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Allstate

2026-05-14T19:34:19Z

KristalBabbage2: Starting a stub

{{Short description|American insurance company}}
{{About|the American insurance company|other uses|Allstate (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = The Allstate Corporation
| logo = Allstate logo.svg
| logo_size =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NYSE|ALL}}|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| key_people = [[Thomas J. Wilson]] ([[Chairman#Public corporations|chairman]], [[President (corporate title)|president]], and [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]])
| industry = [[Insurance]]
| products = {{flatlist|
* [[Auto insurance|Auto]], [[Home insurance|Home]], [[Life insurance|Life]], [[Motorcycle insurance|Motorcycle]], [[Renters insurance|Renters]], [[Boat]], [[Landlord]], [[condominium|condo]], [[Off-road vehicle]], & [[Business]] [[Insurance]]
* [[Retirement]] & [[Investment]] products
* [[Banking]] services}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|64.11 billion|link=yes}} (2024)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{US$|5.76 billion}} (2024)
| net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|4.67 million}} (2024)
| assets = {{nowrap|{{increase}} {{US$|111.6 billion}} (2024)}}
| equity = {{increase}} {{US$|21.44 billion}} (2024)
| num_employees = {{circa|55,000}} (2024)
| parent = [[Sears]] (1931–1995)<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.allstatenewsroom.com/channels/History-and-Timeline/pages/history-timeline|title=Allstate Newsroom – History and Timeline Page|publisher=Allstate|year=2010|access-date=February 17, 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118011405/http://www.allstatenewsroom.com/channels/History-and-Timeline/pages/history-timeline|archive-date=November 18, 2010}}</ref>
| subsid = {{Unbulleted list|[[Encompass Insurance Company]]|[[Esurance]]|[[SquareTrade]]|Allstate Identity Protection (formerly InfoArmor, Inc.)|Allstate India|[[Allstate Northern Ireland]]|[[National General Insurance]]}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|1931|4|17}}<ref name="searshist" />
| hq_location = [[Northbrook, Illinois]], U.S.
| website = {{URL|https://www.allstate.com/}} {{URL|https://www.allstatecorporation.com/}}
| footnotes = <ref name="10-K">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/899051/000089905125000015/all-20241231.htm |title=Allstate 2024 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 24, 2025 |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission}}</ref>
}}


[[File:Allstate store.JPG|thumb|An Allstate agency in [[Moncton|Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada]]]]
[[File:AllstateInsurance11Disera.jpg|thumb|Allstate in Toronto]]

'''The Allstate Corporation''' is an American [[insurance]] company, headquartered in [[Glenview, Illinois]] (with a [[Northbrook, Illinois]] address) since 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/visuals/ct-viz-allstate-new-headquarters-photos-20230103-csuyxtxzrjb7lekixh44xbqmqm-photogallery.html |title=Photos: Allstate's new, smaller headquarters in Glenview |language=en}}</ref> Founded in 1931 as part of [[Sears, Roebuck and Co.]], it was spun off in 1993, but was still partially owned by Sears until it became an independent company completely in June 1995.<ref name="history"/> The company also has personal line insurance operations in [[Canada]].

Allstate is a large [[corporation]], and with 2018 [[revenues]] of $39.8 billion, it ranked 79th in the 2019 [[Fortune 500|''Fortune'' 500]] list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/|title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List|website=Fortune|language=en-US|access-date=November 10, 2018|archive-date=January 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115060417/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its long-running advertising campaign, in use since 1950, asks, "Are you in good hands?",<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/allstate-refreshes-brand-tagline-younger-audience/303981/|title=Allstate Refreshes Brand Tagline for Younger Audience|access-date=December 8, 2017|language=en|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015500/http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/allstate-refreshes-brand-tagline-younger-audience/303981/|archive-date=December 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Funding Universe">{{cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/The-Allstate-Corporation-Company-History.html|title= The Allstate Corporation – Company History|publisher=Funding Universe|access-date=February 23, 2011|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711054317/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/The-Allstate-Corporation-Company-History.html|archive-date=July 11, 2011}}</ref> and the recognizable logo portrays a pair of human hands.

==History==
In 1925, [[Sears]] held a national contest to decide the name of a new brand of car tires. After 2,253,746 name submissions from 937,886 participants, "Allstate" was chosen. Hans Simonson of [[Bismarck, North Dakota]], received a $5,000 cash prize for his winning entry among a list of 31 he submitted.<ref name="searshist">{{cite web |date=October 31, 2006 |title=Allstate: 1996-1995 (Sears' divestment) |url=http://www.searsarchives.com/brands/allstate.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808201656/http://www.searsarchives.com/brands/allstate.htm |archive-date=August 8, 2010  |access-date=July 9, 2010 |publisher=Sears}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LC Catalog - The Bismarck Tribune, December 9th, 1926 |url=https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=sn%2085042243&searchType=1&permalink=y |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=catalog.loc.gov}}</ref> The trademark was officially registered on April 19, 1927,<ref name=":1" /> and the tires' new name made its debut in the spring 1927 Sears catalog.<ref name=":2" />

The idea for Allstate Insurance Company came when insurance broker Carl L. Odell proposed to [[Robert E. Wood]], his neighbor, the idea of selling auto insurance by direct mail.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Tina |title=International Directory of Company Histories |last2=Derdak |first2=Thomas |date=1999 |publisher=St. James Press |isbn=978-1-55862-386-6 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref> The idea appealed to Wood, and the proposal was sent to the Sears board of directors, which approved it.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/The_Allstate_Corp.aspx|title=Encyclopedia- Allstate Corp.|publisher=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=February 23, 2011|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628234217/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/The_Allstate_Corp.aspx|archive-date=June 28, 2011}}</ref> Allstate Insurance Company, named after Sears' tire line, went into business on April 17, 1931, offering auto insurance by direct mail and through the Sears catalog.<ref name="Encyclopedia" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cherry |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCAu0xkl5BIC&dq=allstate+insurance+bridge+game+train+1930+odell&pg=RA4-PA5 |title=Catalog: The Illustrated History of Mail Order Shopping |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-56898-739-2 |location=New York |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> This was in line with one of the objectives of a company to sell automobile insurance in the same manner as Sears sold its merchandise.<ref>"Arnstein & Lehr, The First 120 Years", (Louis A. Lehr, Jr.) (Amazon), p. 26</ref>

[[Lessing J. Rosenwald]] was Allstate's first board chairman, and Odell was named vice president and secretary.<ref name="Funding Universe" />

In 1933, at the Century of Progress World's Fair in Chicago, Allstate's Richard E. Roskam sold insurance at a booth in the Sears pavilion.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} In 1934, Allstate opened its first permanent sales office in a Chicago Sears store.<ref name="Allstate Insurance Company Digital Newsroom ">{{cite web|url=http://www.allstatenewsroom.com/channels/History-and-Timeline/pages/history-timeline|title=Allstate Insurance Company Digital Newsroom – History and Timeline|publisher=Allstate|access-date=February 17, 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118011405/http://www.allstatenewsroom.com/channels/History-and-Timeline/pages/history-timeline|archive-date=November 18, 2010}}</ref>

In 1941, only about a quarter of US drivers had auto liability insurance. This led to the state of New York passing a law that established the financial responsibility of drivers for damage or injuries resulting from auto mishaps.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choike |first=Anne M. |title=Feminist Judgments: Corporate Law Rewritten |last2=Rodrigues |first2=Usha R. |last3=Williams |first3=Kelli Alces |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-316-51676-8 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref> That law inspired legislation in other states, and by the mid-1950s, nearly every state had some sort of financial responsibility law on its books.<ref name="Encyclopedia" />

In 1949, the Allstate Headquarters Building was completed at 3246 W. Arthington Street in [[Chicago]] as a part of the [[Sears, Roebuck and Company Complex]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-7-buildings-make-citys-most-endangered-list-20130312,0,2255252.story | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410171557/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chi-7-buildings-make-citys-most-endangered-list-20130312,0,2255252.story | url-status=dead | archive-date=April 10, 2013 | work=Chicago Tribune | title=7 buildings make Preservation Chicago most endangered list | date=March 13, 2013 }}</ref> The midrise building is vacant (as of 2013) and in danger of demolition. The building is noted for its early postwar midrise construction. This location was vacated when the company relocated in the postwar years.

The company's "You're in Good Hands with Allstate" slogan, which featured a cradling hands, was created in 1950 by Allstate's general sales manager Davis W. Ellis.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Feinman |first=Jay M. |title=Delay, Deny, Defend: Why Insurance Companies Don't Pay Claim and What You Can DoAbout It |publisher=Penguin |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-101-19628-1 |language=en}}</ref> At the end of the decade, it was used in the company's first network-television advertising campaign, which featured actor [[Ed Reimers]].<ref name="Funding Universe" />

Allstate added products throughout the 1950s, including fire insurance in 1954 and homeowners and life insurance in 1957. Allstate began selling insurance to Canadians in 1953. Allstate Insurance Company of Canada was incorporated in 1964.<ref name="Encyclopedia" />

In 1952 and 1953, Sears also sold an automobile called [[Allstate (automobile)|Allstate]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Flory, Jr |first=J. “Kelly” |title=American Cars, 1946-1959: Every Model, Year by Year |publisher=McFarland |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7864-5230-9 |pages=392 |language=en}}</ref> This was the second time that the company ventured into automobiles, the first being early in the 20th century.<ref name=":0" /> This particular car was a flop; it was pulled from stores by 1953. The automobile was based on the [[Henry J]] car manufactured by [[Kaiser Motors]].<ref name=":0" /> The Allstate brand was eventually limited to insurance, tires, and car batteries by the late 1960s, before becoming insurance only in the mid-1970s.<ref name="searshist" />

In 1967, the company's home office was moved from [[Skokie, Illinois|Skokie]] to [[Northbrook, Illinois]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rand |first=Robert |title=My Suburban Shtetl: A Novel about Life in a Twentieth-century Jewish-American Village |date=2001 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-0721-2 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref> Allstate continued to sell additional types of insurance to customers throughout the decade, including worker's-compensation insurance in 1964, [[surety bond]]s in 1966, inland-marine coverage in 1967, and a business package policy in 1969.<ref name="Funding Universe" />

The brand itself expanded in the 1950s and 1960s and could be found on a variety of products such as fire extinguishers and motor scooters.

In 1991, the company went public.<ref name="history" /> In June 1993, 19.8% of Allstate became public through a stock offering. Allstate became completely independent in June 1995, when Sears spun off the remaining 80% stake in the company, distributing 350.5 million shares of Allstate stock to its stockholders.<ref name="Encyclopedia" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1993/06/03/allstate-initial-offering-priced-at-the-top/|title=Allstate Initial Offering Priced At The Top|work=tribunedigital-chicagotribune|access-date=December 8, 2017|language=en|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044451/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-06-03/business/9306030069_1_concurrent-international-offering-allstate-sears|archive-date=December 9, 2017}}</ref> At the time, it was the largest IPO to date.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In 1999, Allstate purchased the personal-lines division of [[CNA Financial]]<ref name="Allstate-Oct-1999-8-K">{{cite web |url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/478/89905199000014/filing-main.htm |title=Allstate, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 12, 1999 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=January 4, 2013 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525130051/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/478/89905199000014/filing-main.htm |archive-date=May 25, 2013 }}</ref> and subsequently renamed it to [[Encompass Insurance Company]].<ref name="Allstate-Nov-2000-10-Q">{{cite web |url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2855/91205700048494/filing-main.htm |title=Allstate, Form 10-Q, Quarterly Report, Filing Date Nov 13, 2000 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date=January 4, 2013 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525143811/http://edgar.secdatabase.com/2855/91205700048494/filing-main.htm |archive-date=May 25, 2013 }}</ref>

In 2003, actor [[Dennis Haysbert]] became Allstate's spokesman, using the tagline "That’s Allstate’s stand."<ref name="Drive Steady">{{cite web|url=http://drivesteady.com/the-most-popular-car-insurance-spokespeople-mascots|title=The Most Popular Car Insurance Spokespeople & Mascots|access-date=February 23, 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222205019/http://drivesteady.com/the-most-popular-car-insurance-spokespeople-mascots|archive-date=December 22, 2010}}</ref>

In May 2011, Allstate announced that it was purchasing [[Esurance]] and rate-comparison site Answer Financial for about $1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-05-18/allstate-to-buy-esurance-in-1-billion-deal-as-wilson-adds-online-sales|title = Allstate to Buy Esurance for $1 Billion to Add Online Sales|date = May 18, 2011|access-date = December 29, 2015|website = Bloomberg|last = Buhayar|first = Noah}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2011/05/18/199061.htm|title = Allstate Targets Online Insurance Sales; Buys Esurance, Answer Financial|date = May 18, 2011|access-date = December 29, 2015|website = Insurance Journal|publisher = Wells Media Group}}</ref>

In 2012, [[Allstate Solutions Private Limited]] (also called Allstate India) was inaugurated in Bangalore; it is a technology and operations center to provide software development and business process outsourcing services to its US parent.<ref name="Allstate's India">{{Cite journal|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/news/35749861_1_tech-centre-india-technology-centre-allstate-corp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620134701/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/news/35749861_1_tech-centre-india-technology-centre-allstate-corp|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 20, 2014|title=Allstate to open tech centre in Bangalore|journal= The Economic Times}}</ref>

In January 2017, Allstate acquired [[SquareTrade]], a consumer electronics and appliance protection plan provider. The acquisition cost a reported $1.4 billion from a group of shareholders.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2016/11/28/433312.htm|title=Allstate to Pay $1.4 Billion for SquareTrade, Seller of Warranties for Mobile Devices, Appliances|date=November 29, 2016|website=Insurance Journal|language=en-US|access-date=July 25, 2019}}</ref>

In July 2020, Allstate announced it was acquiring National General for $4 billion. The deal closed in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allstate insurance company acquires National General for $4 billion |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/07/08/allstate-insurance-national-general-acquisition/5396538002/ |date=2020-07-08|accessdate=2020-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=A Allstate Closes Acquisition of National General Holdings Corp.|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/allstate-closes-acquisition-of-national-general-holdings-corp-2021-01-04|website=[[MarketWatch]]|date=2021-01-04}}</ref>

In 2021 Allstate completed sale of its life insurance and annuity businesses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 Nov 2021 |title=United States: Allstate Completes Sale of Life and Annuity Businesses |work=MENA Report |publication-place=London }}</ref> One of the divested businesses was Allstate Life Insurance Company of New York, which became part of Wilton Reassurance Life Company of New York. Another was the similarly named Allstate Life Insurance Company, purchased by Everlake Holdings and renamed Everlake Life Insurance Company. A third divested business was Allstate Assurance Co, also purchased by Everlake Holdings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Jan 2022 |title=Mergers, Acquisitions, and Name and Ownership Changes |work=Best's Review |publication-place=Oldwick |issn=1527-5914 }}</ref>

In 2025, Chief Information Officer Zulfi Jeevanjee spoke about Allstate's use of [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] to generate emails to customers that would sound less confusing and more understanding: "When these emails used to go out, even though we had standards and so on, they would include a lot of insurance jargon. They weren’t very empathetic…Claims agents would get frustrated, and so it wasn’t necessarily great communication." He added, "The claim agent still looks at them just to make sure they’re accurate, but they’re not writing them anymore."<ref>{{cite news|last=Bousquette|first=Isabelle|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/turns-out-ai-is-more-empathetic-than-allstates-insurance-reps-cf5f7c98|title=Turns Out AI Is More Empathetic Than Allstate's Insurance Reps|date=February 10, 2025|access-date=February 13, 2025|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> After Futurism reported on this, a spokesperson from Allstate's media relations team contacted them demanding that they take down the blog post in question.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://futurism.com/allstate-almost-all-insurance-communications-ai|title = Allstate Says Almost All Its Communications About Insurance Claims Are Done With AI Now|date = February 10, 2025|access-date = February 13, 2025|website = Futurism|last = Tangermann|first = Victor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://futurism.com/allstate-demanding-delete-quotes-ai|title = Allstate Is Demanding We Delete These Quotes by Its Exec About How It's Using AI to Write Insurance Emails|date = February 13, 2025|access-date = February 13, 2025|website = Futurism|last = Tangermann|first = Victor}}</ref>

==Corporate leadership==
The people in this section are members of corporate leadership.<ref name="Allstate Insurance Company Newsroom">{{cite web|url=http://www.allstatenewsroom.com/channels/Senior-Management-Team/releases|title=Allstate Insurance Company Digital Newsroom - Senior Management Team|publisher=Allstate|access-date=February 18, 2013|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005075249/http://allstatenewsroom.com/channels/Senior-Management-Team/releases|archive-date=October 5, 2010}}</ref>

===CEOs===
Since its IPO in 1993:
*[[Thomas J. Wilson]] (2007–present)
*[[Ed Liddy|Edward Liddy]] (1999–2006)
*Jerry D. Choate (1995–1999)
*Wayne E. Hedien (1993–1994)

===Current leadership===
*[[Thomas J. Wilson]] - chairman, CEO, President of The Allstate Corporation
*Steven E. Shebik - Vice Chairman of The Allstate Corporation and CEO of Allstate Life Insurance Company
*Brian Bohaty - Executive VP of Corporate Business Transformation
*Don Civgin - President of Allstate Service Businesses
*John Dugenske - Executive VP, Chief Investment and Strategy Officer of The Allstate Corporation and President of Allstate Investments
*Mary Jane Fortin - President of Allstate Financial
*Suren Gupta - Executive VP of Allstate Technology & Strategic Ventures
*Guy Hill - Executive VP of Product Integration & Management
*Susan Lees - Executive VP, General Counsel, and Secretary
*Jess Merten - Executive VP and Chief Risk Officer of Allstate Insurance Company
*David Prendergast - President of Allstate East Territory
*Mario Rizzo - Executive VP and Chief Financial Officer of The Allstate Corporation
*Ken Rosen - Executive VP and Chief Claims Officer

==Advertising==

==="Good hands"===
Allstate's slogan "You're in good hands" was created in the 1950s by Allstate Insurance Company's sales executive, Davis W. Ellis, based on a similar phrase he used to reassure his wife about a doctor caring for their child. It has been the slogan ever since 1950.<ref name="Funding Universe" /> Allstate also refer to themselves as the "Good Hands People".

In the 1960s and 1970s, TV, print and radio advertising featured Allstate's spokesman, [[Ed Reimers]]. Reimers was often shown making the cupped-hand gesture. For 22 years, he remained the spokesman.<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite news |title=Ed Reimers dies at 96; Allstate placed ad campaign in his hands |date=August 18, 2008 |last=McLellan |first=Dennis |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-18-me-ed-reimers18-story.html |access-date=February 29, 2012 |work=Los Angeles Times |url-status = live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120229081232/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/aug/18/local/me-ed-reimers18 |archive-date=February 29, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Funding Universe" />

This 1975 commercial that the egg rolls on the table, then it fell down and it almost cracked all the way down to the floor, but it was finally saved by the hand before placing it in the nest gently.

A study in 2000 by Northwestern University's Medill Graduate Department of Integrated Marketing Communications found that the Allstate slogan "You're in good hands" ranked as the most recognizable in America.<ref name="Ad Slogans">{{cite news |title=2000 Advertising Slogan Hall of Fame |year=2000 |url=http://www.adslogans.co.uk/site/pages/gallery/youre-in-good-hands-with-allstate.8355.php |access-date=February 29, 2012 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229173458/http://www.adslogans.co.uk/site/pages/gallery/youre-in-good-hands-with-allstate.8355.php |archive-date=December 29, 2011 }}</ref>

===Logo===
Allstate's original hands logo was designed by Theodore Conterio in the 1950s. The employees were told whoever could come up with the best logo would win $50. Theodore Conterio came up with the design based on the slogan, "You're in good hands," and won the $50 prize.

==="Allstate's stand"===

Beginning in 2003, as policy growth slowed, Allstate's television commercials used spokesman [[Dennis Haysbert]]. The ads were intended to carry the message that Allstate's service was superior to that from low-cost providers GEICO and Progressive.<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news |title=Presidential Allstate ads counter the gecko |date=August 15, 2004 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/adtrack/2004-08-15-allstate_x.htm |access-date=February 29, 2012 |work=USA Today |first1=Theresa |last1=Howard |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007035227/http://www.usatoday.com/money/advertising/adtrack/2004-08-15-allstate_x.htm |archive-date=October 7, 2011 }}</ref> Haysbert appeared in more than 250 commercials between 2003 and 2016.

===Mayhem===

[[File:DeanWintersOct10.jpg|thumb|150px|right|alt=Face shot of actor Dean Winters|Actor [[Dean Winters]], who portrays the advertising character Mayhem]]

'''Mayhem''' was created by [[Leo Burnett Worldwide]].<ref>{{cite news | last=Choi | first=Candice | url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9J4AU1O1.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328034506/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D9J4AU1O1.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 28, 2015 | title=Allstate's profit surges as investments improve | work=[[Businessweek]] | date=October 27, 2010 }}</ref> Burnett pitched the character to Allstate as "Mr. Mayhem", comparing him to the character Mr. White from the 1992 film ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'' played by [[Harvey Keitel]].<ref name="inside">{{cite news | last=Johnson | first=Steve | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/06/01/behind-the-scenes-with-allstates-mayhem-man/ | title=Behind the scenes with Allstate's Mayhem man | work=[[Chicago Tribune]] | date=June 1, 2011 }}</ref>

Mayhem has been played by [[Dean Winters]] since the campaign was launched in April 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=MAYHEM RETURNS TO ALLSTATE'S AD ROSTER|url=https://adage.com/article/marketing-news-strategy/allstate-brings-back-mayhem-advertising/2390781}}</ref> The character wears a black suit, white dress shirt, and black necktie and his face is usually bruised, scarred, or wearing a butterfly bandage.

The formula for almost every Mayhem commercial has been the same. To begin the commercial, Mayhem identifies the risk he is portraying. He gives context into the situation and hints at an impending disaster that he will cause, which then takes place. For instance, a 2015 ad features Mayhem playing a portable grill hastily loaded into a car before being fully extinguished, which leads to an explosion when the still-burning embers ignite an enormous bottle of lighter fluid.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.allstate.com/advertising.aspx?lid=Tools/Resources%7CAdvertising | title = Check out Allstate's latest TV commercials | work = Allstate | publisher = Allstate Insurance Company | access-date = January 13, 2016}}</ref> Once the disaster's result is revealed, Mayhem warns that certain "cut-rate" policies lack coverage for the situation he has caused, advising the viewers to get their insurance policies through Allstate. Each commercial ends with Mayhem telling the viewers that by having Allstate, they will be "better protected from mayhem...like me." Damage to his clothing and injuries to his person carry over from one commercial to the next.

In some ads, Mayhem also has advised against going without roadside assistance. In separate advertisements, he described what could happen in the face of a catastrophe while driving; these consisted of having to stay in a creepy roadside motel overnight because one's car ran out of fuel, being forced to change a tire in a heavy downpour, being forced to stay at an awkward family gathering because one's car battery died, and potentially becoming a victim of crime due to a breakdown in the wrong neighborhood.

A series of ads in early 2018 featured Mayhem with a New Year's resolution to help keep people and property safe.<ref name=Mayhem-New-Year>{{cite news | url = https://www.marketingdive.com/news/allstates-mayhem-falls-short-of-his-new-years-goals-in-latest-ad/514339/ | title = Allstate's 'Mayhem' falls short of his New Year's goals in latest ad | first = Natalie | last = Koltun | date = January 9, 2018 | work = Marketing Dive | publisher = Industry Dive | access-date = July 10, 2018}}</ref> He took the role of various pieces of safety equipment, such as a [[lightning rod]] mounted on a house's roof to protect it during storms or a [[flare]] placed to warn drivers of a roadside vehicle breakdown.<ref name=Mayhem-New-Year /> However, less than a month into the new year, he broke his resolution and returned to his old habit of causing chaos and damage.<ref name=Mayhem-New-Year />

Allstate developed the campaign "Mayhem" and the character (Mayhem) in response to being ranked fourth in advertising spending behind [[GEICO]], [[State Farm]], and [[Progressive Corporation|Progressive]]. Allstate had an existing campaign called "Our Stand" featuring [[Dennis Haysbert]] that targeted "older, more traditional customers", and the company sought to develop a campaign that would skew toward younger customers.<ref name="inside" /> Nina Abnee, executive vice president at Burnett, said "We wanted to kick [[Flo (Progressive Insurance)|Flo's]] ass."<ref>{{cite news | last=Schultz | first=E.J. | url=http://adage.com/article/news/insurance-industry-s-4-billion-advertising-brawl/148992/ | title=How the Insurance Industry Got Into a $4 Billion Ad Brawl | work=[[Advertising Age]] | date=February 21, 2011 }}</ref> The campaign was first launched in mid-June 2010. The character was featured in TV and radio spots as well as on billboards and Internet banners. Some ads were adjusted to capture local details. By mid-2011, Allstate had won around 80 industry awards for the campaign.<ref name="inside" />

There is a Hispanic version named La Mala Suerte (meaning Bad Luck) for the Spanish-speaking market portrayed by Alberto Mateo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ispot.tv/ad/7t2Y/allstate-la-mala-suerte-un-gato-negro-spanish |title = Allstate TV Spot, 'La Mala Suerte: un gato negro' - iSpot.tv}}</ref>

==Recognition==
''Advertising Age'' reported in February 2011 that Mayhem rose to third as most-recognized insurance advertising character, behind the [[GEICO gecko]] and [[Flo (Progressive Insurance)|Flo]] from [[Progressive Corporation|Progressive Insurance]]. An online survey showed that the GEICO gecko and Flo were each tied to their respective companies over 90% of the time. For Mayhem, the ''Age'' said, "After the top two, the most-recognized ad description was Allstate, with 65% of consumers saying they knew the ad. When those same consumers were asked to associate it with a brand, 63% correctly matched Mayhem with Allstate. Overall, among the total sample, Mayhem clocked in with only 41% of respondents being able to link him to Allstate.<ref>{{cite news | last=Pollack | first=Judann | url=http://adage.com/article/news/insurance-ad-war-consumers/148994/ | title=In the Insurance Ad War, Consumers Ask: Who's Who? | work=[[Advertising Age]] | date=February 21, 2011 }}</ref>

===Social media===
In January 2011, Allstate released ''The Lines'',<ref>Allstate produced tv drama web series "The Lines" {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXPWdqaiGeY |title=- YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=December 1, 2016 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721062400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXPWdqaiGeY |archive-date=July 21, 2017 }}</ref> a multi-episode TV drama web series starring actors Teresa Cesario, Kyle Sandgate-Blix, Jackson Schultz, Bridgette Pechman, Chase Maser, and Corey Doyle cast as High-School seniors. The series, filmed in the style of a television drama, depicts the cast in common situations facing teens with respect to driving ([[Texting while driving]] in particular). The series appears aimed at promoting interest and support in favor of responsible teen driving and road safety in general. Allstate and other large corporations are attracted to the rapid growth of social media for use in their advertising campaigns.

==Organization==

Allstate Corporation owns and operates over 19 companies around the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and India.<ref name="allstate">{{cite web|url=https://www.allstate.com/about/name-location.aspx |title=Allstate Insurance |publisher=Allstate.com |access-date=July 21, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100727232416/http://www.allstate.com/about/name-location.aspx| archive-date= July 27, 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref>

Based in [[San Francisco, California]]:
*[[Esurance|Esurance, Inc.]]

Based in [[Winston-Salem, North Carolina]]:
*[[National General Insurance Company|NGIC]]

Based in [[Northbrook, Illinois]]:
* Allstate Fire and Casualty Insurance Company
* Allstate Insurance Company
* Allstate Indemnity Company
* Allstate Life Insurance Company
* Allstate Property and Casualty Insurance Company
* Encompass Insurance Company
* Allstate North American Insurance Company
* Allstate Vehicle and Property Insurance Company

Based in [[Bridgewater, New Jersey]]:
* Allstate New Jersey Insurance Company
* Allstate New Jersey Property and Casualty Insurance Company

Based in [[St. Petersburg, Florida]]:
* Castle Key Insurance Company
* Castle Key Indemnity Company

Based in [[Irving, Texas]]:
* Allstate County Mutual Insurance Company
* Allstate Texas Lloyd's

Based in [[Jacksonville, Florida]]:
* American Heritage Life Insurance Company

Based in [[Northern Ireland, United Kingdom]]:
*Allstate Northern Ireland (ANI)

Based in [[Markham, Ontario]]:
* Allstate Insurance Company of Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allstate.ca/|title=Auto, Property Insurance and More - Allstate Insurance Canada|website=www.allstate.ca|access-date=April 29, 2018|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423173538/https://www.allstate.ca/|archive-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref>

Based in [[Bangalore, India]]:
*Allstate Solutions Private Limited

Based in [[Pune, India]]:
*Allstate Solutions Private Limited

==Sponsorship==

===Allstate Arena===
{{main|Allstate Arena}}

Allstate holds [[naming rights]] to the [[Allstate Arena]] in [[Rosemont, Illinois]], near the company's headquarters.

===College football===
Allstate sponsors branded field goal nets at over 67 colleges and universities. For each field goal and extra point kicked, Allstate donates into collegiate general scholarship funds. To date, those donations exceed $2.9 million.{{when|reason="To date" is not specific enough|date=October 2021}} Allstate also sponsors branded nets during field goals and extra points at over 20 college bowl games, including the Allstate Sugar Bowl and the BCS National Championship Game.

