Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Mons Joseph

2026-05-06T00:10:57Z

KristiBruno654: started new info!

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mons Joseph
| image = Mons Joseph.jpeg
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]]
| term_start = 13 May 2006
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Stephen George (politician)|Stephen George]]
| office1 = Minister for Public Works [[Government of Kerala]]
| term_start1 = 18 October 2007
| term_end1 = 16 October 2009
| predecessor1 = [[T. U. Kuruvilla]]
| successor1 = [[P. J. Joseph]]
| term_start2 = 14 May 1996
| term_end2 = May 2001
| predecessor2 = [[P. M. Mathew]]
| successor2 = [[Stephen George (politician)|Stephen George]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|05|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kaduthuruthy]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Kerala Congress]]
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|O. Joseph|Mariamma Joseph}}
| spouse = Sonia
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 25 August
| year = 2020
| source = http://niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/Members-Eng/68%20Mons%20Joseph.pdf niyamasabha.org
}}

'''Mons Joseph''' (born 30 May 1964) is an Indian politician and lawyer. He belongs to [[Kerala Congress]] led by [[P. J. Joseph]]. He had been the [[Central Public Works Department|Minister for Public Works]] from October 2007 till his resignation in October 2009 for his party chairman [[P. J. Joseph]] to become the minister. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly from [[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]] constituency in 2006, 2011, 2016,2021 and 2026.

On 19 March 2021, he and his colleague [[P. J. Joseph]] resigned from their respective MLA positions fearing disqualification due to issues relating to their newly formed party's symbol allocation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=P J Joseph and Mons Joseph quit MLA posts|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=512438&u=|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en}}</ref> He had won the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]] by over 4,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=Kaduthuruthy Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Adv Mons Joseph of KEC Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kaduthuruthy-election-result-2021-live-updates-kaduthuruthy-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696446.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born at [[Kaduthuruthy]] in a syro malabar family on 30 May 1964. His parents are O. Joseph and Mariamma Joseph. Mons graduated to [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[LL.B]]., [[Advocate]] and served as Social and Political Worker. He entered politics through K.S.C. while a student. He served as Chairman and General Secretary of K.S.C., [[Baselius College]], [[Kottayam]], President and General Secretary of Students [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], President, Youth Front (J) State Committee and [[Kerala Congress]] [[Kottayam District]] Committee. He held position of President of the Post Graduate students' association and office bearer of various trade unions and served as member of the Kerala youth welfare committee, consumer protection committee, and [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] senate. He also held many students [[Demonstration (protest)|agitations]].

==Personal life==
Mons is married to Sonia, who works as a high school teacher. The couple have a son and a daughter; his son died in an accident in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130909/news-current-affairs/article/emmanuel-mons’-son-dies-%27freak-mishap%27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902155535/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130909/news-current-affairs/article/emmanuel-mons%E2%80%99-son-dies-%27freak-mishap%27|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2023|title=Emmanuel Mons' son dies in 'freak mishap'}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Monce Joseph}}
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071104162707/http://www.kerala.gov.in/government/mons.htm Official website of Government of Kerala, Mons Joseph]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071109110436/http://www.kerala.gov.in/keycontacts.htm#heads Official Government of Kerala website, key contacts]
* [http://niyamasabha.org/codes/news_21.htm Shri Mons Joseph sworn in as Minister for Works ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071021031933/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/19/stories/2007101959350100.htm Mons Joseph to be sworn in on 18 October]
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=8b2379da-34eb-4e83-b2fe-7e86535d8075&MatchID1=4585&TeamID1=1&TeamID2=8&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1151&MatchID2=4587&TeamID3=3&TeamID4=5&MatchType2=1&SeriesID2=1152&PrimaryID=4585&Headline=God's+own+country+gets+minister+by+lottery God's own country gets minister by lottery]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Mons}}
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Kerala Congress (M) politicians]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Public Works ministers of Kerala]]

Saleha Jabeen

2026-05-05T11:48:54Z

KristiBruno654: New

{{Short description|United States Air Force chaplain (born 20th centur)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2026}}
[[File:U.S. Air Force Chaplain Candidate Comissioned December 2019.jpg|thumb|Saleha Jabeen is commissioned by [[U.S. Air Force Chief of Chaplains]] (Maj. Gen.) [[Steven Schaick]], December 18, 2019, at the [[Catholic Theological Union]], in [[Chicago, Illinois]].]]
'''Saleha Jabeen''' (born 20th century) is a [[United States Air Force]] officer.

In 2019, she was commissioned as the first female Muslim chaplain candidate in the history of the U.S. military. Jabeen serves as chaplain to the [[517th Training Group]] at the [[Presidio of Monterey, California]].

== Biography ==
Jabeen was born and grew up in India, emigrating to the United States in 2005 as an international student.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schwier-Morales |first=Armando A. |date=January 10, 2020 |title=Air Force commissions first female Muslim chaplain |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2054311/air-force-commissions-first-female-muslim-chaplain/ |website=United States Air Force |access-date=March 17, 2025 |archive-date=March 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155348/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2054311/air-force-commissions-first-female-muslim-chaplain/ |url-status=live }}</ref> While pursuing a business degree at [[North Park University]] in Chicago, Jabeen experienced racism, [[Islamophobia in the United States|Islamophobia]] and bigotry.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Schroeder |first=Sean |date=March 22, 2024 |title=Women's History Month Spotlight: Capt. Saleha Jabeen |url=https://www.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3716342/womens-history-month-spotlight-capt-saleha-jabeen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613143646/https://www.afrc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3716342/womens-history-month-spotlight-capt-saleha-jabeen/ |archive-date=June 13, 2024 |website=United States Air Force Reserve Command}}</ref> Partly due to her experience, she changed her degree to pursue studies towards two master’s degrees, a Master of Divinity and Master of Arts in Theology, specializing in Interreligious Dialogue.<ref name=":1" />

Jabeen graduated from [[Catholic Theological Union]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-14 |title=Catholics, Muslims urged to work together, learn from one another |url=https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/03/catholics-muslims-urged-work-together-learn-one-another |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Crux |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318104805/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2017/03/catholics-muslims-urged-work-together-learn-one-another |url-status=live }}</ref> She later joined the [[Army Medical Corps]], following her brother into the service to help support her graduate-school tuition. While serving, she came into contact with the chaplaincy service, which encouraged her to pursue a career as a military chaplain.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roza |first=David |date=2020-01-14 |title=Air Force commissions first female Muslim chaplain in US military history |url=https://taskandpurpose.com/news/first-female-muslim-chaplain-air-force/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Task & Purpose |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318021755/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/first-female-muslim-chaplain-air-force/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Female chaplains in the United States military are rare; as of November 2019, there were only 161 active duty female chaplains across all branches of the military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oprihory |first=Jennifer-Leigh |date=2020-01-13 |title=USAF Officer May Become DOD's First Female Muslim Chaplain |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/usaf-officer-may-become-dods-first-female-muslim-chaplain/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Air & Space Forces Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Chaplain candidate ===
Jabeen was commissioned as a chaplain candidate on December 18, 2019. On her appointment, she became the first female Muslim chaplain candidate in the history of the U.S. military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Louis |date=2024-09-24 |title=Women in Chaplaincy: Female Pioneers & Opportunities |url=https://www.fst.edu/female-chaplain/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Franciscan Theology & Seminary School {{!}} Franciscan School of Theology |language=en-US}}</ref> She has an ecclesiastical endorsement from the [[Islamic Society of North America]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Airman becomes the service’s first female Muslim chaplain candidate|url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2020/01/10/airman-becomes-militarys-first-female-muslim-chaplain-candidate/|website=Air Force Times|date=2020-01-11|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en|first=Stephen|last=Losey}}</ref> At the time, [[U.S. Air Force Chief of Chaplains]] Maj. Gen. [[Steven A. Schaick|Steven Schaick]] said of her appointment, <blockquote>"Any time we advance religious freedoms, it’s a win for all persons of faith...The fact is America is a place where the Constitution guarantees your freedom to embrace or abstain from religious ideals, and the Chaplain Corps, which Jabeen just entered, exists to ensure every Airman has a religious freedom advocate. This is a big day not just for Muslims, but for persons of all faiths. I could not be more proud of our Air Force for being willing to commission and embrace the first female Imam in the Department of Defense.”<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>
[[File:A visit to Holloman Air Force Base, N.M., Oct. 13, 2021.jpg|thumb|Brig. Gen. Daniel Gabrielli, 1st Lt. Saleha Jabeen, center, and Chief Master Sgt. of the Air Force [[JoAnne S. Bass]] pose for photo as part of a visit to [[Holloman Air Force Base]], [[New Mexico]], October 13, 2021.]]

=== Chaplain service ===
Jabeen graduated from the Air Force Basic Chaplain Course on February 5, 2021, at [[Maxwell Air Force Base]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manske |first=Airman 1st Class Jackson |title=First female Muslim chaplain graduates from Air Force Chaplain Corps College at Maxwell AFB |url=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/2021/02/18/first-female-muslim-chaplain-graduates-air-force-chaplain-corps-college/4494706001/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Montgomery Advertiser |language=en-US}}</ref> Later that year, Jabeen was deployed as a religious and cultural advisor as part of Task Force-Holloman for [[Operation Allies Refuge]], supporting the patriation of 50,000 Afghan evacuees in the United States at [[Holloman Air Force Base]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=CMSAF visits Holloman AFB, Operation Allies Welcome support |url=https://www.afrc.af.mil/News/Article/2811531/cmsaf-visits-holloman-afb-operation-allies-welcome-support/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073245/https://www.afrc.af.mil/News/Article/2811531/cmsaf-visits-holloman-afb-operation-allies-welcome-support/ |archive-date=2023-07-21 |access-date=2025-03-17 |work=Air Force Reserve Command |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Justen |first=Kat |date=October 24, 2023 |title=Combat-Proven Readiness for 75 Years ... Transforming the Future! |url=https://www.afrc.af.mil/About-Us/History/Combat-Art-Gallery/Combat-Art-Article-Display/Article/3567127/accessible-combat-proven-readiness-for-75-years-transforming-the-future/ |website=United States Air Force |access-date=March 17, 2025 |archive-date=March 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318084050/https://www.afrc.af.mil/About-Us/History/Combat-Art-Gallery/Combat-Art-Article-Display/Article/3567127/accessible-combat-proven-readiness-for-75-years-transforming-the-future/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Jabeen was assigned as chaplain to the 517th Training Group at the Presidio of Monterey, California.<ref name=":1" />

In 2023, Jabeen was featured in ''Three Chaplains'', a documentary about the struggles of Muslim chaplains and service members in the U.S. military.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fam |first=Mariam |date=2023-11-28 |title=PBS Documentary Offers a Peek Into the Lives of Muslim Chaplains in US Military {{!}} KQED |url=https://www.kqed.org/arts/13938585/three-chaplains-pbs-documentary-us-military-david-washburn-saleha-jabeen |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=www.kqed.org |language=en |archive-date=2025-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318083502/https://www.kqed.org/arts/13938585/three-chaplains-pbs-documentary-us-military-david-washburn-saleha-jabeen |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Erasure of content ===
{{Unsourced section|date=May 2026}}
Materials published by the U.S. Air Force related to Jabeen's service were later removed from the internet as part of the 2025 [[U.S. Department of Defense censorship of DEI-connected material]] purge.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Aviation|Biography|Illinois|India|Islam}}
* [[Muslims in the United States military]]
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jabeen, Saleha}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American clergy]]
[[Category:21st-century American military personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century female Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century imams]]
[[Category:American imams]]
[[Category:Catholic Theological Union alumni]]
[[Category:Female imams]]
[[Category:Female officers of the United States Air Force]]
[[Category:Imams in the military]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:North Park University alumni]]
[[Category:United States Air Force Chaplain Corps]]
[[Category:United States Air Force chaplains]]
[[Category:United States Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Women in the United States Air Force]]

Lalkuan–Amritsar Superfast Express

2026-05-03T16:33:54Z

KristiBruno654: started a data!

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Lalkuan–Amritsar Superfast Express
| image = Lalkuan express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Lalkuan–Amritsar Express At SAS Nagar Mohali
| type = [[Superfast trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] & [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2015|08|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Lalkuan Junction}} (LKU)
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} (ASR)
| distance = {{convert|675|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 15 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Weekly {{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 14615 / 14616
| speed = {{cvt|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 14615 / 14616 '''Lalkuan-Amritsar Superfast Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Northern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Lalkuan Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14615/14616 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/community/fog-slows-down-rail-traffic-passengers-hit/332489.html Fog slows down rail traffic, passengers hit]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/New-express-train-to-Delhi-flagged-off-from-Lalkuan/articleshow/53689178.cms New express train to Delhi flagged off from Lalkuan]</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/community/4-new-trains-proposed-for-city/356925.html 4 new trains proposed for city]</ref>

== Service==
The 14615/Lalkuan–Amritsar Express has an average speed of 59 km/h and covers 675 km in 16h. The 14616/Amritsar–Lalkuan Express has an average speed of 59 km/h and covers 675 km in 15h.

14615-Maximum permissible speed from Lalkuan Junction to [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station|Ambala Cantonment Junction]] is 130 km/h and from Ambala Cantonment Junction to Amritsar Junction its speed ranges between 110 and 120 km/h depending upon track conditions.

14616-From Amritsar Junction to Ambala Cantonment Junction Its speed ranges between 110 and 120 depends on track conditions. And from Ambala Cantonment Junction to Lalkuan Junction its speed is 130 km/h.

== Route and halts ==
The halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Lalkuan Junction}}
* [[Bajpur railway station|Bazpur]]
* {{stnlnk|Kashipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Moradabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Najibabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Laksar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Roorkee}}
* {{stnlnk|Saharanpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Yamunanagar-Jagadhri}}
* {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chandigarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|SAS Nagar Mohali}}
* {{stnlnk|New Morinda}}
* {{stnlnk|Ludhiana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Phagwara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jalandhar City Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Beas Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}}

==Coach composition==
The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 18 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General
* 2 EOGs

== Traction==
Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ludhiana|Ludhiana Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Lalkuan to Amritsar and vice versa.

==Direction reversal==
The train reverses its direction once:

* {{stnlnk|Kashipur Junction}}

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 12421/12422 [[Hazur Sahib Nanded–Amritsar Superfast Express]].

== See also ==
* [[Lalkuan Junction railway station]]
* [[Amritsar Junction railway station]]
* [[Hazur Sahib Nanded–Amritsar Superfast Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/33268 14615/Lalkuan - Amritsar Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/33269 14616/Amritsar - Lalkuan Express]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalkuan-Amritsar Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Transport in Haldwani-Kathgodam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2015]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Seth G.S. Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital

2026-05-02T14:25:55Z

KristiBruno654: Stub

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital
|native_name =
|image = Logo gsmc my creation.png
|image_size = 160px
|caption = Official crest
|motto = Non Sibi Sed Omnibus
|established = {{start date and age|1926}}
|type = Education and research institution
|endowment = Public
|staff =
|faculty =
|president =
|director =
|dean = Dr. Harish Pathak
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|profess =
|city = [[Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
|country = India
|coordinates = {{coord|19.0017|72.8418|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|campus =
|free_label =
|free =
|colours =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
|website =
|coor =
|logo =
|module = {{Infobox hospital
|embed = yes
|name = King Edward Memorial Hospital
|beds = 2,250
|website = {{URL|www.kem.edu}}
}}
}}
[[File:Cropped college building.jpg|thumb|The college building]]

'''Seth GS Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital''' is a [[public university|public]] [[medical school|medical college]] and [[teaching hospital|hospital]], located in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kem.edu/college/directions.htm |title=King Edward Memorial Hospital - Hospital : How to get to KEM |access-date=2011-11-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802192637/http://www.kem.edu/college/directions.htm |archive-date=2 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }} Information from Official website of KEM Hospital</ref> It was founded in 1926. The medical college is affiliated with [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]] (MUHS).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muhsnashik.com/college1.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-11-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229002705/http://www.muhsnashik.com/college1.asp |archive-date=29 December 2008 }} M.U.H.S. College Information</ref>

== Courses ==
The medical college (school) provides training to about 2,000 students at the undergraduate, postgraduate, and super-specialty medical courses-level; in undergraduate and postgraduate physical and occupational therapy courses; Masters and Ph.D. courses in various allied specialties. A nursing school is also maintained by this institution.<ref name="KEM website">{{cite web |date=2018 |title=kem website |url=http://www.kem.edu/about/about-kem-hospital/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908213719/http://www.kem.edu/about/about-kem-hospital/ |archive-date=2016-09-08 |access-date=Jun 15, 2018 |publisher=KEM hospital}}</ref>

== Hospital ==
With about 390 staff physicians and 550 resident doctors, the 2,250 bedded hospital treats about 1.8 million out-patients and 85,000 in-patients annually. It provides both basic care and advanced treatment facilities in all fields of medicine and surgery.<ref name="KEM website"/> Funded mainly by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]], this institution renders virtually free of cost service to the underprivileged sections of the society.<ref name="KEM website"/>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], on 3 May 2020, [[Indian Air Force]] choppers showered flower petals on King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital, [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|J. J. Hospital]], and Kasturba Gandhi Hospital to pay tribute to healthcare workers fighting for the safety of the people of Mumbai.<ref name="Armed forces shower petals pan India to honour corona warriors">{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/defence-aircraft-shower-petals-on-mumbai-hospitals/articleshow/75516514.cms | title=Economic Times article | publisher= Economic Times| date=2020 | access-date=May 3, 2020}}</ref>

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University and college
| IT_M_2020 = 12
}}
The college was ranked 12th among medical colleges in India in 2020 by [[India Today]].<ref name=Rankings_IT_M_2020 />

==Notable alumni==

* [[Dwarkanath Kotnis]] (1910–1942), Indian humanitarian physician, served in China during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey]] (1912–1983), cardiologist, Padma Bhushan (1969), Fellow Royal College of Physicians<ref name=fellow>{{cite web | title = Lives of Fellows: Keshavrao Krishnarao Datey | publisher = Royal College of Physicians | url = http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1147 | access-date = 6 September 2014 | archive-date = 5 September 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140905213957/http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/1147 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Tehemton Erach Udwadia]] (born 1934), gastroenterologist, [[Dr. B. C. Roy Awards|Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] (2000), [[Padma Shri]] (2006), [[Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] (2006)<ref name="Four Runners profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.forerunnershealthcare.com/dr-tehemton-erach-udwadia-general-surgeon-mumbai-india.html | title=Four Runners profile | publisher=Four Runners Healthcare | date=2015 | access-date=December 10, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Dr. Tehemton Erach Udwadia (Mumbai)">{{cite web | url=http://www.indianmedguru.com/general-surgery-tehemton-erach-udwadia-breachcandy-hospital-india.html | title=Dr. Tehemton Erach Udwadia (Mumbai) | publisher=Indian Med Guru | date=2015 | access-date=December 10, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Sharad Panday]] (1934–2004), Indian cardiothoracic surgeon, part of the team that performed the first heart transplant in India<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/KEM-turns-90/articleshow/50675828.cms | title=KEM TURNS 90 Dr Sharad Pandey holds a heart during India's first heart transplant | work=mumbaimirror.com }}</ref>
* [[Sharad Vaidya]] (born 1936), cancer surgeon, established Goa Cancer Society, Gosalia Memorial Cancer Hospital, Goa, and NOTE [[National Organisation for Tobacco Eradication (India)]]. He was instrumental in legislation to reduce tobacco use in India.
* [[Nilima Arun Kshirsagar]] (born 1949), [[Clinical pharmacology|clinical pharmacologist]], former dean of KEM, Known for pharmacovigilance, drug development, tropical diseases, drug resistance, and medical education. Nathaniel T., [[Dr. B. C. Roy Awards|Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] Kwit memorial Award
* [[Amol Kolhe]] (born 1980), [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirur]]
* [[Alok Sharma (neuroscientist)]], neurosurgeon, researcher and academic
* [[Leo Varadkar]], 14th [[Prime Minister of Ireland]]
* [[Sanjeev Kumar (politician, born 1979)|Sanjeev Kumar]], former member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar legislative assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://www.kem.edu}}

{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:1926 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1926]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1926]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Municipal hospitals in India]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Maharashtra-university-stub}}

Rajinder Garg

2026-04-23T06:10:58Z

KristiBruno654: Added article.

{{Short description|Indian horticulturalist and politician (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Jai Ram Thakur ministry|State Minister of Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Affairs]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Jai Ram Thakur]]
| predecessor = [[Kishan Kapoor]]
| successor =
| term_start = 30 July 2020
| term_end = 8 December 2022
| office1 = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor1 = [[Rajesh Dharmani]]
| successor1 = [[Rajesh Dharmani]]
| term_start1 = 18 December 2017
| term_end1 = 8 December 2022
| constituency1 = [[Ghumarwin Assembly constituency|Ghumarwin]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|05|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thandora]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Raj Kumari
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[Himachal Pradesh University]] [[Jiwaji University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])
}}

'''Rajinder Garg''' (born 30 May 1966) is an Indian [[horticulturalist]] and politician who served in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 2017 until 2022, representing the [[Ghumarwin Assembly constituency|Ghumarwin constituency]]. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], Garg has served as the state's [[Jai Ram Thakur ministry|Minister of Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Affairs]] from 2020 until 2022.

== Biography ==
Rajinder Garg was born on 30 May 1966 in the village of [[Thandora]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Garg attended [[Himachal Pradesh University]] and [[Jiwaji University]], receiving a master's degree in [[botany]] from the latter in 1990. After graduating, Garg worked as a [[horticulturalist]] and businessman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= |title=Hon'ble Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs Minister |url=https://evidhan.nic.in/Member/Details/470 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203180819/https://evidhan.nic.in/Member/Details/470 |archive-date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=BJP candidate from Ghumarwin assembly seat in Himachal: Rajinder Garg |url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bjp-candidate-from-ghumarwin-assembly-seat-in-himachal-rajinder-garg-2578230.html |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>

In 1982, Garg became a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], a [[Hindu nationalist]] paramilitary group. The following year, he joined its student organization, [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]], and became a local leader for the ABVP, serving as its chairman in the [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]] from 1986 to 1987. Garg served as the ABVP's secretary in Himachal Pradesh from 1987 until 1988, and as its secretary in [[Madhya Pradesh]] from 1990 until 1997. In 2000, Garg became a local journalist for the ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' newspaper. Garg worked at ''Dainik Bhaskar'' until 2006, when he became the chairman of a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] training camp, serving until 2010. From 2006 until 2010, Garg also served as a member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Board of School Education]] and the [[Himachal Pradesh Board of Technical Education]].<ref name=":0" />

In the [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012 election]], Garg stood as a BJP candidate for the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], running in the [[Ghumarwin Assembly constituency]] against incumbent MLA [[Rajesh Dharmani]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]. Garg was defeated by Dharmani, receiving 19,464 votes to Dharmani's 22,672. In the [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 election]], Garg defeated Dharmani in a rematch, receiving 34,846 votes compared to Dharmani's 24,411.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ghumarwin Assembly Elections |url=https://www.oneindia.com/ghumarwin-assembly-elections-hp-47/#results-2017 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[Oneindia]]}}</ref>

On 30 July 2020, Garg was appointed the state's [[Jai Ram Thakur ministry|Minister of Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Affairs]] by [[Jai Ram Thakur]], the [[Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh|chief minister of Himachal Pradesh]]. Garg's appointment was seen as a surprise due to the short length of his tenure and other senior MLAs not having ministerial positions. ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' suggested that Garg may have been selected due to his prior affiliation with RSS and his residency in the Bilaspur district, where [[J. P. Nadda]], the [[President of the BJP|national president of the BJP]], is also from.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Pratibha |date=30 July 2020 |title=Garg, Pathania, Sukh Ram join Himachal Cabinet |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/garg-pathania-sukh-ram-join-himachal-cabinet-120044 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> During his tenure as minister, Garg oversaw the completion of a project which would provide free [[liquefied petroleum gas]] connections to every house in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 September 2022 |title=Himachal first smokeless state of country |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/himachal-first-smokeless-state-of-country-minister-432540 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref>

Garg ran for re-election in the [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 election]], again facing Dharmani. ''[[Zee News]]'' considered the race to be very competitive due to the INC's historical strength in the district and local outreach efforts made by the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaurasia |first=Muskan |date=19 October 2022 |title=घुमारवीं विधानसभा सीट पर कांग्रेस की मजबूत पकड़, क्या BJP कर पाएगी मिशन रिपीट |trans-title=Congress has a strong hold on Ghumarwin assembly seat, will BJP be able to repeat the mission |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeephh/himachal-pradesh/ghumarwin-vidhansabha-seat-himachal-pradesh-election-know-chunav-samikaran-bjp-rjinder-garg-won-in-2017-mkph/1401676 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=hi}}</ref> Garg was defeated by Dharmani, receiving 29,767 votes compared to Dharmani's 35,378.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Rajinder}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]
[[Category:Jiwaji University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian horticulturists]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Institute of Hotel Management, Catering & Nutrition

2026-04-22T02:58:15Z

KristiBruno654: Starting new post with sources!

{{Short description|Hotel management school in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Institute of Hotel Management, Catering & Nutrition
| native_name =
| other_name = IHM Delhi, IHM Pusa
| established = 1962
| type = [[Hospitality management studies|Hospitality management school]]
| principal = Mr. Kamal Kant Pant
| city = Pusa, [[New Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| enrollment =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| staff =
| affiliations = [[Institute of Hotel Management]] [[National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology]]
| website = [http://www.ihmpusa.net/ www.ihmpusa.net]
}}

The '''Institute of Hotel Management, Catering & Nutrition''', also known as '''IHM Pusa''' or '''IHM Delhi''', is a hotel management institute in Pusa, [[New Delhi]], India.

==History==

This is the link below and keywords because this story same time public and private sector in bihar 842004

==Rankings & Awards==

The institute has been ranked as the number one Hotel Management institute in India by Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for the past few years. It is also ranked as the top hotel management institute by news agencies like Outlook and Hindustan Times. There has been a tough competition between [[IHM Mumbai]] and IHM Pusa for the first place in the past but both are the best institutes of hotel management in India and are unique in their own ways.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?250251|title = Top 10: Mass Communication & Hotel Management | Outlook India Magazine}}</ref>

==Vegetarian Option==

In 2016, three IHMCTANs - Ahmedabad, Bhopal and Jaipur - started giving a student the option to choose only vegetarian cooking. In 2018, the National Council for Hotel Management (NCHM) announced that all IHMs will provide a vegetarian option beginning academic year 2018. This decision to offer a vegetarian option by IHMCTANs may be the first amongst any of the hospitality training institutes of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nchmcounselling.nic.in/nchminfo/Public/View.aspx?page=79|title=ONLY VEGETARIAN PRACTICAL OPTION IN 3-YEAR B.Sc.HHA IS AVAILABLE IN ALL AFFILIATED INSTITUTES | NCHMCT Admission and eCounselling Services | India | India|access-date=6 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806150938/https://nchmcounselling.nic.in/nchminfo/Public/View.aspx?page=79|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=IHMs-to-offer-3-yr-course-in-vegetarian-11072016013026 | title=IHMs to offer 3-yr course in vegetarian cuisine | first=Himanshi | last=Dhawan | newspaper=The Times of India | date=11 July 2016 | accessdate=24 August 2018 | archive-date=11 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711204501/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=IHMs-to-offer-3-yr-course-in-vegetarian-11072016013026 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofjaipur.com/news/2016/07/13/vegetarian-cooking-courses-to-be-introduced-in-hotel-management-institutes/|title= Vegetarian Cooking Courses to be Introduced in Hotel Management Institutes | publisher=cityofjaipur.com | date=13 July 2016 | accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> IHMCTAN at Pusa had already been practicing with vegan cooking through "vegan months" and sustainability practices such as rainwater harvesting.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ihmpusa.net/MiscFolder/No.1RankinginIndiaTodayMagazine.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 January 2017 |archive-date=7 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207170350/http://www.ihmpusa.net/MiscFolder/No.1RankinginIndiaTodayMagazine.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==University==

{{anchor | NIHMD}}
'''National Institute of Hotel Management''' (NIHM Delhi), under IHMCTAN was granted an autonomous institute and deemed university status in February 2026.<ref name="FE_Budget2026">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Arun |title=Union Budget 2026: Finance Minister announces National Institute of Hospitality to bridge industry-academia gap |url=https://financialexpress.com |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=2026-02-01 |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref><ref name="Pioneer_NIH">{{cite news |last1=Pioneer News Service |title=NCHMCT upgraded to National Institute of Hospitality; focus on skilling and global standards |url=https://dailypioneer.com |work=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]] |date=2026-02-02 |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref><ref name="ET_NIH_Upgrade">{{cite news |title=Government notifies establishment of National Institute of Hospitality in Union Budget |url=https://indiatimes.com |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2026-02-01 |access-date=2026-04-22}}</ref>

== Alumni ==
* [[Sanjeev Kapoor]]
* [[Vivek Singh (chef)]]
* [[Rakesh Sethi (chef)]]
* [[Manjit Gill]]
* [[Madhulika Liddle]]

==See also==
[[Institute of Hotel Management]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ihmpusa.net/ IHM Pusa]
{{Institute of Hotel Management}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Institute of Hotel Management, Pusa}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Hospitality schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1962]]
[[Category:Ministry of Tourism (India)]]
[[Category:Institute of Hotel Management]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Delhi]]

Red Line (Mumbai Metro)

2026-04-21T06:07:06Z

KristiBruno654:

{{Short description|Metro line in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = {{Big|Red Line}}
| color = {{rcr|Mumbai Metro|red}}
| logo = MMMOCL MMRDA logo.svg
| logo_width = 200px
| logo_alt =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Mumbai Metro]]
| status = Operational: {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|7|croute}} Partially operational: {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|9|croute}} Under Construction: {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|7A|croute}}
| locale = [[Mumbai Suburban District]]
| start = {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}
| end = {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kashigaon}}
| connectinglines = {{plainlist|
* {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|2A|croute}}
* {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|1|croute}}
* {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|pink|croute}} ''(under construction)''
*{{rcb|Mumbai Metro|3|croute}}
}}
| stations = 17 (operational) / 23 (total)
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| linenumber = 7, 7A, 9
| website = https://www.mmmocl.co.in/
| yearcommenced =
| planopen =
| open = {{Start date|2022|04|02|df=y}}
| yearcompleted =
| close =
| owner = [[file:MMRDA logo cropped.svg|18px]] [[MMRDA]]
| operator = Maha Mumbai Metro Operation Corp. Ltd. (MMMOCL)
| character = Elevated and Underground
| depot = Charkop
| stock = BEML
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| linelength_km = 21.47

| linelength =
| tracklength_km =
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|allk=on}}
| load_gauge =
| minradius =
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} ([[overhead line]])
| speed_km/h =
| speed_mph =
| speed =
| signalling =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| elevation =
| racksystem =
| routenumber =
| map = {{MM Red Line}}
| map_name =
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Red Line''' is part of the [[Mumbai Metro]] rail network for the city of [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. During construction, the line was divided into three smaller lines - Line 7 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}), Line 7A ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2}}), and Line 9 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Subhash Chandra Bose Stadium}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}}). The 31.045 km line connects the region of Mira Bhayandar to the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] via Andheri (East) and Dahisar (East). Construction of Line 7 began in August 2016, and Line 7A and Line 9 started their construction in March 2020. The majority of the line is elevated, with only the airport section underground. There are a total of 22 stations in the line, of which 21 are elevated and 1 underground. The line offers interchange with the Yellow Line at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}},the Pink Line at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Jogeshwari (East)}}, Blue Line at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}, and the Aqua Line at {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2}}. The line is also proposed to have interchanges with Green Line and the Gold Line.

On 7 April 2026, the Red Line was extended northward into [[Mira-Bhayandar]] with the opening of Phase 1 of Line 9, covering three stations from {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}} to {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kashigaon}}. Commercial services began on 8 April 2026.<ref >name="news9">{{cite web |title=Mumbai metro expands with launch of lines 2B and 9:</ref> Station opened in this phase are:

1.[[Dahisar East metro station]][Interchange with Metro Line 2A]

2.[[Pandurang Wadi metro station]]

3.[[Miragaon metro station]][Interchange with Approved Metro Line 10]

4.[[Kashigaon metro station]]

Check new routes and timings from April 8 |url=https://www.news9live.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-metro-expands-with-launch-of-lines-2b-and-9-check-new-routes-and-timings-from-april-8-2953147 |website=News9live |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=9 April 2026}}</ref>

== Planning ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
! style="background:#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|red}};" colspan="10" | Red Line
|-
! rowspan="2" |Line number
! colspan="2" |Station
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Distance
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |9
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Subhash Chandra Bose Stadium}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kashigaon}}
|December 2026
| rowspan="2" |{{Cvt|11.38|km|}}
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kashigaon}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}}
|8 April 2026
|-
| rowspan="2" |7
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Aarey}}
|2 April 2022
| rowspan="2" |{{Cvt|16.495|km|}}
|-
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Aarey}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}
|19 January 2023
|-
|7A
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}
|{{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2}}
|December 2026
|{{Cvt|3.17|km|}}
|-
! colspan="4" |Total
!{{Cvt|31.045|km|}}
|}

=== Line 7 ===
An {{Cvt|18|km}} metro line connecting Andheri East and Dahisar East was proposed as Line 7 in the original Mumbai Metro master plan, unveiled by the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) in 2004.<ref name="mmrda1">{{cite web |title=Mmrda – Projects – Mumbai Metro Rail Project |url=http://202.54.119.40/projects_metro_rail.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319164955/http://202.54.119.40/projects_metro_rail.htm |archive-date=19 March 2012 |access-date=12 March 2014 |publisher=Mmrdamumbai.org}}</ref> In June 2015, the MMRDA proposed building Line 7 as part of a plan to build 6 new metro lines at a total estimated cost of {{INRConvert|64000|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=Over 130 km of Metro lines to criss-cross city by 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/over-130-km-of-metro-lines-to-criss-cross-city-by-2020/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The MMRDA approved the detailed project report for Line 7 in August 2015. The report proposed a {{Cvt|16.5|km}} elevated line between Andheri East and Dahisar East at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|4737|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=MMRDA sanctions Rs 35,400 cr for 118 km Mumbai metro network Andheri East and Dahisar East, |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mmrda-sanctions-rs-35-400-cr-for-118-km-mumbai-metro-network-115082601240_1.html |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

Over the course of two weeks in March–April 2017, Mumbai residents saved nearly 4,000 plants growing on dividers and along the [[Western Express Highway]] that had not been marked for replanting by metro authorities. Residents replanted these trees in their own housing societies, as well as at schools and other locations. Nearly 210 people and over 40 housing societies participated in the initiative, coordinating their efforts through WhatsApp messages.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anthony |first1=Hepzi |date=5 April 2017 |title=Mumbaikars save 4,000 plants on WEH from Metro axe |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbaikars-save-4000-plants-on-weh-from-metro-axe/article17835207.ece |access-date=6 April 2017 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2017, the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] approved the transfer of 40 acres of land in Dahisar for the construction of the metro depot.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 April 2017 |title=Aviation ministry nod for Metro car depot in Dahisar - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/aviation-ministry-nod-for-metro-car-depot-in-dahisar/articleshow/58351276.cms |access-date=3 May 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2017 |title=Study of building height restrictions near Mumbai airport soon {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-study-of-building-height-restrictions-near-mumbai-airport-soon-2414683 |access-date=3 May 2017 |website=dna}}</ref> The [[Airports Authority of India]] and the MMRDA signed a formal agreement on 24 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-23 |title=Airports authority to give land for Metro-7 car shed at Dahisar in Mumbai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/airports-authority-to-give-land-for-metro-7-car-shed-at-dahisar-in-mumbai/story-E4OLjcx45xUJyr9zT7ZgxH.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In June 2017, the Maharashtra Government transferred three plots of land at Aarey Colony, measuring a total of 20,387 sqm (5.03 acres), to the MMRDA for a labour camp and a casting yard for Line 7, and a centralised operation centre for the metro system.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-15 |title=Three plots at Mumbai's Aarey Milk Colony allotted for Andheri East-Dahisar Metro-7 corridor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/three-plots-at-mumbai-s-aarey-milk-colony-alloted-for-andheri-east-dahisar-metro-7-corridor/story-yfZ47q5jZ76dVnOZSxP3xI.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In November 2021, the MMRDA cancelled the plan to build the line's depot at Dahisar, and instead proposed building the depot for Line 7, and its extensions, at Rai Murdhe in Bhayandar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-18 |title=Mumbai: MMRDA changes location of 2 Metro depots |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-mmrda-changes-location-of-metro-depots-7628405/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2020, MMRDA Metropolitan Commissioner R.A. Rajeev stated that Line 7 would be identified as the Red Line.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-29 |title=Metro-2A will be Yellow line, 7 to be Red |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/metros-to-pass-with-flying-colours-2a-will-be-the-red-line-7-yellow/story-ViMOTtKCAjXWWAG6aZAR6I.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> A study by the World Resources Institute (WRI) India, published in May 2021, estimated that Line 7 and Line 2A had the potential to create 1.1 million jobs in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-24 |title=Metro lines 2A, 7 have potential to create 1.1 million jobs: Study |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/metro-lines-2a-7-have-potential-to-create-1-1-million-jobs-study-101616526538623.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Line 7A and 9 ===
In February 2017, the MMRDA announced that the DMRC was preparing a detailed project report (DPR) on a proposed {{Cvt|9|km}} extension of Line 7 from Dahisar to Bhayander, via Mira Road.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2017 |title=Bidding for Metro 10 line to start later this year {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-bidding-for-metro-10-line-to-start-later-this-year-2362796 |access-date=24 March 2017 |website=dna}}</ref> The extension would have 9 stations, with an inter-station distance of {{Cvt|1|km}}. The line would run parallel to the Surat-Dahisar Highway, then turn left at Kashi Mira Junction, before passing through Mira Road-Bhayander, and terminating at Golden Nest Circle in Bhayander. The project is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|3600|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2017 |title=Mira-Bhayander to be connected with Metro |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mira-bhayander-to-be-connected-with-metro/articleshow/57336884.cms |access-date=25 February 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2017 |title=Plans to extend metro stations to Bhayander may be implemented soon |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-plans-to-extend-metro-stations-to-bhayander-may-be-implemented-soon-2334160 |access-date=25 February 2017 |website=dna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2017 |title=Dahisar metro extension work to begin in December 2017 |url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/250217/dahisar-metro-extension-work-to-begin-in-december-2017.html |access-date=25 February 2017 |website=Asian Age}}</ref> In March 2017, the MMRDA stated that the DMRC was conducting a feasibility study to extend the line to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport#Terminal 2|Terminal 2]] of the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2017 |title=Metro VII may extend to domestic airport - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-vii-may-extend-to-domestic-airport/articleshow/57760651.cms |access-date=24 March 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The extensions to Mira-Bhayander and the airport were officially announced by Chief Minister Fadnavis on 30 March 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 2017 |title=Maharashtra government to extend Mumbai Metro corridors to Mira-Bhayandar {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maharashtra-government-to-extend-mumbai-metro-corridors-to-mira-bhayandar-2374522 |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=dna}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 2017 |title=Will extend Metro network to Mira-Bhayandar and airport: Maha CM Devendra Fadnavis |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/will-extend-metro-network-to-mira-bhayandar-and-airport-maha-cm-devendra-fadnavis/story-yzlk0sIQ7srIKDDiIK3wRJ.html |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 2017 |title=Metro to extend to Mira-Bhayander and airport: Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/metro-to-extend-to-mira-bhayander-and-airport-chief-minister-devendra-fadnavis-4591783/ |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The alignment for the extension from Andheri to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Terminus was approved by the State Cabinet on 12 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Naik |first1=Yogesh |date=12 April 2017 |title=State clears extension of Metro 7 up to Terminal 2 |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/state-clears-extension-of-metro-7-up-to-terminal-2/articleshow/58138113.cms |access-date=13 April 2017 |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> In June 2018, the MMRDA stated that it had decided to terminate the proposed extension at the international airport, and not extend it to the domestic terminal due to technical challenges. As the metro extension is proposed to be underground, it would have to be constructed below or above Line 3 which also passes under the airport.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-10 |title=Mumbai Metro 7 will not be extended to domestic terminal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-7-will-not-be-extended-to-domestic-terminal/story-RXIbzzhpnfw9ycc67uXE9L.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Line 7A is {{Cvt|3.42|km}} long including a {{Cvt|2.49|km}} underground twin tunnel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Tunneling work begins on Mumbai Metro's Line 7A |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/tunneling-work-begins-on-mumbai-metros-line-7a-8924783/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The extension is partially elevated, running parallel to the Western Express Highway and [[Sahar Elevated Access Road|Sahar Elevated Road]], and goes underground just ahead of the vehicular underpass of Sahar Elevated Road.<ref name=":4"/> The Maharashtra Cabinet approved the implementation of both extensions in September 2018.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Maha Cabinet clears Metro 7-A, 9 lines |url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/120918/maha-cabinet-clears-metro-7-a-9-lines.html |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Mumbai To Get Two New Metro Lines |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-to-get-two-new-metro-lines-1915087 |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Construction ==

=== Line 7 ===
The ''Bhoomipujan'' ceremony for Line 7 was performed by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] during his visit to Mumbai on 11 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 January 2017 |title=MMRDA invites civil work bids for two Metro projects |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mmrda-invites-civil-work-bids-for-two-metro-projects/articleshow/56341075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212043828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mmrda-invites-civil-work-bids-for-two-metro-projects/articleshow/56341075.cms |archive-date=12 February 2017 |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Line 7 was implemented through the [[engineering, procurement, and construction]] (EPC) model.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Lalatendu |date=4 May 2016 |title=Work on Mumbai Metro 7 to start by September |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/news/work-on-mumbai-metro-7-to-start-by-september/article8559079.ece |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> The MMRDA invited bids for the project in December 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-16 |title=MMRDA invites bids for Andheri-Dahisar metro line |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/mmrda-invites-bids-for-andheri-dahisar-metro-line/articleshow/50207227.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Tendering for the design and construction of the corridor was split into 3 packages. The first package included an elevated viaduct and 5 elevated stations – Andheri East, Shankarwadi, JVLR Junction, Mahanand and new Ashok Nagar. The second package included an elevated viaduct and 6 elevated stations – Aarey, Dindoshi, Pathan Wadi, Pushpa Park, Bandongri and Mahindra & Mahindra, and an elevated viaduct and 5 elevated stations – Magathane, Devipada, National Park, Ovaripada and Dahisar East. A total of 16 companies expressed interest, and 9 bids were submitted. In April 2016, the MMRDA awarded contracts to Simplex Infrastructure, J Kumar Infraprojects, and Nagarjuna Construction Company for the first, second and third packages respectively. The project is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|6208|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=Simplex Infra, JKumar, NCC to develop Mumbai's Metro-7 corridor - ET RealEstate |url=http://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/infrastructure/simplex-infra-jkumar-ncc-to-develop-mumbais-metro-7-corridor/51888168 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu1">{{cite news |last1=Nandgaonkar |first1=Satish |date=18 April 2016 |title=MMRDA awards contracts for Andheri-Dahisar metro |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/news/mmrda-awards-contracts-for-andheridahisar-metro/article8492405.ece |access-date=10 February 2017 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> The contract awarded to Simplex Infrastructure was worth {{INRConvert|348|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-29 |title=Days after MMRDA removes contractor: Three bidders in race for Metro line 7 construction |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-line-7-construction-bidders-6291966/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Construction work on the corridor began on 8 August 2016. The contractors were expected to complete construction of the corridor and all 14 stations within 30 months from the day of commencement of work.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2016 |title=Metro VII work begins today, may hit WEH traffic | Mumbai News - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-VII-work-begins-today-may-hit-WEH-traffic/articleshow/53588993.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 18 February 2017, MMRDA officials stated that 15% of piling, pile caps and pier work on the corridor had been completed.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Lalatendu |date=18 February 2017 |title=Metro 7 contractors told to speed up work |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/metro-7-contractors-told-to-speed-up-work/article17326969.ece |access-date=19 February 2017 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> By the end of April 2017, 25% of piling work, 60% of barricading work and 77% of the soil testing for pier foundation had been completed.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2017 |title=Northbound WEH lanes to be shut at night |url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/030517/northbound-weh-lanes-to-be-shut-at-night.html |access-date=3 May 2017 |website=Asian Age}}</ref> Line 7 stations were built on a single pier, unlike the three piers used to support stations on Line 1. The single pier design was chosen to facilitate the construction of smaller stations and reduce the amount of land occupied on the Western Express Highway which could obstruct traffic flow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-02 |title=Mumbai Metro-7 line to have 14 stations along Western Express Highway, |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/020118/metro-7-line-to-have-14-stations-along-western-express-highway.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

On 14 March 2017, the Mumbai High Court temporarily stayed all construction activities at Metro 7's casting yard in Bandra Reclamation. The Court was hearing a PIL filed by Mohammed Furqan Ali Mohammed Qureshi, who alleged that the site of the casting yard had been reserved by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) for use as a Sunni Muslim cemetery.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2017 |title=Stay on metro casting yard at Bandra |url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/150317/stay-on-metro-casting-yard-at-bandra.html |access-date=16 March 2017 |website=Asian Age}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bombay High Court stalls Metro 7 work over burial ground {{!}} Free Press Journal |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/bombay-high-court-stalls-metro-7-work-over-burial-ground/1034647 |access-date=16 March 2017 |website=Free Press Journal}}</ref> Piling work in Kandivli resulted in a gas pipeline bursting on 29 March 2017. The damage to the [[Mahanagar Gas]] pipeline resulted in temporary disruptions in the supply of CNG to Kandivli, Borivli, Dahisar, Mira Road and Bhayander.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 March 2017 |title=Metro work damages gas pipeline, accident averted |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/metro-work-damages-gas-pipeline-accident-averted/ |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 March 2017 |title=Pipeline bursts, gas supply to Mumbai's western suburbs hit |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/in-mumbai-gas-supply-affected-in-western-suburbs/story-utX8nkfJ8zHJ0Ci6OyTcSO.html |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Mahanagar Gas began repairing the pipeline on the evening of 31 March, and completed the work by the following evening.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2017 |title=Mumbai: Repair of MGL gas pipeline puncture to begin today |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mumbai-repair-of-mgl-gas-pipeline-puncture-to-begin-today-2376984 |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=dna}}</ref> The BMC accused Nagarjuna Construction Company of illegally operating an unlicensed concrete ready mix plant at its casting yard in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhupkar |first=Alka |date=16 April 2017 |title=Ready mix concrete plant for Metro 7 is illegal: BMC |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/ready-mix-concrete-plant-for-metro-7-is-illegal-bmc/articleshow/58201425.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

The MMRDA announced that construction of [[viaduct]]s would begin in April 2017. The agency had completed construction of piers on several sections of the corridor, and the viaducts will be built at locations where pier caps have been built. The first viaduct was constructed in the section between JVLR and Mahanand. Construction of all pier caps along the corridor will be completed by the end of 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2017 |title=Within 10 months, Metro 7 moves to second stage of construction |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/within-10-months-metro-7-moves-to-second-stage-of-construction-4598318/ |access-date=4 April 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2017 |title=Metro VII piers work to begin next week - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/metro-vii-piers-work-to-begin-next-week/articleshow/58036076.cms |access-date=6 April 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The first U-girder, the concrete structure on which metro tracks are laid, was launched near Pathanwadi Junction in Malad on 2 May 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2017 |title=In pics: CM puts Mumbai's Metro 7 on right track; western express highway opens after 5 hours |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/in-pics-cm-puts-mumbai-s-metro-7-on-right-track-western-express-highway-opens-after-5-hours/story-276qSd2QUmrmAbcRWZad5O.html |access-date=3 May 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In total, Metro 7 required 1,400 U-girders.<ref name="HTCost">{{cite web |date=7 May 2017 |title=Hoping to open Mumbai Metro 7 by 2019, Maharashtra to invite bids for coaches |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/hoping-to-open-mumbai-metro-7-by-2019-maharashtra-to-invite-bids-for-coaches/story-KrzLXqihwCH3UiMXmSIqzM.html |access-date=8 May 2017 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Work on erecting the U-girders, as well as disposal and dumping of muck generated from underground work was done only between 11:30 pm and 6:00 am. During this period, multi-axle trailers transported U-girders weighing 170 tonne from the casting yard in Bandra to the location where it is to be erected. The trailer had to move slowly to avoid causing imbalance to the heavy load, which can result in toppling, and took roughly two hours to complete the journey. Lifting the girder and attaching it to the pier caps was also a difficult process and was carried out at night time. Traffic diversions were placed around the launching site to reduce the possibility of accidents. Officials erected an average of two girders every day.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 June 2017 |title=Metro takes up toughest task at night |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/metro-takes-up-toughest-task-at-night-4720595/ |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The MMRDA issued notices to all three contractors working on the project on 11 August 2017 over the "poor progress" of work. The agency stated that although contractors were required to deploy 600 workers each, Simplex had only deployed 320, J Kumar Infraprojects had deployed 395, and NCC had deployed 318 labourers. The MMRDA had also issued a similar notice on 4 July 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-19 |title=MMRDA issues notices to Mumbai Metro 7 contractors for 'poor progress' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mmrda-issues-notices-to-mumbai-metro-7-contractors-for-poor-progress/story-bNi6U5tYhD5YPHCYplZq3O.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> By August 2017, about 600–700 metres of each package had been constructed, 63 piers and 22 girders had been erected, and barricades had been placed on 67% of the entire route.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Western Express Highway: Barricades for Metro 7 construction to be removed by next monsoon |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-western-express-highway-barricades-for-metro-7-construction-to-be-removed-by-next-monsoon-4801796/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Track laying work on the line began in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=Work on track: MMRDA starts laying rail lines for Metro 2A, 7 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/work-on-track-mmrda-starts-laying-rail-lines-for-metro-2a-7/story-QJPE6FBZ5NN5erJKAnFFHK.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The first escalator on Line 7 was installed at Bandongri station in August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-13 |title=First escalator of Metro 7 installed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/first-escalator-of-metro-7-installed/article29088039.ece |access-date=2023-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In January 2020, the MMRDA terminated the contract awarded to Simplex Infrastructure for the first package over a delay in completing the work. The next month, the agency invited bids to replace Simplex. The work was split into two tenders, including one for a 6.25 km viaduct and another to complete work on four stations. In July 2020, the MMRDA awarded a {{INRConvert|174.76|c}} and {{INRConvert|127.78|c}} contract to J Kumar Infraprojects and Nagarjuna Construction Company respectively to complete the work.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-10 |title=Contractor expelled, MMRDA gives Metro-7 works at higher costs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/contractor-expelled-mmrda-gives-metro-7-works-at-higher-costs/story-Y234e6m1qbRSna1jPUfm1L.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The MMRDA also encashed a bank guarantee of {{INRConvert|35|c}} provided by Simplex.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-04 |title=MMRDA terminates contracts for Metro Line 2B over delays |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mmrda-terminates-contracts-for-metro-line-2b-over-delays/article30738184.ece |access-date=2023-07-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Simplex had completed around 75% of work at the time its contract was terminated.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-16 |title=Mumbai: Two new contractors appointed for balance civil works on Metro Line 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-two-new-contractors-appointed-for-balance-civil-works-on-metro-line-7/articleshow/75781537.cms |access-date=2023-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

MMRDA Metropolitan Commissioner R.A. Rajeev stated in September 2020 that almost 80% of construction work had been completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-11 |title=Mumbai Metro 2A, 7 trials to start from Jan 14 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-2a-7-trials-to-start-from-jan-14-6591239/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The MMRDA began conducting pre-trials on the rolling stock at the Charkop depot in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-25 |title=MMRDA begins pre-trials for Mumbai's Metro trains |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mmrda-to-begin-pre-trials-for-mumbai-s-metro-trains-101614276774493.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The MMRDA announced that electrification of the line had been completed on 26 May, and the first trial runs were conducted from 31 May.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2021 |title=MMRDA to conduct test run for two elevated Metro lines next week |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/mmrda-to-conduct-test-run-for-two-elevated-metro-lines-next-week/articleshow/82979298.cms |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en |agency=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-01 |title=Mumbai: Trial run for Metro Line 2A and 7 flagged off |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-trial-run-for-metro-line-2a-and-7-flagged-off-7338657/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The MMRDA began a dynamic test and trial run on the 20 km stretch between Dhanukarwadi and Aarey (including a portion of Line 2) on 19 June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-20 |title=Mumbai: Dynamic trial run begins on Metro corridors 2A and 7 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-dynamic-trial-run-begins-on-metro-corridors-2a-and-7-7366847/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The stretch between Dhanukarwadi and Aarey received provisional approval from the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-29 |title=Mumbai: Metro corridors 2A, 7 get RDSO provisional certificate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-metro-corridors-2a-7-get-rdso-provisional-certificate-7746601/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (CMRS) began inspecting the line in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-20 |title=Mumbai: CMRS starts inspection of Phase 1 of Metro corridors 2A and 7 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-cmrs-starts-inspection-of-phase-1-of-metro-corridors-2a-and-7-7781793/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A section of Line 7 from Dahisar East to [[Aarey metro station|Aarey]] (along with the section of Line 2 from Dhanukarwadi to Dahisar East) was opened on 2 April 2022. Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray flagged off the first train at 4pm, in the presence of Deputy Chief Minister Ajit Pawar, Urban Development Minister Eknath Shinde, NCP chief Sharad Pawar, and the Leader of Opposition in the Legislative Council, Pravin Darekar. The line opened for public service from 8pm, with services operating between Aarey and Dhanukarwadi (on Line 2) via Dahisar East.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Mumbai: Phase 1 of Metro Line 2A and 7 opened for public |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-8-pm-today-phase-1-of-metro-line-2a-7-to-be-thrown-open-to-public-7850274/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The remaining section of Line 7 from Goregaon East to Gundavali received approval from the RDSO in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-13 |title=Mumbai's Metro Line 2A, 7 clear designs & standards testing |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbais-metro-line-2a-7-clear-designs-standards-testing-8205247/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The CMRS began inspecting the line in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-30 |title=Supervision of Mumbai Metro Lines 2A and 7 by Commission of Metro Rail Safety underway |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/supervision-of-mumbai-metro-lines-2a-and-7-by-commission-of-metro-rail-safety-underway-8298070/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The final section of the line (along with the final section of Line 2A from Dhanukarwadi to Andheri West) was inaugurated on 19 January 2023, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-19 |title=PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Mumbai Metro lines 2A and 7; what you need to know about the new routes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/pm-narendra-modi-to-launch-mumbai-metro-line-2a-line-7-all-you-need-to-know-about-these-lines/articleshow/97130932.cms |access-date=2023-07-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-01-18 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Mumbai Metro Rail Lines 2A and 7 on 19 January. 10 points |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-mumbai-metro-rail-lines-2a-and-7-on-19-january-10-points-11674000421224.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== Line 7A ===
Line 7A is a {{Cvt|3.42|km}} southward extension of Line 7 to Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, with 2 stations. The section includes a {{Cvt|0.93|km}} elevated stretch and a {{Cvt|2.49|km}} long twin tunnels.<ref name=":0"/> The MMRDA awarded the construction contract to J. Kumar Infrastructure. Work on the extension began in March 2020.<ref name="IE7">{{Cite news |date=5 March 2020 |title=Mumbai: Work on second underground Metro line 7A begins |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-work-on-second-underground-metro-line-7a-begins-6301335/ |access-date=15 May 2020 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> Around 25% of the work on the airport extension was completed by November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: Here is latest update of more than dozen Metro projects in the city |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-here-is-latest-update-of-more-than-dozen-metro-projects-in-the-city |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

Tunneling work began on 1 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Metro 7A Update: Tunnelling Work Begins For Line Connecting CSMIA And Gundavali |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-metro-7a-update-tunnelling-work-begins-for-line-connecting-csmia-and-gundavali |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> The twin tunnels are located at depths ranging between 6 metres and 20 metres, to ensure a smooth transition with the elevated section of the line.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Mumbai Metro 7A: Twin Tunnel Stretch Construction Begins |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/civic/mumbai-metro-route-7a-2.49-km-long-double-tunnel-construction-work-started-with-t62-tunnel-boring-machine.-80653 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref> Two [[tunnel boring machine]]s (TBM) were utilized to build the tunnels.<ref name=":4" /> Tunnelling work was completed in July 2025.<ref name="IE8">{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/last-tunnel-mumbai-metro-link-airport-completed-10128277/ |title=Last tunnel of Mumbai Metro's Line 7A, important connectivity link to airport, completed: MMRDA |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 July 2025|access-date=10 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Line 9 ===
J Kumar Infraprojects received a letter of acceptance from the MMRDA for a contract worth Rs 1,998 crore. The company letter of acceptance (LoA) from Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) is for design and construction of elevated viaduct and nine elevated stations, including two flyovers, and twin tunnel, cut and cover, ramp and one underground station for corridor of Mumbai Metro Line 9 and 7A (extension of line 7 from Dahisar (East) To Mira-Bhayandar and Andheri to CSIA of Mumbai Metro Rail project of MMRDA). The announcement was made at 13 September 2019.

Phase 1 of Line 9, covering the {{Cvt|4.97|km}} stretch from Dahisar East to Kashigaon with three new stations ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pandurang Wadi}}, {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Miragaon}}, and {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kashigaon}}), was inaugurated on 7 April 2026 by Chief Minister [[Devendra Fadnavis]] along with Deputy Chief Ministers [[Eknath Shinde]] and [[Sunetra Pawar]]. Commercial services began on 8 April 2026.<ref name="news9">{{cite web |title=Mumbai metro expands with launch of lines 2B and 9: Check new routes and timings from April 8 |url=https://www.news9live.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-metro-expands-with-launch-of-lines-2b-and-9-check-new-routes-and-timings-from-april-8-2953147 |website=News9live |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=9 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Metro Expands: First Phase of Two New Corridors to Open on April 7 |url=https://www.mumbaitribune.in/2026/04/07/mumbai-metro-expands-first-phase-of-two-new-corridors-to-open-on-april-7/ |website=Mumbai Tribune |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=9 April 2026}}</ref> The remaining stations on Line 9 ({{stl|Mumbai Metro|Sai Baba Nagar}}, {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Deepak Hospital (Medtiya Nagar)}}, {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shahid Bhagat Singh Garden}}, and {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Subhash Chandra Bose Stadium}}) are expected to open by December 2026.

== Stations ==
{{Rapid transit OSM map|stroke-width=3|system_qid=Q28419537|single_line=y|stations=y|stations_qid=Q28419537|frame-width=300|frame-height=530|frame-align=right}}

The Red Line has a total of 23 stations, Of the 23 stations 22 stations are elevated, while the station at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] is underground. The station at Airport Colony has a lower height and design compared to other elevated stations, due to the [[Airports Authority of India|Airport Authority of India]]'s height restrictions near the airport.

