foundation]<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20121209010527/http://www.elefantasia.org/ ElefantAsia: "Protecting the Asian elephant"]}}<br />
* [http://www.asianelephant.net/ Asian Elephants at the Zoological Gardens of the World]<br />
* [http://elephant.elehost.com/ Elephant Information Repository] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711171808/http://elephant.elehost.com/ |date=11 July 2017 }})<br />
* [http://panda.org/elephants/asian WWF—Asian elephant species profile]<br />
* [http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/AsianElephants/ National Zoo Facts on Asian Elephant and a Webcam of the Asian Elephant exhibit]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111224032926/http://www.eia-international.org/our-work/environmental-crime-and-governance/illegal-wildlife-trade/elephants Environmental Investigation Agency: "Illegal Wildlife Trade: Elephants"]<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes|list=<br />
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[[Category:Asian elephants| ]]<br />
[[Category:Elephas]]<br />
[[Category:EDGE species]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered animals]]<br />
[[Category:Endangered biota of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Extant Pliocene first appearances]]<br />
[[Category:Fauna of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Fauna of Southeast Asia]]<br />
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[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]<br />
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[[Category:National symbols of India]]<br />
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[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anantapur_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481397Anantapur Municipal Corporation2026-03-24T20:41:40Z<p>KristyThacker77: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox legislature<br />
| name = Anantapuram Municipal Corporation<hr />{{small|Anantapuramu nagara pālaka Sanstha<br>అనంతపురము నగర పాలక సంస్థ}}<br />
| coa_pic = Anantapur Clock tower at night.jpg<br />
| coa_res = 250px<br />
| coa_alt = Anantapur Municipal Corporation<br />
| house_type = Municipal Corporation<br />
| body = Anantapur<br />
| foundation = 2005<br />
| houses =<br />
| party1 =<br />
| election1 =<br />
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]<br />
| leader1 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)<br />
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br />
| leader2 = ''Vacant'' (since 18 March 2026)<br />
| leader3_type = Corporation Commissioner<br />
| leader3 = Gowthami, M.I.A.S<br />
| members =<br />
| house1 =<br />
| house2 =<br />
<!--| structure1 = Anantapuramu Municipal Corporation March 2021.svg<br />
| structure1_res = 250px<br />
| structure2 =<br />
| structure2_res =<br />
| political_groups1 =<br />
'''Government (50)'''<br />
*{{colorbox|#1569C7}} [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] (48)<br />
*{{Color box|#757575}} [[Independent Politician|IND]] (2)--><br />
| political_groups2 =<br />
| committees1 =<br />
| committees2 =<br />
| voting_system1 =<br />
| voting_system2 =<br />
| last_election1 = 10 March 2021<br />
| next_election1 = ''TBH''<br />
| session_room =<br />
| session_res =<br />
| meeting_place =<br />
| website = {{URL|https://anantapur.cdma.ap.gov.in/|Anantapur Municipal Corporation}}<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anantapur Municipal Corporation''', officially '''Anantapuramu Municipal Corporation''', is a civic body of [[Anantapuram]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="amc">{{cite web|title=Anantapur Municipal Corporation|url=http://anantapurcorporation.org/Default.aspx|website=Official website of Anantapur Municipal Corporation|accessdate=13 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216102453/http://anantapurcorporation.org/Default.aspx|archive-date=16 February 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was constituted as a municipality in the year 1869 and upgraded to corporation in the year 1950.<ref name=stats>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=13 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archivedate=28 January 2016|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Anantapur/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=13 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107062922/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Anantapur/Basic_information_Municipality.html|archivedate=7 November 2014}}</ref> In 2004 Anantapur Municipality is upgraded to Anantapuram Municipal Corporation. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Anantapur Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].<br />
<br />
== Jurisdiction ==<br />
<br />
The corporation is spread over an area of {{Convert|15.98|km2|abbr=on}} with 50 election wards.<ref name="stats" /><br />
<br />
<br />
== List of Mayors ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
! colspan="8" |Anantapur Municipal Corporation (AMC)<br />
|-<br />
!Sno.<br />
!Mayor<br />
!DY Mayor<br />
!Term start<br />
!Term end<br />
!colspan=2 |Party<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
|Rage Parshuram<br />
|Bandi Sreeramulu<br />
|2005<br />
|2010<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|First Mayor of AMC<br />
|-<br />
|2.<br />
|M.Swaroopa<br />
|S.Gampanna<br />
|2015<br />
|2020<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3.<br />
|Md.Waseem Saleem<br />
|V.Sahithya<br/>K.Vijaybhaskarreddy<br />
|2021<br />
|2026<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[YSR Congress Party]]<br />
|rowspan="1" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 elections ===<br />
<br />
{|CLASS="sortable wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!S.No.<br />
!colspan=2|Party name<br />
!Symbol<br />
!Won<br />
!Change<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|<br />
|[[YSR Congress Party]]<br />
|<br />
|48<br />
|{{no change}}<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|bgcolor=#C1C1C1|<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]<br />
|<br />
|2<br />
|{{no change}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
<br />
The corporation is administered by an elected body, headed by the [[Mayor (India)|mayor]]. The present commissioner of the corporation is Smt.Gowthami.M.I.A.S and the mayor is Mohammed Waseem Saleem.<ref name="amc" /><br />
<br />
== Functions ==<br />
Anantapur Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions:<ref name="An9">{{cite news |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref name="An10">{{cite news |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life {{!}} Pune News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=24 February 2017 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Planning for the town including its surroundings which are covered under its Department's Urban Planning Authority .<br />
<br />
* Approving construction of new buildings and authorising use of land for various purposes.<br />
<br />
* Improvement of the town's economic and Social status.<br />
<br />
* Arrangements of water supply towards commercial, residential and industrial purposes.<br />
<br />
* Planning for fire contingencies through Fire Service Departments.<br />
<br />
* Creation of solid waste management, public health system and sanitary services.<br />
<br />
* Working for the development of ecological aspect like development of Urban Forestry and making guidelines for environmental protection.<br />
<br />
* Working for the development of weaker sections of the society like mentally and physically handicapped, old age and gender biased people.<br />
<br />
* Making efforts for improvement of slums and poverty removal in the town.<br />
<br />
== Revenue sources ==<br />
<br />
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="An11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="An12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="An13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Revenue from taxes === <br />
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Property tax.<br />
* Profession tax.<br />
* Entertainment tax.<br />
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br />
* Advertisement tax.<br />
<br />
=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br />
<br />
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Water usage charges.<br />
* Fees from Documentation services.<br />
* Rent received from municipal property.<br />
* Funds from municipal bonds.<br />
<br />
=== Revenue from taxes === <br />
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Property tax.<br />
* Profession tax.<br />
* Entertainment tax.<br />
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br />
* Advertisement tax.<br />
<br />
=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br />
<br />
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br />
<br />
* Water usage charges.<br />
* Fees from Documentation services.<br />
* Rent received from municipal property.<br />
* Funds from municipal bonds.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1869 establishments in India]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadashiva_Brahmavar&diff=531676Sadashiva Brahmavar2026-03-24T06:01:46Z<p>KristyThacker77: Started New Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sadashiva Brahmavar<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 1928<br />
| birth_place = [[Belagavi]], [[British India]] (Present-day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|09|19|1928|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/veteran-actor-sadashiv-brahmavar-dies-at-90-news-spreads-after-completion-of-last-rites-pfcq5i|title=Veteran actor Sadashiv Brahmavar dies at 90, news spreads after completion of last rites|work=Asianet|author=Suman Priya|date=20 Sep 2018|access-date=12 Oct 2020}}</ref><br />
| death_place =[[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]<br />
| death_cause = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Film actor|theatre actor}}<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = 2<br />
| relatives = <br />
| honours = <br />
| years_active = 1977–2017<br />
| height = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sadashiva Brahmavar''' (1928–2018), known as '''Brahmavar''', was an Indian actor who appeared in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] films. He is best known for his supporting roles in such movies including [[Guri (1986 film)|Guri]] (1986), [[Samyuktha]] (1988) and [[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]] (2001).<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Native to [[Brahmavar]] in [[Udupi]], Sadashiva was born and raised in [[Bailhongal]], [[Belagavi]]. He had a son and daughter.<ref name="BRAHMAVAR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/veteran-actor-sadhashiv-693640.html|title=Veteran actor Sadashiva Brahmavar passes away|work=Deccan Herald|author=Sandesh M. S. |date=20 Sep 2018|access-date=12 Oct 2020}}</ref> Sadashiva made news in 2017 when he found roaming alone in [[Kumta]] city and many local people offered him help.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/thrown-out-home-children-veteran-kannada-actor-now-wandering-streets|title=Thrown out of home by children, this veteran Kannada actor is now wandering on streets|work=Coastal Digest|date=15 Aug 2017|access-date=12 Oct 2020}}</ref> He reunited with his children later.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/veteran-actor-sadashiv-brahmavar-who-was-forced-leave-home-2017-dies-aged-90|title=Veteran Kannada actor Sadashiva Brahmavar who was forced to leave home in 2017 dies aged 90|work=Coastal Digest|date=20 Sep 2018|access-date=12 Oct 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Sadashiva started his career as an actor in theatre. He was noticed by filmmaker [[S. Siddalingaiah|Siddalingaiah]] who offered Sadashiv a role in his film [[Hemavathi (film)|Hemavathi]] in 1977.<ref name="ACTOR">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sadashiva-brahmavar-was-kannada-industrys-father-figure/article25010361.ece|title=Sadashiva Brahmavar was Kannada industry's 'father figure'|work=The Hindu|date=21 Sep 2018|access-date=12 Oct 2020}}</ref> He went on to appear in supporting roles of teacher, father, priest and watchman. In few movies like [[Samyuktha]], [[Garuda Dhwaja]] and [[Nigooda Rahasya]] he played villain roles also. Starting from ''Hemavathi'' in 1977 till his last movie [[Bangara s/o Bangarada Manushya]] in 2017, Brahmavar has acted nearly 150 movies in Kannada.<ref name="ACTOR"/><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Brahmavar died on 19 September 2018 due to age related ailments, including dementia. He was 90.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://starofmysore.com/veteran-actor-sadashiva-brahmavar-no-more/|title=Veteran actor Sadashiva Brahmavar no more|work=Star of Mysore|date=21 Sep 2018|access-date=12 Oct 2020}}</ref> As per the actor's wish, his death news was announced a day after his cremation, held at Banashankari crematorium, to avoid media glare.<ref name="BRAHMAVAR"/><br />
<br />
== Selected filmography ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* ''[[Hemavathi (film)|Hemavathi]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Ranganayaki (1981 film)|Ranganayaki]]'' (1981)<br />
* ''[[Kaamana Billu|Kamanabillu]]'' (1983)<br />
* ''[[Samayada Gombe]]'' (1984)<br />
* ''[[Eradu Rekhegalu]]'' (1984)<br />
* ''[[Dhruva Thare]]'' (1985)<br />
* ''[[Bettada Hoovu]]'' (1985)<br />
* ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'' (1986)<br />
* ''[[Kaliyuga Bheema]]'' (1991)<br />
* ''Gruha Pravesha'' (1991)<br />
* ''Bhagavan Sri Saibaba'' (1993)...Mahalsapathi<br />
*''[[Sri Manjunatha (film)|Sri Manjunatha]]'' (2001)<br />
* ''[[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri|Kanasembo Kudureyaneri]]'' (2010)<br />
* ''My Memories'' (Short Film; 2013)<br />
* ''[[Patharagitthi]]'' (2015)<br />
* ''[[Bangara s/o Bangarada Manushya]]'' (2017)<br />
{{Colend}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm5754072}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada theatre]]<br />
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]<br />
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:2018 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1928 births]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raheja_Towers,_Chennai&diff=528103Raheja Towers, Chennai2026-03-21T16:14:07Z<p>KristyThacker77: started!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| name = Raheja Towers<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = Raheja Towers Chennai.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| caption = Raheja Towers in Anna Salai<br />
| alternate_names = <br />
| location = [[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br />
| address = 177, Anna Salai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 002, India<br />
| latd = <br />
| longd = <br />
| iso_region = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord |13|3|45|N|80|15|55|E|type:landmark_region:IN-TN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| highest_prev = <br />
| highest_next = <br />
| construction_start_date = <br />
| completion_date = 2001<br />
| inauguration_date = <br />
| building_type = Commercial offices<br />
| antenna_spire = <br />
| roof = {{convert|43.73|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = Raheja Towers | publisher = Emporis.com | date = | url = http://www.emporis.com/building/rahejatowers-chennai-india | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130409111514/http://www.emporis.com/building/rahejatowers-chennai-india | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 9 April 2013 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 20 Jul 2012}}</ref><br />
| top_floor = <br />
| floor_count = 11<br />
| elevator_count = <br />
| architectural_style = [[Modernism]]<br />
| cost = <br />
| floor_area = {{convert|399000|sqft|m2|-3|abbr=on}}<br />
| architect = <br />
| structural_engineer = <br />
| main_contractor = <br />
| developer = <br />
| owner = K. Raheja Group and Union Motors<br />
| operator = CB Richard Ellis<br />
| references = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104441 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307021723/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104441 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 March 2016 |title=Emporis building ID 104441 |work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Raheja Towers''' is an 11-storied building in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. Located on the arterial [[Anna Salai]], the building has a total built-up area of 399,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft. It is one of the earliest Grade A commercial projects of the city, which were developed in the second half of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = Nair<br />
| first = Ramesh<br />
| title = Realty on the rebound in Chennai<br />
| newspaper = The Hindu<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| pages =<br />
| language =<br />
| date = 4 December 2010<br />
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/article930315.ece<br />
| accessdate = 31 Jul 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The project, a commercial property, is a joint venture between the Union Motors Ltd and the [[Raheja Universal|K. Raheja group]]. The land on which the building has been built belongs to Union Motors.<ref name="ProjectReadyForOccupation">{{cite news<br />
| last = Ramakrishnan<br />
| first = N.<br />
| title = Raheja's commercial project in Chennai ready for occupation<br />
| newspaper = Business Line<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| pages =<br />
| language =<br />
| publisher = The Hindu<br />
| date = 21 February 2001<br />
| url = http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2001/02/21/stories/142160rt.htm<br />
| accessdate = 20 Jul 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Design and structure==<br />
The building is built on a land measuring 60&nbsp;grounds. The building has 11 floors, reaching an overall height of 43.73&nbsp;m. Total floor area of the building is about 399,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft, with a floor plate area of around 38,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft.<br />
<br />
The building has an [[optical fiber|optical fibre]] exchange provided by BSNL capable of catering to about 2,500 optical fibre lines.<ref name="ProjectReadyForOccupation"/><br />
<br />
In March 2002, the [[World Bank]] inaugurated its [[World Bank office, Chennai|back office]] centre spread over 26,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;ft in the building, with about 180 staff. Later it moved to its own building in [[Taramani]].<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = <br />
| first = <br />
| title = World Bank to build own office space in Chennai<br />
| newspaper = Business Line<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| pages =<br />
| language =<br />
| publisher = The Hindu<br />
| date = 18 November 2003<br />
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/11/18/stories/2003111801351700.htm<br />
| accessdate = 31 Jul 2012}}</ref> Raheja Towers also houses companies like [[Cisco Systems]] and [[Sony|Sony Corporation]].<br />
<br />
In 2010, the Regional Passport Office at Shastri Bhavan on Haddows Road at [[Nungambakkam]] was shifted to its own premises in Raheja towers,<ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = <br />
| first = <br />
| title = Passport office to be shifted<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| pages =<br />
| language =<br />
| date = 29 September 2009<br />
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092953740400.htm<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091002211615/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092953740400.htm<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = 2 October 2009<br />
| newspaper =[[The Hindu]]<br />
| accessdate = 31 Jul 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news<br />
| last = <br />
| first = <br />
| title = 3 new Passport Seva Kendras in city<br />
| newspaper = IBN Live<br />
| location = Chennai<br />
| pages =<br />
| language =<br />
| date = 17 September 2011<br />
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/3-new-passport-seva-kendras-in-city/184877-60-120.html<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110925053823/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/3-new-passport-seva-kendras-in-city/184877-60-120.html<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = 25 September 2011<br />
| accessdate = 31 Jul 2012}}</ref> which was later shifted to Rayala Towers situated opposite Raheja towers.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Architecture}}<br />
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]<br />
* [[Architecture of Chennai]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Chennai Topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Office highrises in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2001]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopi_Krishna_(film)&diff=500921Gopi Krishna (film)2026-03-15T18:23:35Z<p>KristyThacker77: Made initial post added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Gopikrishna<br />
| image = GopiKrishna(1992film)Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]<br />
| based_on = ''[[Professor (1962 film)|Professor]]'' (1962)<br />
| producer = [[N. Veeraswamy]]<br />
| writer = [[P. Vasu]]<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]]<br />[[Rupini]] <br /> [[Lokesh]]<br />
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]<br />
| cinematography = G S V Seetharam<br />
| editing = K. Balu<br />
| studio = Eshwari Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|1992}}<br />
| runtime = 129 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Gopi Krishna''''' ({{langx|kn|ಗೋಪಿ ಕೃಷ್ಣ}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed and enacted by [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] in the lead role along with [[Rupini]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] and [[Lokesh]].<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/gopikrishna/cast-crew.html Gopikrishna cast & crew]</ref> Though the film was a remake of 1962 Hindi film ''[[Professor (1962 film)|Professor]]'', the story is credited to [[P.Vasu]] who directed the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] remake ''[[Nadigan]]'' (1990).<br />
<br />
Music and lyrics were composed by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>[http://kannadagogle.blogspot.in/2012/12/gopi-krishna-kannada-movie-mp3-song.html Gopi Krishna Kannada movie mp3 songs]</ref> The film was produced by N. Veeraswamy for his home banner Eshwari Productions.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] as Gopikrishna/Muddukrishna<br />
* [[Rupini]] as Geetha<br />
* Jyothi as Seetha<br />
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]<br />
* [[Lokesh]] as Kothi Kodanda<br />
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Avinash<br />
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as musician<br />
* [[Mandeep Roy]]<br />
* [[Girija Lokesh]]<br />
* [[Rekha Das]] as Maid servant and the mother of Avinash<br />
* Ananthrao Maccheri<br />
* Baby Sanathani<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Track list ==<br />
{| class=wikitable sortable<br />
|-<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) || Lyrics<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Oho Vasantha" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]] || [[Hamsalekha]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Nayakara O Nayaka" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || Hamsalekha<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Jagavella Jagavella" || Mano, S. Janaki || Hamsalekha<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "En Uduge Idu" || Mano, S. Janaki, [[Latha Hamsalekha]] || Hamsalekha<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || "Sharadammanavare" || Mano, K. S. Chithra, Latha Hamsalekha || Hamsalekha<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || "Chori Chori" || Mano, K. S. Chithra || Hamsalekha<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || "Oho Vasantha" (Solo Unreleased) || K. J. Yesudas || Hamsalekha<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || "Jagavella Jagavella" (Solo Unreleased) || S. Janaki || Hamsalekha<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{V. Ravichandran}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1992 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1992 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Ravichandran (Kannada actor)]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amit_Abraham&diff=485995Amit Abraham2026-03-15T00:59:58Z<p>KristyThacker77: adding a stub and citations</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian academic, psychologist, and writer}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox academic|name=Amit Abraham|image=Amit Abraham.jpg|caption=|birth_name=Amit Abraham|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1965|09|08}}|birth_place=[[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India|occupation=[[Psychologist]], author, academic|known_for=[[Mental health counselor|Counselor]], writer|website={{URL|http://amitabraham.wix.com/amitabraham}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Amit Abraham''' (born 8 September 1965) is an Indian academic, author, and psychologist. He has worked as the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academics and Research) at the Mount Zion International University of Rwanda (MZIUR), Kigali, Rwanda, East Africa, (now defunct) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/396608053/ProspectusMZIUR-pdf|title=Mount Zion: International University of Rwanda (Mziur) &#124; PDF &#124; Mentorship &#124; Medicine|website=Scribd}}</ref> from 26 September 2018 to 31 July 2020. Prior to this he was the Registrar at Kazi Nazrul University,<ref>{{Cite web |title=KNU{{!}} Homepage |url=http://www.knu.ac.in/ |website=www.knu.ac.in |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=28 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528135458/http://www.knu.ac.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asansol, West Bengal, India (March 2017 – March 2018). He has been the former principal of [[Scottish Church College, Kolkata|Scottish Church College]], Kolkata, India (July 2015 – August 2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scottishchurch.ac.in/|title=Scottish Church College &#124; Kolkata|website=www.scottishchurch.ac.in|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref> He has served as the head of the postgraduate department of psychology at [[St. John's College, Agra|St. John's College]], Agra<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=St. John's College, Agra |url=http://stjohnscollegeagra.com/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727065725/http://www.stjohnscollegeagra.com/ |archive-date=2009-07-27 |access-date= |website=www.stjohnscollegeagra.com}}</ref> (March 1991 to July 2015). He was teaching graduate and postgraduate classes along with supervision of research work. He had been actively involved in various offbeat research works related with the human psyche. He did his schooling from [[St Joseph's College, Nainital|St. Joseph's College]], [[Nainital]] and his post-graduation in psychology from the [[Delhi University]]. His PhD is in the area of personality as determined and influenced by the Zodiac signs of individuals. He has been the Coordinator<ref>''Times of India''. Lucknow Edition, 8 October 2005.</ref> of the National Commission For Minority Educational Institutions, New Delhi (Under the ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, New Delhi)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncmei.gov.in/ |title=Welcome to NCMEI |publisher=Ncmei.gov.in |accessdate=7 November 2012}}</ref> for three consecutive terms (2005–2008). He is also the recipient of the U.P. Shikshak Samman for the year 2006, awarded by Bright Organization of Youth, [[Agra]]. He features in text books of various state governments, as an eminent Indian psychologist, which detail out his diversified contributions in the field of psychology and social causes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Search Results |url=https://kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in/vufind/Author/Home?author=Abraham,+Amit |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=kalnet.kshec.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
Abraham has done work on human sexuality and sexual attitudes. He has developed scales for the measurement of attitudes towards [[premarital sex]], [[polygamy]], [[pornography]], [[lesbianism]], and [[homosexuality]]. He has also developed scales for the measurement of values and vocational interest, self-monitoring, procrastination and a case study Performa. He has published research papers in diverse areas and has authored textbooks and books for competitive examinations. He has also written books on general interest and self-help. He has contributed many articles in the leading daily Hindi newspapers<ref>Danik Jagran (Agra)26 May 2004</ref><ref>Danik Jagran (Agra) 28 May 2006</ref><ref>Amar Ujala (Agra)13 February 2006</ref><ref>DLA Agra 2 June 2007</ref> and appeared on various talk shows in the local and state television including Moon T.V. (Agra), Sahara T.V. (Uttar Pradesh), and Sea T.V. (Uttar Pradesh and Uttranchal).<br />
<br />
He is also the founder and head of Samvaidna,<ref>Amar Ujala(Agra)8 December 2002</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Samvaidna - WikiName |url=http://wiki.name.com/en/Samvaidna |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908112603/http://wiki.name.com/en/Samvaidna |archive-date=2009-09-08 |access-date= |website=wiki.name.com}}</ref><ref>Danik Jagran (Agra) 9 December 2002</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://samvaidna.wixsite.com/samvaidna|title=Samvaidna - The Mental Health Welfare Organization|website=samvaidna|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/samvaidna|title=Samvaidna: The Mental Health Organization|website=www.facebook.com|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref> a mental health welfare organization registered under the Societies Registration Act (Registration No. 2016). The organization is providing free guidance, counseling, and therapy for various psychological problems. Abraham's organization also holds regular free guidance and counseling camps in the city of Agra.<ref>Amar Ujala (Agra) 24 February 2003</ref> His organization has done extensive work in the district jail of Agra giving counseling and therapy to the prisoners. Drug de-addiction programs have also been carried out in the jail.<ref>Amar Ujala (Agra) 9 May 2004</ref><ref>Sahara Samay (Agra)19 June 2004</ref><br />
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Abraham offers psychological guidance and counseling via the internet to people. He is offering guidance and counseling through the column of a national youth magazine ''Trailblazer''. He is also the consultant for the local print and electronic media giving interviews and talks on various psychological aspects and issues.<ref>Hindustan (Agra)2 March 2009</ref><ref>Hindustan Times HT Live (Agra) 29 January 2010</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dlamedia.com/epapermain.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319221210/http://www.dlamedia.com/epapermain.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Dla Media Digital Edition|archive-date=19 March 2011|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref> Abraham along with BIG 92.7 FM and Resonance conducted a week-long "Shine Under Pressure" motivational exercise for children from schools in Agra.<ref>Amar Ujala (Agra) 21 January 2010</ref><ref>DLA (Agra) 21 January 2010</ref><ref>Hindustan Times HT Live (Agra) 23 January 2010</ref><br />
[[File:Award Picture.jpg|thumb|right|Abraham Receiving U.P. Shikshak Samman From Indian Hindi Poet-Writer [[Gopaldas Neeraj]] ]]<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
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===Books===<br />
*Amit Abraham. ''Procrastination – The Opportunity Killer: A Self Assessment Guide and Workbook''. Unicorn Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. (an imprint of Pustak Mahal). 2013.{{ISBN|9788178063379}}<ref>{{cite book |url= http://www.unicornbooks.in/books/book/procrastination-opportunity-killer-a-self-assessment-guide-workbook-amit-abraham/isbn-9788178063379/zb,,51c,a,0,USD,0,a/index.html |title= Procrastination The Opportunity Killer – A Self Assessment Guide And Workbook by Amit Abraham |year= 2013 |isbn= 978-8178063379 |publisher= Unicorn Books |accessdate= 23 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140326104708/http://www.unicornbooks.in/books/book/procrastination-opportunity-killer-a-self-assessment-guide-workbook-amit-abraham/isbn-9788178063379/zb,,51c,a,0,USD,0,a/index.html |archive-date= 26 March 2014 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref><br />
*Amit Abraham. ''General Psychology''. Tata McGraw Hill Higher Education, New Delhi. 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-07-107799-6}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mheducation.co.in/|title=Textbooks &#124; Competitive Exams &#124; Professional books &#124; McGraw Hill India|website=www.mheducation.co.in|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref><br />
*Amit Abraham. ''The Fifth Commandment''.(Fiction). createspace.com. 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Fifth Commandment |url=https://www.createspace.com/3635449 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102211129/https://www.createspace.com/3635449 |archive-date=2015-11-02 |access-date= |website=www.createspace.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.pothi.com/book/ebook-dr-amit-abraham-fifth-commandment/|title=The Fifth Commandment &#124; Pothi.com|accessdate=26 March 2023|via=store.pothi.com}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-1-4636-1979-4}}<br />
*Amit Abraham. ''The Great Game'' (a psycho-social political crime thriller). createspace.com. 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=The Great Game |url=https://www.createspace.com/3648318 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102211228/https://www.createspace.com/3648318 |archive-date=2015-11-02 |access-date= |website=www.createspace.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.pothi.com/book/ebook-dr-amit-abraham-great-game/|title=The Great Game &#124; Pothi.com|accessdate=26 March 2023|via=store.pothi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | isbn=978-1-4636-9768-6 | title=The Great Game | last1=Abraham | first1=Amit | date=6 July 2011 | publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform }}</ref><br />
*Amit Abraham. ''Taming the Little Devils Within''. Unicorn Books Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. (an imprint of Pustak Mahal). 2010. {{ISBN|978-81-7806-208-2}}<ref>{{cite book |url= http://unicornbooks.in/books/book/taming-little-devils-within-dr-amit-abraham/isbn-9788178062082/zb,,491,a,0,INR,0,a/index.html |title= Taming the Little Devils Within |first= Amit |last= Abraham |date= October 2010 |isbn= 978-8178062082 |publisher= Unicorn Books |access-date= 14 October 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101022003849/http://www.unicornbooks.in/books/book/taming-little-devils-within-dr-amit-abraham/isbn-9788178062082/zb,,491,a,0,INR,0,a/index.html |archive-date= 22 October 2010 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref><br />
*Amit Abraham. "You Have The Power To Be Happy" Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. 2009. {{ISBN |978-81-2075-570-3}}<br />
*Amit Abraham. "Rules of Attraction: Get the One You Admire". Pustak Mahal, Delhi. 2008. {{ISBN|978-81-7806-151-1}}<br />
*Amit Abraham. ''Personality Development Through Positive Thinking''. Elgin, Ill: New Dawn Press (an imprint of Sterling), 2004. 1-932705-11-2<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sterlingpublishers.com/bookinfo.asp?na=9788120726185 |title= Personality Development through Positive Thinking – Self-Improvement-STERLING PUBLISHERS |publisher= Sterlingpublishers.com |accessdate= 11 August 2012 }}{{dead link |date= October 2016 |bot= InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
*Amit Abraham. ''Mengupas kepribadian anda''. Jakarta: Bhuana Ilmu Populer, 2004. (Translation) {{ISBN|979-694-850-8}}<br />
*Amit Abraham. ''Piense En Positivo y Triunfe / Think Positive and Triumph'' (paperback, Spanish). Panorama, Mexico (2010-06-30). (Translation)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flipkart.com/books/6074520378?_l=C1JxLPidqNv6%20H7sSi%202tA--&_r=58q1ow8RRQsZIlstrtL_Tg--&ref=daba7fc0-a39e-4601-9910-3165d17dc78d&pid=o903fc85yc|title=Piense en positivo y triunfe / Think positive and triumph 6074520378: Book: Amit Abraham (9786074520378) &#124; Flipkart.com|accessdate=26 March 2023}}</ref><br />
*Amit Abraham. UGC/NET/SLET: Psychology – Paper II: Upkar Prakshan, Agra.2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://upkar.in/BookDetail.aspx?Id=336 |title=Upkar Prakashan |publisher=Upkar.in |accessdate=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221054943/http://upkar.in/BookDetail.aspx?Id=336 |archivedate=21 December 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><br />
*Amit Abraham. ''Fundamentals of Psychology''. Y.K. Publishers, Agra. 2002. {{ISBN|978-81-85070-79-7}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* [http://www.amitabraham.wix.com/amitabraham Official website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham, Amit}}<br />
[[Category:1965 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian academics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian psychologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian self-help writers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Scottish Church College]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Kazi Nazrul University]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasind&diff=543768Vasind2026-03-13T08:26:51Z<p>KristyThacker77: Started New Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Vasind<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Vasind in [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.4167|N|73.2667|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 15880<br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 October 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 421601<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Bhiwandi]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec2 = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vasind''' is a city in [[Shahapur taluka]] of [[Thane district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. It is suburban city of Mumbai.Mumbai-Vasind distance is about 63.1&nbsp;km. '''Vashind''' is a [[census town]].<br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
Vasind hosts various medium and large scale industries in and around. Major industrial plants are :<br />
<br />
* The [[JSW Steel Ltd]] has one of its important plants located in Vasind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jsw.in/steel/vasind-works|title=JSW - Vasind Works}}</ref><br />
* Essel Propack Limited<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Vasind<br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|orange|86.82}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Buddhists]]|blue|8.42}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|3.74}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christians|Christian]]|red|0.51}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jain]]|brown|0.25}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sikh]]|olive|0.15}}<br />
{{bar percent|Not Stated|yellow|0.08}}<br />
}}<br />
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Vashind had a population of 15,880. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Vashind has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 68%. In Vashind, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 13.29% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 9.71% of total population in Vasind (CT).<br />
<br />
== Geography & Climate ==<br />
<br />
Vasind is situated at approximately 19° 24' 23.54'' N | 73° 15' 30.06'' E. Vasind lies on the northern bank of Bhatsai river at an altitude of 25.52 m above sea level.<br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|location = Vasind<br />
|metric first = Yes<br />
|single line = Yes<br />
|Jan high C = 29.3<br />
|Feb high C = 34.5<br />
|Mar high C = 43.6<br />
|Apr high C = 48.7<br />
|May high C = 38.7<br />
|Jun high C = 31.9<br />
|Jul high C = 29.8<br />
|Aug high C = 29.3<br />
|Sep high C = 30.1<br />
|Oct high C = 32.9<br />
|Nov high C = 33.4<br />
|Dec high C = 32.0<br />
|Jan low C = 14.6|Feb low C = 16.3<br />
|Mar low C = 19.6<br />
|Apr low C = 25.7<br />
|May low C = 26.1<br />
|Jun low C = 25.8<br />
|Jul low C = 24.8<br />
|Aug low C = 24.5<br />
|Sep low C = 24.0<br />
|Oct low C = 23.1<br />
|Nov low C = 20.5<br />
|Dec low C = 18.2<br />
|precipitation colour=green<br />
|Jan precipitation mm = 2.3<br />
|Feb precipitation mm = 1.0<br />
|Mar precipitation mm = 0.8<br />
|Apr precipitation mm = 1.8<br />
|May precipitation mm = 13.5<br />
|Jun precipitation mm = 432.6<br />
|Jul precipitation mm = 946.1<br />
|Aug precipitation mm = 553.3<br />
|Sep precipitation mm = 294.1<br />
|Oct precipitation mm = 87.1<br />
|Nov precipitation mm = 20.6<br />
|Dec precipitation mm = 2.0<br />
|source = [http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Thane/Climate-%20table.html Government of Maharashtra]<br />
|date = June 2012<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
<br />
The nearest airport is Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport in Mumbai which is about 63&nbsp;km away.<br />
<br />
Vasind is well connected to ([[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]) by Vasind Railway Station. It is on the rail line between Mumbai and Kasara.<br />
<br />
Vasind is also well connected to Mumbai and Nashik by [[National Highway 160 (India)]]. By road Vasind is 63&nbsp;km North East of Mumbai, and 106&nbsp;km South West of Nashik.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Thane district]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambur&diff=455661Ambur2026-03-06T16:19:16Z<p>KristyThacker77: improved page and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div><!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ambur<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Municipal Town<br />
| image_skyline = Ambur Trade Center.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Ambur Trade Center<br />
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Ambur, Tamil Nadu<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|12.780|N|78.718|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupattur district|<br />
Tirupattur]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vellore]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Municipality<br />
| governing_body = Ambur Municipality<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 17.97<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 346<br />
| population_total = 114,608<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 635802<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 91–4174<br />
| registration_plate = TN-83<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1031 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type2 = Languages<br />
| demographics2_title1 = [[Language|Common Language]]<br />
| demographics2_info1 = [[Deccani language|Deccani Urdu]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Ambur''' is a town and municipality in [[Tirupathur district]], [[Vellore]] region of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located on the banks of the [[Palar River]] between [[Chennai]] and [[Bangalore]]. Ambur has a sizeable leather industry, and is known for its spicy [[biryani]] and for the sweet, makkhenpeda. Ambur was the site of two major military actions in the 18th century. The first was the 1749 [[Battle of Ambur]] that opened the [[Second Carnatic War]] between the [[Arcot State]] and the [[Mughal Empire]]. In 1767, the [[siege of Ambur]] took place during the [[First Anglo-Mysore War]], with local troops and a British force successfully resisting an attack by the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and by the [[Hyderabad State]].<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
Ambur is a selection grade municipality and headquarters of [[Ambur taluk]] which is an administrative division comprising 79 Revenue villages in the district of [[Tirupattur district|Tirupattur]]. The municipal council has 36 elected members. It elects a member for representing the [[Ambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Ambur assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hindus-muslims-to-rule-ambur-municipality/192279-60-118.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126020713/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hindus-muslims-to-rule-ambur-municipality/192279-60-118.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Hindus, Muslims to rule Ambur Municipality |date=12 October 2011 |publisher=IBNLive|last=V.|first=Narayana Murthy|access-date=8 August 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{bar box|title=Religion in Ambur (2011)<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent(%)<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars={{bar percent|[[Islam in India|Muslim]]|green|50.10}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hindu]]|darkorange|45.80}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christian]]|dodgerblue|3.83}}<br />
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.27}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Ambur City (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu (Urban) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10259/download/13371/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|label1 = [[Urdu]] |value1 = 48.27 |color1 = green<br />
|label2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value2 = 44.36 |color2 = royalblue<br />
|label3 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value3 = 6.18 |color3 = brown<br />
|label4 = [[Kannada]] |value4 = 0.36 |color4 = darkslateblue<br />
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.83 |color5 = gray<br />
|thumb=right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Ambur had a population of 114,608 with a sex-ratio of 1,033 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 13,235 were under the age of six, constituting 6,716 males and 6,519 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 16.83% and 0.57% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 76.08%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The city had a total of 25,009 households. There were a total of 40,654 workers, comprising 163 cultivators, 519 main agricultural labourers, 982 in house hold industries, 35,411 other workers, 3,579 marginal workers, 27 marginal cultivators, 174 marginal agricultural labourers, 306 marginal workers in household industries and 3,072 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Ambur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=682333|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per the religious census of 2011, [[Islam in India|Muslims]] were majority in Ambur with 50.1%. 45.8% were [[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hindus]], 3.8% [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christians]] and 0.3% followed other religions.<ref name="religion2011" /><br />
<br />
[[Deccani language|Deccani Urdu]] is the most spoken language by 48.27% of the population. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] are the other main languages spoken by 44.36% and 6.17% respectively.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Ambur is geographically located at {{Coord|12.780200|N|78.717700|E|}} with an average elevation of {{convert|346|m}}. It lies roughly halfway between [[Chennai]] (190&nbsp;km away) and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] (161&nbsp;km away). Ambur has a tropical wet-and-dry climate, reaching high temperatures during summer and experiences wet winters. The maximum rainfall occurs during October and November, with the northeast monsoon. The area also experiences light rainfall during the southwest monsoon. The temperature falls up to 12&nbsp;°C low in winter. It experience a hot summer where the temperature rises up to 39&nbsp;°C.<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
The economy is dependent on the leather industry. The town houses leather tanning and manufacturing facilities and is a leading cluster for export of finished leather and leather-related products.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/may/30/centres-notification-to-slaughter-jobs-at-vellore-tanneries-kill-indias-leather-export-hub-1610653.html|title=Centre's notification to slaughter jobs at Vellore tanneries, kill India's leather export hub|newspaper=New Indian Express|date=30 May 2017|access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> In the beginning, the development of tanning in Ambur was due to military demand for tanned leather primarily for boot production during and before [[World War I]].<ref>{{Citation| last1 = Damodaran| first1 = Sumangala | author-link = | first2 = Pallavi | last2 = Mansingh| author-link2 = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor-last2 = | editor-first2 = | title = CEC Working Paper: Leather Industry in India| contribution = | contribution-url = | series = | date = 2008 | pages = 1–75 | place = New Delhi, India | publisher = Centre for Education and Communication (CEC)| url = https://www.cec-india.org/libpdf/1437550410LeatherIndustryinIndia.pdf| doi = | id = }}</ref> Nearly 80 tanneries are located in Ambur.<ref>{{cite news| last = M. | first = Serena Josephine| title = Grappling with a slowdown and unmet expectations| newspaper = The Hindu| location = Vellore| pages = | language = English| publisher = THG Publishing Pvt Ltd. | date = 2019| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/grappling-with-a-slowdown-and-unmet-expectations-ambur-assembly-constituency-assembly-bypoll-2019/article26750480.ece| access-date = 25 June 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cuisine==<br />
Rice is the staple food of the people in this region. Ambur is known for its spicy [[biryani]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/ambur-and-the-art-of-biryani/article7561508.ece|title=Ambur and the art of biryani|last=Kannadasan|first=Akila|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Ambur has a regular [[Ambur railway station|railway station]] (code name: AB) with double electric-line track. 24 trains stop at this station.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/ab/ | title=AB / Ambur Railway Station &#124; Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Ambur }}</ref> Ambur bus stand was constructed in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/ambur/bus-stand/ |title=Bus Stand, Ambur Municipality |website=tnurbantree.tn.gov.in}}</ref> Ambur is located in between [[Bangalore]] ({{cvt|160|km|disp=sqbr}}), and [[Chennai]] ({{cvt|185|km|disp=sqbr}}), and connected well with frequent bus and train services.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Tirupathur district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tirupathur district]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seema_(1971_film)&diff=460365Seema (1971 film)2026-03-03T23:40:42Z<p>KristyThacker77: further improve article to improve readability further and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1971 film}}<br />
{{other uses|Seema (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Seema <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Surendra Mohan<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = Sohanlal Kanwar<br />
| starring = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| music = Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal<br>Shankarsingh Raghuwanshi<br />
| studio =<br />
| distributor =<br />
| released = {{Film date|1971}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Seema''''' is a 1971 Hindi film directed by [[Surendra Mohan]]. Though this film was not a big commercial success, it is renowned for its lilting musical score by the duo of [[Shankar Jaikishan]] and is especially remembered for a very famous song by Tamil singer [[Sharda Rajan Iyengar]] with [[Mohammad Rafi]]; "Jab Bhi Yeh Dil Udaas Hota Hai", which was penned by [[Gulzar]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/QFU/28 |title=Seema: Look everybody real locals! |date=14 January 1972 |page=42 |last=Banaji |first=S. J. |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |editor-last=Karanjia |editor-first=B. K. |editor-link=B. K. Karanjia |access-date=2 June 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Rakesh Roshan]] <br />
*[[Kabir Bedi]] <br />
*[[Simi Garewal]] as Seema<br />
*[[Bharathi Vishnuvardhan]] <br />
*[[Padma Khanna]] <br />
*[[Chand Usmani]] <br />
*[[Abhi Bhattacharya]] <br />
* Gopal Sehgal<br />
* Kanchan Mattu<br />
*[[Sulochana Devi|Sulochana]]<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
The music of this movie was composed by&nbsp;[[Shankar Jaikishan]] <br />
#"Ladki Chale Jab Sadko Par Aaye Qayamat" - [[Kishore Kumar]]<br />
#"Waqt Thodaa Saa Abhi Kuchh Aur Guzar Jaane De" - Kishore Kumar, [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
#"Dil Mera Kho Gaya, Kho Jane Do" - Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle<br />
#"Ek Thi Nindiya Do The Naina" - [[Suman Kalyanpur]]<br />
#"Ek Thi Nindiya Do The Naina (Sushma)" - [[Sushma Shrestha]]<br />
#"Jab Bhi Ye Dil Udaas Hotaa Hai, Jaane Kaun Aas Paas Hotaa Hai" - [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Sharda Rajan Iyengar|Sharda]]<br />
#"Kispe Hai Tera Dil, Naam Lena Mushkil" - Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|id=0271166}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1971 films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Surendra Mohan]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sathyam_Shivam_Sundaram_(1987_film)&diff=455764Sathyam Shivam Sundaram (1987 film)2026-03-03T22:17:46Z<p>KristyThacker77: small improve layout for accuracy additionally and fixed typos based on references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about||the Hindi-language film|Satyam Shivam Sundaram (1978 film)|the Malayalam language film|Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sathyam Shivam Sundaram<br />
| image = Sathyam Shivam Sundaram 1987 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[K. S. R. Das]]<br />
| based_on = [[Jwala (1985 film)|Jwala]] (Telugu)(1985)<br />
| producer = G. R. K. Raju<br />
| story = [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]]<br />
| writer = Kunigal Vasanth<br />
| screenplay = K. S. R. Das<br />
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<br>[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]<br>[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]<br>[[Vajramuni]]<br />
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy]]<br />
| cinematography = V. Lakshman<br />
| editing = Nageshwara Rao<br />
| studio = Vishwachithra Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|1987|12|03|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 136 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sathyam Shivam Sundaram''''' ({{Translation|''The Truth, the God, the Beauty''}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[K. S. R. Das]] and produced by G. R. K. Raju. The film stars [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] and [[Vajramuni]]. The film has musical score by [[K. Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/satyam-shivam-sundaram.html|title=Sathyam Shivam Sundaram|accessdate=2015-01-22|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Satyam-Shivam-Sundaram-1982/9219802465|title=Sathyam Shivam Sundaram|accessdate=2015-01-22|publisher=nthwall.com}}</ref> The movie is a remake of 1985 Telugu movie ''[[Jwala (1985 film)|Jwala]]''. However, while the hero played dual role in the original, Vishnuvardhan played a triple role including the father's role.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Sathyaraj, Shivaraj and Sundaraj<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/sathyam-shivam-sundaram-1987|title=Sathyam Shivam Sundaram (1987) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew}}</ref><br />
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Geetha, Shivaraj's wife<br />
*[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Janaki, Sathyaraj's wife<br />
*Keerthi as Sundaraj’s love interest<br />
*[[Vajramuni]] as Mahabala Rao<br />
*[[Sudheer (Kannada Actor)|Sudheer]] as Vishwapathi<br />
*N. S. Rao<br />
*[[Ravikiran]]<br />
*[[K. S. Ashwath]] in Guest Appearance<br />
*[[Lokanath]] in Guest Appearance<br />
* Master Manjunath in Guest Appearance<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[K. Chakravarthy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Sathyam-Shivam-Sundaram-songs-K0000616|title=Sathyam Shivam Sundaram Songs|accessdate=2015-01-22|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Dwesha Bandaaga" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]] || 04:34<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Nanna Singariye" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 04:31<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Ide Reethi Yendu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 04:13<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "Yeneno Kanasu Kande" || K. S. Chithra || [[R. N. Jayagopal]] || 03:58<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || "Naguthiruva Hoovagi" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Ramani || Chi. Udaya Shankar || 04:25<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|1356931}}<br />