Additionally, Allstate is a partner of the Southeastern Conference and its 20 sports, including football.<ref name="Allstate">{{cite web|url=https://www.allstate.com/national-sponsorships/college-football.aspx|title=Allstate Proud Sponsor of College Football|publisher=Allstate.com|access-date=May 18, 2011|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911040440/http://www.allstate.com/national-sponsorships/college-football.aspx|archive-date=September 11, 2011}}</ref>

===Sugar Bowl===
Since 2007, Allstate has been the title sponsor of the [[Sugar Bowl]], one of the four games that make up the [[Bowl Championship Series]]. The game is played at the [[Mercedes-Benz Superdome]], which is also the home of the [[New Orleans Saints]]. Allstate is also a sponsor of the New Orleans Saints.

The 2012 Allstate BCS National Championship Game was played on January 9, 2012, and broadcast on [[ESPN]].

===Allstate Wrigleyville Classic===
The Northwestern Wildcats and the Illinois Fighting Illini played a collegiate football game at Wrigley Field on November 20, 2010. It was the first football game at Wrigley Field since 1970 and the first collegiate football game at Wrigley Field since 1938 when DePaul University played its regular games at Wrigley. Allstate title sponsored this game.<ref name="Chicago Breaking News">{{cite web|url=http://archive.chicagobreakingsports.com/2010/08/northwestern-illinois-game-christened-allstate-wrigleyville-classic.html|title=Allstate to sponsor NU-Illinois Wrigley Field game|publisher=Chicago Breaking News Sports|date=August 27, 2010|access-date=May 18, 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110726231629/http://archive.chicagobreakingsports.com/2010/08/northwestern-illinois-game-christened-allstate-wrigleyville-classic.html|archive-date=July 26, 2011}}</ref>

===Allstate AFCA Good Works Team===
Allstate advertises through the American Football Coaches Association "Good Works Team" in which local Allstate agents surprise players with trophies in key Allstate marketing regions.

===Soccer===
In 2007, Allstate became a sponsor of the Mexico National Team, and in 2011 partnered with Major League Soccer and the United States Soccer Federation.<ref name="Allstate Newsroom">{{cite web|url=http://www.allstatenewsroom.com/releases/1a38c74a-c390-42a2-9cd8-45d1fff36ea3|title=Score with Soccer Sponsorships|publisher=AllstateNewsroom.com|date=February 14, 2011|access-date=May 18, 2011|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903195237/http://www.allstatenewsroom.com/releases/1a38c74a-c390-42a2-9cd8-45d1fff36ea3|archive-date=September 3, 2011}}</ref>

===NASCAR===
Allstate was a sponsor of the Allstate 400 at the Brickyard from 2005 to 2009 – the annual NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in late summer.<ref name="NASCAR">{{cite web|url=http://www.nascar.com/2009/news/business/07/28/allstate.not.returning.to.indianapolis/index.html|title=Allstate Not Returning to Indianapolis|publisher=NASCAR.com|date=July 28, 2009|access-date=May 18, 2011|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013072657/http://www.nascar.com/2009/news/business/07/28/allstate.not.returning.to.indianapolis/index.html|archive-date=October 13, 2012}}</ref> Driver Kasey Kahne was featured in advertisements.

==Criticism==
In July 2008, the [[American Association for Justice]] ranked Allstate No. 1 among nation's worst insurers. This ranking was given because: "While Allstate publicly touts its 'good hands' approach, it has instead privately instructed its agents to employ a 'boxing gloves' strategy against its policyholders," said American Association for Justice CEO Jon Haber.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/citydesk/2008/07/09/allstate-gets-a-spanking/ | first = Erik | last = Wemple | date = July 9, 2008 | publisher = Washington City Paper | title = Allstate Gets a Spanking | access-date = July 21, 2010 |url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605084219/http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/citydesk/2008/07/09/allstate-gets-a-spanking/ | archive-date = June 5, 2011 }}</ref> Allstate criticized the report, with a spokesman noting that "The personal injury lawyers behind this report provide no evidence for their statements other than decade old recycled allegations that have been shown to be without merit in courts of law."<ref>[http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2008/07/07/daily50.html Phoenix Business Journal] ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080713092702/http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2008/07/07/daily50.html |date=July 13, 2008 }}): "American Association of Justice ranks Allstate No. 1 among nation's worst insurers"</ref>

In 2009, Allstate successfully fought for federal government TARP fund eligibility only to decline it once they obtained eligibility.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://money.cnn.com/2009/05/19/news/companies/allstate_tarp.reut/index.htm | title = Allstate: No thanks to TARP money | date = May 19, 2009 | publisher = money.cnn.com | access-date = July 21, 2010 |url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110113031143/https://money.cnn.com/2009/05/19/news/companies/allstate_tarp.reut/index.htm | archive-date = January 13, 2011 }}</ref>

===Auto insurance claims===
An investigative report in February 2007 by [[CNN]] revealed that major car insurance companies, like Allstate, are increasingly disputing [[vehicle insurance|auto insurance]] claims from individuals injured by their insured members.<ref name="cnn-20070209">In some cases, Allstate proposed settlement amounts as small as $50, asking claimants to "take it or leave it". The investigative report found that insurance companies often make it so expensive and time-consuming to go to court to get full settlement amounts, that it would not be worth the victims' time. The claims handled in the matter were very minor collision type losses that did not result in any ($0) damage to the car, and therefore was the insurance company protecting its assets and the premium paying public money, by keeping rates as low as possible. {{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/02/09/insurance.hardball/index.html |title=Auto insurers play hardball in minor-crash claims |publisher=CNN |date=February 9, 2007 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324210950/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/02/09/insurance.hardball/index.html |archive-date=March 24, 2010 }}</ref> In 2010 Allstate commanded 18% of the auto insurance market in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autoinsurancetips.com/good-deal-auto-insurance-how-find-best-affordable-coverage|title=A Good Deal on Auto Insurance: How to Find the Best Affordable Coverage|publisher=AutoInsuranceTips.com|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114072340/http://autoinsurancetips.com/good-deal-auto-insurance-how-find-best-affordable-coverage|archive-date=January 14, 2010}}</ref>

===Homeowners claims===
The [[PBS]] television program ''[[NOW (PBS)|Now]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Now - PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/333/index.html |title= Home Insurance 9-1-1 |publisher=PBS.org |date=August 17, 2007 |access-date=July 21, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100620160029/http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/333/index.html| archive-date= June 20, 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref> in conjunction with ''[[Bloomberg Markets]]'' magazine, did an exposé regarding Allstate and other major insurers' homeowners insurance policies.

===Catastrophe exposure management===
Allstate has stated intentions of reducing its exposure in [[hurricane]]-prone [[Florida]]. In November 2006, the company did not renew 120,000 policies that were expiring at that time. Governor [[Charlie Crist]] and the Florida Cabinet passed a 90-day emergency order to temporarily prevent insurance companies from not renewing policies.<ref name="garcia">{{cite news |url=http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/16744640.htm |title=Date set for insurance rate filings; Insurers can resume policy cancellations as soon as they file required rate reductions in mid-March |author=Garcia, Beatrice E. |publisher=The Miami Herald |date=February 21, 2007 }}{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=SheriffIsInTown |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

On February 20, 2007, Florida Insurance Commissioner [[Kevin McCarty]] clarified the order, stating that insurance companies can nonrenew policies if they satisfy certain conditions, including filing new, lower rates with the state and give customers 100 days’ notice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ruling: Insurers can drop policies |publisher=St. Petersburg Times |date=February 20, 2007 |last=Zucco |first=Tom |url=http://www.sptimes.com/2007/02/20/Business/Ruling__Insurers_can_.shtml |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222091757/http://www.sptimes.com/2007/02/20/Business/Ruling__Insurers_can_.shtml |archive-date=February 22, 2007 }}</ref>

===''From Good Hands to Boxing Gloves''===
''From Good Hands to Boxing Gloves'' is a non-fiction work on the company written by David Berardinelli, Michael Freeman, and Aaron DeShaw with a foreword by [[Eugene Anderson (lawyer)|Eugene R. Anderson]].<ref>{{cite book | title = From Good Hands to Boxing Gloves: How Allstate Changed Casualty Insurance in America | last1 = David | first1 = Berardinelli | first2 = Michael | last2 = Freeman | publisher = Trial Guides | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-9743248-9-0 }}</ref> The book relates profit-boosting strategies that consulting firm [[McKinsey & Company]] presented to Allstate to maximize profits and diminish the amount of money sent to clients who put in a claim. McKinsey specializes in redesigning product delivery systems for Fortune 100 companies (including controversial clients such as [[Enron]]) to maximize profits. McKinsey's recommendation to Allstate, according to Berardinelli, was to low-ball claims so that desperate customers in dire straits would be more likely to accept a settlement offer while Allstate continued to make a profit and collect interest on the insurance payment. Allstate would offer its "good hands" in the way of a low-ball claim and, if the customer did not accept, to get out "boxing gloves."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yourlawyer.com/articles/title/allstate-state-farm-other-bad-faith-insurance-companies-rack-up-record-profits-by-cheating-customers |title=Allstate, State Farm, Other Bad Faith Insurance Companies Rack up Record Profits by Cheating Customers |publisher=Parker Waichman LLP |date=August 3, 2007 |access-date=May 17, 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> According to a 2006 review in ''Business Week'' magazine, Allstate responded to Berardinelli's allegations by claiming that Berardinelli's allegations were "unfounded and unproven."<ref name=bw>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_18/b3982072.htm |title= In Tough Hands At Allstate |publisher=Business Week |date=May 1, 2006 |access-date=July 21, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100714054219/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_18/b3982072.htm| archive-date= July 14, 2010 |url-status = dead}}</ref> Legal decisions on the issues outlined in the book have led to varied outcomes in court. According to the ''Business Week'' article, "Courts and regulators in a number of states, including New York, Pennsylvania, and Washington, have forced Allstate to halt or change its practice of handing out a controversial 'Do I Need an Attorney?' form to people involved in accidents." On the other hand, the article also states that seven court rulings had rejected attacks on the practice. While many of the cost-reduction strategies McKinsey recommended at Allstate remain in place, some were ended by legal and regulatory challenges.<ref name=bw/>

===Use of Colossus===
Many criticisms leveled against Allstate (and other insurers), including Barardinelli's book, involved the use of a software program called "Colossus" to process claims. In 2010, Allstate paid a $10 million fine to settle a lawsuit brought by 41 states concerning inconsistencies in the manner in which Colossus was used. It also agreed to standardize its use of the software. However, “we found no systemic underpayment of bodily injury claims,” New York Insurance Superintendent James J. Wrynn said in a press release.<ref>{{cite news |last=Islam |first=Faizan |date=October 19, 2010 |title=Allstate Layoffs |location=Buffalo, NY |url=https://ustatesautoinsurance.com/allstate-layoffs/ |access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Chicago|Illinois|Companies}}
*[[SEC community service team|SEC Community Service Team]]
*[[Laureus Sport for Good Award]]
* [[Allstate Arena]]
* [[List of United States insurance companies]]
* [[Allstate Northern Ireland]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|https://www.allstatecorporation.com}}
{{Finance links
| name = The Allstate Corporation
| symbol = ALL
| sec_cik = 899051
| yahoo = ALL
| google = ALL:NYSE
}}
{{Allstate|state=expanded}}
{{Automotive industry in the United States}}
{{Illinois Corporations}}
{{Sears Holdings}}
{{S&P 500 companies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allstate| ]]
[[Category:1931 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:1993 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1931]]
[[Category:Auto insurance in the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Cook County, Illinois]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Corporate spin-offs]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1931]]
[[Category:Franchises]]
[[Category:Insurance companies based in Illinois]]
[[Category:Life insurance companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Property insurance companies]]
[[Category:Sears products and services]]

List of Indian Bengali films of 1976

2026-05-08T09:56:53Z

KristalBabbage2: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1970s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

Jannayak Karpoori Thakur Medical College and Hospital, Madhepura

2026-05-05T13:19:13Z

KristalBabbage2: new first article w/ sources!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox university|
| image = File:Jnktmch official logo.png
| image_size = 230px
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|2020}}
| type = [[Government]]
| principal = Dr. Dinesh Kumar
| students =
| address =
| city = [[Madhepura]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| postcode = 852113
| country = India
| campus_size =
| affiliation = [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]]
| coordinates ={{coord|25.957640|N|86.795792|E|region:IN-BR_type:edu|display=title,inline}}
| website = https://jnktmchmadhepura.org/
}}
[[File:Jannayak Karpoori Thakur Medical College ans Hospital.jpg|thumb|Jannayak Karpoori Thakur Medical College ans Hospital]]

'''Jannayak Karpoori Thakur Medical College and Hospital''' (abbreviated as '''JNKTMCH'''), established in 2020, is a government [[medical college]] and hospital located at [[Madhepura]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar CM Inaugurates Karpoori Thakur Government Medical College Hospital In Madhepura|url=https://education.medicaldialogues.in/state-news/bihar/bihar-cm-inaugurates-karpoori-thakur-government-medical-college-hospital-in-madhepura-63755|access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=This showpiece Bihar govt hospital has all facilities, but patients keep waiting for ‘treatment’|url=https://theprint.in/health/this-showpiece-bihar-govt-hospital-has-all-facilities-but-patients-keep-waiting-for-treatment/661035/|access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> This college offers the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]) courses and has an annual intake capacity of 100. This college is affiliated with the [[Bihar University of Health Sciences]] and recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/|access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref> The hospital associated with this college is the largest hospital in the [[Madhepura]], [[Bihar]].

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

*[[List of hospitals in India]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aryabhatta Knowledge University}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2020]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Bihar]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Aryabhatta Knowledge University]]

{{med-org-stub}}

Lakshmi Niwas (2026 TV series)

2026-05-05T07:32:32Z

KristalBabbage2: Made data

{{Short description|Indian television family drama series}}
{{About|the Hindi TV series|the Marathi one|Lakshmi Niwas (TV series)}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator = Rashmi Sharma
| based_on =
| writer = Lakshmi Jaykumar Sayli Kedar
| director = Jaladh K. Sharma
| starring =
{{Plainlist|
* [[Manasi Joshi Roy]]
* [[Rajendra Chawla]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = "Priyatama", by [[Sonu Nigam]]
| end_theme =
| composer = Ripul Sharma
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 112 
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rashmi Sharma Pawan Kumar Marut
| cinematography = Sachin G. Mishra
| editor = Rakesh Laldas
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|1|12|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''Lakshmi Nivasa''
}}

'''''Lakshmi Niwas''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television family drama series which premiered on 12 January 2026 on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 January 2026|title=Brick by Brick Zee TV Builds a Family Saga With Lakshmi Niwas|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/brick-by-brick-zee-tv-builds-a-family-saga-with-lakshmi-niwas-260109|access-date=13 January 2026|work=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en}}</ref> Produced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, the series is a remake of the Kannada drama ''Lakshmi Nivasa'' from [[Zee Kannada]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} It stars [[Manasi Joshi Roy]], and [[Rajendra Chawla]].

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Manasi Joshi Roy]] as Lakshmi Jaiswal: Shrinivas's wife; Raju, Vivek, Varun, Meenakshi, Radhika and Bhoomika's mother (2026–present)
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] as Srinivas Jaiswal: Lakshmi's husband; Raju, Vivek, Varun, Meenakshi, Radhika and Bhoomika's father (2026–present)
* [[Akshita Mudgal]] as Radhika Jaiswal: Lakshmi and Shrinivas's younger daughter; Aditya's ex-fiancé; Veer's love-interest (2026–present)
* Raghav Tiwari as Veer Chauhan: Gajendra and Nalini's son; Alok and Aishwarya's brother; Radhika's one-sided lover (2026–present)
* Riya Munjal as Bhoomika Bundela (née Jaiswal): Lakshmi and Shrinivas's youngest daughter; Raj's wife (2026–present)
* Priom Gujjar as Raj Bundela: Bhoomika's husband (2026–present)

=== Recurring ===

* [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] as Aditya Sahu: Vandana's stepson; Isha's half brother; Nia's father (2026)
* [[Sulakshana Khatri]] as Janaki (2026–present)
* Utsav Singh as Raju Jaiswal: Lakshmi and Shrinivas's foster son (2026–present)
* Swapnali Patil as Meenakshi Jaiswal: Lakshmi and Shrinivas's eldest daughter (2026–present)
* Hemant Thatte as Vivek Jaiswal: Lakshmi and Shrinivas's eldest son; Revati's husband; Vihaan's father (2026–present)
* [[Mansi Srivastava]] as Revati Jaiswal: Vivek's wife; Vihaan's mother (2026–present)
* Hritik Yadav as Varun Jaiswal: Lakshmi and Shrinivas's youngest son; Aishwarya's husband (2026–present)
* Sanjivv Jotangia as Gajendra Chauhan: Nalini's husband; Alok, Veer and Aishwarya's father (2026–present)
* Suman Gupta as Aishwarya Jaiswal (nee Chauhan): Gajendra and Nalini's daughter; Alok and Veer's sister; Varun's wife (2026–present)
* [[Gurdeep Kohli]] as Vandana Sahu: Aditya's stepmother; Isha's mother; Nia's stepgrandmother (2026)
* Ami Joshi as Isha Sahu: Vandana's daughter; Aditya's half-sister; Akhil's wife (2026–present)
* Athar Siddiqui as Akhil: Bhairavi's son; Isha's husband (2026–present)
* Kinshuk Vaidya as Kunal Chaudhary (2026–present)
* [[Kajal Pisal]] / Rashika Matharu as Nalini Gajendra Chauhan: Gajendra's wife; Alok, Veer and Aishwarya's mother (2026) / (2026-present)
* Rao Ranvijay as Alok Chauhan: Gajendra and Nalini's elder son; Veer and Aishwarya's elder brother; Devika's husband (2026–present)
* Soniya Kaur as Devika Alok Chauhan: Alok's wife (2026)
* [[Dolly Minhas]] as Mrs. Chauhan: Gajendra's mother; Alok, Veer and Aishwarya's grandmother (2026–present)
* Kesar Kansara as Nia Sahu (2026–present)
* Swastik Tiwari as Vihaan Jaiswal: Revati and Vivek's son (2026–present)
* Nyshita Bajaj as Meenakshi's daughter (2026–present)
* Mishita Bajaj as Meenakshi's daughter (2026–present)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
[[Manasi Joshi Roy]] and [[Rajendra Chawla]] confirmed to play Lakshmi and Srinivas.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=10 January 2026|title=Manasi Joshi Roy, Rajendra Chawla’s Lakshmi Niwas To Air Soon: When And Where To Watch|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/manasi-joshi-roy-rajendra-chawlas-lakshmi-niwas-to-air-soon-when-and-where-to-watch-aa-ws-l-9821832.html|access-date=13 January 2026|work=[[News 18]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Akshita Mudgal]] was selected to play Radhika.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=6 January 2026|title=Akshita Mudgal shares insights into her ‘Lakshmi Niwas’ character
|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/akshita-mudgal-shares-insights-into-her-lakshmi-niwas-character/|access-date=9 January 2026|work=[[Lokmat]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] was chosen to play Aditya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=9 December 2025|title=Gashmeer Mahajani on being a part of Lakshmi Niwas: 'Aditya is a beautifully written role'
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/gashmeer-mahajani-opens-up-about-being-a-part-of-lakshmi-niwas-23606846|access-date=9 January 2026|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref>

=== Soundtrack ===
"Priyatama" was released on 17 December 2025, sung by [[Sonu Nigam]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=21 December 2025|title=Sonu Nigam lends his voice to family drama Lakshmi Niwas
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sonu-nigam-lends-his-voice-to-family-drama-lakshmi-niwas/|access-date=9 January 2026|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Priyatama
| length1 = 3:08
| lyrics1 = Prashant Pandey
| music1 = [[Rahul Jain (singer)|Rahul Jain]]
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| total_length = 3:08
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Shri Mahaveer Hanuman Mandir Khushala

2026-05-03T22:20:26Z

KristalBabbage2: starting a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Shri Mahaveer Hanuman Mandir Khushala|native_name='''श्री महावीर हनुमान मँदिर खुशाला'''|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=[[Lord Hanuman]] and [[Radha Krishna]]|festivals=[[Vijayadashami]], [[Diwali]], [[Ram Navami]], [[Hanuman Jayanti]], [[Janmashtmi]]|location=Khushala, [[Shoghi, Shimla|Shoghi]], [[Shimla]]|district=[[Shimla district|Shimla]]|state=[[Himachal Pradesh]]|country={{flag|India}}|map_type=India Himachal Pradesh#India|map_caption=Location in Himachal Pradesh|coordinates={{coord|31|03|09|N|77|06|51|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|elevation_m=1,406.8|elevation_ft=4612.10|image=Shri Mahaveer Hanuman Mandir Khushala.jpg|caption=Main temple as viewed from uphill|architecture_style=[[Nagara architecture]] with Pahari influence}}

'''Shri Mahaveer Hanuman Mandir''' Khushala, also known as '''Thakurdwara''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]] located in Khushala village of [[Shoghi, Shimla|Shoghi]] region in [[Shimla]] in the Northern Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The temple is popular among locals as well as tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shoghi Hanuman Temple |url=https://shimla.hptours.org/temples/shoghi-hanuman-temple |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=Shimla |language=en}}</ref>

== History and legends ==
[[File:Shri Mahaveer Hanuman Mandir Khushala in Shimla 01.jpg|thumb|Temple's history written on board inside temple's premises]]
The temple was established as [[Radha Krishna]] temple as the metal idols of Radha Krishna are still there and worshipped, that's why the temple's older name was "''Thakurdwara"''. Earlier in ancient times the ''Thakurdwara'' temple used to be on the peak but according to a legend, in ''[[Treta Yuga]]'' when Lord Hanuman was on the way of taking [[Sanjivani (Hinduism)|Sanjivani]] from [[Dunagiri (mountain)|''Dronagiri'']] to ''[[Lanka]]'' for saving ''[[Lakshmana|Shri Lakshmana's]]'' life, he stopped for a while on that peak and because of his strength, the mountain got dumped in the trench. At that time "''Baba Jankidas"'' was meditating there, when ''Baba'' saw "''Shri Hanuman Ji"'', he folded his hands and caught ''Shri Hanuman Ji's'' feet and showed his extreme and deep ''[[Bhakti]]'' (devotion) and prayed to him that "''Lord Hanuman, you are in the path of [[Dharma]] by serving [[Rama|Shri Rama]] and in that duty you gave me Darshan (sight) and made my life meaningful, Shri Hanuman I request you to kindly enthroned here in the idol form and make your other devotees' life meaningful and efficient too by your Darshan''". Lord Hanuman accepted his faithful request and that's how the temple became the temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman and that's the reason behind the place and temple got its name as Khushala or Kushala (meaning: efficiency). The temple has many paintings in Pahari and [[Kangra painting]] style which even today retain their artwork as before and shows the cultural heritage of the temple. The temple has dome styled architecture and said to have been built around 2,500 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिमला |first=अंकुश डोभाल |date=2024-10-13 |title=शिमला में भगवान हनुमान का अति प्राचीन मंदिर, यहां भक्तों के कष्ट हरते हैं महावीर |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/shimla-ancient-temple-of-lord-hanuman-mahavir-removes-sufferings-of-devotees-ann-2802716 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=hinditvnews |date=2023-10-09 |title=प्राचीन महावीर मंदिर खुशाला शोघी शिमला |url=https://www.hinditvnews.co.in/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%96%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b6/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Hindi TV NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Belief ==
[[File:Shri Mahaveer Hanuman Mandir Khushala in Shimla.jpg|thumb|Main temple premises]]
There are two main and massive statues of Shri Mahaveer Hanuman have been installed. These two statues are facing in different directions, one faces West and the other faces South. The temple has always been an important place for saints as there are many ''[[Samadhi]]s'' of the saints in the temple premises and that is the reason behind the another name of the temple "''Derajamatiya",'' meaning "''encampment of saints''". The devotees have deep faith in the temple as devotees from far away visit here and present their first crop from harvest as their faithful offerings to the Lord especially in the months of ''[[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]]'' and ''[[Kartika (month)|Kartika]]''. Devotees believe that Mahaveer Hanuman saves them from all evils and they got rid of all the problems of their lives because of the grace of the Lord. On every Sunday, auspacious occasions and festivals ''[[Bhandara (Hinduism)|Bhandara]]'' is organised in the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=शिमला |first=अंकुश डोभाल |date=2024-10-13 |title=शिमला में भगवान हनुमान का अति प्राचीन मंदिर, यहां भक्तों के कष्ट हरते हैं महावीर |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/shimla-ancient-temple-of-lord-hanuman-mahavir-removes-sufferings-of-devotees-ann-2802716 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=hinditvnews |date=2023-10-09 |title=प्राचीन महावीर मंदिर खुशाला शोघी शिमला |url=https://www.hinditvnews.co.in/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%96%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b6/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Hindi TV NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Location and Accessibility ==
[[File:Parking outside Shri Mahaveer Hanuman Mandir Khushala in Shimla 01.jpg|thumb|Parking outside the temple]]
The temple is located in a valley in the village Khushala on Lagroo road below {{Convert|5|km|mi}} from [[Shoghi, Shimla|Shoghi]] and is {{Convert|11|km|mi}} from the main city Shimla's Welcome Gate at [[Taradevi railway station|Taradevi]]. It falls in Lagroo Panchayat. The temple is accessible by buses, taxis or private vehicles. The temple has a huge parking besides its entry gate. The temple is located in serene and solitary environment around lush green trees and nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=hinditvnews |date=2023-10-09 |title=प्राचीन महावीर मंदिर खुशाला शोघी शिमला |url=https://www.hinditvnews.co.in/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%9a%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%b9%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b5%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%96%e0%a5%81%e0%a4%b6/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Hindi TV NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=शिमला |first=अंकुश डोभाल |title=शिमला में भगवान हनुमान का अति प्राचीन मंदिर, यहां भक्तों के कष्ट हरते हैं महावीर |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/himachal-pradesh/shimla-ancient-temple-of-lord-hanuman-mahavir-removes-sufferings-of-devotees-ann-2802716 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jakhu Temple]]
* [[Sankat Mochan Temple, Shimla|Sankat Mochan Temple]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Temples in Shimla]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]

Samarpal Singh

2026-04-29T19:50:43Z

KristalBabbage2: starting biography

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samarpal Singh Dhariwal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Naugawan Sadat Assembly constituency|Naugawan Sadat]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Sangeeta Chauhan]]
| constituency2 = Moradabad West
| term_start2 = December 1993
| term_end2 = October 1995
| birth_date = 20 January,1957
| birth_place = Bheda Bharatpur, P.O. KARAUNDI, [[Naugawan Sadat]], [[Amroha]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], 244236
| birth_name =
| spouse = Usha Kaur
| children = Prateek Dhariwal
| father = Sardar Singh
| relatives =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = [[Agriculture]], [[Lawyer]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| alma_mater = [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]]
| relations =
}}

'''Samarpal Singh Dhariwal''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]], a social democratic political party primarily based in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. He is a member of the 12th and [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]], representing the [[Naugawan Sadat Assembly constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Samarpal Singh, SP MLA from Naugawan Sadat - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/samarpal-singh/ |publisher=ourneta.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Samarpal Singh Dhariwal was born in a [[Jat]] family of Dhariwal gotra to Sardar Singh in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. He did his graduation from [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University]], [[Bareilly]], in 1981, and LLB from [[Kedar Nath Girdharilal Khatri PG College Moradabad]] in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samarpal Singh - Samajwadi Party - Constituency- NAUGAWAN SADAT - AMROHA - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=869 |publisher=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==

In the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Samarpal represented [[Samajwadi Party]] from the [[Naugawan Sadat Assembly constituency]] and defeated Devendra Nagpal of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 6540 votes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Naugawan Sadat Election Result 2022 LIVE: Naugawan Sadat MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |work=Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/naugawan-sadat-assembly-elections-up-40/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Naugawan Sadat Election 2022: Assembly Elections News, Naugawan Sadat Constituency, Vidhan Sabha Seat - News18 |publisher=News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/uttar-pradesh/naugawan-sadat-election-result-s24a040/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Naugawan Sadat Assembly Election Result 2022 Live: Naugawan Sadat Assembly Election Result |publisher=News9 Live |url=https://www.news9live.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/constituencies/naugawan-sadat-election-result-24040}}</ref>

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]]
|
|-
|-
|02
|1993
|1995
|Member, [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election |12th Legislative Assembly]]
|Moradabad West, [[Janta Dal]]
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Naugawan Sadat Assembly constituency]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Samarpal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros

2026-04-25T12:42:01Z

KristalBabbage2: starting details

{{Third-party|date=March 2026}}
{{short description|Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishop}}

{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = His Grace
| name = Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros
| honorific-suffix = Metropolitan
| image =
| church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| diocese = [[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Diocese]]
| appointed = 2009
| consecration = 19 February 2009
| consecrated_by = [[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I]]
| birth_date = 28 May 1964
| birth_place = Kerala, India
}}

'''Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros''' is a bishop of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] who serves as Metropolitan of the [[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Diocese]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://directory.mosc.in/bishops/?the-holy-synod=diocesan-bishops |title=Diocesan Bishops |website=Malankara Orthodox Directory |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> He was consecrated as Metropolitan on 19 February 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
According to the official church biography, Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros was born on 28 May 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> He completed his secular and theological studies in Kerala and later became associated with the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==Ordained ministry==
He was elected bishop by the Malankara Syrian Christian Association on 11 September 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> He was professed as a Ramban on 4 December 2008 by Baselios Marthoma Didymos I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> He was ordained as bishop on 19 February 2009 at St. George Orthodox Church, Puthupally.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==Episcopal ministry==
Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros serves as the Metropolitan of the Kottayam Diocese.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://directory.mosc.in/bishops/?the-holy-synod=diocesan-bishops |title=Diocesan Bishops |website=Malankara Orthodox Directory |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> He has also been listed as assistant metropolitan for the Kottayam Central Diocese and the Asia-Pacific Diocese.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitans_of_the_Indian_Orthodox_Church |title=List of metropolitans of the Indian Orthodox Church |website=Wikipedia |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=March 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stmarybahrain.com/holysynod/ |title=Holy Episcopal Synod |website=St. Mary's Indian Orthodox Cathedral, Bahrain |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

He has held administrative responsibilities in the Church, including work connected with church publications, public relations, and educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==Academic roles==
Yuhanon Mar Dioscoros has served in academic positions at the Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam, including as professor and dean of studies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref> He has also been associated with theological teaching and church formation programmes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-yuhanon-mar-dioscoros-metropolitan/ |title=H.G. Dr. Yuhanon Mar Diascoros Metropolitan |website=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==Public activity==
In 2020, he was reported in Indian media as having acted in his capacity as a church official in disciplinary action involving clergy of the Kottayam diocese.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/Feb/06/3-orthodox-priests-temporarily-removed-from-parish-ministry-2099595.html |title=3 Orthodox priests temporarily removed from parish ministry |work=The New Indian Express |date=6 February 2020 |access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
* [[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese]]
* [[List of metropolitans of the Indian Orthodox Church]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Dioscoros, Yuhanon Mar}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]

Taraiya Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:52Z

KristalBabbage2: starting new stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Taraiya
|type= SLA
| map_image = 116-Taraiya constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Janak Singh (Bihar politician)|Janak Singh]] 
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Saran district|Saran]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = 
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|116]]
|established = 1967
| electors = 298,532
|reservation = 
|abolished = 
}}
'''Taraiya Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Saran district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. Taraiya city has one of the tallest Shiva temple in Bihar. The Vidhan Sabha constituency consists of neighboring blocks such as Isuapur, and Mashrakh Panapur.