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;
|- bgcolor=#{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|red}}
| colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" |'''Red Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | #
! colspan="2" | Station
! rowspan="2" |Interchange
! rowspan="2" | Opened
! rowspan="2" | Alignment
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|1
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Subhash Chandra Bose Stadium}}
| सुभाषचंद्र बोस स्टेडियम
|
|December 2026
|Elevated
|-
| 2
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Shahid Bhagat Singh Garden}}
| शहीद भगतसिंग गार्डन
|
|December 2026
|Elevated
|-
| 3
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Deepak Hospital (Medtiya Nagar)}}
| दीपक हॉस्पिटल (मेडतिया नगर)
|
|December 2026
|Elevated
|-
| 4
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Sai Baba Nagar}}
| साई बाबा नगर
|
|December 2026
|Elevated
|-
| 5
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kashigaon}}
| काशिगाव
|
|8 April 2026
|Elevated
|-
| 6
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Miragaon}}
| मिरागाव
|{{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|green|croute}} ''(proposed)''
|8 April 2026
|Elevated
|-
| 7
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Pandurang Wadi}}
| पांडुरंगवाडी
|
|8 April 2026
|Elevated
|-
| 8
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dahisar (East)}}
| दहिसर (पूर्व)
|{{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|yellow|croute}}
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 9
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Ovaripada}}
| ओवरीपाडा
|
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 10
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Rashtriya Udyan}}
| राष्ट्रीय उद्यान
|
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 11
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Devipada}}
| देवीपाडा
|
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 12
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Magathane}}
| मागाठाणे
|
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 13
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Poisar}}
| पोईसर
|
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 14
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Akurli}}
| आकुर्ली
|
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 15
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Kurar}}
| कुरार
|
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 16
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Dindoshi}}
| दिंडोशी
|
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 17
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Aarey}}
| आरे
|
|2 April 2022
|Elevated
|-
| 18
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Goregaon (East)}}
| गोरेगाव (पूर्व)
|
|19 January 2023
|Elevated
|-
| 19
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Jogeshwari (East)}}
| जोगेश्वरी (पूर्व)
|{{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|pink|croute}} ''(under construction)''
|19 January 2023
|Elevated
|-
| 20
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Mogra}}
| मोगरा
|
|19 January 2023
|Elevated
|-
| 21
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Gundavali}}
| गुंदवली
|[[File:Logo_of_Mumbai_Metro_Line_1.svg|link=Blue_Line_(Mumbai_Metro)|22x22px]] {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|blue|croute}}
|19 January 2023
|Elevated
|-
| 22
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Airport Colony}}
| विमानतळ वसाहत
|
|December 2026
| Elevated
|-
| 23
| {{stl|Mumbai Metro|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - T2}}
| छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराज आंतरराष्ट्रीय विमानतळ - टी२
|[[File:Logo_of_Mumbai_Metro_Line_3.png|link=Aqua_Line_(Mumbai_Metro)|17x17px]] {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|aqua|croute}} {{rint|Mumbai|m}} {{rcb|Mumbai Metro|gold|croute}} ''(proposed)''
{{rint|air}} [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|CSMIA (T-2)]]
|December 2026
| Underground
|-bgcolor = #{{rcr|Mumbai Metro|red}}
|colspan = "8"|
|}

== Cost ==

=== Line 7 ===
Line 7 is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|6208|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-06 |title=MMRDA approves cost hike for two packages of Mumbai Metro-7, but says overall cost won't be hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mmrda-approves-cost-hike-for-two-packages-of-mumbai-metro-7-but-says-overall-cost-won-t-be-hit/story-lByBKUwtFs0VVvRfw2gK4O.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) will provide 43-48% of the total project cost through a loan at an interest rate of 1.4%. The Government of Maharashtra is the guarantor for the loan.<ref name="HTCost"/> On 2 March 2019, the Union Ministry of Finance stated that it had signed a $926 million loan agreement with the ADB to fund the construction of Line 2 and Line 7. This was the single largest infrastructure loan ever extended by the ADB. The funds will be used to procure 63 six-car trainsets, and signaling and safety systems on both corridors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Development Bank To Lend $926 Million For Mumbai Metro Rail Project |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-metro-rail-project-asian-development-bank-to-lend-926-million-for-metro-rail-project-2001512 |access-date=14 March 2019 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The proposed extension of Line 7 from Dahisar to Bhayander (called Line 9) is estimated to cost {{INRConvert|3600|c}}, and the underground extension to the International Airport shall cost an additional {{INRConvert|600|c}}.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=State clears extension of Metro 7 up to Terminal 2 |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/state-clears-extension-of-metro-7-up-to-terminal-2/articleshow/58138113.cms |access-date=7 June 2017 |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

The MMRDA allotted {{INRConvert|340|c|nolink=yes}} to the DMRC to implement and commission the rolling stock, signalling, and telecommunication work for the Metro 2A and Metro 7 corridors on 26 November 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 November 2016 |title=Consultant for MTHL finalized |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Consultant-for-MTHL-finalized/articleshow/55633793.cms |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 November 2016 |title=Mumbai Trans-Harbour Link: MMRDA approves appointment of general consultants |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-trans-harbour-link-mmrda-approves-appointment-of-general-consultants-4395612/ |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=General consultant appointed for MTHL project |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report-general-consultant-appointed-for-mthl-project-2276988 |access-date=26 November 2016 |website=dna}}</ref>

=== Line 7A ===

=== Line 9 ===

== Infrastructure ==

=== Rolling stock ===
[[BEML]] was awarded a {{INRConvert|3015|c}} contract to supply 378 metro cars (63 trainsets) for Line 7 and Line 2 in November 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Narendra |date=2018-11-23 |title=BEML bags Rs.3,015 Crore Contract for Mumbai Metro Corridor |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/beml-bags-rs-3015-crore-contract-mumbai-metro-corridor/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref> An additional 126 metro cars (21 trainsets) were ordered from BEML to cater to metro extensions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-08-01 |title=Mumbai: Manufacturing of coaches commences for Metro Lines 2A, 2B and 7 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-manufacturing-of-coaches-commences-for-metro-lines-2a-2b-and-7-21461164 |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> All trainsets were manufactured at BEML's Rail Coach Factory in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. The rakes are capable of driverless operation, making them the first driverless metro trains to be made in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BEML delivers first India-made driverless metro cars to Mumbai Metro |url=https://www.domain-b.com/economy/infrastructure/railways/20190909_driverless_metro.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=domain-b.com}}</ref> BEML began manufacturing the coaches on 29 July 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-30 |title=BEML starts work on Mumbai metro cars |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/focus-bengaluru/beml-starts-work-on-mumbai-metro-cars-750626.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> built the first metro coach in 75 days, and unveiled it in September 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-08 |title=Mumbai Metro gets first 'Make in India' driverless metro cars with bi-cycle parking facility; details here |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-mumbai-metro-gets-first-make-in-india-driverless-metro-cars-with-bi-cycle-parking-facility-details-here-1699824/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> The first trainset arrived in Mumbai on 28 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-28 |title=Mumbai: 1st rake for Metro-2A arrives; CM to unveil it on Friday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/mumbai-1st-rake-for-metro-2a-arrives-cm-to-unveil-it-on-friday-101611818349133.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Each trainset is made up of six coaches, with a total passenger capacity of 1,660 and a dense crush load capacity of 2,092. The trainset is 3.2 metres wide and made of stainless steel. Each coach has four doors on both sides. The rake employs a regenerative braking system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BEML bags Rs3,015-cr order for Mumbai Metro Corridor |url=https://www.domain-b.com/industry/Engineering/20181123_order.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=domain-b.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Signalling ===
Line 7 utilises the [[Alstom]] Urbalis 400 [[communications-based train control]] (CBTC) signalling system. Alstom was awarded a EUR 90 million contract to supply the signalling and telecommunications systems for Mumbai Metro Line 2 and Line 7, as well as Pune Metro's [[Purple Line (Pune Metro)|Purple Line]] and [[Aqua Line (Pune Metro)|Aqua Line]], in April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-01 |title=Alstom to provide state-of-the-art signalling system for Mumbai Metro and Pune Metro |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-alstom-to-provide-state-of-the-art-signalling-system-for-mumbai-metro-and-pune-metro-1534359/ |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alstom bags Rs 700 crore contracts from Mumbai, Pune metros |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/9434-alstom-bags-rs-700-crore-contracts-from-mumbai-pune-metros |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=Construction Week}}</ref>

=== Power ===
Line 7 is electrified at [[25 kV, AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz]] [[Alternating current|AC]], with power provided via an [[overhead catenary]]. The MMRDA signed an agreement with Adani Electricity Mumbai Limited to supply electricity to Line 7 and Line 2A on 2 December 2022. Around 120 million units are required to power both lines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=Adani to supply power for MMRDA's two new metro lines |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/adani-to-supply-power-for-mmrda-s-two-new-metro-lines-101669994104019.html |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Adani Electricity to power Mumbai Metro Lines 2A & 7 connecting Andheri to Dahisar |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/adani-electricity-to-power-mumbai-metro-lines-2a-7-connecting-andheri-to-dahisar |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> MMRDA plans to install solar panels on the roofs of 13 stations on Line 7 to generate 2,000 kW of power.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=Metro stations on Lines 2A, 7, Charkop depot to soon have rooftop solar panels |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/metro-stations-charkop-depot-rooftop-solar-panels-8591493/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Fare collection ===
A consortium of the Indian company Datamatics and Italian company AEP Ticketing Solutions S.R.L was awarded a {{INRConvert|160|c}} contract to implement the [[automated fare collection]] system for Line 7 and Line 2 in February 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Release |first1=Press |title=Datamatics wins AFC System contract for Mumbai Metro Line 2A, 2B & 7 |url=https://www.datamatics.com/press-release-list/datamatics-wins-automated-fare-collection-contract-for-mumbai-metro-line-2a-2b-and-7 |website=www.datamatics.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mahale |first1=Ajeet |date=7 February 2019 |title=MMRDA finalises firm for AFC on 3 Metro lines |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mmrda-finalises-firm-for-afc-on-3-metro-lines/article26207895.ece |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 February 2019 |title=Datamatics Wins Automated Fare Collection Contract for Mumbai Metro Line 2A, 2B and 7 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/datamatics-wins-automated-fare-collection-contract-for-mumbai-metro-line-2a-2b-and-7-119020800419_1.html |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

From 1 May 2023, a 25% discount on ticket fare was implemented for senior citizens (over 65 years), disabled persons, and students up to Class 12.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-29 |title=Mumbai: 25% fare concession on Metro 2A and 7 for senior citizens, divyang persons and students from May 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/mumbai-25-fare-concession-on-metro-2a-and-7-for-senior-citizens-divyang-persons-and-students-from-may-1/articleshow/99870276.cms |access-date=2023-11-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Foot overbridges ===
The MMRDA plans to build 14 foot-overbridges on the Red Line to enhance connectivity for commuters. The overbridges will be constructed in three phases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=Metro 7 to get 14 FOBs to facilitate commuters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/metro-7-to-get-14-fobs-to-facilitate-commuters-8526989/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The first foot overbridge at Gundavali station was completed on 29 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: MMRDA completes 58m-long FOB linking 2 metro lines in 15 days |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-mmrda-completes-58m-long-fob-linking-2-metro-lines-in-15-days |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra transit}}
{{Mumbai Metro navbox|line 7=yes}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mumbai Metro lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2022]]
[[Category:Airport rail links in India|M]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:25 kV AC railway electrification]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2026]]

Pradip Sarkar (Assam politician)

2026-04-20T08:37:01Z

KristiBruno654: Added post.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 21 May 2021
| predecessor = [[Ananta Kumar Malo]]
| constituency = [[Abhayapuri South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhayapuri South]]
| parents = [[Chandan Kumar Sarkar]] (Father) Swapna Rani Sarkar (Mother)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Anamika Sarkar
| occupation = Politician and Businessman
| image = File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg
}}

'''Pradip Sarkar''' is an Indian politician serving as the member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Abhayapuri South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhayapuri South]] since 2021, having defeated [[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]'s Purnendu Banikya. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pradip Sarkar(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- ABHAYAPURI SOUTH (SC)(NORTH SALMARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://myneta.info/Assam2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=931|access-date=2021-06-22|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pradip Sarkar {{!}} Assam Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/assam/pradip-sarkar-abhayapuri-south-candidate-s03a035c002/|access-date=2021-06-22|website=News18}}</ref> His father, Chandan Sarkar was also MLA and minister in the Government of Assam and his mother, Swapna Rani Sarkar was chairman of Abhayapuri Town Committee.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Bongaigaon district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Sriram Krishnan

2026-04-19T15:40:33Z

KristiBruno654: Stub

{{Short description|Indian-American investor (born 1984)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sriram Krishnan
| birth_name =
| image = MS200024.jpg
| caption = Krishnan in 2025
| office = [[White House Office|Senior White House Policy Advisor on Artificial Intelligence]]
| status =
| president = [[Donald Trump]]
| term_start = January 20, 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor =
| birth_date = January 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sriramanarasimhan KRISHNAN |last=Krishnan |first=Sriramanarasimhan |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/b48GYtPeg967TRBHPjptV0uky6I/appointments|access-date=December 27, 2024 |website=Gov.uk|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM University]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]])
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Internet entrepreneur]] | [[investor]] | [[podcaster]] | [[Clubhouse (app)|clubhouse host]]}}
| known_for = General partner of [[Andreessen Horowitz]] 
Co-host of ''The Aarthi and Sriram Show''
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Aarthi Ramamurthy]]|2010}}
| children =
| relatives =
}}

'''Sriram Krishnan''' (born 1984) is a tech executive and White House official, currently serving as the Senior White House Policy Advisor on Artificial Intelligence. Krishnan was named a [[Time Person of the Year]] in 2025 as an "Architect of [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial Intelligence]]."<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-12 |title=Time Person of the Year 2025: Karandeep Anand and Sriram Krishnan - the Indian-American AI Architects leading the race |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/time-person-of-the-year-2025-karandeep-anand-and-sriram-krishnan-the-indian-architects-leading-the-ai-race/articleshow/125930369.cms |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was described in Time as providing the "wake-up call that we needed" to the other AI builders, leading to "a multiyear, $500 billion initiative dubbed Stargate" to push American-made AI, as well as numerous other AI initiatives.<ref name="Time2025">{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Charlie |last2=Chow |first2=Andrew R. |last3=Perrigo |first3=Billy |title=The Architects of AI Are TIME's 2025 Person of the Year |url=https://time.com/7339685/person-of-the-year-2025-ai-architects/ |website=TIME |access-date=15 December 2025 |language=en |date=11 December 2025}}</ref> Also in December 2025, President Trump said of Krishnan, "without him, things on AI would not function well" and cited Krishnan as the leading figure behind the American executive order on AI.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump praises Indian-origin AI adviser Sriram Krishnan for leading US AI race against China |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/trump-praises-indian-origin-ai-adviser-sriram-krishnan-for-leading-us-ai-race-against-china/articleshow/126093561.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=29 December 2025 |date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

As the leader of the United States' policy team regarding artificial intelligence, Krishnan plays "a significant role in shaping the administration’s approach to AI and driving measures to advance federal adoption of AI."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=mbracken |date=2025-02-18 |title=Chief AI officers must be preserved in the Trump administration |url=https://fedscoop.com/chief-ai-officers-trump-administration/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=FedScoop |language=en-US}}</ref> The role calls for removing barriers to AI adoption within the government, driving vendors toward solutions suitable for federal needs, designing sensible regulation of private-sector AI, and conducting "AI diplomacy".<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bursztynsky |first=Jessica |date=May 15, 2025 |title=Trump's Middle East tour is all about AI diplomacy |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/91334347/trumps-middle-east-tour-is-all-about-ai-diplomacy |access-date=May 19, 2025 |website=Fast Company}}</ref> He has stated a policy goal of "reinvigorating US dominance in emerging technologies," including AI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump taps Sriram Krishnan for AI advisor role amid strategic shift in tech policy |url=https://www.cio.com/article/3629924/trump-taps-sriram-krishnan-for-ai-advisor-role-amid-strategic-shift-in-tech-policy.html |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=CIO |language=en}}</ref> He also represents the United States' interests in AI abroad, such as at the [[AI Action Summit 2025|Paris AI Summit]].<ref name=":8" /> He is one of the authors of the American "AI Action Plan" released in July, 2025, which he contends is necessary to win the "existential race with China" for AI supremacy.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title='We don't want California to set the rules for AI across the country,' Trump adviser says |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/09/16/we-dont-want-california-to-set-the-rules-for-ai-across-the-country-trump-adviser-says-00565251 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=POLITICO}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shepard |first1=Michael |date=21 May 2025 |title=US to Keep China Chip Curbs, Spurning Nvidia's Call for Relief |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-05-21/us-to-keep-china-chip-curbs-spurning-nvidia-s-call-for-relief |access-date=27 June 2025 |work=Bloomberg News}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Lai |first=Stephanie |date=2025-07-23 |title=White House Unveils AI Policy Vision to Spur US Development |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-07-23/white-house-unveils-sweeping-ai-action-plan-to-boost-development |access-date=2025-07-24}}</ref>

Krishnan, a U.S. citizen born in India, is also a [[venture capital]]ist, [[podcast]]er, product manager and [[author]]. Early in his career, he led product teams at [[Microsoft]], [[Twitter]], [[Yahoo!]], [[Facebook]], and [[Snapchat|Snap]]. In addition to his work as an investor and technologist, he and his wife, [[Aarthi Ramamurthy]], rose to additional prominence in 2021 as podcast hosts.<ref>* {{Cite web |last=Newton |first=Casey |date=February 1, 2021 |title=Elon Musk just showed how Clubhouse can succeed |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/1/22261435/elon-musk-clubhouse-podcasts-robinhood |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=The Verge |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |date=February 12, 2021 |title='Developers, developers, developers!' Ballmer and Sinofsky talk Microsoft, memes, more in Clubhouse |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2021/developers-developers-developers-ballmer-sinofsky-talk-microsoft-memes-clubhouse/ |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |last=Robert |first=Yola |title=This Silicon Valley Power Couple Turned Their Robust Network Into A Global Show |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/yolarobert1/2023/07/24/this-silicon-valley-power-couple-turned-their-robust-network-into-a-global-show/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> He served as a general partner at the [[venture capital]] firm [[Andreessen Horowitz]] and led its London office.<ref name=":9">{{cite web |date=June 12, 2023 |title=Andreessen Horowitz to open first international office in London led by Sriram Krishnan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/andreessen-horowitz-to-open-its-first-international-office-in-london/articleshow/100925994.cms |access-date=June 13, 2023 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sriram Krishnan, Author at Andreessen Horowitz |url=https://a16z.com/author/sriram-krishnan/ |access-date=January 26, 2024 |website=Andreessen Horowitz |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, Krishnan announced that he was working with [[Elon Musk]] on the rebuilding of Twitter following Musk's [[Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk|acquisition of the company.]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Isaac |first1=Mike |last2=Mac |first2=Ryan |last3=Conger |first3=Kate |date=October 31, 2022 |title=Elon Musk, Plus a Circle of Confidants, Tightens Control Over Twitter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/31/technology/elon-musk-twitter-control.html |access-date=November 3, 2022 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On December 22, 2024, US president-elect Donald Trump announced that Krishnan would be Senior White House Policy Advisor on Artificial Intelligence in his incoming administration<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=December 23, 2024 |title=Trump appoints Indian American entrepreneur Sriram Krishnan as senior policy advisor on Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/trump-appoints-indian-american-entrepreneur-sriram-krishnan-as-senior-policy-advisor-on-artificial-intelligence/article69017694.ece |access-date=December 23, 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>; in 2026 he joined the [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maria Curi |first=Ashley |date=2026-03-30 |title=Inside David Sacks' new role shaping Trump's AI agenda |url=https://www.axios.com/2026/03/30/david-sacks-trump-ai-agenda-plan |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Krishnan was born in [[Chennai]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Hawgood |first=Alex |date=July 30, 2021 |title=These Clubhouse Hosts Are Keeping the Party Alive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/30/style/clubhouse-host-good-time-show-Sriram-Krishnan-Aarthi-Ramamurthy.html |access-date=December 12, 2021 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/who-is-sriram-krishnan-silicon-valley-entrepreneur-turned-ai-policy-advisor-for-the-white-house/articleshow/116653742.cms Who is Sriram Krishnan, Silicon Valley Entrepreneur Turned AI Policy Advisor for the White House? Times Of India, Dec 25, 2024]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63481873 | title=Sriram Krishnan: The Indian-American 'helping' Elon Musk run Twitter | publisher=BBC News |access-date=August 11, 2022}}</ref> He earned his [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[Information technology|Information Technology]] from [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology|SRM University]] (2001–2005)<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2022 |title=Meet Sriram Krishnan, the Chennai-born engineer helping Elon Musk run Twitter |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/meet-sriram-krishnan-a-chennai-born-engineer-helping-elon-musk-run-twitter-532130 |access-date=January 25, 2024 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref>, moved to the United States in 2007 to join Microsoft, and became a [[Naturalization|naturalized]] U.S. citizen in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Pranav |title=Sriram Krishnan's White House role stirred hope among Indian immigrants in Silicon Valley. Then came the backlash. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sriram-krishnan-trump-white-house-role-hope-indian-immigrants-backlash-2024-12 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
In 2007, he began working at Microsoft where he served as a program manager for [[Microsoft Visual Studio|Visual Studio]]. At Facebook, Krishnan built the Facebook Audience Network, a competitive platform to Google's ad technologies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carson|first=Biz|title=Snapchat just poached a key ad exec from Facebook to turn on the money jets|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/snapchat-hires-sriram-krishnan-from-facebook-to-head-up-monetization-2016-2|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Wagner|first=Kurt|date=February 29, 2016|title=Snapchat Hires Exec Who Ran Facebook's Ad Network|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/2/29/11588316/snapchat-hires-exec-who-ran-facebooks-ad-network|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Onfro|first=Jillian|title=How an 'oddball' team created one of Facebook's biggest threats to Google|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/what-is-facebook-audience-network-and-why-does-it-matter-2016-2|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=Business Insider|language=en-US}}</ref> At Twitter, he led product and core user experience, driving a 20% annual user growth rate and launching a redesigned home page and events experience.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Snap, Facebook, Pop: Sriram Krishnan joins Twitter as senior director of product|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/18/snap-facebook-pop-sriram-krishnan-joins-twitter-as-senior-director-of-product/|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=TechCrunch|date=September 19, 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=September 23, 2017|title=From Facebook, Snap, Now to Twitter: Sriram Krishnan {{!}} Siliconeer|url=https://siliconeer.com/current/from-facebook-snap-now-to-twitter-sriram-krishnan/|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=Siliconeer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=February 6, 2020|title=Twitter shares soar after reporting strong user numbers and miss on earnings|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/06/twitter-twtr-earnings-q4-2019.html|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>

=== Andreessen Horowitz ===
Krishnan was appointed a general partner of American venture capital firm [[Andreessen Horowitz]] ("a16z") in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Social platform veteran Sriram Krishnan is Andreessen Horowitz's latest general partner|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/02/03/social-platform-veteran-sriram-krishnan-is-andreessen-horowitzs-latest-general-partner/|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=TechCrunch|date=February 3, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> He was anticipated to serve consumer and social markets, however he has also theorized on the impact of "deep tech" on society.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 1, 2021|title=How can we define deep tech?|url=https://techspark.co/blog/2021/04/01/define-deep-tech/|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=TechSPARK|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Atlys raises $4.25M to make visa applications faster and easier|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/10/28/atlys-raises-4-25m-to-make-visa-applications-faster-and-easier/|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=TechCrunch|date=October 28, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yang |first=Peter |title=Dan Romero (Farcaster): Building a Web3 Social Network for Thoughtful Conversations |url=https://creatoreconomy.so/p/farcaster-scaling-web3-social |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=creatoreconomy.so |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023 he was appointed to lead the firm's London office, its first non-US location.<ref name=":9"/> The office is expected to serve [[Web3]] investments as well as AI and other fields.<ref name=":9"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Ryan |date=June 12, 2023 |title=Andreessen Horowitz to open first office outside the U.S. in London in bet UK will become crypto hub |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/12/andreessen-horowitz-to-open-office-in-london-could-become-crypto-hub.html |access-date=July 19, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Krishnan announced that he would leave the firm at the end of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andreessen Horowitz's Sriram Krishnan to Leave Firm, Discusses Role With Musk |url=https://www.theinformation.com/articles/andreessen-horowitz-general-partner-sriram-krishnan-to-leave-firm |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=The Information |language=en}}</ref>

=== Social media and AI ===
In 2022, various news media reported that Krishnan was assisting Elon Musk in the revamp of Twitter following Musk's takeover of the company.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's next in line to be Chief Twit? |url=https://fortune.com/2022/10/31/top-contenders-for-ceo-of-elon-musks-twitter/ |access-date=November 3, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rekhi |first=Dia |title=Indian techie Sriram Krishnan 'helping' Elon Musk with Twitter revamp |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/indian-techie-sriram-krishnan-helping-elon-musk-with-twitter-revamp/articleshow/95212345.cms |access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref> Additional reports named Krishnan as the leading candidate for the role of CEO of the newly private company.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stieb |first=Matt |date=December 20, 2022 |title=Who Could Be the Next CEO of Twitter? |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/12/if-elon-musk-quits-who-could-be-the-next-ceo-of-twitter.html |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 22, 2022 |title=Who Will be Next Twitter CEO After Elon Musk? Odds Favor Investor Sriram Krishnan |url=https://www.sportsbettingdime.com/news/entertainment-props/who-will-be-next-twitter-ceo-after-elon-musk-odds-favor-investor-sriram-krishnan/ |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=Sports Betting Dime |language=en-US}}</ref>

Krishnan penned a 2023 ''New York Times'' opinion column regarding social media, AI, and related fields. He predicted a rise in the number and diversity of online spaces due to decentralization and platforms like Farcaster, Bluesky and Mastodon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Sriram |date=July 15, 2023 |title=Opinion {{!}} You're Not Imagining It: Social Media Is in Chaos |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/15/opinion/social-media-threads-twitter-reddit.html |access-date=July 19, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Public office ===
In 2024, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' reported that Krishnan was active in international affairs, reintroducing [[Boris Johnson]] to Elon Musk, following Musk's nomination to [[Department of Government Efficiency|the proposed Department of Government Efficiency]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Hannah |last2=Gross |first2=Anna |last3=Morris |first3=Stephen |date=December 1, 2024 |title=Elon Musk is attacking Britain. Former PMs are building ties |url=https://www.ft.com/content/987f70fd-c718-4998-a097-f4a8f4a462b7 |access-date=December 15, 2024 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>

Krishnan was also reported as potentially leaving a16z at the end of the year to "be jumping into something I've wanted to spend [his] energy on," which was widely reported as being related to Musk's and [[Vivek Ramaswamy|Vivek Ramaswamy's]] work at DOGE. Others reported to be involved include [[Joe Lonsdale]], [[Marc Andreessen|Marc Andreesen]], [[Bill Ackman]], and [[Travis Kalanick]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nolan |first=Beatrice |title=Sriram Krishnan is leaving Andreessen Horowitz and is reportedly in talks to join Elon Musk at DOGE |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/sriram-krishnan-andreessen-horowitz-elon-musk-doge-trump-2024-11 |access-date=December 15, 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

On December 22, 2024, US president-elect Donald Trump announced that he would be Senior White House Policy Advisor on Artificial Intelligence in his incoming administration.<ref name=":7" /> On February 6, 2025, Reuters reported that Krishnan would be accompanying [[JD Vance|Vice President Vance]] to the Paris AI Summit, a "major artificial intelligence" event later that month. Other members of the [[Office of Science and Technology Policy|White House Office of Science and Technology Policy]] would also be joining the event with around 100 other countries to "focus on AI's potential."<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Dastin |first=Jeffery |date=February 6, 2025 |title=Exclusive: Trump's Paris AI summit delegation won't include AI Safety Institute staff, sources say |website=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/trumps-paris-ai-summit-delegation-not-include-ai-safety-institute-staff-sources-2025-02-06/ |access-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref>

Krishnan joined a U.S. technology policy delegation to the Middle East in advance of President Trump's visit in May 2025. Conducting "AI diplomacy," Krishnan negotiated the spread of U.S. [[AI]] technologies with [[Mohammed bin Salman|Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman]] of [[Saudi Arabia]], as well as other means to strengthen bilateral trade in artificial intelligence technologies.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ana |last2=Mickle |first2=Tripp |date=2025-05-12 |title=Trump Administration Considers Large Chip Sale to Emirati A.I. Firm G42 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/12/business/economy/trump-chip-sale-to-emirati-ai-firm-g42.html |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="NYT1">{{Cite news |last1=Mickle |first1=Tripp |last2=Swanson |first2=Ana |date=2025-05-15 |title=Outsourcer in Chief: Is Trump Trading Away America's Tech Future? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/15/business/economy/trump-chips-ai-uae.html |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-14 |title=Indian-origin man dwarfs Saudi Crown Prince MBS, Trump inside Royal Court: 'Hope they have high ceilings' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/indianorigin-man-dwarfs-saudi-crown-prince-mbs-trump-inside-royal-court-hope-they-have-high-ceilings-101747211370268.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516180512/https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/indianorigin-man-dwarfs-saudi-crown-prince-mbs-trump-inside-royal-court-hope-they-have-high-ceilings-101747211370268.html |archive-date=2025-05-16 |access-date=2025-05-19 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref> He explained that the goal of the diplomatic mission was that "we want American A.I. to spread."<ref name="NYT1"/>

Krishnan, along with David Sacks and Michael Kratsios, were credited as authors of the American AI Action Plan released in July 2025. The plan is "the administration’s most significant policy directive" regarding artificial intelligence;<ref name=":10" /> it calls for financing to support the global spread of American AI models and a policy to enforce neutrality in models.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump Unveils AI 'Action Plan' with Executive Orders and Bias-Free Chatbot Mandate |url=https://www.ainvest.com/news/trump-unveils-ai-action-plan-executive-orders-bias-free-chatbot-mandate-2507/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Ainvest}}</ref> The Washington Post referred to the plan as a "bold action to ensure that American AI remains at the cutting edge."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-27 |title=Opinion {{!}} Trump is off to a good start with an AI action plan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/07/27/ai-china-trump-plan/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> The AI Action Plan is a continuation of prior efforts to reduce barriers to U.S. production of AI systems and the removal of rules that were considered to hinder such growth.<ref name=":10" />

Later in 2025, at the POLITICO AI & Tech Summit, Krishnan called national AI development "an existential race with China."<ref name=":11" /> He suggested that private companies are best positioned to create new models, quipping "let them cook."<ref name=":11" /> He further suggested that state-by-state regulation of AI technologies may hinder national AI competitiveness.<ref name=":11" /> Also in 2025, at the Axios AI+ Summit, Krishnan stated that the United States and China are in a race for AI supremacy, in which the winner will be judged by market share.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=April |date=2025-09-17 |title=Exclusive: White House AI adviser targets market share in race with China |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/09/17/sriram-krishnan-trump-artificial-intelligence-axios-summit |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref> Winning the race is a "business strategy" to Krishnan.<ref name=":12" />

Krishnan was named in the [[Time Person of the Year|2025 Time Person of the Year]] article as an "AI Architect".<ref name="Time2025"/>

=== ''The Aarthi and Sriram Show'' and other media ===

In early 2021, Krishnan and his wife, Aarthi Ramamurthy, launched a Clubhouse talk show that "focuses on organic conversations on anything from startups to venture capitalism and cryptocurrencies."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kay |first=Grace |title=Kanye West and Elon Musk are slated to appear on a Clubhouse talk show hosted by a Facebook employee and her VC husband |url=https://businessinsider.mx/kanye-west-and-elon-musk-are-slated-to-appear-on-a-clubhouse-talk-show-hosted-by-a-facebook-employee-and-her-vc-husband/ |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=Business Insider México {{!}} Noticias pensadas para ti |language=es}}</ref> An early appearance by Elon Musk on the ''Good Time Show'' was described as the first show that "broke Clubhouse"<ref>{{Cite web|last=King|first=Hope|date=February 1, 2021|title=Elon Musk admits 'talking smack' about Lidar|url=https://lisahopeking.medium.com/elon-musk-admits-talking-smack-about-lidar-fbdbed8df26c|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref> by rapidly exceeding the limit of 5,000 simultaneous users. The desire to interact with a larger community led to a variety of later innovations to allow streaming and replaying of Clubhouse chats. On that episode, Elon Musk grilled [[Robinhood Markets|Robinhood]] CEO [[Vlad Tenev]] regarding the [[GameStop]] [[GameStop short squeeze|trading controversy]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=LaPorte|first=Nicole|date=August 10, 2021|title=Inside the only late-night talk show that breaks news|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90651710/most-creative-people-2021-sriram-krishnan|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=Fast Company|language=en-US}}</ref> As of December 2021, the show had over 187,000 subscribers, plus 735,000 subscribers between Krishnan and Ramamurthy's personal Clubhouse accounts.<ref name="July-2021">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/21/technology/clubhouse-twitter-spaces.html|title=How the Copycats Came for Clubhouse|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 21, 2021|last1=Conger|first1=Kate}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Other guests have included Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, [[Diane von Fürstenberg]], [[Tony Hawk]], [[MrBeast]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=How Sriram Krishnan and Aarthi Ramamurthy Blew Up on Clubhouse |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/sriram-krishnan-aarthi-ramamurthy-blew-213952319.html |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> and [[A.R. Rahman]].<ref name="July-2021"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 23, 2021|title=Clubhouse Surpasses 10 Million Users After Musk, Zuckerberg, Rogan, and MrBeast Join and Starts Drawing More Scrutiny|url=http://voicebot.ai/2021/02/23/clubhouse-surpasses-10-million-users-after-musk-zuckerberg-rogan-and-mrbeast-join-and-starts-drawing-more-scrutiny/|access-date=December 12, 2021|website=Voicebot.ai|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, the ''Good Time Show'' moved to YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clubhouse witnesses two senior management exits |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/clubhouse-witnesses-two-senior-management-exits-8630111.html |access-date=June 26, 2022 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> It then evolved to a podcasting format under the name ''The Aarthi and Sriram Show,'' with both audio and video content.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=J. Clara |date=June 1, 2023 |title='The Aarthi and Sriram Show' Nabs Podcast Deal With iHeartMedia |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/aarthi-and-sriram-show-podcast-iheartmedia-1235504521/ |access-date=June 10, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Hollywood Reporter'' reported that the podcast had received more than 1 million downloads by early 2023.<ref name=":5" />

== Personal life ==
Krishnan is married to [[Aarthi Ramamurthy]], co-host of ''The Aarthi and Sriram Show'' (formerly the ''Good Time Show'') and a serial entrepreneur. They met in college in 2003 through a Yahoo! chat room related to a coding project and began dating in 2006 and eloped in 2010.<ref name=":0" />

== Awards ==

* Time Person of the Year - 2025<ref name=":13" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/@AarthiAndSriram The Aarthi and Sriram Show (formerly The Good Time Show)] (YouTube)
* [https://www.aarthiandsriram.com/ Official website of The Aarthi and Sriram Show]

{{Andreessen Horowitz}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnan, Sriram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Silicon Valley people]]
[[Category:Andreessen Horowitz]]
[[Category:American venture capitalists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Second Trump administration personnel]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence people]]
[[Category:Microsoft people]]
[[Category:Yahoo! people]]
[[Category:Facebook people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American podcasters]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:American technology writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]

Bishop Jerome Nagar

2026-04-19T08:40:41Z

KristiBruno654: started article - done

{{short description|Shopping complex in the city of Kollam, Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Bishop Jerome Nagar
| image = Front view of Bishop Jerome Nagar, Kollam.jpg
| caption = Front view of Bishop Jerome Nagar
| location = [[Chinnakada]], [[Kollam]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8.887277|76.588596||display=inline, title}}
| address = [[Downtown Kollam]] – 691001
| opening_date = 1987<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ebuild.in/bishop-jerome-nagar-the-largest-shopping-mall-of-kollam-kollam|title=Bishop Jerome Nagar Kollam - ebuild.in|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072626/http://ebuild.in/bishop-jerome-nagar-the-largest-shopping-mall-of-kollam-kollam|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| owner = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon]]
| architect = [[Eugene Pandala]]
| number_of_stores = 184
| number of anchors =
| floor_area =
| floors = 7
| parking = [[Valet parking]], Underground
| publictransit = [[Kollam KSRTC Bus Station|Kollam KSRTC]] {{rint|bus}} - 850 m {{rws|Kollam Junction}} {{rint|rail}} - 1 km [[Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal|Kollam KSWTD]] {{rint|ferry}} - 850 m
| website = {{url|https://www.bishopjeromenagar.in}}
}}

'''Bishop Jerome Nagar (BJN)''' is one of the largest shopping complexes in the city of [[Kollam]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://localnews.rediff.com/location#!bishop_jerome_nagar-kollam-kollam-kerala-india|title=Bishop Jerome Nagar Kollam - Rediff Labs|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416021721/http://localnews.rediff.com/location#!bishop_jerome_nagar-kollam-kollam-kerala-india|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is owned by the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon]], the first [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[Diocese]] in [[India]].<ref name=H1>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/catholic-shrine-at-tangasseri-attacked/article7345049.ece |title=Catholic shrine at Tangasseri attacked | date=23 June 2015 | first=Ignatius | last=Pereira | newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/james-puthenpuram-passes-away/article8723135.ece |title=James Puthenpuram passes away - The Hindu |access-date=13 June 2016}}</ref> Bishop Jerome Nagar is one of the main centres for shopping and related activities in Kollam city. A three screen multiplex, run by G-Max Cinemas, is also there at Bishop Jerome Nagar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gmaxcinemas.com/contact.php |title=G-Max Cinemas |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161755/http://gmaxcinemas.com/contact.php |archive-date=18 April 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Features==
* Seven floors (six plus parking)
* 3 screen multiplex
* Escalator
* Valet Parking

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kollam]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam]]
[[Category:Retail markets in Kollam]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 1987]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Saroj Bal

2026-04-17T23:37:17Z

KristiBruno654: Created

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Saroj Bal
| image = Saroj Bal at Salandi Book Fair, Bhadrak.jpg
| caption = Saroj Bal at Salandi Book Fair, Bhadrak.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1976|2|2}}
| birth_place = [[Bhadrak]], [[Odisha]], India
| occupation = poet, editor, publisher
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = MA in Odia Literature
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
| period = 21st century
| genres = Poetry
| subjects =
| notableworks = ''Samay Saha Selfie''
| spouse =
| awards =
}}
'''Saroj Bal''' (born 2 February 1976) is a [[Odia language]] poet from India. He is also a translator and editor of several literary journals.

==Biography==
Saroj Bal was born on 2 February 1976 at village Arjunbindha in [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]] district of [[Odisha]], India. He completed his post graduate education in [[Odia literature]] from [[Utkal University]]. He has pursued creative writing as his career, besides working as a digital designer, musician, journalist and literary activist.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://incredibleorissa.com/ne-odia-poetry-saroj-bal/| title= "Ne" Odia Poetry - Saroj Bal|publisher= Incredible Odisha|date= 9 March 2014| access-date= 31 August 2022}}</ref> He is also a publisher with his own publication house "Time Pass".<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.hindisamay.com/writer/सरोज-बल-Saroj-Bal.cspx?id=2789| title= Saroj Bal - Poet Profile|publisher=The Hindi Samay| access-date= 31 August 2022}}</ref> He has designed several books as a graphic illustrator.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/mar/09/the-lost-daughter-and-other-stories-released-in-city-2274205.html| title= The Lost Daughter and Other Stories|publisher= The Indian Express|date= 9 March 2021| access-date= 31 August 2022}}</ref>

==Works==
Saroj Bal has written fourteen poetry books, four collections of short stories and one novel. he has edited several literary journals including "Saamanaa", "Sindoor" and "Rebati".<ref>{{cite web| url= https://caravanmagazine.in/author/595| title= Saroj Bal - Odia Poet|publisher=The Caravan Magaziney| access-date= 31 August 2022}}</ref> His poems have been widely translated into English language.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.theantonymmag.com/poems-by-saroj-bal/| title= Poems by Saroj Bal - Translated by Bibhu Padhi|publisher=The Antonym Magazine|date= 28 October 2021| access-date= 31 August 2022}}</ref> He regularly performs his poetry at national literary festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/mystic-kalinga-poetry-fest-takes-off-117122201120_1.html|title= Kalinga Literary Festival Takes Off |publisher= Business Standard|date=22 December 2017| access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-Septmber_2013_Nesletter.pdf|title= Sahitya Akademi Young Writers Meet|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|date= 1 October 2013 | access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> In 2022 Saroj Bal's Odia poems translated by Snehaprava Das won [[Jibanananda Das Award]] for poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://kolkatapoetryconfluence.org/announcements/ |title=Kolkata Poetry Confluence : Translation Awards Announced|publisher= Kolkata Poetry Confluence|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> His poems on inclusivity and togetherness graced the [[Kolkata Poetry Confluence]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/poetry-confluence-to-celebrate-inclusivity-and-togetherness/articleshow/92091639.cms|title= Poetry Confluence to celebrate inclusivity and togetherness|publisher= Times of India|date= 9 June 2022| access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Katha Naba Pratibha Award
* Basanta Muduli Kabita Award
* State Youth Award
* Kadambini Feature Award
* Rabi Patnaik Memorial Award

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
* 2012 - Bahare Barasa

===Poetry===
* 2022 - Raatira Bati
* 2022 - Prema Pahandi
* 2018 - Samay Saha Selfie
* 2018 - Udaya Raag
* 2014 - Saata Dinare Goraapana
* 2012 - Tu Marichikaa ku Mun Marubhoomi
* 2010 - Power Cut

===Translation into other languages===
* Sunshine in Janpath (Translated by Harmendra Singh)
* जन पथ में धूप (Translated by Shankar Lal Purohit)

===Magazines edited by Saroj Bal===
* Saamanaa
* Sindoor
* Rebati
* Maata
* Pustak Melaa haalchaal

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bal, Saroj}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

{{India-poet-stub}}
{{India-translator-stub}}

P.S. Nathan

2026-04-16T03:47:21Z

KristiBruno654: Added a entry

{{Short description|Indian entomologist and natural history dealer (1891–1976)}}
'''P. S. Nathan''', '''P. Susai Nathan''' or '''P. Susainathan''' (18 April 1891 – 17 March 1976) was an Indian naturalist, entomologist and a natural history specimen collector and dealer. His natural history business was continued by his daughter-in-law Theresa Rajabai Susai Nathan and still later by her daughter-in-law Nellie J.P. Nathan. A number of species are named after the collections made by him and his family.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.21248/contrib.entomol.52.1.1-83|title=On Palaearctic and Oriental species of the genera ''Pseudapis'' W.F. Kirby, 1900, and ''Nomiapis'' Cockerell, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Halictidae, Nomiinae)|year=2002|last1=Baker|first1=Donald Burton|journal=Beiträge zur Entomologie |volume=52|pages=1–83|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Life and work ==
Nathan came from Kurumbagaram, Nedungadu, near Karaikal. The initial "P." stands for his [[Indian name|father's name]] Prabalanathan, although some sources note it incorrectly as "Peter". He collected insects while still in school and became a government entomologist and later an entomological assistant at the Coimbatore Agricultural College (now the [[Tamil Nadu Agricultural University]]). He then worked at Basra, Iraq under the British as a port officer working in quarantine service. He retired voluntarily in 1929 to become a professional insect collector and natural history dealer. He was elected Fellow of the Entomological Society in 1919.<ref>{{cite journal|title=List of Fellows of the Entomological Society of London|year=2009| journal= Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London|volume= 71|issue=1–2|pages=ix–xxxii| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2311.1923.tb03322.x}}</ref> Although he specialized mainly in insects he also sold mollusc shells across Europe and North America and numerous species have been described on the basis of specimens collected by him, several named after him, including:<ref>{{cite journal|author=Alexander, Charles P.|year=1960|title=New exotic crane-flies (Tipulidae: Diptera): Part II|url=https://archive.org/details/entomologicalnew71amer/page/237/mode/1up|journal=Entomological News|volume=61|pages=237–243}}</ref>

* ''[[Nathanella]]'' {{small|Demoulin, 1955}}. (Ephemeroptera)
*''[[Petersula nathani]]'' {{small|Sivaramakrishnan & Hubbard, 1984}}<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Sivaramakrishnan, K.G.|author2=Hubbard, Michael D.|year=1984|title=A new species of ''Petersula'' from southern India (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)|url=https://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/pdf/SivaramakrishnanHubbard1984p204.pdf|journal=International Journal of Entomology|volume=26|issue=3|pages=204–205}}</ref> (Ephemeroptera)
*''Ephemera nathani'' {{small|Hubbard, 1982}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hubbard, Michael D.|year=1982|title=Two new species of ''Ephemera'' from South India (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae)|url=https://www.insecta.bio.spbu.ru/z/pdf/Hubbard1982p192.pdf|journal=Pacific Insects|volume=24|issue=2|pages=192–195}}</ref> (Ephemeroptera)
*''[[Bolivaritettix nathani]]'' {{small|Wagan & Kevan, 1992}} ([[Orthoptera]]: Tetrigidae)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Wagan, M. S.|author2=Kevan, D. K. McE.|year=1992|title=Studies on some Tetrigidae (Orthoptera) from India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka |journal=Tropical Zoology|volume=5|issue=2|pages=167–194|doi=10.1080/03946975.1992.10539191}}</ref>
* ''Diplatys nathani'' {{small|Hincks, 1960}}. (Dermaptera)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Miles|first=Claire|date=2015-10-01|title=The earwig collection (Dermaptera) of the Manchester Museum, UK, with a complete type catalogue|url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/263|journal=European Journal of Taxonomy|language=en|issue=141|doi=10.5852/ejt.2015.141 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* ''Gonolabidura nathani'' {{small|Brindle, 1965}}. (Dermaptera)
*''Timmomenus nathani'' {{small|Srivastava, 1969}} (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Srivastava, G.K.|year=1969|title=On two new species of Dermaptera from India (Dermaptera)|url=https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/163917|journal=Eos: Revista española de entomología|volume=44|pages=425–431}}</ref>
*''Dysaulophthalma nathani'' {{small|Stiewe, 2009}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stiewe, Martin B.D.|year=2009|title=''Dysaulophthalma'' gen. et. sp. n. A new praying mantis from southern India (Dictyoptera: Mantodea: Tarachodidae)|url=https://entomoresin.com/1pdf/mantis2.pdf|journal=Entomologist's Monthly Magazine|volume=145|pages=51–60}}</ref> (Mantodea: Tarachodidae)
*''Calamothespis nathani'' {{small|Roy & Stiewe, 2016}} (Mantodea) [from Zambia, 27 Dec 1970]<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Roy, R.|author2=Stiewe, M. B. D.|year=2016|title=Révision du genre afrotropical ''Calamothespis'' Werner 1907 (Mantodea : Toxoderinae)|journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |series=Nouvelle Série|volume=52|issue=1|pages=26–48|doi=10.1080/00379271.2016.1190668|s2cid=194498316}}</ref>
*''Aphelocheirus nathani'' {{small|La Rivers, 1971}} (Heteroptera: Naucoridae)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Polhemus, D.A.|author2=Polhemus, J.T.|year=1988|title=The Aphelocheirinae of tropical Asia (Heteroptera: Naucoridae)|journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology|volume=36|issue=2|pages=167–300}}</ref>
*''Onychomesa susainathani'' {{small|Wygodzinsky, 1966}} (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ghate, H.V.|author2=Sarode, B.|year=2019|title=On the rediscovery of ''Onychomesa susainathani'', an emesine bug endemic to India (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae)|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=11|issue=3|pages=13395–13401|doi=10.11609/jott.4546.11.3.13395-13401|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''Stenolemus susainathani'' {{small|Wygodzinsky, 1966}} (Heteroptera: Reduviidae)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Paramita|last2=Ambrose|first2=Dunston P.|last3=Hassan|first3=M. E.|last4=Biswas|first4=B.|date=2015-01-05|title=A new species of ''Stenolemus'' Signoret (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae) from India|url=http://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3904.1.7|journal=Zootaxa|volume=3904|issue=1|pages=116–22|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3904.1.7|pmid=25660775 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
*''Scaphidium nathani'' {{small|Löbl, 1971}}. ([[Beetle|Coleoptera]]: Staphylinidae)<ref>{{cite journal|year=1971|title=Zwei neue Arten der Gattung ''Scaphidium'' Ol. von Süd-Indien (Coleoptera, Scaphidiidae)|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31055770|journal=Opuscula Zoologica (München)|issue=118|pages=1–3|author=Löbl, Ivan}}</ref>
*''[[Autoserica nathani]]'' {{small|Frey, 1972}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Frey, G.|year=1972|title=Neue Sericinen aus Indien und Indochina, sowie Abbildungen von Parameren bekannter Arten (Col., Scarab., Melolonthina)|url=https://archive.org/details/entomolog232419721973muse/page/n203/mode/1up|journal=Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey Tutzing bei München|volume=23|pages=186–216}}</ref> (Coleoptera: [[Scarabaeidae]])
*''[[Holotrichia nathani]]'' {{small|Frey, 1971}} (Coleoptera: [[Scarabaeidae]])
*''Myllocerus susainathani'' {{small|Nathan, 1992}} (Coleoptera: [[Curculionidae]])<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ramamurthy, V.V.|author2=Nathan, Britto P.|author3=Anand, R. K. Anand|year=1992|title=Further taxonomic studies on ''Myllocerus'' with new synonymy of ''Hyperstylus'' (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)|journal=Oriental Insects|volume=26|issue=1|pages=119–152|doi=10.1080/00305316.1992.10432244}}</ref>
*''[[Clytrasoma nathani]]'' {{small|Pic, 1943}}
*''Notosacantha nathani'' {{small|Borowiec & Takizawa, 1991}} (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Borowiec, Lech|author2=Takizawa, Haruo|year=1991|title=Notes on Chrysomelid beetles (Coleoptera) of India and its neighboring areas. Part 10|journal=Japanese Journal of Entomology |volume=59|issue=3|pages=637–654}}</ref>
*''Lycostomus nathani'' {{small|Kazantsev, 2018}} (Coleoptera: Lycidae)<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kazantsev, Sergey V.|year=2018|title=New and little known species of ''Lycostomus'' Motschulsky, 1861 (Coleoptera: Lycidae) from southern Asia|journal=Russian Entomological Journal |volume=27|issue=4|pages=371–380|doi=10.15298/rusentj.27.4.04|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''Nosodendron nathani'' {{small|Háva, 2020}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Háva, Jiří|year=2020|title=Distributional notes on some Nosodendridae (Coleoptera) – XXII.A new species of ''Nosodendron'' (''Nosodendron'') from India|journal=Natura Somogyiensis|volume=35|pages=11–14|doi=10.24394/NatSom.2020.35.11|doi-access=free}}</ref> (Coleoptera: Nosodendridae, named after T.R.S. Nathan)
*''Pachynomia nathani'' {{small|Pauly, 2009}} (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)<ref name="Pauly">{{cite journal|author=Pauly, Alain|year=2009|title=Classification des Nomiinae de la Région Orientale, de Nouvelle-Guinée et des îles de l'Océan Pacifique (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae)|url=http://www.atlashymenoptera.net/biblio/01000/Pauly%202009%20Oriental%20Nomiinae%20light.pdf|journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie|volume=79|pages=151–229}}</ref>
*''Maynenomia nathani'' {{small|Pauly, 2009}} (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)<ref name="Pauly" />
*''Lasioglossum (Ipomalictus) nathanae'' {{small|Pauly, 2001}} (Hymenoptera: Halictidae, named after Mrs. T.R.S. Nathan)<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pauly, Alain|year=2001|title=''Ipomalictus'' PAULY, 1999, sous-genre de ''Lasioglossum'', nouveau pour la Region Orientale, avec des notes sur quelques especes afrotropicales (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)|url=https://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletins-de-linstitut-royal-des-sciences-naturelles-de-belgique-entomologie/71-2001/entomologie-71-2001_145-154.pdf|journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie|volume=71|pages=145–154}}</ref>
*''[[Entomognathus nathani]]'' {{small|Leclercq, 1963}} (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae)
* ''[[Kristotomus nathani]]'' {{small|Mason, 1962}} (Hymenoptera: [[Ichneumonidae]])<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mason, W. R. M. |year=1962| title= Some New Asiatic Species of Exenterini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) with Remarks on Generic Limits| journal= The Canadian Entomologist|volume= 94| issue=12| pages= 1273–1296| doi=10.4039/ent941273-12 }}</ref>
*''Teucholabis (Teucholabis) susainathani'' {{small|Alexander, 1950}} (Diptera: Tipuloidea)
*''Boettcherisca nathani'' {{small|Lopes, 1961}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Lopes, HS|year=1961|title=A contribution to the knowledge of the genus ''Boettcherisca'' Rohdendorf 1937 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) |journal=Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz |volume=59|issue=1|pages=69–82|doi=10.1590/S0074-02761961000100008|pmid=13763427|doi-access=free}}</ref> (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
*''Sarcophaga (Sarcosolomonia) susainathani'' {{small|Pape, 1996}} (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
*''Sarcosolomonia (Parkerimyia) nathani'' {{small|Lopes & Kano, 1969}} (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Lopes, H. de Souza|author2=Kano, Rokuro|year=1969|title=Three new species of ''Sarcosolomonia'' Baranov, 1938 (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)|url=https://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pi/pdf/11(1)-181.pdf|journal=Pacific Insects|volume=11|issue=1|pages=181–185|via=}}</ref>
*''Laphria nathani'' {{small|Joseph & Parui, 1981}} (Diptera: Asilidae, after T.R.S. Nathan)<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Joseph, A.N.T.|author2=Parui, P.|year=1981|title=New and little-known Indian Asilidae (Diptera) V The genera ''Laphria'', ''Maira'' and ''Orthogonis'', with descriptions of nine new species |journal=Insect Systematics & Evolution|volume=12|issue=2|pages=213–222|doi=10.1163/187631281794709926|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*''Stenopogon nathani'' {{small|Joseph & Parui, 1976}} (Diptera: Asilidae)<ref>{{cite journal|year=1976|title=New and little-known Indian Asilidae (Diptera) I |journal=Insect Systematics & Evolution |volume=7|issue=2|pages=103–108|doi=10.1163/187631276X00199|author1=Joseph, A.N.T.|author2=Parui, P.}}</ref>
*''Haematopota nathani'' {{small|Stone & Philip, 1974}} (Diptera: Tabanidae)
*''Chersonesometrus nathanorum'' {{small|Prendini & Loria, 2020}} (Arachnida: Scorpiones, after P.S. and T.R.S. Nathan)<ref>{{cite journal|title=Systematic revision of the Asian forest scorpions (Heterometrinae Simon, 1879), revised suprageneric classification of Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802, and revalidation of Rugodentidae Bastawade et al., 2005 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History|issue= 442|author1= Prendini, Lorenzo|author2= Loria, Stephanie F. |year=2020|volume=442|doi=10.1206/0003-0090.442.1.1|s2cid=222348199|url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/7246}}</ref>

Alexander named a cranefly ''[[Styringomyia susilae]]'' after his then infant daughter.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Alexander, Charles P.|year=1942|title=The Oriental Tipulidae in the collection of the Indian Museum. Part II|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.230545/page/n78/mode/1up|journal=Records of the Indian Museum|volume=44|pages=29–72}}</ref> After his retirement from active collecting in 1969, his daughter-in-law Theresa Rajabai Susai Nathan (T.R.S. Nathan was married to S.J. Selva Nathan at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore) continued the natural history specimen business. The tiger beetle ''Cicindela nathanae'' is named after her but not all species described after her have been correctly formed with the feminine form.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/ZAOE_26_0093-0097.pdf|pages=93–97|title=Neue Cicindelidae-formen aus Asien und Afrika: ''Cicindela nathanae'', P''rothyma leprieueri reductesignata'' und ''Derocrania indica''| journal=Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Österreichischer Entomologen | volume=26| year=1974| author1=Mandl, Karl| author2=Wiesner, J.}}</ref> ''[[Nathanacris]]'' is a genus of grasshoppers which is also named after her.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Willemse |first=F. |last2=Ingrisch |first2=S. |date=2004 |title=A new genus and species of Acrididae from South India (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/tve/147/2/article-p191_3.xml |journal=Tijdschrift voor Entomologie |volume=147 |issue=2 |pages=191–196 |doi=10.1163/22119434-900000148 |issn=0040-7496|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1993 T.R.S. Nathan handed the collecting business to her daughter-in-law Nellie J.P. Nathan and a nephew of T.R.S. Nathan, S.A. Surender also collected specimens. The tiger beetle species ''[[Jansenia nathanorum]]'' was named for the Nathan family by [[Fabio Cassola]] and Karl Werner in 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Cassola, Fabio|author2=Werner, Karl|year=2003|title=Two new ''Jansenia'' species from South India|journal=Mitteilungen des Internationalen Entomologischen Vereins |volume=28|issue=3–4|pages=77–92}}</ref> A specimen collected in 1970 indicates that P.S. Nathan collected briefly in Zambia.

== Publications==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46324/page/n48/mode/1up Some important pests of the Malay Peninsula]. Proc. 5th Entom. Mtg. Pusa p. 28-33, 1924
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20306/page/n467/mode/1up The fruit moth problem in the northern Circars.] Agric. J. India 19:402-4, 1924
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46324/page/n41/mode/1up Fruit-sucking moths of South India]. Proc. 5th Entomol. Mtg. Pusa p. 23-27. 1924
* With [[Yelseti Ramachandra Rao|Y. Ramachandra Rao]]. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46324/page/n168/mode/1up A note on ''Paratelphusa hydrodromous'' Herbst, the freshwater crab of South India.] Proc. 5th Entom. Mtg Pusa p. 136-40, 1924
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.219743 Birds friends and foes of farmers]. Bull. Dept. Agric. Madras 81:24, 1921
* [[T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar|Ayyar, T.V.R.]], Muliyil, J.A. and Susainathan, P. (1918) A Preliminary investigation of "pollu" disease of pepper in north Malabar in 1918. Madras Agric. Year Book, 1920-21 pp. 18–31.


== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://bionomia.net/Q82063733/specimens A list of specimens collected by Nathan]
* [https://archive.org/details/susainathan_insects Biography]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nathan, P.S.}}
[[Category:Indian entomologists]]
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]

Raikot Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:01:59Z

KristiBruno654: Added a details.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raikot
| map_image = 69-Raikot.svg
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| reservation = SC
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 69
| mla = [[Hakam Singh Thekedar]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:156301}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
}}
'''Raikot''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1957{{efn|ByPoll}}
| P. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Wazir Singh
|-
|[[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Gurnam Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1967 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=3|[[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]]
|-
|[[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Dev Raj Singh Talwandi]]
|-
|[[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Jagdev Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Talib Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]]
| Nirmal Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| Harmohinder Singh
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Ranjit Singh Talwandi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Harmohinder Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Gurcharan Singh
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
| [[Jagtar Singh Jagga Hissowal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Hakam Singh Thekedar]]
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Raikot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Hakam Singh Thekedar]]
|votes = 63,659
|percentage = 56.04
|change = {{increase}}14.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kamil Amar Singh]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = 36,015
|percentage = 31.70
|change = {{decrease}}0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Balwinder Singh Sandhu
|votes = 8,381
|percentage = 7.38
|change = {{increase}}6.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dr. Jagtar Singh
|votes = 1,514
|percentage = 1.33
|change = {{increase}}1.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)
|candidate = Gurpal Singh Goldy
|votes = 1,276
|percentage = 1.12
|change = {{increase}}1.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Baldev Singh (Dev Sarabha)
|votes = 483
|percentage = 0.43
|change = {{increase}}0.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajpal Singh
|votes = 376
|percentage = 0.33
|change = {{increase}}0.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,232
|percentage = 1.08
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27644
|percentage = 24.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Raikot<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Jagtar Singh Jagga Hissowal]]
|votes = 48,245
|percentage = 41.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Amar Singh (Punjab politician)|Dr. Amar Singh]]
|votes = 37,631
|percentage = 32.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Inder Iqbal Singh Atwal]]
|votes = 29,019
|percentage = 24.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surinder Singh
|votes = 878
|percentage = 0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Mota Singh
|votes = 662
|percentage = 0.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Daljit Singh
|votes = 309
|percentage = 0.26
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Sikandar Singh
|votes = 302
|percentage = 0.25
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =10614
|percentage =9.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 117046
|percentage =77.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:150418}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =Aam Aadmi Party
|loser =Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2012]]: Raikot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gurcharan Singh
|votes = 49,553
|percentage = 45.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Bikramjit Singh Khalsa
|votes = 45,660
|percentage = 42.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = People's Party of Punjab
|candidate = Hakam Singh
|votes = 9,746
|percentage = 9.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Baldev Singh
|votes = 2,167
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Baldev Singh
|votes = 851
|percentage = 0.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,893
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 107,977
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2007]]: Raikot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harmohinder Singh
|votes = 49,629
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Ranjit Singh Talwandi]]
|votes = 47,190
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajwinder Singh
|votes = 1,949
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)
|candidate = Tarsem Singh Jodhan
|votes = 989
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Baljit Singh
|votes = 869
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kulwant Singh
|votes = 849
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Tarlochan Singh
|votes = 641
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,439
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 102,116
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Legislative Assembly Election, 2002]]: Raikot}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Ranjit Singh Talwandi]]
|votes = 44,388
|percentage = 49.14%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Harmohinder Singh Pardhan
|votes = 37,989
|percentage = 42.06%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Bhalai Party
|candidate = Avtar Singh Mullanpuri
|votes = 3087
|percentage = 3.42%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Baldev Singh Bains
|votes = 2483
|percentage = 2.75%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jagjit Singh
|votes = 1226
|percentage = 1.36%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jagjit Singh
|votes = 1150
|percentage = 1.27%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,399
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 90,323
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Previous results===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year||A C No.||Category||Name||Party||Votes||Runner Up||Party||Votes
|-
|1997||54||GEN||Harmohinder Singh||INC||38,297||[[Ranjit Singh Talwandi]]||SAD||34,245
|-
|1992||54||GEN||Nirmal Singh||INC||4,325||Bachitter Singh||SAD||2,822
|-
|1985||54||GEN||Talib Singh||SAD||27,885||Gurcharan Singh||INC||16,763
|-
|1980||54||GEN||Jagdev Singh||INC(I)||27,615||Devraj Singh||SAD||25,020
|-
|1977||54||GEN||Devraj Singh||SAD||25,667||Gurcharan Singh||INC||21,526
|-
|1972||63||GEN||[[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]]||SAD||26,517||Satwant Singh||INC||23,086
|-
|1969||63||GEN||[[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]]||SAD||26,438||Pal Singh||INC||20,981
|-
|1967||63||GEN||[[Jagdev Singh Talwandi]]||SAD||28,912||S. Singh||INC||16,947
|-
|1962||91||GEN||Gurnam Singh||SAD||23,195||Inder Singh||INC||19,467
|-
|1957||104||(ST)||Wazir Singh||INC||35,960||Ajit Kumar||CPI||30,011
|-
|1957||bypoll||(ST)||P. Singh||INC||25,452||J. Singh||CPI||15,076
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.65|75.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]

Chhata Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:51Z

KristiBruno654: started article - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chhata
| constituency_no = 81
| type= SLA
| map_image = 81-Chhata.svg
| established = 1951
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Tejpal Singh]]
| electors = 3,53,054 (2019)
}}
'''Chhata''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], in India. It is a part of [[Mathura district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Mathura Lok Sabha constituency]]. The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 November 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 81.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 10 November 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=10 November 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=10 November 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Chhata Assembly constituency is KCs [[Kosi Kalan]], Nandgaon, Chaumuhan, PCs Hatana, Kharant, Falain-I, Guheta, Viswa, [[Paigaon]], Chandauri, Nagla Hasnur, Baraka, Bukhrari, Ainch, Shahpur, Dhanauta, Roop Nagar, Sher Nagar, Majhoi, Barchawali, Bishambhara of Paigaon KC, PCs Dautana, Bhadawal, Bajna, Chintagarhi, Chhata-I, Chhata-II, Khanpur, Sankhi, Ranwari, Ajnothi, Ladpur, Bahrawali, Agrayala, Baheta, Kajrouth, Syaraha of Chhata KC, Kosi Kalan MB, Chhata NP, Chaumuhan NP, Nandgaon NP & Barsana NP of Chhata Tehsil.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party22
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="election1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3241-uttar-pradesh-1951/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1971 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Ramhet Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3242-uttar-pradesh-1957/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Lakhi Singh<ref name="election1962">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3244-uttar-pradesh-1962/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=21 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Tikam Singh<ref name="election1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3246-uttar-pradesh-1967/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Tejpal<ref name="election1969">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3247-uttar-pradesh-1969/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Radha Charan<ref name="election1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Lakhi Singh<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Chandan Singh<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary|Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<ref name="election1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Kishori Shyam
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name="election1991">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3257-uttar-pradesh-1991/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Tejpal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary|Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]<ref name="election1996">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3259-uttar-pradesh-1996/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Tejpal Singh]]<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Laxmi Narayan Chaudhary|Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Tejpal Singh]]<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017"/>
| rowspan="2" |[[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="election2022"/>
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhata<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Laxmi Narayan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:124414}}
|percentage = 52.18
|change = +0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Tejpal Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:75466}}
|percentage = 31.65
|change = +27.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sonpal
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:30214}}
|percentage = 12.67
|change = -5.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:977}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:48948}}
|percentage = 20.53
|change = -7.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:238419}}
|percentage = 65.34
|change = -1.5
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhata<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Laxmi Narayan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:117537}}
|percentage = 51.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Atul Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:53699}}
|percentage = 23.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Manoj Pathak
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:41290}}
|percentage = 18.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rishi Raj
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:9801}}
|percentage = 4.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1224}}
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:63838}}
|percentage = 28.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227322}}
|percentage = 66.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chhata<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news |title=2012 Election Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |access-date=10 November 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Tejpal Singh]]
|votes = 94,757
|percentage = 45.04
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]
|votes = 80,163
|percentage = 38.1
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Hemant
|votes = 11,868
|percentage = 5.64
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 23,609
|percentage = 11.22
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 14,594
|percentage = 6.94
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 210,397
|percentage = 69.66
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Mathura district]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mathura district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Thiruvizha Jayashankar

2026-04-08T17:17:20Z

KristiBruno654: Created

{{Short description|Indian classical musician and a nagaswaram Player(born 1940)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2014}}

{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Thiruvizha Jayashankar
| image = Thiruvizha Jayashankar.jpg
| caption = Thiruvizha Jayashankar, renowned nagaswaram artist from Kerala
| birth_name = 
| alias = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1940|02|1}}
| birth_place = Thiruvizha, [[Cherthala]] [[Alappuzha district|Alleppey]], [[India]]
| origin =
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]
| instrument = [[Nagaswaram]]
| occupation = Music Performer
| years_active = 1955–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}
[[File:Thiruvizha Jayashankar2.jpg|thumb|Thiruvizha Jayashankar]]

'''Thiruvizha Jayashankar''' (born 1940) is an Indian [[Indian classical music|classical musician]] and a well known [[nagaswaram]] expert in South India.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sound-of-the-nagaswaram/article5451620.ece| title = Sound of the nagaswaram - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 12 December 2013| last1 = Kaladharan| first1 = V.}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in the family of musicians in a small village Thiruvizha, [[Alappuzha district|Alleppey]], Jayashankar was keen to learn music and drawing in his childhood. He is the son of nadaswara maestro Thiruvizha Raghava Panickar and grandson of Thiruvizha Sanku Panickar. Jayashankar opted for preliminary lessons in the nagaswaram under his grandfather and later received advanced training from his father with whom he began playing in the temples of central Travancore almost on a regular basis. His debut performance ([[Arangetram (dance)|Arangetram]]) was in the year 1955 at the age of 16 which was held at the Pathiyoor Devi Temple, [[Kayamkulam]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kerala4u.in/250/personalities/thiruvizha-jayasankarnadaswaram-vidwan |title=THIRUVIZHA JAYASANKAR-NADASWARAM VIDWAN | Kerala for you dot in |access-date=29 January 2014 |archive-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910133017/http://kerala4u.in/250/personalities/thiruvizha-jayasankarnadaswaram-vidwan |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He has completed his diploma (Ganabhooshanam) in music from [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts]] (University of Kerala) in 1957. noted Indian playback singer [[K. J. Yesudas]] was his batch mate. After the completion of diploma course, he has taken BA degree in music from [[Government College, Chittur]] (University of Caicut) near [[Palakkad]] and post graduate diploma (Ganapraveena) from [[Swathi Thirunal College of Music]] (University of Kerala), [[Trivandrum]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/its-not-possible-to-mould-artistes-focussing-on-theory/article4476031.ece| title = 'It's not possible to mould artistes focussing on theory' - The Hindu| newspaper = The Hindu| date = 5 March 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Jayashankar opted for a central Government job in [[All India Radio]], Thiruvananthapuram in 1965 and worked there till retirement. He was also a visiting professor at [[Annamalai University]], Chidambaram.

His musical journey with great thavil mastro [[Valayapatti A. R. Subramaniam]] proved to be a landmark in live nadaswaram concerts. [[Haripad Murukadas]] and Vettikkavala Sasi Kumar are few of his famous disciples.<ref name=hindu13>{{cite web | title = Sound of the nagaswaram|work= The Hindu| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/sound-of-the-nagaswaram/article5451620.ece |date=12 December 2013| accessdate = 2014-02-01 | first = V. | last = Kaladharan }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Inimitable idiom |work= The Hindu| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/inimitable-idiom/article5479801.ece |date=20 December 2013|accessdate = 2014-02-01| first = V. | last = Kaladharan }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prominentindianpersonalities.blogspot.in/2012/05/thiruvizha-jayasankar.html|title = Blogger}}</ref>
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/classical-music/456|title=Classical Music|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
* Kalaimamani from the Government of [[Tamil Nadu]]
* Central [[Sangeet Natak Academy]] Award 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/files2014-15/snaawardsprogramme-2013/12-04-2014.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-04-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429184521/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/files2014-15/snaawardsprogramme-2013/12-04-2014.pdf |archivedate=29 April 2014}}</ref>
* [[Harivarasanam Award]] 2026 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ഹരിവരാസനം പുരസ്‌കാരം തിരുവിഴ ജയശങ്കറിന് സമ്മാനിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/News/kerala/harivarasanam-award-presented-to-thiruvizha-jayashankar-02588 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}<ref name=":0" />{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayashankar, Thiruvizha}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nadaswaram players]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]

Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir politician)

2026-04-07T01:39:05Z

KristiBruno654: created a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashwani Kumar Sharma
| image = Ashwani Sharma.jpg
| caption = Ashwani Sharma
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Ashwani Kumar Sharma''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Sharma was a member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bishnah (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnah constituency]] in [[Jammu district]] as Independent candidates.<ref>[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/bishnah-arnia-divided-ashwani-kumars-performance/ Bishnah, Arnia divided over Ashwani Kumar’s performance]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=751 My Neta]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/bishnah.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Bishnah Assembly Constituency]</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Bishnah Assembly constituency|Bishnah]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Lost}}||37.39%||Kamal Verma||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||41.62%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Bishnah Assembly constituency|Bishnah]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Won}}||22.46%||Kamal Verma||{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}||21.68%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Bishnah Assembly constituency|Bishnah]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Won}}||32.72%||Kamal Verma||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||24.22%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||[[Bishnah Assembly constituency|Bishnah]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||9.32%||[[Jagdish Raj Dubey]]||{{party name with color|Janata Dal}}||26.43%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Ashwani Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Jammu district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bharatbhai Kikubhai Patel

2026-04-04T03:46:53Z

KristiBruno654: created new post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bharatbhai Kikubhaiji Patel
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for [[Valsad Assembly constituency|Valsad]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| constituency = [[Valsad Assembly constituency]]
| country = India
| predecessor = Dolatbhai Desai
| term_start = 2012
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Bharatbhai Kikubhai Patel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|05|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Parnera]], Valsad district, [[Bombay State]] (now [[Gujarat]]), India
| citizenship = India
| spouse = Bhavnaben Bharatbhai Patel
| parents = Kikubhai Bhikhabhaiji Patel (father)
| occupation = Politician
| profession = *[[Agriculturist]]
*Businessperson
| nickname = Patelbhai
}}

'''Bharatbhai Kikubhai Patel'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gujarat |first=Government of |date=2022 |title=Valsad election |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/statewiseS0618.htm}}</ref> (born 20 May 1958){{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} is an Indian politician, [[social work]]er and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Valsad Assembly constituency]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-23 |title=Gujarat: BJP MLA Bharat Patel warns of 'riot' as Ganesh procession halted |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/gujarat-bjp-mla-warns-of-riot-as-ganesh-procession-halted/articleshow/93721423.cms |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] he defeated Kamalbhai Patel of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Valsad Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate BHARATBHAI KIKUBHAI PATEL wins from Valsad, Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/valsad-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568344 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bharatbhai Patel was born in a [[agriculturist]] [[Koli people|Koli]] family of [[Parnera]], [[Valsad district|Valsad]] [[List of districts of Gujarat|district]], [[Bombay State]] (now [[Gujarat]]) to Kikubhai Patel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-11-23 |title=Koli Patels have their say in south Gujarat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/koli-patels-have-their-say-in-south-gujarat/articleshow/17341369.cms |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Political career ==
*2012 – 2017, [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for [[Valsad Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results: Bharatbhai Kikubhai Patel of BJP wins from Valsad |url=https://zeenews.india.com/gujarat/gujarat-assembly-election-results-valsad-2065412.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
*2017 – 2022, 2nd term MLA for Valsad<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-18 |title=Gujarat polls 2017: BJP's Bharatbhai Kikubhai Patel wins from Valsad constituency |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/gujarat-assembly-election/article/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017-valsad-constituency-bjp-congress/131530 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref>
*2022 – Ongoing, 3rd term MLA for Valsad<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Valsad, Pardi, Dharampur, Umargaon, Kaprada Gujarat Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP wins all five seats in Valsad district |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/valsad-dharampur-umargaon-pardi-kaprada-election-result-live-2022-bjp-congress-aap-vote-counting-updates-winner-loser-candidate-news-article-96071433 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Kikubhai Bharatbhai}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Valsad district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Woodpecker

2026-03-26T19:41:18Z

KristiBruno654: enhanced intro additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Good article}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|26|0}} [[Late Oligocene]] to present
| image = PileatedWoodpeckerFeedingonTree, crop.jpg
| image_caption = [[Pileated woodpecker]] 
{{audio|Woodpecker tapping.ogg|Tapping sound of a woodpecker}}
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Picidae
| authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1819
| type_genus = ''[[Picus (bird)|Picus]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = * [[Jynginae]] – wrynecks
* [[Picinae]] – true woodpeckers
* [[Picumninae]] – piculets
* [[Sasiinae]] - piculets
}}

'''Woodpeckers''' are part of the [[bird]] [[family (biology)|family]] '''Picidae''', which also includes the [[piculet]]s, [[wryneck]]s and [[sapsucker]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Picidae - Woodpeckers, Piculets, Wrynecks |last=Bouglouan |first=Nicole |work=oiseaux-birds.com |date= |access-date=2 December 2022 |url= https://www.oiseaux-birds.com/page-picidae-family.html}}</ref> Members of this family are found worldwide, except for [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], [[New Zealand]], [[Madagascar]] and the extreme polar regions. Most species live in [[forest]]s or [[woodland]] habitats, although a few species are known that live in treeless areas, such as rocky hillsides and deserts, and the [[Gila woodpecker]] specializes in exploiting cacti.

Members of this family are chiefly known for the characteristic behaviour that lent them their common name. Their pecking serves mostly to aid their forage for insect prey in the trunks and branches of trees, and also communication which they achieve by drumming trees with their beaks, producing a reverberatory sound that can be heard at some distance. Some species vary their diet with fruits, birds' eggs, small animals, tree sap, human scraps, and [[carrion]]. They usually nest and roost in holes that they excavate in tree trunks, and their abandoned holes are of importance to other cavity-nesting birds. They sometimes come into conflict with humans when they make holes in buildings or feed on fruit crops, but perform a useful service by their removal of insect pests on trees.

The Picidae are one of nine living families in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Piciformes]], the others being [[Ramphastides|barbets]] (comprising three families), [[toucan]]s, [[Semnornis|toucan-barbet]]s, and [[honeyguide]]s, which (along with woodpeckers) comprise the [[clade]] [[Pici (taxon)|Pici]], and the [[jacamar]]s and [[puffbird]]s in the clade [[Galbuli]]. [[DNA sequencing]] has confirmed the [[sister taxon|sister relationships]] of these two groups. The family Picidae includes about 240 [[species]] arranged in 35 [[Genus|genera]]. Almost 20 species are threatened with [[extinction]] due to loss of habitat or [[habitat fragmentation]], with one, the [[Bermuda flicker]], being extinct and a further two possibly being so.

==General characteristics==
[[File:Black-rumped Flameback I IMG 7424.jpg|left|thumb|A [[black-rumped flameback]] using its tail for support]]

Woodpeckers include the tiny [[piculet]]s, the smallest of which appears to be the [[bar-breasted piculet]] at {{convert|7.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and a weight of {{convert|8.9|g|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Winkler H, Christie DA, Bonan A|year=2020|chapter=Bar-breasted Piculet (''Picumnus aurifrons'')|title=Birds of the World |veditors=del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E|publisher= Cornell Lab of Ornithology|place= Ithaca, NY, USA}}</ref><ref name= CRC>{{cite book |title=CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses |edition=2nd |editor-first=John B. Jr. |editor-last=Dunning |publisher=CRC Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4200-6444-5}}</ref> Some of the largest woodpeckers can be more than {{convert|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length. The largest surviving species is the [[great slaty woodpecker]], which weighs {{convert|430|g|oz|abbr=on}} on average and up to {{convert|563|g|oz|abbr=on}}, and measures {{convert|45|to|55|cm|in|abbr=on}}, but the extinct [[imperial woodpecker]], at {{convert|55|to|61|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and [[ivory-billed woodpecker]], around {{convert|48|to|53|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|516|g|oz|abbr=on}}, were both probably larger.<ref name = "HBW"/><ref name= CRC/><ref>{{cite book|author=Jackson JA |year=2020|chapter=Ivory-billed Woodpecker (''Campephilus principalis'')|title=Birds of the World|veditors=Poole AF, Gill FB |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology|place= Ithaca, NY, USA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Howell SN, Webb S |year=1995|title=A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America|publisher= Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0266467404001579|title=Foraging ecology of woodpeckers in lowland Malaysian rain forests|year=2004 |last1=Styring |first1=Alison R. |last2=Hussin |first2=Mohamed Zakaria bin |journal=Journal of Tropical Ecology |volume=20 |issue=5 |pages=487–494 |s2cid=83528456 }}</ref>

The [[plumage]] of woodpeckers varies from drab to conspicuous. The colours of many species are based on olive and brown and some are pied, suggesting a need for [[camouflage]]; others are boldly patterned in black, white, and red, and many have a crest or tufted feathers on their crowns. Woodpeckers tend to be [[Sexual dimorphism|sexually dimorphic]], but differences between the sexes are generally small; exceptions to this are [[Williamson's sapsucker]] and the [[orange-backed woodpecker]], which differ markedly. The plumage is [[moult]]ed fully once a year apart from the [[wryneck]]s, which have an additional partial moult before breeding.<ref name=Gorman22>Gorman 2014, pp. 22–23</ref>

Woodpeckers, piculets, and wrynecks all possess characteristic [[Dactyly#Zygodactyly|zygodactyl feet]], consisting of four toes, the first (hallux) and the fourth facing backward and the second and third facing forward. This foot arrangement is good for grasping the limbs and trunks of trees. Members of this family can walk vertically up tree trunks, which is beneficial for activities such as foraging for food or nest excavation. In addition to their strong claws and feet, woodpeckers have short, strong legs. This is typical of birds that regularly forage on trunks. Exceptions are the [[black-backed woodpecker]] and the [[American three-toed woodpecker|American]] and [[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker]]s, which have only three toes on each foot. The tails of all woodpeckers, except the piculets and wrynecks, are stiffened, and when the bird perches on a vertical surface, the tail and feet work together to support it.<ref name ="HBW"/>

Woodpeckers have strong [[Beak|bills]] that they use for drilling and drumming on trees, and long, sticky tongues for extracting food (insects and larvae).<ref name = "HBW">Winkler, Hans & Christie, David A. (2002), "Family Picidae (Woodpeckers)" ''in'' del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (2002). ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]. Volume 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers.'' Lynx Edicions. {{ISBN|978-84-87334-37-5}}</ref> Woodpecker bills are typically longer, sharper, and stronger than the bills of piculets and wrynecks, but their [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] is very similar. The bill's chisel-like tip is kept sharp by the [[pecking]] action in birds that regularly use it on wood. The beak consists of three layers; an outer sheath called [[Beak#Rhamphotheca|rhamphotheca]], made of scales formed from [[keratin]] proteins, an inner layer of bone which has a large cavity and mineralised [[collagen]] fibers, and a middle layer made of porous bone which connects the two other layers.

Furthermore, the tongue bone (or hyoid bone) of the woodpecker is very long, and winds around outside the skull through a special cavity, thereby cushioning the brain.<ref name="Wang">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang L, Cheung JT, Pu F, Li D, Zhang M, Fan Y | title = Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | article-number = e26490 | year = 2011 | pmid = 22046293 | pmc = 3202538 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026490 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...626490W | doi-access = free }}</ref> Combined, this anatomy helps the beak absorb mechanical stress.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sciencenotes.org/woodpecker-beak-shock-absorbers/ |title=Woodpecker Beak Shock Absorbers | vauthors = Helmenstine T |date=8 May 2014 |work=Science Notes |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> Species of woodpecker and flicker that use their bills in soil or for probing as opposed to regular hammering tend to have longer and more decurved bills. Due to their smaller bill size, many piculets and wrynecks forage in decaying wood more often than woodpeckers. Their long, sticky tongues, which possess barbs, aid these birds in grabbing and extracting insects from deep within a hole in a tree. The tongue was reported to be used to spear grubs, but more detailed studies published in 2004 have shown that the tongue instead wraps around the prey before being pulled out.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Villard P, Cuisin J |year=2004 |title=How do woodpeckers extract grubs with their tongues? A study of the Guadeloupe woodpecker (''Melanerpes herminieri'') in the French Indies |journal=Auk |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=509–514 |doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0509:HDWEGW]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=86781719 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Dendrocopos major skull.jpg|thumb|Diagram showing the hyoid bone of ''[[Dendrocopos major]]'']]

Many of the foraging, breeding, and signaling behaviors of woodpeckers involve drumming and hammering using their bills.<ref name = "Gibson"/> To prevent [[brain damage]] from the rapid and repeated powerful impacts, woodpeckers have a number of physical features that protect their brains.<ref name=Pulu/> These include a relatively small and smooth brain, narrow [[subdural space]], little [[cerebrospinal fluid]] surrounding it to prevent it from moving back and forth inside the skull during pecking, the orientation of the brain within the skull (which maximises the contact area between the brain and the skull) and the short duration of contact. The skull consists of strong but compressible, sponge-like bone, which is most concentrated in the forehead and the back of the skull.<ref name=Pulu>{{cite web |url=http://www.zmescience.com/science/woodpeckers-dont-get-headaches/ |title=Why woodpeckers don't get headaches | vauthors = Puiu T | date=23 March 2017 |publisher=ZME Science |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> Another anatomical adaptation of woodpeckers is the enormously elongated [[hyoid bone]] which subdivides, passes on either side of the spinal column and wraps around the brain case, before ending in the right nostril cavity. It plays the role of safety-belt.<ref name="Wang"/>

Computer simulations have shown that 99.7% of the energy generated in pecking is stored in the form of [[strain energy]], which is distributed throughout the bird's body, with only a small remaining fraction of the energy going into the brain. The pecking also causes the woodpecker's skull to heat up, which is part of the reason why they often peck in short bursts with brief breaks in between, giving the head some time to cool.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidescience.org/content/woodpecker-bodies-cushion-collision-impact-bird-brains/1951 |title=Woodpecker Bodies Cushion Collision Impact On Bird Brains | vauthors = Gammon K |date=25 August 2014 |work=Inside Science |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> During the millisecond before contact with wood, a thickened [[nictitating membrane]] closes, protecting the eye from flying debris.<ref name=Schwab/> These membranes also prevent the [[retina]] from tearing. Their nostrils are also protected; they are often slit-like and have special feathers to cover them. Woodpeckers are capable of repeated pecking on a tree at high [[acceleration|decelerations]] on the order of {{Convert|10,000|m/s2|abbr = on|lk = on}} (1000 [[g-force|g]]).<ref name = "Gibson"/>

Some large woodpeckers such as ''[[Dryocopus]]'' have a fast, direct form of flight, but the majority of species have a typical undulating flight pattern consisting of a series of rapid flaps followed by a swooping glide. Many birds in the genus ''[[Melanerpes]]'' have distinctive, rowing wing-strokes while the piculets engage in short bursts of rapid direct flight.<ref>Gorman 2014, p. 27</ref>

==Distribution, habitat, and movements==
{{See also|List of Piciformes by population}}[[File:Ladder-back Woodpecker on Cactus.jpg|thumb|upright|Use of [[cacti]] for breeding and roosting holes allows some woodpeckers to live in treeless deserts, such as the [[ladder-backed woodpecker]], which uses cacti for nesting.]]
===Global distribution===
Woodpeckers have a mostly [[cosmopolitan distribution]], although they are absent from [[Australasia]], Madagascar, and [[Antarctica]]. They are also absent from some of the world's oceanic [[island]]s, although many insular species are found on [[continental island]]s. The true woodpeckers, subfamily [[Picinae]], are distributed across the entire range of the family. The Picumninae piculets have a pantropical distribution, with species in [[Southeast Asia]], Africa, and the [[Neotropics]], with the greatest diversity being in South America.<ref name=Gorman15>Gorman 2014, p. 15</ref> The second piculet subfamily, the Sasiinae, contains the [[African piculet]] and two species in the genus ''[[Sasia]]'' that are found in Southeast Asia.<ref name=sangster2022>{{Cite journal | last1=Sangster | first1=G. | last2=Gaudin | first2=J. | last3=Fuchs | first3=J. | date=2022 | title=A new subfamily taxon for ''Sasia'' and ''Verreauxia'' (Picidae) | journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club | volume=142 | issue=4 | pages=478–479 | doi=10.25226/bboc.v142i4.2022.a6| s2cid=254367038 | doi-access=free }}</ref> The wrynecks (Jynginae) are found exclusively in the Old World, with the two species occurring in Europe, Asia, and Africa.<ref name=Gorman15>Gorman 2014, p. 15</ref>

Most woodpeckers are sedentary, but a few examples of [[Bird migration|migratory]] species are known, such as the [[rufous-bellied woodpecker]], [[yellow-bellied sapsucker]],<ref name=Gorman15/> and [[Eurasian wryneck]], which breeds in Europe and west Asia and migrates to the [[Sahel]] in Africa in the winter.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reichlin TS, Schaub M, Menz MH, Mermod M, Portner P, Arlettaz R, Jenni L |title=Migration patterns of Hoopoe ''Upupa epops'' and Wryneck ''Jynx torquilla'': an analysis of European ring recoveries |journal=Journal of Ornithology |year=2008 |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=393–400 |doi=10.1007/s10336-008-0361-3|s2cid=43360238 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/320012/files/10336_2008_Article_361.pdf }}</ref> More northerly populations of [[Lewis's woodpecker]], [[northern flicker]], Williamson's sapsucker, [[red-breasted sapsucker]], and [[red-naped sapsucker]] all move southwards in the fall in North America.<ref name="Gorman15"/> Most woodpecker movements can be described as dispersive, such as when young birds seek territories after fledging, or eruptive, to escape harsh weather conditions. Several species are altitudinal migrants, for example the [[grey-capped pygmy woodpecker]], which moves to lowlands from hills during winter. The woodpeckers that do migrate, do so during the day.<ref name="HBW" />

===Habitat requirements===
Overall, woodpeckers are arboreal birds of wooded [[habitat]]s. They reach their greatest [[biodiversity|diversity]] in [[tropical rainforest]]s, but occur in almost all suitable habitats, including woodlands, [[savannah]]s, [[scrubland]]s, and [[bamboo]] forests. Even [[grassland]]s and [[desert]]s have been colonised by various species. These habitats are more easily occupied where a small number of trees exist, or in the case of desert species like the Gila woodpecker, tall [[cactus|cacti]] are available for nesting.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Korol J, Hutto R |year=1984 |title=Factors Affecting Nest Site Location in Gila Woodpeckers |journal=Condor |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=73–78 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v086n01/p0073-p0078.pdf |doi=10.2307/1367350|jstor=1367350}}</ref> Some are specialists and are associated with [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] or [[deciduous]] woodlands, or even, like the [[acorn woodpecker]], with individual tree genera ([[oak]]s in this case). Other species are generalists and are able to adapt to forest clearance by exploiting [[Secondary forest|secondary growth]], plantations, [[orchard]]s, and parks. In general, forest-dwelling species need rotting or dead wood on which to forage.<ref name="Gorman 2014, p. 18">Gorman 2014, p. 18</ref>

Several species are adapted to spending a portion of their time feeding on the ground, and a very small minority have abandoned trees entirely and nest in holes in the ground. The [[ground woodpecker]] is one such species, inhabiting the rocky and grassy hills of [[South Africa]],<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Short L |title=The evolution of terrestrial woodpeckers|journal=American Museum Novitates|date=1971|issue=2467|hdl=2246/2675|url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2675}}</ref> and the [[Andean flicker]] is another.<ref name="Gorman 2014, p. 18"/>

The [[Swiss Ornithological Institute]] has set up a monitoring program to record breeding populations of woodland birds. This has shown that [[Coarse woody debris|deadwood]] is an important habitat requirement for the [[black woodpecker]], [[great spotted woodpecker]], [[middle spotted woodpecker]], [[lesser spotted woodpecker]], [[European green woodpecker]], and [[Eurasian three-toed woodpecker]]. Populations of all these species increased by varying amounts from 1990 to 2008. During this period, the amount of deadwood in the forest increased and the range of the [[white-backed woodpecker]] enlarged as it extended eastwards. With the exception of the green and middle-spotted woodpeckers, the increase in the amount of deadwood is likely to be the major factor explaining the population increase of these species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do;jsessionid=2EE0499CC30EFEC968DCF35F2D24AC0C?request_locale=fr&recordID=CH2010000113&query=&sourceQuery=&sortField=&sortOrder=&agrovocString=&advQuery=&centerString=&enableField= |title=An increase in the population of woodpeckers and other bird species thanks to an increase in the quantities of deadwood? | vauthors = Mollet P, Zbinden N, Schmid H |year=2009 |publisher=FAO |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

==Behavior==
{{Listen|filename=Woodpecker2.ogg|title=Woodpecker|description=A woodpecker pecking into a tree|pos=right}}
Most woodpeckers live [[Solitary animal|solitary]] lives, but their behavior ranges from highly antisocial species that are aggressive towards their own kind, to species that live in groups. Solitary species defend such feeding resources as a [[termite]] colony or fruit-laden tree, driving away other [[Biological specificity|conspecifics]] and returning frequently until the resource is exhausted. [[Aggression#Ethology|Aggressive]] behaviors include bill pointing and jabbing, head shaking, wing flicking, chasing, drumming, and vocalizations. Ritual actions do not usually result in contact, and birds may "freeze" for a while before they resume their dispute. The colored patches may be flouted, and in some instances, these antagonistic behaviors resemble courtship rituals.<ref name=Gorman19/>

Group-living species tend to be communal group breeders.<ref name=Gorman19/> In addition to these species, a number of species may join [[mixed-species foraging flock]]s with other insectivorous birds, although they tend to stay at the edges of these groups. Joining these flocks allows woodpeckers to decrease their anti-predator vigilance and increase their feeding rate.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Kimberly S |year=1984 |title=Information Exploitation By Downy Woodpeckers in Mixed-Species Flocks |journal=Behaviour |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=294–311 |doi=10.1163/156853984X00128}}</ref> Woodpeckers are diurnal, roosting at night inside holes and crevices. In many species the roost will become the nest-site during the breeding season, but in some species they have separate functions; the [[grey-and-buff woodpecker]] makes several shallow holes for roosting which are quite distinct from its nesting site. Most birds roost alone and will oust intruders from their chosen site, but the [[Magellanic woodpecker]] and acorn woodpecker are cooperative roosters.<ref name=Gorman19>Gorman 2014, pp. 19–20</ref>

===Drumming===
[[File:Woodpecker tapping.ogg|right|thumb|The sound of a woodpecker ([[Picidae]]) tapping, with a few background sounds as well. Species/location unknown, presumably from the continental United States.]]
Drumming is a form of nonvocal communication used by most species of woodpeckers, and involves the bill being repeatedly struck on a hard surface with great rapidity. After a pause, the drum roll is repeated, with each species having a pattern that is unique in the number of beats in the roll, the length of the roll, the length of the gap between rolls, and the cadence.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors =Miles MC, Schuppe ER, Ligon RM, Fuxjager MJ |title=Macroevolutionary patterning of woodpecker drums reveals how sexual selection elaborates signals under constraint |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |year=2018 |volume=285 |issue=1873 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2628|pmid=29467264 |pmc=5832706 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors =Miles MC, Schuppe ER, Fuxjager MJ |title=Selection for Rhythm as a Trigger for Recursive Evolution in the Elaborate Display System of Woodpeckers |journal=The American Naturalist |year=2020 |volume=195 |issue=5 |pages=772–787 |doi=10.1086/707748|pmid=32364790 |bibcode=2020ANat..195..772M |s2cid=212917887 }}</ref> The drumming is mainly a territorial call, equivalent to the song of a [[songbird|passerine]].<ref name=Gorman28>Gorman 2014, p. 28</ref> Woodpeckers choose a surface that resonates, such as a hollow tree, and may use man-made structures such as gutters and downpipes.<ref name=Williams>{{cite book| vauthors = Williams Jr EH |title=The Nature Handbook: A Guide to Observing the Great Outdoors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoV7CclhNJcC&pg=PA118 |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972075-0 |page=118}}</ref> Drumming serves for the mutual recognition of conspecifics and plays a part in [[Courtship display|courtship]] rituals. Individual birds are thought to be able to distinguish the drumming of their mates and those of their neighbors.<ref name=Sarkar>{{cite book| vauthors = Sarkar A |title=Fundamentals Of Animals Behaviour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qzn1BgUC3SYC&pg=PA264 |year=2003 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-742-1 |page=264}}</ref> Drumming can be reliably used to distinguish between multiple species in a region, even if those species are phenotypically similar. Cadence (or the mean number of drum beats per second) is heavily conserved within species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dodenhoff |first1=Danielle J. |last2=Stark |first2=Robert D. |last3=Johnson |first3=Eric V. |date=2001-02-01 |title=Do Woodpecker Drums Encode Information for Species Recognition? |url=https://academic.oup.com/condor/article/103/1/143/5563013 |journal=The Condor |language=en |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=143–150 |doi=10.1093/condor/103.1.143 |issn=0010-5422|doi-access=free }}</ref> Comparative analyses within species between distant geographic populations have shown that cadence is heavily conserved across species' respective ranges, indicating that there likely are not 'dialects' as seen in passerine song.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baer |first=Alex |date=2018-01-05 |title=Slave to the Rhythm: Variation in the Acoustic Signaling of Picoides Woodpeckers |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_sas_etds/244 |journal=Theses and Dissertations}}</ref> Drumming in woodpeckers is controlled by a set of nuclei in the forebrain that closely resemble the brain regions that underlie song learning and production in many songbirds.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors =Schuppe ER, Cantin L, Chakraborty M, Biegler MT, Jarvis ER, Chen CC|title=Forebrain nuclei linked to woodpecker territorial drum displays mirror those that enable vocal learning in songbirds|journal=PLOS Biology |year=2022 |volume=20 |issue=9 |article-number=e3001751 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001751|pmid=36125990 |pmc=9488818 |doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2023 study revealed a strong association between extractive foraging and relative brain size across the Family ''Picidae,'' indicating that a larger brain does not necessarily result in more powerful drumming abilities, but is implicated in foraging behaviors, as the act of sensing and retrieving wood-boring larvae from woody substrates likely requires an increase in sensory and motor control capabilities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cárdenas-Posada |first1=Ghislaine |last2=Iwaniuk |first2=Andrew N. |last3=Fuxjager |first3=Matthew J. |date=2023-04-01 |title=Extractive foraging behaviour in woodpeckers evolves in species that retain a large ancestral brain |journal=Animal Behaviour |language=en |volume=198 |pages=141–152 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2023.02.003 |issn=0003-3472|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Calls===
Woodpeckers do not have such a wide range of [[Bird vocalization|songs and calls]] as do [[passerine]] birds, and the sounds they make tend to be simpler in structure. Calls produced include brief, high-pitched notes, trills, rattles, twittering, whistling, chattering, nasal churrs, screams, and wails. These calls are used by both sexes in [[Animal communication|communication]] and are related to the circumstances of the occasion; these include courtship, [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] disputes, and alarm calls. Each species has its own range of calls, which tend to be in the 1.0 to 2.5 [[hertz|kHz]] range for efficient transmission through forested environments. Mated couples may exchange muted, low-pitched calls, and nestlings often issue noisy begging calls from inside their nest cavity.<ref name=Gorman28/> The wrynecks have a more musical song, and in some areas, the song of the newly arrived Eurasian wryneck is considered to be the harbinger of spring.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Noel T |title=Rymes and Roundelayes |url=https://archive.org/details/rymesandroundel00noelgoog |year=1841 |publisher=Smith |page=[https://archive.org/details/rymesandroundel00noelgoog/page/n144 144]}}</ref> The piculets either have a song consisting of a long, descending trill, or a descending series of two to six (sometimes more) individual notes, and this song alerts [[Ornithology|ornithologists]] to the presence of the birds, as they are easily overlooked.<ref name=Hilty>{{cite book| vauthors = Hilty SL |title=Birds of Venezuela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40mFwoALUFUC&pg=PA464|year=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-3409-9 |page=464}}</ref>

===Diet and feeding===
[[File:WoodpeckerHoles.jpg|thumb|Holes bored by feeding woodpeckers]]

Most woodpecker species feed on [[insect]]s and other [[invertebrate]]s living under bark and in wood, but overall, the family is characterized by its dietary flexibility, with many species being both highly omnivorous and opportunistic. The diet includes ants, termites, beetles and their larvae, caterpillars, spiders, other arthropods, bird eggs, nestlings, small rodents, lizards, fruit, nuts, and sap. Many insects and their grubs are taken from living and dead trees by excavation. The bird may hear sounds from inside the timber indicating where creating a hole would be productive.<ref name=Gorman19/> [[Crustacean]]s, [[mollusc]]s, and carrion may be eaten by some species, including the great spotted woodpecker, and bird feeders are visited for [[suet]] and domestic scraps.<ref name="hbw">{{cite journal | vauthors = Winkler H, Christie DA, Kirwan GM | year=2020 | title=Great Spotted Woodpecker (''Dendrocopos major''), version 1.0| veditors = del Hoyo J, Elliott A, Sargatal J, Christie DA, de Juana E | journal=Birds of the World | location=Ithaca, NY, USA | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | doi=10.2173/bow.grswoo.01 | s2cid=226025386 }}</ref>

Other means are also used to garner prey. Some species, such as the red-naped sapsucker, sally into the air to catch flying insects, and many species probe into crevices and under bark, or glean prey from leaves and twigs. The rufous woodpecker specialises in attacking the nests of arboreal ants, and the [[buff-spotted woodpecker]] feeds on and nests in [[Termite#Nests|termite mounds]]. Other species, such as the wrynecks and the Andean flicker, feed wholly or partly on the ground.<ref name=Gorman19/>

Ecologically, woodpeckers help to keep trees healthy by keeping them from suffering mass infestations. The family is noted for its ability to acquire wood-boring grubs from the trunks and branches, whether the timber is alive or dead. Having hammered a hole into the wood, the prey is extracted by use of a long, barbed tongue. Woodpeckers consume beetles that burrow into trees, removing as many as 85% of [[emerald ash borer]] larvae from individual ash trees.<ref name="Graham2014">{{cite web|url=https://birdsnews.com/2014/resilient-woodpeckers-hard-to-knock-2475/|title=Resilient Woodpeckers hard to knock – or stop| vauthors = Graham R |date=24 July 2014|publisher=Birds News|access-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404020322/https://birdsnews.com/2014/resilient-woodpeckers-hard-to-knock-2475/|archive-date=4 April 2016}}</ref>

The ability to excavate allows woodpeckers to obtain [[Plant sap|tree sap]], an important source of food for some species. Most famously, the sapsuckers (genus ''Sphyrapicus'') feed in this fashion, but the technique is not restricted to these, and others such as the [[acorn woodpecker]] and [[white-headed woodpecker]] also feed on sap. The technique was once thought to be restricted to the New World, but Old World species, such as the [[Arabian woodpecker]] and great spotted woodpecker, also feed in this way.<ref name ="HBW"/>

===Breeding===
[[File:BlackWoods.jpg|thumb|A male [[black woodpecker]] attending its chicks]]

All members of the family Picidae [[bird nest|nest]] in cavities, nearly always in the trunks and branches of trees, well away from the foliage. Where possible, an area of rotten wood surrounded by sound timber is used. Where trees are in short supply, the [[gilded flicker]] and [[ladder-backed woodpecker]] excavate holes in cactus, and the Andean flicker and ground woodpecker dig holes in earth banks. The [[campo flicker]] sometimes chooses termite mounds, the rufous woodpecker prefers to use ants' nests in trees and the [[bamboo woodpecker]] specialises in bamboos.<ref>Gorman 2014, p. 20</ref> Woodpeckers also excavate nest holes in residential and commercial structures and wooden utility poles.<ref name="Graham2014"/>

Woodpeckers and piculets excavate their own nests, but wrynecks do not, and need to find pre-existing cavities. A typical nest has a round entrance hole that just fits the bird, leading to an enlarged vertical chamber below. No nesting material is used, apart from some wood chips produced during the excavation; other wood chips are liberally scattered on the ground, thus providing visual evidence of the site of the nest.<ref name="Gorman 2014, p. 22">Gorman 2014, p. 22</ref> Many species of woodpeckers excavate one hole per breeding season, sometimes after multiple attempts. It takes around a month to finish the job and abandoned holes are used by other birds and mammals that are cavity nesters unable to excavate their own holes.<ref name=Kotaka/>

Cavities are in great demand for nesting by other cavity nesters, so woodpeckers face competition for the nesting sites they excavate from the moment the hole becomes usable. This may come from other species of woodpecker, or other cavity-nesting birds such as swallows and starlings. Woodpeckers may aggressively harass potential competitors, and also use other strategies to reduce the chance of being usurped from their nesting sites; for example, the [[red-crowned woodpecker]] digs its nest in the underside of a small branch, which reduces the chance that a larger species will take it over and expand it.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Short LL |year=1979|title=Burdens of the Picid Hole-Excavating Habit |journal=Wilson Bulletin|volume=91|issue=1|pages=16–28 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v091n01/p0016-p0028.pdf}}</ref>

Members of Picidae are typically monogamous, with a few species breeding cooperatively and some [[Animal sexual behavior#Polygamy|polygamy]] reported in a few others.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wiktander U, Olsson O, Nilsson SG |title=Parental care and social mating system in the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker ''Dendrocopos minor'' |journal=Journal of Avian Biology|year=2000 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=447–456 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2000.310003.x|s2cid=56399785 |url=http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/145888 }}</ref> [[Polyandry in animals|Polyandry]], where a female raises two broods with two separate males, has also been reported in the [[West Indian woodpecker]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Willimont LA, Jackson JA, Jackson BJ |year=1991 |title=Classical polyandry in the West Indian woodpecker on Abaco, Bahamas |journal=Wilson Bulletin |volume=103 |pages=124–125 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v103n01/p0124-p0125.pdf }}</ref> Another unusual social system is that of the acorn woodpecker, which is a [[polygynandrous]] cooperative breeder where groups of up to 12 individuals breed and help to raise the young.<ref name="HBW" /> Young birds from previous years may stay behind to help raise the group's young, and studies have found reproductive success for the group goes up with group size, but individual success goes down. Birds may be forced to remain in groups due to a lack of habitat to which to disperse.<ref name="Koenig">{{cite journal| vauthors = Koenig WD |title=Reproductive success, group size, and the evolution of cooperative breeding in the acorn woodpecker |journal=The American Naturalist|year=1981 |volume=117 |issue=4 |pages=421–443 |doi=10.1086/283726 |jstor=2460453|bibcode=1981ANat..117..421K |s2cid=85399703}}</ref>

[[File:Дятел кормит дятлёнка, Битцевский лес.jpg|thumb|[[Great spotted woodpecker]] feeding its chick, Russia]]
A pair works together to help build the nest, [[Avian incubation|incubate]] the eggs, and raise their [[altricial]] young. In most species, though, the male does most of the nest excavation and takes the night shift while incubating the eggs. A clutch usually consists of two to five round, white eggs. Since these birds are cavity nesters, their eggs do not need to be camouflaged and the white color helps the parents to see them in dim light. The eggs are incubated for about 11–14 days before they hatch. About 18–30 days are then needed before the chicks are fully [[fledge]]d and ready to leave the nest. In most species, soon after this, the young are left to fend for themselves, exceptions being the various social species, and the [[Hispaniolan woodpecker]], where adults continue to feed their young for several months. In general, cavity nesting is a successful strategy and a higher proportion of young is reared than is the case with birds that nest in the open. In Africa, several species of honeyguide are [[brood parasite]]s of woodpeckers.<ref name="Gorman 2014, p. 22"/>

==Systematics and evolutionary history==
[[File:Lesser_Goldenback.jpg|thumb|Black-rumped goldenback (''Dinopium benghalense'') in Guwahati, India]]
The Picidae are just one of nine living families in the order [[Piciformes]]. Other members of this group, such as the [[jacamar]]s, [[puffbird]]s, [[Ramphastides|barbet]]s, [[toucan]]s, and [[honeyguide]]s, have traditionally been thought to be closely related to the woodpecker family ([[Picinae|true woodpeckers]], [[piculet]]s, [[wryneck]]s, and [[sapsucker]]s). The clade Pici (woodpeckers, barbets, toucans, and honeyguides) is well supported and shares a [[Dactyly#Zygodactyly|zygodactyl foot]] with the Galbuli (puffbirds and jacamars). More recently, several [[DNA sequence]] analyses have confirmed that [[Pici (taxon)|Pici]] and [[Galbuli]] are sister groups.<ref name=Johansson/>

The [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] relationship between the woodpeckers and the eight other families in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Piciformes]] is shown in the cladogram below.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Kuhl | first1=H. | last2=Frankl-Vilches | first2=C. | last3=Bakker | first3=A. | last4=Mayr | first4=G. | last5=Nikolaus | first5=G. | last6=Boerno | first6=S.T. | last7=Klages | first7=S. | last8=Timmermann | first8=B. | last9=Gahr | first9=M. | date=2021 | title=An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life | journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume=38 | issue=1 | pages=108–127 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | doi-access=free | pmid=32781465 | pmc=7783168 | hdl=21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C | hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Stiller | first1=J. | display-authors=etal | year=2024 | title=Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes | journal=Nature | volume=629 | issue= 8013| pages=851–860 | doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1 | doi-access=free | pmid=38560995 | pmc=11111414 | bibcode=2024Natur.629..851S }}</ref> The number of species in each family is taken from taxonomy published by [[AviList]].<ref name=avilist>{{ cite web | author=AviList Core Team | date=2025 | title=AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025 | doi=10.2173/avilist.v2025 | doi-access=free | url=http://www.avilist.org/checklist/v2025/ | access-date=30 January 2026 }}</ref>
{{Clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=[[Piciformes]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Galbulidae]] – jacamars (18 species)
|2=[[Bucconidae]] – puffbirds (37 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Indicatoridae]] – honeyguides (16 species)
|2='''Picidae''' – woodpeckers (237 species)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[Megalaimidae]] – Asian barbets (35 species)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Lybiidae]] – African barbets (43 species)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Capitonidae]] – New World barbets (15 species)
|2={{clade
|1=[[Semnornithidae]] – toucan barbets (2 species)
|2=[[Ramphastidae]] – toucans (37 species)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

The name Picidae for the family was introduced by English zoologist [[William Elford Leach]] in a guide to the contents of the [[British Museum]] published in 1819.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Leach | first=William Elford | author-link=William Elford Leach | year=1819 | chapter=Eleventh Room | title=Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum | location=London | publisher=British Museum | edition=15th | pages=63–68 [66] | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSlhAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA66 }} The name of the author is not specified in the document, Leach was the Keeper of Zoology at the time.</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | author-link=Walter Joseph Bock | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | location=New York | pages=146, 245 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}</ref> The phylogeny has been updated according to new knowledge about [[Convergent evolution|convergence]] patterns and evolutionary history.<ref name=Benz/><ref name=Moore/> Most notably, the relationship of the Picinae genera has been largely clarified, and the [[Antillean piculet]] was found to be a surviving offshoot of protowoodpeckers. Genetic analysis supports the [[monophyly]] of the Picidae, which seem to have originated in the Old World, but the geographic origins of the Picinae is unclear. The Picumninae are returned as [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]].<ref name=Benz/> Morphological and behavioural characters, in addition to DNA evidence, highlights genus ''[[Hemicircus]]'' as the sister group of all remaining true woodpeckers, besides a sister-group relationship between the true woodpecker tribes Dendropicini and Malarpicini.<ref name="mane">{{cite journal | vauthors = Manegold A, Töpfer T |title=The systematic position of ''Hemicircus'' and the stepwise evolution of adaptations for drilling, tapping and climbing up in true woodpeckers (Picinae, Picidae) |journal=Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research | date=2013 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1111/jzs.12000 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The evolutionary history of this group is not well documented, but the known fossils allow some preliminary conclusions; the earliest known modern picids were piculet-like forms of the Late [[Oligocene]], about 25 [[million years ago]] (Mya). By that time, however, the group was already present in the Americas and Europe, and they actually may have evolved much earlier, maybe as early as the [[Early Eocene]] (50 Mya). The modern subfamilies appear to be rather young by comparison; until the mid-[[Miocene]] (10–15 Mya), all picids seem to have been small or mid-sized birds similar to a mixture between a piculet and a wryneck. A feather enclosed in fossil [[amber]] from the [[Dominican Republic]], dated to about 25 Mya, however, seems to indicate that the Nesoctitinae were already a distinct lineage by then.<ref name=Grimaldi/>

Stepwise adaptations for drilling, tapping, and climbing head first on vertical surfaces have been suggested.<ref name="mane"/> The last common ancestor of woodpeckers (Picidae) was incapable of climbing up tree trunks or excavating nest cavities by drilling with its beak. The first adaptations for drilling (including reinforced [[Beak#Rhamphotheca|rhamphotheca]], frontal overhang, and [[Process (anatomy)|processus]] dorsalis [[Pterygoid bone|pterygoidei]]) evolved in the ancestral lineage of piculets and true woodpeckers. Additional adaptations for drilling and tapping (enlarged [[Condyle (anatomy)|condylus]] lateralis of the [[Quadrate bone|quadrate]] and fused  lower mandible) have evolved in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (''Hemicircus'' excepting). The inner [[Flight feathers#Rectrices|rectrix]] pairs became stiffened, and the [[pygostyle]] lamina was enlarged in the ancestral lineage of true woodpeckers (''Hemicircus'' included), which facilitated climbing head first up tree limbs. Genus ''Hemicircus'' excepting, the tail feathers were further transformed for specialized support, the pygostyle disc became greatly enlarged, and the [[Bird feet and legs#Toe arrangements|ectropodactyl toe arrangement]] evolved. These latter characters may have facilitated enormous increases in body size in some lineages.<ref name="mane"/>

Prehistoric representatives of the extant Picidae genera are treated in the genus articles. An enigmatic form based on a [[coracoid]], found in [[Pliocene]] deposits of [[New Providence]] in [[the Bahamas]], has been described as ''[[Bathoceleus hyphalus]]'' and probably also is a woodpecker.<ref name=Cracraft/>

The following [[cladogram]] is based on the comprehensive [[molecular phylogenetic]] study of the woodpeckers published in 2017 together with the list of bird species published by [[AviList]]. The [[Cuban green woodpecker]] in the [[monotypic]] genus ''Xiphidiopicus'' was not included in the study.<ref name=shakya>{{Cite journal | last1=Shakya | first1=S.B. | last2=Fuchs | first2=J. | last3=Pons | first3=J.-M. | last4=Sheldon | first4=F.H. | date=2017 | title=Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume=116 | pages=182–191 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005 | pmid=28890006 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319596154 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2017MolPE.116..182S }}</ref><ref name=avilist/> The relative positions of Picumninae, Sasiinae and Picinae in the cladogram are uncertain. In the 2017 study the results depended upon which of two different statistical procedures were used to analyse the DNA sequence data. One method found that Sasiinae was [[sister taxon|sister]] to Picinae (as shown below), the other method found that Sasiinae was sister to a clade containing both Picumninae and Picinae.<ref name=shakya/>

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1='''Picidae'''
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Jynginae]]
|1=''[[Wryneck|Jynx]]'' – 2 species (wrynecks)
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Picumninae]]
|1=''[[Picumnus (bird)|Picumnus]]'' – 25 species (piculets)
|2={{clade
|label1=Sasiinae
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Verreauxia (bird)|Verreauxia]]'' – African piculet
|2=''[[Sasia]]'' – 2 species (piculets)
}}
|label2=[[Picinae]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=Nesoctitini
|1=''[[Nesoctites]]'' – Antillean piculet
|label2=Hemicirini
|2=''[[Hemicircus]]'' – 2 species
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Picini
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Micropternus]]'' – rufous woodpecker
|2=''[[Meiglyptes]]'' – 4 species
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Gecinulus]]'' – 3 species
|2=''[[Dinopium]]'' – 5 species (flamebacks)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Picus (bird)|Picus]]'' – 13 species
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chrysophlegma]]'' – 3 species
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pardipicus]]'' – 2 species
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Geocolaptes]]'' – ground woodpecker
|2=''[[Campethera]]'' – 10 species
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Mulleripicus]]'' – 4 species
|2=''[[Dryocopus]]'' – 6 species
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Celeus (bird)|Celeus]]'' – 12 species
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Piculus]]'' – 7 species
|2=''[[Colaptes]]'' – 14 species
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=Campephilini
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Campephilus]]'' – 12 species
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Blythipicus]]'' – 2 species
|2=''[[Chrysocolaptes]]'' – 10 species
}}
}}
|label2=Melanerpini
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Sphyrapicus]]'' – 4 species (sapsuckers)
|2=''[[Melanerpes]]'' – 23 species
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Picoides]]'' – 3 species
|2=''[[Yungipicus]]'' – 7 species
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dendrocoptes]]'' – 4 species (including ''[[Leiopicus]]'')
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Chloropicus]]'' – 3 species
|2=''[[Dendropicos]]'' – 12 species
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dendrocopos]]'' – 12 species
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dryobates]]'' – 6 species
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Leuconotopicus]]'' – 6 species
|2=''[[Veniliornis]]'' – 14 species
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

===List of genera===
[[File:Picumnus temminckii2.jpg|thumb|[[Ochre-collared piculet]] (''Picumnus temminckii'')]]
[[File:Red-crowned woodpecker (Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricapillus) female.jpg|thumb|[[Red-crowned woodpecker]] (''Melanerpes rubricapillus rubricapillus'') female, [[Tobago]]]]

The woodpecker family Picidae contains 36 genera.<ref name=avilist/> For more detail, see [[list of woodpecker species]].

[[File:Cuban green woodpecker (Xiphidiopicus percussus percussus) female.JPG|thumb|Cuban green woodpecker (''Xiphidiopicus percussus'') female, [[Cuba]]]]
[[File:Campo flicker (Colaptes campestris) female.JPG|thumb|Campo flicker ''Colaptes campestris'' female, [[Brazil]]]]

'''Family: Picidae'''
* '''Subfamily: Jynginae''' – [[wryneck]]s
** ''[[wryneck|Jynx]]'' (2 species)
* '''Subfamily: Picumninae''' – [[piculet]]s<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Fuchs J, Ohlson J, Ericson P, Pasquet E |date=2006|title=Molecular phylogeny and biogeographic history of the piculets (Piciformes: Picumninae)|journal=Journal of Avian Biology | volume=37 | issue=5 | pages=487–496 | doi=10.1111/j.0908-8857.2006.03768.x }}</ref>
** ''[[Picumnus (bird)|Picumnus]]'' – piculets (25 species)
* '''Subfamily: Sasiinae'''<ref name=sangster2022/>
** ''[[Verreauxia (bird)|Verreauxia]]'' – African piculet
** ''[[Sasia]]'' – Asian piculets (2 species)
* '''Subfamily: [[Picinae]]''' – true woodpeckers
**'''Tribe Nesoctitini'''
***''[[Nesoctites]]'' – monotypic: [[Antillean piculet]]
**'''Tribe Hemicircini'''
***''[[Hemicircus]]'' – 2 species
**'''Tribe Picini'''
***''[[Micropternus]]'' – monotypic: [[rufous woodpecker]]
***''[[Meiglyptes]]'' – 4 species
***''[[Gecinulus]]'' – 3 species
***''[[Dinopium]]'' – 5 species (flamebacks)
***''[[Picus (genus)|Picus]]'' – 13 species
***''[[Chrysophlegma]]'' – 3 species
***''[[Pardipicus]]'' – 2 species
***''[[Geocolaptes]]'' – monotypic: [[ground woodpecker]]
***''[[Campethera]]'' – 10 species
***''[[Mulleripicus]]'' – 4 species
***''[[Dryocopus]]'' – 6 species
***''[[Celeus (bird)|Celeus]]'' – 12 species
***''[[Piculus]]'' – 7 species
***''[[Colaptes]]'' – 15 species
**'''Tribe Campephilini'''
***''[[Campephilus]]'' – 12 species
***''[[Blythipicus]]'' – 2 species
***''[[Chrysocolaptes]]'' – 10 species (flamebacks)
**'''Tribe Melanerpini'''
***''[[Sphyrapicus]]'' – 4 species (sapsuckers)
***''[[Melanerpes]]'' – 23 species
***''[[Picoides]]'' – 3 species
***''[[Yungipicus]]'' – 7 species
***''[[Leiopicus]]'' – monotypic: [[yellow-crowned woodpecker]]
***''[[Dendrocoptes]]'' – 3 species
***''[[Chloropicus]]'' – 3 species
***''[[Dendropicos]]'' – 12 species
***''[[Dendrocopos]]'' – 12 species
***''[[Dryobates]]'' – 6 species
***''[[Leuconotopicus]]'' – 6 species
***''[[Veniliornis]]'' – 14 species
***''[[Xiphidiopicus]]'' – monotypic: [[Cuban green woodpecker]]
* '''''[[Incertae sedis]]'' fossils'''
** Genus: †''[[Palaeopicus]]'' (Late Oligocene of France)
** †Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of New Mexico, US)
** †Picidae gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Gargano Peninsula, Italy)
** Genus: †''[[Palaeonerpes]]'' (Ogallala Early Pliocene of Hitchcock County, US) – possibly dendropicine
** Genus: †''[[Pliopicus]]'' (Early Pliocene of Kansas, US) – possibly dendropicine
** cf. ''Colaptes'' DMNH 1262 (Early Pliocene of Ainsworth, US) – malarpicine?

==Relationship with humans==
Many woodpecker species are known to excavate holes in buildings, fencing, and utility poles, creating health and/or safety issues for affected structures. Such activity is very difficult to discourage and can be costly to repair.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://joyofbirds.com/stopping-woodpecker-damage|title=Stopping Woodpecker Damage|date=22 March 2018|website=Joy of Birds|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=28 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428094356/https://joyofbirds.com/stopping-woodpecker-damage|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Woodpeckers also drum on various reverberatory structures on buildings such as gutters, downspouts, chimneys, vents, and aluminium sheeting.<ref name="drilling">{{cite web |url=https://www.birds.cornell.edu/wp_about/holes.html |title=Three Reasons Why Woodpeckers Drill Holes on Houses |year=2002 |work=Woodpeckers |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology |access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> Drumming is a less-forceful type of pecking that serves to establish territory and attract mates.<ref name=":0" /> Houses with [[Roof shingle|shingles]] or wooden boarding are also attractive as possible nesting or roosting sites, especially when close to large trees or woodland. Several exploratory holes may be made, especially at the junctions of vertical boards or at the corners of [[Tongue and groove|tongue-and-groove boarding]]. The birds may also drill holes in houses as they forage for insect larvae and pupae hidden behind the woodwork.<ref name="drilling" />

Woodpeckers sometimes cause problems when they raid fruit crops, but their foraging activities are mostly beneficial as they control forest insect pests such as the [[woodboring beetle]]s that create galleries behind the bark and can kill trees. They also eat ants, which may be tending sap-sucking pests such as [[mealybug]]s, as is the case with the rufous woodpecker in coffee plantations in India.<ref name=Gorman30>Gorman 2014, pp. 30–32</ref> Woodpeckers can serve as [[indicator species]], demonstrating the quality of the habitat. Their hole-making abilities make their presence in an area an important part of the ecosystem, because these cavities are used for breeding and roosting by many bird species that are unable to excavate their own holes, as well as being used by various mammals and invertebrates.<ref name="Gorman30" />

The spongy bones of the woodpecker's skull and the flexibility of its beak, both of which provide protection for the brain when drumming, have provided inspiration to engineers; the study of woodpeckers has led to applications in the design of protective helmets and airplane [[Flight recorder|black boxes]].<ref name=Gregory>{{cite book| vauthors = Gregory J |title=From Woodpeckers to... Helmets|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEW8BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 |year=2012 |publisher=Cherry Lake|isbn=978-1-61080-582-7 |pages=24–26}}</ref>

==In culture==

One of the accounts of the [[founding of Rome]], preserved in the work known as ''[[Romulus and Remus#Origo Gentis Romanae (unknown)|Origo Gentis Romanae (unknown)]]'', refers to a legend of a woodpecker bringing food to the boys [[Romulus and Remus]] during the time they were abandoned in the wild, thus enabling them to survive and play their part in history.{{cn|date=June 2025|reason=the only citation for this claim in [[Romulus and Remus#Origo Gentis Romanae (unknown)|Origo Gentis Romanae (unknown)]] is incomplete and could not be verified}} Several people in [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and [[Roman mythology]] are transformed into woodpeckers, including [[Picus]], [[Lelante]], [[Polyphonte]]'s old maid, one of the [[Pierides]], [[Polytechnus]], and [[Celeus (Crete)|Celeus]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Celoria | first = Francis | title = The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary | publisher = [[Routledge]] | date = 1992 | ISBN = 0-415-06896-7 | pages = 60, 63, 68, 74, 77 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Eolzuv0eQC}}</ref>

[[Woody Woodpecker]] is an animated character that appeared in theatrical short films produced between 1940 and 1972.