<br />
{{K. S. R. Das}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1987 films]]<br />
[[Category:1987 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. R. Das]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aparichithan&diff=487113Aparichithan2026-03-03T21:37:05Z<p>KristyThacker77: adding first article basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2004 Indian film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aparichithan<br />
| image = Aparichithan.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Sanjeev Sivan]]<br />
| producer = Valiyaveettil Siraj<br />
| screenplay = {{Unbulleted_list|Sanjeev Sivan|[[A. K. Sajan]]}}<br />
| story = Sanjeev Sivan<br />
| starring = {{plainlist| <br />
*[[Kavya Madhavan]]<br />
*[[Karthika Mathew|Karthika]]<br />
*[[Manya (actress)|Manya]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = [[Suresh Peters]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Santhosh Sivan]]<br />
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = Valiyaveettil Movie International<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|07|16}}<br />
| runtime = 125 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aparichithan''''' ({{Translation|The stranger}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[supernatural horror film]] directed by [[Sanjeev Sivan]] (in his directorial debut). It stars [[Mammootty]], [[Kavya Madhavan]], [[Karthika Mathew|Karthika]], and [[Manya (actress)|Manya]]. The plot centers around three college students who summon a spirit through an [[ouija board]]. The music was composed by [[Suresh Peters]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/aparichithan-review-malayalam-pclv4zajaefhf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121124307/http://www.sify.com/movies/aparichithan-review-malayalam-pclv4zajaefhf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2015|title = Aparichithan|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/aparichithan/index.htm|title=Aparichithan Movie review|website=www.webindia123.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Aparichithan narrates the story of three carefree college friends - Meenu, Simi, and Devi, known as "Three Roses" – who keep landing in trouble. After one such incident when Devi, the leader of the trio, is caught red-handed trying to steal question papers on the eve of exams, they go underground to avoid facing their peers and families. With the help of Chacko, Simi's fiancée, they arrange accommodation with a woman psychiatrist who is also an expert in "tantrik" mysticism and [[Ouija board]], in an isolated house. Fresh trouble begins there, leading to the landlady chasing the girls out, saying a wandering soul is following them.<br />
<br />
The girls get harassed and threatened by their college mate, Jithulal. Chacko accepts the help of his friend, Vinod Varghese, who promises to take them to a guesthouse out in the woods. Vinod actually has an agenda to cheat the girls by bringing them to Jithulal. Their bus meets with an accident, and they are forced to walk along the deserted road through the woods.<br />
<br />
They meet a mysterious [[Wildlife photography|wildlife photographer]] and a drunkard, Raghuram. They take shelter at an old bungalow in the forest and have strange experiences. Ram is a nuisance throughout their journey; however, Minu makes good company with him. Ram tells her his stories. He was left only by a younger sister who went missing from [[Mumbai|Bombay]], which made him a drunkard and a psycho. After long treatment, Ram returned to his professional life, and in one of his forest tours, he happened to visit a girl named Kalyani who looked exactly like his sister. He offered to take her to [[Mumbai]] and she wholeheartedly agreed. But on the day they planned to leave, she too went missing, and the Aborigines accused Ram of the incident. Ram searched for her throughout the forest, but on the other side of the [[jungle]], she was brutally raped by Jithu Lal. She was burnt alive by Jithulal and his friend, Vinod.<br />
<br />
The spirit of the murdered girl follows the three girls. At sunrise, Chacko and Vinod inform the police inspector that Ram is missing, and learn that Ram had already died in the accident they had met with. They return to the forest house, and Minu once again tries using a [[Ouija board]]. Ram's spirit comes to them, and they flee the house. They discover that Vinod was cheating them. The soul of Ram follows Vinod and kills him in a [[marsh]]. The film ends with Minu back home, noticing activity on the Ouija board again.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|*[[Mammootty]] as Raghuram, a wildlife photographer <br />
*[[Kavya Madhavan]] as Meenakshi, (voice over by [[Sreeja Ravi]])<br />
*[[Karthika Mathew|Karthika]] as Simi, (voice over by [[Devi S.]])<br />
*[[Manya (actress)|Manya]] as Devi, (voice over by [[Bhagyalakshmi]])<br />
*[[Mahhi Vij]] as Kalyani<br />
*[[Vineeth Kumar]] as Chacko<br />
*Rakesh Varre as Jithulal<br />
*Siraj Musthafa Khan as Vinod Varghese<br />
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Aanamala Joji<br />
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as police officer <br />
*[[Salim Kumar]] as tribal helper<br />
*[[Subair]] as Santhosh, Meenakshi's elder brother<br />
*[[Machan Varghese]] as Watchman Bhaskaran<br />
*[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Cheeru<br />
*[[Urmila Unni]] as Tripura Sundari Varma<br />
*Manjulan K. V. as Ponnan<br />
*Poornima Anand as Meenakshi's sister-in-law<br />
*Deepika Mohan as college lecturer/hostel warden<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
All the songs were composed by [[Suresh Peters]], with lyrics by [[Girish Puthenchery]]. The song "Maasam Maasam" was recorded within 20 minutes.<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Kanavukal<br />
| extra1 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Kuyil Paattil<br />
| extra2 = [[Sujatha (singer)|Sujatha]]<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Manassukal<br />
| extra3 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Sheela <br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Maasam Maasam<br />
| extra4 = [[Jyotsna Radhakrishnan|Jyotsna]], Renjini Jose<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Pranaya Gopura<br />
| extra5 = [[Sujatha (singer)|Sujatha]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]<br />
| length5 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of Malayalam horror films]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt0396456}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2004 horror films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s supernatural horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Suresh Peters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:Ouija]]<br />
[[Category:Indian horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhoomi_Geetham&diff=474012Bhoomi Geetham2026-03-03T21:26:48Z<p>KristyThacker77: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bhoomigeetham<br />
| image = <br />
<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]]<br />
| producer = Silver Screen International<br />
| writer = [[T. A. Razzaq]]<br />
| screenplay = T. A. Razzaq<br />
| starring = [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]<br>[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]<br>[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<br>[[KPAC Lalitha]]<br />
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]<br />
| editing = K. Rajagopal<br />
| studio = Silver Screen International<br />
| distributor = Silver Screen International<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1993}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bhoomigeetham''''' is a 1993 Indian [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]] and produced by Pavamani. The film stars [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[KPAC Lalitha]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2645|title=Bhoomigeetham|accessdate=2014-09-29|publisher=MalayalaChalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?362|title=Bhoomigeetham|accessdate=2014-09-29|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110026/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?362|archivedate=6 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/bhoomi-geetham-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075723/http://spicyonion.com/title/bhoomi-geetham-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Bhoomigeetham|accessdate=2014-09-29|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]] as Thekkinkadu Krishnaprasad<br />
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Indulekha<br />
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Adv. Ganesh Iyyer<br />
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Sethunathan<br />
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Rukmini<br />
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Balan Mashu<br />
* Abubakker as Achutha Marar<br />
*[[Kunjunni Mash]] as himself<br />
*[[Mullanezhi]] as himself<br />
*[[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] as Subhashini<br />
*[[N. F. Varghese]] as Gangadharan<br />
*[[Seetha (Malayalam actress)|Seetha]] as Ammukutti<br />
*[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Minister Harischandra Nadar<br />
*[[Raveendran (actor)|Raveendran]] as Vijayan<br />
*[[Rizabawa]] as Chandradas<br />
*[[Sudheer (Malayalam actor)|Sudheer]] as Doctor Philip<br />
*[[C. I. Paul]] as Chief Minister<br />
*[[Lal Jose]] as Journalist<br />
*[[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Central minister<br />
*[[Ravi Vallathol]] as Devan<br />
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Sankara Marar<br />
*[[T. P. Madhavan]] as Driver Shivaraman<br />
*[[Meghanathan]] as Parameshwaran<br />
*Meena Ganesh as Student's mother<br />
*[[Lishoy]] as Police officer<br />
*Gomathi as Dakshyayani<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by [[Ouseppachan]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Amme Nila Devi" (F) || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||5:07<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Amme Nila Devi" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||P. Bhaskaran ||5:08<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Chakravaalangal Nadungi" || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran ||5:00<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "Parayoo Nee Hridayame" || K. S. Chithra, Murali || [[O. N. V. Kurup]] ||4:46<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
In an interview with Manorama in 2015, director Kamal classified Bhoomigeetham as one of the movies he wished he didn't work on.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0353236}}<br />
<br />
{{Kamal (director)}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1993 films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Kamal (director)]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palunku_Pathram&diff=523993Palunku Pathram2026-03-03T21:03:26Z<p>KristyThacker77: started</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Palunku Pathram<br />
| image = Palunku Pathram.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]]<br />
| producer = A. L. Sreenivasan<br />
| screenplay = [[Thoppil Bhasi]]<br />
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]]<br />[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]]<br />[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]<br />[[Sukumari]]<br />
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]<br />
| cinematography = V. Selvaraj<br />
| editing = V. P. Krishnan<br />
| studio = ALS Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|1970|09|11|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Palunku Pathram''''' ({{Translation|Frail Vessel}}) is a 1970 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]] and produced by A. L. Sreenivasan. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and [[Sukumari]]. The film had musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=പളുങ്കു പാത്രം (1970) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?84 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921084456/https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?84 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=malayalasangeetham.info |language=ml}}</ref> It is a remake of the Tamil film ''[[Kai Kodutha Deivam]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=159 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Prem Nazir]]<br />
*[[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]]<br />
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]<br />
*[[Sukumari]]<br />
*[[Jayabharathi]]<br />
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]<br />
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]<br />
*[[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]]<br />
*[[T. S. Muthaiah]]<br />
*Baby Rajani<br />
*[[K. P. Ummer]]<br />
*[[Ushakumari]]<br />
*Mythili<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] with lyrics by [[Vayalar Ramavarma]].{{Cn|date=September 2022}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Length<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || "Arayanname" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || "Devaloka Radhavumaay" || K. J. Yesudas ||<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || "Maayaajaalakavaathil" || K. J. Yesudas ||<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || "Pachamalayil" || [[P. Susheela]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || "Pachamalayil" (Sad) || P. Susheela ||<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || "Sumangali Nee Ormikkumo" || K. J. Yesudas ||<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || "Vasanthathin Makalallo" || K. J. Yesudas, [[P. Madhuri]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || "Vasanthathin Makalallo" (Movie Version) || K. J. Yesudas, P. Susheela ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0246838}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1970 films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by M. Krishnan Nair]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unnai_Kann_Theduthey&diff=448009Unnai Kann Theduthey2026-03-03T04:33:17Z<p>KristyThacker77: Improved readability and structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the 2000 Tamil film|the 2009 Tamil film|Unnai Kann Theduthe}}<br />
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Unnai Kann Theduthey.jpg<br />
| caption = Title card<br />
| director = [[Sundar C]]<br />
| producer = Kantilal Bhansali<br />
| story = [[P. Kalaimani]]<br />
| screenplay = Sundar C.<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]|[[J. Livingston|Livingston]]|[[Ravali]]}}<br />
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br />
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]<br />
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]<br />
| studio = Popular Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2000|09|01}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| runtime = 132 minutes<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Unnai Kann Theduthey''''' ({{translation|My eye is searching for you}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film that was written and directed by [[Sundar C]], starring [[Sathyaraj]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] and [[Ravali]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
The police find a dead body in a river holding on to a '[[thaali]]' and a wedding invitation. They begin an investigation that takes them to a house where wedding preparations are in full swing.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Vichu (Sandanapandian I.P.S)<br />
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Charulatha<br />
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Raghu<br />
*[[Ravali]] as Gayathri<br />
*[[Manivannan]]<br />
*[[Senthil]]<br />
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]<br />
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Valayapatti Vallikannu<br />
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]<br />
*[[Jai Ganesh]]<br />
* [[Chelladurai]]<br />
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]<br />
*[[Madhan Bob]]<br />
*[[Mayilsamy]]<br />
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] <br />
*[[Tharika]] as Vaidehi<br />
*[[Sachu]]<br />
*[[Sukumari]] as Ranganayaki <br />
*[[Manya (actress)|Manya]] <br />
*[[Sathyapriya]] <br />
*[[Balu Anand]] as Pattabi<br />
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]]<br />
*[[Nellai Siva]]<br />
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]<br />
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]<br />
*Sujith Sagar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
Music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Unnai Kan Theduthe (2000) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002420 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130808165811/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002420 |archive-date=8 Aug 2013 |access-date=2013-09-07 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jolly - Unnai Kann Theduthey - Tamil Audio CD |url=https://mossymart.com/product/jolly-unnai-kann-theduthey-tamil-audio-cd/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Mossymart |language=en-US |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329035442/https://mossymart.com/product/jolly-unnai-kann-theduthey-tamil-audio-cd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics<br />
|-<br />
| "Aaki Vecha" || [[S. Janaki]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] || Kalaikumar<br />
|-<br />
| "Paatu Ithu" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || [[Palani Bharathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Poo Poovaa" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Febi Mani]] || rowspan=3|[[Pa. Vijay]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Theduthe Unnai Kann" || Ganga, [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaada Vaada" || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''Tamil Star'' wrote "Midway through Unnai Kann Theduthey, I forgot that it was a Sundar.C movie. Until then, the movie, set in a marriage hall, had all the hallmarks of his movie - lots of characters, confusion and comedy. But at the midpoint, a murder is introduced into the proceedings and for a while thereafter, the movie shows signs of developing into an intriguing whodunnit. But the movie flatters to deceive. The murder mystery is resolved in the least interesting way possible with the no twists regarding the identity of the murderer and the motive turning out to be completely ordinary. After all the attempts at building up tension, the climax too is a cop-out that leaves several questions unanswered".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Movie: Unnai Kan Theduthey |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/unaikan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826130310/http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/unaikan/ |archive-date=26 August 2005 |website=Tamil Star |access-date=10 July 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''India Info'' wrote "The suspense is engaging and Sathyaraj's funny dialogues and the whole wedding atmosphere add to the entertainment. Sathyaraj proves to be the just the right choice for the role and does full justice to it. One has to overlook lot of loose ends in the murder plot though. Ravali looks cute. Senthilkumar’s camera and Deva's music are average".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Uunnay Kan Theduthey |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/uunn.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210012700/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/uunn.html |archive-date=10 February 2001 |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=India Info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "One expected some cat-and-mouse games to follow. But the cat being quite reluctant to catch the mouse, and the mouse too not showing the slightest inclination to escape or fight back, it all ends on a tame note. There are many artistes and characters, but not one stays in the mind".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Unnai Kann Theduthe |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov64.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001208031900/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov64.asp |archive-date=8 December 2000 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; K. N. Vijiyan of ''New Straits Times'' wrote "Sundar C. is back with a comedy tinged with suspense. This is difficult but has made it entertaining".&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=9 September 2000 |title=Suspense-tinged comedy |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5UlOAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=XBQEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5872%2C5902360 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116164601/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5UlOAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=XBQEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5872%2C5902360 |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=45}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
{{Sundar C}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unnai_Kann_Theduthey&diff=447928Unnai Kann Theduthey2026-03-03T04:33:17Z<p>KristyThacker77: Improved readability and structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the 2000 Tamil film|the 2009 Tamil film|Unnai Kann Theduthe}}<br />
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Unnai Kann Theduthey.jpg<br />
| caption = Title card<br />
| director = [[Sundar C]]<br />
| producer = Kantilal Bhansali<br />
| story = [[P. Kalaimani]]<br />
| screenplay = Sundar C.<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sathyaraj]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]|[[J. Livingston|Livingston]]|[[Ravali]]}}<br />
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br />
| cinematography = [[U. K. Senthil Kumar]]<br />
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]<br />
| studio = Popular Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2000|09|01}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| runtime = 132 minutes<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Unnai Kann Theduthey''''' ({{translation|My eye is searching for you}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film that was written and directed by [[Sundar C]], starring [[Sathyaraj]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] and [[Ravali]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
The police find a dead body in a river holding on to a '[[thaali]]' and a wedding invitation. They begin an investigation that takes them to a house where wedding preparations are in full swing.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Sathyaraj]] as Vichu (Sandanapandian I.P.S)<br />
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Charulatha<br />
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Raghu<br />
*[[Ravali]] as Gayathri<br />
*[[Manivannan]]<br />
*[[Senthil]]<br />
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]<br />
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Valayapatti Vallikannu<br />
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]<br />
*[[Jai Ganesh]]<br />
* [[Chelladurai]]<br />
*[[Delhi Ganesh]]<br />
*[[Madhan Bob]]<br />
*[[Mayilsamy]]<br />
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] <br />
*[[Tharika]] as Vaidehi<br />
*[[Sachu]]<br />
*[[Sukumari]] as Ranganayaki <br />
*[[Manya (actress)|Manya]] <br />
*[[Sathyapriya]] <br />
*[[Balu Anand]] as Pattabi<br />
*[[C. R. Saraswathi]]<br />
*[[Nellai Siva]]<br />
*[[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]<br />
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]<br />
*Sujith Sagar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
Music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Unnai Kan Theduthe (2000) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002420 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130808165811/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002420 |archive-date=8 Aug 2013 |access-date=2013-09-07 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jolly - Unnai Kann Theduthey - Tamil Audio CD |url=https://mossymart.com/product/jolly-unnai-kann-theduthey-tamil-audio-cd/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Mossymart |language=en-US |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329035442/https://mossymart.com/product/jolly-unnai-kann-theduthey-tamil-audio-cd/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics<br />
|-<br />
| "Aaki Vecha" || [[S. Janaki]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] || Kalaikumar<br />
|-<br />
| "Paatu Ithu" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || [[Palani Bharathi]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Poo Poovaa" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Febi Mani]] || rowspan=3|[[Pa. Vijay]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Theduthe Unnai Kann" || Ganga, [[Devan Ekambaram|Devan]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaada Vaada" || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''Tamil Star'' wrote "Midway through Unnai Kann Theduthey, I forgot that it was a Sundar.C movie. Until then, the movie, set in a marriage hall, had all the hallmarks of his movie - lots of characters, confusion and comedy. But at the midpoint, a murder is introduced into the proceedings and for a while thereafter, the movie shows signs of developing into an intriguing whodunnit. But the movie flatters to deceive. The murder mystery is resolved in the least interesting way possible with the no twists regarding the identity of the murderer and the motive turning out to be completely ordinary. After all the attempts at building up tension, the climax too is a cop-out that leaves several questions unanswered".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Movie: Unnai Kan Theduthey |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/unaikan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826130310/http://www.tamilstar.com/reviews/unaikan/ |archive-date=26 August 2005 |website=Tamil Star |access-date=10 July 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''India Info'' wrote "The suspense is engaging and Sathyaraj's funny dialogues and the whole wedding atmosphere add to the entertainment. Sathyaraj proves to be the just the right choice for the role and does full justice to it. One has to overlook lot of loose ends in the murder plot though. Ravali looks cute. Senthilkumar’s camera and Deva's music are average".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Uunnay Kan Theduthey |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/uunn.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210012700/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/reviews/uunn.html |archive-date=10 February 2001 |access-date=29 December 2023 |work=India Info}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "One expected some cat-and-mouse games to follow. But the cat being quite reluctant to catch the mouse, and the mouse too not showing the slightest inclination to escape or fight back, it all ends on a tame note. There are many artistes and characters, but not one stays in the mind".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Unnai Kann Theduthe |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov64.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001208031900/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov64.asp |archive-date=8 December 2000 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Chennai Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; K. N. Vijiyan of ''New Straits Times'' wrote "Sundar C. is back with a comedy tinged with suspense. This is difficult but has made it entertaining".&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=9 September 2000 |title=Suspense-tinged comedy |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5UlOAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=XBQEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5872%2C5902360 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116164601/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5UlOAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=XBQEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5872%2C5902360 |archive-date=16 January 2025 |access-date=16 January 2025 |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=45}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
{{Sundar C}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sankarankovil_(film)&diff=532829Sankarankovil (film)2026-03-03T03:23:14Z<p>KristyThacker77: Started A Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sankarankovil<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = P. N. Palanivelraja<br />
| producer = Hemavathi Kannan<br />
| writer = P. N. Palanivelraja<br />[[Kanal Kannan]]<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Kanal Kannan]]<br />Rupika Ramnath<br />[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = Rajni<br />Vivek<br />
| cinematography = T. Ram Thulasi<br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = Sivadharshini Cine Aarts<br />
| distributor = <br />
| runtime = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|08|12}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Sankarankovil''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by P. N. Palanivelraja. The film is produced and co-written by [[Kanal Kannan]], who stars in the lead role, alongside Rupika Ramnath. It was released on 12 August 2011.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Twin-treat/article15522209.ece | title=Twin treat | newspaper=The Hindu | date=17 January 2011 | last1=Kumar | first1=S. R. Ashok }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Kanal Kannan]] as Kathir<br />
*Rupika Ramnath as Valli<br />
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]<br />
*[[Ponvannan]] as Mahalingam<br />
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]<br />
*[[Swarnamalya]]<br />
*[[Ganja Karuppu]] as Kili Pillai<br />
*[[Singampuli]]<br />
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]]<br />
*J. Senthil<br />
*[[Chaams]]<br />
*[[G. M. Kumar]]<br />
*[[Mu Ramaswamy]]<br />
*Tharun Kumar<br />
*[[George Maryan]]<br />
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Muthuvel<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
Following the release of ''[[Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval]]'' in January 2009, [[Kanal Kannan]] met the media to announce his second acting project titled ''Sankarankovil'' in February 2009. He announced that [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] would star in the film, set in the town of [[Sankarankovil]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/destination-sankaran-koil-for-kanal-kannan-hindi_amp-news-44916 | title=Destination Â'Sankaran KoilÂ' for Kanal Kannan-Bollywood News }}</ref> Debutant Rupika Ramnath was signed on to play the lead role in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/roopika-a-solid-debut/articleshow/7317544.cms |title=Roopika: A solid debut |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2017-01-16 |accessdate=2022-08-12}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was composed by Rajni, with newcomer Vivek working on the film's score.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2012/apr/07/film-music-city-youth-taking-big-strides-356128.html | title=Film Music: City youth taking big strides }}</ref> The film's audio release event was attended by industry personalities including [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Jayam Ravi]] and [[AR Murugadoss]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/new-releases/sankarankovil-audio-launched.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327192358/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/new-releases/sankarankovil-audio-launched.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 March 2013 |title=new-releases &#124; Lakshman Sruthi - 100% Manual Orchestra &#124; |publisher=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |date=2007-09-14 |accessdate=2022-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/stars-galore-at-this-audio-launch/articleshow/7191178.cms |title=Stars galore at this audio launch |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2010-12-31 |accessdate=2022-08-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The film was released on 12 August 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-12-news-tamil-limkmbifjjf.html |title=Friday Fury- August 12 |date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814085310/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-august-12-news-tamil-limkmbifjjf.html |accessdate=2022-08-12|archive-date=2014-08-14 }}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Dina Malar]]'' gave the film a negative review, criticising the script.<ref>{{cite web|author=பதிவு செய்த நாள்: மே 14,2011 15:23 |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=480 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812104836/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=480 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 August 2022 |title=சங்கரன் கோவில் |publisher=[[Dinamalar]] |date= |access-date=2022-08-12}}</ref> Rohit Ramachandran of Nowrunning.com wrote "''Sankaran Kovil'' squeezes all the life out of you, suspends you by your eyelids and leaves you to hang dry." and gave the film half a star out of five.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8515/tamil/sankaran-kovil/3265/review.htm |title=Sankaran Kovil Review &#124; Sankaran Kovil Tamil Movie Review by Rohit Ramachandran |publisher=nowrunning |date=2011-08-14 |accessdate=2022-08-12}}</ref> In contrast, a reviewer from FridayMoviez.com noted "director Palanivel Raja has made ''Sankaran Kovil'' as entertaining as possible even with an overused story line."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.fridaymoviez.com/reviews/sankarankovil |title=FM |publisher=M.fridaymoviez.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film performed poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-sep-05/tamil-cinema-topten-movie-sankaran-kovil.html |title=Sankaran Kovil - Behindwoods.com - Tamil Top Ten Movies - Mankatha Kanchana Deiva Thirumagal Yuvan Yuvathi Rowthiram Puli Vesham |website=Behindwoods.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-12}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|13439150}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2011 films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jitan_Ram_Manjhi&diff=448956Jitan Ram Manjhi2026-03-01T18:34:58Z<p>KristyThacker77: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician (born 1944)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Jitan Ram Manjhi June 2024 cropped.jpg<br />
| caption = Manjhi in June 2024<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1944|10|06}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Gaya district|Mahakar]], [[Bihar Province|Bihar]], [[British India]]<br />
| residence = [[New Delhi]]| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Gaya College]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya, Bihar]]<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Hindustani Awam Morcha}} (2015—present)<br />
| otherparty = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}} {{small|(2005—2015)}} &lt;br /&gt; {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} {{small|(1996—2004)}} &lt;br /&gt; {{Party index link|Janata Dal}} {{small|(1990—1996)}} &lt;br /&gt; {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{small|(1980—1990)}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Shanti Devi|1956}}<br />
| children = 7, including [[Santosh Suman Manjhi|Santosh Kumar Suman]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
| order3 = 23rd<br />
| office3 = Chief Minister of Bihar<br />
| governor3 = [[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]<br />
| term_start3 = 20 May 2014&lt;ref<br />
name=Stamp&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/i-m-no-rubber-stamp-says-nitish-kumar-s-successor-jitan-ram-manjhi-527345 | title=I'm No Rubber Stamp,' Says Nitish Kumar's Successor Jitan Ram Manjhi | publisher=[[NDTV]] | date=20 May 2014 | access-date=20 May 2014 | author=Ghosh, Deepshikha |place=Patna}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| term_end3 = 22 February 2015&lt;ref name="Toi2022015"&gt;{{cite web | title=Manjhi resigns as Bihar CM ahead of trust vote, says his supporters got death threats | website=The Times of India | date=2015-02-20| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manjhi-resigns-as-bihar-cm-ahead-of-trust-vote-says-his-supporters-got-death-threats/articleshow/46310917.cms | access-date=2015-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| successor3 = [[Nitish Kumar]]<br />
| deputy2 = <br />
| office2 = Pro-tem Speaker of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 19 November 2020<br />
| term_end2 = 24 November 2020<br />
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Vijay Kumar (Bihar politician)|Vijay Manjhi]]<br />
| office = [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Union Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]<br />
| termstart = 10 June 2024<br />
| 1blankname = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata = [[Narendra Modi]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Narayan Rane]]<br />
| office4 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of [[Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular)]]<br />
| predecessor4 = ''office established''<br />
| successor4 = [[Santosh Kumar Suman]]<br />
| term_start4 = 25 July 2015<br />
| term_end4 = 26 April 2022<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jitan Ram Manjhi''' (born 6 October 1944) is an Indian politician who is serving as the 15th [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|Minister of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] since 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modi-Gaya-rally-Much-at-stake-for-Manjhi/articleshow/48370800.cms|title=PM Modi Gaya rally: Much at stake for Manjhi|website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is currently a [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Gaya Lok Sabha constituency|Gaya]] constituency and was [[Bihar]]'s 23rd [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]] from 20 May 2014 to 20 February 2015. He was the founding President of [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]] (HAM).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=संतोष सुमन होंगे हम पार्टी के नये अध्यक्ष, जीतन राम मांझी ने बेटे को सौंपी अपनी राजनीतिक विरासत |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/santosh-suman-be-the-new-president-of-ham-party-jitan-ram-manjhi-handed-over-legacy-asj |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Previously, he had served as minister for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes welfare in [[Nitish Kumar]]'s cabinet. He has been a minister in several [[Bihar]] state governments, under multiple chief ministers like [[Chandrashekhar Singh]], [[Bindeshwari Dubey]], [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], [[Jagannath Mishra]], [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Rabri Devi]].<br />
<br />
Manjhi has been a member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly since 1980. He was affiliated with several political parties, [[Indian National Congress]] (1980–1990), [[Janata Dal]] (1990–1996), [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (1996–2005) and [[JD(U)]] (2005–2015).&lt;ref name="Unattached"&gt;{{cite news | url= https://in.news.yahoo.com/jitan-ram-manjhi-resigns-as-bihar-chief-minister-052641796.html?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C5133431540 | title= Jitan Ram Manjhi resigns as Bihar chief minister | work=[[Yahoo! News]] | date=20 Feb 2014 | access-date=20 Feb 2014 |place=Patna}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was expelled from JD(U) following the [[2015 Bihar political crisis|February 2015 political crisis]] and subsequently Jitan Ram Manjhi emerged as a major Dalit face in Bihar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/ram-vilas-dalit-face-wherever-you-go-manjhi-can-be-mahadalit-face/|title='Ram Vilas Dalit face wherever you go, Jitan Ram Manjhi can be Mahadalit face'|date=29 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2015, he announced the new political party, [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]]. In July 2015, Jitan Ram Manjhi was accorded "Z"-plus security cover by the Union Home Ministry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/bihar/story/bjp-jitan-ram-ranjhi-z-plus-vip-security-cover-bihar-polls-283538-2015-07-20|title=BJP government gives Jitan Ram Manjhi Z-plus VIP security cover}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-now-pappu-yadav-gets-y-category-security-2109312|title=Now, Pappu Yadav gets 'Y' category security|date=29 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Bureau|first=National|date=2015-07-21|title=Manjhi gets Z-plus security|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jitan-ram-manjhi-gets-zplus-security/article7444740.ece|access-date=2021-02-16|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
<br />
Currently, he is the oldest minister in the third term of [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government after the winning of 2024 Lok Sabha election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Anand |date=2024-06-25 |title=Profile {{!}} Jitan Ram Manjhi: An Inspiring Journey From The Margins To Becoming Modi Cabinet’s Oldest Minister |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/jitan-ram-manjhi-profile-2024-lok-sabha-election-gaya-oldest-cabinet-minister-mahadalit/article68311415.ece |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Manjhi was born on 6 October 1944 in Mahakar village under Khijarsarai area in [[Gaya district]] of Bihar.&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference2"&gt;{{cite news |title=Jitan Ram Manjhi: The man of many U-turns looks to turn a corner |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jitan-ram-manjhi-profile-6724428/ |access-date=22 February 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 October 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Humble&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/honest-humble-man-at-helm-mission-state-for-manjhi/cid/180077 |title=Honest &amp; humble man at helm Mission state for Manjhi | work=[[Telegraph India]] |place=Patna | date=20 May 2014 | access-date=20 May 2014 | author=Kumar, Alok}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DNA/&gt; His father Ramjit Ram Manjhi and mother Sukri Devi were farm labourers belonging to the [[Musahar]] community. He was tutored by an upper caste teacher after getting the permission of his upper-caste landlord until 7th class. After completing his graduation from [[Magadh University]], he worked at the Gaya telephone exchange for 13 years until his younger brother became a policeman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/249633/the-story-of-jitan-ram-manjhi-from-rat-eater-to-bihar-chief-minister/|title=The story of Jitan Ram Manjhi, from rat-eater to Bihar chief minister|last=Kumar|first=Amitava|website=Quartz India|language=en|access-date=2019-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is married to Shanti Devi; the couple has two sons and five daughters.&lt;ref name=Humble/&gt; One of his sons, [[Santosh Kumar Suman|Santosh Suman Manjhi]], is an [[Bihar Legislative Council|MLC]].&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference2" /&gt;<br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
<br />
=== Indian National Congress ===<br />
Jitan Ram Manjhi entered politics in 1980.&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference1"&gt;{{cite news |title=Won't Join Nitish Kumar Cabinet, Says Rival-Turned-Ally Jitan Ram Manjhi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wont-accept-ministerial-berth-jitan-ram-manjhi-after-meeting-with-party-mlas-2324474 |access-date=22 February 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=13 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the ticket of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, he contested and won the assembly elections from the Fatehpur segment in Gaya district. He became a minister for the first time in the [[Chandrashekhar Singh]]-led government in [[Bihar]]. He won from the same constituency in the 1985 election, but lost in 1990. Between 1980 and 1990, he served as a minister of state in successive cabinets headed by Congress chief ministers [[Bindeshwari Dubey]], [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]] and [[Jagannath Mishra]].&lt;ref name=Humble/&gt;&lt;ref name=DNA&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-only-nitish-kumar-could-have-thought-of-projecting-a-mahadalit-as-the-chief-minister-jiten-ram-manjhi-1989901 | title=Only Nitish Kumar could have thought of projecting a Mahadalit as the chief minister: Jiten Ram Manjhi | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |place=Patna | date=19 May 2014 | access-date=20 May 2014 |author=Brijam Pandey}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Rashtriya Janata Dal ===<br />
Immediately after losing the 1990 election, Manjhi switched to the [[Janata Dal]].&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference1" /&gt;&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference2" /&gt; But when the Janata Dal split in 1996 and [[Laloo Prasad Yadav]] formed his own [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], Manjhi moved to the RJD&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference1" /&gt; under Yadav and won the [[Barachatti]] seat in the 1996 by-election (the previous incumbent [[Bhagwati Devi]] had left this seat to become a Member of Parliament from [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya constituency]]). In the following election in 2000, he again won the same seat on an RJD ticket.&lt;ref name=Humble/&gt;<br />
<br />
From 1996 to 2005, Manjhi was a minister in the RJD state government in Bihar, first under the chief ministership of Yadav himself, and then under [[Rabri Devi]], Yadav's wife who took the chair of CM after Yadav himself was convicted and jailed for the [[Fodder Scam]].&lt;ref name=Humble/&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Janata Dal (United) ===<br />
When Yadav's RJD lost the [[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|October 2005 elections]] to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-[[Janata Dal (United)]] [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] coalition, Manjhi switched loyalties to the JDU.&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference1" /&gt; He won the election from Barachatti putting behind Samta Deva of his previous party RJD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=154&amp;cid=236 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519185259/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=154&amp;cid=236 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=19 May 2014 | title=Bihar Assembly Election 2005 – Barachatti (236) | access-date=19 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
However, Manjhi was asked to resign immediately on the next day when his involvement in a corruption scam surfaced. Manjhi was involved in a fake [[B.Ed.]] degree racket in Bihar as the state education minister in the RJD government during the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/printitem.aspx?337416 |title=Bihar minister quits over graft charges |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=25 November 2005 |access-date=19 May 2014 |place=Patna |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519190034/http://news.outlookindia.com/printitem.aspx?337416 |archive-date=19 May 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a junior minister in the [[Rabri Devi]] government, he was alleged to have given illegal permissions to institutes to run fake degree courses.&lt;ref name=Humble/&gt; He was later re-inducted in the state government cabinet by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar in 2008 after having absolved of the charges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080518/jsp/jharkhand/story_9284921.jsp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140519140206/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080518/jsp/jharkhand/story_9284921.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 May 2014 | title=Minister resigns in graft case probe | work=[[Telegraph India]] | date=18 May 2008 | access-date=19 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
During the 2008 food crisis in Bihar, Manjhi promoted eating [[rat]]s as they caused damage to food grains and as rats and chickens had "equal food values, not only in terms of protein, but in all areas of nutrition".&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/india-s-outcasts-turn-to-rat-farming-1.525590/ | title=India's 'outcasts' turn to rat farming | work=The National | date=31 December 2008 | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=Hannah Gardner}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&amp;sectname=News%20-%20Nation&amp;sectid=4&amp;contentid=200808192008081904302444bafa0f7e |title=Food crisis? Try rat, says minister |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=19 August 2008 |access-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207235844/http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/index.aspx?page=article |archive-date= 7 December 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bihar-pushes-rats-on-the-food-menu/71714-3.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519204122/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bihar-pushes-rats-on-the-food-menu/71714-3.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 May 2014 | title=Bihar pushes rats on the food menu | publisher=[[IBN Live]] | date=21 August 2008 | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=Kumar, Prabhakar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rat catching is common with people of the Musahar community to which Manjhi belongs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/In-Bihars-Gaya-it-is-manjhi-vs-manjhi-vs-manjhi/articleshow/33091687.cms | title=In Bihar's Gaya, it is manjhi vs manjhi vs manjhi | work=[[Times of India]]| date=2 April 2014 | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=Qadir, Abdul}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In the 2010 Bihar elections, he was elected to state legislative assembly from [[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Makhdumpur]] in [[Jehanabad district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/bih2010/candidate.php?candidate_id=1917|title = Jitan Ram Manjhi(Janata Dal (United)(JD(U))):Constituency- Makhdumpur (SC)(JAHANABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Kumar split his party [[Janata Dal (United)]] from the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] to oppose coalition leader [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s prime ministerial candidate [[Narendra Modi]], Manjhi contested from [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]] but lost heavily and came a poor third behind winner Hari Manjhi (BJP) and Ramji Manjhi (RJD).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jeetan-ram-manjhi-sworn-in-as-bihar-chief-minister/473118-3-232.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520220434/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jeetan-ram-manjhi-sworn-in-as-bihar-chief-minister/473118-3-232.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 May 2014 | title=Jeetan Ram Manjhi sworn in as Bihar Chief Minister | publisher=[[IBN Live]]| date=20 May 2014 | access-date=20 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
== As Chief Minister ==<br />
Manjhi was once considered as a close confidant of Bihar present CM and JDU supremo [[Nitish Kumar]], but is not known for his administrative skills.&lt;ref name=Stamp/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nitish-kumars-close-aide-jeetan-ram-manjhi-named-new-bihar-chief-minister/472890-37-64.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519185003/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nitish-kumars-close-aide-jeetan-ram-manjhi-named-new-bihar-chief-minister/472890-37-64.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 May 2014 | title=Nitish Kumar's close aide Jeetan Ram Manjhi named new Bihar chief minister | publisher=[[IBN Live]] | date=19 May 2014 | access-date=19 May 2014 | author=Kumar, Prabhakar}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the JDU's poor showing in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], Kumar accepted responsibility for the defeat and resigned. Manjhi, minister for SC and ST welfare in Nitish's cabinet,&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference2" /&gt;&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference3"&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mammen |first1=Matthew |title=Jitan Ram Manjhi, protégé who tried to be a man on his own |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/jitan-ram-manjhi-protege-who-tried-to-be-a-man-on-his-own/story-gJKaqgdFgmWueC7O68D3ML.html |access-date=22 February 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=20 February 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; replaced him as the 23rd [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]].&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference2" /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dalit-leader-jitan-ram-manjhi-to-be-new-cm-of-bihar-1989798 | title=Dalit leader Jitan Ram Manjhi to be new CM of Bihar | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] | date=19 May 2014 | access-date=19 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manjhi's promotion, despite his loss in the general elections to the [[Lok Sabha]] and a miserable third-place finish in [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]], has been criticized in the media for being a cynical political ploy of Kumar deliberately choosing a puppet whom he could control as well as to rouse casteist emotions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/editorial/nitish-kumars-gambit-is-based-on-arithmetic/articleshow/35399178.cms | title=Nitish Kumar's gambit is based on arithmetic | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=21 May 2014 | access-date=21 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opposition leader [[Sushil Kumar Modi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] called Manjhi a "dummy chief minister", to which Manjhi responded by saying he was "not a rubber stamp."&lt;ref name=Stamp/&gt; But after taking oath on 20 May 2014, Manjhi stated that he would "continue to seek guidance from Nitish Kumar."&lt;ref name=Stamp/&gt; Due to the breakup of the JDU from the BJP-led NDA and the desertion of some JDU MLAs, CM Manjhi's government faced instability and appeared unlikely to pass the trust vote in the state legislative assembly. However, [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]'s RJD and [[Sonia Gandhi]]'s Congress party provided outside support to Manjhi because he belongs to a backward caste.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rjd-announces-support-for-jitan-ram-manjhis-jdugovernment-193963-2014-05-22 | title=Foe to friend: Lalu's RJD backs JD-U govt in Bihar | work=[[India Today]] |place=Patna | date=22 May 2014 | access-date=30 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-22/news/50030173_1_trust-vote-lalu-prasad-yadav-ramai-ram | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110532/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-22/news/50030173_1_trust-vote-lalu-prasad-yadav-ramai-ram | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 May 2014 | title=Lalu's RJD announces support to Jitan Ram Manjhi's JD(U) government in Bihar | work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] | date=22 May 2014 | access-date=30 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
After ten months, the party asked him to resign to make way for Nitish Kumar to return as the Chief Minister. He refused and was expelled from the party for refusing on 9 February 2015, resulting in a [[2015 Bihar Political Crisis|political crisis in the state]].&lt;ref name=Expelled&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2015/02/09/article497059.ece/Manjhi-expelled-from-JDU | title=Bihar CM Jitan Ram Manjhi expelled from JD(U) | work=[[ABP Live]] |place=Patna }}&lt;/ref&gt; The governor asked Manjhi to seek a [[vote of confidence]] on 20 February 2015, the first day of budget session of assembly.&lt;ref name="NDTV52015"&gt;{{cite web | title='Scripted in Delhi,' Alleges Nitish Kumar After Bihar Governor Gives Jitan Ram Manjhi Another Chance | website=NDTV | date=12 February 2015 | url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/scripted-in-delhi-alleges-nitish-kumar-after-bihar-governor-gives-jitan-ram-manjhi-another-chance-738991 | access-date=13 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; BJP announced it would support Manjhi but Manjhi was short of numbers he needed to prove the majority.&lt;ref name="Singh 2015"&gt;{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Sanjay | title=Win or lose: Bihar's Nitish vs Manjhi war is more about prestige than politics | website=Firstpost | date=19 February 2015 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/win-or-lose-bihars-nitish-vs-manjhi-war-is-more-about-prestige-than-politics-2109779.html | access-date=19 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 20 February 2015, Manjhi resigned from the post of Chief Minister in morning before vote.&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference2" /&gt; He told that the legislators who supported him were threatened with death and the speaker of assembly did not allow a secret ballot so he chose to resign. He said that the people of the state are watching these politicians and will show them the power of democracy.&lt;ref name="Toi2022015"&gt;{{cite web | title=Manjhi resigns as Bihar CM ahead of trust vote, says his supporters got death threats | website=The Times of India | date=2015-02-20| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/manjhi-resigns-as-bihar-cm-ahead-of-trust-vote-says-his-supporters-got-death-threats/articleshow/46310917.cms | access-date=2015-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In 2015, after resigning from the post of Chief Minister, Manjhi split and set up his own party, the Hindustan Awam Morcha-Secular(HAM-S) and joined BJP led NDA.&lt;ref name="Jiten Ram Reference2" /&gt;<br />