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 116 Taraiya Assembly constituency is composed of the following:Taraiya, Panapur and Ishuapur [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref> Panchayat are following: [[Dumari village, Saran district|Dumari]], Chanchaliya, Madhopur, Chainpur etc.

Taraiya Assembly constituency is part of No. 19 [[Maharajganj (Bihar) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/> It was earlier part of [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{cite web |title=Taraiya Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/taraiya.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Dharam Nath Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Prabu Narayan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|Janata Party
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Prabhunath Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Dharam Nath Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Prabhunath Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Ram Das Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ram Das Rai]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Janak Singh (politician)|Janak Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Ram Das Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Janak Singh (politician)|Janak Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Mudrika Prasad Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Janak Singh (politician)|Janak Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Taraiya<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Janak Singh (politician)|Janak Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:85564}}
|percentage = 44.21
|change = +12.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = shailendra pratap singh
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:84235}}
|percentage = 43.52
|change = +18.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satendra Sahni
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:5086}}
|percentage = 2.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mumtaj Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:2748}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2663}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change = -4.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijesh Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2621}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Braj Bihari Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1875}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change = -0.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Amit Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1851}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1724}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change = +0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1329}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change = -6.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:193538}}
|percentage = 64.83
|change = +9.93
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing = NDA
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Taraiya<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Janak Singh (politician)|Janak Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:53430}}
|percentage = 32.15
|change = -1.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Sipahi Lal Mahto
|votes = {{formatnum:42123}}
|percentage = 25.35
|change = -22.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:15425}}
|percentage = 9.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shailendra Pratap
|votes = {{formatnum:13995}}
|percentage = 8.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saroj Kumar Giri
|votes = {{formatnum:11550}}
|percentage = 6.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mithilesh Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:9039}}
|percentage = 5.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mudrika Prasad Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:7289}}
|percentage = 4.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satrudhan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4510}}
|percentage = 2.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shaukat Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:1753}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1229}}
|percentage = 0.74
|change = -1.98
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11307}}
|percentage = 6.8
|change = -7.38
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:166185}}
|percentage = 54.9
|change = +3.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Taraiya<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Mudrika Prasad Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:69012}}
|percentage = 47.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Janak Singh (politician)|Janak Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:48572}}
|percentage = 33.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Braj Bihari Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3980}}
|percentage = 2.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nazare Imam Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:3747}}
|percentage = 2.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hemant Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3195}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Geeta Sagar Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2840}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Sabha Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:2069}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Public Mission Party
|candidate = Satyendra Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1929}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate = Abhimanyu Kumar "Manish"
|votes = {{formatnum:1824}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3921}}
|percentage = 2.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20440}}
|percentage = 14.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:144128}}
|percentage = 51.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|candidate = Lalan Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:611}}
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}
{{coord|26|04|07|N|84|53|13|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saran district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:13Z

KristalBabbage2: new first article basic info!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khadoor Sahib
| map_image = 24-Khadoor Sahib.svg
| mla = [[Manjinder Singh Lalpura]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| constituency_no = 24
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khadoor Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khadoor Sahib]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:203539}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|05}}
| type= SLA
}}
'''Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency''' is a [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] constituency in [[Tarn Taran district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state, India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]]
| Ranjit Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan=2|[[Manjit Singh Mianwind]]
|-
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan=2| [[Ramanjit Singh Sikki]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Manjinder Singh Lalpura]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Khadoor Sahib}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Manjinder Singh Lalpura]]
|votes = {{formatnum:55756}}
|percentage = 38.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramanjit Singh Sikki]]
|votes = {{formatnum:39265}}
|percentage = 27.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Ranjit Singh Brahampura
|votes = {{formatnum:38532}}
|percentage = 26.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Jaswant Singh Sohal
|votes = {{formatnum:5473}}
|percentage = 3.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1059}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}-->
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:16491}}
|percentage = 11.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:145256}}
|percentage = 71.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:203539}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Khadoor Sahib<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramanjit Singh Sikki]]
|votes = 64,665
|percentage = 44.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Ravinder Singh Brahmpura]]
|votes = 47,611
|percentage = 32.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Bhupinder Singh
|votes = 28,644
|percentage = 19.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Baldev Singh Dhunda
|votes = 1,756
|percentage = 1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Karam Singh Bhoian
|votes = 1,257
|percentage = 0.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dyal Singh
|votes = 770
|percentage = 0.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aapna Punjab Party
|candidate = Daljit Singh
|votes = 457
|percentage = 0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bagga Singh
|votes = 381
|percentage = 0.26
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|31.43|75.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Netaji Subhas Medical College and Hospital

2026-04-11T19:01:49Z

KristalBabbage2: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of institutions of higher education in Bihar#Medical Colleges]]

{{Redirect shell|
{{R to list}}
{{R to section}}
}}

Ashutosh (journalist)

2026-04-10T02:15:08Z

KristalBabbage2: Put up initial bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian journalist and former politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashutosh Gupta
| image = Ashutosh during a volunteer meet in Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha Constituency 2014-03-16 01-33.JPG
| caption =
| birthname = Ashutosh Gupta
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1965}}
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Journalist
| years_active =
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| credits =
}}

'''Ashutosh''' (born 1965) is an Indian journalist and former politician of AAP. He was the spokesperson of the Aam Aadmi Party. He is the Co-founder and Editorial Director of SatyaHindi,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.satyahindi.com/delhi/rajdhani-school-owner-gets-bail-in-delhi-riots-case-111028.html | title=दिल्ली दंगा: राजधानी स्कूल के संचालक फ़ैसल को मिली जमानत | access-date=4 January 2022 | archive-date=12 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512210132/https://www.satyahindi.com/delhi/rajdhani-school-owner-gets-bail-in-delhi-riots-case-111028.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediatodays.com/satya-hindi|title=Satya Hindi|website=www.mediatodays.com|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104195651/https://www.mediatodays.com/satya-hindi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satyahindi.com/team-satya/ashutosh.html|title=Ashutosh | Team Satya - Satya Hindi|website=www.satyahindi.com|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104195652/https://www.satyahindi.com/team-satya/ashutosh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was previously associated with IBN 7, an Indian news television channel, as a News anchor and managing editor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashutosh Managing Editor, IBN7|url=http://www.network18online.com/people.html#ashutosh|newspaper=Network 18|access-date=18 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318201420/http://www.network18online.com/people.html#ashutosh|archive-date=18 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 15 August 2018 Ashutosh resigned from [[Aam Aadmi Party]] citing his personal reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aap-leader-ashutosh-resigns-from-party-cites-personal-reason-5307554/|title=AAP leader Ashutosh resigns from party, cites 'personal reason'|date=15 August 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815133128/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aap-leader-ashutosh-resigns-from-party-cites-personal-reason-5307554/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ashutosh Gupta was born in 1965 in [[Varanasi]], where his father Mr S N Lal Gupta was an officer. He graduated in science from [[Allahabad University]]. He earned an M.Phil. (Social Studies) and M.A. (Politics & International Studies) from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawahar Lal Nehru University]], [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The positive interventionist|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/article_print.php?article_id=14759|newspaper=The Sunday Indian|date=6 May 2011|access-date=12 January 2014|archive-date=29 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529042003/http://www.thesundayindian.com/article_print.php?article_id=14759|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political career==
He was among close confidants of Arvind Kejriwal when the group was part of Anna Hazare's anti-corruption movement. Against Hazare's wishes, the group floated a political outfit named [[Aam Aadmi Party|Aam Adami Party]]. The party did well in Delhi Vidhan Sabha polls in 2013 and formed government with outside support by Congress. But soon Kejriwal resigned. The party lost all 7 seats to BJP in Delhi in 2014 Lok Sabha polls. Ashutosh contested the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha elections]] from [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]] against [[Kapil Sibal]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{cite web|title=AAP releases its list of first 20 Candidates for Lok Sabha Polls 2014|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/aap-releases-its-list-of-first-20-candidates-for-lok-sabha-polls-2014/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=16 February 2014|archive-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306143141/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/aap-releases-its-list-of-first-20-candidates-for-lok-sabha-polls-2014/|url-status=live}} .</ref> He garnered more votes than Kapil Sibal of the Congress, but lost out to Dr Harsh Vardhan of the BJP.

Aam Admi Party swept to power winning 67 out of 70 seats for Delhi Vidhan Sabha in February 2015. But several top leaders did not contest the polls themselves and concentrated on strategy. [[Yogendra Yadav]], [[Prashant Bhushan]], Ashutosh, [[Atishi Marlena]] were among the main leaders who did not contest the elections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 11, 2015|first=Heena|last=Kausar|title=This is the team behind Kejriwal's poll strategies|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/delhi/story/delhi-assembly-election-results-arvind-kejriwal-aap-239725-2015-02-11|access-date=4 September 2020|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821213713/https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/delhi/story/delhi-assembly-election-results-arvind-kejriwal-aap-239725-2015-02-11|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Books==
Ashutosh has written a book on [[Anna Hazare]]'s August 2011 movement, against [[Corruption in India|Corruption]]. The book is titled 'Anna: 13 Days That Awakened India'.
A new book named 'The Crown Prince, the Gladiator and the Hope: Battle for Change' was released in February 2015. The book is based on the story of politics on 2014.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ashutosh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7XRBgAAQBAJ|title=The Crown Prince, the Gladiator and the Hope: Battle for Change|date=15 February 2015|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-93-5177-198-2|language=en|access-date=28 September 2020|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405222933/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7XRBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Another book titled 'Mukhote ka Rajdharm' written by Ashutosh was published in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Details: Vani Prakashan|url=http://www.vaniprakashan.in/details.php?lang=H&prod_id=7270&title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE|access-date=18 September 2020|website=www.vaniprakashan.in|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203132715/https://www.vaniprakashan.in/details.php?lang=H&prod_id=7270&title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%20%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter}}
*[https://www.satyahindi.com/ Hindi News]

{{Aam Aadmi Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ashutosh}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]
[[Category:People from Mirzapur]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Former members of Aam Aadmi Party from Delhi]]

Folk costume

2026-03-29T17:40:13Z

KristalBabbage2:

{{Short description|Traditional clothing usually associated with a geographic area}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{image frame|content={{multiple image |border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 2/2/2/2/1
|image1=WLF frobas (3).jpg
|image2=Kenya dancing (10706364576).jpg
|image3=Ukrainian dancers. Photo 493.jpg
|image4=Peru-2422775 1280.jpg
}}|caption=From top, left to right: [[Filipinos]] ([[Igorot people|Igorot]]), [[Kenyans]], [[Ukrainians]] and [[Peruvians]] dressed in traditional garments|align=right|mode=|width=300}}
{{Western dress codes|supplementary}}
'''Folk costume''', also known as '''traditional dress''', '''traditional attire''', '''folk attire''', or '''regalia''' is [[clothing]] of an [[ethnic group]], [[nation]] or [[region]], and expresses [[Cultural identity|cultural]], [[Religious identity|religious]] or [[national identity]]. It includes both everyday and [[formal wear]], those which do not cater to [[Western dress codes]].

An ethnic group's clothing may be called '''ethnic clothing''' or '''ethnic dress'''. Those attributed to a certain place are often called '''national costume''' or '''regional costume'''; these may have official designation.

== Overview ==
Following the rise of [[romantic nationalism]] in parts of [[Europe]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Dress, design: Introductory survey essay|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe|year=2022|last1=Martinez|first1= Gimeno|last2= Leerssen|first2=Joep|publisher=Study Platform on Interlocking Nationalisms|location=Amsterdam|id= |url=https://ernie.uva.nl/viewer.p/21/56/object/122-160800|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref> pre-industrial peasantry came to serve as an ideal of authenticity. Garments evoking peasant dress were made from [[narrow cloth|traditional pre-industrial textiles]].

In regions where Western dress codes are common, traditional garments are often worn during special events or celebrations. International events may cater to non-Western attendees with a compound [[dress code]] such as "business suit or national dress".

In some contemporary societies, traditional garments are required by [[sumptuary law]]s.

==Africa==
{{Further|Clothing in Africa}}

===North Africa===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Traditional gandoura.jpg
| caption1 = Traditional [[gandoura]], also called [[djebba fergani]], from [[Algeria]]
| image2 = Egyptian musicians.jpg
| caption2 = Egyptian musicians wearing [[jellabiya]]
| image3 = Moroccan women wearing takchita (1939).jpg
| caption3 = Moroccan women wearing [[takshita]] in 1939
| image4 = Sefseri.JPG
| caption4 = Traditional Tunisian clothing, including [[safasir]]
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
}}

==== Algeria ====
In [[Algeria]], cultural dress includes the [[burnous]], [[ghlila]], [[Kaftan#Algerian kaftan|caftan]], [[gandoura]], [[Haik (garment)|haik]], [[jellaba]], [[m'laya]], and [[Sirwal|sarouel]]. In northern Algeria, clothing includes the [[karakou]] (in [[Algiers]]), labsa Naïlia (among [[Ouled Naïl]]), and labsa M'zabia (among [[Mozabite people]]). In northeastern Algeria, dress includes Gandoura Annabiya (in [[Annaba Province|Annaba]]), [[qashabiya]] and melhfa chaouïa (among [[Chaoui people]]), labsa Kbaylia (among [[Kabyle people]]), and binouar Staifi (in [[Sétif]]). In northwestern Algeria, traditional dress includes the blouza in [[Oran Province|Oran]] and the [[chedda of Tlemcen]]. In southern Algeria, the [[tagelmust]] is traditional attire; traditional clothing of the [[Tuareg people]] includes the [[Tuareg people#Clothing|akhebay]]. In Western Algeria, [[Sahrawis]] wear the [[Melhfa|el-melhfa Sahraoui]].

==== Other nations ====
[[Caftan]], [[Fouta towel]], [[Jallabiyah]] and [[Taqiyah (cap)|Taqiyah cap]] are common throughout [[Islam in Africa|Muslim communities in Africa]].

===Sub-Saharan Africa===
{{See also||Yoruba clothing|Fashion in Nigeria}}
Transnational traditional attires in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] include [[agbada]] and [[Boubou (clothing)|boubou]], and [[dashiki]] for men, [[pagne]]/pano and [[Wrapper (clothing)|kaftan]] for women.

[[Xhosa people]] were [[umbhaco]] for both genders. For women, dress includes the faskoti, inxili (sling bag), ncebetha, iqhiya, and ibhayi. For men, it includes the ingqosha, isidanga, and unngqa.<ref name="yoairSAfrica" />

Among [[Zulu people]], traditional clothing includes the isicholo, isidwaba, umutsha, and ibheshu.<ref name="yoairSAfrica" />

For [[Sotho people]], traditional dress includes [[shweshwe]], [[basotho blanket]]s, and [[mokorotlo]]. [[Afrikaners]] and [[Rooinek]]s may wear a [[slouch hat]], [[safari shirt]], [[veldskoen]], knee-high socks, khaki [[Bermuda shorts]] or trousers.

==== Specific nations ====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Traditional Eritrean dance.jpg
| caption1 = [[Tigrinya people|Tigrinya]] women dancing in traditional [[zuria]]s
| image2 = Beauty of Oromia.jpg
| caption2 = Variety of cultural dress of the [[Oromo people]] in Ethiopia
| image3 = Kitenge outfit.jpg
| caption3 = A [[kitenge]] dress from Kenya
| image4 = Maasai Woman Meeyu Sale Wearing her Finest.jpg
| caption4 = A Maasai woman and child
| image5 = Togho 03.jpg
| caption5 = Toghu or tugh, the official traditional regalia of [[Cameroon]].
| image6 = Baganda people in their cultural outfits. men put on Kanzu, and ladies Ggomeesi.jpg
| caption6 = [[Baganda]] people in their cultural outfits. Men put on Kanzu, and ladies put on Ggomeesi.
| image7 = 2008-02-09 Xhosa women.jpg
| caption7 = Xhosa women wearing Shweshwe fabric in South Africa
| image8 = ZULU TRADITIONAL ATTIRE.jpg
| caption8 = Zulu traditional attire in South Africa
| image9 = A Yoruba man garbed in traditional clothing (2).png
| caption9 = A [[Yoruba people|Yoruba man]] in a traditional [[agbada]]
| image10 = Dashiki and kufi.jpg
| caption10 = A drummer wearing a [[dashiki]] in [[Accra]], Ghana
| image11 = Parade of Basotho women.jpg
| caption11 = [[Basotho]] women wearing [[Basotho blanket|traditional]] blankets in Lesotho
| image12 = Chitenge, Malawi.jpg
| caption12 = Malawian women wearing [[kitenge]] fabric
| image13 = Mozambique 01200 (5054130545).jpg
| caption13 = Mozambican woman wearing a [[capulana]]
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
}}

In [[Botswana]], traditional attire includes the ieteisi and tshega.

The {{lang|rn|[[Mushanana|imvutano]]}} is traditional clothing in [[Burundi]].

In [[Cameroon]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saheli |title=Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Central Africa |url=https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-central-africa/ |website=YOAIR Blog |access-date=8 November 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108044310/https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-central-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Traditional Tuesday: Cameroon edition |url=https://nenefashion.wordpress.com/2015/03/04/traditional-tuesday-cameroon-edition/ |website=Nene Fashion |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref> women also wear [[head tie]], men also wear [[Culture of Cameroon#Fashion|kwa and gandura]]. Dress is highly dependent on region and ethnicity. The [[Abacost]] suit is common in Zairian republics.

Traditional attire of the [[Comoros]] includes {{lang|pt|[[Kanga (African garment)|lesso]]}}, ''[[shiromani]]'', ''[[salouva]]'', ''[[aanzu]]'', ''[[bwibwi]]'' for women, and {{lang|sw|[[Kofia (hat)|kofia]]}} for men.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Come Discover the Culture of Comoros |url=https://adorecomores.com/culture/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=Adore Comores}}</ref>

In [[Djibouti]], traditional attire includes the [[Sarong|macawiis]] and [[Kofia (hat)|koofiyad]] for men, and the dirac and garbasaar for women. The [[Afar people]] have their own style of traditional clothing.

Men in [[Eritrea]] wear [[Kidan Habesha]] as traditional dress. Women wear the [[zuria]] or [[Habesha kemis]].

Each [[List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia|ethnic group]] in [[Ethiopia]] has a traditional style of dress. Ethiopian traditional clothing includes the [[Ethiopian suit]] or [[Kidan Habesha]] for men, and the [[Habesha kemis]] for women.

There is no official national costume of [[Kenya]], but leso and [[Kanga (African garment)|kanga]] are worn throughout the country.<ref name="yoairEAfrica">{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saheli |title=Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Eastern Africa |url=https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-eastern-africa/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=YOAIR Blog |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108054253/https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-eastern-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kikoi]], similar to kanga fabric, is also widespread. All [[Demographics of Kenya|tribes]] have their respective traditional garments. For example, [[Maasai people#Clothing|Maasai clothing]] includes traditional shuka and [[beadwork]].<ref name="yoairEAfrica" />

The [[Lamba (garment)|lamba]] is part of the traditional dress of [[Madagascar]].

In [[Mauritius]] and [[Réunion]], the ''sega'' is part of traditional clothing.

In [[Mozambique]], cultural attire includes the [[capulana]].<ref name="yoairSAfrica">{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saheli |title=Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Southern Africa |url=https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-southern-africa/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=YOAIR Blog |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108063152/https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-southern-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[Namibia]] cultural dress includes [[Herero people|Herero]] traditional clothing, like the ohorokova dress and the otjikaiva hat.<ref name="yoairSAfrica" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanungo |first1=Pallavi |date=February 23, 2023 |title=Ohorokova: The African attire born out of protest |url=https://htschool.hindustantimes.com/editorsdesk/knowledge-vine/ohorokova-the-african-attire-born-out-of-protest |access-date=8 November 2023 |work=HT School |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The [[mushanana]] is traditional clothing in [[Rwanda]] and southwestern [[Uganda]].

[[Seychelles]] traditional dress includes the ''kanmtole.''

In [[Somalia]], traditional dress includes the [[kanzu]] or khamiis and [[kitenge]]. For men, traditional clothing also includes the [[Sarong|macawiis]] and [[Kofia (hat)|koofiyad]]. Women may wear the dirac, guntiino, and garbasaar.

Traditional dress in [[Tanzania]] and [[Uganda]] varies by tribe, and may include the [[kanzu]] and [[Kofia (hat)|kofia]] for men, and the [[Kanga (African garment)|kanga]] for women.<ref name="yoairEAfrica" />

[[Kitenge]], A piece of fabric wrapped around the chest, is part of the traditional clothing of [[Malawi]], [[Zambia]], and [[Zimbabwe]].

{{Clear}}

==Americas==
{{See also|Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous fashion of the Americas}}
The word ''[[costume]]'' in "folk costume" is sometimes considered [[pejorative]] particularly among [[Native Americans]], as the word has more than one meaning.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reese |first1=Debbie |date=15 May 2007 |title=The word "costume" and American Indians |url=https://americanindiansinchildrensliterature.blogspot.com/2007/05/word-costume-and-american-indians-when.html |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=American Indians in Children's Literature}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Arce |first1=Isis |date=4 February 2019 |title=Native Regalia is NOT a Costume! |url=https://voicesofnativeyouth.com/native-regalia-is-not-a-costume/ |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=Voices of Native Youth}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Higgins |first1=Julissa |date=7 May 2018 |title=Opinion: Why It's Time to Stop Using the Word "Garb" |url=https://www.fashionstudiesjournal.org/notes/2018/5/7/opinion-why-its-time-to-stop-using-the-word-garb |access-date=9 November 2023 |website=The Fashion Studies Journal}}</ref>

===Caribbean===
[[File:Mobeye-ÉtéDesVilles-Guadeloupe-827.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|A woman wearing a traditional [[Guadeloupe]]an dress]]
[[File:Charles Camilla Jamaica 2008.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Women wearing the [[quadrille dress]], greeting the [[British royal family]] (the [[King of Jamaica]] is the same person as the [[King of the United Kingdom]]) in Jamaica]]

For women in [[Antigua and Barbuda]], national attire is a plaid dress with white [[pinafore]], designed by [[Heather Doram]].

There is no official folk dress of [[the Bahamas]], though clothing made with [[Androsia]] may be considered traditional attire. [[Junkanoo]] costumes can be considered folk costume but fall more into the sector of carnival dress than traditional garment.

In [[Cuba]], traditional dress includes the [[guayabera]] and [[panama hat]] for men, and the guarachera for women.<ref name="ABC-CLIO">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lazWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |title=Encyclopedia of National Dress, Vol. I |date=2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37637-5 |editor1-last=Condra |editor1-first=Jill |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=123}}</ref>

Traditional attire in the [[Dominican Republic]] includes the [[Guayabera|chacabana]] and [[panama hat]].

The [[Madras (costume)|madras]] is part of traditional attire in [[Dominica]].

In [[Haiti]], cultural attire includes the [[Quadrille dress|karabela dress]] for women and [[Guayabera|shirt jacket]] for men.

Traditional attire in [[Jamaica]] includes the [[Madras (cloth)|bandana cloth]] [[Quadrille dress]] for women, [[bandana]] cloth shirt and white [[trousers]] for men, and the [[Jamaican Tam]].

In [[Puerto Rico]], men's traditional clothing includes the [[guayabera]] and [[panama hat]]. Women's traditional attire includes the ''enagua''.<ref name="ABC-CLIO" />

The [[Madras (costume)|madras]] is part of traditional attire in [[Saint Lucia]].

Cultural dress varies in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. [[Tobago]] has an Afro–Tobagonian [[Creole peoples|creole]] culture with [[bélé]] costumes as their typical garment, commonly made of [[Madras (cloth)|madras]]. Trinidad has no defined national garment. During cultural occasions, [[Afro–Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Afro–Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] men wear [[guayabera]] or [[dashiki]], and women wear a [[Wrapper (clothing)#Booboo|booboo]]. [[Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Indo–Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] men wear [[kurta]], [[dhoti]], [[sherwani]], and women wear [[sari]], [[choli]], and [[lehenga]].

===Central America===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Jeunes femmes mayas.jpg
| caption1 = Young [[Maya people|Mayan]] women in traditional dress in [[Antigua, Guatemala]]
| image2 = Mujeres de Nebaj, Guatemala 2013.jpg
| caption2 = Mayan folk clothing in Guatemala
| image3 = Huipil, skirt, belt (c.1950), shawl, Ixil Maya, Nebaj, mid to late 20th century, cotton - Textile Museum of Canada - DSC01351.JPG
| caption3 = [[Santa María Nebaj|Nebaj]] [[Ixil people|Ixil]] {{lang|nah|[[Huipil]]}} (c. 1950)
| image4 = Pollera_Panama_Madre_e_Hija.jpg
| caption4 = Two women wearing {{lang|es|[[pollera]]}} in [[Panama]]
| image5 = Mujeres de la etnia Emberá.jpg
| caption5 = [[Embera-Wounaan|Emberá]] girls in Panama
| image6 = Panama-Kuna 0605a.jpg
| caption6 = [[Guna people|Guna]] women wearing [[Mola (art form)|molas]]
| image7 = Kunawoman.jpg
| caption7 = Guna woman wearing mola
| width =
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 4
}}
In [[Belize]], among [[Hispanic Belizean]]s, traditional attire includes the [[huipil]] for women and the [[guayabera]] for men. Among the [[Maya peoples]], all tribes wear distinct kinds of dress.

Among women in [[Nicaragua]], traditional attire includes the [[huipil]] and [[rebozo]]. Men wear the {{Ill|Cotona|lt=cotona|es}}.

In [[Guatemala]], traditional clothing includes the [[huipil]], corte skirt, and tocado for women, and the [[Todos Santos Cuchumatán|todosantero]] suit for men.

Traditional attire in [[Panama]] includes the [[pollera]] for women and montuno for men.

==== Mexico ====
The folk dress of [[Mexico]] varies by state. For men, traditional dress includes the [[charro outfit]], [[guayabera]], [[sarape]], and [[sombrero]]. For women, it includes the [[rebozo]] and [[china poblana]] dress.

In [[Northern Mexico|el Norte]], traditional attire may include [[cowboy hat]]s, [[cowboy boot]]s, and [[bandana]]. [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous peoples]], like the [[Yaqui]], [[Seri people|Seri]] and [[Rarámuri]], wear traditional apparel. The {{Ill|Cuera tamaulipeca|lt=cuera tamaulipeca|es|Cuera tamaulipeca}} ('tamaulipeca leather jacket') is traditional attire in [[Tamaulipas]].

In [[Querétaro]], [[Hidalgo (state)|Hidalgo]], and [[San Luis Potosí]], traditional clothing includes the [[quechquemitl]].

In [[Veracruz]], traditional attire includes the [[guayabera]]. In [[Yucatán]], it includes the guayabera for men and [[huipil]] for women.

The [[Tehuana (clothing)|tehuana]] is traditional attire in [[Oaxaca]].

In [[Chiapas]], the {{Ill|Chiapaneca outfit|es|Traje de chiapaneca}} is traditional attire.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = CharroOutfitsNoreste18.JPG
| caption1 = [[China poblana]] dress
| image2 = Quezquemetl.jpg
| caption2 = {{lang|nah|[[Quezquémetl]]}} of the [[Huastec people|Huasteca Potosina]]
| image3 = Traje tehuana.jpg
| caption3 = Dancers wearing traditional tehuana of [[Oaxaca]]
| total_width = 450
}}

=== North America ===
==== Canada ====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Inuit Amautiq 1995-06-15.jpg
| caption1 = Two [[Inuit]] women wearing {{transliteration|iu|[[amautiit]]}} (skirted style, akuliq) in [[Nunavut]] (1995)
| image2 = Cowichan Sweater.jpg
| caption2 = [[Cowichan sweater]] featuring the Thunderbird design
| image3 = Unidentified Plains Cree at a powwow in Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan (18469335396).jpg
| caption3 = Unidentified [[Plains Cree people|Plains Cree]] at a [[powwow]] in [[Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan]]
| image4 = Capote for scout on raiding party, Siksika, early 1900s, wool from Hudson's Bay Company blanket, glass beads - Glenbow Museum - DSC01002.jpg
| caption4 = A [[Siksika Nation|Siksika Blackfoot]] [[Capote (garment)|capote]]
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2}}

In [[Canada]], different regions have different traditional clothing.