The Pokémon Pikipek was introduced in the seventh generation games [[Pokémon Sun and Moon]]. In addition to being a visual homage to a [[pileated woodpecker]], entries in the game's ''Pokédex'' encyclopedia describes the small ''Flying-type'' as analogous to its real-world counterpart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pikipek {{!}} Pokédex {{!}} More at Pokemon.com |url=https://www.pokemon.com/us/pokedex/pikipek |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=www.pokemon.com |language=en}}</ref> Its later forms (called "evolutions" in the series) Trumbeak and Toucannon resemble a [[honeyguide]] and [[toucan]], respectively, perhaps as a tongue-in-cheek reference to the phylogenetic relationship woodpeckers share with these ''Piciformes'' families.

== Status and conservation ==
[[File:Campephilus principalisCatesbyV1P016AA.jpg|thumb|The [[ivory-billed woodpecker]] is classified as critically endangered by the [[IUCN]],<ref name="IUCN">{{cite iucn | author = BirdLife International 2018| title = ''Campephilus principalis'' |amends=2016 | volume= 2018| article-number = e.T22681425A125486020 | year = 2018| doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22681425A125486020.en | access-date = 8 January 2020}}</ref> and some authorities believe it may already be extinct.]]In a global survey of the risk of [[extinction]] faced by the various bird families, woodpeckers were the only bird family to have significantly fewer species at risk than would be expected.<ref name="Bennett">{{cite journal | doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/11.3.247 | title=Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): An Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data | date=1995 | last1=Purvis | first1=Andy | last2=Rambaut | first2=Andrew | journal=Computer Applications in the Biosciences | volume=11 | issue=3 | pages=247–251 | pmid=7583692 }}</ref>
Nevertheless, several woodpeckers are under threat as their habitats are destroyed. Being woodland birds, deforestation and clearance of land for agriculture and other purposes can reduce populations dramatically. Some species adapt to living in plantations and secondary growth, or to open countryside with forest remnants and scattered trees, but some do not. A few species have even flourished when they have adapted to man-made habitats. There are few [[Wildlife conservation|conservation]] projects directed primarily at woodpeckers, but they benefit whenever their habitat is conserved.<ref name="Gorman30" /> The [[red-cockaded woodpecker]] has been the focus of much conservation effort in the southeastern United States, with artificial cavities being constructed in the [[Pinus palustris|longleaf pines]] they favour as nesting sites.<ref>{{cite journal| jstor=3809497|title=Induction of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Group Formation by Artificial Cavity Construction| vauthors = Copeyon CK, Walters JR, Carter III JH | journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management|year=1991 | volume=55| issue=4 |pages=549–556| doi=10.2307/3809497| doi-access=free}}</ref>

Two species of woodpeckers in the Americas are on the verge of extinction: the [[ivory-billed woodpecker]], which is classified as critically endangered; and the [[imperial woodpecker]], which is classified as extinct in the wild. Some authorities believe them to be extinct, though possible but disputed ongoing sightings of ivory-billed woodpeckers have been made in the United States<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.birds.cornell.edu/ivory/ |title=The search for the ivory-billed woodpecker |publisher=Big Woods Conservation Partnership |access-date=2017-03-26}}</ref> and a small population may survive in Cuba.<ref name=IUCN /> A critically endangered species is the [[Okinawa woodpecker]] from Japan, with a single declining population of a few hundred birds. They are threatened by deforestation, golf courses, dams, helipad construction, road building, and agricultural development.<ref>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Dendrocopos noguchii'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22681531A125513230 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22681531A125513230.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

== Brain impact research ==
=== Anatomy ===
Woodpeckers have sophisticated shock-absorption mechanisms to help protect their heads from injury. [[Micro-CT]] scans show that plate-like spongy bones are unevenly distributed in the skull, highly accumulated in the forehead and [[Occipital bone|occiput]] but not in other regions.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang L, Cheung JT, Pu F, Li D, Zhang M, Fan Y | title = Why do woodpeckers resist head impact injury: a biomechanical investigation | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | article-number = e26490 | date = 2011-10-26 | pmid = 22046293 | pmc = 3202538 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0026490 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...626490W | veditors = Briffa M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Along with the long [[hyoid bone]] "safety belt" the woodpecker has uneven beak lengths which drastically reduce strains when compared to equal length.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = May PR, Newman P, Fuster JM, Hirschman A |title=Woodpeckers and Head Injury|date=February 1976|journal=The Lancet|volume=307|issue=7957|pages=454–455|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91477-x|pmid=55721|s2cid=28685873}}</ref> Models have shown that pecking force is shifted into the body at around 99% absorption while only 1% is in the head. The head has other factors that reduce strain to the brain: small portions of energy are dissipated in the form of heat, therefore the pecks are always intermittent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How the woodpecker avoids brain injury despite high-speed impacts via optimal anti-shock body structure|url=https://phys.org/news/2014-08-woodpecker-brain-injury-high-speed-impacts.html|access-date=2021-04-16|date=2014-08-11|website=phys.org}}</ref> Others dispute shock-absorption by the head (which reduces pecking force) but instead point to adaptations within the brain itself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van Wassenbergh |first1=Sam |last2=Mielke |first2=Maja |title=Why woodpeckers don't get concussions |journal=Physics Today |date=1 January 2024 |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=54–55 |doi=10.1063/PT.3.5385|bibcode=2024PhT....77a..54V }}</ref>

[[Tau protein]] accumulation is associated with [[chronic traumatic encephalopathy]] (CTE), and thus has been studied in sports where athletes suffer repeated concussions. Tau helps hold together and stabilize brain neurons. Woodpecker brains share similarities to humans with CTE showing most build-up in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Farah G, Siwek D, Cummings P | title = Tau accumulations in the brains of woodpeckers | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | article-number = e0191526 | date = 2018-02-02 | pmid = 29394252 | pmc = 5796688 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0191526 | bibcode = 2018PLoSO..1391526F | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is not yet known whether these accumulations are pathological or the result of behavioral changes. More research is being done on the subject and the woodpecker is a suitable animal model to study.<ref name=":1" /> The orientation of the brain within the skull increases the area of contact when pecking, to reduce stress on the brain and their small size helps, given the acceleration speeds.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Gibson LJ |date = November 2006 |title=Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury |journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=270|issue=3|pages=462–465|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00166.x|hdl = 1721.1/70094 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

=== Mechanical properties ===
Straight-line trajectory was theorized to be the reason why woodpeckers do not injure themselves, since [[centripetal force]]s were the cause of [[concussion]], but they do not always peck in straight lines, so they produce and resist centripetal forces.<ref name=":02" /> Laboratory tests show that the woodpeckers' [[cranial bone]] produces a significantly higher [[Young's modulus]] and ultimate strength scores compared to other birds its size.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang L, Zhang H, Fan Y | title = Comparative study of the mechanical properties, micro-structure, and composition of the cranial and beak bones of the great spotted woodpecker and the lark bird | journal = Science China Life Sciences | volume = 54 | issue = 11 | pages = 1036–41 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 22173310 | doi = 10.1007/s11427-011-4242-2 | s2cid = 25697639 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The cranial bone has a high bone mineral density with plate-like structures that are thick with high numbers of [[Trabeculae of bone|trabeculae]] spaced closely together which all may lead to lower deformation while pecking.

The jaw apparatus was studied, looking into its cushioning effects. When comparing the same impact to the beak and to the forehead, the forehead experiences an impact force 1.72 times that of the beak, due to the contact time of 3.25 ms in the forehead and 4.9 ms in the beak. This is [[Impulse-momentum theorem|impulse momentum]] where impulse is the integral of force over time. The [[quadrate bone]] and joints play an important role in extending impact time, which decreases impact load to brain tissue.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Xu P, Ni Y, Lu S, Liu S, Zhou X, Fan Y | title = The cushioning function of woodpecker's jaw apparatus during the pecking process | journal = Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering | pages = 527–537 | date = January 2021 | volume = 24 | issue = 5 | pmid = 33439040 | doi = 10.1080/10255842.2020.1838489 | s2cid = 231596453 }}</ref>

== Bio-inspired ideas ==

=== Beams ===
Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams are inspired by the woodpecker's skull design; this beam's goal is to withstand continuous impacts without the need of replacement. The BHSB is composed of [[Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic|carbon fiber-reinforced plastic]] (CFRP), this is to mimic the high-strength beak. Next is a rubber layer core for the hyoid bone for absorbing and spreading impact, a second core layer of aluminum honeycomb that is porous and light like the woodpecker's spongey bone for impact cushioning. The final layer is the same as the first a CFRP to act as the skull bone.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abo Sabah SH, Kueh AB, Al-Fasih MY |date= April 2018 |title=Bio-inspired vs. conventional sandwich beams: A low-velocity repeated impact behavior exploration |journal=Construction and Building Materials|volume=169|pages=193–204|doi=10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.201}}</ref> Bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich beams when compared to conventional beams reduced area damage by 50–80% and carried 40 to 5% of the level of stresses in the bottom layer while having an impact-resistance efficiency 1.65 to 16.22 times higher.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=Benz>{{cite journal | vauthors = Benz BW, Robbins MB, Peterson AT | title = Evolutionary history of woodpeckers and allies (Aves: Picidae): placing key taxa on the phylogenetic tree | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 40 | issue = 2 | pages = 389–99 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16635580 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.021 | bibcode = 2006MolPE..40..389B }}</ref>

<ref name=Cracraft>{{cite journal| vauthors = Cracraft J, Morony Jr JJ |year=1969 |title=A new Pliocene woodpecker, with comments on the fossil Picidae |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=2400 |pages=1–8 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/2610/1/N2400.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name=Gibson>{{cite journal| vauthors = Gibson L |year=2006|title=Woodpecker pecking: how woodpeckers avoid brain injury|journal=Journal of Zoology|volume=270|pages= 462–465 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00166.x|issue=3|hdl=1721.1/70094 |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/70094/1/Gibson-2006-Woodpecker%20pecking.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name=Grimaldi>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grimaldi DA, Case GR |year=1995 |title=A feather in amber from the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3126 |pages=1–6 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/3571/1/N3126.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name=Johansson>{{cite journal |vauthors=Johansson US, Ericson GP |year=2003 |title=Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960) |journal=[[Journal of Avian Biology]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=185–197 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x |url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520%26%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf |access-date=2006-09-01 |archive-date=2018-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004210235/http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520%26%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name=Kotaka>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kotaka N, Matsuoka S |title=Secondary users of Great Spotted Woodpecker (''Dendrocopos major'') nest cavities in urban and suburban forests in Sapporo City, northern Japan |year=2002 |journal=Ornithological Science |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=117–122 |doi=10.2326/osj.1.117 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Moore>{{cite journal | vauthors = Moore WS, Weibel AC, Agius A |year=2006 |title= Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the woodpecker genus ''Veniliornis'' (Picidae, Picinae) and related genera implies convergent evolution of plumage patterns |journal=[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=611–624 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00586.x |url=http://bio.wayne.edu/profhtml/moore/PUBLICATIONS/MooreEtal2006Veniliornis.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Schwab>{{cite journal | vauthors = May PR, Fuster JM, Haber J, Hirschman A | title = Woodpecker drilling behavior. An endorsement of the rotational theory of impact brain injury | journal = Archives of Neurology | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 370–3 | date = June 1979 | pmc = 1771249 | doi = 10.1136/bjo.86.8.843 | pmid = 454236 }}</ref>
}}

== Cited sources ==
* {{cite book |title=Woodpeckers of the World: A Photographic Guide | vauthors = Gorman G |year=2014 |publisher=Firefly Books |isbn=978-1-77085-309-6 }}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Dufort MJ | title = An augmented supermatrix phylogeny of the avian family Picidae reveals uncertainty deep in the family tree | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 94 | issue = Pt A | pages = 313–26 | date = January 2016 | pmid = 26416706 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.025 | bibcode = 2016MolPE..94..313D }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fuchs J, Pons JM | title = A new classification of the Pied Woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 88 | pages = 28–37 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 25818851 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016 | bibcode = 2015MolPE..88...28F }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Fuchs J, Pons JM, Bowie RC | title = Biogeography and diversification dynamics of the African woodpeckers | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 108 | pages = 88–100 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28089840 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.01.007 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017MolPE.108...88F }}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Gorman G |title=Woodpeckers of Europe: a study of European Picidae |date=2004 |publisher=Bruce Coleman |location=Chalfont St Peter, Bucks. |isbn=978-1-872842-05-9}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Gorman G |title=The Black Woodpecker: a monograph on Dryocopus martius |date=2011 |publisher=Lynx |location= |isbn=978-84-96553-79-8 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Gorman G |title=The green woodpecker: a monograph on Picus viridis |date=2020 |location= Great Britain | publisher = Amazon/Picus Press |isbn=979-8-6767-1187-0}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Koenig WD, Haydock J | year = 1999 | title = Oaks, acorns, and the geographical ecology of acorn woodpeckers | journal = [[Journal of Biogeography]] | volume = 26 | issue = 1| pages = 159–165 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00256.x | bibcode = 1999JBiog..26..159K | s2cid = 5068060 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Lemaitre J, Villard MA | year = 2005 | title = Foraging patterns of pileated woodpeckers in a managed Acadian forest: a resource selection function | journal = [[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]] | volume = 35 | issue = 10| pages = 2387–2393 | doi = 10.1139/x05-148 | bibcode = 2005CaJFR..35.2387L }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Michalek KG, Winkler H | year = 2001 | title = Parental care and parentage in monogamous great spotted woodpeckers (''Picoides major'') and middle spotted woodpeckers (''Picoides medius'') | journal = Behaviour | volume = 138 | issue = 10| pages = 1259–1285 | doi = 10.1163/15685390152822210 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Shakya SB, Fuchs J, Pons JM, Sheldon FH | title = Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 116 | pages = 182–191 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 28890006 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.09.005 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017MolPE.116..182S }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Stark RD, Dodenhoff DJ, Johnson EV | year = 1998 | title = A quantitative analysis of woodpecker drumming | url = http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v100n02/p0350-p0356.pdf | journal = [[Condor (journal)|Condor]] | volume = 100 | issue = 2| pages = 350–356 | doi=10.2307/1370276| jstor = 1370276 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Webb DM, Moore WS | title = A phylogenetic analysis of woodpeckers and their allies using 12S, Cyt b, and COI nucleotide sequences (class Aves; order Piciformes) | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 233–48 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 15869887 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.015 | bibcode = 2005MolPE..36..233W }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wiebe KL, Swift TL | year = 2001 | title = Clutch size relative to tree cavity size in northern flickers | journal = [[Journal of Avian Biology]] | volume = 32 | issue = 2| pages = 167–173 | doi = 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2001.320210.x | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Yom-Tov Y, Ar A | year = 1993 | title = Incubation and fledging durations of woodpeckers | url = http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v095n02/p0282-p0287.pdf | journal = [[Condor (journal)|Condor]] | volume = 95 | issue = 2| pages = 282–287 | doi=10.2307/1369350| jstor = 1369350 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Picidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Picidae}}

* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/woodpeckers-picidae Woodpecker videos, photos & sounds] on the Internet Bird Collection
* {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Woodpecker |short=x}}
* {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Woodpecker |short=x}}
* ''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73940 Life histories of North American woodpeckers]'' (1939), by [[Arthur_Cleveland_Bent|A.C. Bent]] published in United States by Dover Publications, Inc.

{{Piciformes}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25439}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Woodpeckers| 01]]
[[Category:Picidae|.]]
[[Category:Pici (taxon)]]
[[Category:Extant Miocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Oligocene birds]]

Jamnagar–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Superfast Express

2026-03-26T09:04:47Z

KristiBruno654:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Jamnagar–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Superfast Express
| logo = SwarajExpress.jpg
| image = Jamnagar katra express.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption = Jamnagar - SVDK Express At [[Jammu Tawi railway station|Jammu Tawi]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1990|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Jamnagar}} (JAM)
| stops = 31
| end = {{rws|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra||SMVD Katra}} (SDVK)
| distance = {{convert|2068|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 32 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly.{{efn|Runs one day in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12477 / 12478
| speed = {{convert|59|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 12477 / 12478 '''Jamnagar–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Superfast Express''' is a [[Express trains in India|Superfast]] train of the Indian Railways connecting [[Jamnagar railway station|Jamnagar Junction]] in [[Gujarat]] and [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is currently being operated with 12477/12478 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=5249&did=1457596103716A8982B6F6FE88C3C04927B8A66C1F3DD.web107 Cancellation/Partial Cancellation/Regulation Of Trains Due To Traffic Blocks On Pathankot- Jammu Tawi Section]</ref><ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2804&id=0,4,268 WR EXTENDS SEVERAL TRAINS UPTO SHRI MATA VAISHNO DEVI KATRA]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/northern-railway-extends-12-trains-to-katra/125875.html |title=Northern Railway extends 12 trains to Katra |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512113049/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/northern-railway-extends-12-trains-to-katra/125875.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Coach composition ==

The train has Modern LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches :
* 1 AC First
* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper Coaches
* 1 Pantry Car
* 2 General
* 2 End On Generation

== Service==

The 12477/Jamnagar–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Superfast Express has an average speed of 62 km/h and covers 2068 km in 33 hrs 25 mins.

The 12478/Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra–Jamnagar Superfast Express has an average speed of 63 km/h and covers 2068 km in 32 hrs 50 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{rws|Jamnagar}}
* {{rws|Hapa}}
* {{rws|Rajkot Junction}}
* {{rws|Wankaner Junction}}
* {{rws|Surendranagar Junction}}
* {{rws|Viramgam Junction}}
* {{rws|Ahmedabad Junction}}
* {{rws|Nadiad Junction}}
* {{rws|Anand Junction}}
* {{rws|Chhayapuri||Chhayapuri (Vadodara)}}
* {{rws|Godhra Junction}}
* {{rws|Dahod}}
* {{rws|Meghnagar}}
* {{rws|Ratlam Junction}}
* {{rws|Nagda Junction}}
* {{rws|Vikramgarh Alot}}
* {{rws|Ramganj Mandi Junction}}
* {{rws|Kota Junction}}
* {{rws|Sawai Madhopur Junction}}
* {{rws|Bharatpur Junction}}
* {{rws|Mathura Junction}}
* {{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}
* {{rws|New Delhi}}
* {{rws|Panipat Junction}}
* {{rws|Ambala Cantonment Junction}}
* {{rws|Ludhiana Junction}}
* {{rws|Jalandhar Cantonment Junction}}
* {{rws|Pathankot Cantonment}}
* {{rws|Kathua}}
* {{rws|Jammu Tawi}}
* {{rws|Udhampur}}
* {{rws|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}}

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day
|-
| 12477 || JAM || Jamnagar || 08:15 AM || Wednesday || Katra || 17:40 PM || Thursday
|-
| 12478 || SVDK || Katra || 09:55 AM || Sunday || Jamnagar || 18:45 PM || Monday
|}

== Traction ==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Vatva|Vatva Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM 3A]] or [[Diesel Loco Shed, Sabarmati|Sabarmati]] based [[WDP-4D]] diesel locomotive from [[Jamnagar]] to [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad]] and from [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad]] it is hauled by [[WAP-7]] of [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad]] based electric locomotive up till [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra]] and vice versa.

== Rake sharing ==

This train shares its rake with

* 12471/12472 [[Swaraj Express]]
* 12475/12476 [[Hapa–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Superfast Express]]
* 12473/12474 [[Gandhidham - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Sarvodaya Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==

* [[Jamnagar railway station]]
* [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/794 12477/Jamnagar - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra (Sindhu) SF Express]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/800 12478/Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra - Jamnagar (Sindhu) SF Express]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jamnagar-Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jamnagar]]
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1990]]

Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Company

2026-03-22T22:14:34Z

KristiBruno654: Starting some page w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Urban infrastructure development agency in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Company Limited
| logo = JUIDCO logo.png
| logo_size = 300
| image =
| image_caption =
| caption =
| type = Public sector undertaking
| traded_as =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founded = {{start date and age|2013|11|19}}
| founder = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| defunct =
| location_city = JUIDCO Building, Line Tank Road, Kutchery Chowk, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[Jharkhand]]
| key_people = Sunil Kumar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Managing Director)
| industry = [[Infrastructure]]
| services = {{unbulleted list|Urban infrastructure development|Housing development}}
| owner = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://juidco.jharkhand.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Company Limited''' (abbreviated as '''JUIDCO''') is a [[Government-owned corporation|public sector undertaking]] under the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. It act as the nodal agency for the planning, implementation and management of urban infrastructure projects across the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JUIDCO {{!}} Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Company Limited {{!}} Govt. Of Jharkhand |url=https://juidco.jharkhand.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207091427/https://juidco.jharkhand.gov.in/ |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=juidco.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> Headquartered in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], JUIDCO undertakes development projects across Jharkhand, including construction of roads, flyovers, public buildings, and cultural centers, along with the creation of drainage networks, water supply and sewerage systems, housing projects and beautification of urban spaces.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Race on for smart road stretch for Ranchi |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/race-on-for-smart-road-stretch-for-ranchi/cid/1712165 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521094839/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/race-on-for-smart-road-stretch-for-ranchi/cid/1712165 |archive-date=2024-05-21 |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-23 |title=Approach road to airport to get makeover, funds cleared |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/approach-road-to-airport-to-get-makeover-funds-cleared/articleshow/123473779.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kantatoli flyover will be completed by Aug: JUIDCO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/kantatoli-flyover-will-be-completed-by-aug-juidco/articleshow/108863057.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention hub in capital by 2020 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/convention-hub-in-ranchi-by-2020/cid/1681672 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428054303/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/convention-hub-in-ranchi-by-2020/cid/1681672 |archive-date=2021-04-28 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bisoee |first=Animesh |date=3 Feb 2020 |title=Museum to screen shorts on Birsa's life |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/museum-to-screen-shorts-on-birsa-mundas-life-in-ranchi/cid/1742002 |access-date=6 Oct 2025 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-21 |title=JUIDCO to build ₹3cr sewerage system in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/juidco-to-build-3cr-sewerage-system-in-ranchi/articleshow/107867556.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-08-13 |title=J'khand drafts plan to supply drinking water to people of 18 towns |url=https://theprint.in/india/jkhand-drafts-plan-to-supply-drinking-water-to-people-of-18-towns/1081068/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Sarvesh |date=2021-12-30 |title=Upcoming JUIDCO Housing Colony, Dumma; JUIDCO Housing Colony, Anni; JUIDCO Housing Colony, Murma at Deoghar,Ranchi and Jharkhand |url=https://media.biltrax.com/upcoming-juidco-housing-colony-dumma-juidco-housing-colony-anni-juidco-housing-colony-murma-at-deoghar-and-ranchi-jharkhand-deoghar-and-ranchi-jharkhand/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Biltrax Media, A Biltrax Group venture |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-06 |title=Cabinet mins to get state-of-the-art bungalows near Vidhan Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/luxury-bungalows-for-jharkhand-cabinet-ministers-near-vidhan-sabha/articleshow/116026477.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Road project to hit footpath revamp |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/road-project-to-hit-footpath-revamp/cid/1362095 |access-date=6 Oct 2025 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Karamtoli pond set for revamp |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/karamtoli-pond-set-for-revamp/cid/1341938 |access-date=6 Oct 2025 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

The company operates under the administrative control of the Urban Development and Housing Department of [[Government of Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jharkhand Urban Infrastructure Development Company Limited |url=https://www.bopter.gov.in/mysite/assets/others/announcement/Recruitment_Notice.pdf |access-date=6 Oct 2025 |website=www.bopter.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-05 |title=Restore roads in two months, JUIDCO directs agencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/restore-roads-in-two-months-juidco-directs-agencies/articleshow/103373823.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Functions ==
JUIDCO's primary objective is to strengthen and modernize urban infrastructure across Jharkhand. Its key areas of work include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Functions - JUIDCO |url=https://juidco.jharkhand.gov.in/ju_func |access-date=6 Oct 2025 |website=juidco.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>

* '''Strengthening Urban Infrastructure''': Development of roads with integrated drainage, water supply and sewerage systems for improved urban connectivity and sanitation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-05-22 |title=अल्बर्ट एक्का चौक से कचहरी चौक की सड़कों का स्वरूप बदलने की तैयारी, जुडको के मास्टर प्लान पर सीएम ने दिए कई सुझाव |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/ranchi/master-plan-for-redevelopment-of-road-from-albert-ekka-chowk-to-kachhari-chowk/jh20230522215848027027146 |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-09 |title=मनोरम नगर के लोगों को पाइप लाइन से पानी का अभी करना होगा इंतजार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/story-people-of-manoram-nagar-will-have-to-wait-for-water-from-pipeline-8414339.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1" />
* '''Development of Public Amenities:''' Creation and maintenance of public parks, urban greenery and conservation of water bodies to promote environmental sustainability and improve the quality of life in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-02 |title=रांची स्मार्ट सिटी में बनेंगे 3 बड़े पार्क, सरकार खर्च करेगी 30 करोड़ रुपए |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/hemant-soren-government-will-make-3-big-parks-in-ranchi-smart-city-201754100503884.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-10 |title=CM inaugurates Nehru Park in Dhurwa for public |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/cm-inaugurates-nehru-park-in-dhurwa-for-public/articleshow/105109343.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2" />
* '''Urban Planning:''' Providing technical assistance and policy support for sustainable urban planning, land-use management and infrastructure prioritization.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ranchi smart city work to begin this month |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-smart-city-work-to-begin-this-month/cid/1684965 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520055040/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/ranchi-smart-city-work-to-begin-this-month/cid/1684965 |archive-date=2024-05-20 |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Elets News |date=2019-08-02 |title=Jharkhand makes big strides towards inclusive & sustainable urban development |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2019/08/jharkhand-makes-big-strides-towards-inclusive-sustainable-urban-development/ |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Elets eGov |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Housing Development:''' Promoting and facilitating housing projects, particularly for economically weaker sections and low-income groups in urban areas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-03 |title=112cr Transport Nagar project to be ready by May: JUIDCO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/112cr-transport-nagar-project-to-be-ready-by-may-juidco/articleshow/106499381.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Branded' homes for urban poor |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/branded-homes-for-urban-poor/cid/1703310 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519050400/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/branded-homes-for-urban-poor/cid/1703310 |archive-date=2024-05-19 |access-date=2025-10-05 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]]
* [[Rabindra Bhawan, Ranchi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Tara (Hindu goddess)

2026-03-21T17:33:14Z

KristiBruno654: refined article also and improved wording

{{short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{distinguish|Tara (Mahavidya)}}
{{for|the wife of [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and member of [[Panchakanya]]|Tara (Ramayana)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = hindu
| image = File:GuruTara_(Restored).jpg
| alt = Taraka
| caption = Brihaspati with Tara, from Navagraha temple at [[Surendrapuri]]
| deity_of = Goddess of Felicity and Sanguineness
| children = [[Kacha (sage)|Kacha]] and [[Budha]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=brihaspati+tara&pg=PT1197 | title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide | isbn=9788184752779 | last1=Dalal | first1=Roshen | date=18 April 2014 | publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref>
| consort = [[Brihaspati]]
| name = Tara
| affiliation = [[Devi]]
}}
'''{{IAST|Tārā}}''' is the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess of felicity and sanguineness. She is also known as the "Wisdom Goddess" in Nepal and Tibet. Tara is the consort of Hindu god [[Brihaspati]], the god of planet Jupiter. According to some [[Purana]]s, Tara sired or mothered a child named [[Budha]], the god of Mercury through [[Chandra]] and had a son named [[Kacha (sage)|Kacha]] through [[Brihaspati]].

==Story==
{{Main|Tarakamaya War}}
According to the Devi Bhagvata Purana and Padma Purana, Tara was the wife of [[Bṛhaspati|Brihaspati]], the guru of [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]. As her husband spent most of his time with the problems and matters of Devas, she felt ignored by her husband. One day, [[Chandra]], the moon god visited Brihaspati. There he saw Tara and was captivated by her beauty. Tara also fell for Chandra due to his beautiful form, and the two ran away.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patel|first=Utkarsh|date=2020-06-05|title=Tara and Chandradev: If a Dissatisfied Partner Has An Affair, Who Is To Be Blamed?|url=https://www.bonobology.com/tara-and-chandra-if-a-dissatisfied-partner-has-an-affair-who-is-to-be-blamed/|access-date=2020-08-14|website=Bonobology.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

Brihaspati, lovesick and infuriated, demanded Chandra to return his wife. Chandra told Brihaspati that Tara was happy and satisfied with him. He enquired as to how an old man could be the husband of a young woman. This made Brihaspati more annoyed and he warned Chandra for battle. [[Indra]] and other Devas gathered to fight a war. Chandra was not ready to give Tara back and he took help from the Asuras and their preceptor, [[Shukra|Sukra]]. The Devas were assisted by [[Shiva]] and his companions. Devas and Asura were about to fight a war, but [[Brahma]], the creator god, stopped them and convinced Chandra to return Tara, who came back pregnant.

A legal proceeding went down. Bhrihaspati and Chandra both claimed that the child was theirs. Tara stood there shy, and refused to answer who the actual father of the child was no matter how much anyone tried to make her quit her silence. Exasperated, even the child in her belly finally asked 'of whose seed was I born, mother?' This made Tara answer that that the child was Chandra's. However, Brahma still decided that since Tara was legally Bhrihaspati's wife, the baby is also legally his. Bhrihaspati only wanted his wife, not his wife's affair child. So he cursed the child,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://glorioushinduism.com/2016/02/16/budha/|title = Budha|date = 17 February 2016}}</ref> [[Budha]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Agarwal|first=Himanshu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfO7DAAAQBAJ&q=Chandra+and+Tara&pg=PT37|title=Mahabharata Retold: Part - 1|date=2016-07-26|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-93-86073-87-7|language=en}}</ref> to be born without gender. The child thus, after growing up, preferred the company of his biological father over his foster one, and his son Pururvas went on to establish the lunar dynasty named after his biological grandfather.The Padma Purana skips this entire legal battle, and instead after Tara confesses that the child is Chandra's, Chandra takes the baby and blesses him by placing him in the solar system. Here, Budha is genderless just because he can be, without further reasons provided on the why.

In the story, Tara is not punished, and in several retellings she is praised in erotic detail, despite being involved in a scandalous extra-marital affair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pattanaik |first=Devdutt |date=2025-12-21 |title=Decolonising India’s erotic heritage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2025/Dec/21/decolonising-indias-erotic-heritage |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In some other Puranic versions, Tara is abducted by Chandra and raped. The storyline following this is the same regarding the birth of Budha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mittal|first=J. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7gOBW8oDFgC&q=tara+chandra&pg=PA78|title=History Of Ancient India (a New Version) : From 7300 Bb To 4250 Bc|date=2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0615-4|language=en}}</ref>

==Beyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism==

She is known as '''Kirinei Devi''' ({{langx|km|កិរិណីទេវី}}) in Cambodia as the wife of Lord [[Brihaspati]] From the hinduism culture passed down from the [[Khmer Empire]] and is the protective goddess of Thursday, worshipped during the [[Cambodian New Year|Cambodian New Year festival]] if the first day of the year falls on a Thursday according to the Cambodian calendar ({{langx|km|ពិធីផ្ទេរតំណែងទេវតាឆ្នាំថ្មី}}) , as she is believed to descend from heaven to care for the people of this land for one year until the following New Year. In her journey there are some special details that are local and mixed with have cambodia folk culture Unique, such as the vehicle is a [[Asian elephant|Elephant]]. , It appears with only two hands and has the following symbol as [[Elephant goad|ankusha]] and [[Bow and arrow]] , The color of her clothes is Green and Her story and details have been adapted and blended with influences [[Buddhism in Cambodia|cambodia buddhism]] and has its own unique identity.<ref>Min Saes (Braḥ Mahā.) (1942) [https://www.worldcat.org/title/Brahmacariyakatha/oclc/23580153 Brahma Chariyakathā], Bibliothèque Royale, Publisher: Royal Library of Cambodia p.185</ref><ref>Astrologer Nhim Pen (1947) [https://books.google.com/books/about/Prakratidin_kambuj%C4%81.html?id=yODnAAAAMAAJ Cambodia Calendar], Contributor: William J. Gedney, Publisher: Association Sutharot, Original from the University of Michigan p.118</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nairatmya]]
*[[Tara (Devi)]]
*[[Tara (Buddhism)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Dowson's Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology

==External links==
*http://mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/taraka.htm

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Salakapurusa]]
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]

Khandesh

2026-03-08T23:27:20Z

KristiBruno654: adjusted lead per standard format and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Geographic region in North Maharashtra, India}}
{{for|the administrative division of Bombay presidency of British India|Khandesh district}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khandesh
| other_name = Qhandesh
| settlement_type = Region
| image_skyline = Purna river of Muktainagar in Jalgaon, Maharashtra.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Panoramic view of Purna river near [[Muktainagar]]
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Khandesh region.png
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Blue: Khandesh in Maharashtra 
Light Blue: Khandesh in Madhya Pradesh (Burhanpur)
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]] & [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = Districts
| subdivision_name2 = 1. [[Jalgaon District|Jalgaon]] 2. [[Dhule District|Dhule]] 3. [[Nandurbar District|Nandurbar]] 4. [[Burhanpur District | Burhanpur]].
| subdivision_type3 = Largest City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jalgaon]]
| subdivision_type4 = Languages
| subdivision_name4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Khandeshi language|Khandeshi]]

| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = Jalgaon
| area_magnitude = 
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank2_title = 
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 = 24,915
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank2_km2 = 
| area_total_ha =
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_blank1_ha =
| area_blank2_ha =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 240
| population_total = 8686921{{refn|Including Burhanpur}}
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]
| population_density_km2 = 300
| population_demonym = [[Khandeshi people|Khandeshi]]
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| website = 
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| utc_offset = +5:30
}}

'''Khandesh''', also spelt '''Qhandesh'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Qhandeshi |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Khandesh |access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>, is a historical and geographical region located in northwestern Maharashtra, India. It broadly covers the valley of the [[Tapti River|Tapi]] (Tapti) River, bounded by the Satpura ranges to the north, the Ajanta hills to the south, and the Western Ghats to the west and southwest. The region includes the present-day districts of [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]], [[Dhule district|Dhule]] and [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]], along with the northern parts of present-day [[Nashik district]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |title=District census handbook Jalgaon |publisher=Directorate of census operations Maharashtra |year=2014 |location=Mumbai |language=en |format=PDF |access-date=March 9, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="DhuleHistory">{{cite web
|title=History
|url=https://dhule.dcourts.gov.in/about-department/history/
|website=District Court Dhule, Government of Maharashtra
|publisher=Government of Maharashtra
|access-date=2025-08-25
|quote=The entire area of Khandesh included two districts viz. Dhule and Jalgaon and some part of Nashik District.
}}</ref> The [[Burhanpur district]] of Madhya Pradesh also formed an integral part of Khandesh and served as the capital of the [[Farooqui dynasty|Khandesh Sultanate]] (1382–1601).<ref name="BritannicaBurhanpur">{{cite web
|title=Burhanpur |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burhanpur
|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica
|access-date=2025-08-25
|quote=Burhanpur was founded in 1399 by Naṣīr Khan, the first independent prince of the Fārūqī dynasty of Khandesh, …
}}</ref>

The use of the [[Khandeshi language]] is prevalent in this region, and the language itself derives its name from the name of the region. This language is sometimes considered as a dialect of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] due to its mutual intelligibility with it, and hence has lower numbers in the census due to people opting their language as Marathi instead.{{Original research inline|date=September 2023}} This region is famous for banana agriculture and is a leading producer of it.<ref>{{Cite book |title=कंत्राटी ग्रामसेवक परीक्षा मार्गदर्शक |year=2021 |location=[[Latur]] |language=mr}}</ref>

==Territorial and Administrative boundaries==
The region of Khandesh occupied a significant place in the historical geography of India. Once a vast and important tract, it extended across portions of present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Gujarat]]. During the period of the [[Farooqui dynasty]], [[Burhanpur]] served as its capital; in subsequent centuries, the region was incorporated into the [[Mughal Empire]] as one of its prominent subahs (provinces). At its geographical and cultural core lay the fertile valley of the [[Tapti River|Tapi River]], which sustained its agrarian wealth and political centrality.

Under British rule, a major administrative division known as the [[Khandesh District]] was constituted within the Bombay Presidency. In 1906, this district was bifurcated into East Khandesh (the present [[Jalgaon district]]) and West Khandesh (the present [[Dhule district]]). Later, in 1998, [[Nandurbar District]] was carved out of Dhule, thereby establishing a separate administrative identity.<ref name=":3" /> Although historically central to Khandesh, Burhanpur was not incorporated into the British Khandesh District. Instead, it was annexed to the [[Khandwa district|East Nimar]] district of the [[Central Provinces and Berar]], whose headquarter was at [[Khandwa]].

[[File:Khandesh Map.jpg|thumb|British era's Khandesh District's Map (1880)]]

The territorial boundaries of Khandesh underwent several significant administrative reconfigurations. In 1869, the southern portion of the British Khandesh District—including the present talukas of Kalwan, Satana, Malegaon, Deola, and Nandgaon—was detached and incorporated into the newly constituted [[Nasik District]] of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. Further adjustments followed in 1950, when eleven villages from Nandgaon taluka were transferred to [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] of the former [[Hyderabad State]] (today’s Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar district in Maharashtra).<ref name="NashikAdminHist">{{cite web
|title=Administrative History
|url=https://nashik.gov.in/about-district/administrative-setup/administrative-history/
|website=Nashik District (Government of Maharashtra)
|publisher=Government of Maharashtra
|access-date=2025-08-25
|quote=In 1950, 11 enclave villages which formed part of Nandgaon taluka were transferred to Aurangabad district.
}}</ref>

After India’s independence, the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, and more decisively, the Bombay Reorganisation Act of 1960, redefined state boundaries and laid the foundation for the creation of Maharashtra. Despite being the historic nucleus of Khandesh, Burhanpur remained within the Central Provinces (later Madhya Pradesh), and in 2003 it was reconstituted as a separate [[Burhanpur District]] following its detachment from Khandwa district.

The reorganisation of 1960 also transferred 87 villages from West Khandesh to the newly formed state of [[Gujarat]]. Of these, 23 villages from Nawapur taluka and 2 from Nandurbar taluka were annexed to Songadh taluka of [[Surat District]], now part of [[Tapi District]] (created in 2007). Likewise, 37 villages from Akkalkuwa taluka and 25 from Taloda taluka were ceded to Sagbara taluka of [[Bharuch District]], today incorporated into the [[Narmada District]] established in 1997.<ref name="BombayReorg1960">{{cite web
|title=Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 – Transfer of villages from West Khandesh
|url=https://sooperkanoon.com/act/49289/bombay-reorganisation-act-1960-part-2
|website=SoOLEGAL / SooperKanoon (compiled text)
|publisher=Government of India (as enacted)
|access-date=2025-08-25
|quote=Villages in Nawapur, Nandurbar, Akkalkuwa and Taloda talukas transferred to Gujarat, as specified in the First Schedule.
}}</ref><ref name="BombayReorg1960alt">{{cite web
|title=Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960
|url=https://lawsisto.com/Read-Central-Act/205/BOMBAY-REORGANISATION-ACT-1960
|website=LawSisto (compiled text)
|publisher=Government of India (as enacted)
|access-date=2025-08-25
}}</ref>

== History ==

===Ancient history===
The [[Markandeya Purana]] and [[Jain literature]] describe Khanadesh region as [[Abhira kingdom|Abhiradesa]]. The rule of the [[Abhira tribe|Abhiras]] over this region is not only evident from the epigraphs but from the oral traditions also. A tradition of [[Nandurbar]] (Khandesh) presents before us an account of an [[Ahir]] Raja Nanda, who fought the Turks.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GuRhzIHvehAC |title=Journal of the Oriental Institute, M.S. University of Barida, Baroda |date=1985 |publisher=Oriental Institute |language=en}}</ref>

=== Maurya Empire (c. 4th century BCE – 2nd century BCE) ===
The earliest political authority over the region later known as Khandesh can be attributed to the [[Maurya Empire]]. While no direct inscriptions of the Mauryas have been discovered within the boundaries of present-day Khandesh, a strong body of indirect evidence indicates that the region fell under Mauryan control during the reigns of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and [[Ashoka]].

The presence of the Mauryas in western India is well established through epigraphical and archaeological remains. Notably, the [[Edicts of Ashoka|Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka]] are found at [[Sopara]] in today’s Palghar district of Maharashtra<ref name="asianart.com">https://www.asianart.com/articles/sopara/</ref> and at [[Girnar]] in Gujarat.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal | last1=Jaiswal | first1=O. P. | title=THE INDUS CULTURE AND ITS LEGACY: Summary | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | date=1968 | volume=30 | pages=38–39 | jstor=44141440 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141440 }}</ref> Geographically, Khandesh lies between these two locations, making it highly probable that the region was integrated into the Mauryan provincial administration.

The Mauryas governed their vast empire through a network of provinces administered by royal princes or governors. The western Deccan, including Khandesh, would have been connected to the important trade routes leading from the ports of Sopara and Bharuch towards the Deccan plateau. Khandesh, being a fertile tract along the Tapi river, was strategically positioned on this north–south and east–west communications corridor.

The absence of direct Mauryan inscriptions in Khandesh may be explained by the fact that Ashokan edicts were often placed at sites of pilgrimage, trade, or high political importance. While Sopara functioned as a key port and Girnar as a religious and administrative center, Khandesh perhaps remained more peripheral in terms of inscriptional visibility. Nonetheless, the uniform spread of Mauryan administration across western India makes it historically consistent to consider Khandesh a part of the Mauryan imperial system.

=== Satavahana dynasty (c. 1st century BCE – 3rd century CE) ===
After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, political authority in the Deccan, including the region of present-day Khandesh, passed into the hands of the [[Satavahana dynasty]]. Unlike the Mauryas, the Satavahanas left behind both inscriptional and numismatic evidence that attest to their presence in western India. The Satavahanas, also known as the Andhras, rose to prominence in the late 1st century BCE and maintained control until the 3rd century CE, exercising authority over a vast territory stretching from the Godavari basin to western Maharashtra and parts of Malwa.

The Satavahanas are particularly important for Khandesh because the region lay on a strategic axis connecting the ports of Bharuch and Sopara with the Deccan plateau. Khandesh, situated along the Tapi river, served as a fertile agricultural base and also facilitated trade routes between northern and southern India. Archaeological discoveries of Satavahana coins and pottery in northern Maharashtra further strengthen the claim of their direct rule.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | title=Appendix Vii: List of Life Members 64th Session | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | date=2003 | volume=64 | pages=1492–1516 | jstor=44145623 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145623 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Search Results: Satavahana dynasty | url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Satavahana_Dynasty/ }}</ref>

Epigraphical references, including the Nasik cave inscriptions, show that the Satavahanas patronized Buddhist monastic establishments throughout western India. Though Khandesh itself has yielded fewer inscriptions than the coastal and central Deccan areas, it shared in the larger religious and cultural milieu fostered by Satavahana patronage. The flourishing of Buddhist trade guilds and cave complexes at nearby sites such as Ajanta, Nasik, and Junnar demonstrates the integration of Khandesh into the commercial-religious networks of the Satavahana state.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Farswan | first1=Yogambar Singh | title=Reconstruction of Base-Line Data of Intensity of Occupation in Modern Settlements of Garhwal Himalaya Through Element Analysis of Soil | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | date=2007 | volume=68 | pages=1310–1321 | jstor=44145643 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145643 }}</ref>

Administratively, the Satavahanas were known for their practice of granting land to Brahmanas and Buddhist monasteries, thereby promoting agrarian expansion. Khandesh’s fertile plains would have been among the areas benefitting from such agrarian growth. The Satavahanas also issued large numbers of lead and copper coins, many of which are found in western Maharashtra, providing further testimony to their economic influence in the region.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal | last1=Majumdar | first1=Bimanbehari | last2=Mazumdar | first2=B. B. | title=RESURGENCE OF WOMEN IN THE GUPTA AGE: Summary | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | date=1968 | volume=30 | page=94 | jstor=44141457 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141457 }}</ref>

By the mid-3rd century CE, the Satavahanas declined, paving the way for the rise of regional powers such as the [[Abhiras]] and the [[Vakatakas]] in the Deccan. In Khandesh, Satavahana rule left behind a legacy of agrarian development, religious patronage, and integration into long-distance trade networks.

=== Abhiras (c. 3rd–5th century CE) ===
Following the decline of the Satavahanas, the region that later came to be called Khandesh appears in early medieval sources as part of Abhiradesa—the land associated with the Abhiras (equated with the Ahir community). The Abhiras emerged in western India as a politically significant group during the third and fourth centuries CE and exercised varying degrees of autonomy across parts of the western Deccan and adjacent tracts.<ref>Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar. ''Some Early Dynasties of South India''. Motilal Banarsidass, 1974. {{ISBN|978-8120800194}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thosar |first=H.S. |date=1990 |title=The Abhiras in Indian History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44148188 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=51 |pages=56–65 |jstor=44148188 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

'''Evidence and sources:'''
*'''Epigraphic and charter material:''' Copper-plate grants and later medieval compilations refer to territories called ''Abhiradesa'', and several inscriptions from neighbouring districts identify Abhira chiefs and local land grants, indicating the presence of an organised polity or polities in the Tapi–Girna corridor.<ref>https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/JALGAON/historical_background.html</ref>
*'''Numismatic and material traces:''' Coin finds attributable to Abhira-affiliated local rulers and the circulation of Satavahana and western-Indian coinage in the region attest to a mixed monetary environment in which Abhira chiefs operated.<ref name="ignca.gov.in">{{Cite web| title=The Abhiras - Their history and culture | url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/36138.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921125550/https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/36138.pdf | archive-date=2022-09-21}}</ref>

'''Nature of Abhira rule in Khandesh:'''

Modern scholarship distinguishes between several plausible modes of Abhira presence in Khandesh: (a) independent local sovereignty, where Abhira rulers exercised full royal prerogatives; (b) regional lordship or chieftainship, where Abhira elites exercised de facto control while acknowledging suzerainty of a larger neighbouring power; and (c) ethno-social predominance, where pastoral and agrarian Abhira communities provided the demographic and military base without necessarily forming a centralised state. The documentary record supports all three models in differing places and periods, meaning that the Abhira role in Khandesh is best read as heterogeneous rather than uniform.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

'''Administrative and social impact:'''

The Abhira period in Khandesh is associated with (i) the consolidation of village-level agrarian control, (ii) the integration of pastoral communities into settled roles of landholding and military service, and (iii) the incorporation of the region into long-distance networks previously organised by the Satavahanas. In place-names and later local traditions the designation ''Abhiradesa'' persists, reflecting the strength of Abhira identity in the region’s historical memory.<ref name="asianart.com"/>

'''Historiographical remarks and limits of evidence:'''

Direct royal inscriptions conclusively proving continuous, centralised Abhira monarchy in Khandesh remain limited. Consequently, historians rely on a combination of copper-plate notices from adjacent districts, numismatic distribution, and textual references to reconstruct Abhira influence. This method is standard practice for early medieval regional histories where local epigraphy is sparse; the resulting reconstruction is therefore evidence-led rather than speculative.<ref>https://ia801506.us.archive.org/1/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.382494/2015.382494.Corpus-Inscriptionium_text.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=October 2025}}</ref>

=== Traikūṭakas (c. 4th–6th century CE) ===
In the centuries following the Abhiras, the [[Traikutaka dynasty|Traikūṭaka dynasty]] established authority over substantial portions of western India, including parts of present-day Khandesh. The dynasty derives its name from the ''Trikūṭa'' mountain (identified by scholars with the Nasik–Nandurbar ranges), suggesting its original territorial base lay close to the Khandesh region.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== Sources and Evidence ====
*'''Inscriptions:''' The most important Traikūṭaka records are the copper-plate charters of king Dahrasena and his successors, which were found at locations such as Surat and Nashik. These charters, dating to the mid-5th century CE, grant villages and land to Brahmanas, demonstrating both the reach of the dynasty and its role in agrarian consolidation.<ref name="archive.org">https://archive.org/details/corpusinscriptionumindicarum</ref>
*'''Numismatics:''' Silver coins of the Traikūṭakas, modelled on the earlier [[Western Kshatrapas]], have been discovered across western India. Finds in Jalgaon, Dhule, and adjoining districts indicate their circulation in Khandesh, confirming Traikūṭaka influence in the Tapi valley.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>
*'''Literary references:''' Later Purāṇic texts, such as the ''Vayu Purana'', mention the Traikūṭakas as successors to the Abhiras, aligning with the epigraphical record.

==== Political and Cultural Role in Khandesh ====
The Traikūṭakas positioned themselves as patrons of [[Vaishnavism]] and styled themselves as descendants of the Yadava lineage, thereby asserting legitimacy within the broader political culture of the Deccan.<ref>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/traikutakas-and-the-yadavas/</ref> In Khandesh, their rule manifested in:
* continued issuance of land grants that expanded agrarian frontiers along the Tapi river basin,
* patronage of Brahmanical settlements, ensuring the spread of Sanskritic culture, and
* integration of local chiefs into the Traikūṭaka political network through land and fiscal concessions.

==== Decline and Succession ====
By the late 5th and early 6th century CE, Traikūṭaka power declined in the face of rising regional states, notably the [[Vakataka dynasty]] in the east and the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]] in central India. In Khandesh, Traikūṭaka authority appears to have been gradually replaced by Vakataka influence, though the continuity of local chieftains ensured that aspects of Traikūṭaka administration persisted into the early medieval period.<ref name="ignca.gov.in"/>

=== Vākāṭaka dynasty (c. 3rd–5th century CE) ===
The [[Vakataka dynasty]] succeeded the Satavahanas as the principal power in the Deccan and, at the height of their influence, extended authority into the western region that later came to be called Khandesh. Although the political heartland of the Vākāṭakas lay in Vidarbha (eastern Maharashtra), inscriptions and archaeological evidence suggest that their cultural and economic networks reached the Tapi valley and neighbouring districts.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== Sources and Evidence ====
*'''Epigraphy:''' The most significant records of the Vākāṭakas are the copper-plate grants of kings such as Pravarasena II and Rudrasena II, which mention settlements and land transactions in Maharashtra. While none of these inscriptions are found directly within Khandesh, grants in neighbouring regions (Nasik, Ajanta, and Vidarbha) indicate their westward penetration.<ref name="archive.org"/>
*'''Ajanta caves:''' The celebrated Buddhist caves at [[Ajanta Caves]] (in present-day Chhatrapati sambhajinagar district, adjacent to Khandesh) were commissioned under the patronage of the Vākāṭaka king Harisena (r. c. 460–477 CE). This monumental patronage demonstrates the dynasty’s cultural influence in the wider region and indirectly attests to their control over trade routes that traversed Khandesh.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ajanta Caves | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/242/ }}</ref>
*'''Numismatics:''' Distribution of Vākāṭaka coinage in the Tapi valley also reflects their integration of Khandesh into their administrative and fiscal system.<ref name="ignca.gov.in"/>

==== Political and Cultural Role in Khandesh ====
The Vākāṭakas served as a crucial link between northern India and the Deccan. In Khandesh, their impact can be discerned in:
* the strengthening of agrarian settlements through grants to Brahmanas and religious institutions,
* patronage of Buddhist monastic and mercantile groups connected to Ajanta and Nasik, which drew resources from the Tapi–Girna corridor, and
* the diffusion of Sanskrit culture, literature, and courtly norms that characterised the Gupta–Vākāṭaka cultural synthesis.

While the dynasty’s inscriptions are not physically located in Khandesh, the proximity of Ajanta and Nasik, coupled with trade and cultural evidence, leaves little doubt that Khandesh formed part of the Vākāṭaka zone of influence.

==== Decline and Succession ====
By the late 5th century CE, the Vākāṭakas declined following internal divisions and pressure from rising regional powers. Their political vacuum in western Maharashtra, including Khandesh, was filled by the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri dynasty]] and residual Traikūṭaka chiefs. The collapse of Vākāṭaka central authority did not end their cultural legacy: Ajanta remained a centre of pilgrimage and artistic influence for centuries, shaping the religious landscape of Khandesh and its surroundings.<ref name="cambridge.org">https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/deccan-from-the-3rd-century-bc-to-the-13th-century-ad/</ref>

=== Early Kalachuris (c. 6th–7th century CE) ===
In the aftermath of the decline of the Vākāṭakas and Traikūṭakas, political authority in western India and the northern Deccan passed to the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri dynasty]]. The early branch of this house, often referred to as the "Kalachuris of Mahishmati," exercised sovereignty from their capital at [[Maheshwar]] on the Narmada river. Their influence extended southwards into the Tapi valley and therefore into the territory later recognised as '''Khandesh'''.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== Sources and Evidence ====
*'''Inscriptions:''' Several copper-plate charters of Kalachuri rulers such as Krishnaraja and Buddharaja have been found in Gujarat and Malwa, but the geographic attributions within these grants indicate control over the upper Tapi and adjoining regions, placing Khandesh within their administrative range.<ref name="archive.org"/>
*'''Numismatics:''' Kalachuri coinage, particularly silver issues bearing the bull-and-elephant motif, circulated widely in Malwa, Gujarat, and northern Maharashtra, confirming the economic integration of Khandesh into their sphere.<ref name="ignca.gov.in"/>
*'''Archaeological context:''' Settlement expansion in the Tapi valley during this period reflects the Kalachuri pattern of granting land to Brahmanas and religious institutions, which is consistent with evidence from their charters.

==== Political Role in Khandesh ====
The Kalachuris ruled during a time of transition in peninsular India. In Khandesh, their importance lies in:
* the reorganisation of agrarian society through land grants, which brought fresh tracts of the Tapi basin under cultivation,
* the consolidation of trade routes linking Gujarat with the northern Deccan, and
* their role as intermediaries between northern Indian powers (notably the Guptas’ successors) and the Deccan polities.

Although direct inscriptions from Khandesh itself are sparse, the geographic placement of Kalachuri charters and the circulation of their coinage strongly indicate political control or at least firm suzerainty over the region.

==== Decline and Transition ====
By the late 7th century CE, Kalachuri power waned due to the rise of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] of Badami and later the [[Rashtrakutas]]. In Khandesh, this transition meant that local chiefs who had acknowledged Kalachuri overlordship gradually shifted allegiance to these emerging Deccan powers. Nevertheless, Kalachuri administrative patterns—particularly the use of land grants and agrarian expansion—left a durable imprint on the region’s social structure.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

=== Chalukyas of Badami (c. 6th–8th century CE) ===
The expansion of the [[Chalukya dynasty]] from their capital at [[Badami]] in Karnataka during the 6th and 7th centuries CE brought the northern Deccan, including the region of present-day Khandesh, under their influence. Though the Chalukyas are more directly associated with Karnataka and central Maharashtra, inscriptional and political evidence suggests that their suzerainty extended into the Tapi valley as part of their contest with neighbouring dynasties.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== Sources and Evidence ====
*'''Inscriptions:''' Chalukya inscriptions are concentrated in Karnataka and central Maharashtra, but records from the reign of Pulakeshin II (r. 610–642 CE) describe campaigns into Malwa and Gujarat, implying that Khandesh, lying along these invasion routes, came under their strategic control.<ref name="archive.org"/>
*'''Geostrategic position:''' The Tapi basin provided a natural corridor linking the northern Deccan with Gujarat and Malwa. As the Chalukyas fought protracted wars against the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuris]] and later the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]], Khandesh formed a contested frontier zone.
*'''Numismatic finds:''' Copper coins attributed to the Chalukya period have been discovered in parts of northern Maharashtra, though in smaller quantities compared to Rashtrakuta issues, indicating limited but real Chalukya presence.<ref name="ignca.gov.in"/>

==== Role in Khandesh ====
The Chalukyas of Badami did not establish an extensive local administrative apparatus in Khandesh comparable to their core regions. Instead, their control was likely exercised through:
* local chiefs who owed allegiance to the Chalukya kings,
* military garrisons established along the Tapi to safeguard routes into Malwa and Gujarat, and
* integration of the area into their broader trade and campaign networks.

While direct evidence from Khandesh is limited, the broader pattern of Chalukya expansion and their frequent conflicts in adjoining regions leave little doubt that the area was part of their northern frontier during the 6th–8th centuries CE.

==== Decline and Succession ====
By the mid-8th century CE, the Badami Chalukyas declined following internal weakness and pressure from rising dynasties. In the Deccan, they were succeeded by the [[Rashtrakutas]], who not only inherited their territories but also expanded further north. For Khandesh, this marked the beginning of a more direct and sustained integration into an imperial system, as the Rashtrakutas established a stronger foothold in the Tapi valley than their Chalukya predecessors.<ref name="cambridge.org"/>

=== Rāṣṭrakūṭa dynasty (c. 8th–10th century CE) ===
The [[Rashtrakuta dynasty]], who rose to imperial power in the mid-8th century CE after displacing the Chalukyas of Badami, established one of the largest and most influential empires of early medieval India. Their dominions stretched from the Narmada in the north to the Kaveri in the south, and from the Arabian Sea to parts of central India. Within this framework, '''Khandesh''' formed part of their northern Deccan territories, strategically located along the Tapi river.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== Sources and Evidence ====
*'''Inscriptions:''' Several copper-plate charters and stone inscriptions of the Rashtrakutas have been recovered from Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat. While Khandesh itself has yielded relatively fewer inscriptions, grants from neighbouring regions such as Nasik, Thalner, and Ajanta confirm the dynasty’s authority in the area.<ref name="archive.org"/>
*'''Numismatics:''' Rashtrakuta coinage, including gold and silver issues, circulated widely in northern Maharashtra. The discovery of such coins in Jalgaon, Dhule, and nearby districts indicates their monetary control over Khandesh.<ref name="ignca.gov.in"/>
*'''Architectural and cultural links:''' The Rashtrakutas are famed for commissioning the [[Kailasa temple, Ellora]], carved under King Krishna I in the 8th century CE. Ellora lies just south of Khandesh, and the scale of this patronage implies that resources and revenues from the Tapi valley and its agrarian surplus were channelled into such monumental projects.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ellora Caves | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243/ }}</ref>

==== Political and Cultural Role in Khandesh ====
The Rashtrakutas integrated Khandesh into their imperial system through:
* the appointment of governors and military officials to oversee trade routes linking Gujarat with the Deccan,
* the continuation of the practice of granting villages to Brahmanas, which expanded agrarian settlement in the Tapi basin,
* patronage of both Hindu and Jain institutions, reflecting their broad religious inclusivity.

As a frontier zone connecting Malwa, Gujarat, and the northern Deccan, Khandesh played a significant role in the Rashtrakuta military strategy. The dynasty’s repeated campaigns against the [[Pratiharas]] of northern India and the [[Palas]] of Bengal (the so-called "tripartite struggle") relied on secure access through Khandesh.