== As Minister ==<br />
Former Bihar CM Jitan Ram Manjhi, reached Parliament for Modi cabinet Oath Ceremony. He took the oath of ministerial office and secrecy. He won the elections from Gaya constituency in Lok Sabha Election 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 June 2024 |title=Jitan Ram Manjhi reached Lok Sabha for the first time at the age of 79, joined the cabinet. |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/jitan-ram-manjhi-oath-ceremony-as-mp-nda-government-lok-sabha-election-2024-axs |access-date=15 July 2024 |work=Prabhat Khabar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Controversies==<br />
During a speech in a meeting of Bihar State Foodgrain Businessmen's Association, Manjhi commented that his government is ready to forgive allegations against small-scale traders that indulge in black marketing and hoarding of food grains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=September 3, 2014|title=Bihar CM says hoarding, black marketing by small traders not crimes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-cm-jitan-ram-manjhi-hoarding-black-marketing-small-traders-not-crime-206971-2014-09-03|access-date=2021-02-16|website=India Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He defended their action by adding that small-scale hoarding by these traders as a means to provide sustenance to their families and education to their children, both of which, in his view, were "noble causes." Widely criticised by the Indian media as "shocking," the comment came at a time when soaring prices of essential commodities were exacerbating India's [[food inflation]], which the credit rating agency Moody's attributed to "structural problems that have widened the gap between demand and supply of food".&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Kala|first=Anant Vijay|date=2014-08-28|title=Moody's: Persistent Inflation Constraining India's Rating|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/moodys-persistent-inflation-constraining-indias-rating-1409217444|access-date=2021-02-16|issn=0099-9660}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In 2021, he faced controversy for giving controversial remarks insinuating that Brahmins were foreigners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=जीतन राम मांझी के निशाने पर फिर से ब्राह्मण, बोले- एक नहीं सैकड़ों बार कहूंगा अपशब्द|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-former-cm-of-bihar-jitan-ram-manjhi-abused-brahmin-community-once-again-bramk-3914419.html|access-date=2021-12-23|website=News18 हिंदी|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|Politics|India<br />
}}<br />
*[[List of politicians from Bihar]]<br />
* [[Third Modi ministry]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20160109210645/http://jitanrammanjhi.co.in/}} (archived)<br />
* {{Facebook|JRManjhi |Jitan Ram Manjhi }}<br />
<br />
{{S-start}}<br />
{{s-off}}<br />
{{s-bef|before=[[Nitish Kumar]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]|years=20 May 2014 – 20 February 2015}}<br />
{{s-aft|after=[[Nitish Kumar]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Chief Ministers of Bihar}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjhi, Jitan Ram}}<br />
[[Category:Chief ministers of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani Awam Morcha politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1944 births]]<br />
[[Category:Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]<br />
[[Category:Magadh University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chief_secretaries_of_Manipur&diff=512886List of chief secretaries of Manipur2026-02-25T01:16:34Z<p>KristyThacker77: started a page.</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox official post<br />
| post = Chief Secretary of Manipur<br />
| body = [[Government of Manipur]]<br />
| flag = Flag of India.svg<br />
| flagsize = 110px<br />
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]<br />
| insignia = <br />
| insigniasize = 150px<br />
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Manipur|Seal of the state of Manipur]]<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| incumbentsince = 21 July 2025<br />
| style = <!--Add with source--><br />
| appointer = [[Chief Minister of Manipur]]<br />
| reports_to = [[Governor of Manipur|Governor]] & [[Chief Minister of Manipur|Chief Minister]] [[Manipur]]<br />
| termlength = <br />
| inaugural = <br />
| formation = <br />
| deputy = <br />
| salary = <br />
| website = <br />
| incumbent = Dr. Puneet Kumar Goel<br />
}}{{Incomplete list|date=February 2026}}<br />
The '''Chief Secretary of Manipur''' is the top-most executive official and [[Civil Services of India|senior-most civil servant]] of [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2011100514615/what-are-the-roles-and-functions-of-chief-secretary-of-a-state.html|title=What are the Roles and Functions of Chief Secretary of a State?|website=Preserve Articles|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018150200/http://www.preservearticles.com/2011100514615/what-are-the-roles-and-functions-of-chief-secretary-of-a-state.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chief Secretary is the ''[[ex-officio]]'' head of the state Civil Services Board, the State Secretariat, the state cadre [[Indian Administrative Service]] and all civil services under the rules of business of the state government. The Chief Secretary acts as the principal advisor to the [[chief minister (India)|chief minister]] on all matters of state administration.<br />
<br />
The Chief Secretary is the officer of [[Indian Administrative Service]]. The Chief Secretary is the senior-most cadre post in the state administration, ranking 23rd on the [[Indian order of precedence]]. The Chief Secretary acts as an ''[[ex-officio]]'' secretary to the state cabinet, therefore called ''"Secretary to the Cabinet"''. The status of this post is equal to that of a [[Secretary to the Government of India]].<br />
<br />
Dr. Puneet Kumar Goel is the current [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the [[Government of Manipur]], appointed on 21 July 2025.<br />
<br />
==List of Chief Secretaries==<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Term of office<br />
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
|Dwijendra Nath Barua, IAS<br />
|1981<br />
|1987<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-15 |title=Jishnu Baruah follows in father’s footsteps |url=https://assamtribune.com/jishnu-baruah-follows-in-fathers-footsteps |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|H. Jel Shyam, IAS<br />
| colspan="2" |1999{{Efn|Source notes that he was Chief Secretary in 1999; exact tenure dates are unsourced}}<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 1999 |title=MANIPUR CHIEF SECY APOLOGISES |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/manipur-chief-secy-apologises/cid/912291}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Rakesh, IAS<br />
|<br />
|30 June 2009<br />
| <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DU0mG_2QThAC&pg=PT21&dq=Chief+Secretary+Rakesh+manipur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTpZfa6vKSAxUWRkEAHRAsDuUQuwV6BAgPEAc#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Pratiyogita Darpan |date=2009 |publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|D.S. Poonia, IAS<br />
|1 July 2009<br />
|31 July 2013<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poonia to take charge over as CS : 30th jun09 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=https://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=12..300609.jun09 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lawmkunga new CS |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Snipp4..010813.aug13 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|PC Lawmkunga, IAS<br />
|1 August 2013<br />
|30 September 2015<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |title=O Nabakishore new Manipur Chief Secretary |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/o-nabakishore-new-manipur-chief-secretary-115100100706_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160901195157/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/o-nabakishore-new-manipur-chief-secretary-115100100706_1.html |archive-date=2016-09-01 |access-date=2026-02-24 |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Oinam Nabakishore, IAS<br />
|1 October 2015<br />
|6 July 2017<br />
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2017-07-09 |title=Uproar over Manipur chief secy's transfer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/uproar-over-manipur-chief-secys-transfer/articleshow/59511505.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Rajni Ranjan Rashmi, IAS<br />
|7 July 2017<br />
|30 March 2018<br />
|<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Dr Suresh Babu named new CS of Manipur |url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/dr-suresh-babu-named-new-cs-of-manipur/7474 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=IndianMandarins |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|J. Suresh Babu, IAS<br />
|1 April 2018<br />
|31 July 2020<br />
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-01 |title=Dr. Rajesh Kumar appointed as the new CS |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/dr-rajesh-kumar-appointed-as-the-new-cs/amp/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Rajesh Kumar, IAS<br />
|1 August 2020<br />
|6 May 2023<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Dr Rajesh’s term shortened, Joshi is new Chief Secretary, Manipur |url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/dr-rajesh-s-term-shortened-joshi-is-new-chief-secretary-manipur/27064 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=IndianMandarins |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Vineet Joshi]], IAS<br />
|7 May 2023<br />
|25 December 2024<br />
|<ref name=":5" /><br />
|-<br />
|Prashant Kumar Singh, IAS<br />
|11 January 2025<br />
|11 July 2025<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=2025-01-12 |title=IAS Prashant Kumar Singh appointed as new chief secretary of Manipur |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/manipur/story/manipur-chief-secretary-ias-prashant-kumar-singh-appointed-2663483-2025-01-12 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior IAS officer Prashant Kumar Singh appointed as new Manipur CS |url=https://www.babushahi.com/transfers.php?id=197601 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Babushahi.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Dr. Puneet Kumar Goel, IAS<br />
|21 July 2025<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-20 |title=Dr. Puneet Kumar Goel arrives in Imphal to assume charge as new Chief Secretary |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/dr-puneet-kumar-goel-arrives-in-imphal-to-assume-charge-as-new-chief-secretary/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of chief secretaries of Mizoram]]<br />
*[[List of chief secretaries of Assam]]<br />
*[[List of chief secretaries of Jharkhand]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}{{Manipur}}<br />
[[Category:Government of Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Vadra&diff=474879Robert Vadra2026-02-23T18:10:26Z<p>KristyThacker77: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian businessman (born 1969)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Robert Vadra<br />
| image = Robert Vadra 2019 (face cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Vadra in 2019<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1969|04|18}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br />
| occupation = [[Businessperson]]<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Priyanka Gandhi]]|18 February 1997}}<br />
| children = 2<br />
| relations = See [[Nehru–Gandhi family]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Robert Vadra''' (born 18 April 1969) is an Indian entrepreneur, and the husband of [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] [[Priyanka Gandhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/bIyiB4vh8SxBgjy54H1BGP/DLFRobert-Vadra-controversy-A-news-roundup.html|title=DLF-Robert Vadra controversy: A news round-up|last=Malik|first=Aman|date=2012-10-08|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-robert-vadra-not-new-to-controversy/20121008.htm|title=Robert Vadra not new to controversy|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and family==<br />
Robert Vadra was born in [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ashraf |first1=Zainab |title=Robert Rajendra Vadra: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/robert-rajendra-vadra-76836.html |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> to Rajendra Vadra and Maureen on 18 April 1969. His father's family is of Punjabi descent and settled in Moradabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-05-15 |title=Priyanka cites husband's root at maiden rally in Punjab; Vadra endorses statement |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/priyanka-cites-husbands-root-during-maiden-rally-in-punjab-robert-vadra-endorses-statement-989820 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> His paternal family is originally from [[Sialkot]] in present-day Pakistan. Rajendra's father moved to India at the time of [[partition of India|partition]].<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/priyankas-father-in-law-hanged-himself-police-sources/articleshow/4356528.cms Priyanka's father-in-law hanged himself: Police sources]. ''[[Times of India]]''.</ref> <br />
<br />
Robert Vadra's mother, Maureen (''née'' McDonagh), is of [[Anglo-Indian]] origin, with roots stretching back to [[Scotland]]. Rajendra was a resident of [[Civil Lines, Moradabad]], and ran a diamond trading business along with brass and wood handicrafts. Rajendra Vadra has only completed his high school education.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Anand|first1=Geeta|first2=Rajesh|last2=Roy|date=2014-04-18|title=Behind a Real-Estate Empire, Ties to India's Gandhi Dynasty|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304512504579495611787698756.html|access-date=2021-06-06|issn=0099-9660|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
Robert Vadra studied at [[The British School, New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Robert Vadra? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/who-is-robert-vadra-118259-2012-10-10 |work=India Today |date=10 October 2012 |language=en}}</ref> His brother Richard died by suicide, and his sister Michelle died in a car accident in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Another-tragedy-in-Vadra-family/articleshow/191362.cms|title=Another tragedy in Vadra family|date=September 20, 2003|first=Anubha|last=Sawhney|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-10-29}}</ref><ref name=IndiaTV>{{cite news |publisher=IndiaTV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/robert-vadra-facts-priyanka-son-in-law-congress-sonia-gandhi-18725.html |title=10 facts to know about Robert Vadra, the stylish son-in-law of Congress president Sonia Gandhi}}</ref> His father was found dead on April 3, 2009, in City Inn, a guest house in the [[Yusuf Sarai]] area of Delhi.<br />
<br />
He is husband of [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency|Wayanad]] [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] [[Priyanka Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He is the son-in-law of former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Sonia Gandhi]] and the brother-in-law of [[Rahul Gandhi]].<br />
<br />
== Politics ==<br />
In January 2002, Vadra issued a notice in print newspaper distancing himself from his father and brother as they were misusing his relationship with the [[Nehru–Gandhi family]] to make money while promising jobs and other favours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/loves-favours-lost/214332|title=Love's Favours Lost {{!}} Outlook India Magazine|website=Outlook (India)|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> Following this, [[Sonia Gandhi]], the then [[President of the Indian National Congress|Congress president]] also issued a notice to all Congress CMs, state unit heads and senior party members to stay away from Vadra and his family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sonia-closes-door-on-vadras/cid/905286|title=Sonia Closes Door on Vadras|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
Until 2012, while Vadra was mostly in the background, he became a target for several opposition parties after the [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement#2012|2012 anti-corruption movement]], [[India Against Corruption|India against corruption]] made allegations against him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national-5-controversies-surrounding-trobert-vadra-332235|title=Robert Vadra: A dark spot in Gandhi family or a soft political target? 5 controversies surrounding the 'Damad'|last=Fuwad|first=Ahamad|date=2016-06-01|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> These allegations got further politicization after several instances of Congress party spokespersons defending allegations on Vadra, stating he was a soft target.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-gurugram-land-deal-case-congress-defends-robert-vadra-alleges-malicious-witch-hunt-by-pm-modi-461136|title=Gurugram land deal case: Congress defends Robert Vadra, alleges 'malicious witch-hunt' by PM Modi|last=Thomas|first=Soumya|date=2018-09-03|website=www.indiatvnews.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
While Vadra is not into INC active politics he has been actively campaigning for his brother-in-law [[Rahul Gandhi]] and mother-in-law [[Sonia Gandhi]]. In the [[2019 Indian general election|Lok Sabha elections of 2019]], he campaigned actively across India for several candidates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/robert-vadra-to-campaign-for-congress-all-over-india-to-accompany-rahul-gandhi-sonia-gandhi-to-amethi-rae-bareli-6405461.html|title=Robert Vadra to campaign for Congress 'all over India'; to accompany Rahul Gandhi, Sonia Gandhi to Amethi, Rae Bareli|website=Firstpost|date=7 April 2019|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> On his 50th birthday, when asked about his intent to join active politics, Vadra stated it would happen 2–3 years later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.in.com/business/robert-vadra-celebrates-his-50th-with-family-381433.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425125807/https://www.in.com/business/robert-vadra-celebrates-his-50th-with-family-381433.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-04-25|title=Robert Vadra celebrates his 50th with family|website=in.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> He mulled a run in the [[2024 Indian general election]], but did not file nomination.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/entire-country-wants-me-to-get-into-active-politics-robert-vadra-on-contesting-elections-from-amethi/article68113469.ece | title='Entire country wants me to get into active politics': Robert Vadra on contesting elections from Amethi | work=The Hindu | date=27 April 2024 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vadra, Robert}}<br />
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]<br />
[[Category:People from Moradabad]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1969 births]]<br />
[[Category:Anglo-Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Aahat_episodes&diff=512246List of Aahat episodes2026-02-23T14:16:34Z<p>KristyThacker77: started post.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Aahat'' episodes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
The following is a list of episodes from the series ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''.<br />
<br />
==Series overview==<br />
<onlyinclude>{{Series overview<br />
| color1 = #461B7E<br />
| link1 = <includeonly>List of Aahat episodes</includeonly>#Season 1 (1995–2001)<br />
| episodes1 = 285<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/aahat-1700000144/season/1|title=Aahat episodes|publisher=[[SonyLIV]]|date=2022|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><br />
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|10|12}}<br />
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2001|6|22}}<br />
<br />
| color2 = #82CAFF<br />
| link2 = <includeonly>List of Aahat episodes</includeonly>#Season 2 (2004–05)<br />
| episodes2 = 28<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/aahat-1700000144/season/2|title=Aahat episodes|publisher=SonyLIV|date=2022|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><br />
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|11|19}}<br />
| end2 = {{End date|df=yes|2005|6|10}}<br />
<br />
| color3 = #FFFF00<br />
| link3 = <includeonly>List of Aahat episodes</includeonly>#Season 3 (2007)<br />
| episodes3 = 21<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/aahat-1700000144/season/3|title=Aahat episodes|publisher=SonyLIV|date=2022|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><br />
| start3 = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|1|6}}<br />
| end3 = {{End date|df=yes|2007|6|9}}<br />
<br />
| color4 = #77BFC7<br />
| link4 = <includeonly>List of Aahat episodes</includeonly>#Season 4 (2009–10)<br />
| episodes4 = 66<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/aahat-1700000144/season/4|title=Aahat episodes|publisher=SonyLIV|date=2022|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><br />
| start4 = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|11|13}}<br />
| end4 = {{End date|df=yes|2010|6|26}}<br />
<br />
| color5 = #006600<br />
| link5 = <includeonly>List of Aahat episodes</includeonly>#Season 5 (2010)<br />
| episodes5 = 78<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/aahat-1700000144/season/5|title=Aahat episodes|publisher=SonyLIV|date=2022|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><br />
| start5 = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|28}}<br />
| end5 = {{End date|df=yes|2010|11|25}}<br />
<br />
| color6 = #FF8040<br />
| link6 = <includeonly>List of Aahat episodes</includeonly>#Season 5 (2010)<br />
| episodes6 = 76<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/aahat-1700000144/season/6|title=Aahat episodes|publisher=SonyLIV|date=2022|access-date=7 June 2024}}</ref><br />
| start6 = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|18}}<br />
| end6 = {{End date|df=yes|2015|8|4}}<br />
<br />
}}</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
<br />
===Season 1 (1995–2001)===<br />
<br />
{{Episode table |background=#461B7E |overall=5 |season=5 |title=20 |aux2=25 |aux2T=Casting |airdate=15 |episodes=<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 1<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br />
|Title = The Closed Room<br />
|Aux2 = [[Rajesh Khattar]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Utkarsha Naik]], Pinky Singh, [[Ghanashyam Nayak]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|10|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Massive heated argument takes place between a husband and his rich wife Seema in their bungalow.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 2<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br />
|Title = Snake<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], [[Prateeksha Lonkar]], Shashi Kiran, R.S.Chopra<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|10|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Jai wakes up from a bad dream and also shares his dream with his wife.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 3<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br />
|Title = Poison (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = Roshni Achreja, Bobby Khanna, Chandra Mohan, Sanjay Gandhi, Mamata Luthra, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|10|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The senior doctor gets angry with doctor Pradhan. Sudesh's wife Sejal uses poison while gardening. This episode was inspired by the T.V. show [[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]] episode Malice Domestic ([[Alfred Hitchcock Presents season 2|season 2, episode 20]]).<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 4<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br />
|Title = Poison (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = Roshni Achreja, Bobby Khanna, Chandra Mohan, Sanjay Gandhi, Mamata Luthra, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|11|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The doctor reveals to Sudesh that he was suffering from food poisoning and also doubts on Sudesh's wife Sejal. This episode was inspired by the T.V. show [[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]] episode Malice Domestic ([[Alfred Hitchcock Presents season 2|season 2, episode 20]]).<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 5<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br />
|Title = The Last Show<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ananya Khare]], Channa Ruparel, Pradeep Saxena<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|11|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Filmmaker Subrato Gosh gets highly impressed by Juhi's acting skills and also offers her a role in his big-budget movie.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 6<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br />
|Title = Julia<br />
|Aux2 = [[Govind Namdev]], [[Lalit Tiwari]], Ramesh Rai<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|11|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Johnny misses his wife Julia immensely. Julia's husband Johnny receives a letter from Julia who does not exist in the world.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 7<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br />
|Title = The Courtroom<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anang Desai]], [[Sushil Parashar]], Rekha Rao<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|11|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Lawyer Ajay Kumar reveals a shocking truth about Rumy who is involved in Ramdass murder case. Rumy tries to prove in the court that he is innocent but he fails and Rumy is sentenced to death.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 8<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8<br />
|Title = Terror (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], [[Surekha Sikri]], [[Dinesh Kaushik]], Naresh Suri, Ghazal Khan, Rajlakshmi Solanki<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|11|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Ashutosh shares his problem with one of his office colleagues. Ashutosh is upset with his wife Neha's behaviour.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 9<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9<br />
|Title = Terror (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], [[Surekha Sikri]], [[Dinesh Kaushik]], Naresh Suri, Ghazal Khan, Rajlakshmi Solanki<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|12|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Strange things start happening in Mallika's colony.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 10<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10<br />
|Title = First Love (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Harsh Chhaya]], Ajay Mankotia, Sunita Krishan, [[Ravi Patwardhan]], Ajit Mehra, Dhananjay Manjrekar, [[Sushil Parashar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|12|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The doctor reveals to builder Rajat Saxena that he has to keep control of his anger.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 11<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11<br />
|Title = First Love (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Harsh Chhaya]], Ajay Mankotia, Sunita Krishan, [[Ravi Patwardhan]], Ajit Mehra, Dhananjay Manjrekar, [[Sushil Parashar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|12|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Police arrest builder Rajat Saxena for beating the biker for no reason.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 12<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12<br />
|Title = Explosion (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Achyut Potdar]], Dilip Kulkarni, Sanjay Gandhi, Ramdas Jadhav, [[Rajesh Vivek]], [[Sayaji Shinde]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1995|12|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A Prisoner releases from the jail that had killed a police officer.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 13<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13<br />
|Title = Explosion (Part - 2)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Achyut Potdar]], Dilip Kulkarni, Sanjay Gandhi, Ramdas Jadhav, [[Rajesh Vivek]], [[Sayaji Shinde]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|1|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = While Avinash the bomb expert is busy at his job in finding and defusing the bombs.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 14<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14<br />
|Title = Explosion (Part - 3)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Achyut Potdar]], Dilip Kulkarni, Sanjay Gandhi, Ramdas Jadhav, [[Rajesh Vivek]], [[Sayaji Shinde]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|1|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Avinash Kale gets to know about Gauri and the criminals meeting. Avinash decides to kill his wife in the bomb blast.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 15<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15<br />
|Title = Explosion (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ashutosh Rana]], [[Achyut Potdar]], Dilip Kulkarni, Sanjay Gandhi, Ramdas Jadhav, [[Rajesh Vivek]], [[Sayaji Shinde]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|1|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Avinash plants a bomb in the terrorist house as they were planning to blast Delhi.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 16<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16<br />
|Title = The Bet (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Prashant Narayanan]], [[Ravi Gossain]], [[Vijay Maurya]], Nissar Khan, Seema Ponkshe, R.S.Chopra, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|1|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A group of medical interns studying in medical colleges are discussing morgue's room. One of the group members accepts the bet and decides to enter the morgue room at midnight.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 17<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17<br />
|Title = The Bet (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Prashant Narayanan]], [[Ravi Gossain]], [[Vijay Maurya]], Nissar Khan, Seema Ponkshe, R.S.Chopra, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|2|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = One of the group members gets attacked by a mannequin in the haunted haveli.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 18<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18<br />
|Title = Unfaithful (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mona Ambegaonkar]], [[Prateeksha Lonkar]], [[Raja Bundela]], Ajit Mehra<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|2|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Anju Mishra is shocked as she gets to know about her husband Shailesh Mishra's affair with Karuna.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 19<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19<br />
|Title = Unfaithful (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mona Ambegaonkar]], [[Prateeksha Lonkar]], [[Raja Bundela]], Ajit Mehra<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|2|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Anju Mishra's husband and Karuna's fiancé Shailesh Mishra returns to kill them for brutally killing him for cheating on his wife.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 20<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20<br />
|Title = Gambler (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Govind Namdev]], [[Ketki Dave]], [[Deepak Shirke]], Bhupendra Awasthi, Neeraj Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|2|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Atul invests all his wife's money in gambling. Despite having money, Atul cannot start a business of his own.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 21<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21<br />
|Title = Gambler (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Govind Namdev]], [[Ketki Dave]], [[Deepak Shirke]], Bhupendra Awasthi, Neeraj Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|2|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Atul's wife Megha is urgently admitted to the hospital.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 22<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22<br />
|Title = Ruthless (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Virendra Saxena]], [[Sunil Barve]], Samta Sagar, Lata Haya, Abhay Kulkarni<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|3|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Asha finds a shocking letter in her husband's cupboard.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 23<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23<br />
|Title = Ruthless (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Virendra Saxena]], [[Sunil Barve]], Samta Sagar, Lata Haya, Abhay Kulkarni<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|3|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = After the sudden vanish of Srikanth in the forest, while he was with Vipul, the police has arrested Vipul for killing Srikanth as the next morning from the same spot in the forest two fired bullets and a bloody ring was found which belonged to Srikanth.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 24<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24<br />
|Title = Eyewitness (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Navni Parihar]], Dilip Kulkarni, Nikhil Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|3|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Script writer Kavita observes a man murdering his wife in the building which is right opposite to her building. This episode was inspired by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s 1954 film [[Rear Window]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 25<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 25<br />
|Title = Eyewitness (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Navni Parihar]], Dilip Kulkarni, Nikhil Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|4|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Script writer Kavita observes a man murdering his wife in the building which is right opposite to her building. This episode was inspired by [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s 1954 film [[Rear Window]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 26<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 26<br />
|Title = The Doom (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ravi Jhankal]], [[Satyadev Dubey]], Ravi Khandvilkar, [[Uttara Baokar]], Mohan Kant<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|4|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Karthik urges his friends to come with him and visit Johra Bai. According to him, she can predict the death of the person.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 27<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 27<br />
|Title = The Doom (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ravi Jhankal]], [[Satyadev Dubey]], Ravi Khandvilkar, [[Uttara Baokar]], Mohan Kant<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|4|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = An employee in an organization is possessed and says something tragic is about to happen in a week; he is taken to the mental asylum and still he tends to speak the same.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 28<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 28<br />
|Title = Killer Hands (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Vijay Kashyap]], Jharna Dave, Ajay Rohilla<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|4|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Yashwant is on the verge of getting hanged by the orders of the court. Dr Goyal comes by the jail and asks him to donate his body in order to some good before dying.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 29<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 29<br />
|Title = Killer Hands (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Vijay Kashyap]], Jharna Dave, Ajay Rohilla<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|5|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man's hands are replaced with a murderer's hands in an operation.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 30<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 30<br />
|Title = Where is Yashwant<br />
|Aux2 = Naresh Suri, [[Vijayan Nair]], Yusuf Khurram, Bapi Bose, Sunil Tawde, Kavita Vaid<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|5|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Police is finding Yashwant and is patrolling all over the city.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 31<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 31<br />
|Title = Stiffness (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], [[Vineet Kumar]], [[Sushil Parashar]], Anil Nagrath, Pramatesh Mehta, Ghazal Khan, Roshan khan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|5|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Alka asks Shankar to elope, as her father was trying to get her hitched with someone else. Shankar is a crime story writer and explains his dilemma to Alka while being on a date.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 32<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 32<br />
|Title = Stiffness (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], [[Vineet Kumar]], [[Sushil Parashar]], Anil Nagrath, Pramatesh Mehta, Ghazal Khan, Roshan khan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|5|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Mr. Sinha unfolds the secret of him knowing about Shankar's love life. Shankar pleads guilty and asks for forgiveness.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 33<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 33<br />
|Title = Red Rose (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = Virendra Singh, [[Abhimanyu Singh]], Reshma Polekar, Nissar Khan, [[Sandeep Kulkarni]], [[Satyajit Sharma]], Rajtilak & Second unit director Siddhaye Patel<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|6|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The police is concerned with the new serial killer in town. The one who leaves a red rose after stabbing the victim to death. This episode was inspired by the T.V. show [[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]] episode The End of Indian Summer ([[Alfred Hitchcock Presents season 2|season 2, episode 22]]).<br />
<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 34<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 34<br />
|Title = Red Rose (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = Virendra Singh, [[Abhimanyu Singh]], Reshma Polekar, Nissar Khan, [[Sandeep Kulkarni]], [[Satyajit Sharma]], Rajtilak & Second unit director Siddhaye Patel<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|6|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Rajesh, disguised as Mr Sibbal goes with Meera to have a look at his new property. He plans to kill her and run away the briefcase full of money. This episode was inspired by the T.V. show [[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]] episode The End of Indian Summer ([[Alfred Hitchcock Presents season 2|season 2, episode 22]]).<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 35<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 35<br />
|Title = After His Death...<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anup Soni]], Anil Yadav, Vijay Raaz, Seema Ponkshe, Damini<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|6|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Mohan is unemployed and in a lot of debts. One day he receives a letter which was meant for someone else. Days later he gets rewarded with 5000 rs from the same person and he pays all his debts.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 36<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 36<br />
|Title = The Wish (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Arun Bali]], [[Satyadev Dubey]], [[Ragesh Asthana]], [[Ravi Patwardhan]], Anuradha Sawant, [[Meghna Kothari]], Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|6|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man calls up the doctor stating he is unwell and sends the doctor back saying he is well. This episode was inspired by [[W. W. Jacobs]]' 1902 short story, [[The Monkey's Paw]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 37<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 37<br />
|Title = The Wish (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Arun Bali]], [[Satyadev Dubey]], [[Ragesh Asthana]], [[Ravi Patwardhan]], Anuradha Sawant, [[Meghna Kothari]], Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|7|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Michael is dead at his own residence and his body is cut into pieces. This episode was inspired by [[W. W. Jacobs]]' 1902 short story, [[The Monkey's Paw]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 38<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 38<br />
|Title = The Night<br />
|Aux2 = Chandramohan, Saavri, Prashant Bhatt, Neeta Desai, Mahavir Bhullar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|7|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple wakes up hearing some disturbing noise coming from their drawing-room. While inspecting, they find a burglar stealing away their precious jewellery.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 39<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 39<br />
|Title = The Hijack (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Tushar Dalvi]], [[Shreechand Makhija]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], Dr. Vilas Ujawane, Vishal Kandhari, Pinky Singh<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|7|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = An 18-year-old girl is submitted to a hospital for a heart transplant.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 40<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 40<br />
|Title = The Hijack (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Tushar Dalvi]], [[Shreechand Makhija]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], Dr. Vilas Ujawane, Vishal Kandhari, Pinky Singh<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|7|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The lady decides to go to the kidnapper with the bag full of money.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 41<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 41<br />
|Title = The Haunted<br />
|Aux2 = Joan David, Bobby Khanna, Santosh Kaushik, Avinash Kharshikar, Anil Yadav<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|8|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Munna comes into the police station asking to save his life from a spirit.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 42<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 42<br />
|Title = Reflection (Part - 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], [[Vineet Kumar]], [[Manoj Pahwa]], Nikhil Sharma, [[Sushil Parashar]], R.S.Chopra, Mangala Duggal, [[Dinesh Phadnis]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|8|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A businessman named Khurrana visits a tantrik for some personal closure from his son's early demise.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 43<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 43<br />
|Title = Reflection (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], [[Vineet Kumar]], [[Manoj Pahwa]], Nikhil Sharma, [[Sushil Parashar]], R.S.Chopra, Mangala Duggal, [[Dinesh Phadnis]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|8|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A strange man walks into Khurrana's bedroom and threatens to kill him.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 44<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 44<br />
|Title = Nectar<br />
|Aux2 = [[Virendra Saxena]], Anil Kocchar, Ramesh Rai<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|8|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A scientist was working on a project where he claimed that his serum can bring dead people to life.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 45<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 45<br />
|Title = The Eye - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = Chand Dhar, Dr Arun Patrath, Vijay Raj, Mohan Kant, Samta Sagar, Kanchan Rawal, Pabitra Goregaonkar, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|8|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A well-renowned mentalist hypnotizes a lady in front of many reporters.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 46<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 46<br />
|Title = The Eye - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = Chand Dhar, Dr Arun Patrath, Vijay Raj, Mohan Kant, Samta Sagar, Kanchan Rawal, Pabitra Goregaonkar, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|9|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A professor comes to rescue the police from the unsolvable case of the great hypnotist's murder.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 47<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 47<br />
|Title = The Time Machine<br />
|Aux2 = [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Rinku Karmarkar]], Tarun Kumar Shukla<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|9|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A scientist is experimenting with time travelling. He teaches a lecture about the time travelling possibilities and asks his students to work on a paper regarding that.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 48<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 48<br />
|Title = The Bridegroom - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Karan Oberoi (singer)|Karan Oberoi]], Ved Thapar, Phalguni Parekh, [[Prithvi Zutshi]], R.S.Chopra, Pankaj Kabra, Himayat Ali, Mukhesh Jadav, Sunil Mattoo<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|9|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A groom lost his life in a road accident.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 49<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 49<br />
|Title = The Bridegroom - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Karan Oberoi (singer)|Karan Oberoi]], Ved Thapar, Phalguni Parekh, [[Prithvi Zutshi]], R.S.Chopra, Pankaj Kabra, Himayat Ali, Mukhesh Jadav, Sunil Mattoo<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|9|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The police suspect that Shailesh is behind the murders.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 50<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 50<br />
|Title = The Gamble - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mohan Gokhale]], [[Satyadev Dubey]], Ahmed Khan, Zahid Ali, Jaya Mathur, Ajit Mehra, Shailendra Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|10|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man is unable to pay for the surgery of his son and decides to take part in a horrific game of gambling.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 51<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 51<br />
|Title = The Gamble - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mohan Gokhale]], [[Satyadev Dubey]], Ahmed Khan, Zahid Ali, Jaya Mathur, Ajit Mehra, Shailendra Sharma<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|10|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The man wins the money to pay for his son's surgery.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 52<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 52<br />
|Title = The Husband<br />
|Aux2 = [[Priya Tendulkar]], [[Dinesh Kaushik]], [[Deepak Shirke]], Roma Navani, Sunil Tawde, Pradeep Nishith<br />
<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|10|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A struggling actor wants to marry an actress.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 53<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 53<br />
|Title = The Voice - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]], Jharna Dave, Dr Arun Patrath, Anil Verma, Devi Deshmukh, Madhupriya, Kamal Malik<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|10|31}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man moves into a new locality with his family.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 54<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 54<br />
|Title = The Voice - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]], Jharna Dave, Dr Arun Patrath, Anil Verma, Devi Deshmukh, Madhupriya, Kamal Malik<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|11|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Sailesh's son starts getting nightmares after moving into a new house.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 55<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 55<br />
|Title = Jaal<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anup Soni]], [[Navni Parihar]], [[Amit Behl]], Reshma Polekar, [[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|11|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A husband hires an assassin to get his wife killed.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 56<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 56<br />
|Title = Diamonds - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Raza Murad]], [[Ravi Patwardhan]], Chand Dhar, Anil Nagrath, G.P.Singh, Vishal Khandhri, Rajesh Tandon<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|11|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A set of diamonds were stolen by a thief but he was caught immediately.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 57<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 57<br />
|Title = Diamonds - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Raza Murad]], [[Ravi Patwardhan]], Chand Dhar, Anil Nagrath, G.P.Singh, Vishal Khandhri, Rajesh Tandon<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|11|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The thief finds it hard to pawn the stolen diamonds.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 58<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 58<br />
|Title = Inheritance - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[R.Madhavan]], [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], Varun Mehta, Vipul Jagota, Smita Kalpvriksh<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|12|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = An old man finds out that he does not have many days to live.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 59<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 59<br />
|Title = Inheritance - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[R.Madhavan]], [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], Varun Mehta, Vipul Jagota, Smita Kalpvriksh<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|12|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = An old man interchanges his soul with a young man and starts living his life.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 60<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 60<br />
|Title = Who was she? - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = Karan Shah, [[Deepak Deulkar]], Bakul Thakkar, [[Anand Goradia]] Persi Shroff, Nikhil Dewan, [[Reena Kapoor]], [[Alefia Kapadia]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|12|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Four friends invite a ghost by planchette but she starts killing them one by one.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 61<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 61<br />
|Title = Who was she? - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = Karan Shah, [[Deepak Deulkar]], Bakul Thakkar, [[Anand Goradia]] Persi Shroff, Nikhil Dewan, [[Reena Kapoor]], [[Alefia Kapadia]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1996|12|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Four friends invite a ghost by planchette but she starts killing them one by one.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 62<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 62<br />
|Title = The Noose - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Navin Nischol]], Ahmed Khan, Jahangir Khan, Bhavani Shankar, Kaushal Kapoor, Abhay Bhargav, Hari Om Parashar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|1|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Judge Lector was notorious for hanging people during British rule.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 63<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 63<br />
|Title = The Noose - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Navin Nischol]], Ahmed Khan, Jahangir Khan, Bhavani Shankar, Kaushal Kapoor, Abhay Bhargav, Hari Om Parashar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|1|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Judge Lector was notorious for hanging people during British rule.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 64<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 64<br />
|Title = The Rain - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Gufi Paintal]], Joan David, [[Kavita Vaid]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, Dr Vilas Ujjwane, Ramesh Rai, Rajdev Jamdade<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|1|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Four people are stuck in a villa with a watchman on a rainy night.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 65<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 65<br />
|Title = The Rain - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Gufi Paintal]], Joan David, [[Kavita Vaid]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, Dr Vilas Ujjwane, Ramesh Rai, Rajdev Jamdade<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|1|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Four people are stuck in a villa with a watchman on a rainy night.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 66<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 66<br />
|Title = Anamika - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shalini Kapoor (actress)|Shalini Kapoor]], [[Shreechand Makhija]], Rasik Dave, Lovleen Mishra, Nirmal Bhawnani, Vicky Ahuja, Jitendra Trehan, Rio Kapadia, Dhananjay Manjrekar, Raaz Tilak<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|2|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A young girl claims that she is the reincarnation of a rich girl who used to live in a big Haveli.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 67<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 67<br />
|Title = Anamika - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shalini Kapoor (actress)|Shalini Kapoor]], [[Shreechand Makhija]], Rasik Dave, Lovleen Mishra, Nirmal Bhawnani, Vicky Ahuja, Jitendra Trehan, Rio Kapadia, Dhananjay Manjrekar, Raaz Tilak<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|2|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A young girl claims that she is the reincarnation of a rich girl who used to live in a big Haveli.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 68<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 68<br />
|Title = Missing - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Tej Sapru]], [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]], [[Usha Bachani]], Sharmilee Raj, G.P. Singh, Anil Yadav<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|2|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A missing man is found in the coffin of another dead man.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 69<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 69<br />
|Title = Missing - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Tej Sapru]], [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]], [[Usha Bachani]], Sharmilee Raj, G.P. Singh, Anil Yadav<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|2|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A missing man is found in the coffin of another dead man.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 70<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 70<br />