The traditional dress of [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] peoples, which is often called "regalia", may include the [[button blanket]], [[buckskins]], [[moccasin]]s, [[Chilkat weaving|Chilkat blanket]], [[Cowichan sweater]], and [[war bonnet]]. Traditional attire of the [[Métis]] includes the [[ceinture fléchée]], [[Capote (garment)|capote]], and [[moccasin]]s. In [[Nunavut]] and other [[Inuit]] communities, traditional clothing includes the [[parka]], [[mukluk]]s, and [[amauti]].

For [[lumberjack]]s of [[Quebec]] and [[Ontario]], traditional logging wear includes [[mackinaw jacket]]s or [[flannel]] shirts, with headgear being a [[tuque]] or [[Coonskin cap|trapper hat]]; a good example is seen with folk characters like [[Big Joe Mufferaw]].

In the [[Maritimes]], [[Acadians]] wear their traditional heritage clothing on special occasions like the [[Tintamarre]]. The Scottish background in [[Nova Scotia]] has brought the [[Nova Scotia tartan]] as folk wear in the form of kilts, aboyne dresses, and trews for [[Scottish highland dance]] competitions.

In [[Quebec]] and among [[French Canadians]], traditional clothing includes the [[ceinture fléchée]], [[Capote (garment)|capote]], and [[tuque]].

In [[Canadian Prairies|the Prairies]], [[Western wear|cowboy costume]] is common for events such as the [[Calgary Stampede]], and is often worn with [[Calgary White Hat]]s.

[[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] – Traditional [[Mummering|mummers]] dress in masks and baggy clothes in Christmas season celebrations; the Cornish influence has also brought yellow [[oilskin]]s and [[sou'wester]]s as typical wear in coastal areas.

===== Greenland =====
{{Further|Inuit clothing}}

In [[Greenland]], traditional attire includes the [[anorak]].

==== United States ====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Chief Anotklosh of the Taku Tribe in Juneau.jpg
| caption1 = Chief Anotklosh ([[Taku people|Taku]]) wearing a [[Chilkat weaving|Chilkat]] robe (c. 1913)
| image2 = Alaska Native dancer wearing kuspuk.jpg
| caption2 = [[Alaska Native]] dancer performing in a {{lang|esu|[[kuspuk]]}} (2013)
| image3 = The Winnemem Wintu Chief (3812027389).jpg
| caption3 = [[Winnemem Wintu]] chief Caleen Sisk in traditional dress (2009)
| image4 = Native American PowWow 9488.jpg
| caption4 = [[Cheyenne]] [[dog soldier]] wearing a feathered [[war bonnet|headdress]] (2008)
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
}}

In the [[United States]], different regions have different traditional clothing.

Styles of [[traditional Native American clothing]] vary. Traditional [[pow-wow]] regalia for [[Plains Indians]] may include [[moccasin]]s, [[buckskins]], glass beads, [[breech clout]]s, and [[war bonnet]]s or [[Roach (headdress)|roach]]es. For [[Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands|Native Americans of the Northeastern Woodlands]], [[matchcoat]] and [[wampum]] are used. Among [[Alaska Natives]], traditional attire includes [[kuspuk]]s worn with dark pants and [[mukluk]]s, as well as [[parka]]s. The [[Yupʼik clothing|clothing of the Yupʼik people]] is designed to keep the wearer warm and dry in cold weather.

[[File:Four_students_with_guitar.jpg|thumb|upright=.75|Texan folk costume comprising [[cowboy hat]]s, [[jeans]] and checked [[western shirt]]s (c. 1950)]]

[[Western wear]] is traditional dress in several areas of the United States, including [[Texas]] and the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]], and rural areas in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and the [[Western United States|West]]. This attire, derived from Mexican [[vaquero]] and [[American pioneer]] garb, may include [[cowboy hat]]s, [[Western shirt]]s, [[cowboy boot]]s, [[jeans]], [[chaps]], [[prairie skirt]]s, and [[bolo tie]]s.

Due to cold weather, clothing in northern areas—such as the [[Upper Midwest]], [[Pacific Northwest]], and northern [[New England]]—tends to include heavier materials. This may include [[flannel]] shirts or Buffalo plaid [[mackinaw jacket]]s, and a [[knit cap]] or, in the case of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]], a [[Stormy Kromer cap]]. The attire of folk hero [[Paul Bunyan]] may represent this style.

In the [[Deep South]], traditional attire includes white [[seersucker suit]]s and [[string tie]]s for men, and [[sun hat]]s and large [[Southern belle]]-style dresses for women. The [[Cajun]] people of [[Louisiana]] traditionally wear the colorful [[capuchon]] for [[Mardi Gras]] celebrations. Historically, [[Louisiana Creole people|Creole]] women wore the [[tignon]], mostly in plain or [[Madras fabric|madras]] fabrics; it is now sometimes worn for heritage events or for cultural reasons. [[Gullah]] communities in the [[South Carolina Lowcountry]] and the [[Sea Islands]] preserve the traditional African-style clothing and culture.

[[File:AmishFamilyNiagaraFalls.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|An [[Amish]] family in traditional [[plain dress]]]]

Summer residents of [[Nantucket]] will often wear [[Nantucket Reds]]. In [[Utah]], [[Mormons]] may dress in 19th-century pioneer clothing for [[Mormon Trail]]–related activities and events. The [[Amish]] (mostly found in [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ohio]] and [[Indiana]]) follow a style of [[plain dress]].

===South America{{Anchor|South America|Southern America}}===
==== Argentina ====
In [[Argentina]], traditional folk attire is the [[gaucho]] costume. Each province has a specific design of [[poncho]], with the ''{{Ill|Poncho salteño|lt=poncho salteño|es}}'' being the most recognized.

{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Macri con Félix Diaz.jpg
| caption1 = [[Félix Díaz (cacique)|Félix Díaz]], a [[Toba people|Qom]] leader, meets with President [[Mauricio Macri]] wearing traditional dress
| image2 = Gauchito salteño argentino.jpg
| caption2 = Argentinian man wearing [[Gaucho]] clothes
}}

==== Bolivia ====
[[File:Pongo 0436b.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Indigenous woman in traditional dress near [[Cochabamba, Bolivia]]]]

In [[Bolivia]], traditional clothing includes the [[poncho]], [[chullo]], and the [[Pollera|Andean pollera]].

==== Brazil ====
In [[Brazil]], each region has its own traditional costume.

In many states within the [[Amazônia Legal]] region, [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Indigenous peoples]] wear traditional clothes specific to their ethnic groups. An example is the ''kushma'', used by the [[Asháninka]].

In [[Bahia]], the traditional outfits are the ''{{Ill|Baiana clothing|lt=baiana|pt|Vestuário das baianas}}'' and ''[[abadá]]''. In [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[samba]] costumes are worn during the four days of [[Brazilian Carnival]] by members of [[samba school]]s. Outside of Carnival, the most traditional men's attire is that of the ''malandro carioca'' ('carioca rascal') or ''sambista'', which includes white pants, a striped shirt, a white jacket, and a straw hat. In [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Goiás]], and nearby states, ''[[Caipiras]]'' (Brazilian country folk) preserve traditional folk styles of clothing, which are often imitated during [[Festa Junina|festa junina]] celebrations. In [[Rio Grande do Sul]], the traditional attire is the [[gaúcho]] costume. In [[Pará]], the typical clothing is that associated with [[carimbó]], a popular dance from northern Brazil. In the northeastern [[sertão]], [[cangaceiro]] clothing is traditional.

{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 450
| perrow = 3
| image1 = Pataxo002.jpg
| caption1 = [[Pataxó]] man
| image2 = Enawene-nawe 1257a.JPG
| caption2 = [[Enawene Nawe]] man
| image3 = Terena006.jpg
| caption3 = [[Terena people|Terena]] woman
| image4 = Índios da etnia Kuikuro.jpg
| caption4 = [[Kuikuro]] men
| image5 = Memorial das baianas - 20.jpg
| caption5 = Baiana dress from Brazil
| image6 = SalvadorDaBahiaBahianDress.jpg
| caption6 = Women wearing baiana dresses in [[Salvador, Bahia]]
}}

==== Chile ====
In [[Chile]], the traditional attire is the [[huaso]] costume, which includes a [[chamanto]], [[chupalla]], and [[poncho]].
{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 600
| image1 = Mujeres mapuches en la entrega terreno a Comunidad Mapuche Lorenzo Quintrileo de Tirúa.jpg
| caption1 = [[Mapuche]] women from [[Tirúa]] (2015)
| image2 = Mapuche.jpg
| caption2 = [[Mapuche]] man in Chile (2007)
| image3 = Gauchowheat edit2.jpg
| caption3 = Chilean [[huaso]] man wearing a [[chupalla]] and [[chamanto]] (1940)
}}

==== Colombia ====
Each region in [[Colombia]] has a distinct costume. Traditional male attire includes the [[sombrero vueltiao]], [[ruana]], white shirt, trousers, and [[Espadrille|alpargatas]]. Women's attire includes a blouse, [[Pollera|cumbia pollera]], sombrero vueltiao, and alpargatas.
{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 600
| image1 = Guajiran artisans.jpg
| caption1 = [[Wayuu]] women in the [[Guajira Peninsula]], which comprises Colombia and Venezuela
| image2 = Guambia, Colombia.jpg
| caption2 = [[Guambía people]] relaxing in Colombia
| image3 = Bailadores de cumbia.jpg
| caption3 = [[Cumbia (Colombia)|Cumbia]] dancer holding a [[sombrero vueltiao]]
}}

==== Ecuador ====
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 200
| image1 = Chaman Amazonie 5 06.jpg
| caption1 = Shaman of the [[Cofán people]] from the [[Amazon rainforest]] in present-day Ecuador
| image2 = Lideresa waorani Alicia Cahuiya.jpg
| caption2 = [[Alicia Cawiya]], vice-president of the [[Huaorani]] Nation of Ecuador, in traditional dress
}}

In [[Ecuador]], traditional clothing includes the [[poncho]] and [[Panama hat]].

==== Guyana ====
[[Guyana]] does not have a designated style of national dress. Each ethnic group wears its cultural clothing during important events or occasions. [[Afro-Guyanese]] men typically wear a [[dashiki]] or [[Guayabera|shirt jacket]], and women wear a [[Wrapper (clothing)|booboo]]. [[Indo-Guyanese]] men wear a [[kurta]], [[sherwani]], or [[churidar]], while women wear a [[sari]] or [[lehenga]]. Each [[Indigenous peoples in Guyana|indigenous tribe]] wears its tribal clothing during cultural events or important occasions.

==== Paraguay ====
In [[Paraguay]], traditional clothing includes the {{Ill|Ao po'i|lt=ao po'i|es}}.

==== Peru ====
In [[Peru]], traditional attire includes the [[chullo]], [[poncho]], and [[Pollera|Andean pollera]].
{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Taquile Inselfest Frauen.JPG
| caption1 = [[Quechua people|Quechua]] women in festive dress on [[Taquile Island]], [[Lake Titicaca]], Peru
| image2 = Andean Man.jpg
| caption2 = A Peruvian man in traditional dress
}}

==== Suriname ====
In [[Suriname]], traditional clothing includes the [[Koto (traditional clothing)|kotomisse]] and [[Pangi cloth|pangi]] cloth.

{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width =
| image1 = Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute Objectnumber 60005741 Creoolse vrouw in kotomisi.jpg
| caption1 = Surinamese woman wearing the traditional [[Koto (traditional clothing)|koto]] (c. 1910)
| image2 = Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute Objectnumber 10019375 Portret van een Marron vrouw voor haa.jpg
| caption2 = [[Maroons|Maroon woman]] wearing a [[Pangi (Maroon)|pangi]] in [[Suriname]] (ca. 1900–1910)
| total_width = 450
}}

==== Other nations ====
In [[Uruguay]], the traditional folk attire is the [[gaucho]] costume.

In [[Venezuela]], traditional male attire is the [[llanero]] costume, which includes the [[liqui liqui]] and ''pelo e' guama'' hat. Traditional female attire includes the [[joropo]] dress and ''pelo e' guama'' hat.

==Asia==
===[[East Asia]]===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Red cheongsam2.jpg
| caption1 = Chinese woman wearing ''[[Qipao]]''
| image2 = Women in kimonos, Nibanchō Street, Kanazawa, 2016.jpg
| caption2 = Japanese women wearing ''[[Kimono]]''
| image3 = Korea Spring of Insadong 23 (13326968084).jpg
| caption3 = Korean wearing ''[[Hanbok]]''
| total_width = 300
| image4 = Indigenous group dancers at Amis Music Festival 2016 IMF0936.jpg
| caption4 = [[Amis people|Amis/Pangcah]] dancers in [[Dulan, Taiwan]]
| image5 = 08.15 總統出席「2016三地門鄉聯合收穫祭」 (28706865630).jpg
| caption5 = [[Paiwan people|Paiwan]] and [[Rukai people]] celebrating a harvest festival in [[Sandimen]], Taiwan
| perrow = 2
}}

====China proper====
{{Further|Chinese clothing}}

The traditional clothing of the [[Han Chinese|Han]] ethnic group in China includes various styles such as [[qipao]], [[Changshan|changsan]], or the [[Mao suit]], often dating back to the [[Qing dynasty]] and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republican period]]. Since the 2010s, the [[Hanfu Movement|Hanfu movement]] has grown in popularity among young Chinese enthusiasted in reviving the historical clothings of China before the Qing dynasty, termed ''[[hanfu]]'', which encompasses styles like the [[shenyi]], [[ruqun]], and [[shanku]].

The [[Miao people]], native to the sounthern hills of China, has their [[Hmong textile art|textile arts]] on their clothings.

Among [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]], traditional attire varies by group. The [[Rukai people]] wear garments like the ibibogo (a men's daily jacket) and the dalabu (a women's daily top).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Clothing of Taiwan's Indigenous People– Men and Women's Clothes |url=https://culture.teldap.tw/culture/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=153 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Digital Taiwan - Culture & Nature}}</ref> The [[Atayal people]] wear pearl-adorned shirts and skirts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dress and Dressing Up |url=https://tme.ncl.edu.tw/en/old-photographs/faces-of-the-century-part-ii/%E6%9C%8D%E9%A3%BE%E8%88%87%E8%A3%9D%E6%89%AEen |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Taiwan Memory Exhibition |publisher=National Central Library}}</ref> The [[Bunun people]] use the design of the [[Deinagkistrodon|hundred-pace viper]] in their traditional dress.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2010 |title=Bunun |url=https://www.cip.gov.tw/en/tribe/grid-list/7F4BACB58C965B51D0636733C6861689/info.html?cumid=D0636733C6861689 |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Council of Indigenous Peoples}}</ref>

====Japan====
In [[Japan]], traditional attire is referred to as ''wafuku'', which includes garments like the [[kimono]], [[Junihitoe|jūnihitoe]], and [[sokutai]].

In [[Fukuoka Prefecture]], traditional garments include the mizu [[happi]] and [[Fundoshi|shime-komi]]. In [[Hokkaido]], the [[Ainu people]] wear traditional clothing such as the tepa, a sacred belt called raun kut or upsoro kut, konci (hood), hos (leggings), and grass-skin jackets like tetarabe and utarbe. Ceremonial garments include the [[sapanpe]] and the [[matanpushi]]. [[Ryukyuans]] wear [[ryusou]] as traditional attire. In [[Okinawa Prefecture]], the [[Kariyushi shirt]] is traditional clothing.

====Korea====
{{Further|List of Korean clothing}}

In [[South Korea]], the traditional attire is the [[hanbok]]; it is known as the ''chosŏn-ot'' in [[North Korea]]. Modern hanbok are usually designed after the fashion established in the [[Joseon Dynasty]], especially imitating the colorful styles of the nobility{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}, though a [[Minbok|pure white hanbok]] was a persistent national symbol for everyday wear. The hanbok consists of at least an overcoat [[Po (clothing)|po]], [[jeogori]], and a [[Chima (clothing)|chima]] (skirt) for women and a vest and [[Durumagi|overcoat po]], jeogori, and [[Baji (clothing)|baji]] (trousers) for men.<ref>{{cite web |title=Korean traditional Hanbok clothes, expressing linear beauty |url=https://www.mcst.go.kr/english/useful/issue.jsp?pTab=02 |website=Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism |publisher=MCST, Republic of Korea |access-date=24 July 2025}}</ref> The upper garments are made to fit the torso closely, but not tightly, while the lower garments are much looser.

For babies and young children, [[Saekdongot]] is a style of hanbok worn for their first birthday and [[Seollal|lunar new year]] from their first birthday until their seventh birthday.

Hanbok is worn for ceremonies and special occasions, such as weddings (with [[Hwarot]]) and festivals like Seollal.

====Tibet====
The [[Tibetan people]], native to [[Tibet]], traditionally wear the [[chuba]].

===Greater Siberia===
[[Siberians]] nationalities have their traditional clothings.

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Akšan.jpg
| caption1 = [[Akšan]], Manchu singer and ulabun artist
| image2 = National costume Mongolia 1.jpg
| caption2 = Mongolian ''[[Deel (clothing)|deel]]''
| image3 = Tuvans Horse riding.jpg
| caption3 = Tuvan horse-riders
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
}}

[[Mongolians]] wear the [[Deel (clothing)|deel]], which is featured in [[Buryatia]], [[Tuva]], [[Republic of Mongolia|Outer]] and [[Inner Mongolia]].

In the [[Altai Republic]], [[Altai people|Southern Altaians]] wear items such as the {{transliteration|alt|ton}} (fur coat), {{transliteration|alt|sürü börük}} (cap), {{transliteration|alt|kaptal}} (overcoat). The {{transliteration|alt|chegedek}} (Altai-Kizhi) or {{transliteration|alt|chedek}} ([[Telengits]]) is a sleeveless cloak historically worn by married women; it is now used as bridal or festive attire.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hejzlarová |first1=Tereza |date=2019 |title=Traditions and Innovations in the Clothing of Southern Altaians |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337089399 |journal=Annals of the Náprstek Museum |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=13–17 |doi=10.2478/anpm-2019-0002 |s2cid=208534450 |access-date=2 December 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In [[Manchuria]], the [[Manchu people]] traditionally wore [[qizhuang]], which includes the [[Magua (clothing)|magua]].

===Greater Central Asia===
{{Further|Afghan clothing|Kazakh clothing|Uzbek clothing}}
[[File:Afghan children wearing traditional clothes in Kabul.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Afghan children wearing traditional clothes in [[Kabul]]]]
In the five states of [[Central Asia]], as well as [[Afghanistan]] and [[Xinjiang]], common are [[Chapan]], [[khalat]], [[tubeteika]], [[turban]], and [[paranja]] with women also wearing the [[saukele]] and [[kimeshek]]. Afghani [[Pashtun]] women may wear the ''[[firaq partug]]'' outside religious context.<ref name="yoairSAsia23">{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saheli |title=Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in South Asia |url=https://yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-south-asia/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=YOAIR Blog}}</ref>

===Indian Subcontinent===
{{Further|Clothing in India|Fashion in India}}
{{Multiple image
|image1 = Cultural costume.jpg
|caption1 = A variety of cultural clothing common throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], including [[lehenga]]s, [[choli]]s, [[salwar kameez]], and [[dupatta]]
|image2 = Bride of Bangladesh (06).jpg
|caption2 = A Bangladeshi bridal handloom [[sari]]
|total_width = 300
}}

In [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Sri Lanka]], men wear the [[achkan]], [[dhoti]], [[kurta]], [[lungi]], [[mundu]], [[phiran]], [[sherwani]], and [[turban]]. Women's clothing includes the [[shalwar kameez]], [[sari]], [[patiala salwar]], [[lehenga]], [[choli]], [[pathin]], [[dupatta]], and [[churidar]]. The [[mundum neriyatum]] is worn by the [[Malayali people]] of [[Kerala]]. The [[veshti]] is worn by [[Tamils]]. The [[Monpa people]] also have traditional clothing.<ref name="yoair2SAsia23">{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saheli |title=Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan |url=https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-india-bangladesh-and-pakistan/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=YOAIR Blog |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108081625/https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-india-bangladesh-and-pakistan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sawe |first=Benjamin |date=April 25, 2017 |title=What Are Examples Of Traditional Indian Clothing? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-traditional-dresses-of-india.html |access-date=November 7, 2023 |website=WorldAtlas |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What to Wear in Bangladesh |url=https://www.whattowearonvacation.com/destinations/asia-far-east/bangladesh/134-what-to-wear-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=19 July 2023 |work=whattowearonvacation.}}</ref> [[Shalwar kameez|selwar kamiz]], [[Dupatta|orna]], and [[Kurta|kurtee]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Al Mamun |first=Abdullah |date=May 28, 2023 |title=Traditional Dress of Bangladesh That Reflect Our Culture and Heritage |url=https://bangladeshiheritage.com/traditional-dress-of-bangladesh/ |access-date=November 7, 2023 |website=Bangladeshi Heritage |quote=}}</ref>

====Maldives====
In the [[Maldives]], men wear the Dhivehi [[mundu]]. Women's traditional clothing includes the dhivehi libaas, feyli, and [[Islamic veiling practices by country#Malaysia|buruga]].<ref name="yoairSAsia23" />

====Bhutan====
[[Bhutan]] has [[sumptuary law]]s. The ''[[Driglam Namzha]]'' mandates what citizens should wear in public spaces.<ref name="vogue">{{cite web |last=Shah |first=Shalini |date=October 31, 2016 |title=Bhutan's Queen Mother Sangay Choden Wangchuck on weaves in everyday life |url=https://www.vogue.in/magazine-story/bhutans-queen-mother-sangay-choden-wangchuck-on-weaves-in-everyday-life/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue India]]}}</ref> Bhutanese citizens must wear the traditional clothing of the [[Ngalop people]], including a {{lang|dz|[[gho]]}} and {{lang|dz|kera}} for men and a {{lang|dz|[[Kira (Bhutan)|kira]]}} and {{lang|dz|[[Wonju (Bhutan)|wonju]]}} for women,<ref name="DailyBhutan">{{cite web |last=Lhamo |first=Passang |date=April 2, 2019 |title=Driglam Namzha: Why The Bhutanese Do What They Do |url=https://www.dailybhutan.com/article/driglam-namzha-why-the-bhutanese-do-what-they-do |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=[[Daily Bhutan (magazine)|Daily Bhutan]]}}</ref> including for official business, schools and institutions, and official occasions and assemblies.<ref name="Altmann">{{cite book |last=Altmann |first=Karin |title=Fabric of Life - Textile Arts in Bhutan: Culture, Tradition and Transformation |date=2016 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-042861-2 |location=Berlin, München, Boston |pages=30–32 |doi=10.1515/9783110428612}}</ref> The clothing of the [[Ngalop people]] also includes the [[toego]] and [[kabney]] for men, and rachus for women.<ref name="yoairSAsia23" />

These restrictions apply when people are in or near "monastic fortresses ({{lang|dz|dzong}}), monasteries ({{lang|dz|gompa}}) and temples ({{lang|dz|lhakhang}}), and government buildings. Karin Altmann, a textile art scholar, describes the intent behind this law "to prevent specific features of Bhutanese culture from disappearing," and "to emphasize national identity",<ref name="Altmann" /> but it has contributed to conflict due to the ethnic and cultural [[Ethnic groups in Bhutan|diversity of Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=6 May 2020 |title=Lhotshampas |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/lhotshampas/ |access-date=10 November 2023 |website=Minority Rights}}</ref>

===Southeast Asia===
====Continental====
{{Further|Burmese clothing|Khmer traditional clothing|Traditional Thai clothing|Formal Thai national costume|Vietnamese clothing}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Sishenao2.jpg
| caption1 = [[Áo tứ thân]]
| image2 = Traditional Vietnamese dress.jpg
| caption2 = [[Hmong people|Hmong]] girls in Vietnam wearing [[Hmong textile art|traditional dress]]
| image3 = Centre national de la soie (Artisans dAngkor). (2517376127).jpg
| caption3 = Cambodian [[Sompot Chong Kben]]
| image4 = Thai Beauties in folk costume Festival dell'Oriente 2017 Italy.jpg
| caption4 = Thai traditional dress
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
}}

In [[Cambodia]], traditional attire includes the [[sampot]], [[apsara]], [[sabai]], [[krama]], and [[chang kben]].<ref name="yoairSEAsia2">{{cite web |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saheli |title=Anthropology in Fashion: Cultural Clothing in Southeast Asia |url=https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-southeast-asia/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=YOAIR Blog |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108091337/https://www.yoair.com/blog/anthropology-in-fashion-cultural-clothing-in-southeast-asia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Traditional dress in [[Laos]] includes the [[xout lao]], [[suea pat]], [[pha hang]], [[pha biang]], and [[Sinh (clothing)|sinh]].

Traditional male dress in [[Myanmar]] includes the [[longyi]], [[gaung baung]], and taipon. Female attire includes the thummy and eingyi.<ref name="yoairSEAsia2" />

In Thailand, {{tlit|th|RTGS|[[chut thai]]}} ({{literal translation|Thai outfit}}) includes formal clothing such as the Thai Chakkri for women, and the suea phraratchathan for men. Both men and women may wear the [[Sompot Chong Kben|Chong Kraben]] and [[sabai]].

In [[Vietnam]], traditional clothing includes the [[áo dài]], [[áo tứ thân]], [[áo bà ba]], [[Yếm|áo yếm]], [[áo gấm]], {{ill|Áo ngũ thân|lt=áo ngũ thân|vi}}, as well as the obsolete [[áo giao lĩnh]], {{ill|Áo trực lĩnh|lt=áo trực lĩnh|vi}}, áo viên lĩnh, áo đối khâm, and {{ill|Áo tấc|lt=áo tấc|vi}}.<ref name="yoairSEAsia2" />

====Insular====
{{Further|National costume of Indonesia|Fashion and clothing in the Philippines}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Maria Clara Gown.jpg
| caption1 = Filipina women wearing [[Maria Clara gown]]s (1899)
| image2 = Tribu Tinabuay of Murcia.jpg
| caption2 = [[Visayan]] women wearing [[Baro't saya]] featuring their skirt [[patadyong]] while performing in festival dance
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
| image3 = Aesan Gede Songket Palembang.jpg
| caption3 = Indonesian girl wearing traditional [[Palembang]]ese [[songket]]
| image4 = 2 Malay girls in baju kurung.jpg
| caption4 = [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]] women wearing [[Baju Kurung]]
}}

[[Indonesia]] has many national and regional styles of clothing due to its cultural diversity. Among the [[Batak]] peoples, the [[ulos]] (tenun fabric) is traditionally worn. [[Javanese people]] wear garments such as the {{ill|Beskap|lt=beskap|id}}, [[Batik|batik shirt]], [[blangkon]], [[songkok]], and [[sarong]] for men; and the [[kebaya]], [[tudung]], and sarong for women. The [[Malay Indonesian|Malay people]] traditionally wear the [[Baju Melayu]], [[Baju Kurung]], and [[songket]]. Among the [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papua]], the [[koteka]] is part of traditional dress.<ref name="yoairSEAsia2" />

Traditional clothing in [[East Timor]] includes the [[tais]] mane and tais feto.<ref name="yoairSEAsia2" />

In Malaysia, men traditionally wear the [[Baju melayu|Baju Melayu]] and [[songkok]], while women wear the [[Baju kurung|Baju Kurung]], baju kebarung (a kebaya/kurung hybrid), and [[tudung]]. Each state has its own ''baju'' style, including a distinct style for the [[Federal Territories of Malaysia|Federal Territories]].

In [[Brunei]], traditional clothing includes the [[Baju melayu|Baju Melayu]] and [[songkok]] for men, and the [[baju kurung]] and [[tudung]] for women.

In the [[Philippines]], cultural attire for men includes the [[Barong tagalog|barong]], while women wear the [[baro't saya]], [[Maria Clara gown]] (or {{lang|es|traje de mestiza}}), and terno. Other garments include the [[malong]], [[patadyong]], [[Tapis (Philippine clothing)|tapis]], and [[salakot]].

Cultural attire in [[Singapore]] varies. Among [[Chinese Singaporeans]], traditional clothing includes the [[hanfu]], [[cheongsam]] for women, and [[tangzhuang]] and [[changpao]] for men. [[Indian Singaporeans]] traditionally wear the [[sari]] for women, and the [[dhoti]] and [[kurta]] for men. [[Malay Singaporeans]] wear the [[Baju Melayu]] for men, and [[Baju Kurung]] and [[sarong]] for women. [[Peranakans|Peranakan]] women traditionally wear the [[kebaya]]; men traditionally wear the [[Changpao|Baju Lokchuan]].