==== Decline and Succession ====
By the late 10th century CE, Rashtrakuta power declined under pressure from the [[Western Chalukyas]] of Kalyani. In Khandesh, as elsewhere, this transition marked the shift from Rashtrakuta governors and feudatories to the control of new regional forces. Nevertheless, the Rashtrakuta legacy of temple patronage, agrarian expansion, and integration into pan-Indian networks profoundly shaped the historical trajectory of the region.<ref name="cambridge.org"/>

=== Western Chalukyas of Kalyani (c. 10th–12th century CE) ===
After the decline of the Rashtrakutas in the late 10th century CE, power in the Deccan passed to the [[Western Chalukya Empire|Western Chalukyas of Kalyani]]. Also known as the Later Chalukyas, they ruled from their capital at Kalyani (modern Basavakalyan, Karnataka) and extended their influence across much of Maharashtra, including the region of Khandesh.<ref>https://archive.org/details/historyofdeccana00yasauoft</ref>

==== Evidence in Khandesh ====
*'''Inscriptions:''' Several copper-plate grants of the Later Chalukya kings, particularly those of Tailapa II (r. 973–997 CE) and his successors, mention territories in northern Maharashtra. Though direct inscriptions from Khandesh are scarce, the political geography of the time and references in neighbouring records indicate their administration extended into the Tapi valley.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
*'''Feudatories:''' The Chalukyas relied on feudatory chiefs (samantas) to control frontier areas such as Khandesh. These feudatories issued land grants and ensured military security along the trade routes connecting Gujarat and Malwa to the Deccan.<ref name="archive.org"/>

==== Political and Cultural Role ====
The Chalukyas of Kalyani were engaged in protracted conflicts with the [[Cholas]] in the south and the [[Paramaras]] of Malwa in the north. In this geopolitical setting, Khandesh served as a northern outpost safeguarding access to the fertile Tapi basin and the road to Gujarat.

The Later Chalukyas also continued the policy of Brahmadeya (land grants to Brahmins), which facilitated agricultural expansion and settlement in the region. The spread of temples and Shaivite religious institutions in northern Maharashtra during this period is partly attributed to their patronage.

==== Transition to the Yadavas ====
By the 12th century CE, Chalukya authority weakened under both external pressures and internal dissensions. Their feudatories, including the rising [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seunas (Yadavas of Devagiri)]], gradually took over large parts of Maharashtra. Khandesh, lying on the frontier, passed into Yadava influence during this transition. The Western Chalukya phase thus represents a bridge between Rashtrakuta hegemony and the more consolidated Yadava rule in the 12th–13th centuries.<ref name="cambridge.org"/>

=== Yadava dynasty of Devagiri (c. 12th–13th century CE) ===
The [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] of Devagiri rose to prominence in the 12th century CE, establishing firm control over western Maharashtra, including the region later known as '''Khandesh'''. Their capital at [[Daulatabad Fort|Devagiri (Daulatabad)]] allowed them to administer both the Deccan plateau and the northern frontier regions along the Tapi valley.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==== Sources and Evidence ====
*'''Inscriptions:''' Numerous copper-plate grants, stone inscriptions, and temple records from the 12th–13th centuries mention villages and land in northern Maharashtra, including Jalgaon, Dhule, and Nandurbar districts, demonstrating direct Yadava administration in Khandesh.<ref name="archive.org"/>
*'''Numismatics:''' Yadava coins discovered in Khandesh, particularly silver and copper issues, indicate their economic integration of the region and control over trade along the Tapi river.<ref name="ignca.gov.in"/>
*'''Architecture and culture:''' Temples and Shaivite monuments attributed to the Yadava period in northern Maharashtra reflect their religious patronage and settlement policies.

==== Political and Administrative Role ====
The Yadavas exercised strong local authority through:
* a network of governors and local officials who collected revenue and maintained law and order,
* promotion of agrarian settlements in the fertile Tapi basin, and
* strategic control over trade routes linking Gujarat, Malwa, and the Deccan plateau.

Khandesh, under the Yadavas, became an important agricultural and commercial hub. Their patronage of temples, land grants to Brahmanas, and development of fortified towns contributed to the consolidation of local administration.

==== Decline and Succession ====
The Yadava dynasty fell to the forces of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under Alauddin Khalji in the late 13th century. Following this conquest, northern Maharashtra, including Khandesh, was incorporated into the Sultanate’s administrative framework, marking the end of native Hindu dynastic rule in the region.<ref name="cambridge.org"/>

=== Delhi Sultanate (c. late 13th–early 14th century CE) ===
After the decline of the [[Yadava dynasty]], northern Maharashtra, including Khandesh, came under the control of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The conquest was led by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316 CE), who sought to extend Sultanate authority into the Deccan to secure tribute and strategic routes.<ref name="cambridge.org"/>

==== Sources and Evidence ====
*'''Historical chronicles:''' The ''Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi'' and the works of Amir Khusrau document the Khalji campaigns in the Deccan, including the subjugation of the Yadava territories. While Khandesh is not mentioned by name in these chronicles, its location along the north–south trade corridor made it a natural frontier for the Sultanate.<ref>https://archive.org/details/tarikhifirozshahi</ref>
*'''Administrative integration:''' Khandesh was incorporated as part of the northern Deccan provinces under governors appointed by the Sultanate. Revenue collection and military oversight were conducted through local chieftains who pledged allegiance to Delhi.

==== Political and Strategic Role ====
Khandesh’s importance to the Sultanate lay in:
* control of fertile agricultural lands along the Tapi and Girna rivers,
* securing routes for trade and military campaigns between Gujarat, Malwa, and the Deccan, and
* preparation for further expeditions into the southern Deccan, including campaigns against the Hoysalas and other regional powers.

==== Transition to Faruqi Rule ====
By the early 14th century CE, Sultanate authority in Khandesh weakened due to distant administration and rising local chieftains. In this vacuum, Malik Ahmad Faruqi, a nobleman of Delhi origin, established autonomous control in the region, founding the [[Farooqui dynasty|Faruqi Sultanate]] in the early 14th century. This marked the beginning of independent Muslim rule in Khandesh, lasting until the Mughal annexation in the 17th century.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

=== Faruqi Sultanate (Khandesh Sultanate) (c. 1382–1601 CE) ===
The [[Faruqi dynasty]] established the [[Khandesh Sultanate]] in 1382 CE, marking the first fully independent Muslim kingdom in the region of '''Khandesh'''. The dynasty was founded by Malik Ahmad, also known as Malik Ahmad Faruqi, who had earlier served as a noble in the Delhi Sultanate. Capital cities under the dynasty included [[Thalner]] initially, later shifted to [[Burhanpur]] under Nasir Khan, consolidating administrative and commercial control.<ref name="cambridge.org"/><ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web | title=Khandesh | historical region, India | Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Khandesh }}</ref>

==== Historical Background ====
Following the decline of central authority from the Delhi Sultanate in the Deccan, Malik Ahmad Faruqi established autonomy over northern Maharashtra. He expanded his control along the fertile Tapi valley and adjoining hilly tracts, establishing Khandesh as a politically cohesive region. The sultanate’s location on trade routes connecting Gujarat, Malwa, Berar, and the Deccan made it strategically significant for both commerce and military campaigns.

==== Political and Military Structure ====
The Faruqi rulers maintained a standard Islamic sultanate administration:
* '''Sultan and court:''' The ruler held supreme political and military authority. Nasir Khan, one of the most prominent sultans, strengthened centralized control and expanded the frontier.<ref name="jstor.org"/>
* '''Revenue administration:''' Agrarian revenue was collected through local amils (tax officers), while trade duties were levied at strategic points along the Tapi and Girna rivers.
* '''Military organisation:''' The Faruqis maintained cavalry, infantry, and fort garrisons, particularly at Thalner, Asirgarh, and Burhanpur. Fortresses served both as defensive structures and administrative centers.
* '''Relations with neighbours:''' The sultanate negotiated, allied, and occasionally clashed with the [[Mughals]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate]], [[Berar Sultanate]], and the [[Malwa Sultanate]]. Tribute, marriage alliances, and military expeditions were common instruments of diplomacy.

==== Economy and Trade ====
Khandesh under the Faruqis flourished as a commercial and agrarian region:
* '''Agriculture:''' The fertile plains along the Tapi and Girna rivers were intensively cultivated. Cash crops, food grains, and cotton contributed to local prosperity.
* '''Trade routes:''' The sultanate controlled north–south and east–west trade corridors linking Gujarat, Malwa, Berar, and the Deccan. Burhanpur emerged as a major commercial hub due to its strategic location and riverine access.<ref name="cambridge.org"/>
* '''Markets and taxation:''' Trade in textiles, spices, and metals flourished. The state levied tariffs on caravans passing through Khandesh, generating significant revenue.

==== Culture, Religion, and Society ====
The Faruqis patronized Islamic institutions and also maintained relations with local Hindu elites:
* '''Architecture:''' Mosques, madrasas, and forts were built in Thalner and Burhanpur. The Asirgarh fort became a major defensive and administrative center.
* '''Religion:''' Sunni Islam was the state religion, but local Hindu communities continued to play key roles in administration, agriculture, and commerce.
* '''Language and administration:''' Persian functioned as the court language, while local languages such as Marathi and Ahirani were widely used in daily administration and communication.

==== Decline and Mughal Annexation ====
By the late 16th century, the Faruqi sultans faced increasing pressure from the expanding [[Mughal Empire]]. Burhanpur’s wealth and strategic location made it a prime target. In 1601 CE, after prolonged negotiations and military pressure, the last Faruqi ruler, Bahadur Shah Faruqi, ceded Khandesh to the Mughals, marking the end of the independent sultanate. Khandesh was incorporated as a Mughal province (Subah) under the imperial administration.<ref name="britannica.com"/><ref name="ReferenceC">https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/mughal-deccan/</ref>

=== Mughal rule in Khandesh (1601–late 17th century CE) ===
Following the annexation of the Faruqi Sultanate in 1601 CE, the Mughal Empire incorporated Khandesh as a provincial Subah. The strategic and fertile region, particularly the Tapi and Girna river basins, became an important northern frontier of the Deccan under imperial administration.<ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="britannica.com"/>

==== Administrative Structure ====
* '''Subah and governance:''' Khandesh was designated as a Subah (province) governed by a Mughal Subahdar (provincial governor) appointed directly by the emperor. The administration was structured along standard Mughal lines, with officials responsible for revenue collection, justice, and military oversight.<ref>https://archive.org/details/mughalsystemofgovernance</ref>
* '''Revenue administration:''' The province contributed revenue from agriculture, trade, and tariffs on riverine and overland trade routes. The fertile plains along the Tapi were particularly productive, supplying food grains and cotton.
* '''Military organisation:''' Mughal garrisons were established at key forts, including Burhanpur and Asirgarh, to defend against Maratha incursions and maintain control over trade and communication routes.

==== Economic and Strategic Importance ====
* '''Trade routes:''' Khandesh controlled the north–south corridor between Gujarat, Malwa, and the Deccan plateau. Burhanpur emerged as a major commercial and textile centre under the Mughals, with trade in cotton, indigo, and spices thriving.<ref name="cambridge.org"/>
* '''Agriculture:''' The region’s agrarian economy was strengthened through land grants and efficient revenue collection. Irrigation and riverine systems supported intensive cultivation.
* '''Fortifications:''' Key forts such as Asirgarh, known as the "Key to the Deccan," served both defensive and administrative roles, highlighting Khandesh’s strategic value to the Mughal Empire.

==== Cultural and Social Impact ====
The Mughals introduced Persianate administrative, legal, and cultural norms:
* '''Language and administration:''' Persian became the official language of administration, while local languages like Marathi and Ahirani continued for local communication.
* '''Religion and society:''' Sunni Islam remained the state-supported religion, but local Hindu communities continued to play significant roles in agriculture, trade, and administration.
* '''Urban development:''' Burhanpur’s growth as a fortified urban centre and commercial hub was heavily influenced by Mughal planning and settlement policies.

==== Decline of Mughal Control ====
By the late 17th century, Mughal authority in Khandesh weakened due to internal instability and the rising power of the [[Marathas]]. Repeated incursions and the inability of the Mughal governors to maintain strict control over the northern frontier set the stage for Maratha conquest in the early 18th century.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

=== Maratha rule in Khandesh (early 18th century–1818 CE) ===
With the decline of Mughal authority in the late 17th century, Khandesh became a key theatre for the expansion of the [[Maratha Empire]]. The region, strategically located along the Tapi valley and northern trade routes, was incorporated into the growing domain of the Marathas, marking the re-establishment of indigenous rule in northern Maharashtra after several centuries of Sultanate and Mughal administration.<ref name="ReferenceD">https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/deccan-under-the-marathas/</ref><ref name="jstor.org"/>

==== Conquest and Integration ====
* '''Initial Maratha campaigns:''' The weakening of Mughal governors, combined with local unrest, allowed the [[Holkars]] and [[House of Scindia|Scindias (Shinde)]] to extend their control into Khandesh by the early 18th century. Burhanpur, Asirgarh, and Thalner were captured as key strategic forts.<ref name="ReferenceE">https://archive.org/details/marathahistory</ref>
* '''Local sardars:''' Maratha administration relied on local chiefs and sardars to govern villages and districts. Prominent families, such as the Patils, Deshmukhs, and select Maratha clans, managed revenue collection and maintained military contingents.
* '''Fortifications:''' Key forts—including Asirgarh, Thalner, and Burhanpur—were fortified and served as administrative, military, and trade hubs. Asirgarh was particularly prized as it controlled the gateway to the Deccan plateau.

==== Political and Administrative System ====
The Marathas integrated Khandesh into the larger imperial framework while maintaining local governance:
* '''Revenue administration:''' The land revenue system was based on the pre-existing Mughal model but adapted to Maratha practices. Chauth (25% levy) and sardeshmukhi (additional 10% levy) were imposed on territories under indirect control. Directly administered areas contributed revenue through village-level officials (Patils and Deshmukhs).
* '''Military organisation:''' Local militias and cavalry contingents were maintained under sardars, with regional headquarters at Burhanpur and Asirgarh.
* '''Judicial administration:''' Traditional panchayats continued to function for local disputes, while serious criminal and political cases were adjudicated by Maratha-appointed officers or at regional forts.

==== Economy and Trade ====
Khandesh under the Marathas prospered due to:
* '''Agriculture:''' Fertile lands along the Tapi and Girna rivers produced grains, cotton, and cash crops.
* '''Trade:''' The region became an important conduit for trade between Gujarat, Malwa, and the Deccan. Burhanpur emerged as a major trading hub for textiles, spices, and indigo.<ref name="ReferenceD"/>
* '''Fiscal contributions:''' Khandesh contributed both manpower and revenue to Maratha campaigns across the Deccan and into northern India.

==== Cultural and Social Influence ====
* '''Religion:''' Hinduism experienced patronage alongside continued presence of Muslim communities from the earlier Faruqi and Mughal periods. Temples were renovated, and festivals were encouraged.
* '''Maratha culture:''' The integration of Khandesh into the Maratha polity fostered Marathi language, literature, and military traditions in the region.
* '''Settlement patterns:''' Strategic towns developed around forts and trade routes, while rural areas were organised under Deshmukhs and Patils, reflecting the decentralised but disciplined Maratha governance model.

==== Conflicts and Challenges ====
Khandesh remained a contested frontier:
* Repeated skirmishes with remaining Mughal garrisons in Burhanpur and Asirgarh occurred during early Maratha consolidation.
* The region faced incursions from neighboring sultanates (Berar, Ahmadnagar remnants) and later Peshwa-aligned campaigns.
* Internal rebellions by local chiefs were subdued through a combination of diplomacy and military force.

==== Legacy and Succession ====
Maratha rule in Khandesh lasted until the '''Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818 CE)''', after which the British East India Company annexed the region. The Maratha period in Khandesh is remembered for:
* the re-establishment of indigenous governance and military power after centuries of foreign domination,
* the integration of Khandesh into the larger Maratha Empire, and
* development of trade, agriculture, and fortifications that influenced the region’s subsequent history under British administration.<ref name="ReferenceE"/><ref name="ReferenceD"/>

=== British administration in Khandesh (1818–1947 CE) ===
Following the defeat of the Maratha Empire in the '''Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818 CE)''', the British East India Company annexed Khandesh and incorporated it into the Bombay Presidency. The region was reorganized under British administrative, revenue, and judicial systems, marking the beginning of modern colonial governance.<ref name="ReferenceF">{{cite web | title=British India History | url=https://archive.org/details/british-india-history }}</ref><ref name="britannica.com"/>

==== Administrative Structure ====
* '''District formation:''' Khandesh was initially administered as a single district with its headquarters at [[Dhule]] and later split into East Khandesh (Dhule) and West Khandesh (Jalgaon) to improve governance and revenue collection.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Census of India | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510061218/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ | access-date=2025-11-22 | archive-date=10 May 2006 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Revenue administration:''' The British implemented the Ryotwari system in many parts, while retaining some elements of the traditional village-level revenue collection. Zamindars and Patils were often co-opted as intermediaries.
* '''Judicial administration:''' District courts, subordinate courts, and police stations were established. The legal system was codified along British lines, replacing traditional panchayat adjudication for most criminal and civil matters.

==== Economy and Infrastructure ====
* '''Agriculture:''' The British encouraged cash crops such as cotton, millet, and sugarcane, leveraging Khandesh’s fertile plains along the Tapi and Girna rivers. Irrigation projects and canals were expanded.
* '''Trade and transport:''' British rule introduced road networks, railways, and river transport improvements. Burhanpur and Jalgaon became key commercial centers, facilitating trade in cotton, grains, and textiles.
* '''Revenue collection:''' Land surveys and codification of tax rates standardized revenue collection, increasing efficiency and predictability for the colonial administration.

==== Society and Culture ====
* '''Demographics:''' Khandesh retained a mix of Hindu, Muslim, and tribal populations. The British maintained separate records for different communities, which influenced later administrative policies.
* '''Education and missionary activity:''' Missionaries introduced schools in urban areas, and the British promoted primary education in Marathi and English.
* '''Public works:''' Bridges, administrative buildings, and irrigation structures were constructed to support governance and economic growth.

==== Political Developments ====
* '''Rebellions and resistance:''' While largely peaceful compared to northern India, Khandesh saw occasional uprisings by local peasants and tribal communities against taxation and administrative changes.
* '''Integration into Bombay Presidency:''' Khandesh was fully integrated into the colonial administrative hierarchy, linking it to larger provincial governance and trade networks.

==== Legacy ====
British rule transformed Khandesh by:
* introducing modern administrative, revenue, and judicial systems,
* improving infrastructure and connectivity,
* integrating the region into colonial economic networks, and
* laying the foundations for post-independence districts of Dhule, Jalgaon, and Nandurbar.<ref name="ReferenceF"/><ref name="britannica.com"/>

=== Independent India ===
After India's independence in 1947, Bombay province became [[Bombay State]], and in 1960 was divided into the linguistic states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]. East Khandesh became [[Jalgaon district]], and West Khandesh became [[Dhule district]], both in Maharashtra state.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Commercial Activities and Rural Development in South Asia: A Geographical Study|last=Jamkar|first=A.G.|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1988|isbn=81-7022-194-3|editor-last=Shrivastava|editor-first=V.K.|location=New Delhi|pages=134|chapter=Origin and Evolution of Periodic Market Places in Dhule District (Maharashtra)}}</ref> The latter was further divided into [[Dhule district|Dhule]] and [[Nandurbar district]]s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=An Inventory on Agrobiodiversity and Homestead Gardens in Tribal Tehsils of Khandesh Maharashtra|last=Patil|first=M.V.|work=INFLIBNET |publisher=North Maharashtra University|year=2015|pages=Chapter 6–1|hdl = 10603/136532}}</ref>
This region has a population of 8,686,921 people (including Burhanpur district of MP) as of 2011 Census.

== Geography ==
Khandesh lies in [[Western India]] on the northwestern corner of the [[Maharashtra]], in the valley of the [[Tapti River]]. It is bounded to the north by the [[Satpura Range]], to the east by the [[Berar Division|Berar]] ([[Amravati division|Varhad]]) region, to the south by the Hills of Ajanta (belonging to the Marathwada region of Maharashtra), and to the west by the northernmost ranges of the [[Western Ghats]].

The principal natural feature is the [[Tapti River]].<ref name=":2" /> Unlike the rest of the Deccan, whose rivers rise in the Western Ghats and flow eastward to the [[Bay of Bengal]], the Tapti flows westward from headwaters in southern Madhya Pradesh to empty into the [[Arabian Sea]]. The Tapti receives thirteen principal tributaries in its course through Khandesh. None of these rivers is navigable, and the Tapti flows in a deep bed which historically made it difficult to use for irrigation. Most of Khandesh lies south of the Tapti and is drained by its tributaries: the [[Gomai River|Gomai]], [[Girna River|Girna]], [[Bori River (Tributary of Tapi river)|Bori]], and [[Panzara|Panjhra]]. The alluvial plain north of the Tapti contains some of the richest tracts in Khandesh, and the land rises towards the Satpuda hills. In the centre and east, the country is level, save for some low ranges of barren hills. To the north and west, the plain rises into rugged hills, thickly wooded, and inhabited by members of the [[Bhil]] tribe.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Khandesh, East and West|volume=15|page=771}}</ref>

==Flora and Fauna==
The Greater Khandesh region's biodiversity is shaped by its diverse topography, which includes the alluvial plains of the Tapi River valley, the rugged slopes of the Satpura Range to the north, and the northern spurs of the Western Ghats (Sahyadri range) to the west. The primary biome is a tropical dry deciduous forest, which transitions to thorn scrub in arid areas and more dense, mixed forests in higher elevations.

=== Flora ===
The floristic composition of the Greater Khandesh region is marked by species adapted to the distinct monsoonal climate with a pronounced dry season. The dominant species is Teak (Tectona\ grandis), which forms extensive, economically valuable stands. Other principal tree species include Salai (Boswellia\ serrata), valued for its resin, Siris (Albizia\ lebbeck), and Babul (Acacia\ nilotica), a species known for its role in soil nitrogen fixation.<ref name="Khedkar">Khedkar, S., & Shinde, V. (2015). "Forest Vegetation and Climatic Variations in Tapi River Basin". Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(2), 701-705.</ref> In the moist valleys and higher elevations, species like Sal (Shorea\ robusta) and various bamboo species become more prevalent.<ref name="Khare and Patil">Khare, S. M., & Patil, D. A. (2021). "Plants of Temples and Religious Places in Khandesh Region (Maharashtra): An Ethnobotanical Perspective". Plantae Scientia, 4(5), 257–265.</ref> The undergrowth is rich with grasses, shrubs, and climbers, including species like Heteropogon\ contortus, Dichanthium\ annulatum, and the medicinal Shatavari (Asparagus\ racemosus).<ref name="Khare and Patil" />

Ethnobotanical studies conducted in the region highlight its importance as a repository of traditional medicinal knowledge. Local communities utilize a wide range of plants for therapeutic purposes. For instance, Indian mallow (Abutilon\ indicum) and Neem (Azadirachta\ indica) are commonly used for their antiseptic properties, while the fruit of Bel (Aegle\ marmelos) is used for digestive ailments.<ref name="Khare and Patil" /> Research in the Jalgaon district has documented a variety of plants used for fevers, body aches, and skin conditions.<ref name="Dhole and Bhole">Dhole, P. A., & Bhole, D. P. (2018). "Medicinal Plants used by Local people of Jalgaon District (Maharashtra)". International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 6(5), 33-38.</ref>

The agricultural landscape is a defining feature of the region's flora. The black cotton soils of the plains are ideal for cultivating crops such as cotton and jowar (sorghum). The fertile alluvial soils of the river valleys support water-intensive and horticultural crops. Jalgaon and Burhanpur are major centers for banana cultivation, with the district officially recognizing it as its primary produce in state.<ref name="Burhanpur">{{cite web |title=ODOP - Burhanpur District |url=https://burhanpur.nic.in/en/odop/ |publisher=District Burhanpur |accessdate=2024-05-18}}</ref> Other significant crops in the region include sugarcane, bajra (pearl millet), and a variety of vegetables and pulses.<ref name="Dhule profile">{{cite web |title=District Profile - Dhule |url=https://dhule.gov.in/en/district-profile/ |publisher=District Dhule |accessdate=2024-05-18}}</ref>

=== Fauna ===
The faunal diversity of the Greater Khandesh region is a product of its connected ecological corridors, which allow for the movement of species between the larger Satpura and Western Ghats ecosystems.

'''Mammals:''' The region's mammalian fauna includes both large carnivores and a variety of herbivores. The Yawal Wildlife Sanctuary in Jalgaon is a crucial habitat for species such as the Indian leopard (Panthera\ pardus) and the sloth bear (Melursus\ ursinus), both of which are listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN.<ref name="Yawal notif">{{cite news |title=Draft Notification of Eco-sensitive Zone around Yawal Wildlife Sanctuary |publisher=The Gazette of India |date=2017-09-07}}</ref> Other key mammals include the sambar deer (Rusa\ unicolor), chinkara (Gazella\ bennettii), nilgai (Boselaphus\ tragocamelus), and wild boar (Sus\ scrofa).<ref name="Yawal">{{cite web |title=Yawal Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://jalgaon.gov.in/en/yawal-wildlife-sanctuary/ |publisher=Jalgaon District Official Website |accessdate=2024-05-18}}</ref> Smaller carnivores like the Indian jackal (Canis\ aureus), striped hyena (Hyaena\ hyaena), and jungle cat (Felis\ chaus) are also found throughout the region.<ref name="Gazetteers">{{cite web |title=Animals and Birds - Dhulia District |url=https://www.gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/DHULIA/gen_animals_birds.html |publisher=Government of Maharashtra |accessdate=2024-05-18}}</ref>

'''Avifauna:''' The region, particularly the Tapi River basin, is an important hub for both resident and migratory birds. The forests and wetlands of Khandesh support a rich diversity of bird life. The critically endangered Forest Owlet (Athene\ blewitti), believed extinct for a long time, was rediscovered in the teak forests of the Satpura range near Burhanpur in 1997.<ref name="Owlet">{{cite journal |last1=Ishtiaq |first1=F. |last2=Rahmani |first2=A. R. |title=The Forest Owlet Athene blewitti: a re-evaluation of its status and conservation requirements |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |date=2000 |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=1–13}}</ref> Other notable birds include a variety of raptors, herons, egrets, and kingfishers. The Nandur Madhyameshwar Bird Sanctuary in the northern part of Nashik district serves as a significant breeding ground for numerous species and a resting site for migratory birds.<ref name="Nandur">{{cite web |title=Nandur Madhyameshwar Bird Sanctuary |url=https://nashik.gov.in/en/tourism/nandur-madhmeshwar/ |publisher=Nashik District Official Website |accessdate=2024-05-18}}</ref>

'''Reptiles, Amphibians, and Invertebrates:''' The varied habitats support a wide range of herpetofauna. Common snakes include the Common Indian Cobra (Naja\ naja), Russell's viper (Daboia\ russelii), and the non-venomous Indian rock python (Python\ molurus).<ref name="Reptile">{{cite journal |last1=Joshi |first1=P. |last2=Tantarpale |first2=V. T. |title=Reptilian Fauna of Khandala Tahsil, Maharashtra |journal=International Journal of Science and Research |date=2014 |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=1152–1156}}</ref> The presence of water bodies supports various amphibians and freshwater turtles. The invertebrate fauna is diverse, with numerous species of butterflies, moths, and beetles playing vital roles as pollinators and decomposers.

== Agriculture ==

The agricultural sector in the Khandesh region is characterised by diverse cropping systems and agro-ecological variation. The historical-geographic region of Khandesh principally includes the districts of '''Jalgaon, Dhule, and Nandurbar''' in northern Maharashtra, with adjoining areas of '''Burhanpur (Madhya Pradesh)''' and the northern tehsils of '''Nashik district'''. Agriculture in Khandesh exhibits a dual structure of commercial cash-crop production and subsistence cultivation, influenced by soil type, river basins (notably the Tapi), and monsoon-driven rainfall patterns.<ref>Khairnar et al., "Status and Development of Exotic Crops in Khandesh Region" (2021), PlantaeScientia; see also district reports.</ref>

=== Soils and climate ===
Khandesh is dominated by heavy black soils ('''Vertisols'''), locally referred to as "black cotton soils", which are clay-rich, shrink–swell in response to moisture, and retain considerable water during the monsoon season. These soils favour cotton, sorghum and other dryland cereals but require attention to drainage, salinity and nutrient balance.<ref>Ingle et al., "Evaluation of Agricultural Soil Quality in Khandesh Region" and related studies. https://www.neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-66-13-%2811%29B-3506.pdf</ref>

Along the valleys of the '''Tapi''' and its tributaries, soils transition into more fertile alluvium (Inceptisols/Entisols), which support water-intensive and horticultural crops such as banana and sugarcane.<ref>India WRIS – Tapi Basin; Tapi basin project descriptions. https://indiawris.gov.in/downloads/Tapi%20Basin.pdf</ref>

The region experiences a '''semi-arid to sub-humid climate''', with hot summers and a southwest monsoon that provides the majority of annual precipitation. Spatial and temporal variability of monsoon rains makes irrigation infrastructure and water-management strategies critical for stable production.<ref>District-level agricultural planning documents and climate-sensitive crop advisories (see PLP / NABARD district reports).</ref>

=== Cropping pattern and district specialisations ===
Khandesh supports a mix of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fibre crops and horticulture. Major patterns and district-level emphases include:

* '''Jalgaon''': A leading banana-producing district in India, Jalgaon is widely referred to as the "Banana bowl" of the state. Banana cultivation (commercial varieties, including GI-recognised local types) is extensive and supported by horticultural interventions and micro-irrigation; other significant crops include cotton and sugarcane. Large-scale banana clusters and cold-chain/processing initiatives have been promoted to stabilise farmer incomes and market linkages.<ref>Times of India, "Cluster development for banana farmers in Jalgaon"; local agricultural studies and journal reports. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/cluster-development-for-banana-farmers-in-jalgaon/articleshow/123725902.cms</ref><ref>Journal study on cash crops in Jalgaon (2025). https://jrdrvb.org/wp-content/uploads/170138.pdf</ref>
* '''Dhule''': Predominantly rain-fed agriculture with emphasis on drought-tolerant cereals such as '''jowar (sorghum)''' and '''bajra (pearl millet)'''. Cotton, maize, pulses and groundnut are also widely cultivated. The district's cropping calendar reflects Kharif-dominated area under cultivation with sizeable agricultural labour participation and recurring emphasis on water-conserving practices in planning documents.<ref>Dhule district industrial profile & PLP (NABARD PLP 2020-21). https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS%20Dhule%20New.pdf https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/2910192353Dhule%20PLP%202020-21_Last.pdf</ref>
* '''Nandurbar''': A mixed system where tribal subsistence cropping (paddy, millets, pulses) coexists with commercial horticulture. In recent years, demonstration projects and ICAR-led interventions have promoted '''onion''' and '''garlic''' cultivation (notably in Navapur taluka), increasing household incomes through improved varieties and post-harvest technologies.<ref>ICAR news—transformative interventions in Navapur, Nandurbar (onion/garlic adoption). https://icar.org.in/en/node/4567</ref>
* '''Burhanpur (Madhya Pradesh)''' (historic Khandesh periphery): Burhanpur is an important banana-growing district within Madhya Pradesh and also produces cotton and soybean; district administration data indicate extensive area under banana and ongoing expansion of post-harvest infrastructure.<ref>District Burhanpur produce page (Govt. of MP). https://burhanpur.nic.in/en/produce/</ref>
* '''Northern Nashik tehsils (Malegaon, Nandgaon, Kalwan, Satana, Deola)''': The zone is transitional between the north Maharashtra dryland areas and the Nashik horticultural belts; it grows dryland cereals (jowar, bajra), pulses and oilseeds, together with commercial crops such as cotton and onion. These tehsils supply major regional markets (for example Malegaon) and are sensitive to shifting monsoon patterns.<ref>Nashik PLP and district agriculture reports (NABARD / SDB). https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/1012212155Nashik.pdf https://mahasdb.maharashtra.gov.in/SDB_Reports/Nashik/</ref>

=== Irrigation, infrastructure and water management ===
Irrigation in Khandesh is supplied through a combination of major and medium reservoirs, canal systems, and on-farm micro-irrigation. The '''Tapi River system''' and its projects—such as the '''Ukai (Upper Tapi)''', '''Girna''' and associated medium-projects—constitute the principal irrigation framework for the basin's command areas.<ref>India WRIS – Tapi Basin and project listings. https://indiawris.gov.in/downloads/Tapi%20Basin.pdf https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=tapi</ref>

Despite these projects, a substantial portion of cultivated area remains monsoon-dependent; consequently, government and non-government interventions emphasise watershed development, groundwater recharge, and drip/sprinkler adoption to improve water-use efficiency.<ref>NABARD and district planning documents; academic recommendations on micro-irrigation adoption in Jalgaon and surrounding districts.</ref>

=== Technology adoption, value chains and markets ===
Farmers in the region practice both traditional and modern methods. In Jalgaon, micro-irrigation and cluster-based horticulture programmes (including cold-storage and post-harvest handling) are increasingly common. In the cotton belt, both conventional and Bt cotton varieties are grown; cotton markets and ginning units form an important part of the commodity value chain. District agricultural extension services, National Horticulture Board schemes and NABARD-supported initiatives have been active in promoting improved seeds, integrated pest management and market linkages.<ref>Times of India; research on Bt cotton in Jalgaon; NABARD PLP documents.</ref>

=== Production statistics and seasonal patterns ===
Kharif crops (cotton, sorghum, millet, maize) dominate area during the monsoon season, while rabi cultivation includes wheat, gram and oilseeds where irrigation or residual moisture permits. Horticulture (banana, onion, garlic, mango) contributes a growing share of farmer incomes and marketable surplus, especially in irrigated pockets and talukas with access to market infrastructure.<ref>District agricultural statistics and journal reports; projected cotton sowing reports (north Maharashtra). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/projected-cotton-sowing-on-9l-ha-in-districts-of-north-maharashtra/articleshow/121658834.cms</ref>

=== Vulnerabilities and disasters ===
Khandesh is vulnerable to monsoon variability, unseasonal precipitation, hail and localised floods. High-value perennial crops such as banana are particularly sensitive to storms and heavy rains; recent local news coverage documented substantial banana crop damage across Jalgaon and other Nashik-division districts during unseasonal rains in 2025.<ref>Times of India, coverage of crop damage—May–July 2025. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/rain-damages-crops-on-21500-hectares-in-five-nashik-region-districts-in-may/articleshow/121448750.cms https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/rain-damages-banana-plantations-on-1000-ha/articleshow/122166658.cms</ref>

Soil salinity, nutrient imbalance and episodic groundwater decline have been flagged in local agronomic studies, which recommend targeted soil remediation, balanced fertilisation and sustainable water management.<ref>Evaluation of Agricultural Soil Quality in Khandesh Region. https://www.neptjournal.com/upload-images/NL-66-13-%2811%29B-3506.pdf</ref>

=== Government schemes and institutional support ===
Central and state agricultural programs—such as cluster development programmes under the National Horticulture Board, micro-irrigation subsidies, watershed development, and district-level Project for Livelihood and agriculture (PLP) plans supported by NABARD—have been used to improve productivity and reduce risk. Extension and research institutions (ICAR, state agricultural universities and district extension centres) run demonstration projects for high-value crops and tribal livelihoods in Nandurbar and neighbouring districts.<ref>Times of India (NHB cluster), NABARD PLP documents, ICAR reports. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/cluster-development-for-banana-farmers-in-jalgaon/articleshow/123725902.cms https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/tender/2910192353Dhule%20PLP%202020-21_Last.pdf https://icar.org.in/en/node/4567</ref>

=== Research, agrobiodiversity and conservation concerns ===
Scholarly work on the Khandesh region highlights the presence of underutilised millets, pulses and other minor crops that are important for tribal nutrition and agrobiodiversity. Conservation of these crops alongside promotion of market-oriented horticulture is commonly recommended to ensure resilient rural livelihoods and genetic resource conservation.<ref>Khairnar et al., "Status and Development of Exotic Crops in Khandesh Region" (PlantaeScientia, 2021). https://www.plantaescientia.com/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/82/64/416</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Khandesh Agency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_231.gif Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 225-240] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903053755/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_231.gif |date=3 September 2024 }}

{{coord|21|N|75|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:dewiki|display=title}}
{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Historical regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of Maharashtra]]

Allahu Akbar (1977 film)

2026-03-03T21:09:37Z

KristiBruno654: created a pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Allahu Akbar
| image = Allahu Akbar (1977).JPG
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Moidu Padiyath]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Moidu Padiyath]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Jayabharathi]] [[Jesey]] [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] 
[[K. P. Ummer]]
| music = [[M. S. Baburaj]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Hashim Production
| distributor = Hashim Production
| released = {{Film date|1977|2|4|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Allahu Akbar''''' ({{Translation|God is the greatest}}) is a 1977 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[Moidu Padiyath]]. The film stars [[Jayabharathi]], [[Jeassy]] and [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[M. S. Baburaj]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=763|title=Allahu Akbar|accessdate=5 October 2014|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2569|title=Allahu Akbar|accessdate=5 October 2014|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/allahu-akbar-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080157/http://spicyonion.com/title/allahu-akbar-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 October 2014|title=Allahu Akbar|accessdate=5 October 2014|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Jayabharathi]]
*Ambika old
*[[Jeassy]]
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
*[[K. P. Ummer]]
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]]
*[[Bahadoor]]
*[[Jose Prakash]]
*[[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]]
*[[Kunhava]]

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. S. Baburaj]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aadithya Chandranmaare" || [[C. O. Anto]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Ambilikkaarayilunniyappam" || [[S. Janaki]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "Arabikkadhayile Raajakumari" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], B. Vasantha || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 4 || "Pathinezhaam Vayassinte" || [[L. R. Eeswari]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0281567|Allahu Akbar}}

[[Category:1977 films]]
[[Category:1977 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1977 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian interfaith romance films]]
[[Category:Films about Islam]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}
{{Islam-film-stub}}

Shallabugh Wetland

2026-02-24T04:46:25Z

KristiBruno654: Done

{{Short description|Wetland conservation area in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Shallabugh Wetland
| image = Bird Watch Tower.png
| image_caption = Bird Watch Tower at Shallabugh Wetland
| image_size =
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_caption = Location of [[Shallabugh]] in Jammu and Kashmir
| map_width = 280
| label = '''Shallabugh'''
| label_position = right
| location = [[Shallabugh]], [[Ganderbal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], {{flag|India}}
| nearest_city = [[Srinagar]] [[city]]
| coordinates = {{coords|34|09|42|N|74|43|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|1675|ha|acre}}
| governing_body = Jammu & Kashmir Department of Wildlife Protection
| url =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_date = 8 June 2022
| designation1_number = 2488<ref name=ramsar>{{Cite web|title=Shallabugh Wetland|publisher=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2488|access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>}}
}}
The '''Shallabugh Wetland''' is located in [[Shallabugh]] [[Sherpathri]] area of district [[Ganderbal]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Javeed |first1=Auqib |title=Experts Welcome Addition Of 2 More Kashmir Wetlands To Ramsar Sites |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2022/08/19/experts-welcome-addition-of-2-more-kashmir-wetlands-to-ramsar-sites/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=Kashmir Observer|date=19 August 2022 }}</ref> The Shallabugh Wetland, which spreads over {{convert|1675|ha|km2}}, is a designated [[bird sanctuary]].<ref>{{cite web |title=J&K's largest wildlife protected wetland to get eco-tourism boost |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jks-largest-wildlife-protected-wetland-to-get-eco-tourism-boost-101685994399356.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=20 December 2023 |language=en |date=6 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rafiyah |first1=Syeda |title=Shallabugh wetland turns into parched pasture |url=https://risingkashmir.com/shallabugh-wetland-turns-into-parched-pasture-a6b088db-920f-4404-8851-68c4df6ff8e5 |website=risingkashmir.com |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>

==Geography==
Shallabugh [[Wetland]] Conservation Reserve is located to [[Anchar Lake]], which is located at the west end of the [[Sind River]] delta and plays an essential role in the local [[aquatic ecosystems]] by relying on diverse water sources., it forms a significant habitat for diverse bird species.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kashmirlife.net/shallabugh-wetland-grows-as-eco-tourism-spot-urges-collective-conservation-338544/ |title=Shallabugh Wetland Grows as Eco-Tourism Spot, Urges Collective Conservation |website=Kashmir Life |date=18 January 2024 |access-date=2024-01-20}}</ref> Together with the nearby Ramsar Site Hosker Wetland, these areas create an important ecological landscape.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shallbugh Wetland Conservation Reserve {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2488 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>

The [[wetland]] serves as a crucial resource for the local community. It support fisheries, provides clean water, manages flooding, and is a carbon sink. However, it faces a pressing threat in the form of excessive siltation, endangering its unique ecological characteristics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raina |first1=Irfan |title=2-day bird festival commences at Shallabugh wetland in Ganderbal |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/2-day-bird-festival-commences-at-shallabugh-wetland-in-ganderbal/ |website=Greater Kashmir |access-date=20 December 2023 |date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

==Access==
There are two main routes to access Shallabugh Wetland:

*Pedestrian Route via [[Paribal Shallabugh]]:
Located about 8 km from [[Ganderbal]] town, this route includes a 1 km pedestrian walkway leading directly to the wetland. It is ideal for walkers, birdwatchers, and local visitors.

*Vehicle Route via Takenwari (from Srinagar):
This route comes straight from [[Srinagar]] and is approximately 15 km long. It is motorable and commonly used by eco-tourists and officials visiting the wetland.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ganderbal district]]
[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]

United Sikhs

2026-02-11T01:56:29Z

KristiBruno654: general enhance section as per guidelines and updated info

{{One source|date=November 2019}}
[[File:UNITED SIKHS Official Logo.png|alt=UNITED SIKHS Official Logo|thumb|UNITED SIKHS]]
'''UNITED SIKHS''' is a civil and human rights, humanitarian aid [[non profit organization]] and disaster relief [[non-governmental organization]] which is also a [[United Nations]] affiliated group. The concept of UNITED SIKHS was conceived in 1999 by three Sikh Americans.<ref>{{cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of Religion and Politics |last=Haynes |first=Jeffrey |page=318 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781134121779 }}</ref> It is international in scope and aims to help people regardless of color, race, gender, nationality or creed.

UNITED SIKHS led a campaign to have U.S. Census Bureau recognize Sikhs as a separate ethnicity, which was successful on January 6, 2020. As a result, Sikhs are regarded as different from Asian Indian category.<ref>[https://browngirlmagazine.com/united-sikhs-request-for-ethnic-designation-sparks-confusion-and-debate/ United Sikhs Request for Ethnic Designation Sparks Confusion and Debate, November 6, 2018, Ravleen Kaur]</ref><ref>[https://www.sikhnet.com/news/us-census-20-include-sikhs-separate-ethnic-group US Census '20 to include SIKHS as separate Ethnic Group, SikhNet, January 6, 2020],</ref><ref> [https://unitedsikhs.org/historic-victory-sikhs-to-be-counted-as-separate-ethnic-group-in-u-s-census-2020/ HISTORIC VICTORY: SIKHS TO BE COUNTED AS SEPARATE ETHNIC GROUP IN U.S. CENSUS 2020, 1/21/2020]</ref><ref>[https://pluralism.org/news/sikhs-be-counted-separate-ethnic-group-us-census-first-time Sikhs to be counted as separate ethnic group in US census for first time, The Pluralism Project, Harvard University, January 15, 2020]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://unitedsikhs.org}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Political advocacy groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Legal advocacy organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Sikhism in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Sikh organisations]]

{{Sikhism-stub}}

Raju Kafley

2026-02-10T02:51:36Z

KristiBruno654: Added new pg

{{Short description|Indian Filmmaker}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|Biographies|date=September 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Raju Kafley
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = राजू काफ्ले
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|01|05}}
| birth_place = [[Tareythang]], [[Sikkim]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| other_names =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Director, Screenplay writer, television host
| years_active = 1998 Onwards
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for = ''Nirankush''
| notable_works =
| style =
| television =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| spouse = Hema Adhikari
| partner = 
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website = 
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Raju Kafley''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his debut feature film ''Nirankush'' (निरंकुश)<ref>https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4946282</ref>

==Early life==
Born and brought up in Sikkim, Raju did his schooling from [[Tareythang]] Secondary School and secondary education from West Point Senior Secondary School. At college, he was involved in the theatre society through [[National Service Scheme]]. Initially, he worked as a Radio Jockey at Times FM 90.6 MHz. Soon after, he developed strive for cinema and moved to Mumbai, where he established a career as a filmmaker and screenwriter.

==Career==
While doing theatres Raju worked as a director for Key Entertainment. Late in 2006 he got a break and started his Bollywood career as an associate or assistant director on a number of Bollywood films. Raju started his career in Mumbai as an assistant director in the TV serials like [[Kasauti]], [[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan|Kumkum]], [[Naaginn (2007 TV series)|Naaginn]], Doli Sazake, and [[Grahasti]] etc. After 2006, he entered Bollywood Hindi Movies as an assistant director and worked in the movies like [[Phir Kabhi]], [[Race (2008 film)|Race]], [[U Me Aur Hum]], [[Morning Walk]], Chutki Bajake, and Tum Jo Mile etc. His debut Hindi feature film as an independent film director is ''Nirankush'', that was shot during the year 2012 and was released in March 2013. Kafley and the author Ashutosh Agnihotri <ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7828373/</ref> jointly developed the story and the screenplay of the movie in the year 2010. The movie is based on the popular [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] novel [[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]]. {{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

===Director===
{{Expand section|date=September 2022}}
*2013: a psychological journey - ''Nirankush''<ref>[http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=238078 Fiji actor to appear in Kafley's next film : Fiji Times] Retrieved 27 June 2013</ref>

===Writer===
{{Expand section|date=September 2022}}
*2013: a psychological journey - ''Nirankush''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.concerncinema.blogspot.in]
*[https://archive.today/20140310092713/http://mumbaiglobalnews.com/?p=147]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vo0QLhljuOo]
*[http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=238129]
*[https://www.fijisun.com.fj/2013/06/28/fiji-born-actor-plays-villain-in-bollywood-movie/]
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm7523277/]
*[https://www.moviebuff.com/raju-kafley]
*[http://limpidmotpictures.simplesite.com/]
*[https://fijisun.com.fj/2013/06/28/fiji-born-actor-plays-villain-in-bollywood-movie/]
*[http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?ref=archive&id=336482]
*[http://fijilive.com/fijliive-print-story.Fijilive?61904.Fijilive]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h42syEZLHAo]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122138/http://www.desitorrents.com/forums/dvd-rip-releases/405375-nirankush-2013-500mb-dvd-rip-x264-avi-team-ictv-xclusive-print.html]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kafley, Raju}}
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pakyong district]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Sikkim]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

List of Telugu films of 2011

2026-02-08T03:39:19Z

KristiBruno654: correct structure additionally and updated info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Tollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced in the [[Telugu film industry]] in India in 2011.

==Box office ==

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films of 2011
|- !! Verdict
!Rank !! Title !! Studio !! Worldwide gross
!Share
!Ref.
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1
| ''[[Dookudu]]''
| 14 Reels Entertainment
| {{INR}}101 [[crore]]
|₹56.7 crore
|<ref>{{cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu to Launch Audio of Puneeth's 'Power' |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/mahesh-babu-launch-audio-puneeths-power-603242 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref>
|-
!2
|''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]''
|[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
|₹57 crore
|₹28.8 crore
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2011 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2011/ |access-date=August 21, 2025 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>
|-
!3
|''[[Oosaravelli]]''
|[[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
|₹57 crore
|₹27.6 crore
|<ref name="boc">{{cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=28 November 2020 |title=After Prabhas's Chatrapathi, Jr NTR's Oosaravelli to be remade in Hindi? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-prabhas-s-chatrapathi-jr-ntr-s-oosaravelli-to-be-remade-in-hindi-1744889-2020-11-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208022122/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-prabhas-s-chatrapathi-jr-ntr-s-oosaravelli-to-be-remade-in-hindi-1744889-2020-11-28 |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=22 May 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2011 |title=Oosaravelli Total Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=281&cid=6&fid=218 |access-date=August 21, 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref>
|-
!4
|''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]''
|[[Geetha Arts]]
|₹51 crore
|₹30 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2011 |title=Badrinath Total Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=168&cid=6&fid=192 |access-date=August 21, 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref>
|-
!5
|''[[Kandireega]]''
|[[Bellamkonda Suresh|Sri Sai Ganesh Productions]]
|₹40 crore
|₹22 crore
|<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |title=Tollywood top hits of 2011 2 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tollywood-top-hits-of-2011-imagegallery-tollywood-lm3o95dgchasi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028080605/http://www.sify.com/movies/tollywood-top-hits-of-2011-imagegallery-tollywood-lm3o95dgchasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=2020-09-06 |website=Sify |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!6
|''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]''
|[[Geetha Arts]]
|₹36 crore
|₹18 crore
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
!7
|''[[Mirapakay]]''
|[[Yellow Flowers]]
|₹34 crore
|₹17 crore
|-
!8
|''[[Shakthi (2011 film)|Shakthi]]''
|[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
|₹33 crore
|₹19 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2011 |title=Shakti Total Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=115&cid=6&fid=27 |access-date=August 21, 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref>
|-
!9
|''[[Panjaa]]''
|[[Arka Media Works]]
|₹31 crore
|₹18.8 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2012 |title=Panjaa Total Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=352&cid=6&fid=492 |access-date=August 21, 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref>
|-
!10
|''[[Teen Maar]]''
|[[Parameswara Art Productions]]
|₹28 crore
|₹17.4 crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2011 |title=Teenmaar Total Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=116&cid=6&fid=207 |access-date=August 21, 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref>
|}

== January–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
!| Title
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:left; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N'''
|| '''7'''
| ''[[Graduate (film)|Graduate]]'' || Prasad Rayala || Akshay, Rithika Sood, [[Tashu Kaushik]] || Released by Script Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/01/movies-releasing-on-7thfriday-hindi.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
|| '''12'''
| ''[[Parama Veera Chakra]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Sheela (Tamil actress)|Sheela]], [[Amisha Patel]], [[Neha Dhupia]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsadda.com/movie-news.php?title=balayya-paramaveera-chakra-film.html|url-status=dead|title=Balakrishna 'Parama Veera Chakra' Release on 12-Jan-2011|access-date=10 January 2011|archive-date=29 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229212635/http://www.filmsadda.com/movie-news.php?title=balayya-paramaveera-chakra-film.html}}</ref>
|-
|| '''13'''
| ''[[Mirapakay]]'' || Harish Shankar || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Richa Gangopadhyay]], [[Deeksha Seth]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsadda.com/movie-news.php?title=Sankranti_films/|url-status=dead|title=Telugu Sankranti 2011 Telugu Release Movies|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711001820/http://www.filmsadda.com/movie-news.php?title=Sankranti_films/}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''14'''
| ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' || Prakash Kovelamudi || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]] || Produced by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]& A Bellyful of Dreams Entertainment Satellite
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skytitles.com/tamil-movie-news/anaganaga-o-dheerudu-releases-on-january-14/ |title=Anaganaga O Dheerudu releases on January 14 |work=Skytitles |access-date=2011-01-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716082813/http://www.skytitles.com/tamil-movie-news/anaganaga-o-dheerudu-releases-on-january-14/ |archive-date=16 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Golconda High School]]'' || [[Mohan Krishna Indraganti]] || [[Sumanth]], [[Swati Reddy]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinehour.com/news/tollywood/7360/sumanthamp039s-amp039golconda-high-schoolamp039-to-release-on-jan-14th.html |title=Sumanth's 'Golconda High School' to release on Jan 14th |access-date=7 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708154228/http://www.cinehour.com/news/tollywood/7360/sumanthamp039s-amp039golconda-high-schoolamp039-to-release-on-jan-14th.html |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|| '''21'''
| ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' ||Nandini Reddy || [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Nithya Menen]] || Produced under Sri Ranjith Movies
||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ragalahari.com/news/10880/ala-modalaindi-to-release-on-january-21st.aspx| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110104040858/http://www.ragalahari.com/news/10880/ala-modalaindi-to-release-on-january-21st.aspx| archive-date = 2011-01-04| title = Nani-Nitya Menon Ala Modalaindi release date: January 21st, 2011 - Telugu Cinema News}}</ref>
|-
|| '''26'''
| ''[[Wanted (2011 film)|Wanted]]'' || [[BVS Ravi]] || [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]], [[Deeksha Seth]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Jayasudha]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelatestinfo.com/tag/wanted-telugu-movie-release-date/|title=Thelatestinfo.com|access-date=17 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124003641/http://thelatestinfo.com/tag/wanted-telugu-movie-release-date/|archive-date=24 January 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''28'''
| ''Vaareva'' || Kalyan Mantena || Vassudev Reddy, Shambhavi ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasepu.com/movies/news-movies/telugu-news-movies/gauthams-vareva-releasing-28th-january/ |title=Gautam's Vareva to release on 28th Jan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115142430/http://kasepu.com/movies/news-movies/telugu-news-movies/gauthams-vareva-releasing-28th-january/|work=Kasepu |date=15 January 2011|archive-date=15 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rakshana]]'' || Venu Pal || [[Rajiv Kanakala]], Karan, Parineeta ||
||{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:thistle; textcolor:#000;"| '''F E B'''
| '''4'''
| ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]'' || [[Nimmala Shankar|N.Shankar]] || [[Jagapati Babu]], Sandeep, [[Meera Nandan]], [[Smriti Irani]], [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/january-2011/director-n-shankar-talks-about-his-film-jai-bolo-telangana-310111.html|title=N Shankar - Jai Bolo Telangana - Bandagi Gopanna - Jagapathi Babu - KCR - CineGoer.net|access-date=1 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201233204/http://www.cinegoer.com/telugu-cinema/news-archives/january-2011/director-n-shankar-talks-about-his-film-jai-bolo-telangana-310111.html|archive-date=1 February 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''11'''
| ''[[Gaganam]]'' || [[Radha Mohan]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Poonam Kaur]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sana Khan]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Telugu-News_and_Gossips-2,73069.php|title='Gaganam' release date announced – Tollywood News & Gossips|work=Bharatstudent}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vastadu Naa Raju]]'' || [[Hemant Madhukar]] || [[Vishnu Manchu]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Prakash Raj]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsadda.com/movie-news.php?title=vishnu-vastadu-naa-raju-film.html|url-status=dead|title=Vishnu, Tapsee 'Vastadu Naa Raju' Release on 4th Feb 2011|access-date=28 January 2011|archive-date=20 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120224633/http://www.filmsadda.com/movie-news.php?title=vishnu-vastadu-naa-raju-film.html}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''18'''
| ''[[Katha Screenplay Darsakatvam Appalaraju]]'' || [[Ram Gopal Varma]] || [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Swati Reddy]], [[Brahmanandam]], Sakshi Gulati ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmsadda.com/movie.php?news=katha-screenplay-direction-appalaraju.html|url-status=dead|title=Sunil, RGV 'KSD Appalaraju' Release on 18th Feb 2011|access-date=4 February 2011|archive-date=8 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208153659/http://www.filmsadda.com/movie.php?news=katha-screenplay-direction-appalaraju.html}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta! (2011 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta!]]'' || Veera Brahmam || [[Allari Naresh]], [[Ritu Barmecha]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kasepu.com/movies/news-movies/telugu-news-movies/allari-naresh-aha-naa-pellanta-release-on-jan-14-2011/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109073613/http://kasepu.com/movies/news-movies/telugu-news-movies/allari-naresh-aha-naa-pellanta-release-on-jan-14-2011/|title=Aha Naa Pellanta release on Jan 14 2011 |work=Kasepu|archive-date=9 January 2011 |date=9 January 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[LBW: Life Before Wedding]]'' || [[Praveen Sattaru]] || Abhijith Pundla, Asif Raj, Chinmayi Ghatrazu, [[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]], Nishanthi Evani ||
||{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''25'''
| ''[[Kudirithe Kappu Coffee]]'' || Ramana Salva || [[Varun Sandesh]], [[Suma Bhattacharya]] ||
||<ref name="ib">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/|title=Telugu cinema, etc. - Telugu movie website - idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prema Kavali]]'' || Vijaya Bhaskar. K || [[Aadi (Telugu actor)|Aadi]], [[Sindhu Tolani]], [[Isha Chawla]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ragalahari.com/news/11224/prema-kavali-to-release-on-feb-25th.aspx| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110430133110/http://ragalahari.com/news/11224/prema-kavali-to-release-on-feb-25th.aspx| archive-date = 2011-04-30| title = Aadi-Isha Chawla: Prema Kavali releasing on February 25th - Telugu Cinema News}}</ref>
|- March!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A R'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
| ''[[Mangala (film)|Mangala]]'' || Osho Thulasi Ram || [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], Subhash ||
||{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''11'''
| ''[[Thimmaraju]]''|| Vemagiri || [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], Deepthi ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/thimmaraju_telugu_movie_release-date|title=Telugu Movies, Latest Movie Wallpapers, Trailors, Events, News, Showtimes – Sulekha|work=movies.sulekha.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nitya Pellikoduku]]''|| Alahari || [[Posani Krishna Murali]], Apoorva, [[Gowri Pandit]]||
||<ref name="currentweak.net">{{cite web |title=currentweek.net |url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/03/movies-releasing-on-this-friday-11th.html}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''18'''
| ''[[Dongala Mutha]]''|| [[Ram Gopal Varma]], [[Puri Jagannadh]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Charmy Kaur]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110171479&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=91745|title=NDTVMovies.com : Bollywood News, Reviews, Celebrity News, Hollywood news, Entertainment News, Videos & Photos|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316151633/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110171479&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=91745|archive-date=16 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raaj (film)|Raaj]]''|| V. N. Aditya || [[Sumanth]], [[Priyamani]], [[Vimala Raman]]|| ||<ref name="ib" />
|-
| ''[[Karalu Miriyalu]]''|| Pasupuleti Venkata Rama Rao || Navakesh, [[Madhu Shalini]]||
||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ragalahari.com/news/11399/karalu-miriyalu-to-release-on-march-18.aspx| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110316001149/http://www.ragalahari.com/news/11399/karalu-miriyalu-to-release-on-march-18.aspx| archive-date = 2011-03-16| title = Family entertainer Karalu Miriyalu releasing on 18 March - Telugu Cinema News}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''25'''
| ''[[Chattam]]''|| Arun Prasad P. A. || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Vimala Raman]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || || {{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|- April!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; textcolor:#000;" | '''A P R'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
| ''[[Sakthi (2011 film)|Sakthi]]'' || [[Meher Ramesh]] || [[Jr. NTR]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Manjari Phadnis]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Pooja Bedi]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Brahmanandam]] || Produced by [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tollywoodandhra.com/forums/thread-2355.html |title=jrNTR Shakti Release date confirmed|work=Tollywood Andhra |access-date=1 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831070927/http://tollywoodandhra.com/forums/thread-2355.html |archive-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''8'''
| ''[[Manchivadu (2011 film)|Manchivadu]]''|| Deepthi || Tanish, [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[K. Vishwanath]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]]||
||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://flashnewstoday.com/index.php/manchivadu-release-date-postponed/ |title=Flash News Today – Online News Magazine » 'Manchivadu' release date postponed |access-date=7 April 2011 |archive-date=6 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406025250/http://flashnewstoday.com/index.php/manchivadu-release-date-postponed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lokame Kothaga]]''|| Bharath Parepalli || [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Shivaji]], Aditi Agarwal ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/65624.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410000637/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/65624.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2011|title=Lokame Kothaga release tomorrow}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''14'''
| ''[[Teen Maar]]''|| [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]] || [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Kriti Kharbanda]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsadda.com/tollywood.php?movie=pawan-kalyan-kushiga.html|url-status=dead|title=Pawan Kalyan, Trisha 'Teen Maar' Release on March 28th|access-date=12 April 2011|archive-date=8 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208170227/http://www.filmsadda.com/tollywood.php?movie=pawan-kalyan-kushiga.html}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''15'''
| ''[[Galli Kurrolu]]''|| Sai Venkat || Naga Varma, Shefali Sharma ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/65311.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023175333/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/65311.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2012|title=Galli Kurrolu release on April 15}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''22'''
| ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]''|| Dasrath || [[Prabhas Raju Uppalapati|Prabhas]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Prakash Raj]]||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/04/movies-releasing-in-this-week-friday-22.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''29'''
| ''[[Koffi Bar]]''|| [[Geetha Krishna]]|| [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]], [[Bianca Desai]]||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.nomorequeue.com/Koffee-Bar-book-online-movie-tickets/1650/Movies.html|title=Koffee Bar Movie Tickets Online Booking, Movie Release Date}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nenu Naa Rakshasi]]''|| [[Puri Jagannadh]]|| [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Mumaith Khan]]||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/04/movies-releasing-in-this-week-friday-29.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|- May!
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#edafaf; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A Y'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
| ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' || [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] || [[Naga Chaitanya]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], Tara Alisha ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/05/100-love-preview-story-analysis.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''13'''
| ''[[Seema Tapakai]]''|| G. Nageshwar Reddy || [[Allari Naresh]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]|| ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/66536.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511025216/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/66536.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2011|title=Seema Tapakai release on May 13}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''20'''
| ''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]''|| Ramesh Varma || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Taapsee Pannu]]||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telugucinema123.blogspot.com/2011/05/veera-set-to-release-on-20th-may-2011.html |title='Veera' Set To Release on 20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324075141/http://telugucinema123.blogspot.com/2011/05/veera-set-to-release-on-20th-may-2011.html |date=24 March 2012|work=Telugu Cinema 123|archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''27'''
| ''[[Dushasana (film)|Dushasana]]''|| [[Posani Krishna Murali]]|| [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Sanjjanaa Galrani|Sanjana]], [[Tashu Kaushik]], [[Brahmanandam]]||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/dushasana_telugu_movie_release-date|title=Telugu Movies, Latest Movie Wallpapers, Trailors, Events, News, Showtimes – Sulekha|work=movies.sulekha.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vykuntapali''|| Satyadeep Reddy || [[Krishnudu]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]], [[Ranadhir Reddy]], [[Tashu Kaushik]], [[Subbaraju]]||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myfirstshow.com/news/view/5461/Vykuntapali-Release-Date-Poster.html|title=Telugu Movie News, Telugu Movie Reviews, Telugu Cinema Reviews, Movie Reviews, Tollywood News, Cinema gossips, Tollywood Latest News|website=myfirstshow.com|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
|- June!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#d9c1b0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U N'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
| ''[[Maaro (film)|Maaro]]'' || [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] || [[Nitin (actor)|Nitin]], [[Meera Chopra]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/%C3%ABMaaro%C3%AD-releasing-on-June-3rd!-4-36459.html|title=''Maaro'' releasing on June 3rd!}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prema Sagaram]]''|| A. Majeed || Hasan, Shouri ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/11840/prema-sagaram-to-release-on-june-3rd.aspx|title=Prema Sagaram releasing on 3rd June}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Babloo]]''|| Ravichandran Reddy || Mano Tej, [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]], [[Mukul Dev]]||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/11887/babloo-releasing-on-june-3rd.aspx|title=Babloo release date: 3rd June}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''10'''
| ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]''|| [[V.V. Vinayak]] || [[Allu Arjun]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Prakash Raj]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsadda.com/release-date.php?of=badrinath-html|url-status=dead|title=Badrinath Release Date 27-March-2011|access-date=4 June 2011|archive-date=30 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130212125/http://www.filmsadda.com/release-date.php?of=badrinath-html}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''24'''
| ''[[180 (2011 Indian film)|180]]''|| Jayendra || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]], [[Nithya Menen]], [[Priya Anand]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/180-confirmed-on-june-24-news-kollywood-lf4kpkfcefa.html?scategory=tamil|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021061348/http://www.sify.com/movies/180-confirmed-on-june-24-news-kollywood-lf4kpkfcefa.html?scategory=tamil|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-10-21|title=180 confirmed on June 24|work=Sify}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nagaram Nidrapotunna Vela]]''|| Premraj || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Charmee Kaur]]||
||<ref name="cwn 2">{{cite web |title=currentweek.net |url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/06/movies-releasing-17th-june-2011-hindi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814162753/http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/06/movies-releasing-17th-june-2011-hindi.html |archive-date=14 August 2011 |access-date=17 June 2011}}</ref>
|}