|Title = Hunter - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Ravi Jhankal]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], [[Ashok Banthia]], Vishal Khandhri, Madhu Bharti<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|3|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = When people go missing in a jungle, a local hunter tries to solve the mystery of 'bodies without a head' with the police.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 71<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 71<br />
|Title = Hunter - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Ravi Jhankal]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], [[Ashok Banthia]], Vishal Khandhri, Madhu Bharti<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|3|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = When people go missing in a jungle, a local hunter tries to solve the mystery of 'bodies without a head' with the police.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 72<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 72<br />
|Title = The Lake - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mahesh Thakur]], [[Ashok Shinde]], [[Prithvi Zutshi]], Gautam, [[Anand Goradia]], Pooja Madan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|3|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The body of a woman, who was having an affair, is found in the lake.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 73<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 73<br />
|Title = The Lake - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mahesh Thakur]], [[Ashok Shinde]], [[Prithvi Zutshi]], Gautam, [[Anand Goradia]], Pooja Madan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|3|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The body of a woman, who was having an affair, is found in the lake.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 74<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 74<br />
|Title = The 12th Man - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = Bobby Vats, Shadab Khan, Neeraj Sharma, Shahrukh Sadri, Ramesh Rai, Harjeet Walia, Anil Nagrath, Tarun Kumar Shukla, & Cricket coach Lt. shri [[Ramakant Achrekar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|4|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = To get selected in the national cricket team, a cricketer takes help of voodoo to injure the established cricketer.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 75<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 75<br />
|Title = The 12th Man - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = Bobby Vats, Shadab Khan, Neeraj Sharma, Shahrukh Sadri, Ramesh Rai, Harjeet Walia, Anil Nagrath, Tarun Kumar Shukla, & Cricket coach Lt. shri [[Ramakant Achrekar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|4|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = To get selected in the national cricket team, a cricketer takes help of voodoo to injure the established cricketer.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 76<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 76<br />
|Title = MMM 1857 - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Lalit Parimoo]], [[Deepraj Rana]], Radhakrishna Dutta, Rakesh Bidua, [[Himani Shivpuri]], Tarakesh Chauhan, Dhananjay Manjrekar, Vinod Tripathi,<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|4|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A car starts killing people who were responsible for the murder of its owner. This episode is inspired by the 1983 film [[Christine (1983 film)|Christine]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 77<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 77<br />
|Title = MMM 1857 - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Lalit Parimoo]], [[Deepraj Rana]], Radhakrishna Dutta, Rakesh Bidua, [[Himani Shivpuri]], Tarakesh Chauhan, Dhananjay Manjrekar, Vinod Tripathi,<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|4|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A car kills people who were responsible for the murder of its owner. This episode is inspired by the 1983 film [[Christine (1983 film)|Christine]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 78<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 78<br />
|Title = The Actress<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|5|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 79<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 79<br />
|Title = The Actress<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|5|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 80<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 80<br />
|Title = The Mirror - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Anup Soni]], [[Rajeeta Kochhar]], [[Reena Kapoor]], Reshhma Polekar, Abhay Bhargav, Kaushal Kapoor, Manish Garg, [[Dinesh Phadnis]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|5|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A mysterious old woman traps a girl in the mirror and sends her reflection into the real world.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 81<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 81<br />
|Title = The Mirror - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Anup Soni]], [[Rajeeta Kochhar]], [[Reena Kapoor]], Reshhma Polekar, Abhay Bhargav, Kaushal Kapoor, Manish Garg, [[Dinesh Phadnis]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|5|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A mysterious old woman traps a girl in the mirror and sends her reflection into the real world.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 82<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 82<br />
|Title = The Return - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]], [[Bharat Kapoor]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, [[Shivani Gosain]], Anil nagrath, Madhupriya, Sajid Khan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|6|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man finds a plot of land which can revive dead people if they are buried there.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 83<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 83<br />
|Title = The Return - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Javed Khan Amrohi|Javed Khan]], [[Bharat Kapoor]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, [[Shivani Gosain]], Anil nagrath, Madhupriya, Sajid Khan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|6|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man finds a plot of land which can revive dead people if they are buried there.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 84<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 84<br />
|Title = The Morgue - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Pavan Malhotra]], Saurabh Dubey, Shailendra Sharma, Santosh Kaushik, Vishwajeet, Ramdas Jadhav, Bhavani Shankar, Supriya Vinod, Rakhi Malhotra, Sunil Mattoo<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|6|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man is appointed as a night shift morgue keeper. Two criminals who are already on death row escape and hide in the morgue.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 85<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 85<br />
|Title = The Morgue - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Pavan Malhotra]], Saurabh Dubey, Shailendra Sharma, Santosh Kaushik, Vishwajeet, Ramdas Jadhav, Bhavani Shankar, Supriya Vinod, Rakhi Malhotra, Sunil Mattoo<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|6|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man is appointed as a night shift morgue keeper. Two criminals who are already on death row escape and hide in the morgue.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 86<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 86<br />
|Title = Original or Fake - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Laxmikant Berde]], Raman Kapoor, [[Ashwini Kalsekar]], G.P.Singh, Sunil Rege, Rakesh Hans, [[Ashiesh Roy]], Sunil Tawde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|7|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A music director steals a piece of music but when the music is played, a daemon appears and kills the listener.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 87<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 87<br />
|Title = Original or Fake - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Laxmikant Berde]], Raman Kapoor, [[Ashwini Kalsekar]], G.P.Singh, Sunil Rege, Rakesh Hans, [[Ashiesh Roy]], Sunil Tawde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|7|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A music director steals a piece of music but when the music is played, a daemon appears and kills the listener.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 88<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 88<br />
|Title = Memory - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anang Desai]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]], [[Kartika Rane]], Nikhil Dewan, Manoj Verma, Raaz Tilak<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|7|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A crow tries to take the soul of a young girl to the house of her previous birth.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 89<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 89<br />
|Title = Memory - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anang Desai]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], [[Ali Asgar (actor)|Ali Asgar]], [[Kartika Rane]], Nikhil Dewan, Manoj Verma, Raaz Tilak<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|7|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A crow tries to take the soul of a young girl to the house of her previous birth.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 90<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 90<br />
|Title = Promise - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Firdaus Dadi]], Roshni Achreja, [[Sheetal Thakkar]], [[Alefia Kapadia]], Shweta Gautam, Madhu Malhotra, Jitendra Trehan, [[Prithvi Zutshi]], Ramesh Rai<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|8|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A young girl dies because her hostel mates scare her in a prank but she comes back to take them with her.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 91<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 91<br />
|Title = Promise - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Firdaus Dadi]], Roshni Achreja, [[Sheetal Thakkar]], [[Alefia Kapadia]], Shweta Gautam, Madhu Malhotra, Jitendra Trehan, [[Prithvi Zutshi]], Ramesh Rai<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|8|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A young girl dies because her hostel mates scare her in a prank but she comes back to take them with her.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 92<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 92<br />
|Title = The Call - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]], [[Utkarsha Naik]], Chandra Mohan, [[Kavita Vaid]], Tarakesh Chauhan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|8|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A Tantrik creates a demonic sign on the door of a doctor as he feels people are no longer coming to him for their troubles because of her. The sign invites a demon who takes the form of the victim's friend and calls in his voice.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 93<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 93<br />
|Title = The Call - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]], [[Utkarsha Naik]], Chandra Mohan, [[Kavita Vaid]], Tarakesh Chauhan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|8|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A Tantrik creates a demonic sign on the door of a doctor as he feels people are no longer coming to him for their troubles because of her. The sign invites a demon who takes the form of the victim's friend and calls in his voice.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 94<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 94<br />
|Title = The Lemon - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ravi Jhankal]], Dilip Kulkarni, [[Shubhangi Gokhale]], [[Lata Haya]], Harjeet Walia, [[Honey Chhaya]], Subhangi latkar, Sunil Nagar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|8|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man gets possessed by a demon when he goes to a lake to get water. Later, the demon gets trapped inside a lemon and thrown on a square.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 95<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 95<br />
|Title = The Lemon - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ravi Jhankal]], Dilip Kulkarni, [[Shubhangi Gokhale]], [[Lata Haya]], Harjeet Walia, [[Honey Chhaya]], Subhangi latkar, Sunil Nagar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|9|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man gets possessed by a demon when he goes to a lake to get water. Later, the demon gets trapped inside a lemon and thrown on a square.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 96<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 96<br />
|Title = The Trespasser - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sudesh Berry]], [[Achint Kaur]], Raymond Singh, [[Ragesh Asthana]], [[Sushil Parashar]], Vinod Pandey<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|9|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple finds a house on rent but soon the wife starts behaving strangely.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 97<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 97<br />
|Title = The Trespasser - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sudesh Berry]], [[Achint Kaur]], Raymond Singh, [[Ragesh Asthana]], [[Sushil Parashar]], Vinod Pandey<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|9|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple finds a house on rent but soon the wife starts behaving strangely.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 98<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 98<br />
|Title = Hide And Seek - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Satyadev Dubey]], [[Deepak Shirke]], [[Shalini Kapoor (actress)|Shalini Kapoor]], Samta Sagar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|9|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A criminal escapes from a mental hospital and gets the power of invisibility. <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 99<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 99<br />
|Title = Hide And Seek - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Satyadev Dubey]], [[Deepak Shirke]], [[Shalini Kapoor (actress)|Shalini Kapoor]], Samta Sagar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|10|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A criminal escapes from a mental hospital and gets the power of invisibility.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 100<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 100<br />
|Title = Jaagte Raho - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Om Puri]], [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]], [[Neha Sharad]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, Tarakesh Chauhan, [[Chetanya Adib]], Dhananajay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|10|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A magician tries to kill a doctor in his dreams because the doctor discovers the magician's secret. Meanwhile, the doctor has to avoid sleep to remain alive. This episode is inspired by [[A Nightmare on Elm Street]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 101<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 101<br />
|Title = Jaagte Raho - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Om Puri]], [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]], [[Neha Sharad]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, Tarakesh Chauhan, [[Chetanya Adib]], Dhananajay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|10|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A magician tries to kill a doctor in his dreams because the doctor discovers the magician's secret. Meanwhile, the doctor has to avoid sleep to remain alive. This episode is inspired by [[A Nightmare on Elm Street]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 102<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 102<br />
|Title = Doll ( Part 1 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Tushar Dalvi]], Purvi Sanghvi, Reshma Polekar, Virendra Singh, G.P.Singh, Abhay Bhargav, Dr.Vilas Ujjwane, Baby Ghazala Selmin<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|10|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Nina is a dead girl whose ghost lives in a doll. This episode is inspired by [[Child's Play (1988 film)|Child's Play]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 103<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 103<br />
|Title = Doll ( Part 2 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Tushar Dalvi]], Purvi Sanghvi, Reshma Polekar, Virendra Singh, G.P.Singh, Abhay Bhargav, Dr.Vilas Ujjwane, Baby Ghazala Selmin<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|11|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Nina is a dead girl whose ghost lives in a doll. This episode is inspired by [[Child's Play (1988 film)|Child's Play]].<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 104<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 104<br />
|Title = The Deep ( Part 1 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mohan Gokhale]], Raju Kher, Ahmed Khan, [[Deepak Deulkar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|11|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man finds a sea shell which is the home of a demon. If a person blows in the shell, the demon comes out and takes control of the person's body to go on a killing spree.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 105<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 105<br />
|Title = The Deep ( Part 2 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mohan Gokhale]], Raju Kher, Ahmed Khan, [[Deepak Deulkar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|11|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man finds a sea shell which is the home of a demon. If a person blows in the shell, the demon comes out and takes control of the person's body to go on a killing spree.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 106<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 106<br />
|Title = Power ( Part 1 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, Ramesh Rai, Madhu Malhotra<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|11|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man can see the future of the person if he touches anything used by them. A girl gets kidnapped and he tries to find her location but he sees his own death.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 107<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 107<br />
|Title = Power ( Part 2 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shivaji Satam]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, Ramesh Rai, Madhu Malhotra<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|12|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man can see the future of the person if he touches anything used by them. A girl gets kidnapped and he tries to find her location but he sees his own death.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 108<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 108<br />
|Title = Ward Number 33 ( Part 1 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], [[Mona Ambegaonkar]], [[Shishir Sharma]], Jignesh Joshi, Anil Chowdhury, Anil Yadav, Vicky Ahuja, [[Ashok Banthia]], [[Sushil Parashar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|12|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A ghost is seen in front of the ward of a hospital after which four patients die.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 109<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 109<br />
|Title = Ward Number 33 ( Part 2 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ashutosh Gowariker]], [[Mona Ambegaonkar]], [[Shishir Sharma]], Jignesh Joshi, Anil Chowdhury, Anil Yadav, Vicky Ahuja, [[Ashok Banthia]], [[Sushil Parashar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|12|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A ghost is seen in front of the ward of a hospital after which four patients die.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 110<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 110<br />
|Title = The Jungle Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Karan Oberoi (singer)|Karan Oberoi]], [[Achint Kaur]], [[Kartika Rane]], Sanvri, Bakul Thakkar, [[Anand Goradia]], Jahangir Khan, Ramesh Goyal, Shahrukh Sadri, Ritwika Dey<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1997|12|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The ghosts of two escaped prisoners, who continue to haunt a jungle after their death, kill a group of trekkers.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 111<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 111<br />
|Title = The Jungle Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Karan Oberoi (singer)|Karan Oberoi]], [[Achint Kaur]], [[Kartika Rane]], Sanvri, Bakul Thakkar, [[Anand Goradia]], Jahangir Khan, Ramesh Goyal, Shahrukh Sadri, Ritwika Dey<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|1|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The ghosts of two escaped prisoners, who continue to haunt a jungle after their death, kill a group of trekkers.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 112<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 112<br />
|Title = Revenge ( Part 1 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Vijay Kashyap]], [[Pawan Malhotra]], Dilip Kulkarni, Gautam Chaturvedi, Sajni Hanspal, Vishwajeet, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|1|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man gets a magical typewriter which possesses the ability to change reality based on what is typed on it.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 113<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 113<br />
|Title = Revenge ( Part 2 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Vijay Kashyap]], [[Pawan Malhotra]], Dilip Kulkarni, Gautam Chaturvedi, Sajni Hanspal, Vishwajeet, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|1|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man gets a magical typewriter which possesses the ability to change reality based on what is typed on it.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 114<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 114<br />
|Title = Secret ( Part 1 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], [[Sanjeev Seth]], [[Reena Kapoor]], Subhangi Latkar, [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], Sunil Tawde, Jeet Atal, [[Dinesh Phadnis]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|1|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A 200-year-old man steals the hearts of his victims to keep himself young and later makes those victims his slave.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 115<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 115<br />
|Title = Secret ( Part 2 )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], [[Sanjeev Seth]], [[Reena Kapoor]], Subhangi Latkar, [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], Sunil Tawde, Jeet Atal, [[Dinesh Phadnis]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|2|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A 200-year-old man steals the hearts of his victims to keep himself young and later makes those victims his slave.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 116<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 116<br />
|Title = Photo (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sulabha Deshpande]], [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]], Naresh Suri, Supriya Vinod, Shweta Gautam<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|2|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl is trapped in a painting created by an evil painter.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 117<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 117<br />
|Title = Photo (Part 2)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sulabha Deshpande]], [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]], Naresh Suri, Supriya Vinod, Shweta Gautam<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|2|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl is trapped in a painting created by an evil painter.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 118<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 118<br />
|Title = The Curse ( Part I )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]], Amarnath Mukherjee, Reshma Polekar, Dinesh Sehgal, Harish Shetty<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|2|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A young girl seeks help from a man who has the power of finding things. He does so using an instrument, that moves when the object is around. She takes him to her house which is full of money and jewellery, which cannot be taken outside because of a curse.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 119<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 119<br />
|Title = The Curse ( Part II )<br />
|Aux2 = [[Raj Kiran (Bollywood actor)|Raj Kiran]], Amarnath Mukherjee, Reshma Polekar, Dinesh Sehgal, Harish Shetty<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|3|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A young girl seeks help from a man who has the power of finding things. He does so using an instrument, that moves when the object is around. She takes him to her house which is full of money and jewellery, which cannot be taken outside because of a curse.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 120<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 120<br />
|Title = Jeevan Mrityu - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[A.K. Hangal]], Shilpi Bhattacharya, Milind Gawali, Vandana Sajnani, Sunil Dhawan, Anil Nagrath<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|3|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A hospital has been conducting research on people who have had near-death experiences.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 121<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 121<br />
|Title = Jeevan Mrityu - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[A.K. Hangal]], Shilpi Bhattacharya, Milind Gawali, Vandana Sajnani, Sunil Dhawan, Anil Nagrath<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|3|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A hospital has been conducting research on people who have had near-death experiences.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 122<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 122<br />
|Title = Imagination - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mohan Gokhale]], Meenakshi Gupta, Dr Bhupendra Awasthi, Tarakesh Chauhan, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|3|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A young girl suspects her neighbour and his son to be blood-thirsty vampires.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 123<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 123<br />
|Title = Imagination - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mohan Gokhale]], Meenakshi Gupta, Dr Bhupendra Awasthi, Tarakesh Chauhan, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|4|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A young girl suspects her neighbour and his son to be blood-thirsty vampires.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 124<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 124<br />
|Title = Time - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], [[Kabir Sadanand]], Raymond Singh, [[Shishir Sharma]], Ahmed Khan, [[Kavita Vaid]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|4|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man attempts to go back in time to save a girl that dies in an event that occurred a hundred years ago.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 125<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 125<br />
|Title = Time - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], [[Kabir Sadanand]], Raymond Singh, [[Shishir Sharma]], Ahmed Khan, [[Kavita Vaid]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|4|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man attempts to go back in time to save a girl that dies in an event that occurred a hundred years ago.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 126<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 126<br />
|Title = Search - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ravi Jhankal]], [[Rajesh Khera]], [[Sushil Parashar]], Jahangir Khan, Jeet Atal, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|4|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A shoe thief gets possessed by a colonel’s ghost when he wears the colonel's shoes.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 127<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 127<br />
|Title = Search - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ravi Jhankal]], [[Rajesh Khera]], [[Sushil Parashar]], Jahangir Khan, Jeet Atal, Dhananjay Manjrekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|5|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A shoe thief gets possessed by a colonel’s ghost when he wears the colonel's shoes.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 128<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 128<br />
|Title = Lifeguard (PartI)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kabir Sadanand]], [[Resham Tipnis]], Pramod Kapoor, Sunil Tawde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|5|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A person dies in a swimming pool because of the irresponsible behaviour of a lifeguard.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 129<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 129<br />
|Title = Lifeguard (PartII)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kabir Sadanand]], [[Resham Tipnis]], Pramod Kapoor, Sunil Tawde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|5|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A person dies in a swimming pool because of the irresponsible behaviour of a lifeguard.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 130<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 130<br />
|Title = Character - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sangeeta Ghosh]], [[Ragesh Asthana]], [[Sandeep Kulkarni]], Vikram Sahu, Sonika Sahay<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|5|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A dead struggling actress returns and haunts a film crew because the film producer steals a story which was written originally for the actress.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 131<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 131<br />
|Title = Character - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sangeeta Ghosh]], [[Ragesh Asthana]], [[Sandeep Kulkarni]], Vikram Sahu, Sonika Sahay<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|5|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A dead struggling actress returns and haunts a film crew because the film producer steals a story which was written originally for the actress.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 132<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 132<br />
|Title = The Incident - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mona Ambegaonkar]], Reshma Polekar, Lalit Parimoo, [[Deepraj Rana]], Dr. Bhupendra Avasthi, Manish Garg<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|6|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A woman witnesses an incident where a girl gets thrown from the sixth floor by someone.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 133<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 133<br />
|Title = The Incident - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mona Ambegaonkar]], Reshma Polekar, Lalit Parimoo, [[Deepraj Rana]], Dr. Bhupendra Avasthi, Manish Garg<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|6|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A woman witnesses an incident where a girl gets thrown from the sixth floor by someone.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 134<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 134<br />
|Title = Third Eye - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Reena Kapoor]], Kenny Desai, [[Sushil Parashar]], Shweta Gautam, Bhavani Shankar, Kaushal Kapoor<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|6|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl tries to find the killer of her father. She inherits the power of feeling any person’s current state by using their personal belongings.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 135<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 135<br />
|Title = Third Eye - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Reena Kapoor]], Kenny Desai, [[Sushil Parashar]], Shweta Gautam, Bhavani Shankar, Kaushal Kapoor<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|6|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl tries to find the killer of her father. She inherits the power of feeling any person’s current state by using their personal belongings.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 136<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 136<br />
|Title = Alert - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sanjeev Seth]], [[Kiran Karmarkar]], [[Urvashi Dholakia]], Kavita Rathod, Jyotsna Karyekar Rekha Rao, [[Neena Kulkarni]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|7|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man sees his own murder by an unknown woman. He suspects that the woman is his wife.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 137<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 137<br />
|Title = Alert - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sanjeev Seth]], [[Kiran Karmarkar]], [[Urvashi Dholakia]], Kavita Rathod, Jyotsna Karyekar Rekha Rao, [[Neena Kulkarni]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|7|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man sees his own murder by an unknown woman. He suspects that the woman is his wife.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 138<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 138<br />
|Title = Time - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Akhilendra Mishra]], Sunil Tawde, Asha Bachani<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|7|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A magician’s grandfather clock can control the time. If the clock runs forward, the person ages and dies eventually.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 139<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 139<br />
|Title = Time - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Akhilendra Mishra]], Sunil Tawde, Asha Bachani<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|7|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A magician’s grandfather clock can control the time. If the clock runs forward, the person ages and dies eventually.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 140<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 140<br />
|Title = Duplicate - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = Pooja Madan, Dilip Kulkarni<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|7|31}}<br />
|ShortSummary = After losing her husband and child in an accident, a woman loses her will to live. Her strange behaviour makes her friends think that she has multiple personality disorders.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 141<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 141<br />
|Title = Duplicate - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = Pooja Madan, Dilip Kulkarni<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|8|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = After losing her husband and child in an accident, a woman loses her will to live. Her strange behaviour makes her friends think that she has multiple personality disorders.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 142<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 142<br />
|Title = Drinker - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Makrand Deshpande]], Masood Akhtar, Ramesh Rai, [[Supriya Karnik]], Kapil Konark, Tarakesh Chauhan, Anuja Lokre, Harish Shetty, [[Karanvir Bohra]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|8|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A heavy drinker wants to leave the city because he starts seeing ghosts when he consumes liquor.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 143<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 143<br />
|Title = Drinker - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Makrand Deshpande]], Masood Akhtar, Ramesh Rai, [[Supriya Karnik]], Kapil Konark, Tarakesh Chauhan, Anuja Lokre, Harish Shetty, [[Karanvir Bohra]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|8|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A heavy drinker wants to leave the city because he starts seeing ghosts when he consumes liquor.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 144<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 144<br />
|Title = Telephone - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = Reshma Polekar, [[Sandeep Kulkarni]], [[Honey Chhaya]], Kamal Adib, Manish Garg<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|8|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A doctor finds that the telephone in her clinic tries to communicate with her about the murder of the previous doctor that used to work there.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 145<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 145<br />
|Title = Telephone - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = Reshma Polekar, [[Sandeep Kulkarni]], [[Honey Chhaya]], Kamal Adib, Manish Garg<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|9|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A doctor finds that the telephone in her clinic tries to communicate with her about the murder of the previous doctor that used to work there.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 146<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 146<br />
|Title = Sakshi - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Rajesh Khera]], [[Lalan Sarang]], [[Firdaus Dadi]], [[Rajendra Chawla]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|9|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A dead girl returns to take revenge on the girl who was living her life using her name.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 147<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 147<br />
|Title = Sakshi - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Rajesh Khera]], [[Lalan Sarang]], [[Firdaus Dadi]], [[Rajendra Chawla]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|9|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A dead girl returns to take revenge on the girl who was living her life using her name.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 148<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 148<br />
|Title = Scarecrow - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Achint Kaur]], [[Sangeeta Ghosh]], Naresh Suri, Anwar Fatehi, Sai Ballal<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|9|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A scarecrow comes to life to kill the people of a village who are hiding a cruel past.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 149<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 149<br />
|Title = Scarecrow - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Achint Kaur]], [[Sangeeta Ghosh]], Naresh Suri, Anwar Fatehi, Sai Ballal<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|10|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A scarecrow comes to life to kill the people of a village who are hiding a cruel past.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 150<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 150<br />
|Title = Barrack No. 18 - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = [[Aditya Shrivastav]], [[Ravi Jhankal]], [[Anant Jog]], [[Anirudh Agarwal]], [[Chetan Pandit]], G.P. Singh, Hari Om Parashar, Shailendra Srivastav<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|10|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = An innocent prisoner haunts a jail barrack because he was hanged for a crime he didn’t commit.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 151<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 151<br />
|Title = Barrack No. 18 - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = [[Aditya Shrivastav]], [[Ravi Jhankal]], [[Anant Jog]], [[Anirudh Agarwal]], [[Chetan Pandit]], G.P. Singh, Hari Om Parashar, Shailendra Srivastav<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|10|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = An innocent prisoner haunts a jail barrack because he was hanged for a crime he didn’t commit.<br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 152<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 152<br />
|Title = Future<br />
|Aux2 = [[Akhilendra Mishra]], [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, Kaushal Kapoor, Anil Nagrath<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|10|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 153<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 153<br />
|Title = Future<br />
|Aux2 = [[Akhilendra Mishra]], [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], Dr Bhupendra Avasthi, Kaushal Kapoor, Anil Nagrath<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|11|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 154<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 154<br />
|Title = Morning<br />
|Aux2 = [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Ashok Banthia]], Dilip Kulkarni, Ahmed Khan, Reshma Polekar, Jahangir Khan, [[Chetanya Adib]], Kumar Hegde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|11|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 155<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 155<br />
|Title = Morning<br />
|Aux2 = [[Achyut Potdar]], [[Ashok Banthia]], Dilip Kulkarni, Ahmed Khan, Reshma Polekar, Jahangir Khan, [[Chetanya Adib]], Kumar Hegde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|11|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 156<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 156<br />
|Title = The Locked Door<br />
|Aux2 = [[Neena Kulkarni]], Sanvri, Asha Bachani, Jyotsna Karyekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|11|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 157<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 157<br />
|Title = The Locked Door<br />
|Aux2 = [[Neena Kulkarni]], Sanvri, Asha Bachani, Jyotsna Karyekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|12|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 158<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 158<br />
|Title = Avinash<br />
|Aux2 = [[Dinesh Kaushik]], Manoj Pandey, [[Sangeeta Ghosh]], [[Urvashi Dholakia]], Neelam Sagar, Pramathesh Mehta<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|12|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 159<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 159<br />
|Title = Avinash<br />
|Aux2 = [[Dinesh Kaushik]], Manoj Pandey, [[Sangeeta Ghosh]], [[Urvashi Dholakia]], Neelam Sagar, Pramathesh Mehta<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|12|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 160<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 160<br />
|Title = Guest - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Aditya Shrivastav]], [[Nagesh Bhonsle]], Ashish Duggal, Dr Vilas Ujjwane, Ramesh Rai, Hansa Singh<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1998|12|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 161<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 161<br />
|Title = Guest - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Aditya Shrivastav]], [[Nagesh Bhonsle]], Ashish Duggal, Dr Vilas Ujjwane, Ramesh Rai, Hansa Singh<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|1|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 162<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 162<br />
|Title = The Camera - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = Pooja Madan, Deepan Vartak, Vikram Sahu, Sunil Dhawan, Ali Khan, Chandra Mohan, Sunil Tawde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|1|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 163<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 163<br />
|Title = The Camera - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = Pooja Madan, Deepan Vartak, Vikram Sahu, Sunil Dhawan, Ali Khan, Chandra Mohan, Sunil Tawde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|1|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 164<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 164<br />
|Title = The Accident - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Tushar Dalvi]], [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]], Ashwin Kaushal, [[Resham Tipnis]], Hansa Singh Manish Garg, Wishwajeet, Dheeraj Sarna, Ashish Kapoor, Persi Shroff<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|1|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 165<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 165<br />
|Title = The Accident - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Tushar Dalvi]], [[Haidar Ali (actor)|Haidar Ali]], Ashwin Kaushal, [[Resham Tipnis]], Hansa Singh Manish Garg, Wishwajeet, Dheeraj Sarna, Ashish Kapoor, Persi Shroff<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|2|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 166<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 166<br />
|Title = Amanush - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = Naresh Suri, Lalit Parimoo, Smita Kalpvriksh, [[Shivani Gosain]], [[Chetan Pandit]], Sunil Rege, Prem Lala, Ramesh Rai<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|2|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 167<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 167<br />
|Title = Amanush - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = Naresh Suri, Lalit Parimoo, Smita Kalpvriksh, [[Shivani Gosain]], [[Chetan Pandit]], Sunil Rege, Prem Lala, Ramesh Rai<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|2|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 168<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 168<br />
|Title = The Magic - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], [[Milind Gawali]], Reshma Polekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|2|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 169<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 169<br />
|Title = The Magic - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], [[Milind Gawali]], Reshma Polekar<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|3|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 170<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 170<br />
|Title = The Face - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sanjeev Seth]], Abhay Bhargav, [[Prateeksha Lonkar]], Shweta Gautam, Nikhil Dewan, Manish Garg, Sunil Tawde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|3|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 171<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 171<br />
|Title = The Face - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sanjeev Seth]], Abhay Bhargav, [[Prateeksha Lonkar]], Shweta Gautam, Nikhil Dewan, Manish Garg, Sunil Tawde<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|3|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 172<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 172<br />
|Title = Fire - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anant Jog]], Saurabh Dubey, Subhangi Latkar, Sajni Hanspal, Gautam Chaturvedi<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|3|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 173<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 173<br />
|Title = Fire - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anant Jog]], Saurabh Dubey, Subhangi Latkar, Sajni Hanspal, Gautam Chaturvedi<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|4|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 174<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 174<br />
|Title = The Roommate - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Firdaus Dadi]], [[Manasi Salvi]], [[Amar Upadhyay]], Pamela Mukherjee, Shraddha Arya<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|4|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 175<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 175<br />
|Title = The Roommate - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Firdaus Dadi]], [[Manasi Salvi]], [[Amar Upadhyay]], Pamela Mukherjee, Shraddha Arya<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|4|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 176<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 176<br />
|Title = Room No. 402 - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mona Ambegaonkar]], Roshni Achreja, [[Milind Gawali]], Jahangir Khan, [[Shishir Sharma]], Chandra Mohan, Pankaj Singh Budhama<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|4|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 177<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 177<br />
|Title = Room No. 402 - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mona Ambegaonkar]], Roshni Achreja, [[Milind Gawali]], Jahangir Khan, [[Shishir Sharma]], Chandra Mohan, Pankaj Singh Budhama<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|4|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 178<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 178<br />
|Title = Yesterday - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Akhilendra Mishra]], [[Akshay Anand]], [[Shubhangi Gokhale]], Hari Om Parashar, Harish Shetty<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|5|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 179<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 179<br />
|Title = Yesterday - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Akhilendra Mishra]], [[Akshay Anand]], [[Shubhangi Gokhale]], Hari Om Parashar, Harish Shetty<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|5|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 180<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 180<br />
|Title = The Woman - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kabir Sadanand]], [[Mita Vashisht]], Sanvri, [[Neena Kulkarni]], Ahmed Khan, [[Ravi Patwardhan]], Radhakrishna Dutta<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|5|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 181<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 181<br />
|Title = The Woman - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kabir Sadanand]], [[Mita Vashisht]], Sanvri, [[Neena Kulkarni]], Ahmed Khan, [[Ravi Patwardhan]], Radhakrishna Dutta<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|5|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 182<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 182<br />
|Title = Astray - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = Seema Shetty, [[Purbi Joshi]], Bakul Thakkar, Ghazala Selmin<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|6|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 183<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 183<br />
|Title = Astray - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = Seema Shetty, [[Purbi Joshi]], Bakul Thakkar, Ghazala Selmin<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|6|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 184<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 184<br />
|Title = Consequences - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Surekha Sikri]], [[Deepak Shirke]], Jaimini Pathak, Ashish Duggal, Anuj Gupta, Ramesh Rai<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|6|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 185<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 185<br />
|Title = Consequences - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Surekha Sikri]], [[Deepak Shirke]], Jaimini Pathak, Ashish Duggal, Anuj Gupta, Ramesh Rai<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|6|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 186<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 186<br />
|Title = Possession - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], Reshma Polekar, Vani Tripathi, Sunil Dhawan, Sonika Sahay, Gagan Gupta<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|7|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 187<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 187<br />
|Title = Possession - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shrivallabh Vyas]], [[Vaquar Shaikh]], Reshma Polekar, Vani Tripathi, Sunil Dhawan, Sonika Sahay, Gagan Gupta<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|7|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 188<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 188<br />
|Title = <br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|7|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 189<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 189<br />
|Title = <br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|7|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 190<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 190<br />
|Title = The Talking Skull - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Pawan Malhotra]], Sunila Karambelkar, Vivek Mishra, Sunil Dhawan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|7|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 191<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 191<br />
|Title = The Talking Skull - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Pawan Malhotra]], Sunila Karambelkar, Vivek Mishra, Sunil Dhawan<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|8|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 192<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 192<br />
|Title = <br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|8|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 193<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 193<br />
|Title = <br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|8|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 194<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 194<br />
|Title = Route No. 61 - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anant Jog]], Chaitanya, Sajni Hanspal, [[Amit Behl]], Dheeraj Sarna, Manish Garg<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|8|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 195<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 195<br />
|Title = Route No. 61 - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anant Jog]], Chaitanya, Sajni Hanspal, [[Amit Behl]], Dheeraj Sarna, Manish Garg<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|9|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 196<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 196<br />
|Title = The Last Reel - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mandira Bedi]], Lalit Parimoo, [[Smita Bansal]], Sanjay Swaraj, [[Ashok Banthia]], [[Dinesh Kaushik]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|9|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 197<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 197<br />
|Title = The Last Reel - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mandira Bedi]], Lalit Parimoo, [[Smita Bansal]], Sanjay Swaraj, [[Ashok Banthia]], [[Dinesh Kaushik]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|9|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 198<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 198<br />
|Title = Encounter - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Firdaus Dadi]], [[Rajesh Khera]], Seema Shetty, Ravi Gossain, Vishwajeet, Kiran Chandra, Deepak Qazir<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|9|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 199<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 199<br />
|Title = Encounter - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Firdaus Dadi]], [[Rajesh Khera]], Seema Shetty, Ravi Gossain, Vishwajeet, Kiran Chandra, Deepak Qazir<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|10|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 200<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 200<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|10|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 201<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 201<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|10|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 202<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 202<br />