=== Middle East ===
{{Multiple image|
| image1 = Azerbaijani girls in kelaghayi.jpg
| caption1 = Traditional Azerbaijani dress, including [[kelaghayi]]
| image2 = Turkish folk dancer with traditional costume.jpg
| caption2 = Turkish folk dancer
| image3 = Yemenite Gargush.jpg
| caption3 = Traditional [[Yemenite Jews|Yemenite Jewish]] [[gargush]]
| image4 = روز فرهنگ بلوچ در ایالت بلوچستان شهر کویته.jpg
| caption4 = [[Baloch people|Baloch men]] wearing traditional dress, including [[shalwar kameez]]
| image5 = Iranian family,gathered together wearing traditional clothes - Nishapur - Nowruz2014.JPG
| caption5 = An Iranian family celebrating [[Nowruz]] in their traditional ethnic attire
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
}}
[[File:Traditional Kurdish Clothing - Cilûbergên Kurdî.jpg|thumb|[[Kurds|Kurdish]] couple in [[Kurdish traditional clothing|traditional dress]]]]

====Turkic====
{{Further|Azerbaijani traditional clothing|Turkish folk dress}}
Traditional dress in [[Azerbaijan]] includes the [[arkhalig]], [[chokha]], [[kelaghayi]], and [[kalpak]].

In [[Turkey]], traditional dress includes the [[kalpak]], yazma, [[kaftan]], [[turban]], salvar, [[çarık]], cepken-yelek, and boynuz kemer (horn belt).

====Jewish====
{{Further|Israeli fashion|Jewish religious clothing}}
A national symbol of [[Israel]] is the [[tembel hat]]. Other traditional items include the [[sudra (headdress)|sudra]], [[gargush]], the [[Hasidic]] [[rekel]], the [[Sephardi]] kavese<ref>{{cite web |last1=Phelan |first1=Miriam |date=18 August 2017 |title=Sephardi Dress |url=https://jewishmuseum.org.uk/2017/08/18/sephardi-dress/ |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Jewish Museum London}}</ref> (hat), and [[biblical sandals]].

[[Yemenite Jew]] women also wear [[gargush]].
====Kurdish====
{{Further|Kurdish traditional clothing|Kurdish culture}}

[[Kurdish traditional clothing|Traditional Kurdish Clothing]] or [[Kurdish traditional clothing|Cilûbergên Kurdî]] refers to the [[folk costumes]] of the [[Kurds|Kurdish people]]. The traditions typically vary across different regions and [[Kurdish tribes|tribes]] of [[Kurdistan]], but it has some common elements. Historically, Kurdish clothing was more complex and varied, but it has evolved to a simpler form over time.
[[File:Traditional Kurdish Clothing - Kurdish Costume Urmia.png|thumb|[[Kurds|Kurdish]] men in [[Kurdish traditional clothing|traditional costume]]]]
[[File:Traditional Kurdish women's clothing.jpg|thumb|[[Kurds|Kurdish]] women in [[Kurdish traditional clothing|traditional dress]]]]

====Arabic====
{{Further|Clothing in the United Arab Emirates}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Dishdasha.jpg
| caption1 = [[Gulf Arabs]] wearing traditional {{transliteration|ar|[[Thawb|'athwaab]]}} and headwear in Oman
| image2 = Be Respectful, Dress Locally, Yemen (12768689584).jpg
| caption2 = Yemeni women wearing {{transliteration|ar|[[abaya]]}}
| image3 = Ramallah woman 15029v.jpg
| caption3 = [[Ramallah]] woman wearing traditional Palestinian dress, including a {{transliteration|ar|taqsireh}} and {{transliteration|ar|smadeh}} (c. 1929–1946)
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 300
}}

Common Arabic clothings include [[abaya]], [[bisht (clothing)|bisht]], [[dishdasha]], [[kandura]], [[sirwal]], [[thawb]], with headwears like [[agal (accessory)|agal]], [[keffiyeh]], [[kufi]], and [[turban]].

In [[Iraq]], traditional attire also includes the chador, [[Hashimi dress]], and [[Kurdish clothing]].

Traditional clothing in [[Jordan]] includes the [[keffiyeh]], [[bisht (clothing)|bisht]], [[thawb]], and [[Bedouin]] attire.

In [[Lebanon]], men also wear [[taqiyah cap]].

In [[Oman]] and [[Yemen]], [[khanjar]] and [[izaar]] are also worn.
{{Clear}}

==Europe==
===Balkan===
{{Further|Albanian traditional clothing|Greek dress}}
[[File:Traditional women's costume 7.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Greek folk dress]]
Traditional clothing in [[Greece]] includes the [[fustanella]], [[breeches]] (''vraka''), and the Amalia costume. The [[Greek fisherman's cap]] is commonly worn in coastal villages by the [[Aegean Sea]].

In [[Cyprus]], traditional clothing includes the ''zimbouni'' (waistcoat), ''vraka'' (men's breeches), and ''saiya'' (women's formal festival dress); but in [[Northern Cyprus]], traditional garments include the cepken (''yelek'' vest), salta, yazma, potur, and boynuz kemer.

Traditional clothing in [[Albania]] includes [[fustanella]], {{ill|tirq|wikt|tirk}}, [[xhamadan]], and [[opinga]].

In [[Malta]], a traditional women's garment is the [[għonnella]].

===Caucasian===
[[File:Armenian traditional clothing.jpg|Armenian women wearing [[arkhalig]]s|thumb]]

In [[Armenia]], traditional attire ({{transliteration|hy|taraz}}) includes the [[arkhalig]] (long jacket), [[arakhchin]], [[burka (Caucasus)|burka]], [[chokha]], [[kalpak]], [[papakha]], and [[sirwal|shalvar]].

In [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] traditional dress includes the [[chokha]], which has varying regional designs. The [[papakha]] is also a traditional garment.

In [[Ossetia]], traditional dress includes the [[chokha]].

In Russian [[Caucasus]] republics such as [[Chechnya]], [[North Ossetia-Alania]], and [[Adygea]], the [[chokha]], [[papakha]], and [[ushanka]] are traditional.

===Germanic===
==== Germany and around ====
{{Further|Tracht}}
Every state in [[Germany]] has its own version of regional costume (''[[tracht]]''). [[Bavaria]]'s [[lederhosen]] and [[dirndl]] are widely recognized. So has [[Austria]], [[Liechtenstein]] and [[German-speaking Switzerland]], with the best-known from [[Tyrol (state)|Tyrol]], Austria. The best-known Swiss folk dress comes from the German-speaking cantons of [[Appenzell]], [[Bern]], and [[Zug]].[[File:Diandlgwand.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Young women in German {{lang|de|[[dirndl]]s}}]]

==== [[Low Countries]] ====
In [[Belgium]], the [[smock-frock|bleu sårot]] is a traditional garment in [[Wallonia]].

In the [[Netherlands]], many areas, villages, and towns used to have their own {{ill|Traditional clothing in the Netherlands|lt=traditional clothing|nl|Klederdracht (Nederland)}}. In the 21st century, only a few hundred people still wear traditional dress daily, mainly in [[Staphorst]], [[Volendam]], and [[Marken]]. Outside of the Netherlands, the most well-known parts of Dutch folk costumes are the [[Dutch cap|Dutch woman’s bonnet]] and [[klompen]]. In [[North Brabant]], the [[poffer]] is a traditional garment.

==== British Isles ====
{{image frame|content={{multiple image |border = infobox | total_width = 300 | perrow = 2/2/2/2/1
|image1=Morris dancers in Midhurst 01.jpg
|image2=Irish colleen with green plaid shawl, 1890s.jpg
|image3=Kilt&Sporran.jpg
|image4=Welsh traditional dress, Pierhead, St David's Day – Gwisg Gymreig draddodiadol, Pierhead, Dydd Gŵyl Dewi 2009.jpg
}}|caption=Top row: English [[Morris dance|Morris dancers]] wearing traditional dress and an Irish woman wearing a traditional green plaid shawl. Bottom row: A modern Scottish [[kilt]] and [[sporran]] and children wearing Welsh costume on [[St David's Day]] celebrations|align=right|mode=|width=295}}
=====England=====
The lack of a singular representative folk costume for all England has been attributed to historical factors which negated the need to assert national identity as well as cultural imperialism which saw English fashions, such as the [[Savile Row tailoring]] of modern business suits, influence the global standards for business attire around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=English identity: Your questions about patriotism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-44210984 |website=BBC |access-date=24 December 2025 |date=5 June 2018}}</ref> The English historian [[David Starkey]] quoted [[H.G. Wells]] in stating "the English are the only nation without national dress". Starkey argued that "It is a glory that we don’t have such a thing" while denigrating the national costumes of the [[Celtic Nations]], describing [[Scotland]], [[Ireland]] and [[Wales]] as "feeble little countries".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dale |first1=Iain |title=From the Archives: In Conversation with David Starkey |url=https://www.iaindale.com/articles/from-the-archives-in-conversation-with-david-starkey |website=www.iaindale.com |access-date=11 February 2026 |language=en |date=3 February 2019}}</ref>

Despite this, there are elements of English folk costumes in [[English country clothing]] such as [[smock-frock]]s and [[shawl]]s. In [[Northern England]], traditional clothes include the [[maud (plaid)|maud]] and [[flat cap]]. In the northeast, traditional attire includes the [[rapper sword#Costume|rapper dance dress]] and [[border tartan|Northumberland kilts and tartan]]. Across England, traditional attire includes the [[smock-frock]].

[[File:Man dressed in Cornish tartan on Gorsedh Day, Folly Field, Marazion, Cornwall - September 2025.jpg|thumb|A man wearing [[Cornish tartan]] on Gorsedh Day 2025 at [[Marazion]], Cornwall.|201x201px]]
In [[Cornwall]], traditional items include the [[sou'wester]] hat, fisherman's [[smock-frock|smock]], [[Guernsey (clothing)|gansey]], [[bal-maiden]] clothing, and [[Cornish kilts and tartans]].

=====Ireland=====
Traditional attire in [[Ireland]] includes the [[aran sweater]], [[Irish walking hat]], [[flat cap]], [[grandfather shirt]], [[Galway shawl]], [[brogue shoe|brogue]], and costumes used in [[Irish stepdance]]. In [[Northern Ireland]], traditional dress is similar to the rest of Ireland.

=====Scotland=====
In [[Scotland]], Highland dress includes the [[kilt]] or [[trews]], [[tam o'shanter (hat)|tam o'shanter]] or [[Balmoral bonnet]], [[doublet (clothing)|doublet]], [[Aboyne dress]], and [[brogue shoe|brogues]] or [[ghillie brogues|ghillies]]. In the [[Scottish Lowlands]], dress includes the [[maud (plaid)|maud]] and [[blue bonnet (hat)|blue bonnet]].

=====Wales=====
[[File:Clog dancer.jpg|thumb|A traditional [[Welsh stepdance]] at the 2017 [[National Eisteddfod]] in [[Bodedern]]. The dancer and musician are both wearing traditional male folk costumes.|201x201px]]
Welsh folk costumes are dominated by the [[Traditional Welsh costume]], which features in many aspects of [[Welsh culture|Welsh cultural life]] such as [[Saint David's Day]] celebrations, [[Eisteddfodau]] or in [[Welsh dance]]. The costume includes versions of the garments worn by working women across Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries (such as the [[shawl]]), as well as uniquely Welsh features like the prominent [[Welsh hat]]. The costume became a [[cultural icon]] of Wales in the 1840s,<ref>Christine Stevens, 'Welsh Peasant Dress – Workwear or National Costume', ''[[Textile History]] 33, 63–78 (2002)''</ref> but even after the costume had ceased to be seen as fashionable, it continued to be worn by women for events such as royal visits, at church or chapel, and for photographs and artwork such as the 1908 painting ''[[Salem (painting)|Salem]]''.<ref name="WAEoW">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=John |author2=Jenkins, Nigel |title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales |year=2008|pages=931–932 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6}}</ref>

The male folk costume is less well known outside of Wales, but also derives from the clothes of working people in the 18th century. Consisting of a red flannel shirts, waistcoat, jacket,
[[Clog (British)|clogs]] and breeches with stockings. Welsh folk-clothing was primarily made up of [[Woollen industry in Wales|locally manufactured woollen garments]], such as the [[Welsh Wig]] and [[Monmouth cap]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2016|title=men's clothes|url=https://welshhat.wordpress.com/types-of-costume/mens-costume/|access-date=11 February 2021|website=Welsh Costume / Gwisg Gymreig|language=en}}</ref><ref name="PeoplesCollection">{{Cite web|title=Welsh Costume: Men's clothes|url=https://www.peoplescollection.wales/collections/840731|access-date=11 February 2021|website=Peoples Collection Wales|language=en}}</ref>

====[[Nordic nations]]====
{{Further|Icelandic national costume|Swedish fashion}}
In [[Denmark]], traditional clothing includes {{ill|folkedragt|da}}.[[File:Faroese folk dance club from vagar.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Faroese [[folk dance]] club with some members in national costumes]]

On the [[Faroe Islands]], traditional dress is known as the ''[[føroysk klæði]]''.

In [[Iceland]], traditional clothing is known as the {{lang|is|[[þjóðbúningurinn]]}}.

In [[Norway]], each [[Counties of Norway|county]] and [[Svalbard]]) has a designated folk costume, or ''bunad''. The most famous bunader are from [[Hardanger]] and [[Setesdal]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Bunad history |url=https://bunadogfolkedrakt.no/bunadhistoria |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=bunadogfolkedrakt.no |publisher=Norsk institutt for bunad og folkedrakt}}</ref> [[Sámi people]] wear [[gákti]] and, for colder weather, [[luhkka]].

In [[Sweden]], the traditional {{lang|sv|folkdräkt}} varies by province. Since 1983, an official national costume, {{ill|Sverigedräkten|sv}}, has also been used.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Swedish Traditional Clothing: The Ultimate Guide |url=https://seekscandinavia.com/swedish-traditional-clothing/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=seekscandinavia.com |publisher=Seek Scandinavia}}</ref> The [[Bäckadräkten]] became the first unisex design in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Welin |first=Matilda |date=January 10, 2023 |title=The Scandinavian Folk Clothing Right for Now |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230110-the-scandinavian-folk-clothing-right-for-now |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315034917/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230110-the-scandinavian-folk-clothing-right-for-now |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2024 |work=The Collection |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> The [[nationella dräkten]] was worn in the 18th century.

===Latin===
{{Further|French fashion|Italian fashion|Romanian traditional clothing}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Zamarra.jpg
| caption1 = Man wearing a {{lang|eu|[[zamarra (coat)|zamarra]]}}, a sheepskin coat traditionally worn by [[Basques|Basque]] shepherds
| image2 = Jerez spanien folklore.jpg
| caption2 = [[Andalusian people|Andalusian]] women wearing {{lang|es|[[Traje de flamenca|trajes de flamenca]]}}
| image3 = FIL 2009 - Coiffes bretonnes - bigoudènes - cercle ar vro vigoudenn.JPG
| caption3 = Traditional [[Breton costume]] worn by women and girls in [[Brittany]], [[France]]
| image4 = The Ciociara, young woman in Ciociaro costume (c.1869), by Cletofonte Preti.jpg
| caption4 = A young Italian woman in traditional [[Ciociaria]]n dress (c.1869)
| image5 = Faldetta 1.jpg
| caption5 = Traditional {{lang|mt|[[għonnella]]}}, or {{lang|mt|faldetta}}, once ubiquitous in Malta
| image6 = Romanian teens in traditional clothes are dancing.jpg
| caption6 = Romanian teens in traditional dress
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 2
}}

==== Iberian ====
In [[Portugal]], each region has its own specific design of national costume. The most famous examples come from [[Viana do Castelo]] and [[Nazaré, Portugal|Nazaré]].

Each [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous region]] in [[Spain]] has its own national costume.

In [[Andalusia]], traditional garments include the [[sombrero cordobés]], [[traje de flamenca]], [[traje de luces]], and the [[montera]].

In the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]], traditional dress includes the [[beret]] and [[espadrilles]].

Each island of the [[Canary Islands]] has its own style of traditional dress. In 1934, [[Néstor Martín-Fernández de la Torre]] designed a pan-island costume adopted mainly in [[Las Palmas]] on [[Gran Canaria]].

In [[Catalonia]], traditional garments include the [[barretina]] and [[faixa]].

In [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], each province has its own regional costume.

Traditional garments in [[Andorra]] include the [[barretina]] and [[espadrilles]].

====Other nations====
Each [[Regions of France]] has a style of folk costume, varying by [[Departments of France|department]]. For example, [[Brittany]] has the [[Breton costume]], which differs by department and is predominantly used in [[Celtic circle]]s, [[pardon (ceremony)|pardons]], and festivals. In the [[French Basque Country]], traditional garments include the [[beret]] and [[espadrille]].

Traditional clothing in [[Italy]] includes [[Italian folk dance]] costumes, [[Sardinian people|Sardinian]] folk costumes, as well as [[coppola (cap)|coppola]] and [[Arbëreshë people|Arbëreshë]] costumes in [[Sicily]].

Traditional clothing in [[Romania]] is represented by [[Romanian traditional clothing|its national costume]].

===Balto-Slavic===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Bulgarian folk costume.jpg
| caption1 = Bulgarian traditional folk costume
| image2 = Russian folk dress (VMDPNI) 01a by shakko.jpg
| caption2 = Russian festive folk dress
| image3 = 43. TKB - Beskid z Bielska-Białej 08.JPG
| caption3 = People wearing regional [[Łowiczans|Łowicz]]-style folk dress in Poland
| total_width = 300
}}

==== Eastern Slavs====
{{Further|Russian fashion|Ukrainian national clothing}}
In [[Belarus]], traditional attire include the [[pas kontuszowy|slutsk stash]] and the national type of [[wimple]] (''namitka'').

Many types of traditional dress exist in [[Russia]], including [[bast shoes]], [[boyar hat]], [[ryasna]], [[sarafan]],<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Traditional Dress |url=https://tmora.org/online-exhibitions/a-homespun-life-textiles-of-old-russia/introduction-to-traditional-dress/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |publisher=The Museum of Russian Art}}</ref> [[kaftan]], [[kokoshnik]], [[kosovorotka]], [[ushanka]], and [[valenki]].

In [[Mordovia]], there are also [[Mordovian national costume]]s.

In [[Ukraine]], traditional clothing includes the [[vyshyvanka]], [[sharovary]], [[żupan]], and the [[Ukrainian wreath]].<ref>{{cite web |author=National Center of Folk Culture "Ivan Honchar Museum" |date= |title=Get the Ukrainian Look: Ukrainian Folk Dress |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/get-the-ukrainian-look-ukrainian-folk-dress-national-center-of-folk-culture/OgURhGB0NRK4sQ?hl=en |access-date=November 3, 2023 |publisher=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref>

====Western Slavs====
[[File:Moravian Slovak Costumes during Jizda Kralu.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|"Kroj" from Czech [[Moravian Slovakia]] during the [[Ride of the Kings]] festival]]
{{Further|Kroj|National costumes of Poland}}
In the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], traditional clothing is known as ''kroje''.

Traditional clothing in [[Poland]] includes the [[czamara]], [[żupan]], [[kontusz]], and [[rogatywka]]. Regional styles include those of [[Łowiczans|Łowicz]], [[Kurpie|Kurpie Zielone]], [[Biłgoraj]], [[Sącz Lachs|Lachy Sądeckie]], [[Kraków]], [[Podhale]], [[Szamotuły]], and [[Kashubia|Kaszuby]].<ref>{{cite web |author=The State Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw |date= |title=Regional Types - Traditional Polish Folk Costumes |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/regional-types-%E2%80%93-traditional-polish-folk-costumes-the-state-ethnographic-museum-in-warsaw/2gXxTD7-cksaLQ?hl=en |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website= |publisher=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref>

====Southern Slavs====
{{Further|Bulgarian national garb|Croatian national costume|Traditional clothing of Kosovo|Macedonian national costume|Serbian traditional clothing}}

In [[Bulgaria]], every town has its own design of a national costume (''nosia''), with different types of clothing traditional for each region of the country.<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-06-16 |title=Носиите – Жеравна 2014 |url=http://www.nosia.bg/nosiite/ |access-date=2014-08-27 |publisher=Nosia.bg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Български народни носии – България в стари снимки и пощенски картички |url=http://retrobulgaria.com/sbnn/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428080130/http://retrobulgaria.com/sbnn/index.html |archive-date=2019-04-28 |access-date=2014-08-27 |publisher=Retrobulgaria.com}}</ref>

Traditional dress in [[Croatia]] includes the [[Lika cap]], and the [[Šibenik cap]].

In [[Serbia]], each region has a distinct style of national costume. Traditional items include the [[Lika cap]], [[Montenegrin cap]] (shared with [[Montenegro]]), [[opanci]], [[šajkača]], and [[šubara]].

[[Slovenia]]n traditional clothing includes the {{lang|sl|[[gorenjska narodna noša]]}}.

====Baltic====
[[File:Traditional Lithuanian dress.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Girls wearing regional [[:lt:Aukštaičių rūbai|Aukštaičių]]-style folk dresses in [[Kaunas]], Lithuania]]In [[Latvia]], {{ill|Latviešu tautastērpi|lv}} (''tautastērpi'') vary by region.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Latvian National Costumes |url=http://www.senaklets.lv/eng.php |access-date=November 3, 2023 |publisher=The National Costume Center SENĀ KLĒTS}}</ref>

In [[Lithuania]], traditional dress differs by region. Styles include the {{ill|Aukštaičių rūbai|lt}}, {{ill|Žemaičių rūbai|lt}}, {{ill|Dzūkų rūbai|lt}}, {{ill|Suvalkiečių rūbai|lt}}, and {{ill|Klaipėdos krašto rūbai|lt}} (also known as Mažoji Lietuva).<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=National Costumes |url=http://www.lnkc.lt/go.php/eng/costumes/136912 |access-date=November 3, 2023 |publisher=Lithuanian National Culture Centre}}</ref>

===Uralic===
[[File:Hungarian Dresses.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Hungarian women in folk dress]]Traditional dress of [[Estonia]] includes {{ill|rahvarõivad|et}}, also known as ''rahvariided''.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=Estonian Folk Costumes |url=https://rahvaroivad.ee/en |access-date=December 23, 2023 |website=rahvaroivad.ee |publisher=NGO Estonian National Costume (MTÜ Rahvarõivas)}}</ref>

Each region of [[Finland]] has a specific design of national costume ({{lang|fi|kansallispuku}}, {{lang|fi|nationaldräkt}}). They vary widely; some resemble Swedish clothing, and some reflect Russian influences.

[[Sámi people]] wear [[gákti]] or [[luhkka]] for colder weather.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date= |title=The National Costume Center of Finland |url=https://www.craftmuseum.fi/en/craft-museum-finland/activities-and-services/national-costume-center-finland |access-date=November 3, 2023 |website=craftmuseum.fi |publisher=Craft Museum of Finland}}</ref>

Elements of traditional dress in [[Hungary]] include pendely (linen underskirt), gatya (pleated skirt-like pants), elejbőr (sheepskin vest), kacagány (fur pelt), and ködmön (sheepskin coat).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Béni |first=Alexandra |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Get to know the invaluable Hungarian folk costumes |url=https://dailynewshungary.com/get-know-invaluable-hungarian-folk-costumes/ |access-date=November 3, 2023 |magazine=Daily News Hungary}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Oceania ==
=== Australia and New Zealand ===
{{Further|Māori traditional textiles}}

In [[Australia]], traditional attire of [[Aboriginal Australian]]s includes [[Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft|fibrecraft-made]] clothing and [[possum cloak]]s. [[European Australian]] dress includes the [[cork hat]] and rural bushwear such as [[moleskin]] trousers, [[safari shirt|bush shirt]], [[Akubra]] slouch hat, [[Driza-Bone]] coat, and [[Australian work boot]]s. In the [[Torres Strait Islands]], traditional dress includes the [[Mother Hubbard dress|Augemwalli]].

In [[New Zealand]], [[Māori people|Māori]] traditional garments include the [[piupiu]], [[Korowai (cloak)|korowai]], and kakahu huruhuru. Traditional attire for [[New Zealand European]]s includes the [[Swanndri]] [[bush jacket]], [[slouch hat]], [[walk shorts]] with knee-high socks, and black singlets with [[rugby football|rugby]] shorts.

{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = 00 2449 Maori, indigenous people of New Zealand.jpg
| caption1 = Māori man wearing a korowai and piupiu
| image2 = The Challenge.jpg
| caption2 = A [[kapa haka]] performing the warrior challenge in traditional piupiu at the swearing in of the 21st [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]]
| image3 = Poi-manutuke.jpg
| caption3 = Māori [[Poi (performance art)|poi]] performance in traditional dress
| image4 = Noongar traditional dancers, Perth, Australia.jpg
| caption4 = [[Noongar]] traditional dancers in [[Perth]]
| total_width = 600
}}

=== Melanesia ===
In [[Fiji]], traditional garments include the [[lavalava|sulu]], chamba (sulu i ra), [[tapa cloth]] (called ''masi''), and [[i-sala]]. The kuta, made in the village of Dama in [[Bua Province]], is another traditional item. Also traditional are [[saree]]s, [[shalwar kameez]], and other [[Indo-Fijian]] traditional and religious clothing originating in [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thinkpacific.com/fijians-of-indian-descent-clothing/|title=Fijians of Indian Descent – Clothing|author=|date=|website=Think Pacific|publisher=Think Pacific Limited|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref>

In [[New Caledonia]], traditional dress includes the [[lavalava|manou]] and [[Mother Hubbard dress|robes mission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ardici.nc/en/buy-what-and-where|title=Check out our iconic products: Mother Hubbard dresses|author=|date=|website=Ardici|publisher=Ardici: Artisanat de Nouvelle-Calédonie|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref>

In [[Papua New Guinea]], traditional dress includes the [[Mother Hubbard dress|meri blaus]], [[lap-lap]], [[koteka]], ''bilum'' (traditional string bags),<ref>{{cite news|last=McDonald|first=Hamish|date=January 18, 2023|title=Papua New Guinea's 'bilums' weave together function, fashion|url= https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/Tea-Leaves/Papua-New-Guinea-s-bilums-weave-together-function-fashion|work=Nikkei Asia|location=Mount Hagen, Papua New Guinea|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref><ref name="ANU">{{cite web|url=https://archives.anu.edu.au/exhibitions/marie-reay-papua-new-guinea-exploring-cultures-through-objects/weaving-and-clothing|title=Weaving and clothing|author=|date=|website=archives.anu.edu.au|publisher=Australian National University|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref> and grass covers.<ref name="ANU" />

In the [[Solomon Islands]], traditional attire includes the [[tapa cloth]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/topic/1948|title=Tapa: Pacific Style - Solomon Islands tapa|author=|date=|website=tepapa.govt.nz|publisher=Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=|date=March 5, 2008|title=Traditional Tapa Valued in Tikopia |url= https://www.solomontimes.com/news/traditional-tapa-valued-in-tikopia/1441|work=Solomon Times|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref> [[grass skirt]]s, [[kap-kap]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.art-pacific.com/artifacts/nuguinea/solomons/jewelry.htm|title=Solomon Islands jewelry|last1=Leigh|first1=Carolyn|last2=Perry|first2=Ron|date=|website=Art-Pacific.com|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref> and breastplates called ''tema'', ''tambe'', or ''tepatu''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/313708|title=Breastplate (Tema, Tambe, or Tepatu)|author=|date=|website=metmuseum.org|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref> For women, traditional attire includes the ''kabilato'' and ''aba obi''; for men, traditional attire includes the ''fo'osae''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Burt|first=Ben|date=March 1990|title=Kwara'ae Costume Ornaments|url=https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/kwaraae-costume-ornaments/|magazine=Expedition Magazine|volume=32|issue=1|access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref>

In [[Vanuatu]], traditional clothing includes the [[Mother Hubbard dress|Aelan dress]] and the [[lap-lap]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cummings|first=Maggie|date=2013|title=Looking Good: The Cultural Politics of the Island Dress for Young Women in Vanuatu|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/20074229.pdf|journal=The Contemporary Pacific|volume=25|issue=1|pages=33–65|doi= 10.1353/cp.2013.0007|hdl=10125/32890 |s2cid=145598013 |access-date=November 7, 2023}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Fiji (9476712582) (2).jpg
| caption1 = People in traditional dress in Fiji
| image2 = Femmes kanak2.jpg
| caption2 = [[Kanak]] women wearing [[Mother Hubbard dress|Robes mission]]
| image3 = Huli wigman.jpg
| caption3 = [[Huli people|Huli wigman]] from [[Papua New Guinea]] in festive regalia
| image4 = Landdiving7.jpg
| caption4 = Men wearing traditional [[Namba (clothing)|nambas]] during a [[N'gol]] ceremony on [[Pentecost Island]], [[Vanuatu]] (1992)
| total_width = 600
}}

=== Micronesia ===
{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Ulithi-Dancers.jpg
| caption1 = People performing a welcome ceremony in traditional dress on the [[Ulithi]] atoll
| image2 = Yapese men dancers in traditional dress celebrating Yap Day.jpg
| caption2 = [[Yapese people|Yapese]] men in traditional dress celebrating [[Yap Day]]
| image3 = Palauan mother 1st baby ceremony.jpg
| caption3 = A ceremony in [[Palau]] for a woman giving birth to her first child
| total_width = 400
}}

In the [[Federated States of Micronesia]] and [[Palau]] ''et alibi'', traditional dress includes the [[lap-lap]] for men and [[grass skirt]]s for women.