== July–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
!| Title
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U L'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''1'''
| ''[[Brahmi Gadi Katha]]'' || Eeshwar Reddy || [[Varun Sandesh]], [[Asmita Sood]], [[Poonam Kaur]], [[Brahmanandam]] ||
||<ref name="newreleases">{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/search/label/New%20Releases|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]''|| [[G. Neelakanta Reddy|Neelakanta]]|| [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Kamalini Mukherjee]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]]||
||<ref name="newreleases" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''16'''
| ''[[Key (film)|Key]]'' || Nagendra Prasad || [[Jagapati Babu]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''22'''
| ''Amayakudu'' || Bharathi Ganesh || [[Krishnudu]], Poonam Singar, [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] || Produced by Octagon Movies
||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2010/Jan/25/amayakudu-completes-shooting-164207.html|title=Amayakudu completes shooting|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=25 January 2010|access-date=7 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kodipunju]]'' || BVV Choudhary || Tanish, [[Anchal Sabharwal]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinetara.com/2011/07/%E2%80%98kodipunju%E2%80%99-release-on-july-22/|title=Telugu Cinema, Tollywood, Telugu Movies News, Gossips, Reviews, Photos, Wallpapers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051253/http://cinetara.com/2011/07/%E2%80%98kodipunju%E2%80%99-release-on-july-22/|archive-date=21 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''29'''
| ''[[Sanchalanam]]'' || B V Ramana Reddy || Kamalakar, [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Saikumar]], Supreet || Produced by Kamal Pictures
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/68975.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024030140/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/68975.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 October 2012|title=Stage set for release of Sanchalanam}}</ref>
|- August!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#c2b280; textcolor:#000;" | '''A U G'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''12'''
| ''[[Kandireega]]'' || Santosh Srinivas || [[Ram (actor)|Ram]], [[Hansika Motwani]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Aksha Pardasany]] ||
||<ref name="release20110812">{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/08/movies-releasing-this-friday-12th.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dhada]]''|| Ajay Bhuyan || [[Naga Chaitanya]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Sameksha|Samiksha]], [[Sreeram]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Kelly Dorjee]]||
||<ref name="release20110812" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''19'''
| ''[[Mugguru]]'' || V. N. Aditya || [[Navdeep]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Shraddha Das]], [[Srinivas Avasarala]], [[Sanjjanaa Galrani|Sanjana]], [[Reema Sen]] ||
||<ref name="release20110819">{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/08/movies-releasing-this-friday-19th.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''26'''
| ''[[Keratam]]'' || Gautam Patnaik || Siddharth Rajkumar, [[Rakul Preet Singh]], Aishwarya ||
||<ref name="release20110826">{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/08/movies-releasing-26th-august-2011-hindi.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Daggaraga Dooranga]]''|| Ravi Chavali || [[Sumanth]], [[Vedhika Kumar|Vedhika]]||
||<ref name="release20110826" />
|-
| ''[[Money Money, More Money]]''|| [[J. D. Chakravarthy]]|| [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Gajala]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Asha Saini]]||
||<ref name="release20110826" />
|- September!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:wheat; textcolor:#000;" | '''S E P'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
| ''Nenu Nanna Abaddam '' || Govind Varaha || [[Nandu (Telugu actor)|Nandu]], Divya, Archana ||
||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''9'''
| ''[[Aakasame Haddu]]'' || Raavicharan || [[Navdeep]], Rajeev Saluri, [[Panchi Bora]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Telugu-News_and_Gossips-2,84848.php|title='Aakasame Haddu' gets release date – Tollywood News & Gossips|work=Bharatstudent}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''16'''
| ''[[Poru Telangana]]'' || [[R. Narayana Murthy]] || R. Narayana Murthy || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''17'''
| ''[[Vara Prasad Potti Prasad]]'' || Satya Varanasi || [[Srinivas Avasarala]], [[Vijay Sai]], Karina Shah, Priya Ahuja
|
|<ref name="release20110916">{{cite web |title=currentweek.net |url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/09/tollywood-telugu-movies-releasing-on-16.html}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''23'''
| ''[[Dookudu]]'' || [[Srinu Vaitla]] || [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], [[Sonu Sood]], [[Prakash Raj]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/09/movies-releasing-23-september-2011.html|title=currentweek.net|access-date=23 September 2011|archive-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925193900/http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/09/movies-releasing-23-september-2011.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''30'''
| ''[[Madatha Kaja]]''|| Seetarama Raju || [[Allari Naresh]], [[Sneha Ullal]] ||
||<ref name="release20110930">{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/09/movies-releasing-30-september-2011.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cricket Girls & Beer]]''|| S. Umesh Kumar || [[Adarsh Balakrishna]], Surya Tej, [[Naga Shourya]], Sindhu Affan ||
||<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-cricketgirlsandbeer.html | title=Cricket Girls & Beer on September 30 - Telugu cinema }}</ref>
|-

| ''[[Vankaya Fry]]''|| Chandramouli || Sumith Arora, Anu Smrithi, [[Brahmanandam]]||
||<ref name="release20110930" />
|- October!
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb7c5; textcolor:#000;" | '''O C T'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
| ''[[Oosaravelli]]'' || Surender reddy || [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]], [[Tamannaah]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] ||
||{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''14'''
| ''[[Pilla Zamindar]]'' || G. Ashok || [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Haripriya]], [[Bindu Madhavi]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/10/movies-releasing-on-dasara-6th-october.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|- November!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#ace1af; textcolor:#000;" | '''N O V'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''3'''
| ''[[Nuvvila]]''|| [[Ravi Babu]] || [[Havish]], Ajay, [[Prasad Barve]], [[Vijay Devarakonda|Vijay Sai]], [[Yami Gautam]], Sarayu, [[Remya Nambeesan]]
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''4'''
| '' [[Mogudu (film)|Mogudu]]'' || [[Krishna Vamshi]] || [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]], [[Taapsee Pannu]], [[Shraddha Das]]||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/10/gopichands-mogudu-audio-release-on-8th.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''11'''
| ''[[Oh My Friend]]'' || Venu Sriram || [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddarth]], [[Shruti Haasan]], [[Navdeep]], [[Hansika Motwani]] ||
||<ref name="sulekha">{{cite web|url=http://movies.sulekha.com/oh-my-friend_telugu_movie_release-date|title=Telugu Movies, Latest Movie Wallpapers, Trailors, Events, News, Showtimes – Sulekha|work=movies.sulekha.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''11'''
| ''[[It's My Love Story]]''|| [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy|Madhura Sreedhar]]|| [[Aravind Krishna|Arvind Krishna]], Nikita Narayan, [[Jayasudha]], [[Sarath Babu]]||
||<ref name="sulekha" />
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''18'''
| ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Nayantara]], [[Jayasudha]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Sai Kumar (Telugu actor)|Saikumar]] ||
||<ref name="release20111118">{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/11/tollywood-telugu-movies-releasing-on-18.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Veedu Theda]]''|| Chinni Krishna || [[Nikhil Siddharth]], [[Pooja Bose]]||
||<ref name="release20111118" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''25'''
| ''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]''|| Parashuram || [[Nara Rohit]], [[Nisha Aggarwal]], [[Prakash Raj]]||
||{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|- December!
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#b8860b; textcolor:#000;" | '''D E C'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
| ''[[Bejawada (film)|Bejawada]]'' || Vivek Krishna || [[Naga Chaitanya]], [[Amala Paul]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Abhimanyu Singh]], [[Mukul Dev]], [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/5288.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111123183600/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/5288.html| archive-date = 2011-11-23| title = Naga Chaitanya is back in action : First Look: Naga Chaitanya, Amala Paul in Bejawada - Photogallery - Movies News - IBNLive}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''9'''
| ''[[Panjaa]]'' || [[Vishnuvardhan (director)|Vishnuvardhan]] || [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Sarah Jane Dias]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Anjali Lavania]], [[Adivi Sesh]], [[Atul Kulkarni]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/12/movies-releasing-on-9th-december-2011.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''16'''
| ''[[Priyudu]]'' || Shravan || [[Varun Sandesh]], [[Preetika Rao]], [[Shweta Prasad]] ||
||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatdesi.com/movie-reviews/priyudu-movie-review/218.html|title=Priyudu Movie Review Review, Priyudu Movie Review Movie Reviews, Priyudu Movie Review Telugu Movie Review, Priyudu Movie Review Movie Rating, Priyudu Movie Review Movie Talk, Priyudu Movie Review Casting, bharatdesi.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''22'''
| ''[[Rajanna]]'' || Vijayendra Prasad || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Shweta Menon]], Baby Aney, [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] ||
||<ref name="release20111223">{{cite web|url=http://cinema.currentweek.net/2011/12/movies-releasing-on-23rd-december-2011.html|title=currentweek.net}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''30'''
| ''[[Kshetram (film)|Kshetram]]'' || T. Venugopal || [[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Priyamani]], [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] ||
||{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|}

== Notable deaths ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"
|+ Deaths of notable personalities this year
|-
! scope="col" | Month
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Age
! scope="col" | Profession
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notable films
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Deaths in January 2011|January]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''21'''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || 54 || Director, producer, screenwriter || ''[[Nalugu Stambhalata (film)|Nalugu Stambhalata]]'', ''[[Rendu Jella Seetha]]'', ''[[Nelavanka (film)|Nelavanka]]'', ''[[Rendu Rella Aaru]]'', ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (1987 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta]]'', ''[[Hai Hai Nayaka]]'', ''[[Indrudu Chandrudu]]'', ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]'', ''[[Alluda Majaka]]'', ''[[Intlo Illalu Vantintlo Priyuralu]]'', ''[[Goppinti Alludu]]'', ''[[Varasudu]]'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/EVV-Satyanarayana-passes-away/articleshow/7339620.cms|title=EVV Satyanarayana passes away|website=The Times of India|date=2011-01-22|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==General references==
*[https://archive.today/20130924070225/http://www.cinemanewstoday.com/filmfare-awards-2012-telugu-winners-list/ Filmfare Awards 2012 Telugu winners list]

{{Telugu cinema|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2011 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|2011]]
[[Category:Lists of 2011 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cinema]]

Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank

2026-02-01T00:35:50Z

KristiBruno654: Done

{{Short description|Regional Rural Bank in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank
| logo = Mpgb logo.png
| logo_size =
| caption =
| native_name = '''मध्य प्रदेश ग्रामीण बैंक'''
| native_name_lang = hi
| image =
| type = [[Regional Rural Bank]]
| traded_as =
| predecessor = [[Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank]] [[Madhyanchal Gramin Bank]]
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2025|05|01}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| hq_location = [[Indore]] [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| location_city =
| location_country =
| area_served = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| key_people = '''Shri Ramesh Chandra Behera''' (Chairman)
| industry = [[Financial]] [[Regional Rural Bank]]s
| products =
| production =
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Financial services]]|[[Banking]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]] (50%)
[[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] (15%)
[[Bank of India]] (35%)
| num_locations = 1320 Branches
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://mpgb.bank.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

The ''' Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank (MPGB)''' is an Indian [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) in [[Madhya Pradesh]] established on 1 May 2025.<ref>Govt of India Notification CG-DL-E-07042025-262329 dated 07 April 2025 issued by the Department of Financial Services</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/industry/banking/govt-announces-one-state-one-rrb-implementation-from-may-1-2025-125040800039_1.html | title=Govt announces 'One State, One RRB' implementation from May 1, 2025 }}</ref> The bank was formed by the amalgamation of two rural banks in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in central [[India]] namely Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank and Madhyanchal Grameen Bank, sponsored by [[Bank of India]], [[State Bank of India]] under The "One State, One RRB"<ref>{{cite web | author1=Livemint | title='One state-one RRB' to be effective from May 1 after govt approves consolidation of 15 regional rural banks | Mint | work=mint | date=8 April 2025 | url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/one-state-one-rrb-to-be-effective-from-may-1-after-govt-approves-consolidation-of-15-regional-rural-banks-11744118507326.html }}</ref> policy of government. It currently has 1320 branches in rural areas of [[Madhya Pradesh]].
It functions under Regional Rural Banks' Act 1976 and is sponsored by [[Bank of India]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Regional rural bank]]
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[Make in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://mpgb.bank.in/ Official site]
* [https://mpgbib.mpgb.bank.in/ret/AuthenticationController?FORMSGROUP_ID__=AuthenticationFG&__START_TRAN_FLAG__=Y&__FG_BUTTONS__=LOAD&ACTION.LOAD=Y&AuthenticationFG.LOGIN_FLAG=1&BANK_ID=MGB Internet Banking]

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Banks established in 2025]]
[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2025]]
[[Category:Indore]]

Manoj Dixit

2026-01-22T03:15:31Z

KristiBruno654: started a article!

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Manoj Dixit
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Academic, Professor
| title = Vice-chancellor, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner Rajasthan
| employer =
| education =
| years_active = 2023–present (Vice-chancellor, [[Maharaja Ganga Singh University]])
| known_for =
}}

''' Manoj Dixit''' is an Indian academic currently serving as the vice-Chancellor of [[Maharaja Ganga Singh University]], Bikaner Rajasthan, India. Before taking this position, he worked as the Prof. and Head, in Department of Public Administration, [[University of Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, India from August 2020 to August 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manoj Dixit to be new VC of MGSU: Responsibility for 3 years; He has been a professor in the Department of Public Administration |url= https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bikaner/news/manoj-dixit-will-be-the-new-vc-of-mgsu-131648190.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=July 29, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Vice Chancellor’s Profile |url= https://www.mgsubikaner.ac.in/officer/vice-chancellor | website=MGSU Bikaner|access-date=July 29, 2025}}</ref>

He also served as the Vice Chancellor of [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]], [[Ayodhya]],
Uttar Pradesh, India from May 2017 to July 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title= Vice Chancellor’s Profile |url= https://www.rmlau.ac.in/new/centrallibrary/staff.html | website=RMLAU|access-date=July 29, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Vice Chancellor’s Profile |url= https://www.rmlau.ac.in/new/FacultyofLaw.aspx/404.html | website=RMLAU|access-date=July 29, 2025}}</ref>

He has received many awards. He received the Award for Research Leadership by [[Alfred Nobel University]], Dnipro, Ukraine (Jointly with Dr. Saurabh Chandra) for fostering scientific research in areas of public administration and public policy.<ref>{{cite web |title= Prof. Manoj Dixit and Dr. Saurabh Chandra awarded for Research Leadership |url= https://www.ippapublicpolicy.org/announcement/prof-manoj-dixit-and-dr-saurabh-chandra-awarded-for-research-leadership/541 | website=IPPA Public Policy |access-date=July 29, 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wM25j7lXojA Prof. Manoj Dixit, CEC23, India Think Council]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT: Dixit, Manoj}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Lucknow]]

Pragathi

2025-12-29T16:28:59Z

KristiBruno654: Added details.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pragathi
| image =Actress Pragathi (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pragathi in 2025
| birthname =Pragathi Mahavadi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|04|16}}
| birth_place = [[Ongole]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 1994–1997 2002–present
| spouse =
| children = 2
| relatives =
}}

'''Pragathi Mahavadi''' (born 16 April 1976) is an [[Indian film]] and [[television]] [[actress]] who has acted predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]] and in addition to [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150420/pragathi-stuns-with-lungi-dance-video.html|title=Pragathi stuns with lungi dance video|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=15 April 2020|first=Shashidhar|last=Adivi|access-date= 3 October 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pragathi was born in [[Ongole]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].

==Career==
Pragathi started her career as a model for ''Mysore Silk Palace''. Later, she was introduced by [[K. Bhagyaraj|Bhagyaraj]] as a lead actress in ''[[Veetla Visheshanga]]''. After that, she acted in seven Tamil films and one Malayalam film. She got married and three years later she returned to act in television serials.

==Filmography==
=== Telugu ===
{{refbegin|20em}}
# ''Shabash Ramu'' (1993)
# ''[[Bobby (2002 film)|Bobby]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Nuvvu Leka Nenu Lenu]]'' (2002)
# ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Leela Mahal Center]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Puttintiki Ra Chelli]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Kushi Kushiga]]'' (2004)
# ''[[Yamagola Malli Modalayindi]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Chirutha]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Athidhi (2007 film)|Athidhi]]'' (2007)
# ''[[Pourudu]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Bujjigadu]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Chintakayala Ravi]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Kurradu]]'' (2009)
# ''[[Kalavaramaye Madilo]]'' (2009)
# ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Seeta Ramula Kalyanam]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Sadhyam]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Rama Rama Krishna Krishna]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Andari Banduvaya]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Jhummandi Naadam]]'' (2010)
# ''Em Pillo Em Pillado'' (2010)
# ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindaavanam]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Yemaindi Ee Vela]]'' (2010)
# ''Chalaki'' (2010)<ref name=" Filmography ">{{cite web|url= http://onlyfilmy.com/character-artist-pragathi-biography-biodata-profile/|title= Character Artist Pragathi – Biography (Biodata, Profile)|publisher= onlyfilmy.com|access-date= 21 February 2015|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150221104710/http://onlyfilmy.com/character-artist-pragathi-biography-biodata-profile/|archive-date= 21 February 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
# ''[[Kalavar King]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Taj Mahal (2010 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (2010)<ref name=" Filmography "/>
# ''[[Rakta Charitra]]''/ ''[[Rakta Charitra 2]]'' (2011 - Bilingual)
# ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Shakti (2011 film)|Shakti]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Teen Maar]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Kandireega]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Daggaraga Dooramga]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011)
# ''[[It's My Love Story]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Priyudu]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Veera (2011 film)|Veera]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Vastadu Naa Raju]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Aakasame Haddu]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Bodyguard (2012 film)|Bodyguard]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Nippu]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Poola Rangadu (2012 film)|Poola Rangadu]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Naa Ishtam]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Rachcha]]'' (2012)
# ''[[All the Best (film)|All the Best]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Julayi]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Dhenikaina Ready]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Damarukam]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Jabardasth (film)|Jabardasth]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Priyathama Neevachata Kushalama]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Chukkalanti Ammayi Chakkanaina Abbayi]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Anthaka Mundu Aa Tarvatha]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Backbench Student]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Ramayya Vasthavayya]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Dalam]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Iddarammayilatho]]'' (2013)
# ''Dillunnodu'' (2013)<ref name=" Filmography "/>
# ''Pantham'' (2013)<ref name=" Filmography "/>
# ''Rudrakshapalli'' (2013)<ref name=" Filmography "/>
# ''[[Race Gurram]]'' (2014)
# ''[[Prathinidhi]]'' (2014)
# ''[[Power (2014 Telugu film)|Power]]'' (2014)
# ''[[Rabhasa]]'' (2014)
# ''[[Loukyam]]'' (2014)
# ''[[Lakshmi Raave Maa Intiki]]'' (2014)
# ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' (2014)
# ''[[Romeo (2014 film)|Romeo]]'' (2014)
# ''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]'' (2014)
# ''[[Dongaata (2015 film)|Dongata]]'' (2015)
# ''[[Krishnamma Kalipindi Iddarini]]'' (2015)
# ''[[Kerintha]]'' (2015)
# ''[[Subramanyam For Sale]]'' (2015)
# ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]'' (2015)
# ''[[Soukhyam]]'' (2015)
# ''[[Speedunnodu]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Abbayitho Ammayi]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka|Malupu]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Oka Manasu]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Srirastu Subhamastu]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Shankara (2016 film)|Shankara]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Radha (2017 film)|Radha]]'' (2017)
# ''[[Oye Ninne]]'' (2017)
# ''[[Prematho Mee Karthik]]'' (2017)
# ''[[Chalo]]'' (2018)
# ''[[Awe (film)|Awe!]]'' (2018)
# ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]'' (2018)
# ''[[Vijetha (2018 film)|Vijetha]]'' (2018)
# ''[[F2 - Fun and Frustration]]'' (2019)
# ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' (2019)
# ''[[Marshal (2019 film)|Marshal]]'' (2019)
# ''[[Arjun Suravaram]]'' (2019)
# ''[[90ML (2019 Telugu film)|90ML]]'' (2019)
# ''[[Maa Vintha Gadha Vinuma]]'' (2020)
# ''[[Zombie Reddy]]'' (2021)
# '' [[Most Eligible Bachelor (film)|Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' (2021)
# ''[[Super Machi]]'' (2022)
# ''[[DJ Tillu]]'' (2022)
# ''[[F3 (film)|F3]]'' (2022)
# ''[[Ranga Ranga Vaibhavanga]]'' (2022)
# ''[[Godfather (2022 film)|GodFather]]'' (2022) as Sowjanya
# ''[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|Swathi Muthyam]]'' (2022)
# ''[[Bhola Shankar]]'' (2022)
# ''[[Tiragabadara Saami]]'' (2024)
#''[[Naari (The Women)]]'' (2025)
{{refend}}

===Tamil===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
# ''[[Veetla Visheshanga]]'' (1994)
# ''[[Periya Marudhu (film)|Periya Marudhu]]'' (1994)
# ''Pandiyanin Raajyathil'' (1994)
# ''[[Summa Irunga Machan]]'' (1996)
# ''[[Vaazhga Jananayagam]]'' (1996)
# ''[[Pudhalvan]]'' (1997)
# ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' (2008)
# ''[[Anthony Yaar?]]'' (2009)
# ''[[Oliyum Oliyum (film)|Oliyum Oliyum]]'' (2009)
# ''[[Thairiyam]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Siddhu +2]]'' (2010)
# ''[[Eththan]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Markandeyan]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Dhoni (film)|Dhoni]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Ishtam (2012 film)|Ishtam]]'' (2012)
# ''[[Yagavarayinum Naa Kaakka]]'' (2015)
# ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' (2015)
# ''[[Gethu]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]'' (2016)
# ''[[Vanakkam Da Mappilei]]'' (2021)
# ''[[Bagheera (2023 film)|Bagheera]]'' (2023){{div col end}}

=== Kannada ===
# ''Prema Khaidi'' (2002)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/news/volume2/review_prema_quidi.asp|title=Prema Quidi - Old wine in new bottle|work=Viggy}}</ref>
# ''[[Hrudayavantha]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Vinayaka Geleyara Balaga]]'' (2011)

=== Malayalam ===
# ''Keerthanam'' (1995)
# ''Mazhamegha Pravukal'' (2001)

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Language
|-
|1997||Vinayagar Vijayam||[[Parvati]]/[[Matrikas]] || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|1998–1999||''Teerpu''|| || rowspan="2" |[[Gemini TV]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
|-
|1999–2000||''Amma''||
|-
|1998–2000||''Sthree''||Shobha||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2001||''Akka Chellalu''|| ||[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]|| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|-
|2001–2002||''Jyothi''||Advocate Bhuvanesvari||Gemini TV
|-
|2002||''Penn''|| || rowspan="2" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2017||''[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]''||Jeeva
|-
|2017–2018||''Nathicharami''||Yamuna||Gemini TV||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2018–2020||''[[Aranmanai Kili (TV series)|Aranmanai Kili]]''||Meenakshi Sundareshwar||[[Star Vijay]]||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2023||''Oorvasivo Rakshashivo''|| Rakshitha||[[Star Maa]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Work
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Yemaindi Ee Vela]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian|Best Female Comedian]]
|''[[Kalyana Vaibhogame]]''
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1277066}}
* {{Facebook|ActressPragathi}}

{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pragathi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

Indian flying fox

2025-12-28T20:09:07Z

KristiBruno654: Starting first info more to come!

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Good article}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Indian flying fox
| image = 047 Indian flying fox in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg
| image_caption = In [[Keoladeo National Park]], [[India]]
| status = NT
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Pteropus medius'' |author1=Ahmed, T. |author2=Murugavel, B. |author3=Sharma, B. |author4=Ul Husan, A. |author5=Salim, M. |year=2025|amends=2024|article-number=e.T18725A271209371|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-1.RLTS.T18725A271209371.en|access-date=22 August 2025}}</ref>
| genus = Pteropus
| species = medius
| authority = [[Temminck]], 1825
| synonyms = *''Pteropus giganteus'' ([[Morten Thrane Brünnich|Brünnich]], 1782)
*''Pteropus ariel'' Allen, 1908
*''Pteropus assamensis'' McClelland, 1839
*''Pteropus edwardsi'' I. Geoffroy, 1828
*''Pteropus kelaarti'' Gray, 1871
*''Pteropus leucocephalus'' Hodgson, 1835
*''Pteropus ruvicollis''{{efn|Probably misspelt ''rubricollis'' or ''rubicollis''<ref name="Quattrocchi 2017">{{Cite book|last1=Quattrocchi |first1= U. |date=2017 |title=CRC World Dictionary of Palms: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-65149-3}}</ref>}} Ogilby, 1840
*''Vespertilio gigantea'' Brunnich, 1782
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Synonyms>{{cite journal |title= Correct name for the Indian flying fox |first=J. |last=Mlikovsky |journal=Vespertilio |issue=16 |pages=203–204 (Pteropodidae) |date= 2012 |url=http://www.ceson.org/vespertilio/16/203_204_Mlikovsky.pdf}}</ref>
| range_map = Indian Flying Fox area.png
| range_map_caption = Range
}}

The '''Indian flying fox''' ('''''Pteropus medius'''''), also known as the '''greater Indian fruit bat''', is a species of [[flying fox]] native to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is one of the largest bats in the world. It is of interest as a [[Vector (epidemiology)|disease vector]], as it is capable of transmitting several viruses to humans. It is nocturnal and feeds mainly on ripe fruits, such as [[mango]]es and [[banana]]s, and [[nectar]]. This species is often regarded as [[vermin]] due to its destructive tendencies towards fruit farms, but the benefits of its [[pollination]] and [[Plant propagation|seed propagation]] often outweigh the impacts of its fruit consumption.<ref name="Fujita 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Fujita|first1=M. S.|last2=Tuttle|first2= M. D. |title=Flying Foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae): Threatened Animals of Key Ecological and Economic Importance |year=1991 |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=5 |number=4 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00352.x |pages=455–463|bibcode=1991ConBi...5..455F }}</ref>
[[File:Indian flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus giganteus).jpg|alt=In Jamtra, Madhya Pradesh, India|thumb|In Jamtra, [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]]]

==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
The Indian flying fox was [[species description|described]] as a new species by Dutch zoologist and museum curator [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]] in 1825 who gave it the scientific name ''Pteropus medius''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Monographie de mammalogie |author=Temminck, C. J. |date=1824 |publisher=C.J. Temminck |location=Paris |chapter=Roussette intermédiaire. ''Pteropus medius'' |pages=176–177 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/monographiedema00temm/page/176/mode/2up}}</ref> Confusion over the name has prevailed in the literature as in 1782 Danish zoologist [[Morten Thrane Brünnich]], gave the scientific name ''Vespertilio gigantea'' as a replacement for ''Vespertilio vampyrus'' Linnaeus (1758: 31).<ref name="Brunnich 1782">{{cite book |author=Brünnich, M.T. |date=1782 |title=Dyrenes Historie og Dyre-Samlingen udi Universitetets Natur-Theater |publisher=Trykt hos Hofbogtrykker Nicolaus Moller |pages=45–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMlWuAAACAAJ}}</ref>
He was specifically referring to Linnaeus's use of ''Vespertillo vampyrus''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis /|last=Linné|first=Carl von|date=1767|publisher=Typis Ioannis Thomae von Trattner|location=Vindobonae|doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.156783|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/156783}}</ref> [[Carl Linnaeus]] had previously classified the species as ''[[Pteropus vampyrus]]'' and as such ''gigantea'' could not be used for a species that was already named.<ref name=iucn />
In 1992 Corbett and Hill suggested ''giganteus'' was a sub-species of ''vampyrus''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hutson|first=A.M.|date=April 1993|title=Mammals of the Indomalayan Region: A Systematic Review by G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill (Oxford University Press, Oxford, and Natural History Museum, London, 1992, ISBN 019 854693 9, 488 pp. HB £60.00)|journal=Oryx|volume=27|issue=2|pages=124–125|doi=10.1017/s0030605300020718 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In 2012, Mlíkovský argued that the correct scientific name of the Indian flying fox should be ''Pteropus medius'' rather than ''P. giganteus''.
He asserted that Brünnich coined a new name for a species that had already been described—''Vespertilio vampyrus'' which is now ''Pteropus vampyrus'' (the [[large flying fox]]).
Mlíkovský made several points in his argument, all with a foundation in the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|nomenclature]] rule known as [[Principle of Priority]].
The Principle of Priority posits that the first formal, published scientific name given to a species shall be the name that is used.
Because Brünnich was attempting to rename the large flying fox in his 1782 publication, his name should not apply to either the large or the Indian flying fox—an older name was in existence, and therefore the large flying fox is ''P. vampyrus,'' not ''P. giganteus'';
In negating Brünnich's name, Mlíkovský states that the oldest applicable name used to describe the Indian flying fox comes from [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck]]'s publication in 1825.<ref name=Synonyms/>
Mlíkovský's recommendation has been met with varying degrees of acceptance.
Some authors who have published on the Indian flying fox since 2012 have accepted this taxonomic revision, using the name ''Pteropus medius''.<ref name="Almeida 2014"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yadav|first1=Pragya D.|last2=Shete|first2=Anita M.|last3=Kumar|first3=G. Arun|last4=Sarkale|first4=Prasad|last5=Sahay|first5=Rima R.|last6=Radhakrishnan|first6=Chandni|last7=Lakra|first7=Rajen|last8=Pardeshi|first8=Prachi|last9=Gupta|first9=Nivedita|date=2019|title=Nipah Virus Sequences from Humans and Bats during Nipah Outbreak, Kerala, India, 2018|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=1003–1006 |doi=10.3201/eid2505.181076 |pmid=31002049|pmc=6478210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Danielle E. |last2=Islam |first2=Ariful |last3=Crameri |first3=Gary |last4=Todd |first4=Shawn|last5=Islam|first5=Ausraful|last6=Khan|first6=Salah U. |last7=Foord |first7=Adam|last8=Rahman|first8=Mohammed Z. |last9=Mendenhall|first9=Ian H. |date=2019|title=Isolation and Full-Genome Characterization of Nipah Viruses from Bats, Bangladesh|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=166–170 |doi=10.3201/eid2501.180267 |pmid=30561301 |pmc=6302578}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kudagammana|first1=H. D. W. S. |last2=Thevanesam |first2=V. |last3=Chu|first3=D. K. W.|last4=Eriyagama|first4=N. B.|last5=Peiris|first5=J. S. M. |last6=Noordeen|first6=F.|date=2018 |title=Coronaviruses in guano from ''Pteropus medius'' bats in Peradeniya, Sri Lanka|journal=Transboundary and Emerging Diseases |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=1122–1124 |doi=10.1111/tbed.12851 |pmid=29498228 |pmc=7169738|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karawita|first1=Anjana C. |last2=Himsworth|first2=Chelsea G. |last3=Rajapakse|first3=R. P. V. Jayanthe|last4=Bollinger|first4=Trent K.|last5=de S. Gunawardena|first5=Panduka|date=2017 |title=''Toxocara pteropodis'' in Free-Ranging Indian Flying Foxes (''Pteropus medius'') in Sri Lanka|journal=Journal of Wildlife Diseases |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=414–416 |doi=10.7589/2016-07-170 |pmid=28051571|s2cid=46764412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gunawardena |first1=Panduka S. |last2=Marston|first2=Denise A.|last3=Ellis|first3=Richard J. |last4=Wise|first4=Emma L. |last5=Karawita |first5=Anjana C. |last6=Breed|first6=Andrew C. |last7=McElhinney|first7=Lorraine M. |last8=Johnson|first8=N. |last9=Banyard|first9=A.C. |date=2016|title=Lyssavirus in Indian Flying Foxes, Sri Lanka |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=1456–1459 |doi=10.3201/eid2208.151986 |pmid=27434858 |pmc=4982157}}</ref>
Other taxonomic authorities, however, such as the [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]], still recognize ''Pteropus giganteus'' as the valid name of the Indian flying fox.<ref name="itis">{{cite web|title=''Pteropus giganteus'' (Brünnich, 1782)|website=itis.gov|publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=631629#null}}</ref>

It is most closely related to the [[grey-headed flying fox]], ''P. poliocephalus''. As the genus ''[[Pteropus]]'' is divided into closely related species groups, the Indian flying fox is placed in the ''vampyrus'' species group, which also includes the [[Bonin flying fox|Bonin]], [[Ryukyu flying fox|Ryukyu]], [[little golden-mantled flying fox|little golden-mantled]], [[Rodrigues flying fox|Rodrigues]], [[large flying fox|large]], [[Lyle's flying fox|Lyle's]], [[Aldabra flying fox|Aldabra]], [[Madagascan flying fox|Madagascan]], [[Seychelles fruit bat|Seychelles]], and [[Mauritian flying fox|Mauritian]] flying foxes.<ref name="Almeida 2014">{{cite journal|last1=Almeida|first1= F. C.|last2= Giannini|first2= N. P.|last3= Simmons|first3= N. B.|last4= Helgen|first4= K. M.|date=2014|title= Each flying fox on its own branch: a phylogenetic tree for ''Pteropus'' and related genera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=77 |pages= 83–95|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.03.009|pmid= 24662680|doi-access=free|bibcode= 2014MolPE..77...83A|hdl= 11336/12485|hdl-access= free}}</ref>

There are currently three recognized subspecies of the Indian flying fox: ''P. m. ariel'' [[Glover Morrill Allen|G. M. Allen]], 1908, ''P. m. medius'' Temminck, 1825,<ref name="Synonyms" /> and ''P. m. leucocephalus'' [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1835.<ref name="itis"/>

=== Phylogeny ===
{{cladogram|align=left|style=width:480px;font-size:85%;line-height:85%|caption=Relationship to other flying foxes, according to a 2014 study<ref name="Almeida 2014"/>
|cladogram={{clade
|label1='''''[[Chiroptera]]'''''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Yangochiroptera]]
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Yinpterochiroptera]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=''[[Pteropus]]''
|1={{clade
|1=[[Little golden-mantled flying fox]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Lyle's flying fox]] [[File:Lyles flyvende hund Pteropus lylei.jpg|40px]]
|2=[[Large flying fox]] [[File:Pteropus vampyrus headshot.jpeg|40px]] }}
|3={{clade
|1=[[Grey-headed flying fox]] [[File:Pteropus poliocephalus with baby.jpg|40px]]
|2='''Indian flying fox''' [[File:Indian Flying Fox (Pteropus giganteus) Kolkata West Bengal India 27042013.png|40px]]
}}
}}
|2=[[Rhinolophoidea]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
{{clear}}

==Description==
[[File:Eye contact with flying fox.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|In flight]]

The Indian flying fox is India's largest bat,<ref name=PlantDispersal/> and one of the largest bats in the world, weighing up to {{convert|1.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Walker/> Its body mass ranges from {{convert|0.6–1.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and males are generally larger than females. The [[wingspan]] ranges from {{convert|1.2–1.5|m|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1001/jama.2009.1503|pmid=19861659|title=<emph type="ital">Giant Indian Fruit Bat</emph>|journal=JAMA|volume=302|issue=16|page=1736|year=2009|last1=Cole|first1=Thomas B.}}</ref> and body length averages {{convert|15.5–22.0|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Sivaperuman 2018">{{cite book|last1=Sivaperuman|first1= C.|last2=Venkataraman|first2= K.|date=2018|title= Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management|volume=1|page=66|publisher= Springer|isbn=978-981-10-6605-4}}</ref> The wings rise from the side of the [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|dorsum]] and from the back of the second toe, and its thumb has a powerful claw.<ref name=SurveyIndia/> It has claws on only its first two digits of its wings, with the thumb possessing the more powerful claw, and all five digits of its leg.<ref name=Macro>{{cite journal |title=Macroanatomy of bones of large frugivorous bat (Pteropus giganteus) |last1=Shil|first1= S. K.|last2= Abdul|first2= A.|last3= Kibria|first3= A. G.|last4= Shaikat|first4= A. H.|last5=Quasem|first5= M. A. |journal=Indian Journal of Veterinary Anatomy|volume=25 |number=1|pages=18–20 |year=2013 }}</ref> It lacks a tail.<ref name=SurveyIndia/>

The Indian flying fox ranges in color, with a black back that is lightly streaked with grey, a pale, yellow-brown [[Bird#Anatomy and physiology|mantle]], a brown head, and dark, brownish underparts. It has large eyes, simple ears, and no facial ornamentation—a typical appearance for a species of the genus ''Pteropus''.<ref name=FieldSE >{{cite book |title= A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia |first1= Charles M. |last1=Francis|first2= Priscilla|last2= Barrett |edition= illustrated |publisher= New Holland Publishers |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-1-84537-735-9 |page= 196}}</ref> The skull is oval-shaped and the greatest length of the skull is {{convert|71-75.6|mm|abbr=on}}. The [[Zygomatic bone#Processes|orbital rim]] of the skull is incomplete.<ref name=Macro/> The ears lack a [[Tragus (ear)|tragus]] or [[antitragus]] and are ringed, and the ears range in length from {{convert|35-40|mm|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name=SurveyIndia/>

The dental formula is {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=2.1.4.3}}. The first upper [[premolar]] is absent, the [[Canine (tooth)|canine]] is pronounced, and the [[Molar (tooth)|molar]]s have a longitudinal furrow.<ref name=SurveyIndia>{{cite book |title= Records of the Zoological Survey of India |volume= 102 |issue= 1–2 |publisher= Zoological Survey of India |year= 2004 |page= 117 |editor= Director of the Zoological Survey of India}}</ref>

As of 1999 the longest-lived member of its genus; lived for 31 years and 5 months in captivity.<ref name=Walker>{{cite book |title= Walker's Mammals of the World |url= https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0002nowa |url-access= registration |first= Ronald M. |last=Nowak |edition= illustrated |publisher= JHU Press |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-8018-5789-8 |page= 269}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
The Indian flying fox is found across the [[Indian subcontinent]], including in [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Tibet]], the [[Maldives]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name=iucn/>

It roosts in large, established colonies on open tree branches, especially in urban areas or in temples.<ref name=FieldSE />
It prefers to roost on tall trees with small diameters, especially [[Canopy (biology)|canopy trees]],<ref name=Roost>{{cite journal |title=Roost characteristics and habitat preferences of Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus) in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan |last1=Gulraiz|first1= T. L.|last2= Javid|first2= A.|last3= Mahmood-Ul-Hassan|first3= M.|last4= Maqbool|first4= A.|last5= Ashraf|first5= S.|last6= Hussain|first6= M.|last7= Daud|first7= S. |journal=Turkish Journal of Zoology |volume=39 |number=3 |pages=388–394 |year=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266795162|doi=10.3906/zoo-1401-71|doi-access= free}}</ref> and prefers to be in close proximity to bodies of water, human residences, and agricultural land.<ref>{{cite journal |title=An Update on Distribution of the Indian Flying Fox, ''Pteropus giganteus'' in Uttar Pradesh, India |last1=Kumar|first1=Ram|last2=Elangovan|first2=Vadamalai |last3=Prasad|first3=Deep Narayan |journal=Trends in Biosciences |volume=10|issue=37|year=2017 |issn=0976-2485|pages=7794–7801}}</ref>
This habitat selection is highly dependent on food availability. For example, many residences within the [[species distribution|bat's distribution]] have outdoor gardens that support its generalist frugivorous feeding habits. This tendency to support a generalist frugivorous diet through habitat selection also leads it to commonly roost in highly fragmented forests, where the variety of plant species allows it to better utilize its feeding habits.<ref name="Hahn 2014"/>

Its populations are constantly threatened through habitat destruction caused by urbanization or widening of roads. Tree roosts are often felled and colonies dispersed. Smaller colonies tend to remain in place longer than larger colonies, as those larger colonies have their roosts felled more quickly.<ref name=Newsletter>{{cite journal|page=18|title=Status of roosts of Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus Brunnich) in Karnataka, South India|last1=Chakravarthy|first1=A. K.|last2=Yeshwanth|first2=H. M.|journal=Bat Net Newsletter|year=2008|url=http://zoosprint.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/Batnet_9_1_Jan_July_2008.pdf#page=18j|access-date=2018-02-15|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170749/http://www.zoosprint.org/ZoosPrintNewsLetter/Batnet_9_1_Jan_July_2008.pdf#page=18j}}</ref>

==Behavior and ecology==
[[File:046 Indian flying fox in Keoladeo National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|alt=Indian flying fox licking its genitals in Keoladeo National Park, India|thumb|Indian flying fox licking its genitals in [[Keoladeo National Park]], India]]
The Indian flying fox roosts communally in the treetops of large trees in camps often with thousands of bats. Roosts tend to be used for upwards of ten years, and are usually inhabited year-round rather than seasonally.<ref name="Hahn 2014"/>
Within the roost the bats quarrel and chatter often, and during sunny hours of the day bats fan their wings and call, and during cloudy periods bats are silent and wrap their wings around their body.
Occasionally a few bats fly around the roost during the day, but most activity is restricted to night, when they leave the roost one by one 20–30 minutes after the sunset.<ref name="Kumar 2018">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12595-018-0269-8|title=The Effect of Seasonal Changes on Emergence Behaviour of the Indian Flying Fox, Pteropus giganteus|journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society|volume=72|pages=74–78|year=2018|last1=Kumar|first1=Ram|last2=Prasad|first2=Deep Narayan|last3=Elangovan|first3=Vadamalai|s2cid=52271835}}</ref>
Bats at the top of the roost tend to circle the roost and leave before the rest of the colony emerges.<ref name=PopulationDynamics>{{cite journal |title=Life history, ecology and longevity in bats |last1=Wilkinson|first1= Gerald S.|last2= South|first2= Jason M. |journal=Aging Cell |volume=1 |number=2 |year=2002 |pages=31–35|doi=10.1046/j.1474-9728.2002.00020.x|pmid=12882342|s2cid=855367|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Effect of Seasonal Changes on Emergence Behaviour of the Indian Flying Fox, Pteropus giganteus |first=Kumar R|last= Elangovan V |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society |year=2018 |volume=72|pages=74–78|doi=10.1007/s12595-018-0269-8|s2cid=52271835}}</ref>
The time of bat emergence was significantly influenced by the day length, sunset and the ambient temperature delayed the time of emergence.<ref name="Kumar 2018"/>
The bats fly with the appearance of a large swarm but forage individually, and give off contact calls infrequently.
Individuals travel upwards of {{convert|93|miles|abbr=on}} in search of food,<ref name=Lubee>{{cite web |url= http://www.lubee.org/bats/our-bats/indian-flying-fox/ |title= Indian Flying Fox |author=  |access-date= 2018-02-03 |publisher= Lubee Bat Conservatory |archive-date= 2018-02-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180204000625/http://www.lubee.org/bats/our-bats/indian-flying-fox/ }}</ref> finding it by sight. It can quickly travel up and down tree branches to forage for fruit with a swift hand-over-hand motion.<ref name=Sri>{{cite book |title=Mammals of Sri Lanka |first=Gehan|last=de Silva Wijeyeratne |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4729-3288-4 |page=20 |place=}}</ref><ref name=PlantDispersal/>

===Diet===
[[File:Indian flying fox cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Drinking nectar]]
The Indian flying fox is [[frugivore|frugivorous]] or [[nectarivore|nectarivorous]]: it eats [[fruit]]s and [[blossom]]s, and it drinks [[nectar (plant)|nectar]] from [[flower]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pteropus_giganteus/ | title=Pteropus giganteus (Indian flying fox) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> At dusk, it forages for ripe fruit. It is a primarily [[Generalist and specialist species|generalist]] feeder, and eats any available fruits, including [[guava]], [[mango]]es, and [[Common fig|fig]]s.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pteropus_giganteus/ | title=Pteropus giganteus (Indian flying fox) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref> Seeds from ingested fruits are [[Scarification (botany)|scarified]] in its digestive tract and [[Seed dispersal|dispersed]] through its waste.<ref name=Sri /> It is relied on for seed propagation by 300 plant species of nearly 200 genera, of which approximately 500 economically valuable products are produced in India. Nearly 70% of the seeds in Indian flying fox guano are of the [[banyan tree]], a [[keystone species]] in Indian ecosystems.<ref name=PlantDispersal>{{cite journal |last1=Vendan|first1=S. E.|last2= Kaleeswaran|first2=B.|date=2011|title=Plant dispersal by Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus in Madurai region, India|journal=Elixier Bio Diversity|volume= 30|pages= 1810–1813|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/209844147}}</ref>

Although initially thought to be strictly frugivorous, it has been observed deliberately eating insects and leaves. The Indian flying fox also eats flowers, seed pods, bark, cones, and twigs. Their diet changes seasonally, with a greater reliance on [[Mangifera indica|mango fruits]] for moisture in the autumn and spring. A species of ebony tree ([[Diospyros malabarica|pale moon ebony tree]]) provides dietary fiber year-round. [[Eucalyptus melliodora|Yellow box eucalyptus]] and [[Pistacia chinensis|Chinese pistache]] provide necessary carbohydrates, fats, iron, and phosphorus in the winter.<ref name="Javid 2017">{{cite journal|last1=Javid|first1= A.|last2= Gulraiz|first2= T. L.|last3= Ashraf|first3= M. |last4=Nadeem|first4=M.|last5= Hussain|first5= S. M.|last6= Altaf|first6= M.|last7=Babuag|first7= I.|date=2017|title= Proximate analysis of Indian flying fox's (''Pteropus giganteus'') natural food, with a note on its roost variations in urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan|journal=Turkish Journal of Zoology|volume=41|issue=4|pages=714–721 |doi=10.3906/zoo-1512-24|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Reproduction===
[[File:Greater Indian fruit bat @ Kanjirappally 01.jpg|thumb|In [[Kanjirapally]], [[Kerala]].]]

The Indian flying fox is a [[Polygynandry|polygynandrous]] species, and breeds yearly from July to October. Births occur from February to May. Gestation period is typically 140 to 150 days. The average birth number is 1 to 2 pups. Among members of the genus ''[[Pteropus]]'', pups are carried by the mother for the first few weeks of life, with weaning occurring around 5 months of age. Males do not participate in parental care. Young bats learn to fly at approximately 11 weeks of age. Reproductive maturity occurs at 18–24 months.<ref name=Walker/>

It has a common mammalian annual breeding season. Its testes increase in weight as days grow shorter, and are heaviest in October and November. Their weight quickly decreases after eggs are fertilized. Sperm are abundant in the [[epididymides]] throughout the year. Just before daylength begins to increase in December, conception occurs. The young are born in May, as pregnancy lasts roughly six months. [[Copulation (zoology)|Copulation]] rates tend to increase as days grow shorter.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Marshall|first= A. J. |title=The breeding cycle of an equatorial bat (Pteropus giganteus of ceylon)|journal=Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London |volume=159 |number=2 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1947.tb00484.x |pages=103–111 |year= 1947}}</ref>

To initiate copulation males capture the attention of females with continuous flapping of their wings (probably to spread the odor from male scent glands), though this usually only serves to encourage females to escape.<ref name=PopulationDynamics/> Copulation tends to occur with females that fail to escape after courtship. Males chase females persistently for up to half of an hour until they successfully corner the female.{{cn|date=July 2022}} Females attempt to protect themselves and escape during copulation and call constantly. Copulation ranges from 30 to 70 seconds on average. Males do not release females until copulation ends, and afterwards both bats remain silent until the end of the day.<ref name=Copulation>{{cite journal |title=Copulatory behaviour of Indian flying fox ''Pteropus giganteus'' |journal=Current Science |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=15–16 |author1=Koilraj, B.J.|author2=Agoramoorthy, G. |author3=Marimuthu, G. |date=2001}}</ref>
Both before and after copulation, Indian flying foxes engage in [[Non-reproductive sexual behavior in animals#Oral sex|oral sex]], with males performing cunnilingus on females.
The duration of oral sex is positively associated with the duration of copulation, suggesting that its purpose is to make the female more receptive to copulation and to increase the male's chances of fertilizing an ovum.<ref name="Maruthupandian 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Maruthupandian |first1=J. |last2=Marimuthu |first2=G. |date=2013 |title=Cunnilingus apparently increases duration of copulation in the Indian flying fox, ''Pteropus giganteus'' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |article-number=e59743 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059743|pmid=23544092|pmc=3609797|bibcode=2013PLoSO...859743M|doi-access=free}}</ref> Males of this species also engage in homosexual fellatio the function and purpose of which is not yet confirmed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sundar |first1=K.S.Gopi |last2=Kittur |first2=Swati|date=2020|title=An observation of homosexual fellatio in the Indian Flying Fox ''Pteropus medius'' (Temminck, 1825) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=12|issue=8|pages=15945–15946|doi=10.11609/jott.5893.12.8.15945-15946|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Relationship to people==
=== Disease transmission ===
Like other fruit bats, the Indian flying fox may be a [[natural reservoir]] for diseases including certain [[henipavirus]]es and [[flavivirus]]es.<ref name="Epstein 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Epstein|first1= J. H.|last2= Quan|first2= P. L.|last3= Briese|first3= T.|last4= Street|first4= C.|last5= Jabado|first5= O.|last6= Conlan|first6=S.|last7= Egholm|first7= M.|date=2010|title= Identification of GBV-D, a novel GB-like flavivirus from old world frugivorous bats (Pteropus giganteus) in Bangladesh|journal= PLOS Pathogens|volume=6|issue=7|article-number= e1000972|doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1000972|pmid= 20617167|pmc= 2895649|doi-access= free}}</ref>
These can prove fatal to humans and domestic animals.
Indian flying foxes in India and Bangladesh have tested positive for [[Nipah virus]], a type of henipavirus.
Due to human encroachment into their habitats, there is a high risk of [[spillover infection]] of Nipah virus from Indian flying foxes to humans.<ref name="Epstein 2008">{{cite journal|last1=Epstein|first1= J. H.|last2= Prakash|first2= V.|last3= Smith|first3= C. S.|last4= Daszak|first4= P.|last5= McLaughlin|first5= A. B.|last6= Meehan|first6= G.|last7=Cunningham|first7= A. A.|date=2008|title= Henipavirus infection in fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus), India|journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume= 14|issue=8|pages= 1309–1311|doi=10.3201/eid1408.071492|pmid= 18680665|pmc= 2600370}}</ref>
While Nipah virus outbreaks are more likely in areas preferred by Indian flying foxes, researchers note that "the presence of bats in and of itself is not considered a risk factor for Nipah virus infection."
Rather, the consumption of [[date palm#Sap|date palm sap]] is a significant route of transmission.
The practice of date palm sap collection involves placing collecting pots at date palm trees.
Indian flying foxes have been observed licking the sap as it flows into the pots, as well as defecating and urinating in proximity to the pots.
In this way, humans who drink the palm sap can be exposed to the bats' viruses.
The use of bamboo skirts on collecting pots lowers the risk of contamination from bat fluids.<ref name="Hahn 2014">{{cite journal|last1=Hahn|first1= M. B.|last2=Epstein |first2= J. H.|last3= Gurley|first3= E. S.|last4= Islam|first4= M. S.|last5= Luby|first5= S. P.|last6= Daszak|first6= P.|last7=Patz|first7= J. A.|date=2014|title= Roosting behaviour and habitat selection of Pteropus giganteus reveal potential links to Nipah virus epidemiology|journal=Journal of Applied Ecology|volume= 51|issue=2|pages=376–387|doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12212|pmid= 24778457|pmc=4000083|bibcode= 2014JApEc..51..376H}}</ref>
While Indian flying foxes have also tested positive for [[Pegivirus#history|GBV-D]], a type of flavivirus, it is unclear whether this virus occurs in humans or if it could be transmitted by Indian flying foxes.<ref name="Epstein 2010"/>

===As pests===
[[File:EvansCherry2.JPG|thumb|Netting trees to prevent fruit depredation]]
To some, the Indian flying fox is [[vermin]] because they believe that it "poaches" ripe fruit from orchards.<ref name="Mahmood 2010">{{cite journal|last1=Mahmood-ul-Hassan|first1= M.|last2= Gulraiz|first2= T. L.|last3= Rana|first3= S. A.|last4=Javid|first4= A.|date=2010|title= The diet of Indian flying-foxes (Pteropus giganteus) in urban habitats of Pakistan|journal= Acta Chiropterologica|volume= 12|issue=2|pages= 341–347|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232694470|doi= 10.3161/150811010X537927|s2cid= 84431576}}</ref>
A study in India found that of all orchard crops, Indian flying foxes did the most damage to mango and guava crops.
However, an estimated 60% of fruits damaged by the flying foxes were ripe or overripe; overripe fruits are about half as valuable as ripe fruits.<ref name="Singaravelan 2009">{{cite journal|last1=Singaravelan|first1= N.|last2= Marimuthu|first2= G.|last3= Racey|first3= P. A.|date=2009|title= Do fruit bats deserve to be listed as vermin in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) & Amended Acts? A critical review|journal= Oryx|volume= 43|issue=4|pages= 608–613|doi=10.1017/S0030605309990391|doi-access= free}}</ref>
In the [[Maldives]], Indian flying foxes are considered major pests of almond, guava, and mango trees. Indian flying foxes in the Maldives have been culled to protect orchards; some managers advocated reducing their population by 75% every three to four years for optimum control.
Alternatives to culling include placing barriers between the bats and fruit trees, such as netting, or harvesting fruit in a timely manner to avoid attracting as many flying foxes.<ref name="Dolbeer 1988">{{cite journal|last1=Dolbeer|first1= R. R.|last2= Fiedler|first2= L. R.|last3= Rasheed|first3= H.|date=1988|title= Management of fruit bat and rat populations in the Maldive Islands, Indian Ocean|journal=Proceedings of the Thirteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference |volume=1988|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpcthirteen/24/}}</ref>
Preventing fruit loss may also involve the use of scare guns, chemical deterrents, or night-time lights.
Alternatively, planting [[Muntingia|Singapore cherry trees]] next to an orchard can be effective, as flying foxes are much more attracted to their fruits than many other orchard crops.<ref name="Singaravelan 2009"/>

===As food and medicine===
In Pakistan, its populations have declined.
This has been partly attributed to the belief that its fat is a treatment for [[rheumatism]].<ref name=Walker/>
Tribes in the [[Attappadi]] region of India eat the cooked flesh of the Indian flying fox to treat asthma and chest pain.<ref name="Padmanabhan 208">{{cite journal|last1=Padmanabhan|first1= P.|last2= Sujana|first2= K. A.|date= 2008|title= Animal products in traditional medicine from Attappady hills of Western Ghats|journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge|volume=7|issue=2|pages=326–329|hdl= 123456789/1595}}</ref>
Healers of the Kanda Tribe of Bangladesh use hair from Indian flying foxes to create treatments for "fever with shivering".<ref name="Rahmatullah">{{cite journal|last1=Rahmatullah|first1= M.|last2= Ayman|first2= U.|last3= Akter|first3= F.|last4= Sarker|first4= M.|last5= Sifa|first5= R.|last6= Sarker|first6= B.|last7=Chowdhury|first7= S. A.|date=2013|title= Medicinal formulations of a Kanda tribal healer–a tribe on the verge of disappearance in Bangladesh|journal= African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines|volume= 10|issue=2|pages= 213–222|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajtcam/article/view/84605/74596|doi=10.4314/ajtcam.v10i2.5|pmid= 24146444|pmc= 3746568}}</ref>
In Pakistan and India, Indian flying foxes are more likely to be killed for medicine than for bushmeat even though their medicinal methods are unrealistic.
However, the meat is consumed by [[Adivasi|indigenous tribes of India]].<ref name="Mildenstein 2016">{{cite book|last1=Mildenstein|first1= T.|last2= Tanshi|first2= I.|last3= Racey|first3= P. A.|date=2016|chapter= Exploitation of Bats for Bushmeat and Medicine|title=Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World |pages=325–375|publisher= Springer|isbn=978-3-319-25220-9|doi= 10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_12|s2cid= 130038936}}</ref>
Its meat is traded locally in small markets, and is not considered of significant economic importance.
Consumption is also reported in three provinces of [[South China]] and one province in [[Southwest China]].
Hunting may be sustainable, though, with some researchers positing that habitat loss and roost disturbance are much more damaging to its populations.<ref name="Mickleburgh 2009">{{cite journal|last1=Mickleburgh|first1=S.|last2=Waylen|first2=K.|last3=Racey|first3=P.|date=2009|title=Bats as bushmeat: a global review|journal=Oryx|volume=43|issue=2|pages=217–234|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231949029|doi=10.1017/S0030605308000938|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===In culture===
Despite the Indian government classifying bats as [[vermin]] in the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972|Indian Wildlife Protection Act]], the Indian flying fox is sacred in India. In the [[Puliangulam]] village in India, a [[banyan tree]] in the middle of local agriculture fields is home to a colony of 500 Indian flying foxes. The bats are protected by the local spirit "Muniyandi", and the villagers make offerings of bananas and rice to the spirit and the bats.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sacred Animals of India |first=Nanditha|last= Krishna |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-14-306619-4 |page=142}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pteropus giganteus}}
{{Wikispecies|Pteropus giganteus}}

{{Pteropodidae|P.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q285810}}

[[Category:Pteropus|Indian flying fox]]
[[Category:Bats of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Bats of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1825]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]

George Younghusband

2025-12-15T20:12:29Z

KristiBruno654: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{short description|British colonial military general}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|name=Sir George Younghusband
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCMG|KCIE|CB}}
|birth_date=9 July 1859
|death_date={{death-date and age|30 September 1944|9 July 1859}}
|birth_place=[[Dharmasala]], India
|death_place=[[Crickhowell]], Wales
|placeofburial=
|image=George John Younghusband.png
|caption=
|alt=
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|British Empire}}
|branch=[[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Army]]
|serviceyears=1878–1917
|rank=[[Major-General]]
|commands=Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides 3rd Battalion [[Imperial Yeomanry]] 26th (Younghusband's Horse) Battalion Imperial Yeomanry [[Fyzabad Brigade]] [[Derajat Brigade]] [[Aden Brigade]] [[28th Indian Brigade]] [[7th (Meerut) Division]]
|battles=[[Second Afghan War]] [[Mahdist War]] [[North West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier]] [[Third Burmese War]] [[Chitral Expedition]] [[Spanish–American War]] [[Second Boer War]] [[Mohmand expedition of 1908]] [[First World War]]
|unit=[[17th Foot]] [[Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force)|Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides]]
|awards=
|relations=[[John William Younghusband|John Younghusband]] (father) [[Francis Younghusband]] (brother) [[Charles Younghusband]] (uncle) [[George Edward Younghusband|George Younghusband]] (son) [[Eileen Younghusband (British social worker)|Eileen Younghusband]] (niece)
|laterwork=[[Master of the Jewel Office|Keeper of the Jewel House]] Author
}}

[[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir George John Younghusband''', {{Post-nominals|sep=,|size=100%|KCMG|KCIE|CB|country=GBR}} (9 July 1859 – 30 September 1944) was a [[cavalry]] officer and [[major-general]] in the [[British Indian Army]].