|Title = Faces - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Manasi Salvi]], Rushali, Naresh Suri, Jahangir Khan, Rekha Rao<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|10|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 203<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 203<br />
|Title = Faces - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Manasi Salvi]], Rushali, Naresh Suri, Jahangir Khan, Rekha Rao<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|11|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 204<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 204<br />
|Title = Tina - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Smita Bansal]], [[Anant Jog]], Bakul Thakkar, Salim Shah<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|11|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 205<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 205<br />
|Title = Tina - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Smita Bansal]], [[Anant Jog]], Bakul Thakkar, Salim Shah<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|11|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 206<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 206<br />
|Title = Death Sentence - Part 1<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], Dilip Kulkarni, Deepen Vartak, Shailendra Srivastav<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|11|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 207<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 207<br />
|Title = Death Sentence - Part 2<br />
|Aux2 = [[Madan Jain]], Dilip Kulkarni, Deepen Vartak, Shailendra Srivastav<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|12|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 208<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 208<br />
|Title = Mulaqat - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|12|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 209<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 209<br />
|Title = Mulaqat - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|12|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 210<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 210<br />
|Title = Kaayar - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|12|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 211<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 211<br />
|Title = Kaayar - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|12|31}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 212<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 212<br />
|Title = Tohfa - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|1|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 213<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 213<br />
|Title = Tohfa - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|1|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 214<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 214<br />
|Title = The Last Wish - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|1|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 215<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 215<br />
|Title = The Last Wish - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|2|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 216<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 216<br />
|Title = Jaadugar - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|2|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 217<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 217<br />
|Title = Jaadugar - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|2|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 218<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 218<br />
|Title = The Mourner - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|2|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 219<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 219<br />
|Title = The Mourner - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|3|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 220<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 220<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|3|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 221<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 221<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|3|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 222<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 222<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|3|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 223<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 223<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|3|31}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 224<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 224<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|4|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 225<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 225<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|4|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 226<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 226<br />
|Title = Teen Qaidi - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|4|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 227<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 227<br />
|Title = Teen Qaidi - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|4|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 228<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 228<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|5|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 229<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 229<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|5|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 230<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 230<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|5|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 231<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 231<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|5|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 232<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 232<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|6|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 233<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 233<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|6|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 234<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 234<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|6|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 235<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 235<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|6|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 236<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 236<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|6|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 237<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 237<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|7|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 238<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 238<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|7|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 239<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 239<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|7|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 240<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 240<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|7|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 241<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 241<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|8|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 242<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 242<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|8|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 243<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 243<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|8|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 244<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 244<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|8|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 245<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 245<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|9|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 246<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 246<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|9|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 247<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 247<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|9|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 248<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 248<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|9|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 249<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 249<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|9|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 250<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 250<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|10|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 251<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 251<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|10|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 252<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 252<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|10|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 253<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 253<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|11|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 254<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 254<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|11|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 255<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 255<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|11|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 256<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 256<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|11|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 257<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 257<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|12|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 258<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 258<br />
|Title = Night Collage - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|12|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 259<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 259<br />
|Title = Night Collage - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|12|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 260<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 260<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|12|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 261<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 261<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2000|12|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 262<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 262<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|1|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 263<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 263<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|1|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 264<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 264<br />
|Title = Saazish<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|1|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 265<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 265<br />
|Title = Saazish <br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|2|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 266<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 266<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|2|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 267<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 267<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|2|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 268<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 268<br />
|Title = The Apartment - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|2|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 269<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 269<br />
|Title = The Apartment - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|3|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 270<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 270<br />
|Title = The Lodge - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|3|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 271<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 271<br />
|Title = The Lodge - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|3|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 272<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 272<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|3|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 273<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 273<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|3|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 274<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 274<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|4|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 275<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 275<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|4|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 276<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 276<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|4|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 277<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 277<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|4|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 278<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 278<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|5|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 279<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 279<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|5|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 280<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 280<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|5|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 281<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 281<br />
|Title = Unknown<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|5|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 282<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 282<br />
|Title = Final Year - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|6|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 283<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 283<br />
|Title = Final Year - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|6|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 284<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 284<br />
|Title = Nightmare Disco - Part I<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|6|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 285<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 285<br />
|Title = Nightmare Disco - Part II<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|6|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 461B7E<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Season 2 (2004–05)===<br />
<br />
{{Episode table |background=#82CAFF |overall=5 |season=5 |title=20 |aux2=25 |aux2T=Casting |airdate=15 |episodes=<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 286<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br />
|Title = 13 Miles (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Deepshikha Nagpal]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|11|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 287<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br />
|Title = 13 Miles (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Deepshikha Nagpal]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|11|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A family takes a deserted road called 13 Miles and faces consequences.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 288<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br />
|Title = Confession (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kabir Sadanand]], [[Chetanya Adib]], [[Rajendra Chawla]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|12|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 289<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br />
|Title = Confession (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kabir Sadanand]], [[Chetanya Adib]], [[Rajendra Chawla]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|12|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man is frantically pacing up and down and believes that he cannot be the person who ends up taking his own wife's life.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 290<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br />
|Title = Water Demons (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|12|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 291<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br />
|Title = Water Demons (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|12|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl is out in the woods and claims to hear noises that are not audible to anyone else but to a mysterious old man.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 292<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br />
|Title = Confession of a Donor (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Bhairavi Raichura]], [[Tushar Dalvi]], [[Sheela Sharma]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|12|31}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 293<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8<br />
|Title = Confession of a Donor (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Bhairavi Raichura]], [[Tushar Dalvi]], [[Sheela Sharma]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple visits the hospital and asks a lady to reveal herself as she claimed to give in her blood for donation. However, upon revealing herself, the couple is dubious since she does not have eyes.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 294<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9<br />
|Title = Highway Inn (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], [[Nazneen Patel]], [[Prithvi Zutshi]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 295<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10<br />
|Title = Highway Inn (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sudhanshu Pandey]], [[Nazneen Patel]], [[Prithvi Zutshi]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man gets stuck when he enters a haunted restaurant. His friend comes in looking for him but gets stuck among the ghost-ly waiters.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 296<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11<br />
|Title = He Who Writes a Chain Letter Dies (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|1|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 297<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12<br />
|Title = He Who Writes a Chain Letter Dies (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Few friends have gone to a resort and are having fun. A bunch decides to prank their friend, but the prank doesn't end well.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 298<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13<br />
|Title = The Return (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Manish Raisinghan]], [[Anant Jog]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 299<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14<br />
|Title = The Return (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Manish Raisinghan]], [[Anant Jog]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A mother and a father find about their son who has been lost for many years. But the way he comes in front of them shocks them so much that they all get scared of him.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 300<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15<br />
|Title = Living With a Knife (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ansha Sayed]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|2|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 301<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16<br />
|Title = Living With a Knife (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Ansha Sayed]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A play takes a sudden turn when the host takes it too seriously and ends up hurting an actor. 22 years later she returns to a haunted mansion.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 302<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17<br />
|Title = Bride (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Milind Gunaji]], [[Resham Tipnis]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 303<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18<br />
|Title = Bride (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Milind Gunaji]], [[Resham Tipnis]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A bride and a groom are about to get wedded just when a mysterious storm comes and tries to stop their wedding.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 304<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19<br />
|Title = The Haunted House (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Moon Banerrjee]], [[Mihir Mishra]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|3|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 305<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20<br />
|Title = The Haunted House (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Moon Banerrjee]], [[Mihir Mishra]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl gets a possessed house from the broker. She is unaware of the evil that is residing in the house and what will happen with her.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 306<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21<br />
|Title = The Prank (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sanjeet Bedi]], [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 307<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22<br />
|Title = The Prank (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sanjeet Bedi]], [[Narendra Gupta (actor)|Narendra Gupta]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 308<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23<br />
|Title = The Hunger (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kiran Karmarkar]], [[Simple Kaul]], Harsh Vashisht<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 309<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24<br />
|Title = The Hunger (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Kiran Karmarkar]], [[Simple Kaul]], Harsh Vashisht<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|4|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 310<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 25<br />
|Title = Daheshat (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Urmila Matondkar]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 311<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 26<br />
|Title = Daheshat (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|5|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A crew decides to shoot at a haunted house for their upcoming shoot and have lots of fun and parties in the same location. But what they don't know is, trouble awaits them in the mansion.<br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 312<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 27<br />
|Title = The Mysterious Morphing (Part 1)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Jasveer Kaur]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 313<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 28<br />
|Title = The Mysterious Morphing (Concluding part)<br />
|Aux2 = [[Jasveer Kaur]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|6|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 82CAFF<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Season 3 (2007)===<br />
<br />
{{Episode table |background=#FFFF00 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=20 |aux2=25 |aux2T=Casting |airdate=15 |episodes=<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 314<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br />
|Title = Haunted Mansion<br />
|Aux2 = [[Anushka Singh]], [[Simple Kaul]], [[Parineeta Borthakur]], [[Karan Oberoi (singer)|Karan Oberoi]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|1|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A group of contractors give a final warning to the owner of the Haveli to vacant the Haveli as they want to construct a highway but unfortunately, one of the contractors gets killed by an evil spirit.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 315<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br />
|Title = Mirror<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mansi Parekh]], [[Jasveer Kaur]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|1|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A group of friends is trying to call the spirits who reside in a different worlds. Mili's friends give a challenge to her to speak evil mantras in the mirror which is situated in her bathroom.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 316<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br />
|Title = Game<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|1|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Dr. Sanket gets a case for the postmortem of a corpse and sends it to the mortuary. Meanwhile, a few college students, Abhi, and his friends arrive at the mortuary for an experiment. They try to invite a spirit into a corpse's body.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 317<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br />
|Title = Anniversary<br />
|Aux2 = [[Tarun Khanna (TV actor)|Tarun Khanna]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|2|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Deepesh and Priyanka are out on a vacation to celebrate their wedding anniversary. At the hotel, Deepesh has a hallucination of a spirit of a woman and is terrified.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 318<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br />
|Title = Return of the Ghost<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|2|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = After learning that his deceased mother has given all her money to his sister Sarika and his brother Apoorva, Sushant calls upon the spirit of his mother to find out the reason.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 319<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br />
|Title = Possession<br />
|Aux2 = [[Chhavi Mittal]], [[Neha Marda]], [[Pankaj Berry]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|2|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Ashutosh and his 2 daughters, Komal and Natasha visit Rajeshwar's house to spend some quality time with each other. Komal brings some flowers from a tree to her room and is possessed by a spirit which resides in it.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 320<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br />
|Title = Timmy<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|2|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Disha, who works at a modeling agency gets a strange visitor at her work. He informs her that an anonymous owner has bequeathed his bungalow to her. After the possession of the bungalow, Disha has visions of a child.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 321<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8<br />
|Title = Documentary<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|3|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Manav and his friends plan to shoot a documentary for their college. They plan to shoot it in a mansion known to their lecturer, Vishaka. She warns them that there are rumors about the house being haunted.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 322<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9<br />
|Title = Room No 105<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|3|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Karthik and his group are ragging juniors in the auditorium. A student fails to perform in front of his seniors so he is given a task where he has to visit Room No. 105 and take Anita's autograph. The room happens to be the room of a dead girl.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 323<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10<br />
|Title = Puppets<br />
|Aux2 = [[Murli Sharma]], [[Vijay Bhatia]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|3|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A puppet comes alive and tries to stab Mukul with a knife. He tries to tell Arihant, his boss, but no one believes him. Ajit, the caretaker of the puppets, is behind the puppets’ antics. Later, Ajit himself dresses like a puppet and tries to kill people.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 324<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11<br />
|Title = M.M.S.<br />
|Aux2 = [[Karishma Randhawa]], [[Faisal Raza Khan]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|3|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Neeraj, who is supposed to marry Shweta, has Shweta killed. Samira, comes across a picture of them together and receives an MMS of Shweta's murder.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 325<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12<br />
|Title = Scarecrow<br />
|Aux2 = [[Sanjay Mitra (actor)|Sanjay Mitra]], [[Manini Mishra]], [[Nimisha Vakharia]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|3|31}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Vickina performs black magic to get Christine and Ryan into trouble. She brings the scarecrow alive, and Ryan sees her doing this.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 326<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13<br />
|Title = Shrunken Head<br />
|Aux2 = [[Shaleen Bhanot]], [[Parikshit Sahni]], [[Neelu Kohli]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|4|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = An old fakir gives Ankur the model of a shrunken head and tells him that this head would grant him all his wishes. Despite being warned, Mayank takes the head home. Ankur asks the shrunken head for 25 lakh rupees to pay off his father's mortgage. He dies in an accident but his family receives the money from his life insurance. Ankur's father wishes his son to return to life which results in him returning as a zombie. Ankur's wife and mother wish for him to be dead again using the shrunken head. This episode is a direct copy from W. W. Jacobs' story <i>[[The Monkey's Paw]]</i>. Instead of a monkey's paw, it is substituted as a shrunken head. This episode is similar to Aahat season 1, episodes 36 and 37 titled "The Wish".<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 327<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14<br />
|Title = Cupboard<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|4|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Ira and Vikrant throw a house warming party at their new home, but strange things start to happen to their guests. The dead man haunting the house asks Ira for help.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 328<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15<br />
|Title = Hospital<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|4|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Shalini has recurring nightmares about the things that happened at Sukh Shanti hospital. Incidentally, her firm has taken up the project of restarting this hospital. In these nightmares, she sees her grandfather, a doctor in the hospital, being tortured by another doctor. This episode is inspired by the 1999 film [[House on Haunted Hill (1999 film)|House on Haunted Hill]].<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 329<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16<br />
|Title = Vampire<br />
|Aux2 = [[Manasi Varma]], [[Prithvi Zutshi]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|4|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A vampire attacks a police officer who was on night duty. Amit has a new neighbour. Amit enters in his neighbour's house without her permission. Amit shocked to see a vampire.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 330<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17<br />
|Title = Laseeka<br />
|Aux2 = [[Karishma Tanna]], [[Amit Behl]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|5|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = While returning from Laseeka’s home, three men encounter a strange creature which kills one of them. All of this happens due to a curse on their family.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 331<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18<br />
|Title = House of Bodies<br />
|Aux2 = [[Deepshikha]], [[Adita Wahi]], [[Nimai Bali]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|5|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A pizza delivery boy is attacked by a witch. Kamya tries to talk to her father who is missing for fifteen years. Kamya is not aware of Arjun's aunt who is a witch.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 332<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19<br />
|Title = Hotel<br />
|Aux2 = [[Vaishnavi Mahant]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|5|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Mihir brings his wife and child to Hotel Rina Bella, in order to get inspiration for a ghost story. Soon, Adi, Mihir’s son starts to see people who were earlier killed in the hotel, which makes the caretaker of the hotel worry that the spirits haunting the hotel will return to haunt the place once more. This episode is inspired by [[The Shining (film)|The Shining]].<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 333<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20<br />
|Title = Lizard<br />
|Aux2 = [[Mona Vasu]]<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|6|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A killer lizard takes the lives of anyone it encounters. A new bride goes to the home of Vishal and the lizard falls on her as she enters the home.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 334<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21<br />
|Title = Planchette<br />
|Aux2 = <br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|6|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A group of boys take a huge risk by calling Atharva's spirit as all of them wanted to know the secret behind Atharva's death.<br />
|LineColor = FFFF00<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Season 4 (2009–10)===<br />
<br />
{{Episode table |background=#77BFC7 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=20 |airdate=15 |episodes=<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 335<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br />
|Title = The Train of the Dead Part I <sup>'''^'''</sup><br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|11|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = In order to escape her home, Reena ends up at an unknown railway station called 'Blara Junction'.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 336<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br />
|Title = The Train of the Dead Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|11|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A woman boards a train that leads her to a scary world. Three investigators are called to know what the train is all about.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 337<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br />
|Title = Scarecrow Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|11|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl gets locked inside the elevator while working late in office and gets killed by the spirit haunting the elevator.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 338<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br />
|Title = Scarecrow Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|11|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 339<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br />
|Title = The Evil Handshake Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|11|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Pritam meets his long-lost friend Sharath in a mall and shakes his hand. Sharath seems disturbed. Pritam, subsequently, falls ill and dies after giving a statement about a mysterious Italian lady that only he can see on his palm.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 340<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br />
|Title = The Evil Handshake Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|11|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 341<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br />
|Title = The Headless Man Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|12|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A dead body comes into a morgue, but something is wrong with it. The ward boys are afraid to touch it and scurry away.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 342<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8<br />
|Title = The Headless Man Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|12|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 343<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9<br />
|Title = Trapped in a Reality Show Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|12|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Five couples receive an invitation to spend a night in a haunted house for a reality show, with the house being the prize for the winner. All the men in the house are being attacked by a mysterious woman in their dreams.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 344<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10<br />
|Title = Trapped in a Reality Show Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|12|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 345<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11<br />
|Title = Return of the Dead People Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|12|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A few of the families living in the Rose Valley Society are hiding a big secret. In a strange phenomenon, dead people are rising from the graves and returning to their respective families.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 346<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12<br />
|Title = Return of the Dead People Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|12|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 347<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13<br />
|Title = The Burning Man Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|12|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A series of strange and horrific events sees Nishant, Sofi, and Mayank burnt to death by a mysterious man, who makes sure that these people are killed in front of their family members.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 348<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14<br />
|Title = The Burning Man Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2009|12|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 349<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15<br />
|Title = Death Wish Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = After learning about a treasure map, Manish finds a hidden place of worship where every wish is fulfilled. After wishing for money and prosperity, Manish asks for the death of Pratik and Selena.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 350<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16<br />
|Title = Death Wish Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 351<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17<br />
|Title = The Dead Wedding Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Harsh was unconscious for three days. When he re-gains his consciousness he finds himself in an unknown house.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 352<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18<br />
|Title = The Dead Wedding Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 353<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19<br />
|Title = The Creature in the Forest Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Malini hears music in the forest and gets attracted towards it. She comes across a hooded person and runs away immediately.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 354<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20<br />
|Title = The Creature in the Forest Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 355<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21<br />
|Title = The Haunting of Clowns Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple challenge each other to watch scary movies, and when the girl, Manisha is left alone, she starts to have visions of clowns around her.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 356<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22<br />
|Title = The Haunting of Clowns Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 357<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23<br />
|Title = Thirteen 'O' Clock Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple goes into an antiques shop and is fascinated by a grandfather clock that has 13 hours instead of 12. Just as the thirteenth hour strikes, the shopkeeper runs away, claiming it is his lunch time.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 358<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24<br />
|Title = Thirteen 'O' Clock Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|1|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 359<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 25<br />
|Title = Stolen Hearts Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|2|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A female ghost kills Rajiv by pulling his heart out of his chest.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 360<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 26<br />
|Title = Stolen Hearts Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|2|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 361<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 27<br />
|Title = Terror Part I <sup>'''^'''</sup><br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|2|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Rajesh comes back home to his wife and accuses his wife of putting spiders in his body. A spider comes out of his eyes and he ends up unconscious.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 362<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 28<br />
|Title = Terror Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|2|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 363<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 29<br />
|Title = The Call Centre Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|2|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Vinny takes up a job in a call center and strange things start to happen to her. Out of desperation at her mother being ill and to be able to afford her treatment, Aashi goes for an interview to the same place. Aashi realizes that the call centre is haunted and tries to run away. <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 364<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 30<br />
|Title = The Call Centre Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|2|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 365<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 31<br />
|Title = The Lake of Horrors Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|2|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = While paragliding, Mohit has an accident and falls into the lake below him. His friends rush to find him and see that he is nowhere to be found.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 366<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 32<br />
|Title = The Lake of Horrors Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|2|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 367<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 33<br />
|Title = The Ancient Prison Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|3|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Harsh and his team reach the ancient prison to investigate it, as there are rumors about the reasons why it had been shut, before being reopened suddenly.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 368<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 34<br />
|Title = The Ancient Prison Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|3|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 369<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 35<br />
|Title = The Mummified Werewolf Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|3|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A few medical students get to observe a mummy. They find out that this mummy has half the body of a woman and the head of a wolf.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 370<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 36<br />
|Title = The Mummified Werewolf Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|3|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 371<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 37<br />
|Title = Naina Studios Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|3|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The manager of a theatre goes back into the theatre late at night to look for his cell phone. The next morning, his dead body is discovered by the staff. A reel from another studio, called Naina Studios is discovered near the body.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 372<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 38<br />
|Title = Naina Studios Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|3|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 373<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 39<br />
|Title = Bheemganj Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|3|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A movie director starts to shoot his movie at Bheemganj Haveli. Harsh and his team are supposed to be at the same mansion to shoot an evil spirit there. One of the actresses decides to go for a late night stroll after hearing some strange sounds.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 374<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 40<br />
|Title = Bheemganj Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|3|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 375<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 41<br />
|Title = The Magical Cloth Shop Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|4|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A woman buys a piece of fabric that shines and decides to make the show stopper dress with it. Every single person that wears this dress ends up getting possessed and committing horrible crimes.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 376<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 42<br />
|Title = The Magical Cloth Shop Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|4|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 577<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 43<br />
|Title = The Phone Call Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|4|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Owners of a farmhouse receive a mysterious phone call. The voice on the phone call tells the owners to leave the house. The phone calls threatening them come from a spirit haunting the phone.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 378<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 44<br />
|Title = The Phone Call Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|4|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 379<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 45<br />
|Title = Hotel of Horrors Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|4|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man goes to a hotel with his wounded cousin, in search of a suite room. He is visiting to get his sister cured at a nearby hospital. When the girl is alone, she hears some strange sounds.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 380<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 46<br />
|Title = Hotel of Horrors Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|4|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 381<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 47<br />
|Title = New Neighbours Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|4|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Mohit gets killed by a car with no driver in it.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 382<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 48<br />
|Title = New Neighbours Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|4|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 383<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 49<br />
|Title = Newsroom Haunting Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|4|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Two girls, Disha and Shobha start working at a newspaper. Disha comes across an old printing machine and is surprised to see that it works and that it starts printing words on its own.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 384<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 50<br />
|Title = Newsroom Haunting Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|5|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 385<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 51<br />
|Title = Vampires Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|5|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Vanshika visits Jaswant in the middle of the night to tell him that his sister, Meghna is no longer on this planet. She brings Meghna’s two daughters to stay with Jaswant. Vanshika is actually a blood sucking demon.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 386<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 52<br />
|Title = Vampires Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|5|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 387<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 53<br />
|Title = The Doll Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|5|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A family shifts their house in order to escape from a spirit, but she follows them to their new house. Upon hearing some noises, Mayank goes to explore and ends up dead.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 388<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 54<br />
|Title = The Doll Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|5|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 389<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 55<br />
|Title = Radio Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|5|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A late night radio jockey who hosts a horror talk show gets a call from someone claiming to be a spirit.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 390<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 56<br />
|Title = Radio Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|5|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 391<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 57<br />
|Title = The Number Game Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|5|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Sagarika starts to get nightmares in the form of premonitions about killings. This disrupts her sleep. She starts seeing a count down, which tells her that she is about to be possessed.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 392<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 58<br />
|Title = The Number Game Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|5|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 393<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 59<br />
|Title = The Haunted Bus Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man informs Rahul about a bus which he can catch. He follows the man and sees a long queue for the bus. However, when the bus arrives, no one gets on it except Rahul.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 394<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 60<br />
|Title = The Haunted Bus Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 395<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 61<br />
|Title = Cartoon Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Goncha is famous for his sketch of a superhero name Zingaro. However, Sanjay and Rajan keep bullying him over this character. Strangely, both Sanjay and Rajan are murdered by a mysterious figure, who looks like Zingaro himself.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 396<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 62<br />
|Title = Cartoon Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 397<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 63<br />
|Title = The Wrong Spirit Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A month after her husband had passed away from a road accident, Sujata tries to bring her husband to life by bringing a dead body in her house. Although the dead body comes to life, it is not her husband's spirit.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 398<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 64<br />
|Title = The Wrong Spirit Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 399<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 65<br />
|Title = Post Office Part I <sup>'''^'''</sup><br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A letter falls in front of a man in an old post office, and it keeps glowing. Curious about it, he tries to open the envelope to see the letter inside it. However, as soon as he opens the envelope, things start to go wrong.<br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 400<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 66<br />
|Title = Post Office Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 77BFC7<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<sup>'''^'''</sup> ''Denotes crossover with [[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''<br />
<br />
===Season 5 (2010)===<br />
<br />
{{Episode table |background=#006600 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=20 |airdate=15 |episodes=<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 401<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br />
|Title = The Box Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man is seen convincing people to bring a precious diamond box from a dreaded haveli and in return he promises to pay them 20 lakh for the work.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 402<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br />
|Title = The Box Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 403<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br />
|Title = Shadows Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|6|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Rajeev introduces his fiancee, Prachi, to his colleagues in the party. Later, all the guests are shocked to see a clown who arrives to the party and starts singing. Prachi is particularly upset and rushes upstairs, where she suddenly starts to see shadows on the walls.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 404<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br />
|Title = Shadows Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 405<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br />
|Title = Video Game Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = An employee, Raju, working in Vicky's gaming zone informs Vicky that weird and scary voices are coming from the video game and Vicky fumes in anger as he had warned Raju not allow anyone to play that scary game.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 406<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br />
|Title = Video Game Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 407<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br />
|Title = Jogger’s Nightmare Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl jogging in the night at a park is told by the caretaker that she cannot leave through the main gate after 9 pm. The girl is forced to go towards the back gate, which opens towards the Shanti Sadan Housing Society Apartments and in her haste to leave, she falls and injures herself in the dark.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 408<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8<br />
|Title = Jogger’s Nightmare Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 409<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9<br />