=== Polynesia ===
{{See also|Polynesian culture}}
{{multiple image
| align = center
| image1 = Rapanookee vona.jpg
| caption1 = [[Rapa Nui people|Rapa Nui]] dancers ([[Easter Island]])
| image2 = Tahitian woman in festive costume ca 1906.jpg
| caption2 = [[Tahitians|Tahitian]] woman in festive regalia (c. 1906)
| image3 = Festal Hawaiian dancers 02.jpg
| caption3 = Hawaiian musicians wearing traditional dress, including a [[muumuu]]
| image4 = Hula Kahiko Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 02.jpg
| caption4 = [[Hula kahiko]] performance at the pa hula in [[Hawaii Volcanoes National Park]]
| image5 = High school students wearing puletasi.jpg
| caption5 = Samoan women wearing [[puletasi]]
| image6 = Woman in Lavalava (29927610794).jpg
| caption6 = Samoan woman wearing a [[lavalava]] in [[Apia]]
| image7 = Polynesian Cultural Center - Canoe Pageant (8328364423).jpg
| caption7 = Samoan canoe performers in traditional dress
| image8 = Kailao.jpg
| caption8 = Tongan college students performing the [[kailao]] dance (1988)
| image9 = Marriage mat.jpg
| caption9 = Tongan newlyweds wearing their wedding [[taʻovala]]
| image10 = Tupenu01.JPG
| caption10 = Young boys wearing traditional Tongan [[tupenu]]
| total_width = 600
| perrow = 5
}}

In the [[Cook Islands]] and [[French Polynesia]] ''et alibi'', traditional dress includes the [[pareo]].

In [[Hawaii]], traditional garments include the [[holokū]], and pāʻū skirts made of [[tapa cloth|kapa]] or [[grass skirt|grass]]. Men traditionally wear the malo ([[loincloth]]). The [[Aloha shirt]] and [[muumuu]] are also traditional clothing.

In [[Samoa]], traditional clothing includes the [[lavalava]], [[puletasi]], and [['ie toga]].

In [[Tonga]], traditional dress includes the [[tupenu]], [[ta'ovala]], and [[tapa cloth]].

{{Clear}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |date=2016 |editor-last=Sedakova |editor-first=Irina |editor2-last=Vlaskina |editor2-first=Nina |title=Folk Costume |url=https://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol66/ |journal=Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore |volume=66 |doi=10.7592/fejf2016.66 |issn=1406-0957|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book |last=Shukla |first=Pravina |title=Costume: performing identities through dress |date=2015 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-01577-8 |location=Bloomington}}
* {{Cite web |title=What is a Folk Costume? |url=https://folklife.wisc.edu/what-is-a-folk-costume/ |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Nordic Folklife: Sustaining Scandinavian Folk Arts in the Upper Midwest |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison |language=en-US}}

== References ==
{{Commons category|Traditional clothing}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Folk costume}}
{{Europe topic|National costume of}}
{{Asia topic|National costume of}}
{{Portal bar|Society|Fashion}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Folk Costume}}
[[Category:Folk costumes| ]]

Monika Correa

2026-03-27T23:55:37Z

KristalBabbage2: Made details

{{Short description|Indian textile artist (born 1938)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Monika Correa
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1938}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = [[Textile design|Textile artist]]
| known_for = Experimental weaves
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Charles Correa]]|1961|2015|end=died}}
| children = 2
| website = {{URL|monikacorrea.com}}
}}
'''Monika Correa''' ([[née]] '''Sequeira'''; born 1938) is an Indian textile artist known for her experimental weaves.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=10 Textile Artists You Should Know |url=https://indiaartfair.in/10-textile-artists-you-should-know |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=India Art Fair}}</ref> She is largely a self-taught weaver which has allowed her to break free from the inhibitions of an academically trained artist and explore the possibility of textile as a medium of art.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ghose |first=Anindita |date=2020-01-31 |title=Monika Correa: An artist at the loom |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/monika-correa-an-artist-at-the-loom-11580474838165.html |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Her textile creations are a part of leading collections at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monika Correa {{!}} Met |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search?q=Monika+Correa |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA), New York;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monika Correa {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/69493 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]], Minneapolis<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem, Monika Correa ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art |url=http://collections.artsmia.org/art/136192/bethlehem-monika-correa |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=collections.artsmia.org}}</ref> and [[Tate]], London<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=Monika Correa born 1938 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/monika-correa-29086 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}</ref> to name a few.

== Biography ==
Monika has completed her [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] in [[Microbiology]] from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] in 1958.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Frieze London 2019 |url=https://jhavericontemporary.com/art-fairs/frieze-london-2019 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=jhavericontemporary.com}}</ref> Later, she married the notable Indian architect [[Charles Correa]] in 1961. They had two children, Nakul and Nondita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Charles Correa obituary |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jun/19/charles-correa |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

In 1962, Monika had accompanied her husband when he was called to teach at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). En route this trip, they traveled via [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] where she saw the traditional [[Rya (rug)|Rya]] & [[Ryijy]] rugs and was thoroughly impressed by them.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-02 |title=The Looming Legacy |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/the-looming-legacy/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=read |first=Deepika Sorabjee·In-DepthInterviews··6 min |date=2020-07-23 |title=Beautiful tapestry of a life well spent |url=http://designyatra.com/beautiful-tapestry-of-a-life-well-spent/ |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Designyatra |language=en-US}}</ref> This sparked Correa's interest and motivated her to learn weaving. Subsequently, in America, she got a chance to meet [[Marianne Strengell]] through [[György Kepes]], a painter and professor at MIT.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Priyansha |title=Loom of Life, Texture of Time |url=http://www.artindiamag.com/wp-content/themes/art-india/archives-files/2019/Vol-23-Issue-3/Vol-23-Issue-3.html |journal=Art India |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=50–53}}</ref> Former had then retired as the head of the textiles department from the [[Cranbrook Academy of Art]]. Strengell taught Correa the fundamentals of weaving and gave her a design of the loom when the latter was returning to India.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |author=Reema Gehi|date=3 February 2019 |title=Threads of life |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/sunday-read/threads-of-life/articleshow/67813407.cms |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
After Correa returned to India in 1963, she got the loom built for herself according to the design shared by Strengell. She had also told Correa about [[Nelly Sethna]], her former student who also lived in Bombay. Sethna had sent a young weaver to accommodate Correa with the basic setup.<ref name=":4" />

=== Weavers’ Service Center ===
Correa trained for three months between 1964 and 1965 at the Weavers’ Service Center (WSC) in Mumbai.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Approaching Abstraction |url=https://jhavericontemporary.com/exhibitions/approaching-abstraction |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=jhavericontemporary.com}}</ref> It was a research institute headed by [[Pupul Jayakar]]<ref name=":1" /> and funded by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Lego - Monika Correa {{!}} Met |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/778992 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}</ref> At the WSC, Correa met Indian modern artists like [[K. G. Subramanyan]] and [[Prabhakar Barwe]].<ref name=":0" /> At that time, Subramanyan was working on fibre sculptures made of wool which had a deep influence on Correa.<ref name=":5" />

=== Commissions ===
Initially, Correa began making [[dhurrie]]s (floor carpets) which had simple forms of stripes and solid surfaces. However, not impressed by the idea of people walking on the dhurries, she decided to turn her handlooms into a canvas. She gradually moved to create vertical, wall mounted works which made the process of weaving itself visible.<ref name=":8" />

Correa's breakthrough moment came about when she was asked by [[Pilloo Pochkhanawala]] to create weaves for Bombay Arts Festival in 1966. Alongside K. G. Subramanyan and Nelly Sethna, Correa created two pieces for the festival – one of which was the work titled 'Original Sin', for which she had used hand-spun wool.<ref name=":6" />

Following the recognition received at this event, bulk of Correa's work came about as exclusive commissions. Some of her creations include weaves for [[Philip Johnson]]’s [[The Four Seasons Restaurant]] at the [[Seagram Building]] in New York and The Constitutional Court of South Africa in [[Johannesburg]] among others.<ref name=":7" />

=== Experimentation ===
The innovative aspect of Correa's work has been her re-structuring of the [[Reed (weaving)|reed]] used for weaving. With the help of a carpenter, she cut off the top of the reed which consisted of iron filings stuck with tar. This allowed her to screw it on the wooden rack of the loom. Being able to unscrew at her will meant that she was able to release the reed according to her requirement. This enabled her to collect the wefts and then, by shifting the reed she could displace them slightly, thus allowing a sense of movement within the weave.<ref name=":3" /> Correa has applied this technique to her tapestries which make her experimental weaves quite unique and fascinating.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== Notable works ==

* Original Sin (1966, 1972)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=‘Original Sin’, Monika Correa, 1972 |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/correa-original-sin-t15353 |access-date=2022-03-26 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Banyan Tree (1984)
* Axis Mundi (1997–99)<ref name=":5" />

== Exhibitions ==

=== Solo exhibitions ===

* 2019 - ''Woven'' at [[Frieze Art Fair|Frieze]] London, Jhaveri Contemporary<ref name=":2" />
* 2014 - ''Echoes in Fiber: The Textile Art of Monika Correa'', Pucker Gallery, Boston<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-03 |title=A Boston Summer Design Calendar |url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/property/2014/06/03/go-read-summer-design-fix/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Boston Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
* 2013 - ''Meandering Warps'', Chemould Prescott Road, Mumbai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meandering Warps {{!}} 24 January - 23 February 2013 |url=https://www.gallerychemould.com/exhibitions/47-meandering-warps-monika-correa/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Chemould Prescott Road |language=en}}</ref>

=== Group exhibitions ===

* 2019 - ''Taking a Thread for a Walk'', Museum of Modern Art, New York<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taking a Thread for a Walk {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/5101 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref>
* 2016 - ''Rewind'', [[Dhaka Art Summit]], Dhaka<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewind |url=https://www.dhakaartsummit.org/rewind |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Dhaka Art Summit |language=en-US |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726031402/https://www.dhakaartsummit.org/rewind |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2015 - ''Approaching Abstraction'', Jhaveri Contemporary, Mumbai<ref name=":7" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160319233248/http://www.monikacorrea.com/ Official website]}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6cCsMpG9wNk Interview] with [[Tate]] on [[YouTube]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Correa, Monika}}
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century women textile artists]]
[[Category:20th-century textile artists]]
[[Category:Indian weavers]]

Kushal Singh of Auwa

2026-03-27T20:29:55Z

KristalBabbage2: new first bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian rebel}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Kushal Singh Champawat
|image=Kushal_Singh_of_Auwa.jpg
|caption=Statue of Thakur Kushal Singh in [[Auwa]]
|birth_place=[[Auwa]], [[Marwar|Jodhpur State]]
|death_date=1864
|death_place=[[Mewar]]
|movement=[[Indian rebellion of 1857]]
}}
'''Kushal Singh Rathore,''' also known as '''Kushal Singh Champawat''', (died 1864) was the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of a prominent Thikana of [[Auwa]] in [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur State]]. During the [[Indian rebellion of 1857]], he defeated the [[East India Company|British army]] in the Battle of Bithoda and Chelawas.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sarma |first1=Gollapalli Nagabhushana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fipuAAAAMAAJ&q=thakur+kushal+singh+of+auwa |title=Political Awakening and Indian Freedom Movement with Special Reference to Rajasthan |last2=Vashishtha |first2=Vijay Kumar |date=1993 |publisher=Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan |language=en}}</ref>

==Role in Indian Rebellion of 1857==
Kushal Singh, who was in open rebellion, invited the rebel soldiers of Jodhpur region to Auwa who were marching from [[Mount Abu]] to [[Delhi]]. The Thakurs of Asop, Bajawas, Gular and Alaniawas also joined Thakur Kushal Singh at Auwa to put combined effort. The Agent of Governor General of Rajputana General Lawrence when hearing of the news of the rebellion asked [[Maharaja of Jodhpur]] to collect an army and march towards Auwa. The Jodhpur state army half-heartedly marched, furious General Lawrence sent Lt. Heathcote to encourage the men to attack Auwa.<ref name="google">{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|title=A History of Rajasthan|date=2006|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6|pages=836|language=en}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{Cite book|last=Khadgawat|first=Nathu Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3cMAQAAIAAJ|title=Rajasthan's Role in the Struggle of 1857|date=1957|publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Rajasthan|pages=36–56|language=en}}</ref>

==Battle of Bithoda ==
Kushaal Singh at the head of the rebel army marched to meet the state army near Bithoda, where a battle ensued and the state army fled along with Lt. Heathcote. The Auwa army became victorious.

==Battle of Chelawas==
Highly disappointed General Lawrence personally marched from [[Nasirabad, Ajmer|Nasirabad]] to subdue Kushal Singh, Jodhpur Political Agent Captain Monck Mason also joined him from Jodhpur with his army. Combined army led of Lawrence and Mason laid siege to Auwa fort.<ref name="google"/><ref name="google2"/>

The besieged sallied from the fort and a battle ensued near Chelawas where Captain Monck Mason was killed and later his head was hanged at the gate of Fort of Auwa. General Lawrence, being defeated, retreated and fell back to Nasirabad.<ref name="google2"/>

==Rebels Marched Towards Delhi==
In October 1857 men of Jodhpur Legion departed from Auwa and went towards [[Delhi]]. The thakurs of Gular, Asop and Alaniawas also marched towards Delhi along with the rebels of Jodhpur legion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khadgawat |first=Nathu Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3cMAQAAIAAJ&q=thakur+kushal+singh+of+auwa |title=Rajasthan's Role in the Struggle of 1857 |date=1957 |publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Rajasthan |language=en}}</ref>

==Siege of Auwa==
Thakur Kushal Singh's strength got weakened after their departure. [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] sent an expeditionary force of 30.000 men under Brigadier Holmes which attacked and occupied Auwa after 5 days siege. Thakur Kushal Singh escaped with his men but the fort was destroyed and his Jagir confiscated along with Jagirs of the various chiefs who allied with him.<ref name="google2"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chand |first=Tara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fomDwAAQBAJ&dq=thakur+kushal+singh+of+auwa&pg=PT143 |title=History of Freedom Movement in India - Vol 2 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2447-9 |language=en}}</ref>

==Later life==
After his escape from Auwa, he took shelter at [[Kotharia, Rajasthan|Kotharia]] in neighbouring [[Mewar|State]]. He was provided with monthly allowance of a thousand rupees by Maharana of [[Mewar]].
On 8 August 1860, he surrendered himself in front of britisher at Neemuch Cantonment nearby area of Mewar.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|title=A History of Rajasthan|date=2006|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0890-6|pages=836–837|language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
A Panorama cum museum was built and inaugurated by [[Vasundhara Raje]], the [[Chief Minister]] of Rajasthan in 2018 at Auwa showcasing history of Rebellion of 1857 and Rajasthan's role in it. The Panorama also includes a statue of Kushal Singh and a small temple of Sugali Mata, the Chief deity of Auwa thakur. The original idol was broken and taken to Ajmer after the sack of Auwa in 1857.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Correspondent|first=dna|date=2018-08-31|title=Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje restores Auwa idol, Rajput pride|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-chief-minister-vasundhara-raje-restores-auwa-idol-rajput-pride-2657212|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827052023/https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-chief-minister-vasundhara-raje-restores-auwa-idol-rajput-pride-2657212|archive-date=27 Aug 2019|access-date=2021-07-21|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Champawat, Singh Champawat}}
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Marwar]]

Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)

2026-03-27T08:42:08Z

KristalBabbage2:

{{short description|War fought over control of Kandahar, Afghanistan, between the Safavid and Mughal empires}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal–Safavid war
| image =
| caption =
| partof = the [[Mughal–Persian wars]]
| date = 20 May 1622 – Spring 1623
| place = [[Loy Kandahar]], modern day [[Afghanistan]]
| result = [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] victory
| territory = [[Kandahar]] falls to [[Safavid Iran]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|23px]] [[Safavid Iran]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Mughal India]]
| commander1 = [[File:Safavid Flag.svg|23px]] [[Abbas the Great]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|23px]] [[Jahangir]]
| strength1 = 2,000
| strength2 = 6,000
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal–Persian wars}}
The '''Mughal–Safavid war''' of 1622–1623 was fought over the important fortress city of [[Kandahar]], in [[Afghanistan]], between the Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire.

[[File:Muhammad Ali Beg.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Ali Beg was the [[Persia]]n ambassador sent to the Mughal court of [[Jahangir]] by [[Abbas I of Persia]], arriving in time for [[Muharram]] in March 1631. He remained there until October 1632, thus negotiating an end to the conflict between the Mughals and the [[Safavid]]s.]]

Shah Abbas had desired to capture the strategic fortress in Kandahar since he had lost it in 1595.<ref name="Burton159">Burton 1997, p. 159</ref> In 1605 the governor of [[Herat]], Husein Khan, besieged the city but the tenacious defense of the Mughal governor, Shah Beg Khan, and the arrival in the next year of a relieving Mughal army to Kandahar forced the Safavids to retreat.<ref name="Iranica">Iranica 2011</ref><ref name="Kohn337">Kohn 2007, p. 337</ref> With the conclusion of the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–18)]], Shah Abbas was secure enough for a war on his eastern frontier,{{r|Burton159}} so in 1621 he ordered an army to gather at [[Nishapur]].{{r|Burton159}} After celebrating the [[Nowruz|Iranian New Year]] at Tabas Gilaki in southern [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], Abbas joined with his army and marched on Kandahar where he arrived on 20 May and immediately began the siege.{{r|Burton159}} Though [[Jahangir]] had information of the Persian's movements he was slow to respond,{{r|Burton159}} and without reinforcements, the small garrison of 3,000 men could not hold for long.<ref name="Chandra221">Chandra 2005, p. 221</ref>

The Emperor asked his son and heir apparent [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]] who was at [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] to lead the campaign and move the Barha Sayyids, the Indian Bukhari Sayyids, the Shaikhzadas, and the Rajputs back to the north,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3nmCwAAQBAJ&dq=barha+syeds+kandahar&pg=PA173 |title= Nur Jahan, Empress of Mughal India |author= Ellison Banks Findly |date=1993 |page= 173 |publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-507488-8 }}</ref> but Khurram evaded the assignment fearing to lose his political power while he was away from court.<ref name="Chandra242">Chandra 2005, p. 242</ref> The relief force the Mughals could assemble proved too small to raise the siege,{{r|Kohn337}} so after a 45-day siege the city fell on 22 June followed shortly after by [[Zamindawar]].<ref name="Burton160">Burton 1997, p. 160</ref> After fortifying the city and appointing [[Ganj Ali Khan]] as governor of the city,{{r|Iranica}} Abbas returned to [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] via [[Ghōr Province|Ghur]], subduing on the way troubling emirs in [[Chaghcharan]] and [[Gharjistan]].<ref name="Burton161">Burton 1997, p. 161</ref> The rebellion of Khurram absorbed the Mughals' attention, so in the spring of 1623 a Mughal envoy arrived at the Shah's camp with a letter from the Emperor accepting the loss of Kandahar and putting an end to the conflict.<ref name="Burton162">Burton 1997, p. 162</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=Medieval India:from Sultanat to the Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC|volume=2|year=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124110669}}
*{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Audrey|title=The Bukharans:a dynastic, diplomatic, and commercial history, 1550–1702|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6c1elcwgUzAC|year=1997|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780312173876}}
*{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=George C. |title=Dictionary of wars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC |year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn= 9780816065776}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kandahar-from-the-mongol-invasion-through-the-safavid-era|title=KANDAHAR iv. From The Mongol Invasion Through the Safavid Era|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|access-date=13 October 2011}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal-Safavid War (1622-23)}}
[[Category:1620s conflicts]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1622]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1623]]
[[Category:Wars involving Safavid Iran]]
[[Category:Wars involving Afghanistan]]
[[Category:History of Kandahar]]
[[Category:1622 in Asia]]
[[Category:1623 in India]]
[[Category:17th century in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1620s in the Mughal Empire]]

Khambrangchak

2026-03-27T03:07:59Z

KristalBabbage2: new new info nd citations!

{{Short description|Meitei mythological bird}}
{{Infobox mythical creature
|name = Khambrangchak
|AKA =
|image = Illustration of Baby Khambrangchak in the story "Khambrangchak Machado Haraoba Heire" (ꯈꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯡꯆꯥꯛ ꯃꯆꯥꯗꯣ ꯍꯔꯥꯎꯕ ꯍꯩꯔꯦ).jpg
|image_size =
|image_upright =
|caption = Illustration of a baby khambrangchak
|Folklore = [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]]
|Grouping = [[bird]]s
|Sub_Grouping =
|Family =
|Country = {{IND}}
|Region = [[Kangleipak]] (present day [[Manipur]])
|Details =
|First_Attested =
|Similar_entities = [[Pebet (bird)|Pebet]], [[Kakyen]], [[Uchek Langmeitong]]
}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''Khambrangchak''' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯡꯆꯥꯛ}}|}}) is a bird species frequently mentioned in [[Meitei mythology]], [[Meitei folklore|folklore]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]).<ref name=":খমব্রাংচাক্না_মপাম_চৎপা" />

The [[folktale]] of Lady Khambrangchak shows a series of mishaps she causes while preparing to visit her family of [[Parents|birth]]. She is later forgiven by the judging king, declaring it as a nature of women to be emotional during such preparation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=khambrangchak|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=1991|publisher=The Association|pages=76, 77|language=en}}</ref>

Khambrangchak is often known as ''"Khambrangchak Pidonnu"'' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯡꯆꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯗꯣꯟꯅꯨ}}|}})<ref>{{Cite web|title=An assessment on 'Ebenpokki wari', Manipuri folktales|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/books/an-assessment-on-ebenpokki-wari-manipuri-folktales|access-date=2024-04-18|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en|archive-date=2024-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418093659/https://www.ifp.co.in/books/an-assessment-on-ebenpokki-wari-manipuri-folktales|url-status=dead}}</ref> or ''"Khambrangchak Tonsenu"'' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯈꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯡꯆꯥꯛ ꯇꯣꯟꯁꯦꯅꯨ}}|}}).<ref name="Folktales of Manipur">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1358/page/n111/mode/2up|title=Folktales of Manipur|last1=B. Jayantakumar Sharma|last2=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2014|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|pages=97–99|chapter=Khambraangchak}}</ref>

== Identification ==
Some scholars identity Khambrangchak as ''yellow [[wagtail]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkcOK8tvW_QC|title=Endangered Manipur Brow-antlered Deer: An Environmental Assessment|last=Śāmuṅau|first=Khāṅembama|date=2010|publisher=Department of Forest (Wildlife Wing), Government of Manipur|others=[[University of California]], [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|isbn=978-81-920708-0-3|pages=172|language=en}}</ref> Some scholars identify Khambrangchak as ''white pied wagtail''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJtLAAAAYAAJ&q=khambrangchak|title=Indian Journal of Forestry: 1999-00|date=1999|publisher=Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh|others=[[Cornell University]]|pages=311|language=en}}</ref>

Moirangthem Kirti Singh identified Khambrangchak as [[partridge]].<ref>Kirti Singh, Moirangthem. Folk Culture of Manipur. India: Manas Publications, 1993. p. 21</ref>

A publication of the ''"World Wide Fund for Nature, India"'', identified Khambrangchak as multiple bird species. These species were (1) black naped blue fly catcher, (2) grey wagtail, (3) yellow headed wagtail, (4) white pied wagtail, etc.<ref>Ramsar Sites of India: Loktak Lake, Manipur. India: World Wide Fund for Nature, India, 1994. p. 59</ref>

== Stories ==
Once there was a Khambrangchak couple. One day Lady Khambrangchak told her husband that she wished to visit her parental house. Her husband allowed her to go. Happily, Lady Khambrangchak went to a nearby river to bathe. There was a [[crab]] in the river, which Lady Khambrangchak mistook as a stone and stood on. She started bathing, jumping and singing happily, disturbing the crab. The crab got angry and hurt her legs with its [[chelae|claws]]. Lady Khambrangchak shouted in pain and flew away, towards a fruit tree and sat on its branch, causing fruit to fall down on an [[w:anthill|anthill]]. A group of angry ants emerged. They saw an old woman sitting nearby and bit her. The old woman rolled on the ground in pain, destroying a fence. There was a [[bat]]'s nest in the fence, which was also destroyed. The bat got frightened and flew away. As bats could not see properly in daytime, it accidentally flew inside a King's elephant's [[nostril]]. Unable to find a way out, it stayed inside the elephant's nose.

From that day onwards, the elephant did not eat anything. It felt sick. The King called a [[physician]], who observed the elephant.
He treated the elephant with medicine. The smell of the medicine disturbed the bat, who flew out of the nose. The King's guards caught the bat and brought it before the King.<ref name=":খমব্রাংচাক্না_মপাম_চৎপা">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0065/page/n223/mode/2up|title=মণিপুরী ফুংগাৱারী|last=S Sanatombi|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2014|location=India|pages=223, 224|language=mni|trans-title=Manipuri Folktales (Manipuri Phungawari)|chapter=খমব্রাংচাক্না মপাম চৎপা|trans-chapter=Khambrangchak visiting her parental house}}</ref>

The King asked the bat why it stayed inside his elephant's nose. The bat blamed the old woman for everything. The old woman was brought before the King. She blamed the ants for everything. The ants were brought before the King. They blamed the fruit. The fruit was brought before the King. The fruit blamed Lady Khambrangchak for everything.<ref name=":খমব্রাংচাক্না_মপাম_চৎপা" />

Lady Khambrangchak was brought before the King. She confessed that she disturbed a crab. The King said that it was not only human women who were over-excited to [[:en:wikt:beautify|beautify]] themselves to visit their parental houses, but also the female birds and female animals. The king set her free. Thus, the preparation of Lady Khambrangchak for visiting her parental house became widely known and [[:en:wikt:blameworthy|blameworthy]] in the entire kingdom.<ref name=":খমব্রাংচাক্না_মপাম_চৎপা" />

In another version of the story, the group of ants bit a pig. The pig jumped on a banana tree. The banana tree could not hold the pig's weight. The tree fell on a fence. The fence was broken. It fell on a pond] The pond fell angry and complained to the king. The king called all of the accused. All of them told him whatever they had experienced. Later, the king set all of them free.<ref name="Folktales of Manipur"/>

== Interpretation ==
Regarding the preparation of Lady Khambrangchak for visiting her parental house ({{langx|mni|Khambrangchak Mapam Chatpa}}), scholar Chirom Rajketan Singh said,<ref name=":Chirom_Rajketan_Khambrangchak">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.1356/page/n198/mode/1up?q=khambrangchak|title=Oral Narratives of Manipur|last=Dr. Chirom Rajketan Singh|date=2016|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|pages=190 (hard copy); 199 (soft copy)|language=en, mni}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|“Carelessness can lead to chaos and the careless woman in Khambrangchak Mapam Chatpa caused a series of anger. Though pardoned for her fault, the tale depicts the woman's unawareness of things around her as she was engrossed in beautifying herself. This implies woman's love and fascination for beauty which can make her see nothing around.”|Chirom Rajketan Singh<ref name=":Chirom_Rajketan_Khambrangchak" />}}

==In art==
Khambrangchak is shown in an artwork of goddess [[Phouoibi]] ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯐꯧꯑꯣꯏꯕꯤ}}|}}), along with flower designs, found in Senjam Chirang ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯦꯟꯖꯝ ꯆꯤꯔꯥꯡ}}|}}). It is kept in the [[Manipur State Museum]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsifAAAAMAAJ&q=khambrangchak|title=Kalā: The Journal of Indian Art History Congress|date=1995|publisher=The Congress|others=[[University of Michigan]]|volume=2-4|pages=92|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Uchek Langmeitong]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

== Other websites ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kings in Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological birds]]

Black (2004 film)

2026-03-26T04:00:10Z

KristalBabbage2: refine references for consistency per sources

{{other uses|Black (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Black
| image = Black (Malayalam film).jpg
| caption = DVD poster
| director = [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| producer = [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
| writer = Ranjith
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] Lal [[Mohan Jose]] [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] [[Babu Antony]] [[Sriya Reddy]] [[Janardanan]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Alex Paul]] '''Score:''' C. Rajamani
| cinematography = [[Amal Neerad]]
| editing = Bhoominathan
| studio = Lal Creations
| distributor = Lal Release
| released = {{film date|df=y|2004|11|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Black''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] language [[neo-noir]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], and produced by [[Lal (actor)|Lal]]. It deals with the underworld operations in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]. Mammootty plays the role of Police Constable Karikkamuri Shanmughan, a dreaded [[hitman]]. The film features cinematography by [[Amal Neerad]]. The film was a comeback for actor [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] to Malayalam cinema.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110120084709/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/11/stories/2005061102210100.htm "Rahman in a new role"]}}, ''The Hindu'', 2005-06-11.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160720020232/http://www.sify.com/movies/black-review-malayalam-pclvDudiieida.html ''Sify'' review]</ref> The movie was released on 12 November on the occasion of [[Diwali]].

== Plot ==
[[Advocate|Adv.]] Devin Carlos Padaveedan, runs an organized [[crime syndicate]] in [[Kochi]]. Shanmugan aka "Kumbari" is a feared hitman and Padaveedan's business partner, who moonlights as a [[police constable]], but wears his uniform only on January 26 (Republic day) and on August 15 (Independence day).

Ashok Sreenivas is the new [[Sub-inspector|SI]] in Kasaba Police Station (Shanmukhan's station) whose aim is to get rid of organized crime from Cochin. Ashok's elder brother (Who was rendered paralysed below the waist by Shanmukhan) is requested by him to take care of SI Ashok.Partly out of regret and liking for Ashok Shanmukhan agrees.

SI Ashok catches hold of one of Padaveedan's gang members and is kept at a secret location to reveal the gang's further whereabouts. Shanmukhan warns Ashok about such a move will only attract more violence directed at him but Ashok is adamant. Shanmukhan tries to reach where Ashok is to save him from the wrath of Padaveedan but is too late. The captive gang member lures Ashok into Padaveedan's lair and ambushes him. Ashok puts up a fight but is heavily outnumbered. Padaveedan brutally stabs & kills Ashok by the time Shanmukhan reaches the spot.