Younghusband was commissioned into the [[17th Foot]] in 1878. He later transferred to the British Indian Army's [[Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides (Frontier Force)|Guides Cavalry]] and served in several conflicts, including the [[Second Afghan War]], the [[Mahdist War]], the [[Third Burmese War]], the [[Second Boer War]] and finally in the [[First World War]]. Due to wounds received on the battlefield, he was forced to retire from the army in 1917.

In his later life he became a noted author of several books, and the [[Master of the Jewel Office|Keeper of the Jewel House]] at the [[Tower of London]], until his death on 30 September 1944, at [[Crickhowell]] in Wales.

==Early life==
George John Younghusband was born on 9 July 1859, at [[Dharamshala]] in India, the eldest son of [[Major-General]] [[John William Younghusband]] and Clara Jane Shaw, and the elder brother of [[Francis Younghusband]]. He was educated at [[Clifton College]] and the [[Royal Military College Sandhurst]]. In May 1878, after successfully passing out, he was commissioned, as a [[second-lieutenant]], into the [[17th Foot]], on probation for the India Staff Corps.<ref>{{London Gazette |date=30 May 1878 |issue=24577 |page=2775}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 December 2013 |publisher=Journeys to Keng Tung |title=G. J. Younghusband |url=http://journeystokengtung.com/travelers/g-j-younghusband/ |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112912/http://journeystokengtung.com/travelers/g-j-younghusband/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He fought in the [[Second Afghan War]] and was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 15 March 1880, before transferring to the India Staff Corps, in October 1883.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=30 October 1883|issue=25283|page=5148}}</ref><ref name=kcl>{{cite web |access-date=23 December 2013 |publisher=King's College London |title=George Younghusband |url= http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/YOUNGHUSBAND1.shtml}}</ref>

==Indian Army==
[[File:Staff College class 1890.png|thumb|left|The Staff College, Camberley, class in 1890. Stood in the second row, sixth from the left, is Captain G. J. Younghusband.]]

After joining the Indian Army he was involved in several conflicts in a short period of time. The 1885 [[Mahdist War]], operations on the [[North West Frontier (military history)|North West Frontier]] in 1886, and in the [[Third Burmese War]].<ref name=kcl/> His next promotion came on 1 May 1889, when he was promoted to [[captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]].<ref>{{London Gazette|date=19 July 1889|issue=25955|page=3896}}</ref> Six years later, in 1895, he was [[mentioned in dispatches]], while serving as the [[brigade major]] for the 4th Brigade, part of the [[Chitral Expedition|Chitral Relief Force]].<ref name=kcl/><ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 November 1895|issue=26680|page=6177}}</ref> He was further recognized by promotion to [[brevet (military)|brevet]] [[Major (British Army and Royal Marines)|major]] in January 1896.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=21 January 1896|issue=26701|page=358}}</ref> The following year, he was on 22 January 1897 appointed to a staff position as [[assistant adjutant-general|deputy assistant adjutant-general]] in [[Sirhind]], under the [[Punjab Army|Punjab Command]].<ref>Hart′s Army list, 1901</ref> In 1898 he was appointed as a military observer during the [[Spanish–American War]] in the [[Philippines]],<ref name=kcl /> and in May that year promoted to substantive major.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=15 July 1898|issue=26987|page=4275}}</ref>

==Command==
[[File:Memorial to George Younghusband, St Aidan's Church, Bamburgh.jpg|thumb|left|330px|Memorial to George Younghusband, St Aidan's Church, Bamburgh]]

Younghusband's first command came during the [[Second Boer War]], when he was promoted to temporary [[lieutenant-colonel]] and [[commanding officer]] of the 3rd Battalion, [[Imperial Yeomanry]], on 20 January 1900.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=26 January 1900|issue=27157|page=515}}</ref> The battalion comprised the [[9th (Yorkshire (Doncaster)) Company, Imperial Yeomanry|9th (Yorkshire (Doncaster))]], [[10th (Sherwood Rangers) Company, Imperial Yeomanry|10th (Sherwood Rangers)]], [[11th (Yorkshire Dragoons) Company, Imperial Yeomanry|11th (Yorkshire Dragoons)]] and [[12th (South Nottinghamshire) Company, Imperial Yeomanry|12th (South Nottinghamshire Hussars) Companies]], all recruited by [[Yeomanry]] regiments in Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire.<ref name = Roll>[http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Regiments/ImperialYeomanryCompaniesBoerBn.html IY Companies at Roll of Honour.]</ref> He left [[Liverpool]] with the battalion aboard {{SS|Winifredian||2}} in late January 1900,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The War - The Imperial Yeomanry|date=30 January 1900 |page=5 |issue=36052}}</ref> arriving in [[South Africa]] the following month. While commanding the battalion he was [[mentioned in dispatches]] in 1901.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=16 April 1901|issue=27305|page=2604}}</ref> The same year he received a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] promotion to lieutenant-colonel and was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Bath]] (CB).<ref>{{London Gazette|date=19 April 1901|issue=27306|page=2704}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|date=1 October 1901|city=e|issue=11343|page=1094}}</ref>

Younghusband left the 3rd to command the 26th (Younghusband's Horse) Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry, in December 1901.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=21 January 1902|issue=27399|page=452}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27434|page=3252|date=16 May 1902}}</ref> This battalion comprised the newly-raised 119th–122nd Companies.<ref name = Roll/> He was again mentioned in dispatches in June the following year.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=17 June 1902|issue=27443|page=3974}}</ref> He was wounded, and in late May 1902 left South Africa on the ''[[SS Roslin Castle]]'' which arrived at [[Southampton]] the following month.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Army in South Africa - Return of Troops|date=19 June 1902 |page=8 |issue=36798}}</ref> He relinquished the command of the 26th battalion on 30 August 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27476 |page=6079 |date=23 September 1902}}</ref>

After that war he was promoted to [[colonel]] in April 1905.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=7 April 1905|issue=27782|page=2638}}</ref> He was then involved in the [[Mohmand expedition of 1908]].<ref name=kcl/> Then in February 1909, was promoted to temporary [[brigadier-general]] while serving on the General Staff.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=27 April 1909|issue=28245|page=320}}</ref> In 1909, he became commander of the [[Fyzabad Brigade]], part of the [[8th (Lucknow) Division]], and the [[Derajat Brigade]] from 1911. The same year he was promoted to [[major-general]].<ref>{{London Gazette|date=25 July 1911|issue=28516|page=5551}}</ref> He was still in command, when appointed a Knight Commander of the [[Order of St Michael and St George]] (KCMG) in 1913.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=3 January 1913|issue=12526|page=3}}</ref>

In October 1914, Younghusband was given command of the [[28th Indian Brigade]], part of the [[10th Indian Division]]. They were initially deployed to defend the [[Suez Canal]]. In July 1915, the brigade was detached to [[South Arabia during World War I|defence of Aden]]. where it fought a sharp action at Sheikh Othman on 20 July, before returning to Egypt in September.

In November 1915, the brigade left the division and moved to Mesopotamia to form part of the 7th (Meerut) Division from December 1915.
At this point Younghusband left the brigade and was appointed to command the [[7th (Meerut) Division]] on 10 December 1915 but he was forced to relinquish that position on 8 May 1916 due to wounds received.<ref name=kcl />

During the operations in Mespototamia Younghusband was again mentioned in dispatches.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=20 June 1916|issue=29632|supp=y|page=6174}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|date=9 May 1916|issue=29576|supp=y|page=4660}}</ref>

==Family and later life==
In March 1917, King [[George V]] appointed Younghusband as the [[Keeper of the Jewel House]] at the [[Tower of London]].<ref>{{London Gazette|date=24 March 1917|issue=13073|page=669|city=e}}</ref> Then in April 1919, the King approved his retirement from the army.<ref>{{London Gazette|date=11 May 1920|issue=31894|page=5367}}</ref> He was not entirely finished with the army however and in January 1928, he was appointed the Regimental Colonel of the [[10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force)]] and of the 5th Battalion, (Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides) [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]].<ref>{{London Gazette|date=13 January 1928|issue=33347|page=299}}</ref>

His son [[Brigadier]] [[George Edward Younghusband]], of the [[3rd The King's Own Hussars]], served with the [[2nd Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|2nd Armoured Division]] during the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 December 2013 |publisher=King's College London |title=LHCMA Collections |url= http://www.kingscollections.org/catalogues/lhcma/collection/c/cr20-001}}</ref>

George John Younghusband died on 30 September 1944, aged eighty-five, at [[Crickhowell]] in Wales.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 December 2013 |publisher=The Royal Leicestershire Regiment |title=Have you a tiger in your family? |url=http://www.royalleicestershireregiment.org.uk/have-you-a-tiger/record/65877/ |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114311/http://www.royalleicestershireregiment.org.uk/have-you-a-tiger/record/65877/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Notable works==
* ''The Crown Jewels of England'' (1919)
* ''On short leave to Japan'' (1894)
* ''Eighteen Hundred Miles on a Burmese Pony''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2hNrXwAACAAJ Forty Years a Soldier]'' (1923)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AZJWygAACAAJ Indian Frontier Warfare]'' (1898)
* ''The Jewel House'' (1920)
* ''A Short History of the Tower of London'' (1926)
* ''The Philippines and Round About, with some Account of British Interests in these Waters''
* ''Polo in India''
* ''The Queen's Commission''
* ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47611 The Relief of Chitral]'' (1895)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3rh2XwAACAAJ A Soldier's Memories in Peace and War]'' (1917)
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=d9tlXwAACAAJ The Story of the Guides]'' (1908)
* ''The Tower from Within'' (1918)
* ''Exploits of Asaf Khan'' (introduction)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=6945}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=George John Younghusband}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Younghusband George}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Royal Leicestershire Regiment officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army cavalry generals of World War I]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Mahdist War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Malakand Frontier War]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Masters of the Jewel Office]]
[[Category:Younghusband family|George]]
[[Category:British military personnel in colonial India]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]

Nidhi Goyal

2025-12-13T17:01:40Z

KristiBruno654: Added pg

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
'''Nidhi Goyal''' (born 21 September 1985) is an Indian disability and gender rights activist who has been appointed to the [[UN Women]] Executive Director's advisory group.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=UN Women Executive Director establishes her new Civil Society Advisory Group|url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/12/un-women-executive-director-establishes-her-new-civil-society-advisory-group|access-date=2019-07-05|website=UN Women|date=15 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Author Page|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/author/nidhi-goyal/|access-date=2019-07-05|website=openDemocracy}}</ref> Goyal is the founder and executive director of [[Mumbai]]-based [[non-governmental organization|NGO]] Rising Flame<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.womensweb.in/2017/12/nidhi-goyal-changing-norms-one-joke-at-a-time/|title=Nidhi Goyal: Changing Norms One Joke At A Time|date=2017-12-06|website=Women's Web: For Women Who Do|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705085951/https://www.womensweb.in/2017/12/nidhi-goyal-changing-norms-one-joke-at-a-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and works in the areas of sexuality, gender, health and rights for women and girls with disabilities.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/meet-india-s-first-blind-stand-up-comidienne/story-kMBEvNmwpmYcgpuo4CVpvM.html|title=Meet Nidhi Goyal, India's first blind stand up comedienne|date=2017-04-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> She is also a stand-up comedian.<ref name="better india">{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/116599/nidhi-goyal-disabled-woman-comedian/|title=Change Through Humour! Meet Nidhi Goyal, India's First-Ever Disabled Woman Comedian|last=Aranha|first=Jovita|date=25 September 2017|work=The Better India|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/indias-stand-up-comics-are-pulling-no-punches/article24463773.ece|title=India's stand-up comics are pulling no punches|last=Sengupta|first=Saurya|date=21 July 2018|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

== Early life ==
Goyal was born and brought up in Mumbai.<ref name="better india" /> At the age of 15, she was diagnosed with an incurable, irreversible progressive degenerative eye condition that rendered her blind.<ref name=":10">{{Citation|title=Go Goyal| date=20 March 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGdA92I06d0|language=en|access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref><ref name="hindustan">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/meet-india-s-first-blind-stand-up-comidienne/story-kMBEvNmwpmYcgpuo4CVpvM.html|title=Meet Nidhi Goyal, India's first blind stand up comedienne|last=Tuli|first=Aanchal|date=2 April 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref> She began a career in [[mass media]] before transitioning to rights-based work for people with disabilities.<ref name="un">{{cite web|last=Shah|first=Sonal|title=You Need To Be Strong Enough To Point To That Elephant In The Room: Nidhi Goyal, Disability And Gender Rights Activist And Comedian|url=http://in.one.un.org/blogs/incrediblewomen/nidhi-goyal-comedian/|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=27 August 2018|archive-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828001730/http://in.one.un.org/blogs/incrediblewomen/nidhi-goyal-comedian/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Before the diagnosis of her eye condition, Goyal had wanted to become a portrait painter, and had been painting since the age of 4.<ref name=":11">{{Citation|title=Nidhi Goyal {{!}} TEDxAmityUniversity| date=16 November 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAiWqJs3MSU|language=en|access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref> Seeing her older brother, who is [[visually impaired]], lead a successful life, was a source of support to Goyal;<ref name=":15">{{Citation|title=This Stand-Up Comedian With Disability Is An Inspiration For All| date=9 June 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJdsCHPedvE|language=en|access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> she was driven to create support for other women with disabilities.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":0" />

== Activism and advocacy ==

=== Sexual and reproductive rights of women with disabilities ===
Goyal advocates for issues around sexuality and [[sexual and reproductive health and rights]] for women and girls with disabilities.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/blind-comedian-nidhi-goyal-on-her-journey-109066.html|title=Blind comedian Nidhi Goyal talks about her journey|website=femina.in|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/nidhi-goyal/|title=Interview: Nidhi Goyal • In Plainspeak|date=2015-06-01|website=In Plainspeak|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref><ref name="un women">{{cite web|url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2018/6/in-the-words-of-nidhi-goyal|title=In the words of Nidhi Goyal: "These spaces belong to everyone"|date=13 June 2018|publisher=[[UN Women]]|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="Nair">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/JngvFO2BzZd40r0VhDzzNP/Willing-and-able.html|title=Willing and able|last=Nair|first=Supriya|date=2012-06-08|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|language=en|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2017/12/19/nidhi-goyal/|title=Feminist Spaces Remain Notoriously Clueless About Disabled Women's Needs: Nidhi Goyal|date=2017-12-19|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705071217/http://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2017/12/19/nidhi-goyal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Goyal wished to challenge the notion that women with disabilities are either hypersexual or asexual.<ref name=":17" /> When Goyal initially began working on sexuality, she said she faced backlash and venom, with people questioning the importance of this work, and calling it "pseudo-activism" and "elitist".<ref name=":11" />

Goyal was the director of the sexuality and disability program at the [[Mumbai]]-based feminist non-profit Point of View.<ref name="Nair"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Mayank|title=Asking questions about sex that disabled women are often afraid to pose|url=https://scroll.in/article/735224/asking-questions-about-sex-that-disabled-women-are-often-afraid-to-pose|access-date=2019-07-05|website=Scroll.in|date=31 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref> At Point of View, Goyal coauthored the website sexualityanddisability.org, an online resource on disability, gender, sexuality and violence for girls and women with disabilities.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-19|title=Feminist Spaces Remain Notoriously Clueless About Disabled Women's Needs: Nidhi Goyal|url=http://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2017/12/19/nidhi-goyal/|access-date=2021-04-11|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705071217/http://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2017/12/19/nidhi-goyal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The site is accessible to the visually impaired.<ref name=":3" />

Goyal advocates for the need to address the unique forms of violence that women with disabilities face, as well as the challenges accessing comprehensive sexuality education, sexual health or legal recourse.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the words of Nidhi Goyal: "These spaces belong to everyone"|url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2018/6/in-the-words-of-nidhi-goyal|access-date=2021-04-13|website=UN Women|date=13 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> She has spoken about sexual violations people with disabilities face in the name of aid or caregiving.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Sohini Das|date=2017-03-27|title=Disability. Mobility. Sexuality|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-disability-mobility-sexuality-2369534|access-date=2021-04-13|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=2019-09-23|title=Care vs Consent: For Persons with Disability, the Line is Often Thin and a Tad More Complicated|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/care-vs-consent-for-persons-with-disability-the-line-is-often-thin-and-a-tad-more-complicated-2317959.html|access-date=2021-04-13|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref> During the [[Me Too movement|#MeToo movement]], she spoke about the silence of women with disabilities,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-04|title=Naa Mein Naa Hai, No Means No – Guest Column by Nidhi Goyal, Disabled activist & comedian|url=https://newzhook.com/story/21266/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=Newz Hook – Changing Attitudes towards Disability|language=en-US}}</ref> due in part to disabled women's internalised stigma of being "undesirable", a sense of obligation and dependency on caregivers and partners,<ref name=":16" /> fear of further alienation, and lack of supportive networks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-22|title=#MeToo Conversations: Divya Kandukuri, Nidhi Goyal discuss the need for inclusivity and how to ensure it |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/metoo-conversations-divya-kandukuri-nidhi-goyal-discuss-the-need-for-inclusivity-and-how-to-ensure-it-5422991.html|access-date=2021-04-15|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

Goyal was featured in [[Mama Cash]]'s #MyBodyIsMine campaign, where she spoke about how women with disabilities are either seen as helpless or as superheroes, but never "normal".<ref>{{Cite web|title="If you have a disability, people assume you're asexual" – MamaCash|url=https://www.mamacash.org/en/if-you-have-a-disability-people-assume-you-re-asexual|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.mamacash.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415151308/https://www.mamacash.org/en/if-you-have-a-disability-people-assume-you-re-asexual|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Policy and legal advocacy ===
Goyal co-authored a report for the international human rights research and advocacy organisation, [[Human Rights Watch]], titled "Invisible victims of sexual violence: Access to justice for women and girls with disabilities in India".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Tough for disabled sexual violence victims to get legal aid: Human Rights Watch report|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/apr/06/tough-for-disabled-sexual-violence-victims-to-get-legal-aid-human-rights-watch-report-1797665.html|access-date=2019-07-05|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-04-03|title=Invisible Victims of Sexual Violence {{!}} Access to Justice for Women and Girls with Disabilities in India|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/04/03/invisible-victims-sexual-violence/access-justice-women-and-girls-disabilities|access-date=2019-07-05|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Women, girls with disabilities who survive sexual violence face more barriers to get justice: Study|url=https://scroll.in/latest/874363/women-girls-with-disabilities-who-survive-sexual-violence-face-more-barriers-to-get-justice-study|access-date=2021-04-12|website=Scroll.in|date=4 April 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> The report looks at the challenges that women and girls with disabilities who have survived sexual violence face when accessing legal aid and justice.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chowdhury|first=Nilanjan|title=Women with disabilities: India's 'invisible victims'|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2018/4/3/women-with-disabilities-indias-invisible-victims|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> Goyal believes that while India has made important legal reforms on sexual violence since 2013, women and girls with disabilities still lack equal access to justice, and remain "the invisible victims of sexual violence".

Along with lawyer Amba Salelkar,<ref>{{Cite magazine
|title= Interview – Amba Salelkar
|first=Shikha
|last=Aleya
|magazine= Tarshi
|date= 1 September 2020
|url=https://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/interview-amba-salelkar/
}}</ref> she drafted recommendations to the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Bill (2014), including measures like gender-specific programs, representation of women with disabilities in decision-making bodies, collecting data on the barriers that prevent women with disabilities from entering education, and short stay facilities that could protect women victims of abuse. The Bill did not incorporate these demands.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-17|title=Parliament clears Disabilities Bill 2014, but are women benefitting from this? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/parliament-clears-disabilities-bill-2014-but-are-women-benefitting-from-this-3159624.html|access-date=2021-04-15|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

In 2020, Goyal criticised the central government's proposal (later repealed) to amend the Rights Of Persons With Disabilities Act as an example of state apathy, saying that had the guidelines become an act, it would have left people with disabilities with little to no enforcement mechanisms.<ref name=":18" />

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Goyal condemned the Department of Empowerment of Persons With Disabilities' recommendations, as it made only one mention of women with disabilities.<ref name=":18" /> Goyal believes that gender sensitive and gender inclusive policy and implementation is needed rather than [[tokenism]].<ref name=":18" />

Goyal also advocates against women with disabilities' invisibility in data and, as a result, policies.<ref name=":19" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-19|title=Feminist Spaces Remain Notoriously Clueless About Disabled Women's Needs: Nidhi Goyal|url=http://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2017/12/19/nidhi-goyal/|access-date=2021-04-15|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705071217/http://feministallianceforrights.org/blog/2017/12/19/nidhi-goyal/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Internationally, Goyal has worked with agencies to build capacities of activists in African and other South-Asian countries to understand the intersections of gender and disability, and how they can engage with United Nations mechanisms.<ref name=":4" /> Goyal emphasised the importance of UN mechanisms or conventions trickling down and influencing national policies and holding governments more accountable.<ref name=":0" />

== Involvement with Rising Flame ==
Goyal is the founder and executive director of Rising Flame, a Mumbai-based organisation founded in 2017. Rising Flame works towards enabling people with disabilities, particularly women and youth with disabilities, to find a voice, space and build leadership and advocacy.<ref name="newzhook.com">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-11|title=Rising Flame launches leadership programme for women with disabilities|url=https://newzhook.com/story/22788/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Newz Hook – Changing Attitudes towards Disability|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rising Flame – Lead. Grow. Change.|url=https://risingflame.org/|access-date=2019-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-21|title=Nominations Open: "i can lead" National leadership program for women with disabilities by Rising Flame|url=https://enabled.in/wp/nominations-open-i-can-lead-national-leadership-program-for-women-with-disabilities-by-rising-flame/|access-date=2019-07-05|website=enabled.in|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705075830/https://enabled.in/wp/nominations-open-i-can-lead-national-leadership-program-for-women-with-disabilities-by-rising-flame/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rising Flame has been involved in the #MeToo movement and the campaign 'My Tale Too', which aims to rewrite the narratives of popular movies or novels with disabled people in the lead.<ref name=":4" />

=== I Can Lead Leadership Programme ===
Launched in July 2019, Rising Flame's 'I Can Lead Fellows' is a mentorship and leadership programme for women with disabilities in India, focused on self-development and professional growth.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|author=Himanshi Dhawan|date=Jul 13, 2019|title=Year-long mentorship program for women with disabilities|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/year-long-mentorship-program-for-women-with-disabilities/articleshow/70198822.cms|access-date=2021-04-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="newzhook.com"/> The year-long programme pairs fellows with a woman mentor, with or without disabilities, who are leaders in their field.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-11|title=Rising flame introduces I Can Lead Fellows to empower women with disabilities|url=https://indiacsrnetwork.com/rising-flame-introduces-i-can-lead-fellows-to-empower-women-with-disabilities/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=India CSR Network|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The first year of the program saw six women from across India given intensive one-on-one training to address their ambitions.<ref name=":13" />

Goyal says that a program like 'I Can Lead' is needed because of the discriminatory environment that excludes women with disabilities from building an independent and productive future, combined with the lack of social and familial support and resources.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-12|title=Leadership programme for differently abled women launched|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-leadership-programme-for-differently-abled-women-launched-2771019|access-date=2021-04-11|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Accessibility ===
Rising Flame won the National Award for Best Accessible Website.<ref>{{Citation|title=Rising Flame wins National Award for Best Accessible Website | date=13 December 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJMh4dpXAdw|language=en|access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref> Goyal describes an accessible website as a safe and welcoming space that visitors with disabilities can use with no hitch or bother.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-22|title=Money in my account, but still can't pay: Winner of 'best accessible website'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nidhi-goyal-rising-flame-disability-best-accessible-website-6226428/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Describing the process behind Rising Flame's website, Goyal says, "Before the launch of Rising Flame, we had thought through across disabilities. People with reading disabilities or [[dyslexia]], any form of mental health disorder, mild autism spectrum are all able to access our website comfortably."<ref name=":14" />

Goyal believes that making a website accessible does not require large amounts of money, just a commitment to make something that everyone can use.<ref name=":14" /> While conversations around accessibility are increasing, Goyal believes that there is still a long way to go, because that awards for accessible websites should not be a category in the first place.<ref name=":14" />

=== Research and advocacy ===
In May 2020, Rising Flame and [[Sightsavers]] India undertook a study focusing on the experiences of women with disabilities during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in India, culminating in the report, "Neglected and Forgotten: Women with disabilities during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|Covid crisis in India]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Pandit|first1=Ambika|date=July 27, 2020|title=Pandemic has worsened woes of disabled women, says study |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pandemic-has-worsened-woes-of-disabled-women-says-study/articleshow/77188644.cms|access-date=2021-04-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Goyal spoke about the need for responses to a crisis to differentiate the particular needs of women and girls with disabilities, as well as the specific needs within each disability.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-27|title=Women With Disabilities Invisibile In Covid Policy Responses|url=https://www.behanbox.com/2020/07/27/women-with-disabilities-have-been-excluded-in-government-policy-during-the-covid-pandemic/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=BehanBox|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Consent and sexuality ===
Rising Flame has been involved in the #MeToo movement. The organisation's "Naa Mein Naa Hai" series seeks to unpack and start conversations on the complexities of consent for women with disabilities. Goyal says the initiative seeks to enable people with disabilities to situate consent as a natural part of a relationship and a path to pleasure, rather than as something seen exclusively through the lens of danger and violence.

== Involvement with other civil society groups ==
Nidhi has been appointed to the [[UN Women]] Executive Director's advisory group,<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> sits on the advisory board of Voice, a grant making facility by the Dutch Ministry,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Advisory Board |url=https://voice.global/about-us/who-we-are/advisory-board/|access-date=2019-07-05|website=voice.global}}</ref> and is currently the president. She is a member of the core group on persons with disabilities and elderly persons by the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission in India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team – Rising Flame|url=https://risingflame.org/person/team/|access-date=2019-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref>

Goyal is the president of the board of [[Association for Women's Rights in Development]] (AWID), an international feminist membership organisation committed to achieving gender equality, sustainable development and women's human rights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Board of Directors|url=https://www.awid.org/our-board-of-directors|access-date=2019-07-05|website=AWID|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101185039/https://www.awid.org/our-board-of-directors|url-status=dead}}</ref> Goyal became president in May 2019, after serving as a board member for two years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-05|title=Meet our Board President: Nidhi Goyal|url=https://www.awid.org/news-and-analysis/meet-our-board-president-nidhi-goyal|access-date=2021-04-11|website=AWID|language=en}}</ref> Goyal is the youngest person and first person with a disability to become the president of AWID's board.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last=Misra|first=Anusha|date=2020-08-07|title=Rising Flame's Nidhi Goyal On Womxn With Disability, The RPWD Act, COVID-19 & More|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2020/08/07/rising-flame-nidhi-goyal-interview/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Feminism In India|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Comedy ==
In addition to her activism, Goyal is a stand-up comedian, and is considered India's first blind stand-up comedian.<ref name="hindustan" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Breaking Stereotypes, One Joke At A Time| date=11 April 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8ZOCNkhoao|language=en|access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref> She was encouraged to try comedy by close friend and fellow activist and filmmaker, [[Pramada Menon]].<ref name="un" /><ref name="better india" /> She wrote her first set in six months<ref name="hindustan" /> and performed her debut in December 2015 in Calcutta.<ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation|title=Comedy for Disability Rights: Changing the World one Laugh at a Time {{!}} Nidhi Goyal {{!}} TEDxHRCollege| date=13 April 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNdVlwFptfU|language=en|access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref> She has performed in various mainstream clubs, at conferences and for corporations.<ref name="un" />

Goyal was also featured in the first episode of stand-up comedian [[Aditi Mittal]]'s webseries ''Bad Girls''.<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/stand-up-comedy-show-aims-to-bust-myths-about-sex-and-disability/17449183|title=Stand-Up Comedy Show Aims To Bust Myths About Sex And Disability|last=Behrawala|first=Krutika|date=20 July 2016|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="quint">{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/nidhi-goyal-aditi-mittal-comedy-visually-impaired-woman-disability-and-sexuality-comedian-bad-girls-youtube|title=Visually-Impaired Comedian Nidhi Goyal Slays It On 'Bad Girls'|last=Sharma|first=Deeksha|date=17 February 2017|work=[[The Quint]]|access-date=27 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Elizabeth|first=Prapti|date=2017-02-16|title=To A Nation That Can't Take Jokes, This Visually-Impaired Comedian Teaches How To Laugh At Oneself|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/badass-blind-standup-comic-busting-myths/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.scoopwhoop.com|language=English}}</ref> Mittal says, "I didn't take Nidhi on board because of her disability but because she's funny!"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhula|first=Pooja|date=2017-02-26|title=Good girls don't make history: Aditi Mittal|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-good-girls-don-t-make-history-aditi-mittal-2334799|access-date=2021-04-11|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

Goyal uses comedy as a tool for activism to talk about the stigma around disability and sexuality.<ref>{{Citation|title=Nidhi Goyal, Founder and Director, Rising Flame| date=6 June 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRwfj4n_DhM|language=en|access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref> Goyal believes that comedy is the best way to get people to listen and reflect.<ref name=":15" /> In her comedy, Goyal talks about sex, relationships and love within the disabled community, and draws from her own experiences.<ref name="hindustan" /> Comedy is something that happened accidentally for Goyal, and she likes to laugh at the prejudices that people hold against her as a woman with a disability.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|title="The minute I started seeing less, I think I saw more"|url=https://www.sightsavers.org/social-inclusion-working-group/2018/07/nidhi-goyal/|access-date=2021-04-11|website=Sightsavers|date=25 July 2018 |language=en-GB}}</ref> As a comedian, Goyal says she occupies a space where people don't expect a disabled person to be, because of the othering of people with disabilities, and the tendency to see them as objects of charity.<ref name="youtube.com"/>

== Awards ==
Goyal was given the Neelam Kanga Award by National Association for the Blind, India, in January 2016<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.giveindia.org/images/documents/14_ar_15_16.pdf |title=Annual Report 2015 – 2016 |website=National Association for the Blind, India |access-date=2019-07-05 |archive-date=2017-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226031204/http://www.giveindia.org/images/documents/14_ar_15_16.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Superwoman of the Year award by [[ABP News]] in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/trending-news/these-3-amazing-ladies-have-won-our-superwomen-contest-read-their-inspiring-stories-664691|title=These 3 Amazing Ladies Have Won Our Superwomen Contest! Read Their Inspiring Stories|date=2018-03-08|website=www.abplive.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>

== Research and publications ==
=== Book chapters ===

*"I am Blind, so is love", in ''[https://penguin.co.in/book/eleven-ways-to-love/ Eleven ways to love: Essays]'' ([[Penguin Random House]], 2018)
*"Privilege or Marginalisation: Narrative of a Disability Rights Activist", in ''[https://in.sagepub.com/en-in/sas/disability-in-south-asia/book263322#contents Disability in South Asia]'' (SAGE, 2018)
* "The Fluid Connections and Uncertain Spaces of Women with Disabilities", co-authored with Janet Price in ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309773742_The_Fluid_Connections_and_Uncertain_Spaces_of_Women_with_Disabilities_Making_Links_Across_and_Beyond_the_Global_South Disability in the Global South: The Critical Handbook]'' (Springer, 2016)
*"Is Access Real? Disability, Sexuality, and the Digital Space", in ''[https://arrow.org.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AFC22.1-2016.pdf Sexuality, Sexual and Reproductive Health]'' (Arrow for Change, 2016)

=== Articles ===

* "[https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/dear-non-disabled-people-here-are-some-thoughts-for-world-disability-day/cid/1677331 Dear non-disabled people, we are human beings and citizens too]", ''Telegraph'' (December 2018)
* "[https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/04/03/invisible-victims-sexual-violence/access-justice-women-and-girls-disabilities Invisible Victims of Sexual Violence: Access to Justice for Women and Girls with Disabilities in India]", ''Human Rights Watch'' (April 2018)
*"[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09688080.2017.1338492 Denial of sexual rights: insights from the lives of women with visual impairment in India]", in ''Reproductive Health Matters'' (2017)
* "[https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/sexual-rights-disability-indian-women/ Sexual rights: off-limits for Indian women with disabilities?]", ''OpenDemocracy'' (June 2017)
*"[https://scroll.in/magazine/829426/the-love-story-that-never-was The love that never was: Why I rejected the affections of a non-disabled person]", Scroll (February 2017)
*"[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/sep/07/why-does-womens-rights-movement-marginalise-women-with-disabilities-nidhi-goyal Why does the women's rights movement marginalize women with disabilities]", ''The Guardian'' (September 2016)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goyal, Nidhi}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian disability rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Comedians with disabilities]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]

List of rivers of West Bengal

2025-12-02T12:42:38Z

KristiBruno654: typo fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:BD Map Rivers of North Bengal2.jpg|thumb|350px|Rivers of North Bengal]]
Most of the rivers of [[West Bengal]] originate from the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] in the north or from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] in the west and flow south or southeast over the state. Due to the rivers in the western plains, the water is very scarce or bare at any other time of the year, especially in the fall of the Falgun-Chaitra, except during the monsoon.
List of rivers of '''[[West Bengal]]''' state, located in [[Eastern India]].

[[File:Barakar River3.JPG|thumb|350px|[[Barakar River]] at Asansol.]]

==Lists of rivers in Bengal==
The major rivers of West Bengal state of India include:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Adi Ganga]]
* [[Ajay River]]
* [[Anjana River]]
* [[Atrai River]]
* [[Bakreshwar River]]
* [[Balason River]]
* [[Baleshwar River]]
* [[Bansloi River]]
* [[Barakar River]]
* [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]]
* [[Banka River]]
* [[Behula River]]
* [[Bhairab River]]
* [[Bidyadhari River]]
* [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)]]
* [[Bhramaputhra River]]
* [[kanchan River]] [[Maharaja Hat]]
* [[Choita River]]
* [[Churni River]]
* [[Damodar River]]
* [[Dharla River]]
* [[Dud Kumar River]]
* [[Dwarakeswar River]]
* [[Dwarka River]]
* [[Gandheswari River]]
* [[Ganga River]]
* [[Ghargharia River]]
* [[Ghiya River]]
* [[Gosaba River]]
* [[Haldi River]]
* [[Hariabhanga River]]
* [[Hinglo River]]
* [[Hooghly River]]
* [[Ichamati River]]
* [[Jalangi River]]
* [[Jaldhaka River]]
* [[Jamuna (West Bengal)|Jamuna River]]
* [[Kalindi River]]
* [[Kangsabati River]]
* [[Kaljani River]]
* [[kapaleswari River]]
* [[Karatoya River]]
* [[Keleghai River]]
* [[Ketha River]]
* [[Khari River]]
* [[Khong Khola]]
* [[Kopai River]]
* [[Kosai River]]
* [[Kulik River]]-Raigang
* [[Kunur River]]
* [[Kunti River]]
* [[Mahananda River]]
* [[Matla River]]
* [[Mathabhanga River]]
* [[Mayurakshi River]]
* [[Mechi River]]
* [[Mundeswari River]]
* [[Muri Ganga River]]
* [[Piyali River]]
* [[Punarbhaba River]]
* [[Raidāk River]]
* [[Raimangal River]]
* [[Rangeet River]]
* [[Rasulpur River]]
* [[Rupnarayan River]]
* [[Sali River (West Bengal)]]
* [[Sankosh River]]
* [[Saptamukhi River]]
* [[Saraswati River (Bengal)]]
* [[Shil Torsa River]]
* [[Shilabati River]]
* [[Singimari River]]
* [[Subarnarekha River]]
* [[Talma River]]
* [[Tangon River]]
* [[Teesta River]]
* [[Thakuran River]]
* [[Torsha River]]
{{div col end}}

==Rivers of the Sundarbans==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Piyali River]]
* [[Murrigonga River]]
* [[Thakuran River|Thakhuran River]]
* [[Matla River|Matala River]]
* [[Gosaba River|Goshaba River]]
* [[Harrivnga River]]
* [[Saptamukhi River]]
* [[Jamira River]]
* [[Raimangal River]]
* [[Bidyadhari River]]
* [[Kalnagini River]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* {{C|Environment of West Bengal}}
* {{C|Lists of rivers of India}}
* [[List of Rivers of Nadia]]
{{-}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rivers of West Bengal}}
[[Category:Rivers of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Lists of rivers of India|West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists|Rivers]]

Karakattam

2025-11-14T15:38:36Z

KristiBruno654: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Type of dance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{see also|Karaga (festival)}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Karakattam
| image = Dancers,Karakattam,Tamil Nadu357.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Dancers performing karakattam
| native_name =
| etymology = Combination of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words ''karakram'' (water pot), and ''attam'' (dance)
| genre = [[Dance forms of Tamil Nadu|Tamil folk dance]]
| signature =
| instruments =
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}
'''Karakattam''' is an ancient folk dance of [[Tamil Nadu]] usually dedicated to goddess [[Mariamman]]. As per [[Tamil literature]], the dance form originated from a mix of [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatham]] and other folk dance forms. It was often performed in festivals and fairs, and used as a means to pray for rain. Different variations of the dance form exists, including Karagam Puja performed in the [[Caribbean]].

== Description ==
Karakattam is an ancient folk dance of [[Tamil Nadu]] which involves balancing clay or metal pot(s) on the head while making movements with the body.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ritual, State, and History in South Asia|first=J. C.|last=Heesterman|year=1992|page=465|isbn=978-9-004-09467-3|publisher=E.J. Brill}}</ref> It is derived from the combination of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] words ''karakram'' (water pot), and ''attam'' (dance).<ref name="Sing">{{cite web|url=https://www.roots.gov.sg/ich-landing/ich/Craft-and-Practices-related-to-Karagam|title=Craft and Practices related to Karagam|work=[[Government of Singapore]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> This dance is usually associated with the worship of [[Mariamman]] and played in festivals and fairs, and to pray for rain.<ref name="Shah">{{cite book|title=Indian Etiquette:A Glimpse Into India's Culture|first=Niraalee|last=Shah|year=2021|isbn=978-1-63886-554-4|publisher=[[Notion Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YdUEAAAQBAJ|access-date=16 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716150207/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YdUEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> As per [[Tamil literature]], the dance form originated from a mix of [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatham]] and other folk dance forms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilselvi.com/Karagam.htm|title=Tamil Nadu Dances - Karagam, Traditional Dance in Tamil Nadu|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106090629/http://www.tamilselvi.com/Karagam.htm |archive-date=6 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Performance ==
The dancers balance pots on the head while making various movements with the hands and body.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethical Life in South Asia|year=2010|isbn=978-0-253-35528-7|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|page=105}}</ref> The pots may be empty or sometimes filled with water and are decorated with colorful flowers and leaves mostly [[Azadirachta indica|neem]], which is of medicinal and religious importance to the Tamils.<ref>{{cite book|title=Social History of the Tamils, 1707-1947|first=Pā|last=Cupramaṇiyan̲|year=1996|isbn=978-8-124-60045-0|publisher= University of Michigan|page=374}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Glorious Bharat|first=Ananth|last=Prabhu|year=2020|page=74}}</ref> The performer may sometimes carry multiple pots layered on top of one another.<ref name="Karak">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/karakattam-folk-art-languishing-web-morality-47443|title=Karakattam: A folk art languishing in the web of morality|publisher=News minute|date=1 August 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806050401/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/karakattam-folk-art-languishing-web-morality-47443|url-status=live}}</ref> The art form was traditionally practiced by women, who wore saris. Men wearing make-up may join them sometimes as a part of the story line.<ref name="Karak"/> In the 21st century, the dance has been subjected to significant changes. It has sometimes obtained a reputation for vulgarity with women wearing short [[skirts]], showing of their midriff and bright make-up.<ref name="Karak"/>

== Variations ==
{{Refimprove|section|date=December 2010}}
Different variations of the dance form exist. Sakthi Karakam is performed only in temples as a spiritual offering.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/karakattam.html|title=Karakattam Tamilnadu|work=Tamilnadu.com|date=10 January 2013|access-date=21 February 2013|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122214811/https://tamilnadu.com/arts/karakattam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aatta Karakam symbolizes joy and happiness, and is mainly performed as entertainment.<ref name="Sing"/><ref name="Hist">{{cite web|url=https://historified.in/2025/01/07/karagam-the-water-pot-balancing-dance-of-tamil-nadu/|title=Karagam: The Water-Pot Balancing Dance of Tamil Nadu|date=7 January 2025|access-date=1 June 2025|work=Historified}}</ref>

In [[Caribbean Shaktism]], a tradition found among the [[Indo-Caribbeans]] of Tamil origin, Karakattam is known as Karagam Puja or Kalasa Puja. The tradition was brought by the [[Girmityas]], indentured servants from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The practice takes place over three consecutive days and done as a dedication to the gods [[Kamakshi]] and [[Meenakshi]]. The festival also involves honouring other gods such as a puja for Mariamman before the procession, a river procession where offerings on a board are thrown into water as a tribute to [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga Amman]], and [[Kateri Amman|Kaateri Maa]].<ref name="Hist"/>

The pujaris (priests) enter a trance state and honour the village gods [[Karuppu Sami|Sangili Karuppu]] and [[Madurai Veeran]] through processions with various stunts such as whipping, putting hot camphor inside the mouth, and walking on hot coals before running to a pool made of milk. Other stunts can include piercing of the tongues and cheeks, dancing on sharpened machetes, and animal sacrifices are also made.<ref name="Sing"/> The [[Kalasha|lotas]] are kept in the temple and consecrated accordingly, before being built with a [[coconut]], several layers of neem and [[oleander|oleander flowers]]. Three participants enter the Sami Aduthal stage and then two of them carry the Karagams (usually these two participants being boys before hitting puberty or women), and the other one receives the god Madurai Veeran and is dressed with a garland of oleander flowers and carries a staff topped with neem leaves.<ref name="Sing"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kalidevimandir.com/history/|title=History|work=Kali Devi Mandir|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
Various Tamil films such as ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' (1989), which featured a song "Maanguyilae Poonguyile" based on the dance form, and ''[[Padai Veetu Amman]]'' (2001) and [[Sri Bannari Amman]] (2002) showcase karakattam.<ref name="Hist"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005|page=142}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvuMasd8grE Karagam performers]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ltUO3CY7og Karagam dance in Sri Lanka by Children]
{{Dance forms of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Dance in India}}

[[Category:Tamil dance styles]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Labpur railway station

2025-09-09T10:47:09Z

KristiBruno654: Starting basic page added tags!

{{short description|Railway station in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Labpur railway station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Katwa to Ahmedpur Narrow gaugue railway 06.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|State Highway 6]], [[Labhpur]], [[Birbhum district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.812645|87.806007|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Ahmadpur–Katwa line]]
| other =
| elevation = {{cvt|40|m}}
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 3
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 1
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = 1917
| closed = 2013
| rebuilt = 2018
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = LBP
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = [[Howrah railway division]]
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = [[McLeod's Light Railways]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Gopalpurgram|right=Mahespur|type=[[Ahmadpur–Katwa line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}
{{Ahmadpur–Katwa line|collapse=yes}}

'''Labpur railway station''' is an important railway station in [[Ahmadpur–Katwa line]] under [[Howrah railway division]] of [[Eastern Railway zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/station/LBP/|title=LBP / Labpur Railway Station {{!}} Train Arrival / Departure Timings at Labpur|website=www.totaltraininfo.com|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> It is situated beside [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|State Highway 6]] at [[Labhpur]] of [[Birbhum district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/labpur-lbp/8522|title=Labpur Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry|last=Ghosh|first=Pran Pratim|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/labpur-lbp-station|title=Labpur Railway Station (LBP) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|publisher=NDTV|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref>.The railway station is the gateway to the [[Fullara |Fullara Maa Shaktipeeth]] Temple, one of the 51 [[Shakti Peethas|shakti peethas]] in India. It also connects to [[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay|Tarashankar]]'s homeland and the Hansuli Bank area.

==History==
Ahmedpur–Katwa narrow-gauge railway line connecting [[Ahmedpur, Birbhum|Ahmedpur]] and [[Katwa Junction railway station|Katwa]] was established on 29 September 1917 by [[McLeod's Light Railways]]. Indian Railways had taken over the operation of this narrow-gauge railway from McLeod and Company in 1966.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/manning/bnr.html|title=[IRFCA] Ian Manning on the Indian Railways – The Katwa Railways|website=www.irfca.org|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> After closing this track in 2013 the railway section was converted into {{track gauge|1676mm}} broad gauge in 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/emotions-pasted-one-last-run-posters-on-train-people-bid-goodbye-to-96-year-old-narrow-gauge-line/cid/349181|title=Emotions pasted, one last run – posters on train, people bid goodbye to 96-year-old narrow-gauge line|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref> The conversion work started in 2013 and was completed in early 2017. The track including Labpur railway station was reopened for the public on 24 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya1/0/3/9/8/3442398/0/1526994180625270534.jpg|title=Passenger train to start on newly constructed Ahmedpur Katwa broadgauge line|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>
==Platforms==
Labpur station is on a single electrified track and has three platforms-1, 2 and 3.

==Broad Gauge Trains ==
The station is served by eight broad-gauge local trains operating daily, which include '''passenger trains''' as well as '''MEMU''' (Mainline Electric Multiple Unit) and '''EMU''' (Electric Multiple Unit) services. These are:
* ⁦03037 Katwa - Ahmadpur MEMU special
* 03055 Katwa - Ahmadpur Express special
* 03099 Katwa - Ahmadpur MEMU Special
* 35041 Katwa - Ahmadpur EMU Passenger
* 03038 Ahmadpur - Katwa MEMU special
* 03056 Ahmadpur - Katwa Express Special
* 03100 Ahmadpur - Katwa MEMU Special
* 35042 Ahmadpur - Katwa EMU Passenger

== Tourism ==
* '''[[Fullara]]''':
The Fullara Maa Shaktipeeth Temple is located '''1.5 km''' from '''Labpur Railway Station'''. According to mythology, when [[Shiva|Mahadeva]] danced around with [[Dakshayani|Sati's]] dead body cutting it to pieces, the lip fell at [[Fullara]]. There is a big pond beside the temple. According to hearsay, [[Hanuman]] collected 108 blue lotuses from the pond when [[Rama|Sri Ramachandra]] required them for the worship of goddess [[Durga]].<ref name="Fullara">{{cite web|url=http://www.seemyindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-fullara.htm |title=Fullara |access-date=2007-08-16 |publisher=seemyindia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806072338/http://seemyindia.com/west-bengal/west-bengal-fullara.htm |archive-date=6 August 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> It is considered to be one of the fifty-one [[Shakti Peethas|shakti peethas]] in India. A 10-day fair is organized near Fullara temple during [[Magha Purnima]].

*'''Tarashankar country and Hansuli Bank''':
[[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay|Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]], the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer, was born at Labhpur on 23 July 1898.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay Aturghar (Birthplace) and Dhatri Devata |url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_details/ODRhYmYzNzQxZTJmMWUyNWE2MTM0OGEwNzA5YjY5ODc1MTY2ODVjNzRkMTljOTFkMjVmMGZmNWFlYjE0ZjUwZjkwMTcwYWFmYTM2N2M3MmZhYzg0MzA5NjhlYzZmYTgxYTI4ZWI0OWUyNTYyNWVkNjZlNDZiZmY5Y2I0MGQ4OTI5ZDl5cHhmTkJYQ3ozVDhyMDZPRGtpa0Q0ZzA0aFFEOE0yK1NuTVd2dFlRPQ== |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=West Bengal Heritage Commission |language=en-IN}}</ref> He passed matriculation from Labhpur in 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last=Badiuzzaman |year=2012 |chapter=Bandyopadhyay, Tarashankar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bandyopadhyay,_Tarashankar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Many of his novels and stories carry vivid descriptions of the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labhpur Dhatridebata Museum: A small homage to a giant of Bengali literature |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/tarashankar-bandyopadhyays-ancestral-house-in-labhpur-birbhum-dhatridebata-beckons-visitors/cid/1841255 |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2018-07-28 |title=Birbhum {{!}} Dhatridebata, the ancestral home of writer Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, to be renovated |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/west-bengal-birbhum-home-writer-tarashankar-bandopadhyay-renovated-1502666319.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> He wrote 65 novels, 53-story-books, 12 plays, 4 essay-books, 4 autobiographies, 2 travel stories and composed several songs. He was awarded [[Rabindra Puraskar]], [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Jnanpith Award]], [[Padma Shri]] and [[Padma Bhushan]].He was nominated for [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] in Literature in 1971 and posthumously nominated in 1972.
In the novel [[Hansuli Banker Upakatha (novel)|Hansulibanker Upkatha]], he describes the Hansulibank countryside as a somewhat rugged terrain.This '''Hansuli Bank''' is a popular tourist spot located '''3.5 km''' from '''Labpur Railway Station'''.

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}
*[[Labhpur]]
*[[Ahmadpur Junction railway station]]
*[[Katwa Junction railway station]]
*[[Bolpur Shantiniketan railway station]]
*[[Rampurhat Junction railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1917]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Howrah railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India closed in 2013]]
{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Palmer and Company

2025-09-01T07:59:35Z

KristiBruno654: Added a pg

{{Short description|1700s–1830 Agency House in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Palmer and Company
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| former_name =
| type = Agency House
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry =
| predecessor =
| founded = 18th century in [[British India]]
| founders = John Palmer (1767 - 1836)
| hq_location = [[Hyderabad]]
| hq_location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad State]]
| hq_location_country = [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = [[Company rule in India|British India]]
| key_people =
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services = Trading and Banking
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income =
| net_income_year =
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner =
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Palmer and Company, Limited''', often simply called '''Palmer and Co.''' was an [[Agency Houses in British India|Agency House in British India]] founded by John Palmer (1767-1836), son of General William Palmer (1740-1816) and his first wife Sarah Hazell. Palmer and Co. was the largest [[Agency Houses in British India|Agency House in British India]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10153552137596675.pdf |title=The Nizam, his history and relations with the British government |via=rarebooksocietyofindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/ideas/returning-nabobs-and-slice-india-938|title=The returning Nabobs and a slice of India|first=Swagata|last=Ghosh|date=15 August 2016|website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

Another banking company William Palmer and Company was started in 1810 in Hyderabad by William Palmer (1780-1867), also known as "King Palmer", son of General William Palmer (1740-1816) and his second wife Bibi Faiz Bakhsh ‘Faiz-un-Nisa’ Begum (died 1828) who came from the Oudh ruling family along with the Gujarati moneylender Benkati Das. A partner in this company would later be Sir William Rumbold, 3rd Baronet (1787–1833).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leonard |first=Karen |date=2013 |title=Palmer and Company: an Indian Banking Firm in Hyderabad State |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X12000236/type/journal_article |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1157–1184 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X12000236 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Background ===

Before the advent of joint-stock banking companies in India, the role of banks was played by agency houses. The agency houses performed various quasi-banking functions which included but were not limited to:<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|title=History of Banking|url=https://lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202004051341563589anurag_sriv_History_banking.pdf|access-date=27 May 2021|website=Ikouniv.ac.in}}</ref>

* Accepting deposits (agency houses accepted deposits only from British nationals and other Europeans)
* Financing trade
* Lending of money (primarily to the Government)

=== Business ===

The Palmer and Co. was founded with the name Paxton, Cockerell and Trail. Their name was later changed to Palmer and Co.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/Documents/roy-trading-firms-colonial-india.pdf |title=Trading Firms in Colonial India |first=Tirthankar |last=Roy |author-link=Tirthankar Roy}}</ref>

In 1829, Palmer and Co. financed and exported more than 16% of all the [[Indigo dye|Indigo]] produced in [[British India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thetchblog.com/2020/06/29/indias-indigo-crash/|title=India's Indigo Crash |date=29 June 2020}}</ref> As a result, Palmer and Co. came to be known as the ''Indigo King of Bengal''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ehsthelongrun.net/2017/03/14/agency-house-crises-in-india-what-role-did-indigo-play/ |title=Agency House Crises in India: What Role Did Indigo Play? |date=14 March 2017 |access-date=28 May 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120104659/https://ehsthelongrun.net/2017/03/14/agency-house-crises-in-india-what-role-did-indigo-play/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Failure ===

The Palmer and Co. agency house failed in the year 1830 due to major economic downturn affecting the [[Company rule in India|British India]]. The main cause of the economic crisis was the unexpected fall in the prices of commodities such as Indigo.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bhan |first=Aditya |url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/indian-banking-history/ |title=Indian banking's chequered history - Gateway House |publisher=Gatewayhouse.in |date= |accessdate=2022-05-14}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

[[Charles Russell (1786–1856)]] was implicated in a corruption scandal where [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]], a [[Governor-General of India]], was alleged to have acted partially on behalf of Palmer and Company, a Hyderabad banking house. The Russells were found to have been involved in and profited from the firm's dealings with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III|Mir Akbar Ali Khan]], directly from Hastings' 1816 decision to exempt the house from a ban on lending money to native princes. Henry Russell's successor, [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Sir Charles Metcalfe]], discovered a loan in 1820 that was both fictitious and fraudulent.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Leonard%20Family%20Firms%20in%20Hyderabad.pdf |doi=10.1017/S0010417511000429 |title=Family Firms in Hyderabad: Gujarati, Goswami, and Marwari Patterns of Adoption, Marriage, and Inheritance |year=2011 |last1=Leonard |first1=Karen Isaksen |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=827–854 |s2cid=85553204 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sunoindia.in/beyond-charminar/the-nizam-era-banking-scandal-which-shocked-hyderabad/|title=The Nizam-era banking scandal which shocked Hyderabad - Suno India|date=15 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/WARDHA/his_berar.html |title=The Gazetteers Department - Wardha |publisher=Cultural.maharashtra.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2022-05-14}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

==See also==
{{portal|Companies}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[Company rule in India]]
* [[Economy of India under Company rule]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* [https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10153552137596675.pdf History of Palmer and Company]
* [https://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/Documents/roy-trading-firms-colonial-india.pdf History of Palmer and Company]

[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Trading companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]

Vasantha Muthuswamy

2025-08-13T12:24:36Z

KristiBruno654: Created

{{short description|Indian bioethicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 12 July 1948
| birth_place = [[Madras]], India
| death_date = 21 February 2023 (age 74)
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Bioethicist, physician
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| spouse(s) =
| relatives =
}}

'''Vasantha Muthuswamy''' (12 July 1948 – 21 February 2023)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Nandini K. |date=2023-06-14 |title=Vasantha Muthuswamy (12 July 1948 – 21 February 2023) |url=https://nmji.in/vasantha-muthuswamy-12-july-194821-february-2023/ |journal=The National Medical Journal of India |language=en |pages=e1–e2 |article-number=e1 |doi=10.25259/NMJI_240_2023 |s2cid=259387650 |issn=2583-150X|doi-access=free }}</ref> was an Indian physician and bioethicist, head of the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]'s Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Traditional Medicine, and Bioethics, and the Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, from 1990 to 2008. She was a leader in establishing, revising, and promoting ethical guidelines for medical research in India. She participated in international organizations and projects focused on bioethics, and was a noted critic of [[ethics dumping]].