|Title = Missing Body in Morgue Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Subham is asked by his senior to conduct a second post-mortem on Lalit, who was initially diagnosed to have died due to a heart attack. However, Lalit's body disappears from the morgue.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 410<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10<br />
|Title = Missing Body in Morgue Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 411<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11<br />
|Title = Anklet Bells Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = On their way to a resort, Paromita, Raghav, Priti, and Pushkar are forced to take shelter in an old bungalow due to heavy rain. However, things start to go south quickly as their driver Madan and Raghav are killed by the spirit of a woman named Marlene.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 412<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12<br />
|Title = Anklet Bells Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 413<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13<br />
|Title = Magician's Revenge Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = During one of his shows, magician Vikrant lifts a person from the audience in the air. However, he fails to bring him down as the person disappears in front of everyone.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 414<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14<br />
|Title = Magician's Revenge Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 415<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15<br />
|Title = Love Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Raj meets Shalini for the first time in his office, but the meeting ends in Shalini telling him that his ex-girlfriend Tanya, who died in an accident, wants to speak to him.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 616<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16<br />
|Title = Love Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 417<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17<br />
|Title = Haunted Waterfall Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Shashi, Anusha, Kajal, and Rohan are in search of their friend Joy, who has gone missing at a waterfall. Despite being warned by a mysterious man, they explore the waterfall and stumble upon a cave inside it.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 418<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18<br />
|Title = Haunted Waterfall Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 419<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19<br />
|Title = Forgotten Father Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Arun, Nayna, and their adopted son Om return to their ancestral home, however, their joy is short-lived as Om is haunted by the spirit of a mysterious man.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 420<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20<br />
|Title = Forgotten Father Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|7|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 421<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21<br />
|Title = Experiment Gone Wrong Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = On a rare night when the Mars come so close to the earth that two sun appears in the sky, Paban, a scientist, decides to conduct a dangerous experiment. However, the experiment goes wrong as the rays convert Paban into a monster.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 422<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22<br />
|Title = Experiment Gone Wrong Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 423<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23<br />
|Title = Room<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 424<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24<br />
|Title = Werewolf Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Upon coming across a mysterious death in which the head of the man killed goes missing, a few local men decide to investigate the matter. They see some footsteps that resemble footsteps of an animal.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 425<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 25<br />
|Title = Werewolf Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 426<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 26<br />
|Title = Asylum Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Renuka has recurring nightmares about killing her own family while she is at the mental hospital. She sees her family members coming back to haunt her.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 427<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 27<br />
|Title = Asylum Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 428<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 28<br />
|Title = Haunted Well Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The caretaker of a mansion discovers some strange liquid and finds that the source of this is the well. He sees a bleeding hand rise from the well. The man falls into the well and dies.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 429<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 29<br />
|Title = Haunted Well Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 430<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 30<br />
|Title = Antique Shop Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl working late in the office starts to see and hear things. She goes into a washroom to wash her face but doesn’t see that there is an ‘out-of-order’ sign on the door of the washroom. She sees a witch haunting the washroom.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 431<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 31<br />
|Title = Antique Shop Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 432<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 32<br />
|Title = Excavation Site Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A security guard rushes to tell Shruti to stop work on the excavation site as soon as she can as it was a graveyard earlier. While walking, she comes across a tomb in which she sees the dead body of a famous actress.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 433<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 33<br />
|Title = Excavation Site Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 434<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 34<br />
|Title = Photo Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Sanjeev falls to his death from the top floor due to an evil spirit, and it seems like he has jumped and committed suicide. A friend of Sanjeev’s, Sameer starts to hear a girl crying every night.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 435<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 35<br />
|Title = Photo Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 436<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 36<br />
|Title = Coffee Shop Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Anyone who drinks coffee at a coffee shop ends up getting haunted by the things they fear the most.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 437<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 37<br />
|Title = Coffee Shop Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|8|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 438<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 38<br />
|Title = Bride Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A bride, in the form of a spirit kills grooms and collects their hands and keeps them all in a suitcase.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 439<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 39<br />
|Title = Bride Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 440<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 40<br />
|Title = Guest<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 441<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 41<br />
|Title = Cursed Sunglasses Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = When Gaurav tries on the sunglasses which he picks them from a road, he starts to see some dead bodies following him.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 442<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 42<br />
|Title = Cursed Sunglasses Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 443<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 43<br />
|Title = Puppeteer Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Gagan has a party at his home. Suddenly, a puppeteer arrives, and no one knows who invited the puppeteer. In the middle of the puppet show, the puppeteer disappears, only to return later at night and kill Gagan.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 444<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 44<br />
|Title = Puppeteer Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 445<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 45<br />
|Title = Satan Worship Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A group of friends sit and tell each other ghost stories. In the midst of this, an uninvited guest arrives and the entire group sends that boy away.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 446<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 46<br />
|Title = Satan Worship Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 447<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 47<br />
|Title = Gong Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = While wrestling, Ranga has a vision of himself getting stabbed to death. He leaves the wrestling match in a panic. Later, when he is doing his duties as a watchman, he hears the sound of a gong, that scares him.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 448<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 48<br />
|Title = Gong Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 449<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 49<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Mani and Simi come across an old building and decide to rest there for a while. Mani loses track of Simi and then comes across a man with an axe slashed through his head. All of this is actually the trailer for a horror reality show, in which a few celebrities would be taking part. These celebrities have to spend ten days in that haunted building. Things start happening to make their stay at the mansion difficult and scary. <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 450<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 50<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 451<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 51<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part III<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 452<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 52<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part IV<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 453<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 53<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part V<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 454<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 54<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part VI<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 455<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 55<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part VII<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 456<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 56<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part VIII<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|9|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 457<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 57<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part IX<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 458<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 58<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part X<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 459<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 59<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part XI<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 460<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 60<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part XII<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 461<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 61<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part XIII<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 462<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 62<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part XIV<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 463<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 63<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part XV<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 464<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 64<br />
|Title = Game of Death Part XVI<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 465<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 65<br />
|Title = Full Moon Night Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Radhika returns to Mumbai and is having coffee with her friend, when her past begins to haunt her. She goes out many times to see the moon.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 466<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 66<br />
|Title = Full Moon Night Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 467<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 67<br />
|Title = Wife Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Aakash and his girlfriend make a plan to get rid of Tara, Aakash’s wife. He suspects that Tara has gotten to know about the plan. Later that night, he starts to have some hallucinations.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 468<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 68<br />
|Title = Wife Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 469<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 69<br />
|Title = A Flat Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Alok moves into a new house, where all the neighbours and the watchmen know him. He is really confused as he has never been there before. Later that night, he sees a few spirits at the home and decides to move out immediately.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 470<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 70<br />
|Title = A Flat Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 471<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 71<br />
|Title = Mysterious Neighbour Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple moves into a new house, and really late at night, a man comes knocking at their door in search of some help as his wife is ill and dying. He wishes to be driven to the hospital. While going there, they encounter a bulldozer being driven on its own, without any driver.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 472<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 72<br />
|Title = Mysterious Neighbour Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|10|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 473<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 73<br />
|Title = Stories Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|11|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Joy is given a task to go and deal with some spirits at Dewan Mansion, to write a book on it. The author tells him that if he survives one night in the mansion, he can be a published author. A lot of spirits keep trying to kill him throughout the night.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 474<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 74<br />
|Title = Stories Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|11|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 475<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 75<br />
|Title = Revenge of the Child Spirit Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|11|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Kumar has decided to spend the rest of his days in his old mansion, where he watched his children grow up. Late at night, the spirit of a child comes and injures him.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 476<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 76<br />
|Title = Revenge of the Child Spirit Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|11|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 477<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 77<br />
|Title = Jealousy Part I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|11|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Ananya gets a promotion at work, even though another girl, Priya was supposed to get the promotion. This makes Priya very jealous and her boss asks her to be careful.<br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 478<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 78<br />
|Title = Jealousy Part II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|11|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = <br />
|LineColor = 006600<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===Season 6 (2015)===<br />
<br />
{{Episode table |background=#FF8040 |overall=5 |season=5 |title=20 |airdate=15 |episodes=<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 479<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1<br />
|Title = Haunted House<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The story is about an obsessed woman ending her life while longing for her child. She returns as a ghost after she happens to see a child similar to hers.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 480<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 2<br />
|Title = Mysterious Story<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl visits a haunted jungle and captures with her camcorder. She finds a girl crying in bushes and on reaching, the girl being a ghost stabs her with an axe to death.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 481<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 3<br />
|Title = Bell<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A family travels through a rustic village road to sell their property land when their son, Nishant. He sees a bell tower and asks his father, Sameer to halt by bell tower.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 482<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 4<br />
|Title = Cupboard<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|2|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A girl named Renu cries inside a cupboard asking for help in a warehouse and she is killed inside the cupboard.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 483<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 5<br />
|Title = The Fatal Prank<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A group of senior boys rag junior students and also force them to bring a bucket full of water from the well located in the middle of the jungle.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 484<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 6<br />
|Title = Doomed Hotel<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Mr & Mrs. Sinha take a halt in Grand Palace Hotel LTC but they didn't have any clue what was going to come their way. They are offered to live in LTC's special Honeymoon suite. A worst incident occurs with them.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 485<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 7<br />
|Title = Spa<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Dev, his wife, Neha and their friend Sarika talk about their romantic life. Sarika's husband, Mehul romances with another girl named Dolly in a spa where she is a massager. Evil spirit kills Mehul while he is bathing.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 486<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 8<br />
|Title = Possessed Shoes<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Suresh visits graveyard in the midnight along with his best friend Pakya to have fun. Pakya is scared of ghost and also insists Suresh to leave the graveyard at the earliest. Pakya gets possessed by an evil spirit.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 487<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 9<br />
|Title = Destination Wedding<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Janvi wakes up from a bad dream and reveals to one of her friend Kimi that Priya has returned.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 488<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 10<br />
|Title = Return<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Vikrant a navy officer who went through tribulations in the ship is scared to reveal the truth to his family.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 489<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11<br />
|Title = Journey<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Monica a college student gets vanished in the bus. Later, another 2 students Ana and Sunny get killed in the bus. <br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 490<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 12<br />
|Title = The Emperor<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|24}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Neha is possessed by Rohit's evil spirit.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 491<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 13<br />
|Title = Pay Back Time<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple recently shifts to a new house where the wife discovers a secret room.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 492<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 14<br />
|Title = A Maid's Rage<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Maid Ketki is eveytime followed by her kid's spirit. Savita gets killed by that kid.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 493<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 15<br />
|Title = Silence<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Danish reveals to Gayatri that even after death he can listen to Seema's voice and also requests her to help him out.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 494<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 16<br />
|Title = Ship<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|3|31}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Maya and Sangram are dressed in bridal attire for their engagement. Sangram discovers that his house is floating in high tides of sea and a huge ship attacks his house.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 495<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 17<br />
|Title = Haunt<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple arrives in the empty house to spend a romantic evening but their romantic evening turns out to be a worst nightmare for both of them as they come across a piano.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 496<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 18<br />
|Title = Hospital<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Hospital’s Trusty Shalaka wants to make some changes in the interiors of her hospital but hospital’s Dean requests Mr. Vinayak and Shalaka not to reconstruct Wing A.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 497<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 19<br />
|Title = Avenging Leela's Demise<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = It's a special episode of [[Sunny Leone]]. During a dance number shoot, Laila encounters a spirit.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 498<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 20<br />
|Title = The Search<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Sonu and Kalyani go missing. Sonu's Parents are trying all possible ways to search their only Son Sonu. Sonu and Kalyani have returned to their revenge.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 499<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 21<br />
|Title = Promise<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The story revolves around a child named Shanky. He dies and returns as his spirit and wants to take Khushi with him.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 500<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 22<br />
|Title = Mysterious Women<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Preeti aunty asks servant, Bobby to take food upstairs for Elesh. Bobby sees the ghastly face of Elesh and Elesh kills him. Preeti says that Reshi should not open the box. On the way, in a jerk, the box opens.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 501<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 23<br />
|Title = Anklet Bells<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Madhulika's evil spirit returns to take her revenge with four friends.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 502<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 24<br />
|Title = Imaginary Friend<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Anju reveals a shocking truth to her husband Rajesh. Rohan's Aaya Sheela senses an evil spirit. Sheela lands in deep trouble.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 503<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 25<br />
|Title = Haunted Jungle<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A group of friends enter in the dense forest to find out Vendigo. They are killed. A new forest officer is posted in the jungle so he arrives with his wife. Spirits of those group of friends warn him to leave the jungle at the earliest.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 504<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 26<br />
|Title = Haunted Anniversary<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A group of paranormal documenters goes to the infamous Keshavgarh haweli to cover the story behind the haunted haweli. A restricted portion of the haweli is known for the wailing sounds of the last princess who died 7 years back.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 505<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 27<br />
|Title = Haunted Train<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Aman is talking to his younger brother, Rohan on phone, when he hears sound of bangles and discovers a girl in bridal avatar crying at a railway station.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 506<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 28<br />
|Title = The Bloody Game<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The story is all about Ouija board, which is a board game to communicate with dead spirits.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 507<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 29<br />
|Title = Possessed Receptionist<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = There is something mysterious about the perfume which changes introvert geeky looking Sonia into a bold, confident but rude and evil.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 508<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 30<br />
|Title = The Selfish Witch<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Some farmers are promised to be relocated. These farmers and their family members are killed and buried in the same plot of land. For vengeance, these farmers return and use the crops grown in those fields by opening a restaurant called 'Devil's Kitchen'.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 509<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 31<br />
|Title = Possessed Mother<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A family of four shifts into a new penthouse flat that they have got for a low price. Their happiness subsides when they are unable to hire a maid for the housework, since they are spooked away by the house. Gradually, we see scary instances which makes us realise that the house is haunted.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 510<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 32<br />
|Title = Mirror<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Story starts with Hina bringing an antique mirror in her home which starts showing the premonition of death of the person. Soon Hina ruined her life and that ghost in the mirror makes captive her daughter and tells to help her to take her revenge.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 511<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 33<br />
|Title = Possessed Doll<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Sakshi loses her parents in a car accident. Sakshi finds a doll one day in a toy shop. She gets emotionally attached to the doll and shares all her feeling with it. The doll kills the maid who tries to separate Sakshi from the doll.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 512<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 34<br />
|Title = Telephone Strangler<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|4|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Manan wants to postpone his second marriage with Pragati, as he saw his ex wife who was missing for 4 years. But when his best friend and Pragati's brother Gaurav tells him that all this is his illusion, so Manan decides to go ahead with his decision of marrying Pragati.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 513<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 35<br />
|Title = Hide and Seek<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The story is about a resort which is haunted by a spirit of Miya, and whosoever visits this resort, is being possessed by the spirit of Miya who plays an hide and seek game with the guest and kills them between 3am to 5am.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 514<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 36<br />
|Title = Photo<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|5}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Deepak, an ace photo journalist, was working on the nexus between some government employees and the big builders of the city. During his investigation, he caught Shashi taking bribe from Lokesh, Rana, Sanju and Vineet for signing the illegal approval for some apartments. Knowing this, all of them killed Deepak and buried him.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 515<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 37<br />
|Title = Ancient Mask<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The story revolves around a mask, in which a person's spirit resides in it. Whosoever makes fun of the mask, that person is killed by that mask.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 516<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 38<br />
|Title = Unknown Danger<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Priya and her son Sooraj came for leg therapy in Mumbai. Sooraj wants to give surprise to his father Rahul, who had gone out for business meeting. Both Priya and Sooraj find malicious paranormal activities in their house. Priya gets panic and calls Rahul to come as soon as possible. Rahul is the person who loved Sneha and murdered her.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 517<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 39<br />
|Title = Beauty Potion I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A witch named Amaara fulfils the wish of anyone but with that wish she asks for returns. A couple Vishal and Sheena went with their wish of killing their wealthy, ugly and hunchback brother Ratan for property. Hence in return she wants Vishal's wife, Sheena.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 518<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 40<br />
|Title = The Real Identity II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|12}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Ratan has now discovered that he has to drink the blood of a pretty girl every 24 hrs and he shifts to Mumbai and changes his name to Malhaar.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 519<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 41<br />
|Title = Sunshine Villa I<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Jay and Rohini, a couple, go for honeymoon to a place called Sunshine Villa. Jay receives a phone call, who tells him that she is her real Rohini and Rohini who is in the Villa is not his real Rohini, and asks him to leave that place, otherwise Rohini who is in the Villa will kill him.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 520<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 42<br />
|Title = Sunshine Villa II<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Naman thinks that Maya's spirit who appears as Kamya to him is real Kamya. The real Kamya gets trapped in that Villa and Naman brings fake Kamya to his home.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 521<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 43<br />
|Title = Possessed Kids<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Teena, the new caretaker meets with Manisha, the same girl warden. Teena sees a restricted area and asks Manisha about that restricted area. She says that that restricted area is not safe place for human beings as the two kids Rishi and Swati inside that restricted area have a special disease.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 522<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 44<br />
|Title = The End is Near<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|19}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A family of three, shifts to a new city, and they are troubled by a curse of the past. Unknown to them, they are haunted by an old spirit who is intent on killing the daughter before she turns 21.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 523<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 45<br />
|Title = Cry of a Women<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A newly wed horror novelist, Anupama researchs on a ponds mysterious story about haunting, which used to happen specially at Karva Chauth night. Eventually, she gets possessed and happy family of her, starts getting into trouble. She kills her mother in Law Shanti and husband Vijay.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 524<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 46<br />
|Title = Painting<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = After Sanjana's suicide, Neha, her sister moves in to the same house with her common friend Akshay. Akshay finds something unusual with the painting hung on Sanjana's bedroom wall.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 525<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 47<br />
|Title = Demon on a Mission<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|25}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A worst incident occurs with Bollywood actress superstar Menka. Menka's driver Shyam gets killed.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 526<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 48<br />
|Title = A Plot<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|26}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Sangeeta comes to her friend Vinata and husband home. They also have a son Rahul. They shift to a new place which his bos had given him. That house is not got kind of scary. Sangeeta don't feel good and she realise that a boy is there and that's not Rahul, that's a different boy little scary she feels scared and she walks away.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 527<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 49<br />
|Title = Printing Press<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Two crusaders got together and tried to close the newspaper by burning down the press, unknowingly killing the three owners in the process. Now, they are out to get their revenge against their perpetrators and their families.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 528<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 50<br />
|Title = Hoba Goba<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|5|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Jyoti`s father wrongly accused a person, whose kid was about to die saying the man is trying to kill the kid. People gather and start beating that man and in that situation both father and son die. Later on, the dead father`s spirit becomes a boogyman, who kidnaps kids and kill them.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 529<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 51<br />
|Title = Possessed Daughter<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|1}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Young Namrata is accompanied by her sisters who take her to a surprise venue for her birthday celebration. Namrata gets possessed by a spirit who breaks hell into her family, killing all their loved ones.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 530<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 52<br />
|Title = The Mysterious Clock<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|2}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A couple and their friend get stuck in an unknown route due to vehicle breakdown. They find an old mansion nearby and decide to stop over and ask for help. Further, they find out that the mansion is haunted with an elderly couple protecting a room full of clocks.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 531<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 53<br />
|Title = The Mysterious Necklace<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The plot begins with Arun's dad who is killed by the curse of the hunter's necklace he is wearing. After that incident, the necklace is auctioned and sold off without disclosing the fact that the curse passes on with it.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 532<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 54<br />
|Title = Pizza<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The story begins with an usual pizza order on call by a small kid to a haunted and devastated mansion. The order is received by Chhotu, who was reported missing many years ago. The pizza is used as a weapon to kill the occupants of the house.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 533<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 55<br />
|Title = Mobile<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|8}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A young girl named Shivani faces the worst, when she watches a video of a girl getting burnt alive during a fire accident. As the video comes to an end, Shivani is asked to forward the video in order to avoid death, but Shivani does not do so.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 534<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 56<br />
|Title = Night College<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|9}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Gagan is pleased as he is praised for his great work of building a fabulous modern day college. But Gagan gets a huge shock when he is met by his fears as a ghost attacks him. Gagan tries his best to escape but ends up dead.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 535<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 57<br />
|Title = Haunted Vacation Home<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|10}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Sanjana, Riya and Puja rent a new house that earlier belonged to a scientist who is now dead. As soon as Sanjana enters the house, she comes face to face with the ghosts that haunt the house.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 536<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 58<br />
|Title = Haunted Bride<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|11}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Jay marries Malvika and brings her home after completing all the rituals. On the very first night of the marriage itself, Mavika is possessed by a ghost who appears in the form of a young girl named Chhutki.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 537<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 59<br />
|Title = Scarecrow<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|15}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A man wakes up during the dark hours when he hears his wife screaming. He goes to her room to quiet her but when he returns, he is horrified to see his room filled with dry grass. He later finds a scarecrow outside his house.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 538<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 60<br />
|Title = Betrayal<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|16}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Priyanka is about to leave in the car, but the car starts to behave in a strange manner. Horrified by this sight, Priyanka screams for help and a horrific looking man turns up with a stick in his hand and kills Priyanka mercilessly.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 539<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 61<br />
|Title = Window<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|17}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The episode deals with an apartment that has been haunted by a spirit hungry for revenge. In her determination to have her revenge this spirit does not let anyone occupy the apartment and whosoever dares to enter the apartment, either faces death or the spirit itself.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 540<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 62<br />
|Title = Haunted Office<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|18}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The episode deals with a haunted office where a spirit takes the cover of the human body and enters into the office.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 541<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 63<br />
|Title = Room<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|22}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Deepa, Pooja and Rohini shift to a new house and Rohini distributes the rooms amongst the girls. Pooja gets the room with a locked store room that the girls were warned against opening. That night, Pooja hears strange noises from the store room and she finally decides to open the store room when she finds a key in the drawer of her room.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 542<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 64<br />
|Title = The Wedding Gift<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|23}}<br />
|ShortSummary = As Aakash and Sonia are on their way to celebrate their anniversary, the two of them mysteriously meet with a sudden accident. Sonia gains consciousness from the accident and finds a woman standing in front of the car. Sonia walks towards the woman and faints when she sees her burnt face.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 543<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 65<br />
|Title = The Mysterious Lights<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|29}}<br />
|ShortSummary = On a fateful night as Ketan enters his house, he meets his end after he sees a woman clad in a nightgown, roaming around the house. Shruti rushes to the room from where she hears strange noises and is horrified when she finds her father hanging dead.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 544<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 66<br />
|Title = Painting<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|6|30}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Kavita wakes up when she hears the sound of a kettle in the kitchen. Kavita gets shocked but is further horrified when the painting in her room comes to life. Kavita loses her life.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 545<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 67<br />
|Title = Punishment<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|6}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Anuj along with his family has come to spend some leisure time in his company’s guest house. The haunted guested house is being painted and it looks amazing. The painters who were giving this lavish guest house a makeover, die last night and their blood stain is clearly visible on the wall.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 546<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 68<br />
|Title = Memories<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|7}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Alisha gets shocked when she hears the sound of a young boy asking for help. She moves towards the direction of the voice and ends up in a jungle.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 547<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 69<br />
|Title = 29 February 2011<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|13}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Kavita is a struggling model but she got a break and was leaving her house early morning to reach studios on time. In the meantime, Kavita’s mom requested her to postpone the shooting for one day. As 29th of February is not considered an auspicious day to start a new work.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 548<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 70<br />
|Title = Selfie<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|14}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Karishma and Bobby were to get married in few days, but Bobby met an accident and has died. His fiancé Karishma is left broken and is finding difficult to overcome the situation. Just after Bobby’s last rite, one of his friend receives a text message from Bobby’s mobile.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 549<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 71<br />
|Title = Room No. 343<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|20}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Soniya becomes the top model by featuring on the cover page of an immensely popular magazine. On knowing this, her husband celebrates the occasion by raising a toast in his photo studio. However; it is then, the evil spirits starts haunting Soniya and makes her life hell.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 550<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 72<br />
|Title = Bedeviled Red Book<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|21}}<br />
|ShortSummary = A famous poet named, Anshuman is surprised when a book that is a compilation of love poems, arrives at his house. After seeing the book, Anshuman throws away the book as he realizes that it is written by a girl, who has been after him for a long while. He however, faces the worst when the book comes to life and kills him brutally.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 551<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 73<br />
|Title = The Patient<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|27}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Story begins with scary eyes of evil spirits haunting a woman in the parking area. The site is so evil that it frightens the woman on seeing the red blooded eyes of the ghosts. Furthermore, the evil spirit even follows Alia and keep haunting her as well.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 552<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 74<br />
|Title = Haunted Wedding<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|7|28}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Vipul is a young man, who loves adventure but this time his passion to explore new places turns fatal for his friends.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 553<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 75<br />
|Title = The Runaway Couple<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|3}}<br />
|ShortSummary = Manu and Jenny elope from their house to marry each other. It is Manu, who is accompanied by his friend Rohit. In their midway, they stop to spend their night in a lodge. However; the caretaker of the isolated lodge, strictly asks the guests not to talk with unknown persons around the property.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Episode list<br />
|EpisodeNumber = 554<br />
|EpisodeNumber2 = 76<br />
|Title = Joker<br />
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|8|4}}<br />
|ShortSummary = The episode is about a joker, whose two girls die in a road accident on their birthday. When the joker learns of it, he dies from the shock. Due to his distress, he returns as a soul and kidnaps somebody else two girls and takes the souls from their bodies so that he can make their birthday.<br />
|LineColor = FF8040<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists of Indian television series episodes]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi serials episodes articles]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of horror television series episodes]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhanu_Sri_Mehra&diff=490833Bhanu Sri Mehra2026-02-23T09:10:56Z<p>KristyThacker77: adding first stub added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bhanu Sri Mehra<br />
| image = Bhanu Sri Mehra at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013.jpg<br />
| caption = Bhanu Sri Mehra at 60th South Filmfare Awards 2013<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], India<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/varudu-heroine-prefers-telugu-and-tamil-news-telugu-kkfqFieifhh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212045005/http://www.sify.com/movies/varudu-heroine-prefers-telugu-and-tamil-news-telugu-kkfqFieifhh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2011 |title=Varudu heroine prefers Telugu and Tamil |work=Sify}}</ref><br />
| birth_name = <br />
| other_names = Bhanushree Mehra, Bhanu Mehra<br />
| occupation = Actress, model<br />
| years_active = 2010–present<br />
| spouse = Karan Manas<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhanu Sri Mehra''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in Telugu, Tamil and Punjabi films.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Hailing from [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Bhanu Sri finished her schooling in [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]] and moved to [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] to pursue her graduation in Mass Media. She then started modelling for commercials and print ads.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Bhanu-Sree-to-Make-Kwood-Debut/2015/06/22/article2879161.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622222220/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Bhanu-Sree-to-Make-Kwood-Debut/2015/06/22/article2879161.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 June 2015 |title=Bhanu Sree to Make K'wood Debut |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
She made her debut in [[Gunasekhar]]'s ''[[Varudu]]'', which featured her alongside [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]. Prior to release, the film opted not to show any promotional material of Bhanu Sri to keep in line with the film, where Allu Arjun's character only sees her face at their wedding. The film opened to mixed reviews and was a box office bomb.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/varudu-is-routine-stuff/113174-47.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100428042210/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/varudu-is-routine-stuff/113174-47.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 April 2010 |title='Varudu' is routine stuff |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> The film's failure meant that she went unnoticed and did not get a lead role in a high-profile Telugu film subsequently.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/debut-films-success-makes-or-mars-the-career-of-heroines/article6697429.ece |title=The pressure to succeed |author=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |work=The Hindu |date=16 December 2014}}</ref> Before ''Varudu'', she had done a cameo in the Bollywood film ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.gaeatimes.com/2010/03/09/bhanu-mehra-lead-in-varudu-97642/ |title=Bhanu Mehra: Lead In Varudu? }}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhanu Sri later went on to play the second lead in the Tamil film ''[[Udhayan (film)|Udhayan]]'' alongside [[Arulnithi]] and [[Pranitha Subhash|Pranitha]], which failed to achieve success, too. While she appeared in secondary characters mostly in low-profile Telugu and Tamil films in the following years, she landed starring roles in three films in the [[Punjabi language]], her mother tongue.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Bhanu-Sri-Mehra-is-back/articleshow/20136001.cms |title=Bhanu Sri Mehra is back |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She also shot for a Hindi film titled ''[[Boyss Toh Boyss Hain]]''.<ref name="indiatimes.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/interviews/bhanushree-mehra-i-wont-call-bachna-ae-haseeno-my-debut-film/72AB1563-A163-461B-AFFE-7B1B0BDC2957/index.htm |title=I won't call Bachna Ae Haseeno my debut film |access-date=7 June 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623054259/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/interviews/bhanushree-mehra-i-wont-call-bachna-ae-haseeno-my-debut-film/72AB1563-A163-461B-AFFE-7B1B0BDC2957/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several Telugu projects, including ''Chilkur Balaji'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140412/entertainment-tollywood/article/now-film-chilkur-balaji |title=Now, a film on Chilkur Balaji |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=13 April 2014}}</ref> ''Prematho Cheppana'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raagalahari.com/news/13267/prematho-cheppana-in-dts-mixing.aspx |title=Prematho Cheppana audio in February |date=4 January 2012 }}</ref> ''Maharaja Sri Galigadu'', ''Lingadu-Ramalingadu'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/14271/krishnudus-lingadu-ramalingadu-shooting-completed.aspx |title=Krishnudu coming as Lingadu Ramalingadu |date=July 2012 }}</ref> and ''Antha Nee Mayalone'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/on-location-antha-nee-mayalone-fun-and-romance/article4727647.ece |title=On location: Antha Nee Mayalone – Fun and romance |work=The Hindu |date=18 May 2013}}</ref> all films she had started filming for, did not see a theatrical release. In 2015, she signed up a new Tamil film, ''Simba'', which would see her playing a news reporter.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Punjabi-kudi-to-debut-in-Ktown/articleshow/47574052.cms |title=Punjabi kudi to debut in K'town |work=The Times of India}}</ref> She has completed her first Kannada film, ''[[Deal Raja]]'', too.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/deal-raja-kannada-movie-review-19734.html |title=Deal Raja review. Deal Raja Kannada movie review, story, rating |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year || Film || Role || Language || Notes<br />
|-<br />
<br />
| 2008 || ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' || Mahi's friend || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || Uncredited role<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Varudu]]'' || Deepthi || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Udhayan (film)|Udhayan]]'' || Manimegalai || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Telugu film|Ding Dong Bell]]'' || || Telugu || <ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Ding-Dong-Bell/movie-review/12313965.cms |title=Ding Dong Bell Movie Review |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Boyss Toh Boyss Hain]]'' || Twinkle || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Fer Mamla Gadbad Gadbad]]'' || Roop || rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" | 2014 || ''[[Punjabi film|Oh My Pyo]]'' || Surveen ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' || Kausalya || rowspan="2" | Telugu || Guest role<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Brother of Bommali]]'' || Uma Devi ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/brother-of-bommali-watchable-fare/article6574778.ece |title=Brother of Bommali: Watchable fare |author=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |work=The Hindu |date=7 November 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal]]'' || Megha || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ala Ela]]'' || || Telugu || <ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Ala-Ela/movie-review/45326467.cms |title=Ala Ela Movie Review |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Punjabian Da King]]'' || || Punjabi ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Deal Raja]]'' || || [[Kannada]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Simba (2016 film)|Simba]]'' || Madhu || Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Run (2020 Indian film)|Run]]'' || Rosy || rowspan="5" | Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Miss India (2020 film)|Miss India]]'' || Sahana || [[Netflix]] film<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''[[Maro Prasthanam]]''|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[10th Class Diaries]]''|| ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=4001529}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehra, Bhanu Sri}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Amritsar]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gundlupet&diff=447014Gundlupet2026-02-23T04:26:51Z<p>KristyThacker77: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|Vidhan Sabha constituency|Gundlupet (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
<!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gundlupet<br />
| native_name_lang = kn<br />