A local innocent Tamil [[Laundry|laundryman]] is arrested for SI Ashok's murder and interrogated in jail. His hapless wife (Anandam) approaches Shanmukhan to help release him. The interrogation methods prove too much which the laundryman is unable to withstand and dies due to the torture. The laundryman's custodial death is then portrayed as a custodial suicide by the cops. The subsequent incidents cause Shanmukhan to go through a period of remorse with Ashok's death and also when he realizes a deaf and mute girl handed over to him by one of the respected political veterans is actually fathered by him. Shanmukhan gives a piece of mind to the commissioner for letting the laundryman die and decides to leave his life of crime behind him .

Padaveedan's gang member, Papalli Sabu has been eyeing Anandam for sexual favors for quite a while and when he becomes persistent in his efforts, Shanmukhan intervenes and warns other gang members to stay away from her and also declares he will punish Sabu for his insolence.

Pappali Sabu is eventually killed by another gang when he is flung off a building while he is on his extortion rounds . The gang members complain to Padaveedan about Shanmukhan's warning and also expresses doubts that Shanmughan's hand and connivance with the gang that threw Sabu from the building.

Padaveedan suspects Shanmukhan, because of his interaction with [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Ashok Srinivas and his new found family. Padaveedan turns against Shanmukhan and orders his lieutenants to finish him. Shanmukhan still can't believe his betrayal, but eventually is sure about it when his daughter & Anandam are attacked by Padaveedan's men and is rescued in nick of time by two small time crooks .

Shanmukhan has had enough when Padaveedan imports trained killers from [[Tamil Nadu]] to finish off Shanmukhan but Shanmukhan kills them all. He meets the commissioner and reveals he is going on a mission to finish Padaveedan's gang one by one. The commissioner tries to object by saying that the government hasn't given the police permission to do so. But, Shanmukhan tells him to get lost and sets out on his mission.

Shanmukhan then dismantles his syndicate by killing every member of the gang and finally sneaks into Padaveedan's home in full uniform while the commissioner and a battalion of police are guarding the place and kills him by slitting his throat. In the end, Shanmukhan, moves out to start a new life with his deaf daughter and Anandam.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mammootty]] as Shanmughan alias [[Head constable|HC]] Karikkamuri Shanmughan (''Kumbari'')
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Padaveedan Vakkeel alias Adv. Devin Carlos Padaveedan
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Ashok alias [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Ashok Srinivas
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Mammali
* [[Sriya Reddy]] as Anandam
* [[Babu Antony]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|City Police Commissioner]] Govind Chengappa [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Aashan, Communist Party District Secretary
* Janaki Krishnan as Anna
* [[Tom George Kolath]] as Ajay Srinivas
* [[Kulappully Leela]] as Veronica
* [[Sona Nair]] as Sheela
* [[T. P. Madhavan]] as Babu Mathew, a Businessman
* [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Unni
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Mustafa
* [[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as K. E. Francis (Pranchi Manthri), Kerala State Minister of Fisheries and Tourism, and a close associate of Shanmughan and Padaveedan
* Niyas Musaliyar as Sabu
* Kannan Pattambi as Auto Raju
* [[Daniel Balaji]] as Ezhumalai
* [[Anoop Chandran]] as Pauly
* [[Joju George]] as Stephen Ashok's friend
* [[Besant Ravi]]
* [[Meenakshi (Malayalam actress)|Meenakshi]] (Cameo appearance in the song ''Ambalakkara'')
{{colend}}

==Release==
The film was released on 10 November 2004. ''Black'' opened with a record 50 prints had good opening day collection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviebuzz |date=2004-12-04 |title=Superstars rule the Kerala BO |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13611786 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=[[Sify]] |archive-date=4 December 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204164150/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=13611786 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/Mammootty-Man-Of-The-Year-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmGdfhdgi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182754/http://www.sify.com/movies/Mammootty-Man-Of-The-Year-imagegallery-6-Movies-jdwmGdfhdgi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 March 2018|title=Mammootty-Man of the Year|work=[[Sify]]|date=31 December 2005}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Music: [[Alex Paul]] 
Lyrics: [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], [[Kaithapram]], [[Pirai Choodan]]

* "Ambalakkara" – [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Chorus
* "Ambalakkara" (Extended) – M. G. Sreekumar
* "Thinkal Kalaye" – [[Sujatha Mohan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0429683|Black}}

{{Ranjith (director)}}
{{Ranjith}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black (2004 Film)}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2004 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajamani]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ranjith (director)]]

Chemrey Monastery

2026-03-25T23:32:53Z

KristalBabbage2:

{{Short description|Buddhist monastery in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery
|name = Chemrey Monastery
|image = Chemrey Gompa 2.jpg
|alt =
|caption =
|map_type = India Ladakh
|coordinates = {{coord|33|58||N|77|48||E|type:landmark_region:IN-JK|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption = Location within India
|location=[[Ladakh]], India
|founded_by = [[Tagsang Raschen]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1664}}
|date_renovated =
|sect = [[Drukpa Lineage|Drukpa]]
|lineage=
|dedicated_to =[[Sengge Namgyal]]
|head_lama =
|no._of_monks =
|architecture =
|festivals= Sacred Dances - 28th and 29th day of the 9th month
|footnotes =
}}
'''Chemrey Monastery''' or '''Chemrey Gompa''' in [[Indus River]] valley is a 1664 [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monastery in [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]] in [[northern India]]. It is {{convert|6|km}} north of [[Hemis Monastery]], {{convert|46|km}} southeast of Leh and {{convert|24|km}} northwest of [[Upshi]]. It belongs to the [[Drukpa Kagyu|Drugpa]] monastic order. It was founded in 1664 by the Lama [[Tagsang Raschen]] and dedicated to King [[Sengge Namgyal]].

The monastery has a notable high [[Padmasambhava]] statue. It also contains a valuable collection of scriptures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhist-temples.com/buddhist-monastery/ladakh/chemrey.html|title=Chemrey Gompa|publisher=Buddhist-temples.com|access-date=30 September 2009}}</ref>

The monastery comprises a number of shrines, two assembly halls (Du-Khang) and a Lama temple (Lha-Khang). The main attraction of the monastery is the one storey high statue of Padmasambhava. Another big attraction is the 29 volume scripture written in silver and golden letters.

The monastery holds every year the Chemrey Angchok festival of sacred dances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ladakh.com/monasteries/item/86-chemrey-gompa |title=Welcome to Ladakh - Getting There |access-date=2015-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724074558/http://www.ladakh.com/monasteries/item/86-chemrey-gompa |archive-date=2015-07-24 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="3">

File:Chemrey Gompa SW.jpg|Chemrey Gompa viewed from the southwest
File:Turning the soul.jpg|Chemrey Monastery
</gallery>

== See also==

* [[All Ladakh Gonpa Association#List|List of buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

==References==
{{commons category|Chemrey Monastery}}
{{reflist}}

{{Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh}}

[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Drukpa Kagyu monasteries and temples in India]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1664]]
[[Category:1664 establishments in Asia]]

{{India-Tibetan-Buddhism-monastery-stub}}
{{Ladakh-stub}}

Terminator Salvation

2026-03-25T13:08:03Z

KristalBabbage2: cleaned up section per standard format and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|2009 American film by McG}}
{{About|the film|the video game based on the film|Terminator Salvation (video game){{!}}''Terminator Salvation'' (video game)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Terminator-salvation-poster.jpg
| alt = A skeleton-like machine with bright red eyes holds a gatling-style machine gun. Below are the credits, tagline, and title.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[McG]]
| writer = [[John Brancato and Michael Ferris|John Brancato Michael Ferris]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Derek Anderson
* [[Moritz Borman]]
* Victor Kubicek
* Jeffrey Silver
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Christian Bale]]
* [[Sam Worthington]]
* [[Anton Yelchin]]
* [[Moon Bloodgood]]
* [[Bryce Dallas Howard]]
* [[Common (rapper)|Common]]
* [[Jane Alexander]]
* [[Helena Bonham Carter]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Shane Hurlbut]]
| editing = [[Conrad Buff IV|Conrad Buff]]
| music = [[Danny Elfman]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[The Halcyon Company]]
* [[Wonderland Sound and Vision]]
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] (United States and Canada)
* [[Columbia Pictures]] (through [[Sony Pictures Releasing International]]; International)
}}
| released = {{Film date|2009|05|21}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $200 million<ref name="budget-latimes"/>
| gross = $371.4 million<ref name=mojo>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=terminatorsalvation.htm|title=Terminator Salvation|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=April 25, 2010}}</ref>
}}

'''''Terminator Salvation''''' is a 2009 American [[military science fiction]] [[action film]]. It is the fourth installment of the [[Terminator (franchise)|''Terminator'' franchise]], serving as a sequel to ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]'' (2003).{{efn|The film takes place prior to the previous ''Terminator'' films, but follows the films' canonical time-travel alterations, ultimately [[retcon]]ning certain events in the form of an [[alternate timeline]].}} It is directed by [[McG]] and written by [[John Brancato and Michael Ferris]]. It is the only ''Terminator'' film to date not to feature [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], though his likeness briefly appears digitally. Instead, it stars [[Christian Bale]] and [[Sam Worthington]] with [[Anton Yelchin]], [[Moon Bloodgood]], [[Bryce Dallas Howard]], [[Common (rapper)|Common]], [[Michael Ironside]], and [[Helena Bonham Carter]] in supporting roles. In a departure from the previous installments, ''Salvation'' is a [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|post-apocalyptic]] film set in the year 2018. It focuses on the war between [[Skynet (Terminator)|Skynet]]'s machine network and humanity, as the remnants of the world's militaries have united to form the Resistance to fight against Skynet. Bale portrays [[John Connor]], a Resistance fighter and central character, while Worthington portrays [[cyborg]] Marcus Wright. Yelchin plays a young [[Kyle Reese]], a character first introduced in ''[[The Terminator]]'' (1984), and the film depicts the origins of the [[Terminator (character)|T-800 Terminator]].

After troubled pre-production, with [[the Halcyon Company]] acquiring the rights from [[Andrew G. Vajna]] and [[Mario Kassar]], and with several writers working on the screenplay, filming began in May 2008 in [[New Mexico]], and ran for 77 days.

''Terminator Salvation'' was released on May 21, 2009, by [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] in the United States, and by [[Sony Pictures Releasing]] under its [[Columbia Pictures]] label internationally,<ref name=oneindia.in>{{cite web |title=Sony bags distribution rights for Terminator |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/hollywood/news/2008/sony-terminator-rights-270208.html |url-status=unfit |work=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711010320/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/hollywood/top-stories/scoop/2008/sony-terminator-rights-270208.html#selection-912.0-912.1 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |language=en |date=February 27, 2008}}</ref> and grossed over $371.4 million worldwide. While originally intended to be the first installment of a second ''Terminator'' trilogy, these plans were canceled following the Halcyon Company filing for bankruptcy after the film's release. The franchise rights were sold in 2012 to [[Annapurna Pictures]], resulting in ''[[Terminator Genisys]]'', a reboot of the series, being released in 2015 with Schwarzenegger reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/terminator-genisys/35701/terminator-genisys-is-not-a-sequel-and-its-not-a-remake | title=Terminator: Genisys is "not a sequel, and it's not a remake" | access-date=May 11, 2019 | archive-date=May 11, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511183739/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/terminator-genisys/35701/terminator-genisys-is-not-a-sequel-and-its-not-a-remake | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plot==

In 2003, Dr. Serena Kogan of [[Cyberdyne Systems]] convinces [[death row]] inmate Marcus Wright to sign over his body for medical research following his execution. Sometime later, the automated [[Skynet (Terminator)|Skynet]] system is activated, becomes self-aware, and perceives humans as a threat to its existence, starting a [[nuclear holocaust]] known as "Judgment Day".{{efn|As depicted in ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]'' (2003)}}

In 2018, [[John Connor]] leads an attack on a Skynet base where he discovers schematics of human prisoners being incorporated as living tissue for a new [[Terminator (character concept)|Terminator]]: the [[Terminator (character)|T-800]]. John survives a nuclear explosion on the base and proceeds to extraction. Following John's departure, Marcus emerges from the base's wreckage and begins heading toward [[Los Angeles]].

John heads to the Resistance headquarters aboard a {{sclass|Los Angeles|submarine}} and confronts General Ashdown and the Resistance commanders. They reveal that the Resistance has discovered a hidden signal that they believe can shut down Skynet's machines and plans to launch an offensive against Skynet's headquarters in [[San Francisco]] in four days due to an intercepted kill list created by Skynet, which will eliminate the Resistance's leaders within the same time frame. John learns that he is second on this list, after [[Kyle Reese]], realizing Skynet has learned that Kyle will eventually travel back in time and become his father.{{efn|as depicted in ''[[The Terminator]]''}}

Arriving in L.A., Marcus encounters Kyle and a mute child named Star during a skirmish with Skynet's machines. Kyle and Star are subsequently abducted and taken prisoner by Skynet. Two Resistance [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10]] airplanes are shot down while trying to intercept a machine transport. Marcus rescues downed pilot Blair Williams, and they make their way to John's base, where a magnetic land mine wounds Marcus. Attempting to save his life, the Resistance discovers that Marcus is a [[cyborg]], with a cybernetic [[endoskeleton]], a partially artificial [[cerebral cortex]], and a [[human heart]]. Although Marcus insists that he is human, John and his wife, Kate, suspect that Marcus has been sent to kill them, and John orders him to be executed. Blair helps Marcus escape. During the pursuit, Marcus saves John from Skynet's hydrobots, and the two make a bargain: Marcus will enter Skynet's headquarters in San Francisco to help John rescue Kyle and the other prisoners if he lets him live.

John pleads with Ashdown to delay the offensive so he can formulate a plan to extract the human captives, but Ashdown refuses and relieves John of his command. However, the Resistance disobeys Ashdown's orders and instead awaits John's signal. Marcus enters the base, interfaces with the computer, and disables [[perimeter defense]]s so that John can infiltrate and release the prisoners. Marcus learns from Skynet that he was resurrected to lure John to the base; when the Resistance launches its attack, John will be killed, achieving Skynet's goal. The hidden signal that the Resistance received earlier is revealed to be a ruse, and Skynet uses it to track down and destroy the Resistance command submarine.

Refusing to accept his fate, Marcus tears out the hardware linking him to Skynet and leaves to aid John. John locates Kyle and Star, but a T-800 Terminator ambushes them. As Kyle and Star escape, Marcus appears and fights the T-800, while John rigs together nuclear fuel cells to destroy the facility. Marcus is outmatched and temporarily disabled until John comes to his aid, after which John is stabbed through the chest by the T-800. Marcus destroys the T-800 by tearing its head off, and he, John, Kyle, and Star are airlifted out. John detonates the explosives, destroying the entire base.

John's injury is fatal as his heart was damaged. Marcus offers his heart for [[heart transplantation|transplantation]], sacrificing himself to save John. As he recovers, John radios to the Resistance that, although this battle has been won, the war continues.

==Cast==
{{See also|List of Terminator (franchise) characters|l1=List of ''Terminator'' characters}}
* [[Christian Bale]] as [[John Connor]]. Director McG deemed Bale "the most credible action star in the world" during development.<ref name="ignfirstlook">{{cite web|author=Orlando Parfitt|title=Terminator Salvation First Look|work=[[IGN]]|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/931/931531p1.html|date=November 19, 2008|access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref> McG wanted Bale for Marcus, but the actor—even though he "can't really remember why"—wanted to play John, and that led to the character's role getting expanded in rewrites of the script.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news|author=Alex Dobuzinskis|title=Christian Bale forces "Terminator" rewrite|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5476A020090508|work=Reuters|date=May 8, 2009|access-date=May 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Meredith Woerner|title=John Connor Was Originally A Terminator 4 Supporting Character|work=[[io9]]|date=May 11, 2009|url=http://io9.com/5248232/john-connor-was-originally-a-terminator-4-supporting-character|access-date=May 11, 2009|archive-date=May 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514055853/http://io9.com/5248232/john-connor-was-originally-a-terminator-4-supporting-character|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bale was the first person to be cast and signed on for the role in November 2007. McG talked extensively with Bale in the UK about the role while the latter was filming ''[[The Dark Knight]]'', and they both agreed to proceed.<ref name="uk">{{cite news|author=Eric Goldman|title=Terminator Director Gives Hints|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/20/terminator-director-gives-hints |work=[[IGN]]|date=March 20, 2008|access-date=September 20, 2020}}</ref> Although a fan of the ''Terminator'' series, he was at first uninterested until McG convinced him the story would be character-based and not rely on special effects.<ref name="ignfirstlook" /> They kept working on the story every day, along with Worthington.<ref name="prometheus" /> McG said Bale broke his hand punching a Terminator prop during filming.<ref name="brokenhand">{{cite news|author=Sophie Albers|title=Härter, lauter, Christian Bale|work=Rubriken stern.de|date=November 22, 2008|url=http://www.stern.de/unterhaltung/film/:Terminator%3A-Die-Erl%F6sung-H%E4rter%2C-Christian-Bale/646550.html|access-date=November 25, 2008|language=de}}</ref> Bale spent six to eight hours each day with McG in the editing room to advise the finished product.<ref name="csny">{{cite news|author=Edward Douglas|title=Terminator: Salvation Roadshow Rolls Into NY!|work=ComingSoon.net|date=January 13, 2009|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=51676|access-date=January 14, 2009|archive-date=January 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119053959/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=51676|url-status=dead}}</ref> In January 2018, Bale revealed he rejected the role three times before accepting it, in part to spite those who told him not to take the role.<ref name=January2018>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/01/christian-bale-terminator-salvation-turned-down-role-statement-1201915441/|title=Christian Bale Never Wanted to Star in 'Terminator Salvation' and Said No Three Times: 'It's a Great Thorn in My Side'|first=Zack|last=Sharf|publisher=[[IndieWire]]|date=January 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114210246/http://www.indiewire.com/2018/01/christian-bale-terminator-salvation-turned-down-role-statement-1201915441/|archive-date=January 14, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Sam Worthington]] as Marcus Wright: A human-Terminator hybrid [[cyborg]]. Worthington compared Marcus to [[Dorothy Gale|Dorothy]] (''[[The Wonderful Wizard of Oz]]'') and [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]] (''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'') due to being "this person waking up in another world [who then] tries to find himself".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinoreview.com/news/interview-sam-worthington-on-terminator-salvation-6907|title=Interview: Sam Worthington On Terminator Salvation|first=George|last=Roush|publisher=LatinoReview|date=May 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523140747/http://www.latinoreview.com/news/interview-sam-worthington-on-terminator-salvation-6907|archive-date=May 23, 2009}}</ref> ''Terminator'' creator [[James Cameron]] personally recommended Worthington (whom he directed in ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'') to McG.<ref name="reuters" /><ref>{{cite news |date=February 12, 2008 |author1=Diane Garrett |author2=Michael Fleming|title=Worthington to star in 'Terminator' |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/features/worthington-to-star-in-terminator-1117980831/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=April 4, 2020 }}</ref> [[Russell Crowe]] also recommended him to McG. The director decided Worthington looked tougher than the "great many of today's [waify] young male actors".<ref name="premiere" /> Worthington recalled Cameron told him "the ''Terminator'' to make is the one with the war".<ref>{{cite news|author=Chris Hewitt|title=The New Breed|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Kingdom]]|date=December 2008|page=138}}</ref> Worthington tore his [[intercostal muscle]]s during the first weeks of filming but nevertheless insisted on performing his own stunts.<ref name="premiere">{{cite news|title=On the Set of McG's 'Terminator Salvation' |author=Karl Rozemeyer |work=[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]] |url=http://www.premiere.com/Feature/On-the-Set-of-McG-s-Terminator-Salvation/On-the-Set-of-McG-s-Terminator-Salvation |access-date=December 18, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217021104/http://www.premiere.com/Feature/On-the-Set-of-McG-s-Terminator-Salvation/On-the-Set-of-McG-s-Terminator-Salvation |archive-date=December 17, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="juneblog">{{cite web|author=McG|title=''Terminator Salvation: The Future Begins'' Blog|publisher=Official blog|url=http://rss.warnerbros.com/terminatorsalvation/2008/06/|date=May 22, 2008|access-date=June 4, 2008|author-link=McG}}</ref> McG once expressed interest in casting Christian Bale, [[Daniel Day-Lewis]] or [[Josh Brolin]] in the part.<ref>{{cite news|title=MCG - MCG WANTS DAY-LEWIS FOR TERMINATOR|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/article/mcg%20wants%20day-lewis%20for%20terminator_1058225|publisher=ContactMusic.com|date=February 2, 2008|access-date=August 21, 2008}}</ref><ref name="brolin">{{cite news|author=A.C. Ferrante|title=Exclusive News: McG talks Terminator Salvation and hints at Josh Brolin to play a new foe|url=http://www.ifmagazine.com/new.asp?article=5690|publisher=iF Magazine|date=February 6, 2008|access-date=February 6, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080207164353/http://www.ifmagazine.com/new.asp?article=5690 |archive-date = February 7, 2008}}</ref> Brolin did talk to Bale and read a draft of the screenplay, which he found "interesting and dark; ultimately, though, I didn't think it felt right".<ref>{{cite news|author=Josh Horowitz|title=Josh Brolin Confirms He Almost Signed On For 'Terminator Salvation|work=[[MTV]] Movies Blog|date=November 25, 2008|url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2008/11/25/josh-brolin-confirms-he-almost-signed-on-for-terminator-salvation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208053011/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2008/11/25/josh-brolin-confirms-he-almost-signed-on-for-terminator-salvation/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 8, 2008|access-date=November 25, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Anton Yelchin]] as [[Kyle Reese]]: A teenage refugee and admirer of John Connor and the Resistance. As portrayed by [[Michael Biehn]] in ''The Terminator'', he was sent back in time to 1984 to protect [[Sarah Connor (Terminator)|Sarah Connor]] to ensure the survival of the human race, and fathered John with her. Yelchin said he wanted to portray Kyle as Biehn did and not make him appear weaker because it was a younger version of the character. The difference in his portrayal lies in showing Kyle as intense, but not concentrated until he joins the resistance proper. Yelchin tried to convey Kyle's intensity by focusing on how fast Biehn appeared when running in the original film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://scifiwire.com/2009/01/terminators-anton-yelchin-talks-about-being-kyle-reese.php |author=Todd Gilchrist |title=Terminator's Anton Yelchin on becoming Kyle Reese |date=January 16, 2009 |access-date=January 16, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117012828/http://scifiwire.com/2009/01/terminators-anton-yelchin-talks-about-being-kyle-reese.php |archive-date=January 17, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Moon Bloodgood]] as Blair Williams: A "no-nonsense and battle-hardened" pilot of the Resistance who suffers from [[survivor guilt|survivor's guilt]] and serves as a romantic interest for Marcus.<ref>{{cite news|author=Borys Kit|title=Bloodgood lined up for "Terminator" sequel|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSN2033939920080421|work=Reuters|date=April 21, 2008|access-date=June 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Quint|title=Pics of a T-600 as well as TERMINATOR: SALVATION footage description by Quint from Comic-Con!|url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/37662|publisher=[[Ain't It Cool News]]|date=July 26, 2008|access-date=August 21, 2008}}</ref> McG characterizes her as continuing the feminine strength that has been prominent throughout the franchise.<ref name="productionotes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/terminator-salvation/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521005702/http://terminatorsalvation.warnerbros.com/media/downloads/ProductionNotes.pdf|url-status=dead|title=WarnerBros.com | Terminator Salvation | Movies|archive-date=May 21, 2009|website=www.warnerbros.com}}</ref>
* [[Bryce Dallas Howard]] as Kate Connor: The wife of John Connor and daughter of Robert Brewster, who supervised the development of Skynet. [[Charlotte Gainsbourg]] was originally set to play the part, but left due to scheduling conflicts with another film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/bryce-dallas-howard-is-kate-connor-in-terminator-4/ |title=Bryce Dallas Howard is Kate Connor in Terminator 4 |publisher=Peter Sciretta |work=[[/Film]] | last=Sciretta |first=Peter |date=June 1, 2008 |access-date=May 22, 2011}}</ref> As portrayed by [[Claire Danes]] in the third film, Kate was a [[veterinarian]]; but in this film, she is now a [[physician]]. Howard suggested, as part of the character's backstory, that Kate studied medical books and interviewed many surviving doctors after the events of Judgment Day. The film's subject matter reminded her of [[developing country|developing countries]], devastated by war and lacking basic supplies such as clean water, which "reflects things that are going on currently in this privileged world that we are living in where there hasn't been an apocalypse and robots haven't taken over the world. I think that's something definitely for us to reinvestigate and that we continue to make choices for our own future to take that into consideration".<ref>{{cite news|author=Fred Topel|title=Bryce Dallas Howard on Terminator Salvation|work=CanMag|date=August 25, 2008|url=http://www.canmag.com/nw/12092-terminator-salvation-future-begins-bryce-dallas-howard|access-date=August 25, 2008|archive-date=September 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914114028/http://www.canmag.com/nw/12092-terminator-salvation-future-begins-bryce-dallas-howard|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Howard focused on Kate "being accustomed to fear and loss" because the character was a [[military brat (U.S. subculture)|military brat]].<ref name="robotangst">{{cite news|author=Charlie Anders|title=Terminator Trailer (And 2 Scenes) Show Robot Angst|work=[[io9]]|date=February 28, 2009|url=http://io9.com/5162184/terminator-trailer-and-2-scenes-show-robot-angst|access-date=March 1, 2009|author-link=Charlie Anders|archive-date=March 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303091454/http://io9.com/5162184/terminator-trailer-and-2-scenes-show-robot-angst|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Common (rapper)|Common]] as Barnes: John's right-hand man.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rapper 'to appear in Terminator'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7387852.stm|work=BBC News|date=May 7, 2008|access-date=May 14, 2008}}</ref> Common stated the character was not overly developed, being "only just a bad-ass character, you know, really the big heavy of the movie", before McG's intervention. Common agreed with this, as "I didn't want to just be the big, bulky guy there" and worked on the emotional side, "thinking about how it would be in a world that's post-apocalyptic, a world where, you know, things have been destroyed and we're really fighting for survival."<ref>{{cite news|title=Common & Moon Bloodgood—Terminator Salvation|date=February 28, 2009|url=http://grouchoreviews.com/interviews/281|publisher=Groucho reviews|access-date=June 17, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Jane Alexander]] as Virginia: The leader of a group of human refugees.
* [[Helena Bonham Carter]] as Dr. Serena Kogan / [[Skynet (Terminator)|Skynet]]: An ex-Cyberdyne scientist who convinces Marcus to donate his body for her research.<ref>{{cite news|author=Toni-Marie Ippolito|title=Terminator Salvation: The Characters|publisher=Terminator Salvation.ca|date=August 24, 2009|url=http://www.terminatorsalvation.ca/skynet/index.php/terminator-salvation-the-characters/2009/04/|access-date=April 28, 2009|archive-date=April 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430202635/http://www.terminatorsalvation.ca/skynet/index.php/terminator-salvation-the-characters/2009/04/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her face is later used by the Skynet computer to communicate with Marcus. [[Tilda Swinton]] was originally considered for the part, but Bonham Carter replaced her before filming. She accepted the part because her then-[[domestic partnership|domestic partner]], [[Tim Burton]], was a ''Terminator'' fan. Her role was a "small but pivotal" one and would only require ten days of shooting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=0&id=58332|author=Ian Spelling|title=Carter Is Terminator's Big Bad|work=[[Sci Fi Wire]]|date=August 5, 2008|access-date=August 5, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080822210100/http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=0&id=58332 |archive-date = August 22, 2008}}</ref> However, on July 20, 2008, Bonham Carter delayed filming by a day,<ref name="shootingdays">{{cite news |author=Tatiana Siegel |title=Derek Anderson & Victor Kubicek |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/derek-anderson-victor-kubicek-1117991557/ |date=September 3, 2008 |access-date=September 21, 2008}}</ref> and was given an indefinite leave due to the death of four of her family members in a minibus accident in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Camilla Tominey |title=Helena halts film to comfort family |newspaper=[[Daily Express]] |date=August 24, 2008 |url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/58224/Helena-halts-film-to-comfort-family |access-date=August 24, 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Michael Ironside]] as General Ashdown: The leader of the Resistance.
* [[Ivan G'Vera]] as General Losenko: A member of the Resistance.
* [[Roland Kickinger]] as [[Terminator (character)|T-800]]: The first Terminator covered in living tissue. Bodybuilder and actor Kickinger, who previously portrayed Schwarzenegger in the 2005 biographical film ''[[See Arnold Run]]'', was his physical double on set. When asked about his role, Kickinger said it is "Arnold's character in the first ''Terminator''. That's basically my role, but 20 years before, so it establishes how the Terminator came about."<ref>{{cite news|author=Ben Forrest|title='Terminator' actor visits Goderich area|work=[[Clinton News-Record]]|date=July 16, 2008|url=http://www.clintonnewsrecord.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1117058|access-date=July 16, 2008|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730084620/http://www.clintonnewsrecord.com/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=1117058|archive-date=July 30, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Polish people|Polish]] strongman athlete [[Mariusz Pudzianowski]] was also considered for doubling Schwarzenegger.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terminatorem, Dyson and more|work=TerminatorFiles.com|date=May 9, 2008|url=http://www.terminatorfiles.com/news/2008/2008-05-09-a.htm|access-date=September 1, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622072323/http://www.terminatorfiles.com/news/2008/2008-05-09-a.htm |archive-date = June 22, 2008}}</ref> If Schwarzenegger had decided not to lend his appearance to the film, then John would have shot the T-800's face off before the audience got a good look at him.<ref>{{cite news|author=Fred Topel|title=How McG made that T-800 at the end of Terminator Salvation|work=[[Sci Fi Wire]]|date=May 15, 2009|url=http://scifiwire.com/2009/05/how-mcg-made-that-t-800-a.php|access-date=May 16, 2009|archive-date=May 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518080945/http://scifiwire.com/2009/05/how-mcg-made-that-t-800-a.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]'s facial likeness was recreated with [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]], with a mold of his face made in 1984 scanned to create the digital makeup.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michael Fleming |title=Digital Governator set for 'Terminator' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 22, 2009 |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/news/digital-governator-set-for-terminator-1118002743/ |access-date=December 2, 2018 }}</ref> Schwarzenegger gave his consent to appear this way, due to being unavailable because he was serving as the [[Governor of California]].
* [[Jadagrace|Jadagrace Berry]] as Star: An 8-year-old girl in Kyle's care.<ref name=robotangst/> Born after Judgment Day, Star is mute due to the trauma of the post-apocalyptic world. Therefore, this has given her the unnatural ability to sense when a Skynet unit is approaching.<ref name="productionotes"/>
* [[Brian Steele]] as the T-600.
* [[Linda Hamilton]] as the voice of [[Sarah Connor (Terminator)|Sarah Connor]]: John's mother who died years ago of leukemia. In two scenes of the film, John plays Sarah's recorded cassette tapes for more information regarding Kyle Reese, Marcus Wright and Skynet's Terminators. Hamilton was uncredited for the role, and was the only actor from previous films to return.<ref>{{cite news|author=Meredith Woerner|url=https://io9.gizmodo.com/5132349/sarah-connor-will-haunt-terminator-salvation|title=Sarah Connor Will Haunt Terminator Salvation|work=[[Gizmodo]]|date=January 15, 2009|access-date=March 5, 2018|archive-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142519/https://io9.gizmodo.com/5132349/sarah-connor-will-haunt-terminator-salvation|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Production==