==Early life and education==
Muthuswamy was born in Madras (now Chennai), the daughter of Shri R. Seetharaman and Shrimati Tirupura Sundari.<ref name=":0" /> She attended [[St. Raphael's Girls' Higher Secondary School]] and [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris College]], and earned an [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] degree at [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital|R. G. Kar Medical College]] in Calcutta (Kolkata). She earned a medical degree in 1979, at the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, [[Madras Medical College]].<ref name=":1">Kant, Lalit, and Roli Mathur. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10319373/ "Obituary: Vasantha Muthuswamy (1948–2023)"] ''Indian Journal of Medical Research'' 157(February–March 2023): 223-225.</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ramanathan |first=Mala |date=2011-01-01 |title=Dr Vasantha Muthuswamy |url=http://ijme.in/articles/dr-vasantha-muthuswamy/?galley=html |access-date=2023-12-07 |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |language=en |doi=10.20529/ijme.2011.006|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Career==
Muthuswamy began her medical career in 1979, in the Toxaemia Research Unit at [[Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital]] in Bangalore (Bengaluru).<ref name=":0" /> She joined the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) in 1983, as a Senior Research Officer working in the Division of Basic Medical Sciences Traditional Medicine, and Bioethics, and the Division of Reproductive Health and Nutrition. She became director of those divisions in 1990, and retired from that role in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schroeder |first1=Doris |last2=Kumar |first2=Nandini |title=Another World is Possible: Farewell to Dr Vasantha Muthuswamy |url=https://prepared-project.eu/another-world-is-possible-farewell-to-dr-vasantha-muthuswamy/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Prepared Project |date=3 March 2023 }}</ref>

Muthuswamy was a key author of the revised ''Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Subjects'' (2000), and worked on further revisions of those guidelines, published in 2006 and 2017. Near the end of her life, she worked on national ethics guidelines for reviewing [[COVID-19]] research. She was founding secretary of the Forum for Ethical Review Committees in the Asian and Pacific Regions (FERCAP), president of the Forum for Ethical Review Committees in India (FERCI) from 2019 to 2023, and chair of the ICMR's Central Ethics Committee in Human Research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasantha Muthuswamy {{!}} TRUST |url=https://trust-project.eu/team/vasantha-muthuswamy/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=TRUST Project}}</ref> She served on the Editorial Advisory Board of the ''[[Indian Journal of Medical Ethics]]''.<ref name=":2" /> She was a recognized expert on ethics dumping in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhandari |first=Aparita |date=2004-04-18 |title=Drugs: India's Latest 'Outsourcing' Fix |pages=28 |work=The Toronto Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-toronto-star-drugs-indias-latest/136426226/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

Muthuswamy received Lifetime Achievement Awards from the ''Indian Journal of Medical Ethics'', the Indian Society for Clinical Research, and [[Yenepoya University]]. In 1997, she was a [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) Visiting Fellow at the [[Kennedy Institute of Ethics]] at [[Georgetown University]].<ref name=":1" />
==Publications==
* "Use of Animals in Scientific Research" (2000, with N. V. Giridharan and V. Kumar)<ref>Giridharan, N. V., Vijay Kumar, and Vasantha Muthuswamy. "Use of animals in scientific research." ''Indian Counc Med Res'' (2000): 1-27.</ref>
* "Physician migration: Views from professionals in Colombia, Nigeria, India, Pakistan and the Philippines" (2005, with Avraham Astor, Tasleem Akhtar, María Alexandra Matallana, Folarin A. Olowu, Veronica Tallo, and [[Reidar Lie|Reidar K. Lie]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Astor |first1=Avraham |last2=Akhtar |first2=Tasleem |last3=Matallana |first3=María Alexandra |last4=Muthuswamy |first4=Vasantha |last5=Olowu |first5=Folarin A. |last6=Tallo |first6=Veronica |last7=Lie |first7=Reidar K. |date=2005-12-01 |title=Physician migration: Views from professionals in Colombia, Nigeria, India, Pakistan and the Philippines |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953605002297 |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=61 |issue=12 |pages=2492–2500 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.003 |pmid=15953667 |issn=0277-9536|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* "Status of ethical review and challenges in India" (2005)<ref>Muthuswamy, Vasantha. "Status of ethical review and challenges in India." ''Indian Pediatrics'' 42, no. 12 (2005): 1189.</ref>
* "Ethical issues in [[HIV/AIDS]] research" (2005)<ref>Muthuswamy, Vasantha. "Ethical issues in HIV/AIDS research." ''Indian J Med Res'' 121, no. 4 (2005): 601-610.</ref>
* "Capacity Building for Clinical Trials in India" (2006, with Falguni Sen)<ref>Sen, Falguni, and Vasantha Muthuswamy. "Capacity building for clinical trials in India." ''Indian Journal of Medical Research'' 124, no. 6 (2006): 605-607.</ref>
* "Ethical issues in genetic counselling with special reference to [[Hemoglobinopathy|haemoglobinopathies]]" (2011)<ref>Muthuswamy, Vasantha. "Ethical issues in genetic counselling with special reference to haemoglobinopathies." ''The Indian journal of medical research'' 134, no. 4 (2011): 547.</ref>
* "Ethical issues in clinical research" (2013)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muthuswamy |first=Vasantha |date=2013 |title=Ethical issues in clinical research |journal=Perspectives in Clinical Research |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=9–13 |doi=10.4103/2229-3485.106369 |issn=2229-3485 |pmc=3601715 |pmid=23533972 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* "The new 2013 seventh version of the [[Declaration of Helsinki]]: More old wine in a new bottle" (2014)<ref>Muthuswamy, Vasantha. "The new 2013 seventh version of the Declaration of Helsinki–more old wine in a new bottle." ''Indian J Med Ethics'' 11, no. 1 (2014): 2-4.</ref>
* "[[Biobank|Biobanking]] and Privacy in India" (2016, with Sachin Chaturvedi and Krishna Ravi Srinivas)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Sachin |last2=Srinivas |first2=Krishna Ravi |last3=Muthuswamy |first3=Vasantha |date=April 2016 |title=Biobanking and Privacy in India |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-law-medicine-and-ethics/article/abs/biobanking-and-privacy-in-india/B4B3593684591CF55AA034E5411093F5 |journal=Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=45–57 |doi=10.1177/1073110516644198 |pmid=27256123 |s2cid=3679063 |issn=1073-1105|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* ''Ethics dumping: case studies from north-south research collaborations'' (2018, with Doris Schroeder, Julie Cook, François Hirsch, and Solveig Fenet)<ref>Schroeder, Doris, Julie Cook, François Hirsch, Solveig Fenet, and Vasantha Muthuswamy. ''Ethics dumping: case studies from north-south research collaborations''. Springer Nature, 2018.</ref>
* "[[Hinduism]] and Social Responsibility" (2018)<ref>Muthuswamy, Vasantha. "Hinduism and Social Responsibility." ''Religious Perspectives on Social Responsibility in Health: Towards a Dialogical Approach'' (2018): 91-105.</ref>
* ''Biomedical Ethics Perspects in the Indian Context'' (2021, with Roli Mathur and Nandini K. Kumar)
* "Fostering ethical biomedical and health research in India during the COVID-19 pandemic" (2020, with Nandini K. Kumar)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Nandini K |last2=Muthuswamy |first2=Vasantha |date=July 2020 |title=Fostering ethical biomedical and health research in India during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Research Ethics |language=en |volume=16 |issue=3–4 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1177/1747016120941632 |s2cid=221796395 |issn=1747-0161|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Muthuswamy married political science and law professor, M. Muthuswamy in 1979. They had a son, Mahesh. Her husband died in 2013, and she died in 2023, at the age of 74, in Mumbai.<ref name=":1" />
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

* A 2021 lecture by Vasantha Muthuswamy on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bhf9xodGRFo "Vulnerable Populations in Health Research"], posted to YouTube by the National Program on Technology-Enhanced Learning (NPTEL).
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthuswamy, Vasantha}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian health professionals]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Bioethicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:Medical ethicists]]
[[Category:Indian ethicists]]
[[Category:Stella Maris College, Chennai alumni]]

Kalyanasundaresar Temple, Nallur

2025-07-25T02:20:53Z

KristiBruno654: Starting a location first draft!

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kalyanasundaresar Temple
| image = Tirunallur1.jpg

| caption = View of the Kalyanasundaresar temple tower
| alt = View of the Kalyanasundaresar temple tower
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|55|N|79|19|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Tirunallur Temple
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| locale = Nallur
| deity = Kalyanasundaresar ([[Shiva]])
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Kalyanasundaresar Temple, Nallur''' ({{Langx|ta|கல்யாணசுந்தரேஸ்வரர் கோயில், நல்லூர்}})<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:திருநல்லூர் பஞ்சவர்ணேசுவரர் கோயில்]]</ref> or '''Thirunallur''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]] in Nallur, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from [[Kumbakonam]], {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Thirukkarugavur]], and {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Thanjavur]].

At the temple, Shiva is worshiped as Kalyansundaresar and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Girisundari. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th-century-CE Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. The legend of the temple is associated with sage Agastya and Amaraneethi Nayanar, one of the 63 Nayanars. The ''lingam'' in the temple is believed to change colours five times during the daytime.

The temple complex has three precincts and houses two gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. All the central shrines of the temple are located in an artificial hillock, while the shrine of [[Kali]] is located in the third precinct in the basement. The original masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 9th century CE, while later expansions are attributed to Vijayanagar rulers of the Sangama Dynasty (1336–1485 CE), the [[Saluva Dynasty]], and the [[Tuluva Dynasty]] (1491–1570 CE). The temple has six daily rituals at various times, from 5:30 a.m. to 10 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. Devotees are blessed with ''Sadari'', a practice followed only in Vishnu temples. The temple has been maintained and administered by the [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]] since the early 13th century.

== Legend ==
According to the Hindu legend, the god [[Shiva]] sent the sage [[Agastya]] to this place to balance the weight of the deities attending his marriage with [[Parvati]]. At the spot where the temple now stands, Agastya witnessed the marriage of Shiva and Parvati. The sage installed a ''[[lingam]]'' (symbol of Shiva) behind the main ''lingam'' to worship Shiva.

As per another legend, one of the 63 [[Nayanars]], [[Amaraneedi Nayanar]], spent his life supplying [[Kaupinam|loincloths]] to the worshipers of Shiva. Shiva wanted to test his devotion and came to him, disguised as a [[Brahmin]]. The Brahmin deposited his loin-cloth in the custody of Amaraneethi, which was lost by a divine trick. The Brahmin demanded equal weight in gold as a replacement for his loincloth. The Brahmin placed another loincloth on one side of a scale pan, and Amaraneedi deposited all his wealth on the other side, but it did not balance. Finally, he submitted himself and his wife on the scale pan. Shiva was pleased by the devotion of the Nayanar and bestowed him with all his wishes.<ref name="Ayyar">{{cite book|title=South Indian shrines: illustrated|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|publisher=Madras Times Printing and Pub. Co.|year=1920|pages=360–369|isbn=9788120601512|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=nallur+temple&pg=PA362}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar" />

==History==
[[File:Kalyanasundaresar Temple, Nallur.jpg|Image of the [[Vimanam (tower)|Vimanam]], the shrine over the sanctum|150x150px|left|thumb|alt=a spiral structure of the [[Vimanam (tower)|Vimanam]], the shrine over the sanctum]]
The 7th-century [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saints [[Sambandar]] and [[Appar]] wrote of the temple in their poetic work, ''[[Tevaram]]''. The original masonry and towers date back to the 9th century CE, as seen from an inscription in the structure made by [[Chola]] kings. The Chola kings ruled over the region for more than four centuries, from 850 CE to 1280 CE, and were temple patrons. The temple complex dates from the time of the 10th century [[Medieval Chola]] king [[Uttama Chola]] whose inscriptions are found in its walls. An inscription dated to the fifteenth year of [[Raja Raja Chola]] makes a reference to "Panchavanmahadevi chaturvedimanagalam", which is another name for Nallur. There are also inscriptions by [[Later Chola]] kings and [[Hoysala]] monarchs. The inscriptions from the Chola kings record various gifts like land, sheep, cows, and oil to the temple commemorating various victories of the dynasty. There are a lot of inscriptions from the [[Sangama Dynasty]] (1336–1485), [[Saluva Dynasty]], and [[Tuluva Dynasty]] (1491–1570) of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], reflecting gifts to the temple from their rulers. The majority of the gift-related inscriptions are for land endowments, followed by goods, cash endowments, cows, and oil for lighting lamps.<ref name="Ayyar"/> The temple has been maintained by the [[Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam]] from the early part of the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Padalpetra stalam maintained by Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam|publisher=Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam|url=http://www.thiruvavaduthuraiadheenam.com/7_1padalpettrasivathalangal.html|access-date=2013-07-04|archive-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929013055/http://thiruvavaduthuraiadheenam.com/7_1padalpettrasivathalangal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam|publisher=Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam|url=http://www.thiruvavaduthuraiadheenam.com/5guruparamparaivivaram.html|access-date=2013-07-04|archive-date=29 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929013049/http://thiruvavaduthuraiadheenam.com/5guruparamparaivivaram.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple is constructed in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]]. It is classified as Perunkoil (also called Madakkoil): a big temple built on a higher platform of a natural or man-made mounds. Literary evidence is found in the works of Tirugnanasambandhar, who refers the temple as Madakkoil.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|page=31|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|year=2010|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4}}</ref>

The temple has a five-tiered ''[[gopuram|Rajagopuram]]'' (gateway tower). The main shrines of the temple are located in an artificial hillock. The images of the presiding deity, Kalyanasundareshwar, in the form of ''[[lingam]]'' (iconic form of Shiva) on a pedestal, occupies the main sanctum. The second ''lingam'', believed to be installed by sage Agastya, is in the sanctum. The walls on the interior of the sanctum have sculptural representations of Shiva and [[Parvathi|Parvati]] on the west, [[Vishnu]] on the north, and [[Brahma]] on the south. The shrine of Girisundari Amman, the consort of Kalyanasundareshwar, is located in the first precinct facing west. The temple also has a bronze image of [[Nataraja]], the cosmic dance form of Shiva. Nataraja in the temple is depicted with eight hands and in a standing posture over the head of a demon. The image is considered to be one of the nine dance poses of Shiva, called ''Nava tandavam''. The temple has sculptural and metallic images of [[Ganapathi]] (elephant god), sage Agastya, and the three Shaiva saints: [[Appar]], [[Sambandar]], and [[Sundarar]]. The temple also has an image of [[Somaskanda]] (a representation of [[Shiva]] with his consort [[Parvati|Uma]], and [[Murugan|Skanda]] as a child), which is considered similar to the one present in the [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja temple]] in [[Thiruvarur]]. The third ''[[prakaram]]'' downstairs houses a separate shrine for the Hindu god [[Kali]].

The temple has a large tank called Saptasagaram, located outside the main entrance. The temple complex is enclosed by granite walls, built around the third precinct.<ref name="Ayyar" /><ref name="dinamalar" />

==Worship and religious practices==
[[File:Tirunallur4.jpg|Sapthasagaram, the temple tank located outside the main entrance of the temple|200px|thumb|right|alt=image of a water body of a temple]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m., and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alankaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivedyam]]'' (food offering), and ''deepa aradhanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Kalyanasundareshwar and Girisundari. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast.

There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kritika'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''chaturthi''. [[Shivrathri]] in February–March and Margazhi Tiruvadhirai in December–January are the major yearly festivals celebrated in the temple. Masi Magam celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Masi is considered the most prominent festival of the temple.<ref name="Meena">{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=28}}</ref> During Masi Magam festival, the Somaskanda Murthy is taken in procession around the temple.

Pregnant women conduct bangle ceremony in the temple, praying to the central deity of the temple and Kali for smooth delivery. Tonsure ceremony for getting children shaved for the first time to promote proper growth is a very common worship practice. Shiva is believed to have shown his feet to saint Thirunavukkarasar and hence the practice of blessing with ''Sadari'', which is otherwise practiced in Vishnu temples, is followed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=367|title=Sri Kalyanasundaresar temple|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=2013-07-04}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
[[File:Tirunallur2.jpg|200px|left|thumb|A shrine in the second precinct of the temple as seen from the hillock|alt=A shrine in the second precinct of the temple as seen from the hillock]]
[[Campantar|Tirugnana Sambandar]], a 7th-century Tamil ''Shaivite'' poet, venerated Kalyanasundaresar in eleven verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|Second Tirumurai]]''.<ref name="sambandar">{{Cite book |last=Thirugnanasambandar |title=Irandam Thirumurai|url= http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0157.pdf|year=2004 |publisher=Project Madurai | location =Online |pages=81–82|access-date=2013-07-04}}</ref> [[Appar]], a contemporary of Sambandar, also venerated Kalyanasundaresar in ten verses in ''Tevaram'', compiled as the ''Sixth Tirumurai''.<ref name="appar">{{Cite book |last=Thirunavukkarasar |title=Aaram Thirumurai|url= http://www.projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0192.pdf|year=2004 |publisher=Project Madurai | location =Online |pages=33–35|access-date=2013-07-04}}</ref> As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples mentioned in the Saiva canon. The temple is counted as one of the temples built on the banks of [[River Kaveri]]. It is located on the banks of [[Kudamurutti River|Kudamurutti]], a tributary of river Kaveri.<ref name=Ka>{{cite book|title=River cauvery the most battl(r)ed|last=Ka. Vi.|first=Kannan|page=32|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019|isbn=9781684666041|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CGFDwAAQBAJ&q=thiruvavaduthurai}}</ref> The temple is counted as the 20th temple on the southern bank of [[Cauvery]] that are recorded in the canon.

{| style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; width: 60em;"
|- style="text-align:center;"
|<poem>
[[Tamil script|Tamil]]
பெண்ணமருந் திருமேனி யுடையீர் பிறங்குசடைதாழப்
பண்ணமரும் நான்மறையே பாடியாடல் பயில்கின்றீர்
திண்ணமரும் பைம்பொழிலும் வயலுஞ்சூழ்ந்த திருநல்லூர்
மண்ணமருங் கோயிலே கோயிலாக மகிழ்ந்தீரே.
</poem>
| <poem>
[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]{{not a typo start}}
pɛ̝˞ɳɳʌmʌɾɨn̺ t̪ɪɾɨme:n̺ɪ· ɪ̯ɨ˞ɽʌjɪ̯i:r pɪɾʌŋgɨsʌ˞ɽʌɪ̯ðɑ˞:ɻʌp
pʌ˞ɳɳʌmʌɾɨm n̺ɑ:n̺mʌɾʌjɪ̯e· pɑ˞:ɽɪɪ̯ɑ˞:ɽʌl pʌɪ̯ɪlgʲɪn̺d̺ʳi:r
t̪ɪ˞ɳɳʌmʌɾɨm pʌɪ̯mbo̞˞ɻɪlɨm ʋʌɪ̯ʌlɨɲʤu˞:ɻn̪d̪ə t̪ɪɾɨn̺ʌllu:r
mʌ˞ɳɳʌmʌɾɨŋ ko:ɪ̯ɪle· ko:ɪ̯ɪlɑ:xə mʌçɪ˞ɻn̪d̪i:ɾe· . {{not a typo end}}</poem>
|-
| colspan="2" |
{{ quote |You have a holy body in which a lady stays.
When the glittering caṭai is hanging low, you are practising dance singing the four Vēdas in which there are melody-types.
In Tirunallūr which is surrounded by fields and verdant gardens of great strength.
You are rejoicing in dwelling in the temple which is desired by the people of this world.<ref name="sambandar"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/songview.php?thiru=2&Song_idField=2057&padhi=122+&button=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95 |title=Irandam Thirumurai Translation|year=2012|access-date=2013-07-04|publisher=Thevaaram.org}}</ref>
}}
|}

The temple tank, Sapthasagaram, is considered sacred. [[Kunti]], the mother of [[Pandavas]] from the [[Mahabaratha]] period, is believed to have taken a holy dip in the tank, worshiping Kalyanasundaresar. This incident is recorded in some of the inscriptions in the temple, but this story is not even mentioned in Mahabharatha.

The ''lingam'' in the temple is believed to change colours five times during the day. It takes the colour of copper from 6:00–8:24, light red from 8:25–10:48, molten gold from 10:49–15:12, unknown colour from 13:13–15:36, and emerald green from 15:37–18:00. The ''[[Aegle marmelos|vilwa]]'' tree in the temple is believed to be the first of its kind in the planet and hence called "Aadhi tree". Gananatha, a form of Shiva, in the form of ''balipeeta'' (platform for offering), is located in the temple. It is the only other place outside [[Varanasi]], where Gananatha is found in the form.<ref name="Ayyar" /><ref name="dinamalar" />

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Tirunallur kalyanasundaravesvarar temple1.jpg
Tirunallur kalyanasundaravesvarar temple3.jpg
Tirunallur kalyanasundaravesvarar temple4.jpg
Tirunallur kalyanasundaravesvarar temple5.jpg
Tirunallur kalyanasundaravesvarar temple6.jpg
Tirunallur kalyanasundaravesvarar temple7.jpg
Tirunallur kalyanasundaravesvarar temple2.jpg
</gallery>

{{Famous Shiva temples}}
{{Hindu Temples of Kumbakonam}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Maadakkoil]]

M. Muthuramalingam

2025-07-17T05:02:51Z

KristiBruno654: general adjusted lead based on references and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}

'''M. Muthuramalingam''' (born 7 August 1963) is an Indian politician and was a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Thirumangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Thirumangalam constituency]] between 1996-2000 and 2011–2016.

== Career ==
M.Muthuramalingam was elected to the Thirumangalam constituency of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly in the [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996 elections]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=8 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1996 for the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2017-05-06}}</ref> He had been elected as a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) but left that party in favour of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) on 27 June 2000, claiming that the DMK had become the "family property" of its leader, [[Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/28/stories/04282239.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170511122343/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/28/stories/04282239.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 May 2017 |title=DMK MLA joins AIADMK |date=28 June 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2017-05-10}}</ref> He was disqualified from the Assembly with effect from the same day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/11th_1996/Review-1996.pdf |page=20 |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (Eleventh Assembly): Review 1996-2001 |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2017-05-07}}</ref>

In the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 state assembly elections]], Muthuramalingam, representing the AIADMK, was again elected from Thirumangalam.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=9 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_TN_May2011.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election 2011 for the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2017-05-06}}</ref> He had previously [[2009–2010 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election|contested a by-election there]] in January 2009, when he lost heavily to [[Latha Athiyaman]] of the DMK.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tehelka.com/2009/01/an-unfriendly-alliance/ |title=An Unfriendly Alliance |work=Tehelka |date=24 January 2009 |first=PC Vinoj |last=Kumar |accessdate=2017-05-10 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Muthuramalingam was district secretary of the AIADMK for [[Madurai]] rural district<ref name="bio"/> until February 2017, when he was one of 20 AIADMK members expelled from the party by [[V. K. Sasikala]] as he had given huge support to OPS who was out from the party and against Sasikala Family.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ops-vs-sasikala-aiadmk-sacks-panneerselvam-19-other-rebel-leaders-from-party/articleshow/57144596.cms |title=AIADMK sacks Panneerselvam, 19 other rebel leaders from party |date=14 February 2017 |accessdate=2017-05-10}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
M. Muthuramalingam was born on 7 August 1963 in [[Kadamangalam|K VeppangKulam near Kamuthi]], and he is married with five children.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Thiru. M. Muthuramalingam (AIADMK) |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/196.html |accessdate=2017-05-10}}</ref> His son Karna Muthuramalingam was 59th Ward secretary at Madurai AIADMK.<ref>{{cite news |work=Rediff |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2000/jun/28dmk.htm |date=28 June 2000 |title=DMK legislator joins AIADMK |accessdate=2017-05-10}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthuramalingam, M.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Swami Madhavananda

2025-07-16T15:26:50Z

KristiBruno654: Created

{{Short description |9th President of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission (1888 – 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Swami Madhavananda
| image =
| caption = Swami Madhavananda
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Nirmal Chandra Basu
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1888|12|15}}
| birth_place = Baganchra, [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1965|10|6|1888|12|15}}
| death_place = [[Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| order = [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
| guru = [[Sarada Devi]]
|predecessor =[[Swami Vishuddhananda]]
|successor =[[Swami Vireshwarananda]]
|disciples = [[Swami Girishananda]]
| philosophy = [[Vedanta]]
}}

'''Swami Madhavananda''' (born '''Nirmal Chandra Basu'''; 15 December 1888 – 6 October 1965) was the ninth President of the [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission]]. He was born in the [[Bengal Presidency]] of British [[British India|India]].

== Biography ==
Madhavananda was born into a family of Hariprasad Basu in Baganchra, [[Nadia district]]. He was originally named Nirmal Chandra Basu.

Madhavananda graduated from the [[University of Calcutta]] with honours. During his academic years, he extensively studied the works of [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]] and found inspiration in the ideals and teachings of [[Ramakrishna]] and Vivekananda. He received initiation from the Holy Mother at [[Jayrambati]] in March 1909 and subsequently joined the monastery in Chennai in January 1910. In January 1916, Madhavananda was formally initiated into sannyasa by Swami Brahmananda.<ref name="1st President of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission">{{cite web |title=Swami Brahmananda |url=https://belurmath.org/swami-brahmananda/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709090108/https://belurmath.org/swami-brahmananda/ |archive-date=2022-07-09 |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=belurmath.org}}</ref> Later, his younger brother Vimal joined the Order, adopting the name Swami Dayananda. Swami Dayananda established the [[Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan]] in [[Kolkata]] in 1932.

Following this, Madhavananda spent several years at the [[Udbodhan]] office, where he contributed to the publication of the journal. Subsequently, he was appointed as the head of the [[Advaita Ashrama]] in Mayavati. There, he initiated the publication of a Hindi-language periodical called Samanvaya, with the assistance of the Hindi poet [[Suryakant Tripathi]], 'Nirala'. Madhavananda played a significant role in promoting the teachings of Ramakrishna and Vivekananda in [[Gujarat]] and in establishing the Rajkot Center. Additionally, he was assigned to the United States to deliver lectures at the San Francisco monastery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swami Madhavananda (1962–1965) – Vedanta Society of St. Louis |url=https://vedantastl.org/swami-madhavananda-1962-1965/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=vedantastl.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swam i Madhavananda (1962-1965) |url=https://vedantastl.org/swami-madhavananda-1962-1965/ |access-date=February 14, 2025 |website=vedantstl}}</ref>

Madhavananda was appointed as a trustee of the [[Ramakrishna Math]] and became a member of the governing body of the Ramakrishna Mission in 1922. He returned to India in 1929 to serve as a Joint Secretary of the Order. In May 1938, he was appointed General Secretary, a position he held for 24 years until his appointment as Vice President in March 1962. Following the passing of [[Vishuddhananda]], Madhavananda assumed the role of President of the Order on 4 August 1962. During his tenure as President, he presided over the Birth Centenary Celebrations of Vivekananda in 1963.

Madhavananda was known for his austere lifestyle and devoted practice of [[japa]] and meditation for extended periods. He translated various scriptures, including the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]], the [[Brahma Sutras]], and the Bhasha Pariccheda.

Madhavananda died on 6 October 1965, at the age of 76 years and 10 months.

==Related links==
* Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Gol Park, Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order - [https://web.archive.org/web/20110404043004/http://www.sriramakrishna.org/president09.php Swami Madhavananda]
* Six Lighted Windows - Swami Yogeshananda {{ISBN|0-87481-410-3}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book | last = Madhavananda| first = Swami | title = Brihadaranyaka Upanishad with the Commentary of Shankaracharya | year = 1997 | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | location = Kolkata | isbn = 81-7505-102-7 | pages = 696}}
* {{cite book | last = Madhavananda| first = Swami | title = Minor Upanishads | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | location = Kolkata | year = 1996 | isbn = 81-7505-104-3| pages = 96}}
* {{cite book | last = Madhavananda| first = Swami | title = Vivekacudamani of Sri Sankaracarya: Text, With English Translation, Notes & Index | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | location = Kolkata | year = 2003 | isbn = 81-7505-106-X | pages = 240}}
* {{cite book | last = Madhavananda| first = Swami | title = Bhasha Pariccheda of Vishwanath Nyayapanchanan | year = 1940 | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | location = Kolkata | isbn = 81-7505-112-4 | pages = 308}}
* {{cite book | last = Madhavananda| first = Swami | title = Vedanta-Paribhasa of Dharmaraja Adhvarindra | year = 1972 | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | location = Kolkata | isbn = 81-7505-113-2 | pages = 364}}
* {{cite book | last = Madhavananda| first = Swami | title = Mimamsa Paribhasha of Krishna Yajvan | year = 1972 | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | location = Kolkata | isbn = 81-7505-113-2 | pages = 364}}
* {{cite book | last = Madhavananda| first = Swami | title = Uddhava Gita - The Last Message of Shri Krishna | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | location = Kolkata | year = 1997 | isbn = 81-7505-115-9 | pages = 384}}
* {{cite book | last = Madhavananda| first = Swami | title = Vairagya-Satakam of Bhartrihari | year = 1950 | url = https://archive.org/details/VarigyaShatakamByMadhavananda | publisher = Advaita Ashrama | location = Kolkata| isbn = 81-85301-94-8 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/VarigyaShatakamByMadhavananda/page/n31 60]}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|Author:Swami Madhavananda|Swami Madhavananda}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110404043004/http://www.sriramakrishna.org/president09.php Swami Madhavananda - Ninth President, Biography] at ''[[Ramakrishna Mission]]''
* [http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/vivekachudamani1.php Swami Madhavananda's English translation of Vivekachudamani]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Swami Madhavananda}}
* {{Librivox author |id=7102}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhavananda, Swami}}
[[Category:Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]

Allalasandra inscriptions and hero stones

2025-06-16T04:11:23Z

KristiBruno654:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|13.08658|N|77.58755|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
Allalasandra is a historic locality in North [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], situated adjacent to the Gandhi Krishi Vigyan Kendra ([[Gandhi Krishi Vigyana Kendra|GKVK]]) campus on [[Ballari|Bellary]] Road. The name Allalasandra is mentioned in an inscription dated to 1544 CE, tracing its historicity back about 500 years. The inscription records the donation of the entire village of Allalasandra to the Allalanatha temple at [[Jakkur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2021 |title=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಇತಿಹಾಸ ವೈಭವ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2021 ಸಂಚಿಕೆ 2 ಜಕ್ಕೂರು |url=https://archive.org/details/bengaluruitihaasavaibhava-2021-vol2_jakkuru/page/55/mode/1up |publisher=The Mythic Society}}</ref>
[[File:Digital Image of the Word Allalasandra (alāl̤asaṃdrā) Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Allalasandra 1544CE Rachura Narasapaya Inscription.jpg|thumb|304x304px|Digital Image of a place name '''Alāl̤asaṃdrā''' obtained by 3D Scanning of The Allalasandra 1544CE Rachura Narasapaya Inscription. ]]
The earliest map of Allalasandra is a 1905CE state land records map which shows the village and adjoining areas being of 2.47sq km, 7.78 km perimeter. The village is shown bounded by Yelahanka kasaba, Shivanahalli, Jakkur Plantation, Bytrayanapura, Kothi Hosahalli, Kodigehalli, Kodigehalli Plantation and Chikka Bommasandra villages. Today the same area has been apportioned between Allalasandra village, GKVK campus, upmarket Judicial Layout and some portions of Bellary road.
[[File:Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Alāl̤asaṃdrā' in the Allalasandra 1544 CE Rachur Narsappaiah Donation Inscription.png|thumb|Digital Image Highlighting the Place Name 'Alāl̤asaṃdrā' in the Allalasandra 1544 CE Rachur Narsappaiah Donation Inscription. |461x461px]]
[[File:Allalasandra Lake.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Allalasandra Lake.]]
Four inscriptions were documented in this locality spanning from the 11th century to the 18th-19th century CE, of which only two are physically present, the status of the rest two remains unknown.
== Allalasandra 1544 CE Rachur Narasappiah's Donation Inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Allalasandra 1544 CE Rachur Narasappiah's Donation Inscription
| image = Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Allalasandra 1544CE Rachura Narasapaya kannada inscription 01.png
| image_caption = 3D scanned image of the inscription by Mythic Society, Bengaluru
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|133|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|67|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| language = [[Kannada]]
| created = {{start date and age|df=yes|1544|11|19|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_date = 1905
| discovered_place = Allalasandra, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| culture =
| image_size = 400
| location = {{coord|13.0865769|77.5875828}}
| symbols = Sun, Moon, [[Sudarshana Chakra]]
}}

The inscription is in Kannada language and Kannada script and is first documented in the 1905 edition of the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]], volume 09<ref>{{Cite book |last=Epigraphia Carnatica |title=Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 9 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |year=1894}}</ref> published by [[B. Lewis Rice|B.L.Rice]] as Bengaluru Taluk Inscription No 30.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Epigraphia Carnatica |title=Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 9 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |year=1894 |page=11}}</ref> The inscription's installation date is given as ''Shaka 1462, Krodhi Samvatsara, Margashira'', Shukla 5, which corresponds to Wednesday, 19 November 1544 A.D. according to the Julian calendar.

[[Sun]], [[moon]], and a [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshan Chakra]] is inscribed on the stone, sun and moon indicates the eternal nature of the grant and the sudarshana chakra is a [[Vaishnavism|vaishnavite]] symbol indicating the religious nature of the inscription. It can be observed that the scribe '0' is used at the beginning of each line to mark the lines and write directly.

=== Transliteration Of The Text ===
The transliteration of the inscription is as follows<ref name="The Mythic Society">{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/bengaluruitihaasavaibhava-2021-vol2_jakkuru |title=ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಇತಿಹಾಸ ವೈಭವ ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 2021 ಸಂಚಿಕೆ 2 ಜಕ್ಕೂರು|date=December 2021 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!sl no.
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1.
|0 ಶ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ವಿಜಯಾಭ್ದುದಯ ಸಾಲಿವಾಹನ ಸ
|0 śvasti śrī vijayābhdudaya sālivāhana sa
|-
|2.
|0 ಕ ವರುಷ ೧೪೬೨ ನೆಯ ಕ್ರೊಧಿ ಸಂವತ್ಸರದ
|0 ka varuṣa 1462 nĕya krŏdhi saṃvatsarada
|-
|3.
|0 ಮಾರ್ಗ್ಗಸಿರ ಶು೫ಲು ಶ್ರೀ ಮಂನ್ನ್ ಮಹ
|0 mārggasira śu5lu śrī maṃnn maha
|-
|4.
|0 ರಾಜಧಿರಾಜ ರಾಜಪರಮೆಶ್ವರ ಶ್ರೀ ವೀರ
|0 rājadhirāja rājaparamĕśvara śrī vīra
|-
|5.
|0 ಪ್ರಥಾಪ ವೀರಸದಾಸಿವಮಾಹಾರಯರು ಪ್ರಿ
|0 prathāpa vīrasadāsivamāhārayaru pri
|-
|6.
|0 ‌ಥ್ವಿರಾಜ್ಯಂಗೆಉತಂಯಿರಲು ಶ್ರೀ
|0 thvirājyaṃgĕutaṃyiralu śrī
|-
|7.
|0 ಮಂನ್‌ಮಹಮಂಡಲೆಶ್ವರ ಶ್ರೀ
|0 maṃnmahamaṃḍalĕśvara śrī
|-
|8.
|0 ಮರಾಟೆಯ ವಿಟಲೆಶ್ವರದೇವ ಮಹಾ
|0 marāṭĕya viṭalĕśvaradeva mahā
|-
|9.
|0 ಅರಸುಗಳ ಕಾರ್ಯಕೆಕರ್ತ್ತರಾದ ರಾ
|0 arasugal̤a kāryakĕkarttarāda rā
|-
|10.
|0 ಚುರನರಸಪಯಗಳು ಜಕುರ ಅಲಾ
|0 curanarasapayagal̤u jakura alā
|-
|11.
|0 ಳನಾಥ ದೆವರ ಅ ಮ್ರುತಪಡಿ ನೈವೇ
|0 l̤anātha dĕvara a mrutapaḍi naive
|-
|12.
|0 ದ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಎಲಕನಾಡ ಸಿವನಸಮು
|0 dyakkĕ ĕlakanāḍa sivanasamu
|-
|13.
|0 ದ್ರಾದ ಸಿಮೆವೊಳಗಣ ಅಲಾಳ
|0 drāda simĕvŏl̤agaṇa alāl̤a
|-
|14.
|0 ಸಂದ್ರಾ ಗ್ರಾಮವನು ವಿಟಲೆಶರ ಅರಸುಗ
|0 saṃdrā grāmavanu viṭalĕśara arasuga
|-
|15.
|0 ಳಿಗೆ ಪುಂಣ್ಯವಾಗಾಬೆಕು ಯೆಂದು ಸ
|0 l̤igĕ puṃṇyavāgābĕku yĕṃdu sa
|-
|16.
|0 ಮರ್ಪಿಸಿದೆಉ ಅ ಗ್ರಾಮಕೆ ಸಲುವ
|0 marpisidĕu a grāmakĕ saluva
|-
|17.
|0 ಚತುಸಿಮೆವೊಳಾಗದ ಕೆಱೆಕುಂಟೆ
|0 catusimĕvŏl̤āgada kĕṟĕkuṃṭĕ
|-
|18.
|0 ಗದೆ ಬೆಜಲು ಗುಡೆಗುಯಲು ತೊಟ
|0 gadĕ bĕjalu guḍĕguyalu tŏṭa
|-
|19.
|. . . ಕೆ ಕಾಡಾರಂಬ ನಿರಾರಂಬ .
|. . . kĕ kāḍāraṃba nirāraṃba .
|-
|20.
|. . . . . . . .
|. . . . . . . . . .
|-
|21.
|. . . . . . . .
|. . . . . . . . . . .
|-
|22.
|. . . . . . . .
|. . . . . . . . . . .
|-
|
!'''(ಹಿಂಭಾಗ)'''
!(Reverse)
|-
|23.
|0 ಶ್ವದತ್ತ ದ್ವಿಗುಣಂ ಪುಣ್ಯಂ ಪರ
|0 śvadatta dviguṇaṃ puṇyaṃ para
|-
|24.
|0 ದತನುಪಾಲನಂ ಪರದತ್ತಪ
|0 datanupālanaṃ paradattapa
|-
|25.
|0 ಹಾರೆಣ ಸ್ವದತ್ತ ನಿಷ್ಪಲಂಬವೆತು
|0 hārĕṇa svadatta niṣpalaṃbavĕtu
|-
|26.
|0 ಯಿ ಧರ್ಮಕೆ ತಪಿದರೆ ಗಂಗೆಯ
|0 yi dharmakĕ tapidarĕ gaṃgĕya
|-
|27.
|0 ಲಿ ಕಪಿಲೆರ ಕೊಂದ ಪಾಪಕೆ ಹೊ
|0 li kapilĕra kŏṃda pāpakĕ hŏ
|-
|28.
|0 ವರು
|0 varu
|}

=== Summary Of The Inscription ===
This inscription is a record of the donation of the village of Allalasandra by local administrator, Rachur Narasappa, to the Allalanatha temple at Jakkur.

The religious merit of the donation was to benefit an official Marateya Vittaleshwara.

== Allalasandra Yantra Kallu ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Allalasandra Tantra-Mantra stone
| image = Digital image obtained by 3D scanning of the Allalasandra Tantra-Mantra stone.jpg
| image_caption = Digital image obtained by 3D scanning of the Allalasandra Tantra-Mantra stone
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|114|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|58|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| language = [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| created =
| discovered_date =
| discovered_place = Allalasandra, [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| culture =
| image_size = 180
| location = {{coord|13.0865769|77.5875828}}
}}

Yantra Kallu (''lit.'' [[Yantra]] stone) is a unique typology of inscription stones, wherein they were installed by the villagers when a mass disaster or event struck a village, priests would be called to perform rituals after which figures and diagrams [[Tantra|Tantric]] designs would be inscribed on the stones which were believed to act as a Talisman protecting the village. The inscription has letters of two scripts, [[Tamil script|Tamil]]-[[Grantha script|Grantha]] letters can be dated between 15th and 16th century CE and [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letters can be dated between the 18th to 19th century CE paleographically. The first line of the inscription records the name "Alalasamudra". They are worshipped by the villagers and are believed to cure diseases of cattle and smallpox disease in children.<ref name="The Mythic Society" />

=== Transliteration Of The Text ===
Kannada reading in the table is transliterated text which originally contains both Grantha and Kannada characters. The transliteration of the inscription is as follows,
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಆಳಲ ಸಮು
|āl̤ala samu
|-
|2
|ದ್ರ ವು ಯಾಶೈ ಭ ಲಾ
|dra vu yāsai bha lā
|-
|3
|ಮಘನ್‌ ನ್ರಿ ಥನಾರಿ ಪೇ
|maghan nri thanārī pe
|-
|4
|ಷ ರ ಶ್ರೀ ಯೂವ ಐಯ
|ś ra śrī yū . aiya
|-
|5
|ರಿಪಿ ಕ ಳ/ಲಮಾಶಲ
|ripi ka l̤a/lamāśala
|-
|6
|ಕಲಿರನಾಕಿಯ ಕಿ
|kaliranākiya ki
|-
|7
|ನ ದಿ/ವಿ ತುವಿ/ದಿಗೆ ಲ
|na di/vi tuvi/digĕ la
|-
|8
|ಷ/ಶಭಿವಿ .
|ṣa/śabhivi .
|-
|9
|ಯಿಛಿರು
|yichiru
|-
|10
|ಮ . ಲಿ ಚ/ಆ .(ಮ) ನ ನದು ದಿ
|māli ca/ā .(ma) na nadu di
|-
|11
|ವಿಯ ನಾ . .ತೀ . ತಿ
|viya nā . .tī . ti
|}

== Allalsandra 1080CE Ramadeva Boar Hunting Herostone ==
It is [[Kannada]] hero-stone inscription dated to 1080 CE whose present status remains unknown but was documented in ''[[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]]'' Volume 9 as BN 32. It records the death of a Ramadeva in a hunting of a wild boar. It was inscribed during the reign of [[Kulottunga I]] and his feudal Kadeya Nayaka who ruled ''Sanne nad'', an administrative division during the time.<ref name="Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore : Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive">{{Cite book |last1=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

=== Transliteration ===
The transliteration is as follows,<ref name="Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore : Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive" />
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀಮನ್ ಮ[ಹ] ಕುಲೋತ್ತುಂಗ ಚೋಳ ಸಣ್ಣೆ ನಾಡ್ ಆಳ್ವ ಕಾಡೆಯ ನಾಯಕನ ಭಂಟನು
ಮುಮ್ಮಡಿ ಸೆಟ್ಟಿಯ ಮಗನು ಗುಳಿಯಣ್ಣನ ತಂಮನು ರಾಮ ದೇವನು
ಬೇಟೆಗೆ ಹೊರವಟ್ಟು ಹಿರಿಯ-ಹಂದಿಗೆ ಬೇಂಟೆಯಲು ಬಿಟ್ಟದೆ ತಾಗಿ ಕೊಂಡು ದ್ರೇಹ. . . . . ಬಾಧೆಯುಮ್
|svasti sriman ma[ha] Kulottunga Chola Sanne nad alva Kadeya Nayakana bhantanu Mummadi Settiya maganu Guliyannana tammanu Rama-devanu betege horavattu hiriya handige benteyalu bittade tagi kondu dreha . . .badheyum
|}

== Allalasandra 1340CE Kameya Dandanayaka Donation inscription ==
It is a [[Kannada]] inscription dated to 1340 CE that records the donation made by the son of the "great minister" of the Hoysala king [[Veera Ballala III]], Kameya Dandanayaka, Kameya dannayaka. It mentions that during this period the king was ruling from [[Tiruvannamalai]] (''lit.'' Unnamale pattana). The donation is said to be made to an officer designate nad-senabhova Allala according to custom belonging to the fort of Haramaravur. The donation was also decreed to be ''sarvamanya'' i.e., exempt from all taxes. It was first documented in [[Epigraphia Carnatica|Epigraphia carnatica]] Volume 9 as BN 31.<ref name="Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore : Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive" /> The present status of the inscription is not known.

=== Transliteration ===
The text is published in ''Epigraphia carnatica'',
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಶಕಾಬ್ದ ೧೨೬೩ನೆಯ ವಿಕ್ರಮ ಸಂ ಕಾರ್ತಿಕ ಬ ೫ ಬ್ರೀ ದಂದು ಶ್ರೀರತು ಪ್ರತಾಪ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಹೊಯ್ಸಳ ವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ ದೇವರಸನು ಉಣ್ಣಮಲೆ ಪಟ್ಟಣದಲಿ ಪೃಥ್ವಿ ರಾಜ್ಯಂ ಗೆಯುತ್ತಿರಲು ಶ್ರೀಮನು ಮಹಾ ಪ್ರಧಾನಂ ಕಾಮೇಯ ದಂಡನಾಯಕರ ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಕಾಮೇಯ ದಣ್ಣಾಯಕರು ಯಲಯಕ ನಾಡ ಸೇನಭೋವ ಅಲ್ಲಾಳರಿಗೆ ಶಿಲಾ ಶಾಸನವ ಮಾಡಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿ ಕ್ರಮವೆಂತೆಂಡದೆ ಹಾರಮರವೂರ ಕೋಟೆಯ ಪೂರ್ಬಮರ್ಯಾದೆಯ ಚತುಸ್ಸೀಮೆ ಗದ್ದೆ ಬೆದ್ದಲು ಸೀಮೆ ಸಾಮ್ಯವನುಳ್ಳದನು ಸರ್ವಮಾನ್ಯ ಕೊಡಗೆ ಆಗಿ ಚಂದ್ರದಿತ್ಯರುಳ್ಳಮ್ ಬರಮ್ ಸಲುವಂತಾಗಿ ಶಿಲಾ ಶಾಸನವಮಾಡಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟೆವು ಮಂಗಳ ಮಹಾ ಶ್ರೀ ಶ್ರೀ
|svasti sri Sakabda 1263 neya Vikrama-sam-Kartika-ba 5 Bri-dandu sriratu pratapa-chakrararti sri-Hoysala-vira-Ballala-Devarasaru Unnamale-pattanadali prithvi-rajyam geyuttiralu srimanu-maha-pradhanam Kameya-dandanayakara makkalu Kameya-dannayakaru Yaleyaka-nada senabova Allalarige sila-sasanava madi kotti kramaventendade Haramaravura koteya purbbamaryadeya chatussime gadde beddalu sime samya vanulladanu sarvamanyada kodage agi chandradityarullam baram saluvantagi sila-sasanavamadi kottevu mangala maha sri sri
|}

=== Translation ===
''Epigraphia carnatica'' Volume 9 documents the translation of the inscription as following,

"Be it well. (On the date specified), when the pratapa-chakravartti Hoysala vira-Ballala-Devarasa was in Unnamale-pattana, ruling the kingdom of the world :— ■ the great minister Kameyadandanayaka's son Kameya-danayaka granted to the nad-senabhova Allala the lands according to former custom belonging to the fort of Haramaravur, as a sarvamdnya kodage."

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|title=Inscriptions of Allalasandra
|width=160 | height=170
|align=center
|File:Allalasandra 1544CE Rachura narasapaya Kannada inscription 05.jpg
|Allalasandra 1544CE Rachura narasapaya Kannada inscription 05.jpg
|File:3D scanning of the Allalasandra 1544CE Rachura Narasapaya donation Inscription.jpg
|3D scanning of the Rachura Narasapaya donation Inscription

|File:Allalasandra Yantra kallu 06.jpg
|Allalasandra Yantra kallu

|File:Allalasandra Rachura narasapaya 1544CE and Yantra kallu inscription 03.jpg
}}
== See also ==

* [[Indian inscriptions|Indian Inscriptions]]
* [[History of Bangalore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]
[[Category:Kannada inscriptions]]
[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Khera Ganeshpur

2024-12-30T01:05:01Z

KristiBruno654: Starting new post first draft

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Other uses|Ganeshpur (disambiguation){{!}}Ganeshpur}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khera Ganeshpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Firozabad block Khera Ganeshpur.png
| map_caption = Map showing Khera Ganeshpur in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.1539|N|78.43115|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.265
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2359
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khera Ganeshpur''' ({{IAST|Kheṛā Ganeśpur}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. It is located just northeast of the city of Firozabad. As of 2011, it had a population of 2,359, in 385 households.

== Geography ==
Khera Ganeshpur is located immediately northeast of Firozabad city, on a rural district road heading northeast toward [[Khairgarh, Firozabad|Khairgarh]]. The village of [[Akilabad Hasanpur]] is just northeast of Khera Ganeshpur on the same road.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Khera Ganeshpur had a population of 2,359, in 385 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 55.2% male (1,301) and 44.8% female (1,058). The 0-6 age group numbered 323 (166 male and 157 female), making up 13.7% of the total population. 32 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 1.4% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Khera Ganeshpur as having a population of 1,536 people (829 male and 707 female), in 230 households and 228 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|192-3}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Khera Ganeshpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 819 people (453 male and 366 female), in 160 households and 133 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 313 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Khera Ganeshpur had 1 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119-24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

England women's cricket team in India and Sri Lanka in 2005–06

2024-10-19T20:10:14Z

KristiBruno654: New

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = English women's cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2005–06
| team1_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team1_name = Sri Lanka
| team2_image = Flag of England.svg
| team2_name = England
| from_date = 10
| to_date = 12 November 2005
| team1_captain = [[Sandamali Dolawatte]]
| team2_captain = [[Charlotte Edwards]]
| no_of_ODIs = 2
| team1_ODIs_won = 0
| team2_ODIs_won = 2
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Suwini de Alwis]] (33)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Laura Newton]] (119)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Praba Udawatte]] (4)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Rosalie Birch]] (8)
| player_of_ODI_series =
}}

The [[English women's cricket team]] toured [[Sri Lanka]] and [[India]] in November and December 2005. Against [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], they played two [[Women's One Day International|One Day Internationals]], winning the series 2–0. Against [[India women's national cricket team|India]], they played one [[Women's Test cricket|Test match]] and 5 ODIs. The Test match was drawn, whilst India won the ODI series 4–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/match-results |title=England Women tour of Sri Lanka and India 2005/06|access-date=13 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Tour of Sri Lanka==
===Squads===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! {{crw|SL}}<ref name="SL-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3177;team=3672;type=series |title=Records/England Women in Sri Lanka Women's ODI Series, 2005/06 - Sri Lanka Women/Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=13 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{crw|ENG}}<ref name="ENG-Squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling.html?class=13;id=2599;type=tour |title=Records/England Women Tour of Sri Lanka and India, Nov-Dec 2005/All Matches/Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=13 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Sandamali Dolawatte]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Hiroshi Abeysinghe]]
* [[Wickramasinghe Archchilage Chandrawathi|WA Chandrawathi]]
* [[Suwini de Alwis]]
* [[Dumila Dedunu]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sumudu Fernando]]
* [[Inoka Galagedara]]
* [[Randika Galhenage]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Dona Indralatha]]
* [[Eshani Lokusuriyage]]
* [[Janakanthy Mala]]
* [[Chamari Polgampola]]
* [[Dedunu Silva]]
* [[Praba Udawatte]]
|
* [[Charlotte Edwards]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Caroline Atkins]]
* [[Rosalie Birch]]
* [[Arran Brindle]]
* [[Katherine Brunt]]
* [[Lydia Greenway]]
* [[Isa Guha]]
* [[Jenny Gunn]]
* [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]]
* [[Beth Morgan (cricketer)|Beth Morgan]]
* [[Laura Newton]]
* [[Nicky Shaw]]
* [[Jane Smit]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Claire Taylor]]
* [[Jo Watts]]
|}

===WODI Series===
====1st ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 November 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 224/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Arran Brindle]] 64[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets1 = [[Praba Udawatte]] 2/27 (10 overs)
| score2 = 61 (29.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hiroshi Abeysinghe]] 19[[not out|*]] (68)
| wickets2 = [[Rosalie Birch]] 4/14 (9 overs)
| result = England Women won by 163 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/sri-lanka-women-vs-england-women-1st-odi-224793/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Colts Cricket Club Ground]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = CBC Rodrigo (SL) and Philip Mendis (SL)
| motm =
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sumudu Fernando]] (SL) made her WODI debut.
}}

====2nd ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 November 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 206/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Laura Newton]] 60 (80)
| wickets1 = [[Suwini de Alwis]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| score2 = 107 (41 overs)
| runs2 = [[Suwini de Alwis]] 29 (65)
| wickets2 = [[Rosalie Birch]] 4/22 (7 overs)
| result = England Women won by 99 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/sri-lanka-women-vs-england-women-2nd-odi-225536/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| umpires = JG Pushparajah (SL) and P Athukorale (SL)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Dumila Dedunu]] and [[Wickramasinghe Archchilage Chandrawathi|WA Chandrawathi]] (SL) both made their WODI debuts.
}}

==Tour of India==
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = English women's cricket team in India in 2005–06
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of England.svg
| team2_name = England
| from_date = 17 November
| to_date = 9 December 2005
| team1_captain = [[Mithali Raj]]
| team2_captain = [[Charlotte Edwards]]
| no_of_tests = 1
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 0
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Mithali Raj]] (130)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Arran Brindle]] (83)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Jhulan Goswami]] (6)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]] (6)
| player_of_test_series =
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 4
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Karu Jain]] (180)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Charlotte Edwards]] (164)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Jhulan Goswami]] (10)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]] (4)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Jhulan Goswami]] (Ind)
}}
===Squads===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! {{crw|IND}}<ref name="IND-squad">{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=3062;team=1863;type=series |title=Records/England Women in India Women's ODI Series, 2005/06 - India Women/Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=13 June 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{crw|ENG}}<ref name="ENG-Squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
*
* [[Mithali Raj]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]]
* [[Anjum Chopra]]
* [[Neetu David]]
* [[Rumeli Dhar]]
* [[Jhulan Goswami]]
* [[Karu Jain]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Arundhati Kirkire]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Reema Malhotra]]
* [[Sravanthi Naidu]]
* [[Varsha Raffel]]
* [[Asha Rawat]]
* [[Amita Sharma]]
* [[Jaya Sharma]]
* [[Monica Sumra]]
|
* [[Charlotte Edwards]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Caroline Atkins]]
* [[Rosalie Birch]]
* [[Arran Brindle]]
* [[Katherine Brunt]]
* [[Lydia Greenway]]
* [[Isa Guha]]
* [[Jenny Gunn]]
* [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]]
* [[Beth Morgan (cricketer)|Beth Morgan]]
* [[Laura Newton]]
* [[Nicky Shaw]]
* [[Jane Smit]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Claire Taylor]]
* [[Jo Watts]]
|}

===Tour Matches===
====50-over match: India Under-21s v England====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 November 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND|name=India Under-21s}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 147/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Diana David]] 40[[not out|*]] (62)
| wickets1 = [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]] 3/16 (10 overs)
| score2 = 149/0 (22.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 91[[not out|*]] (71)
| wickets2 =
| result = England Women won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/india-under-21s-women-vs-england-women-226304/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = Kailash Prakash Stadium, [[Meerut]]
| umpires = Kamlesh Sharma (Ind) and Manoj Pundir (Ind)
| motm = [[Charlotte Edwards]] (Eng)
| toss = India Under-21s Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
====50-over match: India Under-21s v England====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 November 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND|name=India Under-21s}}
| score1 = 182/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rosalie Birch]] 30 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Diana David]] 2/33 (9 overs)
| score2 = 145 (49.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karu Jain]] 48 (91)
| wickets2 = [[Rosalie Birch]] 6/24 (9.4 overs)
| result = England Women won by 37 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/india-under-21s-women-vs-england-women-tour-match-226321/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = Kailash Prakash Stadium, [[Meerut]]
| umpires = Kamlesh Sharma (Ind) and Manoj Pundir (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Only Test===
{{Test match
|date = 21 – 24 November 2005
|team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
|team2 = {{crw|ENG}}

|score-team1-inns1 = 289 (126.5 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mithali Raj]] 78 (160)
|wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]] 5/66 (40 overs)

|score-team2-inns1 = 154 (97.4 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1 = [[Arran Brindle]] 37 (139)
|wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Jhulan Goswami]] 5/25 (20 overs)

|score-team1-inns2 = 175/4[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (61 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2 = [[Karu Jain]] 35 (83)
|wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rosalie Birch]] 2/14 (6 overs)

|score-team2-inns2 = 210/6 (113 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 46 (94)
|wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 3/30 (32 overs)

|result = Match drawn
|venue = [[Jamia Millia Islamia University Ground|Jamia Millia Cricket Ground]], [[Delhi]]
|umpires = [[Des Raj]] (Ind) and Rameshwar Singh (Ind)
|motm =
|report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/india-women-vs-england-women-only-test-226656/full-scorecard Scorecard]
|toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
|rain =
|notes = [[Rumeli Dhar]], [[Karu Jain]], [[Sravanthi Naidu]], [[Asha Rawat]] and [[Monica Sumra]] (Ind) all made their WTest debuts.
}}

===WODI Series===
====1st ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 November 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 188/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 68 (122)
| wickets1 = [[Neetu David]] 4/48 (10 overs)
| score2 = 168/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Monica Sumra]] 59 (114)
| wickets2 = [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]] 4/33 (8 overs)
| result = England Women won by 20 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/india-women-vs-england-women-1st-odi-227420/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nahar Singh Stadium]], [[Faridabad]]
| umpires = [[Devinder Sharma]] (Ind) and Dharmesh Bhardwaj (Ind)
| motm = [[Charlotte Edwards]] (Eng)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

====2nd ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 December 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 162/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Caroline Atkins]] 34 (61)
| wickets1 = [[Amita Sharma]] 3/27 (9 overs)
| score2 = 163/6 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Anjum Chopra]] 71 (132)
| wickets2 = [[Beth Morgan (cricketer)|Beth Morgan]] 2/27 (7.2 overs)
| result = India Women won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/india-women-vs-england-women-2nd-odi-227955/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]
| umpires = Arun Bharadwaj (Ind) and [[Satish Gupta]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Anjum Chopra]] (Ind)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

====3rd ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 December 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 215/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 66 (112)
| wickets1 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 3/46 (10 overs)
| score2 = 216/2 (40.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 65[[not out|*]] (81)
| wickets2 = [[Arran Brindle]] 1/18 (3 overs)
| result = India Women won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/india-women-vs-england-women-3rd-odi-228386/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
| umpires = [[Devinder Sharma]] (Ind) and Dharmesh Bhardwaj (Ind)
| motm = [[Karu Jain]] (Ind)
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

====4th ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 December 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 50 (30.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jenny Gunn]] 13 (53)
| wickets1 = [[Jhulan Goswami]] 5/16 (10 overs)
| score2 = 51/0 (14.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jaya Sharma]] 29[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 =
| result = India Women won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/india-women-vs-england-women-4th-odi-228838/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = SM Dev Stadium, [[Silchar]]
| umpires = [[Devinder Sharma]] (Ind) and Dharmesh Bhardwaj (Ind)
| motm = [[Jhulan Goswami]] (Ind)
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

====5th ODI====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 December 2005
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 243/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Karu Jain]] 103 (147)
| wickets1 = [[Arran Brindle]] 1/49 (9 overs)
| score2 = 205 (46.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Arran Brindle]] 52 (66)
| wickets2 = [[Amita Sharma]] 2/31 (8.5 overs)
| result = India Women won by 38 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698/india-women-vs-england-women-5th-odi-229039/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| umpires = A Das (Ind) and Premdip Chatterjee (Ind)
| motm = [[Karu Jain]] (Ind)
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sravanthi Naidu]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-tour-of-sri-lanka-and-india-2005-06-221698 England Women tour of Sri Lanka and India 2005/06] from ESPNcricinfo

{{England women's cricket team}}
{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{Sri Lanka women's national cricket team}}
{{International cricket in 2005–06}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:English women's cricket team in India and Sri Lanka in 2005-06}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2005]]
[[Category:England women's cricket team tours|India and Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:2005 in women's cricket]]

Birsa Munda Agro Park Gumla

2023-12-10T14:41:34Z

KristiBruno654: started new info

{{Short description|Park in India}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Birsa Munda Agro Park Gumla
| type = Children Park
| location = 2GMQ+9H2, Gokul Nagar, Gumla, Jharkhand
| status = Active
| facilities = Outdoor gym, garden, aquarium House, play equipment for children
}}
'''Birsa Munda Agro Park Gumla''' is a park located in [[Gumla]], [[Jharkhand]], India. It has a garden, an outdoor gym, aquarium house, and playing areas for children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=गुमला के बिरसा मुंडा एग्रो पार्क में डायनासोर बना आकर्षण का केंद्र, उमड़ी सैलानियों की भीड़ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/jharkhand/gumla-dinosaur-and-many-more-statue-becomes-attraction-in-gumlas-birsa-munda-agro-park-6169777.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Jharkhand News: गुमला के बिरसा मुंडा एग्रो पार्क में घूमना हुआ महंगा, जानें टिकट की दर |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/gumla/traveling-in-gumlas-birsa-munda-agro-park-has-become-expensive-know-the-ticket-rate-smj |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-25 |title=PHOTO: नये साल पर गुमला का बिरसा मुंडा एग्रो पार्क सजधज कर तैयार, मनोरंजन के ये हैं इंतजाम |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/photos/new-year-2023-picnic-spot-birsa-munda-agro-park-decorated-arrangements-for-entertainment-photos-grj |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gumla के Birsa Munda Agro Park में चल रही थी शराब पार्टी, पकड़े जाने पर हुआ ये हाल {{!}}Bihar Latest News |url=https://hindi.news18.com/videos/jharkhand/liquor-party-was-going-on-in-gumla-s-birsa-munda-agro-park-this-happened-after-being-caught-bihar-latest-news-4989785.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-31 |title=Street Food: गुमला के यहां मिलता है स्वाद से भरपूर खास समोसा, रोजाना बिकते हैं 700 पीस |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/recipe-street-food-samosa-of-roshan-dukan-in-birsa-munda-park-is-very-famous-and-tasty-gumla-5722007.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गुमला के बिरसा मुंडा एग्रो पार्क में ऑर्केस्ट्रा पर खूब झूमे लोग |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/ranchi/article1-People-celebrated-New-year-with-Orchestra-at-Birsa-Munda-Agro-Park-Gumla-650630.html |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गुमला के बिरसा मुंडा एग्रो पार्क में दो दिनी पुस्तक मेले शुरू |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ghumla/story-two-day-book-fair-starts-in-birsa-munda-agro-park-gumla-9043124.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-12-31 |title=The famous Birsa Munda Park in Gumla wore a festive look for welcoming the New Year. |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/all-set-for-a-bash-on-december-31/articleshow/17824427.cms |access-date=2023-12-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jharkhand]]

{{Park-stub}}

Merhülietsa Ward

2023-07-03T02:40:58Z

KristiBruno654: started entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Merhülietsa Ward
| other_name = Para Medical
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.665471|N|94.092069|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Merhülietsa Ward''' also known as '''Para Medical''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 18 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/hornbill-fest-traffic-advisory/245604.html|title=Hornbill Traffic advisory|date=29 November 2021|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Merhülietsa Ward:'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%2018%20-%20Para%20Medical%20Colony|title=Schools in Ward 18|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
* Merhülietsa Government Middle School
* Merhülietsa School
* St. John School

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map18.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 18]

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

Munnabhai Chale Delhi

2023-06-02T22:13:42Z

KristiBruno654: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Munna Bhai (film series)]]

Indian citizenship

2005-03-09T15:04:00Z

KristiBruno654:

#REDIRECT [[Indian nationality law]]