| other_name = Gundlupete<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline= File:Mysore gundlupet road.jpg<br />
| caption = Gundlupete - Ooty road<br />
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11.8|N|76.68|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamarajanagar]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Gundlupet Town Municipal Council (TMC)<br />
| governing_body = Municipality<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 7.86<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 816<br />
| population_total = 28,105<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/karnataka/chamarajanagar/2942701000__gundlupet/ |title=Gundlupet town population |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 571111<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 08229<br />
| registration_plate = KA-10<br />
| website = {{URL| www.gundlupettown.gov.in }}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Bandipur bull getting washed, P1020519.jpg|thumb|Elephant Camp]]<br />
'''Gundlupet''' (''Gundlupētē'' in [[Kannada]]) is a municipal town situated in the [[Chamarajanagar district]] of Karnataka, India.<br />
<br />
It is also known as "''The flower pot of India''". It is situated on [[National Highway 766 (India)|NH 766]], 60&nbsp;km away from [[Mysuru]] and approximately 200&nbsp;km from the state administrative capital, [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]. Gundlupet is the last town in [[Karnataka]] on the National Highway 766 which goes through [[Mysore]], [[Ooty]], [[Wayanad]], and [[Kozhikode]]. It is situated very close to the [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Kerala]] state borders. [[National Highway 181 (India)|NH 181]] begins from Gundlupet and ends in [[Nagapattinam]] in Tamil Nadu via Ooty and Coimbatore.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Gundlupet: A Quick Guide to The Flower Farms of Karnataka|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/gundlupet-a-quick-guide-to-the-flower-farms-of-karnataka-3685673/|access-date=2021-04-21|website=India News, Breaking News {{!}} India.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Bandipur National Park]] is situated 17&nbsp;km away from Gundlupet, giving the town the epithet also known as "Land of Tigers". Gundlupet was previously known as ''Vijayapura'', named after the ancient [[Vijayanarayana Temple, Gundlupet|Vijayanarayana Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Chamarajanagar District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India |url=https://chamrajnagar.nic.in/en/history/ |access-date=2024-05-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Gundlupet is located at {{Coord|11.8|N|76.68|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Gundlupet.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Gundlupet]</ref> It has an average elevation of 816 metres (2,677 feet).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=gundlupet+altitude&sca_esv=6b8fec8a6c6efa88&rlz=1C1SQJL_enPK788PK788&sxsrf=AE3TifOTGQTEcIs6FtsTMSPlAIkHC35PRQ:1748417377782&ei=Ybs2aOa5L9LskdUPyZme2Ak&oq=gundlupet+alt&gs_lp=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&sclient=gws-wiz-serp |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.google.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
=== Population by religion - Gundlupet Taluka ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Religion<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
!Male<br />
!Female<br />
|-<br />
|Hindu<br />
|214,896<br />
|(96.34%)<br />
|106,989<br />
|107,907<br />
|-<br />
|Muslim<br />
|6,754<br />
|(3.03%)<br />
|3,412<br />
|3,342<br />
|-<br />
|Christian<br />
|492<br />
|(0.22%)<br />
|246<br />
|246<br />
|-<br />
|Sikh<br />
|27<br />
|(0.01%)<br />
|14<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|Buddhist<br />
|107<br />
|(0.05%)<br />
|55<br />
|52<br />
|-<br />
|Jain<br />
|225<br />
|(0.1%)<br />
|118<br />
|107<br />
|-<br />
|Other Religion<br />
|16<br />
|(0.01%)<br />
|9<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|No Religion Specified<br />
|553<br />
|(0.25%)<br />
|266<br />
|287<br />
|}<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gundlupet Town Municipal Council City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803200-gundlupet-karnataka.html |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
It is a fairly dry region on the rain-shadow side of the [[Western Ghats]], with an average annual rainfall of about 60&nbsp;cm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gundlupet Weather Averages - Karnataka, IN |url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/gundlupet-weather-averages/karnataka/in.aspx |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.worldweatheronline.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Image gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File: Gundulpet Bus Station has a small teak forest.jpg|Bus Station<br />
File: NH 766 view from Gundalpet to Wayanad.jpg|NH 766 view from Gundalpet to Wayanad<br />
File:DBG School, Gundlupet.jpg|D.B.G.C<br />
File: Karate School, Gundlupet.jpg|Karate School<br />
File: Tree worship in Gundlupet.jpg|Tree Worship<br />
File: St.Johns school, Gundlupet.jpg|St.Johns School<br />
File:Bandipur Tiger Reserve - panoramio (22).jpg|Bandipur Tiger Reserve<br />
File:Vijayanarayana temple at Gundlupet.JPG|Vijayanarayana Swamy temple<br />
File: Gundlupet, Mysore.1.jpg<br />
File: Gopalaswamy Temple, Gundlupet.jpg<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Gundlupet}}<br />
{{Wikivoyage|Gundlupet}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Chamarajanagar district]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boram,_Purvi_Singhbhum&diff=492199Boram, Purvi Singhbhum2026-02-18T17:59:34Z<p>KristyThacker77: Made first bio w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other uses|Boram (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement <br />
| name = Boram <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village <br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3 <br />
| pushpin_label_position = right <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9568|N|86.2844|E|display=inline,title}} <br />
| subdivision_type = Country <br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]] <br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]] <br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]] <br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]] <br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --> <br />
| established_date = <br />
founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]] <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 3317 <br />
| population_as_of = 2011 <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages * <br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] <br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30 <br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br />
| postal_code = 832112 <br />
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]] <br />
| area_code = 0657 <br />
| registration_plate = JH 05 <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 68.17% | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency <br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] <br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency <br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Jugsalai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jugsalai]] <br />
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}} <br />
'''Boram''' is a village in the [[Boram block|Boram]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Dhalbhum subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map <br />
| width=350| height=420| zoom=9 <br />
| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page)<br/>M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2 <br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|4|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=Boram, Purvi Singhbhum (R)|shape-color3=black| label-size3=13|label-color3=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --> <br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|25|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mahulia]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R) <br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000 <br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000 <br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365 <br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|47|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=[[Galudih]] (T) |shape-color14= #74C365 <br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000 <br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Haludpukur]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000 <br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|39|40|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000 <br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4<br />
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Boram is located at {{coord|22.9568|N|86.2844|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The area shown in the map "forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract". The main rivers draining the district are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref> The area lying between Jamshedpur and Ghatshila is the main industrial mining zone. The rest of the district is primarily agricultural. In the district, as of 2011, 56.9% of the population lives in the rural areas and a high 43.1% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Industrialisation, Page 22: Census findings – Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Civic administration==<br />
There is a police station at Boram.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 18 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The headquarters of Boram CD block is located at Boram village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 78: Map of Boram CD block |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Boram had a total population of 3,314, of which 1,760 (53%) were males and 1,554 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 485. The total number of literate persons in Boram was 1,807 (63.87% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 363339, Pages 134-135: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
(*For language details see [[Boram block#Language and religion]])<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Adibasi High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1963. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. The school has a library with 773 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/purbi-singhbhum/20181001002/h-s-adibasi-boram.html | title = H.S. Adibasi Boram| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kolhan Division}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in East Singhbhum district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocimum_tenuiflorum&diff=464514Ocimum tenuiflorum2026-02-11T17:41:36Z<p>KristyThacker77: fixed lead to improve readability and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}<br />
{{Redirect2|Tulsi|Tulsi|other uses|Tulasi (disambiguation)|and|Tulsi (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Redirect-distinguish|Holy Basil|holy herb}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = Tulsi or Tulasi Holy basil.jpg<br />
| genus = Ocimum<br />
| species = tenuiflorum<br />
| authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="POWO" /><br />
| synonyms =<br />
{{Species list<br />
| Geniosporum tenuiflorum | (L.) Merr.<br />
| Lumnitzera tenuiflora | (L.) Spreng.<br />
| Moschosma tenuiflorum | (L.) Heynh.<br />
| Ocimum hirsutum | Benth.<br />
| Ocimum inodorum | Burm.f.<br />
| Ocimum monachorum | L.<br />
| Ocimum sanctum | L.<br />
| Ocimum subserratum | B.Heyne ex Hook.f.<br />
| Ocimum tomentosum | Lam.<br />
| Plectranthus monachorum | (L.) Spreng.<br />
}}<br />
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO" /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ocimum tenuiflorum''''', commonly known as '''tulasi''', '''tulsi''', or '''holy basil''', is an aromatic [[perennial]] plant in the family [[Lamiaceae]].<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date = 7 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="CABI-ISC" /> It is widely cultivated throughout the [[Southeast Asia|Southeast Asian]] [[tropics]].<ref name="POWO">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=''Ocimum tenuiflorum'' L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:453130-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213124754/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:453130-1 |url-status=live |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |access-date=26 June 2023 |publisher=Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens}}</ref><ref name="Staples19992">{{Cite book |last=Staples |first=George |title=Ethnic Culinary Herbs |last2=Michael S. Kristiansen |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8248-2094-7 |page=73}}</ref><ref name="warrier2">{{Cite book |last=Warrier |first=P K |title=Indian Medicinal Plants |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-86311-551-6 |page=168}}</ref> It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia and the western Pacific.<ref name="POWO" /> This plant has escaped from cultivation and has [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in many tropical regions of the Americas.<ref name="CABI-ISC">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2014 |title=''Ocimum tenuiflorum'' (holy basil) |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110287 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809110813/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110287 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=26 June 2023 |publisher=CABI Invasive Species Compendium}}</ref><ref name="ITIS Standard Report Page: Ocimum tenuiflorum">{{ cite web | url=http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=507863 | title=''Ocimum tenuiflorum''|publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|date=26 June 2023|accessdate=26 June 2023}}</ref> It is an agricultural and [[Invasive species|environmental weed]].<ref name="CABI-ISC" /><br />
<br />
''Tulasi'' is cultivated for religious and [[traditional medicine]] purposes, and also for its [[essential oil]]. It is widely used as an [[herbal tea]], commonly used in [[Ayurveda]]. It has a place within the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]], in which devotees perform worship involving the plant or its leaves.<br />
<br />
==Morphology==<br />
Holy basil is an erect, many-branched subshrub, {{convert|30-60|cm|abbr=on}} tall with hairy stems. Leaves are green or purple; they are simple, [[petiole (botany)|petioled]], with an [[wikt:ovate|ovate]] blade up to {{convert|5|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}} long, which usually has a slightly toothed margin; they are strongly scented and have a [[decussation|decussate]] [[phyllotaxis|phyllotaxy]]. The purplish flowers are placed in close whorls on elongated [[raceme]]s.<ref name="warrier">{{Cite book |last=Warrier |first=P K |title=Indian Medicinal Plants |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-86311-551-6 |page=168}}</ref><br />
<br />
The three main [[Polymorphism (biology)|morphotype]]s cultivated in [[India]] and [[Nepal]] are ''Ram tulsi'' (the most common type, with broad bright green leaves that are slightly sweet), the less common purplish green-leaved ([[Krishna]] or ''Shyama tulsi'') and the common wild ''vana tulsi'' (e.g., ''Ocimum gratissimum'').<ref name="bio">{{Cite journal |date=November–December 2005 |title=Volatile Constituents in Oil from Different Plant Parts of Methyl Eugenol-Rich Ocimum tenuiflorum L.f. (syn. O. sanctum L.) Grown in South India |journal=Journal of Essential Oil Research |doi=10.1080/10412905.2005.9699025 |first1=S. K. |last1=Kothari |first2=A. K. |last2=Bhattacharya |first3=S. |last3=Ramesh |first4=S. N. |last4=Garg |first5=S. P. S. |last5=Khanuja |pages=656–658 |volume=17 |issue=6 |s2cid=95551382 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Phytochemicals ==<br />
The plant and its oil contain diverse [[phytochemical]]s, including [[tannin]]s, [[flavonoid]]s, [[eugenol]], [[caryophyllene]]s, [[carvacrol]], [[linalool]], [[camphor]], and [[cinnamyl acetate]], among others.<ref name="drugs">{{cite web |title=Holy basil |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/holy-basil.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=26 June 2023 |date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/10826076.2011.606583|title=LC-MS Quantification of Rosmarinic Acid and Ursolic Acid in Theocimum Sanctumlinn. Leaf Extract (Holy Basil, Tulsi)|journal=Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies|volume=35|issue=5|pages=634|year=2012|last1=Sundaram|first1=R. Shanmuga|last2=Ramanathan|first2=M|last3=Rajesh|first3=R|last4=Satheesh|first4=B|last5=Saravanan|first5=D|s2cid=95225535}}</ref> One study reported that the plant contains an eponymous family of 10 [[Lignan|neolignan]] compounds called ''tulsinol A-J''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Deepika |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Prabir K. |date=2018-08-01 |title=A review on phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Holy basil (''Ocimum sanctum'' L.) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669018302711 |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |language=en |volume=118 |pages=367–382 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.048 |issn=0926-6690|url-access=subscription }}</ref> <br />
<br />
Specific [[aroma compound]]s in the [[essential oil]] are camphor (32%), [[eucalyptol]] (19%), [[Bisabolene|⍺-bisabolene]] (17%), eugenol (14%), germacrene (11%) and β-bisabolene (11%).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yamani |first1=Hanaa A. |last2=Pang |first2=Edwin C. |last3=Mantri |first3=Nitin |last4=Deighton |first4=Margaret A. |date=2016 |title=Antimicrobial Activity of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Essential Oil and Their Major Constituents against Three Species of Bacteria |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=7 |page=681 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.00681 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=4868837 |pmid=27242708 |doi-access=free }}</ref>{{dubious source|date=April 2023}} In addition, more than 60 different aroma compounds were found through [[gas chromatography–mass spectrometry]] analysis of holy basil.<ref name=":0" /> However, other studies have stated tulsi essential oil consists mostly of [[eugenol]] (70%) [[elemene|β-elemene]] (11%), β-caryophyllene (8%), and [[germacrene]] (2%), with the balance being made up of various trace compounds, mostly [[terpenes]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Padalia |first1=Rajendra C. |last2=Verma |first2=Ram S. |year=2011 |title=Comparative volatile oil composition of four ''Ocimum'' species from northern India |journal=Natural Product Research |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=569–575 |doi=10.1080/14786419.2010.482936 |pmid=21409717 |s2cid=205836713}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
<br />
===Culinary===<br />
<br />
====Thai cuisine====<br />
The leaves of holy basil, known as ''kaphrao'' in the [[Thai language]] ({{lang|th|กะเพรา}}), are commonly used in [[Thai cuisine]] for certain stir-fries and curries such as ''[[phat kaphrao]]'' ({{lang|th|ผัดกะเพรา}}) — a stir-fry of Thai holy basil with meats, seafood or, as in ''[[Thai fried rice|khao phat kraphao]]'', with rice. Two different types of holy basil are used in Thailand, a "red" variant which tends to be more pungent, and a "white" version for seafood dishes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=David |title=Thai food |date=2010 |publisher=Pavilion Books |location=London |isbn=9-781862-055148 |pages=143 |edition=7 |accessdate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Punyaratabandhu |first1=Leela |title=Bangkok |date=2017 |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-399-57831-1 |page=338 |edition=1 |accessdate= }}</ref> ''Kaphrao'' should not be confused with ''horapha'' ({{lang|th|โหระพา}}), which is normally known as [[Thai basil]],<ref name=katzer>[http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Ocim_bas.html Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages]</ref> or with [[Thai lemon basil]] (''maenglak''; {{lang|th|แมงลัก}}).<br />
<br />
====Minangkabau cuisine====<br />
Holy basil (in [[Minangkabau language]] and [[Indonesian language]] are known as ''{{ill|ruku-ruku|id|ruku-ruku}}'') is also widely used for [[Padang cuisine|Minangkabau dishes]], particularly for its [[gulai]] variety, which involves fish as the primary source of protein.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yenti |first1=Juni Fitra |title=Daun Ruku-Ruku, Bumbu Dapur yang Sering Dipakai Orang Minang |url=https://sumbarkita.id/daun-ruku-ruku-bumbu-dapur-yang-sering-dipakai-orang-minang/ |website=Sumbarkita.id |publisher=Sumbarkita.id |access-date=10 February 2025 |language=id |date=3 June 2024}}</ref> These Minangkabau fish gulais that commonly use holy basil such as ''gulai ikan mas'' (carp gulai), ''gulai ikan kakap'' (red snapper gulai), ''gulai kepala ikan kakap'' (red snapper's head gulai), ''samba ikan gadang'' or ''pangek'' (braised fish gulai),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Soepono |first1=Sri S |title=Ensiklopedi makanan tradisional Indonesia: Sumatera. |date=2004 |publisher=Proyek Pelestarian dan Pengembangan Tradisi dan Kepercayaan |location=Jakarta|pages=133-5 |url=https://storage.googleapis.com/perpus-dprd.appspot.com/books/file-5yz1-1704722611405-g7bs.pdf|access-date=February 10, 2026|url-status=live<br />
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20260210030233/https://storage.googleapis.com/perpus-dprd.appspot.com/books/file-5yz1-1704722611405-g7bs.pdf |archive-date= February 10, 2026 }}</ref> and ''gulai telur ikan'' (fish roe gulai). Holy basil leaves are used to enhance flavour.<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="180" mode="packed"><br />
File:Kraphao mu khai dao.jpg|''Phat kaphrao mu'' – Thai holy basil with pork – a common dish in Thailand.<br />
File:Gulai kapalo lauak.jpg|A plate of gulai kepala ikan (fish head's gulai) accompanied by ruku-ruku, slices of blimbi wuluh (''[[Averrhoa bilimbi]]'') and green cabai rawit (bird's eye chilies).<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Insect repellent===<br />
For centuries, the dried leaves have been mixed with stored grains to repel insects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Biswas|first=N. P.|author2=Biswas, A. K.|title= Evaluation of some leaf dusts as grain protectant against rice weevil ''Sitophilus oryzae'' (Linn.) |journal=Environment and Ecology|volume= 23 |issue= 3|year= 2005|pages=485–488 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Nematicidal===<br />
The essential oil may have [[nematicide|nematicidal]] properties against ''[[Tylenchulus semipenetrans]]'', ''[[Meloidogyne javanica]]'', ''[[Anguina tritici]]'', and ''[[Heterodera cajani]]''.<ref name="Chitwood-2002">{{cite journal | last=Chitwood | first=David J. | title=Phytochemical Based Strategies for Nematode Control | journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=40 | issue=1 | year=2002 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.032602.130045 | pages=221–249| pmid=12147760 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==In Hinduism==<br />
{{main|Tulasi in Hinduism}}<br />
<br />
''Tulasi'' may be planted in [[courtyard]]s of Hindu houses or temples to [[Hanuman]].<ref name="Simoons"/> The ritual lighting of lamps each evening during ''[[Kartik (month)|Kartik]]'' includes the worship of the ''tulsi'' plant.<ref name="Flood2003">{{Cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin D. |author-link=Gavin Flood |title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2001 |page=331 |isbn=978-0-631-21535-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA331}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hindu Mythology |last=Wilkins|first=W.J. |page=471 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-246-0234-8 |year=2003}}</ref> Vaishnavites are also known as "those who bear the'' tulsi'' around the neck".<ref name="Simoons">{{Cite book |last=Simoons|first=Frederick J.|title=Plants of life, plants of death |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |year=1998 |pages=7–40 |isbn=978-0-299-15904-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEUAbrBoeBAC&pg=PA14}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Tulsi Vivah|Tulasi Vivaha]]'' is a ceremonial festival performed between ''[[Prabodhini Ekadashi]]'' (the 11th or 12th lunar day of the bright fortnight of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu month]] of [[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]) and ''[[Kartik Purnima]]'' (the full moon of the month).<ref name = underhill>{{cite book |author=Underhill, M. M. |title=The Hindu Religious Year |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC |year=1991 |pages= 129–131 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0523-7}}</ref><ref name="PawarPatil2008">{{cite book |author1=Pawar, Shubhangi |author2=Patil, D. A. |title=Ethnobotany of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTi0iaalLXcC&pg=PA401 |date= 2008 |pages=400 |publisher=Daya Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7035-515-1}}</ref> During the [[Bihu|Kati Bihu festival]] celebrated in [[Assam]], people light earthen lamps (''[[Diya (lamp)|diya]]'') at the foot of the household tulsi plants.<ref>{{Cite web |vauthors=Kantak R |title=Kati Bihu celebrated in Assam |url=http://businessworld.in/article/Kati-Bihu-celebrated-in-Assam/18-10-2020-332770 |access-date=2022-06-09 |publisher=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Tulasi'' has been used in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] and [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]] practices for its supposed medicinal properties.<ref>{{Cite book|last=NIIR Board, National Institute of Industrial Research (India)|title=Compendium of Medicinal Plants|publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research|series=2004|isbn=978-81-86623-80-0|page=320|year=2004}}</ref><ref name="BraunCohen2015">{{cite book|author1=Lesley Braun|author2=Marc Cohen|title=Herbs and Natural Supplements, Volume 2: An Evidence-Based Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y951BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA996|date=30 March 2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7295-8173-8|page=996}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="200" heights="180" mode="packed"><br />
File:Ocimum tenuiflorum flower.jpg|Flowers<br />
File:Ocimum tenuiflorum inflorescence closeup.jpg|Inflorescence<br />
File:Tulsi 4 20170715.jpg|Leaves of Ocimum tenuiflorum L.<br />
File:Japa mala (prayer beads) of Tulasi wood with 108 beads - 20040101-01.jpg|[[Prayer beads]] made from ''tulsi'' wood<br />
File:Tulashithan at Kathmandu.jpg|Holy basil's monastery in a house in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]<br />
<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Sacred trees]]<br />
* [[Sacred groves]]<br />
* [[Phat kaphrao]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Commons category-inline|Ocimum tenuiflorum}}<br />
<br />
{{Herbs & spices}}<br />
{{Worship in Hinduism}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q960124}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Herbs]]<br />
[[Category:Ocimum|tenuiflorum]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of China]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Taiwan]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of the Marshall Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of the Mariana Islands]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Vanuatu]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]<br />
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]<br />
[[Category:Indian spices]]<br />
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army_Welfare_Education_Society&diff=450293Army Welfare Education Society2026-02-07T23:24:45Z<p>KristyThacker77: Improved article clarity and structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian army educational organization for army children's}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| logo = Army Welfare Education Society logo.png<br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| logo_caption = Logo of the society<br />
| alt = <!-- alt text; see [[WP:ALT]] --><br />
| image = Flag of AWES.jpg<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| caption = Flag of the society<br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <!-- map size, optional, default 250px --><br />
| map_alt = <!-- map alt text --><br />
| predecessor = <br />
| merged = <br />
| successor = <br />
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1983|04|29}}<br />
| extinction = <!-- {{End date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]]<br />
| status = [[Charitable organization|Charitable society]]<br />
| purpose = To facilitate education for the wards of [[Indian Army#Personnel|army personnel]]<br />
| professional_title = <!-- for professional associations --><br />
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| coords = <!-- Coordinates of location using {{Coord}} --><br />
| services = Schools, Colleges<br />
| language = [[English language|English]]<br />
| leader_title = Patron-in-Chief<br />
| leader_name = [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] <br>(CAOS)<br />
| leader_title2 = Managing Director<br />
| leader_name3 = [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] Pradeep Kumar (Retd.)<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Major General (India)|Major General]] P. R. Murali, [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] (Retd.)<br />
| leader_title3 = Director Co-ord<br />
| board_of_directors = <br />
| key_people = <br />
| main_organ = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc --><br />
| subsidiaries = <br />
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| remarks = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| name = Army Welfare Education Society<br />
| native_name = सेना कल्याण शिक्षा समिति<br />
| native_name_lang = hi<br />
| former_name = <br />
| image_border = <br />
| size = <!-- default 200px --><br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map2 = <br />
| abbreviation = AWES<br />
| founder = <!-- or | founders = --><br />
| merger = <br />
| location = <br />
| region_served = [[India]] (except [[Goa]], [[Sikkim]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Lakshadweep]])<br />
| membership = <br />
| general = <!-- Secretary General --><br />
| parent_organisation = [[Indian Army]]<br />
| num_staff = <br />
| num_volunteers = <br />
| slogan = <br />
| website = {{url|awesindia.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Army Welfare Education Society''' ('''AWES''') manages and ensures proper education facilities to children of [[Indian Army]] personnel through Local Military Authorities. Established in 1983, the society has its office at Shankar Vihar, [[Delhi Cantonment]] and over the years has opened over 139 [[Army Public Schools]] and 250 Army Pre Primary Schools across India. It has 12 professional institutions of higher education.<ref>[http://www.awesindia.com/aboutus.htm Aboutus] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324021842/http://www.awesindia.com/aboutus.htm |date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> A list of colleges and schools including Army Public Schools all across the nation in many cities, colleges pertaining to [[Army Institute of Technology|engineering]], [[Army College of Medical Sciences|medicals]], dental, management, [[Army Institute of Law|law]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.awesindia.com/contactus.aspx|title=AWES HQ}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Institutions of AWES==<br />
* Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad<br />
* [[Army College of Medical Sciences]], New Delhi<br />
* [[Army Institute of Management, Kolkata]]<br />
* [[Army Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida]]<br />
* Army Institute of Education, Greater Noida<br />
* [[Army Institute of Technology|Army Institute of Technology, Pune]]<br />
* Army Institute of Fashion Design, Bengaluru <br />
* Army Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Bengaluru <br />
* [[Army Institute of Law]]<br />
* [[Army Law College|Army Law College, Pune]]<br />
* [[Indian Army Public Schools]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.awesindia.com/}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130126050935/http://www.aie.ac.in/AWES_Institutes.htm List of AWES Institutes]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian Army]]<br />
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army Public Schools]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 1983]]<br />
[[Category:1983 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-mil-stub}}</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eparchy_of_Sagar&diff=498583Eparchy of Sagar2026-01-25T10:43:52Z<p>KristyThacker77: Made the data w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Eastern Catholic ecclesiastical province in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{nofootnotes|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox diocese<br />
|jurisdiction = Eparchy<br />
|name = Sagar <br />
|image =Sagar_diocese.jpeg <br />
|local = सागर धर्मप्रांत<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|metropolitan = <br />
|province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Ujjain |Archeparchy of Ujjain]]<br />
|rite = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Rite]]<br />
|area_km2 = 39,020 <br />
|population = 4,907,000<br />
|population_as_of = 2010<br />
|catholics = 3,361<br />
|catholics_percent= 0.1<br />
|cathedral = St.Theresa's Cathedral [[Sagar Cantonment]] <small>(formerly known as St. Raphael's Cathedral)</small><br />
|patron = [[St Thérèse of Lisieux]]<br />
| pope = Mar {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --><br />
| patriarch = <br />
| major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]<br />
| metro_archbishop = [[Sebastian Vadakel|Mar Sebastian Vadakel MST]]<br />
|bishop = Mar James Athikalam MST<br />
|emeritus_bishops = Mar Antony Chirayath<br />
|website = [http://www.sagardiocese.com/ Website of the Diocese] <br />
|denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]<br />
|map = Map of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Sagar.png}}<br />
<br />
The '''Eparchy of Sagar''' is an [[eparchy]] ([[Eastern Catholic]] diocese) in central [[India]], which is part of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] (Chaldean or Syro-Oriental Rite, led by the [[Major Archbishop]], and is a [[suffragan]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Ujjain]]. It was created in 1968 as (missionary) and promoted diocese in 1977 by the [[papal bull]] ''Divina Verba'' of [[Pope Paul VI]].<br />
<br />
Its [[cathedral]] episcopal see is St. Theresa’s Cathedral, in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Saga(u)r]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The future eparchy (diocese) of Sagar was erected as an [[apostolic exarchate]] (pre-diocesan missionary Eastern Catholic jurisdiction) by the papal bull ''Quo Aptius'' dated 29 July 1968, cutting out previously Latin rite territory from the Archdiocese of Bhopal the civil districts of Sagar, Raisen and Vidisha in [[Madhya Pradesh]] state. Again at the request of the Bishop of Ajmer-Jaipur, the district of Guna was added to the Exarchate of Sagar by the papal decree ''De Bono Animarum'' on 2 April 1973. The civil district of Guna was further bifurcated on 15 August 2003 to form the district of Ashoknagar.<br />
<br />
The Holy See by its decree ''Divina Verba'' on 26 February 1977 raised the apostolic exarchate to the status of a proper eparchy (diocese). The exarch Clemens Thottungal CMI was promoted the first bishop of the eparchy. Mar Joseph Pastor Neelankavil CMI succeeded him as second bishop of the eparchy. After his retirement in 2006, Mar Anthony Chirayath was appointed bishop of the eparchy. Mar James Athikalam MST was ordained bishop of Sagar on 17 April 2018.<br />
<br />
== Statistics and organization ==<br />
As per 2015, the eparchy of Sagar, covering five civil districts in Madhya Pradesh (Sagar, Raisen, Vidisha, Guna and Ashoknagar), pastorally served 3,443 Catholics (0.1% of 5,311,000 total, about half of the Christians) on 39,020&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>, in 44 parishes and 36 missions with 79 priests (58 diocesan, 21 religious), 295 lay religious (29 brothers, 266 sisters) and 17 seminarians.<br />
<br />
The area is rather underdeveloped due to various social, economic and cultural reasons. Eighty-five per cent of the people are farmers or farm-workers. The labour is not well organised, and consequently a lot of exploitation prevails. Eighty per cent of the people are Hindus belonging to various castes and the rest are Muslims, Jains, Sikhs, Adivasis and a very small minority of Christians. The various Socio-Pastoral, Medical and Educational apostolates of the Church are being carried out in the eparchy under the Sagar Diocesan Service Society (SDSS), which is registered under the M.P. Government Firms and Societies Registration Act. For better coordination and management, the social work apostolate of the diocese is being carried out by Manav Vikas Seva Sangh (MVSS). There are also St. Francis Society (SFS) and Pushpa Service Society (PSS). All of these societies are registered under the M.P. Government Firms and Societies Registration Act.<br />
<br />
Through various pastoral activities, the missionaries take care of the spiritual needs of the Catholics and other Gospel proclaiming programmes. There are many developmental programmes by which poor farmers and poverty-stricken people are helped. Missionaries in Sagar have always tried to venture into new areas of apostolate according to the need.<br />
<br />
== Prelates ==<br />
'''Apostolic Exarch of Sagar'''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Sl.No<br />
! Ordinary<br />
! Designation<br />
! Year of appointment<br />
! Last year of service<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| align="center" | Rt. Rv [[Clement Thottungal]]<br />
| align="center" | Apostolic Exarch <br />
| align="center" | 1968<br />
| align="center" | 1977<br />
|}<br />
'''Bishops'''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Sl.No<br />
! Ordinary<br />
! Designation<br />
! Year of appointment<br />
! Last year of service<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 1<br />
| align="center" | [[Clement Thottungal]]<br />
| align="center" | Bishop<br />
| align="center" | 1977<br />
| align="center" | 1986<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" |2<br />
| align="center" | [[Joseph Pastor Neelankavil]], C.M.I.<br />
| align="center" | Bishop<br />
| align="center" | 1986<br />
| align="center" | 2006<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 3<br />
| align="center" | [[Anthony Chirayath]]<br />
| align="center" | Bishop<br />
| align="center" | 2006<br />
| align="center" | 2018<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | 4<br />
| align="center" | [[James Athikalam]] (M.S.T)<br />
| align="center" | Bishop<br />
| align="center" | 2018<br />
| align="center" | ''present''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Sources and External links==<br />
* Official Website:[http://www.sagardiocese.com]<br />
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/saga0.htm GCatholic]<br />
* Official Blog:[http://www.dioceseofsagar.blogspot.com]<br />
* Manav Vikas Seva Sang:[http://www.mvss.in]<br />
* St. Francis Society:[http://www.sevadhamsagar.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807141406/http://www.sevadhamsagar.com/ |date=7 August 2019 }}<br />
{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sagar, Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy}}<br />
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]<br />
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1968|Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Sagar]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1968 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._P._Dutta&diff=455245J. P. Dutta2026-01-23T07:19:45Z<p>KristyThacker77: </p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian film director}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = J. P. Dutta<br />
| image = JPDutta.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 250px <br />
| caption = Dutta in 2013<br />
| birth_name = Jyoti Prakash Dutta<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Bombay State, India <br/>(now [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra)<br />
| occupation = Film director, producer, writer<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| othername = <br />
| years_active = 1985– present<br />
| parents = [[O. P. Dutta]] (father)<br />
| spouse = [[Bindiya Goswami]]<br />
| homepage = <br />
| notable_works = {{flatlist| <br />
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Ghulami]]}}<br />
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Yateem]]}}<br />
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Batwara]]}}<br />
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]}}<br />
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Jyoti Prakash Dutta''' is an Indian film director, writer and producer who works in [[Hindi cinema]]. His best known directed films are ''[[Ghulami]]'' (1985), ''[[Yateem]]'' (1988), ''[[Batwara]]'' (1989), ''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]'' (1993) and ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997). He is also known for making patriotic, epic war films, such as ''Border'' (1997), ''[[LOC: Kargil|LOC Kargil]]'' (2003), ''[[Paltan (film)|Paltan]]'' (2018) and ''[[Border 2]]'' (2026).<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Dutta is married to the Bollywood film actress [[Bindiya Goswami]] with whom he has two daughters Nidhi Dutta and Siddhi Dutta. Nidhi is also a film writer and a producer.<ref name="nextfilm">{{cite web|title=JP Dutta's new film starring daughter Nidhi Dutta finishes its first Schedule|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/jp-duttas-new-film-starring-nidhi-dutta-finishes-its-first-schedule/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
He headed the feature film section jury for the [[58th National Film Awards|National Film Awards (2010)]], according to sources in the Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=pbd |url=http://www.pbd.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13371:jp-dutta-to-head-the-jury-for-the-national-film-awards&catid=13:entertainment&Itemid=17 |url-status=dead |access-date= |website=www.pbd.in |archive-date=28 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328063352/http://www.pbd.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13371:jp-dutta-to-head-the-jury-for-the-national-film-awards&catid=13:entertainment&Itemid=17 }}</ref><br />
He went on to make and direct successful films like [[Ghulami]], [[Yateem]], [[Batwara]], [[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]] and [[Border (1997 film)|Border]].<br />
<br />
==Film Production==<br />
J. P. Dutta owns the film production company – ''J. P. Films''.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Director<br />
! Producer<br />
! Star cast<br />
! Notes/Links<br />
|-<br />
| 1985 <br />
| {{lang|hi-latn|[[Ghulami]]}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
|<br />
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Smita Patil]], [[Reena Roy]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1988<br />
| {{lang|hi-latn|[[Yateem]]}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
|<br />
| [[Sunny Deol]], [[Farah (actress)|Farah]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]], [[Sujata Mehta]], [[Amrish Puri]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1989<br />
| {{lang|hi-latn|[[Batwara]]}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
|<br />
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Amrita Singh]], [[Poonam Dhillon]], [[Amrish Puri]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| {{lang|hi-latn|[[Hathyar (1989 film)|Hathyar]]}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
|<br />
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Amrita Singh]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1993<br />
| {{lang|hi-latn|[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
|<br />
| [[Dharmendra]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Sunny Deol]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Sunil Dutt]] ({{small|special appearance}})<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 1997<br />
| {{lang|hi-latn|[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| [[Sunny Deol]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Puneet Issar]], [[Sudesh Berry]], [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Jackie Shroff]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2003<br />
| ''[[LOC: Kargil]]''<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Mohnish Bahl]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| ''[[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]''<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''[[Paltan (film)|Paltan]]''<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
|[[Jackie Shroff]], [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Gurmeet Choudhary]], [[Harshvardhan Rane]], [[Siddhanth Kapoor]] <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 2026 <br />
| ''[[Border 2]]''<br />
|<br />
| {{Yes}}<br />
| [[Sunny Deol]], [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Ahan Shetty]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Mona Singh]]<br />
| A Sequel to {{lang|hi-latn|[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]}} (1997)<ref>{{cite news|title=Border 2: “Only Sunny Deol Can Carry That Uniform”, Says Indian Army Col. Rajeev Bharwan|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/border-2-only-sunny-deol-can-carry-that-uniform-says-indian-army-col-rajeev-bharwan/|access-date=8 December 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112165809/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/border-2-only-sunny-deol-can-carry-that-uniform-says-indian-army-col-rajeev-bharwan/|archive-date=12 January 2026}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0244892}}<br />
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{{FilmfareAwardBestDirector}}<br />
{{ScreenAwardBestDirector}}<br />
{{ZeeCineAwardBestDirector}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, J. P.}}<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]<br />
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Action film directors]]</div>KristyThacker77https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochin_Jews&diff=448438Cochin Jews2026-01-13T21:11:29Z<p>KristyThacker77: Content refreshed with new edits</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Jewish community that settled in the Kingdom of Cochin in modern-day Kerala, India}}<br />
{{distinguish|text=[[Paradesi Jews]] (White Jews) of Cochin who predominantly immigrated from Spain and Portugal during the 16th and 17th centuries}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnic group<br />
| image = File:Cochin Jews.jpg<br />
| image_caption = A Malabar Jewish family (1900)<br />
| group = Cochin Jews<br />
| native_name = {{Script/Hebrew|יְהוּדֵֽי־קוֹצִֽ׳ין}} &lt;br /&gt; കൊച്ചിയിലെ ജൂതന്മാർ<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| region1 = {{ISR}}<br />
| pop1 = 8,000 (2009)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-life-and-religion/149027/cochin-indian-cuisine "Jews from Cochin Bring Their Unique Indian Cuisine to Israeli Diners"], ''Tablet Magazine'', by Dana Kessler, 23 October 2013&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| region2 = {{IND}}<br />
| pop2 = 15&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.jns.org/ancient-indian-jewish-community-holds-on-to-customs-despite-shrinking-numbers/ | title=Ancient Indian Jewish community holds on to customs despite shrinking numbers | date=13 September 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
| langs = [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Judeo-Malayalam]], [[Malayalam]]<br />
| rels = [[Judaism]]<br />
| related = [[Meshuchrarim]], [[Saint Thomas Christians]], [[Paradesi Jews]], [[Knanaya]], [[Sephardic Jews]], [[Bene Israel]], [[Baghdadi Jews]], [[Mizrahi Jews]], [[Malayalis]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Jews and Judaism sidebar}}<br />
<br />
'''Cochin Jews''' (also known as '''Malabar Jews''' or '''Kochinim''' from {{Langx|he|יְהוּדֵֽי־קוֹצִֽ׳ין|translit=Yehudey Kochin}}) are one of the oldest groups of [[History of the Jews in India|Jews in India]], with roots that are claimed to date back to the time of [[King Solomon]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&amp;q=two+millennia ''The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities''] by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. {{ISBN|965-278-179-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M. Avrum Erlich (ed.) ''Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora'', Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204-1212.&lt;/ref&gt; The Cochin Jews settled in the [[Kingdom of Cochin]] in [[South India]],&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art, and Life-Cycle'', Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. [first published in 2002; 3rd edn] Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998&lt;/ref&gt; now part of the present-day state of [[Kerala]].&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) ''Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement'', New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.)'' Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture'', New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.&lt;/ref&gt; As early as the 12th century, mention is made of the Jews in southern India by [[Benjamin of Tudela]].<br />
<br />
Following their expulsion from [[Iberia]] in 1492 by the [[Alhambra Decree]], a few families of [[Sephardi Jews]] eventually made their way to Cochin in the 16th century. They became known as [[Paradesi Jews]] (or Foreign Jews). The European Jews maintained some trade connections to Europe, and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim spoke [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] (Spanish or Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned [[Judeo-Malayalam]] from the Malabar Jews.&lt;ref name="Katz-Koder-Puthiakunnel"&gt;Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973.&lt;/ref&gt; The two communities retained their ethnic and cultural distinctions.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History", ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies'', 2010. 8(3): 319-335.&lt;/ref&gt; In the late 19th century, a few Arabic-speaking Jews, known as [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi]]s, also immigrated to southern India from the [[Near East]].&lt;ref&gt;'''Weil, S.''' 2019 (ed.) ''[https://www.routledge.com/The-Baghdadi-Jews-in-India-Maintaining-Communities-Negotiating-Identities/Weil/p/book/9781032091662 The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity],'' London and New York: Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
After India gained its independence in 1947 and Israel was established as a nation, most of the Cochin Jews made [[Aliyah]] and emigrated from Kerala to Israel in the mid-1950s. In contrast, most of the Paradesi Jews (Sephardi in origin) preferred to migrate to Australia and other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, similar to the choices made by [[Anglo-Indian]]s.&lt;ref name=":1"&gt;Weil, Shalva. ''From Cochin to Israel'', Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Most of their [[List of Synagogues in Kerala|synagogues still exist]] in Kerala, with a few being sold or adapted for other uses. Among the 8 synagogues that survived till the mid-20th century, only the [[Paradesi Synagogue|Paradesi synagogue]] still has a regular congregation. Today it also attracts tourists as a historic site. The [[Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue]] was restored in 2018, it now houses a [[sefer torah]] with occasional services managed by one of few remaining Cochin Jews. A few synagogues are in ruins and one was even demolished with a two-storeyed house was built in its place. The synagogue at [[Chendamangalam Synagogue|Chendamangalam]] ([[Chendamangalam|Chennamangalam]]) was reconstructed in 2006 as Kerala Jews Life Style Museum.&lt;ref name=":3"&gt;Weil, Shalva (with Jay Waronker and Marian Sofaer) ''The Chennamangalam Synagogue: Jewish Community in a Village in Kerala''. Kerala: Chennamangalam Synagogue, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; The synagogue at [[Paravur Synagogue|Paravur]] ([[Paravur Taluk|Parur]]) has been reconstructed as Kerala Jews History Museum.&lt;ref&gt;"The Synagogues of Kerala, India: Architectural and Cultural Heritage." ''Cochinsyn.com'', Friends of Kerala Synagogues, 2011.M&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. "In an Ancient Land: Trade and synagogues in south India", ''Asian Jewish Life''. 2011. [http://asianjewishlife.org/pages/articles/winter2010-11/AJL_Feature_InAnAncientLand.html]&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Further|History of the Jews in India|History of Kochi}}<br />
<br />
===First Jews in South India===<br />
[[File:Receiving jews.jpg|thumb|Arrival of the Jewish pilgrims at Cochin, 71 CE]]<br />
[[File:Jewish copper plate (c. 1000 CE).png|thumb|The inscription from the Sasanam outlining the grant of rights to Joseph Rabban|alt=]]<br />
P. M. Jussay wrote that it was believed that the earliest Jews in India were sailors from [[King Solomon]]'s time.&lt;ref name=":4"&gt;''The Jews of Kerala'', P. M. Jussay, cited in ''The Last Jews of Kerala'', p. 79&lt;/ref&gt; It has been claimed that following the destruction of the [[First Temple]] in the [[Siege of Jerusalem (587 BCE)|Siege of Jerusalem]] (587 BCE), some Jewish exiles came to India.&lt;ref&gt;''The Last Jews of Kerala'', p. 98&lt;/ref&gt; Only after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|destruction of the Second Temple]] in 70 [[Common Era|CE]] are records found that attest to numerous Jewish settlers arriving at [[Cranganore]], an ancient port near Cochin.&lt;ref&gt;Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; David de Beth Hillel, 1832; Lord, James Henry 1977.&lt;/ref&gt; Cranganore, now [[transliteration|transliterated]] as [[Kodungallur]], but also known under other names, is a city of legendary importance to this community. Fernandes writes, it is "a substitute Jerusalem in India".&lt;ref&gt;''The Last Jews of Kerala'', p. 102&lt;/ref&gt; Katz and Goldberg note the "symbolic intertwining" of the two cities.&lt;ref&gt;''The Last Jews of Kerala'', p. 47&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Ophira Gamliel notes however that the first physical evidence of the presence of Jews in South India dates only to the granting of the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Kollam copper plates]].{{sfn|Gamliel|2018|pp=55-56}} The copper plates are a trade deed dated to the year 849 C.E bestowed upon the Nestorian merchant magnate Maruvan Sapir Iso and the [[Saint Thomas Christian]] community by Ayyan Atikal, the ruler of the [[Venad|Kingdom of Venad]]. The copper plates include signatures in Kufic, Pahlavi, and Hebrew and serve as evidence of West Asian mercantilism in Kerala.{{Sfn|Gamliel|2018|pp=55-56}}<br />
<br />
In 1768, the influential banker Tobias Boas ([[:nl:Tobias Boas|nl]]) of The Hague had posed eleven questions to Rabbi Yehezkel Rachbi of Cochin. The first of these questions addressed to the said Rabbi concerned the origins of the Jews of Cochin and the duration of their settlement in India. In Rabbi Yehezkel's response &lt;small&gt;(Merzbacher's Library in Munich, MS. 4238)&lt;/small&gt;, he wrote: "after the destruction of the Second Temple (may it soon be rebuilt and reestablished in our days!), in the year 3828 of [[anno mundi]], i. e., 68 CE, about ten thousand men and women had come to the land of Malabar and were pleased to settle in four places; those places being [[Cranganore]], Dschalor,{{nbsp}}&lt;ref&gt;Place unidentified; possibly Keezhallur in Kerala State.&lt;/ref&gt; Madai&lt;ref&gt;Place unidentified; poss. Madayikonan in Kerala State.&lt;/ref&gt; [and] Plota.&lt;ref&gt;Place unidentified; poss. Palode in Kerala State.&lt;/ref&gt; Most were in Cranganore, which is also called ''Mago dera Patinas''; it is also called Sengale."&lt;ref&gt;J. Winter and Aug. Wünsche, ''Die Jüdische Literatur seit Abschluss des Kanons'', vol. iii, Hildesheim 1965, pp. 459-462 (German)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A similar tradition has been preserved by [[David Solomon Sassoon]], where he mentions the first places of Jewish settlement on the Malabar Coast as Cranganore, Madai, Pelota and Palur, which were then under the rule of the Perumal dynasty. See: David Solomon Sassoon, ''Ohel Dawid'' (Descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library, London), vol. 1, Oxford Univ. Press: London 1932, p. 370, section 268.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
[[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]], an [[Aramaic]]-speaking Jew&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Aramaic language |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aramaic-language |access-date=30 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; from the [[Galilee]] region of Israel and one of the disciples of [[Jesus]], is believed to have come to Southern India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2006 |title=Benedict XVI, General Audience, St Peter's Square: Thomas the twin |url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20060927.html |access-date=30 June 2020 |website=w2.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the 1st century, in search of the Jewish community there.&lt;ref name="Puthiakunnel"&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Puthiakunnel |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdN4vQEACAAJ |encyclopedia=The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India |year=1973 |editor-last=Menachery |editor-first=George |volume=2 |title=Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas |oclc=1237836}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC&amp;q=St.+Thomas |title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |year=2003 |isbn=965-278-179-7 |editor-last=Slapak |editor-first=Orpa |page=27 |via=University Press of New England}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="stthoma"&gt;{{Cite web |title=''India and St.Thomas &gt; South Indian Mission &gt;Overview'' |url=http://www.stthoma.com/india%20and%20stthomas/south_indian_mission.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607150744/http://www.stthoma.com/india%20and%20stthomas/south_indian_mission.php |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=25 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is possible that the [[Jewish Christian|Jews who became Christians]] at that time were absorbed by what became the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani Community]] in Kerala.&lt;ref name="Puthiakunnel" /&gt;&lt;ref name="stthoma" /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Muthiah |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zl8MAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22long-settled+Jews%22 |title=Madras Rediscovered: A Historical Guide to Looking Around, Supplemented with Tales of 'Once Upon a City' |publisher=East West Books |year=1999 |isbn=818-685-222-0 |page=113}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
A number of scholars have noted that the Cochin Jews maintain striking cultural similarities to the [[Knanaya]],{{sfn|Weil|1982|pp=175–196}}{{sfn|Jussay|2005|pp=118–128}} Jewish-Christian migrants from Persia who settled in [[Kodungallur]], Kerala in the 4th or 8th century.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2010|pp=113}} These symmetries are noted in both the wedding traditions and especially the folk songs of the two communities, some songs maintaining the exact same lyrics with few corruptions and variations.{{sfn|Weil|1982|pp=175–196}}{{sfn|Jussay|2005|pp=118–128}}<br />
<br />
Central to the history of the Cochin Jews was their close relationship with Indian rulers. This was codified on a set of copper plates granting the community special privileges.&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala", ''Contributions to Indian Sociology, ''1982. 16(2): 175-196.&lt;/ref&gt; The date of these plates, known as "Sâsanam",&lt;ref&gt;Burnell, ''Indian Antiquary'', iii. 333–334.&lt;/ref&gt; is contentious. The plates are physically inscribed with the date 379 CE,&lt;ref&gt;Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, ''The History of the Bene-Israel of India'' (ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, p. 64&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Solomon Sassoon, ''Ohel Dawid'' (Descriptive catalogue of the Hebrew and Samaritan Manuscripts in the Sassoon Library, London), vol. 1, Oxford Univ. Press: London 1932, p. 370, section 268. According to David Solomon Sassoon, the copper plates were inscribed during the period of the last ruler of the Perumal dynasty, Shirman Perumal.&lt;/ref&gt; but in 1925, tradition was setting it as 1069 CE.&lt;ref name="worldmoon"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Nathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWX6pF2PTJwC&amp;q=world+moon&amp;pg=PA35 |title=Who are the Jews of India? |publisher=University of California Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-520-21323-4 |page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indian rulers granted the Jewish leader [[Joseph Rabban]] the rank of prince over the Jews of Cochin, giving him the rulership and tax revenue of a pocket [[principality]] in [[Anjuvannam]] near Cranganore, and rights to seventy-two "free houses".&lt;ref&gt;Ken Blady, ''Jewish Communities in Exotic Places''. Northvale, N.J.: [[Jason Aronson]] Inc., 2000. pp. 115–130.&lt;br /&gt;Weil, Shalva. "Jews of India" in Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak (eds.) ''Jewish Folklore and Traditions: A Multicultural Encyclopedia'', ABC-CLIO, Inc. 2013, (1: 255-258).&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The Hindu king gave permission in perpetuity (or, in the more poetic expression of those days, "as long as the world, sun and moon endure"&lt;ref name="worldmoon" /&gt;) for Jews to live freely, build [[synagogues]], and own property "without conditions attached".&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=xQzuGncH1TgC&amp;pg=PA59 ''Three Years in America, 1859–1862''] (pp. 59-60) by Israel Joseph Benjamin&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=GDNuAAAAMAAJ ''Roots of Dalit History, Christianity, Theology, and Spirituality''] (p. 28) by James Massey, I.S.P.C.K.&lt;/ref&gt; A family connection to Rabban, "the king of Shingly" (another name for Cranganore), was long considered a sign of both purity and prestige within the community. Rabban's descendants led this distinct community until a chieftainship dispute broke out between two brothers, one of them named [[Joseph Azar (prince)|Joseph Azar]], in the 16th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mendelssohn |first=Sidney |title=The Jews of Asia: Especially in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries |publisher=AMS Press |year=1920 |page=109}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The Jewish traveler [[Benjamin of Tudela]], speaking of [[Kollam]] (Quilon) on the Malabar Coast, writes in his ''Itinerary'':&lt;blockquote&gt;"[t]hroughout the island, including all the towns thereof, live several thousand [[Israelites]]. The inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are good and benevolent. They know the [[law of Moses]] and the [[Nevi'im|prophets]], and to a small extent the [[Talmud]] and [[Halacha]]."&lt;ref&gt;''The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela'' (ed. Marcus Nathan Adler), Oxford University Press, London 1907, p. 65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;These people later became known as the Malabari Jews. They built synagogues in [[Kerala]] beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries.&lt;ref name="isjm"&gt;Weil, Shalva. ''From Cochin to Israel''. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. "Kerala to restore 400-year-old Indian synagogue", ''The Jerusalem Post'' (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; The oldest known gravestone of a Cochin Jew is written in Hebrew and dates to 1269 CE. It is near the Chendamangalam Synagogue, built in 1614,&lt;ref name="isjm" /&gt; which is now operated as a museum.&lt;ref&gt;''The Last Jews of Kerala'', pp. 81–82.&lt;br /&gt;Weil, Shalva (with Jay Waronker and Marian Sofaer) ''The Chennamangalam Synagogue: Jewish Community in a Village in Kerala''. Kerala: Chennamangalam Synagogue, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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In 1341, a disastrous flood silted up the port of Cranganore, and trade shifted to a smaller port at [[Cochin]] (Kochi). Many of the Jews moved quickly, and within four years, they had built their first synagogue at the new community.&lt;ref&gt;''The Last Jews of Kerala'' p. 111.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History", ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies''. 2010, 8(3): 319-335.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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The [[Portuguese Empire]] established a trading beachhead in 1500, and until 1663 remained the dominant power. They continued to discriminate against the Jews, although doing business with them. A synagogue was built at Parur in 1615, at a site that according to tradition had a synagogue built in 1165. Almost every member of this community emigrated to Israel in 1954.&lt;ref name="isjm" /&gt;<br />
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[[File:Codice Casanatense Jews of Malabar.jpg|thumb|Jewish couple depicted in 16th century Portuguese [[Códice Casanatense]]]]<br />
In 1524, the Muslims, backed by the ruler of [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] (today called [[Kozhikode]] and not to be confused with [[Calcutta]]), attacked the wealthy Jews of Cranganore because of their primacy in the lucrative [[black pepper|pepper]] trade. The Jews fled south to the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], seeking the protection of the [[Cochin Royal Family]] (Perumpadapu Swaroopam). The Hindu Raja of Cochin gave them asylum. Moreover, he exempted Jews from taxation but bestowed on them all privileges enjoyed by the tax-payers.&lt;ref name="worldmoon" /&gt;<br />
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The Malabar Jews built additional synagogues at [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]] and [[Ernakulam]]. In the latter location, Kadavumbagham Synagogue was built about 1200 and restored in the 1790s. Its members believed they were the congregation to receive the historic copper plates. In the 1930s and 1940s, the congregation was as large as 2,000 members, but all emigrated to Israel.&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. From Cochin to Israel. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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Thekkambagham Synagogue was built in Ernakulam in 1580, and rebuilt in 1939. It is the synagogue in Ernakulam sometimes used for services if former members of the community visit from Israel. In 1998, five families who were members of this congregation still lived in Kerala or in Madras.&lt;ref&gt;Weil, Shalva. "A Revival of Jewish Heritage on the Indian Tourism Trail". ''Jerusalem Post Magazine'', 16 July 2010. pp. 34-36.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
===A Jewish traveler's visit to Cochin===<br />
The following is a description of the Jews of Cochin by 16th-century Jewish traveler [[Zechariah Dhahiri]] (recollections of his travels ''circa'' 1558).<br />
{{blockquote|I travelled from the land of Yemen unto the land of India and Cush, in order to search out a better livelihood. I had chosen the frontier route, where I made a passage across the Great Sea by ship for twenty days... I arrived at the city of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], which upon entering I was sorely grieved at what I had seen, for the city's inhabitants are all uncircumcised and given over to idolatry. There isn't to be found in her a single Jew with whom I could have, otherwise, taken respite in my journeys and wanderings. I then turned away from her and went into the city of [[Kochi|Cochin]], wherein I found what my soul desired, insofar that a community of Spaniards is to be found there who are derived of Jewish lineage, along with other congregations of proselytes.&lt;ref&gt;This view is supported by Rabbi Yehezkel Rachbi of Cochin who, in a letter addressed to Tobias Boas of Amsterdam in 1768, wrote: "We are called 'White Jews', being people who have come from the Holy Land, (may it be built and established quickly, even in our days), while the Jews that are called 'Black' they became such in Malabar from proselytization and emancipation. However, their status and their rule of law, as well as their prayer, are just as ours." See: [[Sefunot]]; online edition: [http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsArticles/sefunotI_OCR.pdf ''Sefunot'', Book One (article: "Sources for the History on the Relations Between the White and Black Jews of Cochin")] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028214755/http://www.ybz.org.il/_Uploads/dbsArticles/sefunotI_OCR.pdf |date=28 October 2014 }}, p. רמט, but in PDF p. 271 (Hebrew)&lt;/ref&gt; They had been converted many years ago, of the natives of [[Kochi|Cochin]] and Germany.&lt;ref&gt;'''Excursus:''' The word used here in the Hebrew original is "Kena`anim", typically translated as "Canaanites". Etymologically, it is important to point out that during the Middle-Ages amongst Jewish scholars, the word "Kena`ani" had taken on the connotation of "German", or resident of Germany (Arabic: Alemania), which usage would have been familiar to our author, Zechariah al-Dhahiri. Not that the Germans are really derived from Canaan, since this has been refuted by later scholars, but only for the sake of clarity of intent do we make mention of this fact. Al-Dhahiri knew, just as we know today, that German Jews had settled in Cochin, the most notable families of which being Rottenburg and Ashkenazi, among others. In [[Abraham ibn Ezra|Ibn Ezra]]'s commentary on Obadiah 1:20, he writes: "Who are [among] the Canaanites. We have heard from great men that the land of Germany (Alemania) they are the Canaanites who fled from the children of Israel when they came into the country". Rabbi [[David Kimchi]] (1160–1235), in his commentary on Obadiah 1:20, writes similarly: "Now they say by way of tradition that the people of the land of Germany (Alemania) were Canaanites, for when the Canaanite [nation] went away from Joshua, just as we have written in the Book of Joshua, they went off to the ''land of Germany'' (Alemania) and Escalona, which is called the land of Ashkenaz, while unto this day they are called Canaanites". Notwithstanding, Yehuda Ratzaby, in his ''Sefer Hamussar'' edition (published in 1965 by the Ben Zvi Institute in Jerusalem), believed Zechariah al-Dhahiri's intention here was to "emancipated Canaanite slaves", in which case, he takes the word literally as meaning Canaanite.&lt;/ref&gt; They are adept in their knowledge of Jewish laws and customs, acknowledging the injunctions of the Divine Law (Torah), and making use of its means of punishment. I dwelt there three months, among the holy congregations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Al-Dhahiri |first=Zechariah |title=Sefer Ha-Musar |publisher=(ed. Mordechai Yitzhari), Bnei Barak 2008|page=67|language=Hebrew}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br />
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===1660 to independence===<br />
[[File:57Cochin White Jew Town.jpg|right|thumb|Photo identified as "White Jew town", Cochin, 1913]]<br />
The [[Paradesi Jews]], also called "White Jews", settled in the Cochin region in the 16th century and later, following the [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|expulsion from Iberia]] due to forced conversion and religious persecution in Spain and then Portugal. Some fled north to [[Holland]] but the majority [[History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|fled east to the Ottoman Empire]]. Both "Black Jews" and the "White Jews" (the Spanish Jews) of Malabar claimed that they are the true inheritors of the old Jewish culture.&lt;ref name=":22"&gt;"Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin", ''Indian Historical Review'', vol. 29, no. 1–2, Jan. 2002, pp. 66–76, doi:10.1177/037698360202900204.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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Some went beyond that territory, including a few families who followed the Arab [[Spice trade|spice routes]] to southern India. Speaking [[Ladino language]] and having [[Sephardic]] customs, they found the Malabari Jewish community as established in Cochin to be quite different. According to the historian Mandelbaum, there were resulting tensions between the two ethnic communities.&lt;ref&gt;Cited on p 51 in ''The Last Jews of Kerala''&lt;/ref&gt; The European Jews had some trade links to Europe and useful languages to conduct international trade &lt;ref name=":0" /&gt;<br />
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When the Portuguese occupied the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], they allegedly discriminated against its Jews. Nevertheless, to some extent they shared language and culture, so ever more Jews came to live under Portuguese rule (actually under the Spanish crown, again, between 1580 and 1640). The Protestant Dutch killed the raja of Cochin, allied of the Portuguese, plus sixteen hundred Indians in 1662, during their siege of Cochin. The Jews, having supported the Dutch military attempt, suffered the murderous retaliation of both the Portuguese and Malabar populations. A year later, the second Dutch siege was successful and, after slaughtering the Portuguese, they demolished most Catholic churches or turned them into Protestant churches (not sparing the one where Vasco da Gama had been buried). They were more tolerant of Jews, having granted asylum claims in the Netherlands. (See the [[Goa Inquisition]] for the situation of Jews in nearby [[Goa]].)&lt;ref&gt;'''Weil, S.''' 2020 (ed.) ''[https://www.amazon.com/Jews-Goa-Shalva-Weil/dp/9389755778 The Jews of Goa]'', New Delhi: Primus Books.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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The Paradesi Jews built their own house of worship, the [[Paradesi Synagogue]]. The latter group was very small by comparison to the Malabaris. Both groups practiced [[endogamous]] marriage, maintaining their distinctions. Both communities claimed special privileges and the greater status over each other.&lt;ref&gt;[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4435-cochin "Cochin Jews"], ''Indian Express''. Accessed 13 December 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
[[File:"Juifs_noirs"_03.jpg|thumb|Cochin Jewish children in 1936]]<br />
In the early 20th century, [[Abraham Barak Salem]] (1882–1967), a young lawyer who became known as a "Jewish Gandhi", worked to end the discrimination against ''meshuchrarim'' Jews. Inspired by Indian nationalism and Zionism, he also tried to reconcile the divisions among the Cochin Jews.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-kochi-dream-died-in-mumbai/397831/0 "A Kochi dream died in Mumbai"]. ''Indian Express'', 13 December 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; He became both an [[Indian nationalism|Indian nationalist]] and Zionist. His family were descended from ''meshuchrarim''. The Hebrew word denoted a [[manumission|manumitted]] slave, and was at times used in a derogatory way. Salem fought against the discrimination by boycotting the Paradesi Synagogue for a time. He also used ''[[satyagraha]]'' to combat the social discrimination. According to Mandelbaum, by the mid-1930s many of the old taboos had fallen with a changing society.&lt;ref&gt;Katz, ''The Last Jews of Kerala'', p. 164&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Relations between the Cochin Jews and other Jews==<br />
Although India is noted for having four distinct Jewish communities, ''viz'' Cochin, [[Bene Israel]] (of [[Mumbai]] and its environs), [[Kolkata]], and [[New Delhi]], communications between the Jews of Kochi and the Bene Israel community were greatest in the mid-19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-09-21 |title=The Last Jews of Cochin |url=https://psmag.com/social-justice/last-jews-of-cochin |access-date=2017-09-22 |website=Pacific Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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According to the Bene Israel historian Haeem Samuel Kehimkar (1830-1909), several prominent members of the White Jews of Kochi had moved to Bombay in 1825, among them Michael and Abraham Sargon, David Baruch Rahabi, Hacham Samuel, and Judah David Ashkenazi. These exerted themselves not only in changing the minds of the Bene Israel and of their children generally, but also particularly in turning the minds of these few of the Bene-Israel who practiced other faiths to the study of their own religion, and to the contemplation of [[God in Judaism|God]]. David Rahabi effected a religious revival at Revandanda, followed by his successor, Hacham Samuel.&lt;ref&gt;Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, ''The History of the Bene-Israel of India'' (ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv: The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London: G. Salby 1937, p. 66&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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Although David Rahabi was convinced that the Bene Israel were the descendants of the Jews, he still wanted to examine them further. He therefore gave their women clean and non-[[kosher]] fish to be cooked together, but they separated the clean from the impure, saying that they never used fish that had neither fins nor scales. Thus satisfied, he began to teach them the tenets of Judaism. He taught Hebrew reading, without translation, to three young Bene Israel men from the families of Jhiratker, Shapurker, and Rajpurker.&lt;ref&gt;Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, ''A sketch of the history of Bene-Israel: and an appeal for their education'', Bombay : Education Society's Press 1892, p. 20&lt;/ref&gt; <br />
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Another influential man from Cochin, who is alleged to have been of Yemenite Jewish origin, was [[Hakham]] [[Shelomo Salem Shurrabi]] who served as a [[Hazzan]] (Reader) in the then newly formed synagogue of the Bene-Israel in Bombay for the trifling sum of 100 rupees ''per annum'', although he worked also as a book-binder. While engaged in his avocation, he was at all times ready to explain any scriptural difficulty that might happen to be brought to him by any Bene Israel. He was a Reader, Preacher, Expounder of the Law, ''[[Mohel]]'' and ''[[Shochet]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Haeem Samuel Kehimkar, ''The History of the Bene-Israel of India'' (ed. Immanuel Olsvanger), Tel-Aviv : The Dayag Press, Ltd.; London : G. Salby 1937, pp. 67-68&lt;/ref&gt; He died on 17 April 1856 in Bombay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=SHURRABI, SHELOMO SALEM |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13620-shurrabi-shelomo-salem |access-date=2024-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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==Since 1947==<br />
{{main|Indian Jews in Israel}}<br />
[[File:זוג מקוצ'ין לאחר עלייתם לישראל.jpg|thumb|A Jewish couple from Cochin after immigrating to Israel]] [[File:Judeo-Malayalam map.svg|thumb|Judeo-Malayalam speaking communities in [[Kerala]] (largely historical) and Israel (current)]]<br />
India became independent from British rule in 1947 and Israel established itself as a nation in 1948. With the heightened emphasis on the [[Partition of India]] into a secular republic of [[India]] and a semi-theocratic [[Pakistan]], most of the Cochin Jews emigrated from India. Generally they went to Israel (made [[aliyah]]).{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}<br />
Many of the migrants joined the ''[[moshav]]im'' (agricultural settlements) of [[Nevatim]], [[Shahar, Israel|Shahar]], [[Yuval]], and [[Mesilat Zion]].&lt;ref name=":1" /&gt; Others settled in the neighbourhood of [[Katamon]] in [[Jerusalem]], and in [[Beersheba]], [[Ramla]], [[Dimona]], and [[Yeruham]], where many [[Bene Israel]] had settled.&lt;ref&gt;Shulman, D. and Weil, S. (eds). ''Karmic Passages: Israeli Scholarship on India''. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; The story is told succinctly in the award winning children's book ''The Blue Butterfly of Cochin,'' published by Kalaniot Books, with art by the Indian-American artist, [[Siona Benjamin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Ariana Mizrahi |date=2025-04-14 |title=The Blue Butterfly of Cochin: A Journey of Discovery and Connection |website=Jewish Book Council |url=https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/pb-daily/the-blue-butterfly-of-cochin-a-journey-of-discovery-and-connection |access-date=2025-05-07 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The migrated Cochin Jews still continue to speak [[Malayalam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Spector |first=Johanna |date=1972 |title=Shingli Tunes of the Cochin Jews |journal=Asian Music |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=23–28 |doi=10.2307/833956 |issn=0044-9202 |jstor=833956}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |author=Segal, J.B. |title=A history of the Jews of Cochin |date=1993 |publisher=Vallentine Mitchell |oclc=624148605}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since the late 20th century, former Cochin Jews have also immigrated to the United States. It is recorded that currently only 26 Jews live in Kerala, who is located in different parts of [[Kerala]] such as [[Cochin]], [[Kottayam]] and [[Thiruvalla]].<br />
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In Cochin, the [[Paradesi Synagogue]] is still active as a place of worship, but the Jewish community is very small. The building also attracts visitors as a historic tourist site.&lt;ref name="roughguide"&gt;{{Cite book |last=Abram |first=David |title=The Rough Guide to Kerala |date=November 2010 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-1-84836-541-4 |edition=2nd |location=London, United Kingdom |page=181}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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February 3, 2005, the Cochin Royal Family Heritage Historical Society along with the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation and Dr. Kenneth X. Robbins M.D. presented a historical interpretive marker in the Kalikota Palace in Ernakulim. It is sited below the painting of His Highness, Rama Varma Pareekshith Thampuran, the Last Maharaja of Cochin.<br />
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The text is written in English with Hebrew additions from the Prophet Jeremiah and the 72 Psalm of King David. <br />
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[[File:The Speech of the Maharaja of Cochin - Paradesi Synagogue, 1949.png|thumb|center|The Speech of the Maharaja of Cochin - Paradesi Synagogue, 1949]]<br />
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″1949"...A glorious chapter of unbroken love and affection on the one hand, and deep devotion and loyalty on the other, between the Maharajas of Cochin and their Jewish subjects.... The memory of your early association with this country has always been pleasant. Your people began to visit this coast as early as the days of King Solomon. In the early centuries of the Christian era, some of them left their hearts and homes and settled in Cochin. The people of Cochin welcomed you with open arms, and the Ruling Family protected you from plunder and persecution. My grandmother used to tell us of the very pleasant hours she and the other princesses of her age spent in the company of your womenfolk who usually gathered at the palace in the afternoon. This temple of historic importance is a standing monument of religious tolerance and hospitality that has prevailed here since time immemorial. I am glad to say no other people deserved such treatment better. You have, on occasions, more than one shown your unflinching loyalty to the King and country that adopted you and gave you shelter. I assure you that all legitimate interests of the minorities shall be scrupulously safeguarded..."<br />
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After 1947, and particularly from the 1950s onward, the history of the Cochin Jews entered a post-communal phase marked not only by large-scale emigration to Israel but also by the gradual transfer of everyday Jewish heritage into the care of non-Jewish residents of Jew Town in Kochi.&lt;ref name=":5"&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-12-14 |title=Fort Kochi: The man keeping a Jewish legacy alive in an Indian city |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g64e67n7eo |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; As the Jewish population declined from several hundred in the mid-20th century to a single resident in the early 21st century, domestic and artisanal traditions once central to communal life, such as kosher food preparation, synagogue textile work, and Sabbath observance, survived in fragmentary form through personal relationships rather than formal institutions. One example is the embroidery shop once run by Sarah Cohen, now maintained by Dinesh Madhavan Thaha Ibrahim, a Muslim craftsman who continues to observe the Jewish Sabbath by closing the shop on Saturdays.&lt;ref name=":5" /&gt;<br />
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==Genetic analysis==<br />
{{further|Genetic studies on Jews}}<br />
[[Genetic testing]] into the origins of the Cochin Jewish and other Indian Jewish communities noted that until the present day the Indian Jews maintained in the range of 3%-20% Middle Eastern ancestry, confirming the traditional narrative of migration from the Middle East to India. The tests noted however that the communities had considerable Indian admixture, exhibiting the fact that the Indian Jewish people "inherited their ancestry from Middle Eastern and Indian populations".&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chaubey |first1=Gyaneshwer |last2=Singh |first2=Manvendra |last3=Rai |first3=Niraj |last4=Kariappa |first4=Mini |last5=Singh |first5=Kamayani |last6=Singh |first6=Ashish |last7=Pratap Singh |first7=Deepankar |last8=Tamang |first8=Rakesh |last9=Selvi Rani |first9=Deepa |last10=Reddy |first10=Alla G. |last11=Kumar Singh |first11=Vijay |date=13 January 2016 |title=Genetic affinities of the Jewish populations of India |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=6 |issue=1 |article-number=19166 |bibcode=2016NatSR...619166C |doi=10.1038/srep19166 |pmc=4725824 |pmid=26759184 |last12=Singh |first12=Lalji |last13=Thangaraj |first13=Kumarasamy}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
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==Traditions and way of life==<br />
[[File:Black jew of cochin with peyots.jpg|thumb|A Cochin Jewish man with [[payot]]]]<br />
The 12th-century Jewish traveller [[Benjamin of Tudela]] wrote about the Malabari coast of Kerala: "They know the law of Moses and the prophets, and to a small extent the [[Talmud]] and [[Halacha]]."&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adler, Marcus Nathan |year=1907 |title=The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical Text, Translation and Commentary |url=http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tudela.html |access-date=2012-05-01 |website=Depts.washington.edu |publisher=Phillip Feldheim, Inc. |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; European Jews sent texts to the community of Cochin Jews to teach them about normative Judaism.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}<br />
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[[Maimonides]] (1135–1204), the preeminent Jewish philosopher of his day, wrote,<br />
&lt;blockquote&gt;"Only lately, some well-to-do men came forward and purchased three copies of my code [the [[Mishneh Torah]]], which they distributed through messengers... Thus, the horizon of these Jews was widened, and the religious life in all communities as far as India revived."&lt;ref&gt;Twersky, Isadore. ''A Maimonides Reader''. Behrman House. Inc., 1972, pp. 481–482&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br />
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In a 1535 letter sent from [[Safed]] to Italy, [[David del Rossi]] wrote that a Jewish merchant from [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] had told him the India town of Shingly ([[Cranganore]]) had a large Jewish population who dabbled in yearly pepper trade with the Portuguese. As far as their religious life, he wrote that they "only recognize the [[Mishneh Torah|Code of Maimonides]], and possessed no other authority or traditional law".&lt;ref&gt;Katz, Nathan and Ellen S. Goldberg. ''The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India''. University of South Carolina Press, p. 40. Also, Katz, Nathan, ''Who Are the Jews of India?'', University of California Press, 2000, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; According to the contemporary historian Nathan Katz, Rabbi [[Nissim of Gerona]] (the Ran) visited the Cochini Jews. They preserve in their song books the poem he wrote about them.&lt;ref&gt;Katz, ''Who Are the Jews of India?'', op. cit., p. 32.&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue|Kadavumbhagam synagogue]], a Hebrew school was available for both "children's education and adult study of Torah and [[Mishnah]]".&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 1999 |title=ISJM Jewish Heritage Report Volume II, nos 3-4 |url=http://www.isjm.org/jhr/IInos3-4/india.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010515024520/http://www.isjm.org/jhr/IInos3-4/india.htm |archive-date=15 May 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
The ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' (1901-1906) said,<br />
&lt;blockquote&gt;"Though they neither eat nor drink together, nor intermarry, the Black and the White Jews of Cochin have almost the same social and religious customs. They hold the same doctrines, use the same ritual ([[Sephardic]]), observe the same feasts and fasts, dress alike, and have adopted the same language Malayalam. ... The two classes are equally strict in religious observances",&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |author=Jacobs, Joseph |author2=Joseph Ezekiel |title=Cochin |pages=135–138 |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=558&amp;letter=C |access-date=2012-05-01 |encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;According to Martine Chemana, the Jews of Cochin "coalesced around the religious fundamentals: devotion and strict obedience to Biblical Judaism, and to the Jewish customs and traditions ... Hebrew, taught through the Torah texts by rabbis and teachers who came especially from [[Yemen]]."&lt;ref name="sing" /&gt;<br />
<br />
=== Piyyutim ===<br />
The Jews of Cochin had a long tradition of singing [[piyyutim]] (devotionals) and songs on festive occasions such as [[Purim]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2006 |title=Today is Purim: A Cochin Jewish Song in Hebrew |journal=TAPASAM Journal: Quarterly Journal for Kerala Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=575–588}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women used to sing Jews songs in Judeo-Malayalam. They did not adhere to the [[Talmud]]ic prohibition against public singing by women (see: [[Tzniut#Female singing voice]]).&lt;ref name="sing"&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chemana |first=Martine |date=15 October 2002 |title=Les femmes chantent, les hommes écoutent.. Chants en malayalam (pattu-kal) des Kochini, communautés juives du Kerala, en Inde et en Israël |trans-title=Women sing, men listen: Malayalam folksongs of the Cochini, the Jewish Community of Kerala, in India and in Israel |url=https://journals.openedition.org/bcrfj/752 |journal=Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem |language=fr |issue=11 |pages=28–44}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Pradeep, K. |date=15 May 2005 |title=Musical Heritage |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/05/15/stories/2005051500300400.htm |access-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910074302/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/05/15/stories/2005051500300400.htm |archive-date=10 September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Cochin: Jewish Women's Music |encyclopedia=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia |publisher=Jewish Women's Archive |url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/cochin-jewish-womens-music |access-date=2012-05-01 |date=1 March 2009 |author=Johnson, Barbara C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==Judeo-Malayalam==<br />
{{Further|Judeo-Malayalam}}<br />
<br />
Judeo-Malayalam ({{Langx|ml|യെഹൂദ്യമലയാളം|translit=yehūdyamalayāḷaṃ}}; {{Langx|he|מלאיאלאם יהודית|translit=malayalam yəhūḏīṯ}}) is the traditional language of the Kochinim, spoken today by a few dozens of people in [[Israel]] and by probably fewer than 25 in India.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} In their antiquity, Malabar Jews may have used [[Judeo-Persian dialect|Judeo-Persian]] as evident from the [[Quilon Syrian copper plates|Kollam Copper plates]].<br />
<br />
Judeo-Malayalam is the only known [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] [[Jewish languages|Jewish language]]. Since it does not differ substantially in [[grammar]] or [[syntax]] from other colloquial [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] dialects, it is not considered by many linguists to be a [[language]] in its own right, but a [[dialect]], or simply a language variation. Judeo-Malayalam shares with other Jewish languages like [[Ladino (language)|Ladino]], [[Judeo-Arabic dialects|Judeo-Arabic]], and [[Yiddish]], common traits and features. For example, verbatim translations from Hebrew to Malayalam, archaic features of Old Malayalam, Hebrew components agglutinated to Dravidian verb and noun formations and special idiomatic usages based on its Hebrew loanwords. Due to the lack of long-term scholarship on this language variation, there is no separate designation for the language (if it can be so considered), for it to have its own language code (''see also [[SIL International|SIL]] and [[ISO 639]]'').<br />
<br />
Unlike many [[Jew]]ish languages, Judeo-Malayalam is not written using the [[Hebrew alphabet]]. It does, however, like most Jewish languages, contain many [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] [[loanword]]s, which are regularly transliterated, as much as possible, using the [[Malayalam script]]. Like many other Jewish languages, Judeo-Malayalam also contains a number of [[Vocabulary|lexical]], [[Phonology|phonological]] and [[Syntax|syntactic]] archaisms, in this case, from the days before Malayalam became fully distinguished from [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Malayalam Transliteration<br />
!Meaning<br />
!Original Form<br />
!Pronunciation<br />
|-<br />
|അളം<br />
|world<br />
|עולם<br />
|oˈlam<br />
|-<br />
|അലിയ<br />
|ascension<br />
|עלייה<br />
|aliyá<br />
|-<br />
|അലുവ/ഹലുവ<br />
|sweet<br />
|חלבה<br />
|halvah<br />
|-<br />
|ബാ<br />
|come<br />
|בא<br />
|ba<br />
|-<br />
|ബേത് ക്നേസേത്<br />
|synagogue<br />
|בית כנסת<br />
|beit-k'néset<br />
|-<br />
|ഇവിരീത്<br />
|Hebrew language<br />
|עברית<br />
|ivrít<br />
|-<br />
|കബറ്<br />
|grave, tomb<br />
|קבר<br />
|kéver<br />
|-<br />
|മിശ്രേം, മിശ്രീം<br />
|Egypt, Egyptian<br />
|מצרים, מצרי<br />
|mitsráyim, mitsrí<br />
|-<br />
|മെത്ത<br />
|bed<br />
|מיטה<br />
|metah<br />
|-<br />
|നവി<br />
|prophet<br />
|נביא<br />
|naví<br />
|-<br />
|റബ്ബാൻ, രമ്പാൻ<br />
|rabbi, teacher, monk<br />
|רבי<br />
|rabbi<br />
|-<br />
|സായിത്ത്<br />
|olive<br />
|זית<br />
|záyit<br />
|-<br />
|സഫറാദ്, സഫറാദി<br />
|Spain, Spaniard<br />
|ספרד, ספרדי<br />
|sfarad, sfaradi<br />
|-<br />
|ശാലോം<br />
|hello, peace<br />
|שלום<br />
|shalóm<br />
|-<br />
|ശാലോം ആയി<br />
|death<br />
|שלום עליי<br />
|shalóm ali<br />
|-<br />
|ശീർ<br />
|song, music<br />
|שיר<br />
|shir<br />
|-<br />
|ശോഷന്നാ<br />
|lily<br />
|שושן<br />
|shoshán<br />
|-<br />
|തപ്പുവാഖ്<br />
|apple<br />
|תפוח<br />
|tapúakh<br />
|-<br />
|തോറ<br />
|Torah<br />
|תורה<br />
|torá<br />
|-<br />
|യവൻ, യാവന<br />
|Greece, Greek (Likely to be derived from "Ionian", the Greeks who lived in Asia Minor)<br />
|יוון, יווני<br />
|yaván, yevani<br />
|-<br />
|യിസ്രായേൽ, യിസ്രായേലി<br />
|Israel, Israeli<br />
|ישראל, הישראלי<br />
|yisra'él, yisra'éli<br />
|-<br />
|യൂദാ, യെഹൂദൻ<br />
|Jew, Jewish<br />
|יהודי<br />
|y'hudi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Cochin Jewish synagogues==<br />
{{Further|List of synagogues in Kerala}}<br />
<br />
A synagogue is called a {{transliteration|ml|bētu knēsētu}} in [[Judeo-Malayalam]] ({{lang|ml|ബേത് ക്നേസേത്}}), from Hebrew [[bet knesset]], or a ''Jūtapalli'' ({{lang|ml|ജൂതപള്ളി}}), with ''Jūtaṉ'' meaning Jew and -''palli'' a suffix added to prayer houses of the [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic faiths]]. [[File:Israel_Museum-_Transfered_and_Rebuilt_Synagogues_(5689324888).jpg|thumb|The [[Torah ark|ark]] and [[Bema]] of the [[Paravur Synagogue]] are now displayed in the [[Israel Museum]] in Jerusalem]]<br />
Throughout history, numerous synagogues have been constructed and lost to time. In their first settlement at Shingly ([[Kodungallur]]), there were 18 synagogues as per their oral traditions. Today, no archaeological evidence has been yet uncovered to validate these traditions. However, the custom of naming their synagogues as ''Tekkŭmbhagam'' (South-side) and ''Kaṭavumbhagam'' "[[Riverbank]]-side" is cited as a cultural memory of two such synagogues that once stood in [[Muziris]]. Several oral songs sung by Kochini women also contain references to these synagogues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cochin: Jewish Women's Music|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/cochin-jewish-womens-music|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Jewish Women's Archive|date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
In addition, numerous Syrian Christian churches of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] community in Kerala are claimed to have been built on former synagogues, although archaeological evidence is scarce.<br />
<br />
Synagogues believed to have existed or speculated based on oral traditions include:<br />
<br />
* Madayi Synagogue, [[Madayi]]<br />
* Cranganore Synagogue, Shingly<br />
* Thekkumbhagam synagogue, Shingly<br />
* Kadavumbhagam Synagogue, Shingly<br />
<br />
Synagogues in recorded history whose location and/or remains have been lost in time:&lt;ref name=":2"&gt;{{Cite book|first=Jay|last=Waronker|title=Jay Waronker: India's synagogues ; March-April 7, 2007.|date=2007|publisher=Handwerker Gallery, Ithaca College|oclc=173844321}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
* '''[[Palayoor Synagogue]]''', [[Palayoor|Palur]] ''(known only from a rimon (ornament) bearing its name)'' <br />
* '''Kokkamangalam Synagogue''', [[Kokkamangalam]]<br />
* '''[[Kochangadi Synagogue]]''',(1344 A.D - 1789 A.D) [[Kochangadi]] ''(oldest synagogue in recorded history)''<br />
*'''Saudi Synagogue''', (1514 A.D-1556 A.D), Saude, a locality south of [[Fort Kochi]].<br />
* '''Tir-Tur Synagogue''', (1745 A.D-1768 A.D) Thiruthur, Kochi<br />
*'''Muttam Synagogue''' (1800A.D), [[Alappuzha|Muttam]], Alappuzha<br />
* '''Fort Kochi Synagogue''', (1848 A.D), [[Fort Kochi]] ''(congregation of [[Meshuchrarim|meschuhrarim]])''<br />
*'''Seremban Synagogue''', [[Seremban]], [[Malaysia]]<br />
<br />
Extant synagogues in Kerala:&lt;ref name=":2" /&gt;<br />
<br />
* '''[[Kadavumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue]]''', (1130 A.D or 1539 A.D), [[Mattancherry|Mattanchery]]<br />
* '''[[Thekkumbhagam Synagogue|Thekkumbhagam Mattancherry Synagogue]]''', (1647 A.D), [[Mattancherry|Mattanchery]] ''(demolished in 1960's)''<br />
* '''[[Chendamangalam Synagogue]]''', (1420 or 1614 A.D), [[Chendamangalam]]<br />
* '''[[Mala Synagogue]]''', (1400 A.D or 1597 A.D), [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]]<br />
* '''[[Paravur Synagogue]]''', (1164 A.D or 1616 A.D), [[North Paravur|Parur]]<br />
* '''[[Kadavumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue]]''', (1200 A.D), [[Ernakulam]]<br />
* '''[[Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue]]''', (1200 A.D or 1580 A.D), [[Ernakulam]]<br />
* '''[[Paradesi Synagogue]]''', (1568 A.D), [[Mattancherry]] ''(oldest active synagogue)''<br />
<br />
Cochini synagogues in Israel:<br />
<br />
* '''Moshav Nevatim Synagogue''', [[Nevatim]] (interiors taken from Thekkumbhagam Ernakulam Synagogue)<br />
*'''Mesilat Zion Synagogue''', [[Mesilat Zion]]<br />
*'''Nehemiah Motta Synagogue''', [[Giv'at Ko'ah]]<br />
<br />
==Cochin Jewish surnames==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%"<br />
! List of Cochin Jewish names and surnames&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Synagogues of Kerala|url=http://cochinsyn.com/|access-date=2021-10-09|website=cochinsyn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Puthiakunnel" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":4" /&gt;&lt;ref name=":3" /&gt; (partial)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
*Aaron/Aharon <br />
*Abraham/Avraham/Ibrahim<br />
*Ashkenazi<br />
*Azar<br />
*Bezalel<br />
*Cohen<br />
*Daniel<br />
*David/Davidson<br />
*Dharan<br />
*Efraim/Evarayi<br />
*Elia/Elias/Eliyahu<br />
*Gershon<br />
*Hai/Hay<br />
*Hallegua<br />
*Iype<br />
*Mundakathil <br />
*Itzhak/Yitzhak <br />
*Japheth<br />
*Joy<br />
*Kalloor/Kallookaran/Kallooran<br />
*Koder<br />
*Kunjeli<br />
*Libi<br />
*Madayi<br />
*Mangalapilly<br />
*Meir<br />
*Mettungal<br />
*Menahem<br />
*Meyuhasheem<br />
*Mordekhai/Mordechai/Mordehay <br />
*Motta<br />
*Murdai<br />
*Mutas/Mutach/Mutath/Mutat<br />
*Nehemia/Nehemya<br />
*Oran/Oren<br />
*Palliparambil<br />
*Pal/Pallivathikal/Palivathukal<br />
*Payyappilly<br />
*Rabban<br />
*Rahabi<br />
*Roby/Rubi<br />
*Salem<br />
*Samuel<br />
*Sargon<br />
*Sarphati<br />
*Sassoon<br />
*Sharet/Chorath<br />
*Siji<br />
*Simon<br />
*Solomon/Shlomo<br />
*Thomas<br />
*Tifferet <br />
*Yaakov<br />
*Yeoshua/Joshua<br />
*Yohanan <br />
*Yoseph/Joseph/Josephai<br />
*Zackai<br />
<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Notable Cochin Jews==<br />
* [[Joseph Rabban]], the first leader of the Jewish community of Kodungallur, was given copper plates of special grants from the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] ruler Bhaskara Ravivarman II from [[Kerala]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Aaron D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8QIEAAAQBAJ |title=Jewish Languages from A to Z |last2=Kahn |first2=Lily |date=2020-09-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-04343-4 |page=136 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
* Aaron Azar, among the last Jewish princes of Kodungallur<br />
* Joseph Azar, the last Jewish prince of Kodungallur<br />
*Sarah bat Israel, whose tombstone (d. 1249 A.D) is the oldest found in India<br />
*[[Elijah ha-Adeni|Eliyah ben Moses Adeni]], a 17th century Hebrew poet from [[Kochi|Cochin]].<br />
*[[Rahabi Ezekiel|Ezekiel Rahabi]] (1694–1771), chief Jewish merchant of the Dutch East India Company in Cochin<br />
* Nehemiah ben Abraham (d. 1615 A.D), (Nehemiah Mutha), patron saint of Malabar Jews<br />
* [[Abraham Barak Salem]] (1882–1967), Cochin Jewish Indian nationalist leader<br />
*Benjamin Meyuhasheem, the last Cochin Jew in Seremban, Malaysia<br />
* [[Ruby Daniel]] (1912-2002), Indian-Israeli author and subject of ''Ruby of Cochin''<br />
*Meydad Eliyahu, Israeli artist<br />
*Dr. Eliyahu Bezalel, renowned horticulturist<br />
*Elias "Babu" Josephai, caretaker of Kadavumbagam Synagogue<br />
*[[Sarah Jacob Cohen]] (1922-2019), the oldest member of the Paradesi community&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 August 2019 |title=Sarah Cohen, the oldest Kerala Jew, passes away |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sarah-cohen-the-oldest-kerala-jew-passes-away/article29302997.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
*[[Dr. John Jacob Mundakathil]] (1947-2025), the oldest kerala Jew.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
&lt;gallery widths="200" heights="300" perrow="7"&gt;<br />
File:Malabar Jewish High Priest.jpg|A high Priest of the Malabar Jews<br />
File:Paradesi Jew Bhagdhadi.jpg|A Paradesi Jew of [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi]] Origin<br />
File:Two young jewesses.jpg|Two Young ''Achi's'' (Jewess in Malayalam)<br />
File:Two jewesses.jpg|Two ''Achi's'' (Jewess in Malayalam)<br />
File:Malabar Jew.jpg|A Malabar Jew, ''circa'' 1920's<br />
File:U Nu visiting a village of immigrants from Cuchin, India. D777-114.jpg<br />
File:"Juifs noirs" 01.jpg<br />
File:"Juifs noirs" 02.jpg<br />
File:Brockhaus and Efron Jewish Encyclopedia e9 794-0.jpg<br />
&lt;/gallery&gt;<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Synagogues in Kerala]]<br />
* [[History of the Jews in India]]<br />
*[[Meshuchrarim]]<br />
*[[Paradesi Jews]]<br />
*[[Abraham Barak Salem]]<br />
*[[Joseph Rabban]]<br />
* [[Judaism]]<br />
* [[Anjuvannam]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*Fernandes, Edna. (2008) ''The Last Jews of Kerala''. London: Portobello Books. {{ISBN|978-1-84627-098-7}}<br />
* Koder, S. "History of the Jews of Kerala", ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'', ed. G. Menachery, 1973.<br />
* Puthiakunnel, Thomas. (1973) "Jewish Colonies of India Paved the Way for St. Thomas", ''The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'', ed. George Menachery, Vol. II., Trichur.<br />
* Daniel, Ruby &amp; B. Johnson. (1995). ''Ruby of Cochin: An Indian Jewish Woman Remembers''. Philadelphia and Jerusalem: Jewish Publication Society. <br />
* [https://archive.org/details/landpermaulsorc00daygoog The Land of the Permauls, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present] &lt;!-- quote=francis day. --&gt; Day, Francis (1869). ''The Land of the Permauls, Or, Cochin, Its Past and Its Present'', Cochin Jewish life in 18th century, read Chapter VIII (pp.&amp;nbsp;336 to 354), reproduced pp.&amp;nbsp;446–451 in ICHC I, 1998, Ed. George Menachery. Francis Day was a British civil surgeon in 1863.<br />
*Walter J. Fischel, ''The Cochin Jews'', reproduced from the Cochin Synagogue, 4th century, Vol. 1968, Ed. Velayudhan and Koder, Kerala History Association, Ernakulam, reproduced in ICHC I, Ed. George Menachery, 1998, pp.&amp;nbsp;562–563<br />
* de Beth Hillel, David. (1832) ''Travels''; Madras.<br />
*{{cite book|first=Robert |last=Frykenberg|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957583-1|date=2010}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis |last=Gamliel |first=Ophira |title=Jewish Malayalam Women's Songs |date=April 2009 |degree=PhD |publisher=Hebrew University |url=http://shemer.mslib.huji.ac.il/dissertations/W/JMS/001489509.pdf |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326052302/http://shemer.mslib.huji.ac.il/dissertations/W/JMS/001489509.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2017 }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Gamliel |first=Ophira |year=2018 |title=Back from Shingly: Revisiting the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala |journal=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=55 |pages=53–76|doi=10.1177/0019464617745926 |s2cid=149268133 |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/157659/1/157659.pdf }}<br />
* Jussay, P.M. (1986) "The Wedding Songs of the Cochin Jews and of the Knanite Christians of Kerala: A Study in Comparison". Symposium.<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Jussay |first=P. M. |title=The Jews of Kerala |publisher=Publication division, University of Calicut |year=2005 |location=Calicut}}<br />
* Hough, James. (1893) ''The History of Christianity in India''.<br />
* Lord, James Henry. (1977) ''The Jews in India and the Far East''. 120 pp.; Greenwood Press Reprint; {{ISBN|0-8371-2615-0}}<br />
* Menachery, George, ed. (1998) ''The Indian Church History Classics'', Vol. I, ''The Nazranies'', Ollur, 1998. {{ISBN|81-87133-05-8}}<br />
* Katz, Nathan; &amp; Goldberg, Ellen S; (1993) ''The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India''. Foreword by Daniel J. Elazar, Columbia, SC: Univ. of South Carolina Press. {{ISBN|0-87249-847-6}}<br />
* Menachery, George, ed. (1973) ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India'' B.N.K. Press, vol. 2, {{ISBN|81-87132-06-X}}, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568 ; B.N.K. Press<br />
*{{Cite journal |last=Weil |first=Shalva |date=25 July 2016 |title=Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: the Cnanite Christians and the Cochin Jews of Kerala |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=175–196 |doi=10.1177/006996678201600202 |ref={{sfnRef|Weil|1982}} |s2cid=143053857}}<br />
* Weil, Shalva. From Cochin to Israel. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp.&amp;nbsp;78–80.<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204–1212.<br />
* Weil, Shalva. India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.].<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History." ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. ''2010, 8(3): 319-335<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp.&amp;nbsp;107.<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2006 |title=Today is Purim: A Cochin Jewish Song in Hebrew |journal=TAPASAM Journal: Quarterly Journal for Kerala Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=575–588}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Aafreedi, Navras J. (2026) '''"''''[https://academic.oup.com/book/61809/chapter-abstract/546662927?redirectedFrom=fulltext&amp;login=false The Departure of the Jews of Cochin to Israel: How They Remember versus How They are Remembered]''''"''', in Edith Bruder (ed) ''Jews from Elsewhere: Forgotten Diasporas and Singular Jewish Identities''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197750957.003.0037 <br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Chiriyankandath |first=James |date=1 March 2008 |title=Nationalism, religion and community: A. B. Salem, the politics of identity and the disappearance of Cochin Jewry |journal=Journal of Global History |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21–42 |doi=10.1017/S1740022808002428}}<br />
* Katz, Nathan. (2000) ''Who Are the Jews of India?''; Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-21323-8}}<br />
* Katz, Nathan; Goldberg, Ellen S; (1995) "Leaving Mother India: Reasons for the Cochin Jews' Migration to Israel", ''Population Review'' 39, 1 &amp; 2 : 35–53.<br />
*George Menachery, ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India'', Vol. III, 2010, Plate f.p.&amp;nbsp;264 for 9 photographs, {{oclc|1237836}} {{ISBN|978-81-87132-06-6}}<br />
*[http://aapress.com/ethnicity/indian/minnesota-and-the-jews-of-india/ Paulose, Rachel. "Minnesota and the Jews of India"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614094235/http://aapress.com/ethnicity/indian/minnesota-and-the-jews-of-india/ |date=14 June 2013 }}, ''Asian American Press'', 14 February 2012<br />
*Van der Haven, Alexander. "A Jewish Qur'an: An Eighteenth-Century Hebrew Qur'an Translation in its Indian Context." ''Religions''. 2023, 14 no. 11, 1368 [https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14111368]<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Obituary: Professor J. B. Segal." ''Journal of Indo-Judaic Studies''. 2005, 7: 117–119.<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Indian Judaic Tradition." in Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds) ''Religions in South Asia'', London: Palgrave Publishers. 2006, pp.&amp;nbsp;169–183.<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: A Perspective from the Margin", Katz, N., Chakravarti, R., Sinha, B. M. and Weil, S. (eds) New York and Basingstoke, England: Palgrave-Macmillan Press. 2007.<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews(South Asia)." in Paul Hockings (ed.) ''Encyclopedia of World Cultures'', Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall &amp; Co.2. 1992, 71–73.<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews." in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) ''Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement''. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. 2002, pp.&amp;nbsp;78–80.<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Judaism-South Asia", in David Levinson and Karen Christensen (eds) ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia''. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2004, 3: 284–286.<br />
* {{cite EJ|last=Weil|first=Shalva|title=Cochin Jews|volume=3|pages=335–339}}<br />
* Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.) ''Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora'', Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008.<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [http://adaniel.tripod.com/cochin.htm Cochin Jews]<br />
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160816072043/http://ionas-editions.com/en/2016/07/14/1687-mosseh-pereyra-de-paiva-notisias-dos-judeos-de-cochim-2/ (1687) Mosseh Pereyra de Paiva - Notisias dos Judeos de Cochim]}}<br />
* [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=40&amp;letter=C "Calcutta Jews"], ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', 1901-1906 edition<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060910074302/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2005/05/15/stories/2005051500300400.htm "Cochin Jewish musical heritage"], ''The Hindu'', 15 May 2005<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031027084148/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/11/stories/2003091108060400.htm news "Indian officials recount Cochin Jewish history"], ''The Hindu'', 11 September 2003<br />
* [http://www.cochinsyn.com The Synagogues of Kerala]<br />
* [http://www.minorsights.com/2016/03/india-minor-synagogues-of-kerala.html Synagogues of Chendamangalam and Pavur, Kerala]<br />
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{{Kochi (India) topics}}<br />
{{Asia topic|History of the Jews in}}<br />
{{Jews and Judaism}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Cochin Jews| ]]<br />
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Society of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Jews| ]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish ethnic groups]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Judaism in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:South Indian communities]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]</div>KristyThacker77