===Development===
In 1999, two years after [[C2 Pictures]] purchased the rights, two ''Terminator'' films' premises were mapped out and were supposed to be developed simultaneously. [[Tedi Sarafian]] was hired to write ''[[Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines]]'', which he eventually received shared story credit for, while [[David C. Wilson (screenwriter)|David C. Wilson]] was to write ''Terminator 4''. Before any revisions were done, ''T3'' initially took place in 2001 and revolved around the first attacks between Skynet and humans. ''T4'' would follow immediately afterward and centered primarily on the war briefly seen in the first two films.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michael Fleming |url=https://variety.com/1999/film/news/t2-times-two-1117757936/ |title='T2' times two |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=November 11, 1999 |access-date=January 12, 2008 }}</ref> [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] gave the film the codename "Project Angel".{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Following the release of ''Terminator 3'' in 2003, producers [[Andrew G. Vajna]] and [[Mario Kassar]] contracted [[Nick Stahl]] and [[Claire Danes]] to return as John Connor and Kate Brewster in another film.<ref>{{cite news|author=Brian Linder|url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/441/441125p1.html|title=''T4'' Moving Ahead|work=[[IGN]]|date=November 19, 2003|access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref> Director [[Jonathan Mostow]] helped develop the script, written by [[John Brancato and Michael Ferris]], and was set to begin production in 2005 after completing another film. It was known by then that Arnold Schwarzenegger's role would be limited, as he had assumed office as [[Governor of California]]. The producers sought to have Warner Bros. finance the picture as they did for ''Terminator 3''.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michael Fleming |url=https://variety.com/2004/film/markets-festivals/will-he-be-back-1117910872/ |title=Will he be back? |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=September 23, 2004 |access-date=September 9, 2020 }}</ref> In 2005, Stahl said John and Kate would be recast as the story jumped forward in time.<ref>{{cite news |author=Peter Sciretta |title=Terminator 4 Announced |work=Slashfilm |date=September 11, 2006 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/news/1644734/stahl_danes_wont_return_for_quotterminator_4quot/ |access-date=November 22, 2008 }}</ref> By 2006, [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] (a successor to [[Orion Pictures]] and current owners of the [[Hemdale Film Corporation]] library, distributor and producer of the original film, respectively) was set to distribute the fourth film as part of the new CEO Harry Sloan's scheme to make the studio a viable Hollywood player.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/when-harry-met-leo-1117949787/ |title=When Harry met Leo…|work=Variety |last1=Goldsmith |first1= Jill |last2=LaPorte |first2= Nicole |date=September 10, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2020}}</ref>

On May 9, 2007, it was announced that production rights to the ''Terminator'' series had passed from the feuding Vajna and Kassar to [[the Halcyon Company]]. The producers hoped to start a new trilogy.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michael Fleming |title=More 'Terminator' on the way |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/more-terminator-on-the-way-1117964592/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=May 9, 2007 |access-date=September 20, 2020}}</ref> The purchase was financed with a loan by Pacificor, a [[hedge fund]] from [[Santa Monica]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-aug-18-fi-ct-terminator18-story.html|title='Terminator Salvation' producers sue hedge fund Pacificor|date=August 18, 2009|first=Ben|last=Fritz|access-date=July 4, 2015 | work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> By July 19, the project was in legal limbo due to a lawsuit between MGM and Halcyon subsidiary T Asset. MGM had an exclusive window of 30 days to negotiate for distribution of the Terminator films. When negotiating for ''Terminator 4'', Halcyon rejected their initial proposal, and MGM suspended negotiations. After the 30 days were over, MGM claimed that the period during which negotiations were suspended did not count and their exclusive period was still open. Halcyon asked a court for an injunction allowing them to approach other distributors.<ref>{{cite news|first=Garth|last=Franklin|title=''Terminator 4'' in Legal Limbo|url=http://www.darkhorizons.com/news07/070719e.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813050952/http://www.darkhorizons.com/news07/070719e.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 13, 2007|work=[[Dark Horizons]]|date=July 19, 2007}}</ref><ref name=oneindia.in/> Later, the lawsuit was settled and MGM got a 30-day right of first refusal to finance and distribute the fifth ''Terminator'' film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/mgm-gunning-for-terminator-1118003571/|title=MGM gunning for 'Terminator'?|work=Variety|date=May 13, 2009|access-date=2009-06-11 | first=Michael | last=Fleming}}</ref>

Finally, Warner Bros. paid $60 million to acquire the United States distribution rights of ''Terminator Salvation''; [[Sony Pictures]] also paid just over $100 million to acquire the film's distribution rights in all international territories (excluding South Korea, Japan and the Middle East, where it was respectively distributed by [[Lotte Entertainment]] and Mars Entertainment, [[Toho-Towa]], and Gulf Film).<ref name="budget-latimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-may-26-fi-ct-terminator26-story.html|title=On the way to 'Terminator Salvation,' legal sparks fly|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=May 26, 2009|access-date=June 11, 2009 | first1=Claudia | last1=Eller | first2=Ben | last2=Fritz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822170004/https://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/26/business/fi-ct-terminator26 |archive-date=August 22, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Writing===
[[McG]] signed on to direct, as the first two films were among his favorites, and he had even cast [[Robert Patrick]] (who played the [[T-1000]]) in his previous films.<ref name=nuclearwinter>{{cite news|author=Eric Vespe|title=Quint chats TERMINATOR: SALVATION with McG!|work=[[Ain't It Cool News]]|date=August 4, 2008|url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/37779|access-date=August 5, 2008}}</ref> Though he was initially unsure about "flogging a dead horse,"<ref name=ignfirstlook/> he felt the post-apocalyptic setting allowed the film to be different enough so as not to be just an inferior sequel. The idea that events in ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'' and ''Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines'' altered the future allowed them to be flexible with their presentation of the futuristic world.<ref name=children>{{cite news|url=http://www.moviehole.net/200814587-comic-con-interview-mcg|title=Comic-Con Interview: McG|work=Moviehole|access-date=August 5, 2008|archive-date=August 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080809181044/http://www.moviehole.net/200814587-comic-con-interview-mcg|url-status=dead}}</ref> McG met with the series' co-creator James Cameron, and, although he neither blessed nor denigrated the project, Cameron told the new director he had faced a similar challenge when following [[Ridley Scott]]'s ''[[Alien (film)|Alien]]'' with ''[[Aliens (film)|Aliens]]''.<ref name=ignfirstlook/> He maintained two elements of the previous films; that John is an outsider to the authorities, and someone of future importance is being protected, and in this film, it is Kyle Reese.<ref name="henriques">{{cite news |author=Ron Henriques |title=Terminator Salvation 20Min Preview & First Look At More Concept Art!! |work=Latino Review |date=January 12, 2009 |url=http://www.latinoreview.com/news/terminator-salvation-20min-preview-first-look-at-more-concept-art-5972 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118143031/http://www.latinoreview.com/news/terminator-salvation-20min-preview-first-look-at-more-concept-art-5972 |archive-date=2009-01-18 |access-date=September 9, 2020 }}</ref>

The first full screenplay for the film was written by ''Terminator 3'' writers John Brancato and Michael Ferris, who received full screenplay credit. [[Paul Haggis]] rewrote Brancato and Ferris's script,<ref name=friendly/> and [[Shawn Ryan]] made another revision three weeks before filming.<ref>{{cite news|author=Eric Goldman|title=Ryan Talks T4|work=[[IGN]]|date=July 17, 2008|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/890/890859p1.html|access-date=July 17, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211092836/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/890/890859p1.html|archive-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref> [[Jonathan Nolan]] also wrote on set, which led to McG to say, "I would have to characterize John as ''the lead writer of the film.''" In response to whether or not Nolan would receive a writing credit for his contribution, McG went on to say, "I don't know how the WGA rules work, but honest to goodness, we did the heaviest lifting with John."<ref name=children/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/confirmed-jonathan-nolan-not-credited-for-terminator-salvation/|title=Confirmed: Jonathan Nolan Not Credited For Terminator Salvation|author=Peter Sciretta|publisher=SlashFilm.com|access-date=January 5, 2017|date=April 28, 2009}}</ref> Nolan contributed to the film after Bale signed on and created Connor's arc of becoming a leader.<ref name=yorke>{{cite news|author=Meredith Woerner|url=http://io9.com/5130277/terminator-ending-might-piss-off-a-lot-of-people|title=Terminator Ending "Might Piss Off A Lot Of People"|work=[[io9]]|date=January 13, 2009|access-date=January 13, 2009|archive-date=January 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118214009/http://io9.com/5130277/terminator-ending-might-piss-off-a-lot-of-people|url-status=dead}}</ref> Unfortunately according to its main actor [[Christian Bale]], due to the [[2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike]], Nolan had to abruptly leave the project due to another commitment.<ref name=January2018/> [[Anthony E. Zuiker]] contributed to the script as well.<ref>{{cite news|title=Movie Sneaks 2009|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 12, 2008|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/moviesneaks/la-et-sneaks2009-pg,0,7887582.photogallery?index=60|access-date=January 12, 2008}}</ref> So extensive were the rewrites that [[Alan Dean Foster]] decided to rewrite the entire novelization after submitting it to his publisher because the compiled shooting script was very different from the one he was given beforehand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Updates|publisher=Alan Dean Foster|date=October 12, 2008|url=http://www.alandeanfoster.com/version2.0/frameset.htm|access-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref>

{{Quote box |quote=You survived the nuclear holocaust and you crawl out of the hole after three-to-five years and say, 'Well, I know what's going on—I'm the one!' Some SAS guy isn't going to say, 'Where do I go, boss?' He'd say, 'Shut the fuck up and get in line.' |source=— McG on John's struggles to become the leader.<ref name="empire" /> |width=40% |salign=right |bgcolor=#c6dbf7}}

In the early script drafts, John was a secondary character. Producer James Middleton explained "''[[Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ|Ben-Hur]]'' was influenced by [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], but it was his story. Much in that way, this [new main] character will be influenced by John Connor."
<ref>{{cite news|author=Travis Fickett|title=Terminator 4 Update!|work=[[IGN]]|date=September 25, 2007|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/822/822974p1.html|access-date=November 19, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211041729/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/822/822974p1.html|archive-date=February 11, 2009}}</ref>
The original ending was to have John killed, and his image kept alive by the resistance by grafting his skin onto Marcus' cybernetic body. Marcus would have then murdered Kate, Barnes, Kyle, and Star.<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Chris Nashawaty|title=Terminator Salvation': The shocking, bummer of an ending you didn't see!|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=May 26, 2009|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2009/05/26/the-terminator|access-date=November 19, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Drew McWeeny|title=Updated! That Crazy TERMINATOR 4 Rumor? Turns Out It Might Be A Crazy Giant Spoiler ...|work=[[Ain't It Cool News]]|date=June 2, 2008|url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/36947|access-date=November 26, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chud.com/14987/the-truth-behind-that-shocking-aicn-terminator-4-spoiler/|title=The truth behind that shocking AICN Terminator 4 spoiler|work=CHUD|access-date=March 6, 2009}}</ref> However, after the ending was leaked on the Internet, Warner Bros. decided to completely change the entire third act of the film.<ref>{{cite news|author=Clint Morris|title=Exclusive : Terminator's ''Salvation''|work=Moviehole |date=March 21, 2009|url=http://www.moviehole.net/200918238-exclusive-terminators-salvation|access-date=May 9, 2009|archive-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210323/http://www.moviehole.net/200918238-exclusive-terminators-salvation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> McG and Nolan did continue the Christ element of John's character though, in which he has some followers who believe what he knows about Skynet and others who do not.<ref>{{cite news|author=Eric Ditzian|title=New 'Terminator Salvation' Preview: Heart-Pounding Battles, Big (And Bigger) Explosions|work=[[MTV]]|date=January 13, 2009|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1602598/story.jhtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114124741/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1602598/story.jhtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 14, 2009|access-date=January 14, 2009}}</ref>

McG described the film's theme as "where you draw the line between machines and humans".<ref name=ignfirstlook/> The friendship between Marcus—who was executed (for murder) when humanity still ruled the world—and Kyle Reese illustrates how war and suffering can bring out the best in people, such as when they worked together to survive during the [[The Blitz|Blitz]].<ref name="empire" /> The title was derived from this second chance given to humanity and to Marcus, in addition to John's efforts to save humanity from the machines.<ref name=salvation>{{cite news|author=Patrick Lee|url=http://scifiwire.com/2009/03/mcg-goes-deep-about-the-salvation-in-his-terminator.php|title=McG goes deep about the "salvation" in his Terminator|work=[[Sci Fi Wire]]|date=March 2, 2009|access-date=March 2, 2009|archive-date=April 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405172721/http://scifiwire.com/2009/03/mcg-goes-deep-about-the-salvation-in-his-terminator.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film's original title was ''Terminator Salvation: The Future Begins'', but this was dropped during filming.<ref name="empire" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Brian |date=2008-03-11 |title=Next Terminator Film Loses {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} Title |url=https://movieweb.com/next-terminator-film-loses-its-title/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=MovieWeb |language=en}}</ref>

Throughout writing, the cast and crew would watch scenes from the three films to pick moments to reference or tribute, including "Come with me if you want to live" and "[[I'll be back]]", which is uttered by John in this film. McG found himself having to decide which ideas for references would be included and which would not.<ref>{{cite news|author=Orlando Parfitt|title=Exclusive: Bale'll Be Back|work=[[IGN]]|date=November 19, 2008|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/931/931781p1.html|access-date=November 19, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131104500/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/931/931781p1.html|archive-date=January 31, 2009}}</ref> An opening scene has John fighting a Terminator on a crashed helicopter, which was storyboarded as an homage to the climax of the original film, where his mother Sarah, having broken her leg, is chased by a crippled Terminator. McG did this to reflect the skills John learned from her.<ref name=premiere/>

===Filming===
[[File:Moon Bloodgood at Kirtland AFB during filming of Terminator Salvation 2008-07-18.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Capt. Jennie Schoeck and actress [[Moon Bloodgood]] with an [[A-10 Thunderbolt II]] during the production of ''Terminator Salvation'' at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]] in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]]]

With an estimated $200 million budget, ''Terminator Salvation'' is the most expensive ''Terminator'' film to date, followed closely by ''[[Terminator: Dark Fate]]'' (2019) (estimated budget $185-$196 million).<ref name="budget-latimes"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/terminator-dark-fate-linda-hamilton-harriet-motherless-brooklyn-weekend-box-office-1202774477/|title=How 'Terminator: Dark Fate' Conked Out With $29M & Why 'The Irishman' Is A Strategic Opportunity – Sunday Box Office |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=2019-11-03 |website=Deadline |access-date=2019-11-11 }}</ref> The shooting of the film started on May 5, 2008, in [[New Mexico]], with parts of the filming taking place at [[Kirtland Air Force Base]], after the [[United States Air Force]] agreed to provide the crew guidance and aircraft.<ref name="focus" /><ref>{{cite news|author=Sue Zeidler|title=''Terminator 4'' starts filming despite strike fears|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/filmNews/idUSN0728158020080509|work=Reuters|date=May 8, 2008|access-date=May 11, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Staff Sgt. Matthew Bates |publisher=[[United States Air Force]] |title=Kirtland provides Airmen, location for 'Terminator Salvation' |date=April 6, 2009 |url=https://www.af.mil/News/story/id/123139441/ |access-date=April 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717082313/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123139441 |archive-date=July 17, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The filmmakers had originally intended to begin filming on March 15 in [[Budapest]] or Australia,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Terminator Secrets Revealed!|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=December 2007|page=7}}</ref> but a 25 percent [[tax rebate]] and absence of an [[interest rate cap and floor]] made the filmmakers seek the cheaper New Mexico, because of their elevated budget.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/articles/2009/04/terminator-business.html|title=The Business of Terminator|work=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]]|date=April 19, 2009|access-date=June 11, 2009}}</ref> To avoid delays caused by a possible [[2008 Screen Actors Guild strike]] in July, all exterior scenes were completed by then, so production could restart easily.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michael Cieply|title=This Film Will Be Back, Strike or No Strike|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 2, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/02/movies/02term.html|access-date=July 2, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/film-greenlights-in-limbo-1117981560/|title=Film greenlights in limbo|first=Michael|last=Fleming|author2=Pamela McClintock |date=February 27, 2008|access-date=April 14, 2008}}</ref> The shoot ended on July 20, 2008,<ref name="shootingdays"/> though some [[pick-up (filmmaking)|pick-ups]] took place in January 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=NYCC: McG Goes Christian Bale On His Audience|work=Cinema Blend|type=Video|date=February 7, 2009|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/NYCC-McG-Goes-Christian-Bale-On-His-Audience-11914.html|access-date=February 7, 2009|archive-date=February 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208172558/http://www.cinemablend.com/new/NYCC-McG-Goes-Christian-Bale-On-His-Audience-11914.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In addition to Bale breaking his hand and Worthington hurting his back, special effects technician [[Mike Meinardus]] almost lost his leg filming an explosion. The sequence required a manhole cover being blown into the air, which hit Menardis and partially severed his leg. McG noted it was a testament to the gritty style of the film. "I say with respect, I didn't want that ''[[Star Wars]]'' experience of everything's a blue screen, tennis balls, and go for it. I had [[Stan Winston]] build all the machines. We built all the sets, the explosive power, the explosive power so you feel that wind and that percussion and that heat blowing your eyebrows off. And with that, you get a couple bumps and bruises on the way, but you get it in an integrity and a realism that hopefully echoes ''[[Apocalypse Now]]''. You couldn't say, 'Let's just shoot ''Apocalypse Now'' in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], I think it's going to feel just as good.{{' "}}<ref name=salvation/>

The film used [[Technicolor]]'s Oz process during post-production. This is a partial silver retention on the [[interpositive]], similar to [[bleach bypass]], which will be used to lend to the sense of detachment from the modern world McG was looking for.<ref name=prometheus>{{cite web|author=McG|title=''Terminator Salvation: The Future Begins'' Blog|publisher=Official blog|url=http://rss.warnerbros.com/terminatorsalvation/2008/07/prometheus.html|date=July 21, 2008|access-date=July 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414033143/http://rss.warnerbros.com/terminatorsalvation/2008/07/prometheus.html|archive-date=April 14, 2009|author-link=McG}}</ref> [[Industrial Light & Magic]] developed [[shader]] programs to make the desaturated lighting of the [[computer-generated imagery|CGI]] realistic and well-integrated to the on-set footage.<ref name=vfx>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/articles/profiles/iterminator-salvationi-battle-machines|title=Terminator Salvation: Battle of the Machines|publisher=VFX World|date=May 28, 2009|access-date=June 11, 2009}}</ref> The filmmakers consulted with many scientists about the effects of an abandoned world and [[nuclear winter]].<ref name=nuclearwinter/> McG cited ''[[Mad Max 2]]'', the original ''[[Star Wars]]'' trilogy and ''[[Children of Men]]'', as well as the novel ''[[The Road]]'', as his visual influences.<ref name=ignfirstlook/><ref name=nuclearwinter/> He instructed his cast to read the latter as well as ''[[Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?]]''<ref name="shootingdays"/><ref name=children/> Like ''Children of Men'', McG would storyboard scenes so that it would be edited together to resemble a [[Long take|seamless, continuous shot]].<ref name=mcgrt>{{cite news|author=Jacob Flynn |title=Exclusive: McG Talks Terminator Salvation |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date=March 27, 2009 |url=http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/terminator_salvation/news/1808641/exclusive_mcg_talks_terminator_salvation |access-date=March 27, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328123307/http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/terminator_salvation/news/1808641/exclusive_mcg_talks_terminator_salvation |archive-date=March 28, 2009 }}</ref> It took two weeks to film a two-minute shot of Connor getting caught up in a bombing on the Skynet base where he discovers plans for the T-800.<ref>{{cite news|author=Patrick Kevin Day|title=Scene Stealer: 'Terminator Salvation'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=June 8, 2009|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/herocomplex/2009/05/scene-stealer-terminator-salvation.html|access-date=June 8, 2009}}</ref>

===Design and special effects===
McG sought to create as many "in-camera" elements as possible to make the film more realistic.<ref name=reforging>
{{cite AV media |people= Hurwitz, Sam (Executive Producer); Stolpe, Jonas (producer); etc. |date= February 6, 2013 |title= Terminator Salvation—Reforging the Future |medium= streaming video | format = documentary | language= en |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9cpGFbRLMk |access-date= 6 February 2020 |time= Unstated time. |location= Burbank, CA |publisher= Warner Bros. Home Entertainment }}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} A version of the work originally appeared on the ''Terminator Salvation'' DVD (Region 4) from [[Columbia House Home Video]].</ref>{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} Many of the settings were hand-built, including an entire gas station for the Harvester attack scenes. The Terminator factory was built in an abandoned factory,<ref name=focus>{{cite AV media |people= Multiple producers, etc. |date= February 6, 2013 |title= Terminator Salvation—Focus Points |medium= streaming video | format = documentary shorts collection |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9cpGFbRLMk |access-date= 6 February 2020 |time= Unstated time. |location= Burbank, CA |publisher= Warner Bros. Home Entertainment }}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} A version of this work also originally appeared on the ''Terminator Salvation'' DVD (Region 4) from [[Columbia House Home Video]]. Note, "Focus Points" is a collection of shorts—see {{cite web | author = Yee, Cameron | date = November 30, 2009 | title = HTF Blu-ray Review: Terminator Salvation (Director's Cut) | work = HomeTheaterForum.com | url = https://www.hometheaterforum.com/community/threads/htf-blu-ray-review-terminator-salvation-directors-cut.289351/ | access-date = February 5, 2020}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} See also {{IMDb name |6033812}}.</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2020}} and the design crew consulted robot manufacturer companies for a more realistic depiction.<ref name=reforging/>{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} A {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} model built and detonated by [[Kerner Optical]] was used for the explosion of Skynet's 30-story San Francisco-based lab.<ref name="empire" />

The majority of the machines were designed by Martin Laing, a crew member on Cameron's ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' and ''[[Ghosts of the Abyss]]''.<ref name=c4>{{cite news|author=Daniel Etherington|title=Terminator Salvation Advance Screening Report|work=[[Channel 4]]|date=November 19, 2008|url=http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/feature.jsp?V=3&SV=2&id=170352|access-date=November 20, 2008}}</ref> McG described many of the machines as having an [[H. R. Giger]] influence.<ref name=nuclearwinter/> McG's intent was to create a gritty, tactile 2018 on screen, and Laing concurred the robots would have to be black and degraded as none of them are new. Laing devised [[Aerostats]], which are smaller versions of the Aerial Hunter Killers from the previous films. The Aerostats send a signal to the {{convert|60|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} humanoid Harvesters. They are very big and slow, so they use Mototerminators to capture humans, and the Harvesters place them in Transporters. Laing was unsure of how to design the Transporters until he saw a cattle transport while driving through Albuquerque.
[[File:ExpoSYFY - Terminator Salvation (10804138953).jpg|thumb|A Hydrobot from the film on display at ExpoSYFY in [[San Sebastián]], Spain]]
The film features the first aquatic Skynet robot, the Hydrobot, which Laing modeled on [[eel]]s,<ref name=empire>{{cite news|author=Adam Smith|title=25 Years of Terminator: Salvation|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=April 2009|pages=75–82}}</ref> and was built by the [[animatronics]] crew with its exterior made of metal-looking rubber so it could be used in the aquatic scenes.<ref name=focus/>

The film features rubber-skinned [[T-600]] robots. McG interpreted Kyle Reese's description in the original film of the T-600 as being easy to spot by making them tall and bulky.<ref name=ignfirstlook/> For scenes of humans fighting with Terminators, the actors interacted with stuntmen wearing [[motion capture]] suits, later replaced by digital robots.<ref name=reforging/>{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}} For the Moto-Terminators, [[Ducati]] designers were hired to create the robots, and the on-screen robot was a combination of stuntmen driving actual Ducatis and a Moto-Terminator mock-up, as well as a digital Moto-Terminator.<ref>{{Cite video|title=The Moto-Terminator|type=Documentary|location=''Terminator Salvation'' DVD (Region 4)|publisher=Columbia Home Video}}</ref> Visual effects studio Imaginary Forces created the Terminator point-of-view sequences, and tried to depict a simple interface, "[[No frills|free of the frills]]—anything that a machine would not purely need", and with more [[software bug]]s and anomalies since the robots of ''Salvation'' were not as advanced as the Terminators from the previous films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fxguide.com/article547.html |title=Behind the Scenes of Terminator: Imaginary Forces |date=July 21, 2009 |publisher=fxguide |first=Ian |last=Failes |access-date=December 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927015458/http://www.fxguide.com/article547.html |archive-date=September 27, 2009 }}</ref>

The main special effects were done by Industrial Light & Magic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/pictures/photos-terminator-visual-effects-smashing-cars-taking-names/ |title=Photos: Terminator visual effects--smashing cars, taking names |last=Terdiman |first=Daniel |date=May 25, 2009 |website=[[CNET]] |access-date=September 9, 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122221331/https://www.cnet.com/pictures/photos-terminator-visual-effects-smashing-cars-taking-names/ |archive-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> ''Salvation'' was one of the last films that [[Stan Winston]], the [[visual effects supervisor]] on the first three films, worked on.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rss.warnerbros.com/terminatorsalvation/2008/06/ |title=Terminator Salvation: June 2008 Archives |author=McG |author-link=McG |date=June 2008 |website=rss.warnerbros.com |access-date=September 9, 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828074224/http://rss.warnerbros.com/terminatorsalvation/2008/06/ |archive-date=August 28, 2008}}</ref> Winston died on June 15, 2008, after a long struggle with [[multiple myeloma]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Stan Winston: 1946–2008|url=http://www.superherohype.com/news/ironmannews.php?id=7360|work=[[Superhero Hype!]]|date=June 16, 2008|access-date=June 16, 2008|archive-date=June 17, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617184020/http://www.superherohype.com/news/ironmannews.php?id=7360|url-status=dead}}</ref> McG dedicated the film to him in the end credits.<ref name=csny/> John Rosengrant and [[Charlie Gibson (special effects artist)|Charlie Gibson]] replaced Winston,<ref name=c4/> and McG commented that they are "trying to achieve something that's never been done before"<ref>{{cite news|author=McG|title=The Future So Far...|work=Official blog|date=October 22, 2008|url=http://rss.warnerbros.com/terminatorsalvation/2008/10/we_wrapped_principal_photograp.html|access-date=November 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331183929/http://rss.warnerbros.com/terminatorsalvation/2008/10/we_wrapped_principal_photograp.html|archive-date=March 31, 2009}}</ref> and "push the envelope".<ref name=London>{{cite news|author=Neil Smith|title=Director hosts Terminator preview|work=[[BBC News]]|date=November 19, 2008|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7737392.stm|access-date=November 19, 2008}}</ref> Asylum Visual Effects created digital plates, Marcus' endoskeleton, and a digital T-600. [[Rising Sun Pictures]] did the digital correction of [[day for night]] scenes, the destruction of the submarine and Marcus' robot hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fxguide.com/article549.html |title=Terminator Salvation: Asylum, RSP & Kerner |date=July 26, 2009 |publisher=fxguide |first=Ian |last=Failes |access-date=December 19, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123155439/http://www.fxguide.com/article549.html |archive-date=January 23, 2010 }}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Terminator Salvation (soundtrack)}}
[[Danny Elfman]] began composing the score in January 2009. Elfman's score had a different theme but it did feature the five-note percussive sequence that had been featured in every ''Terminator'' film.<ref name="yorke" /> [[Reprise Records]] released the 15-track soundtrack on May 19, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-05-19 |title=Terminator: Salvation (Original Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/terminator-salvation-original-soundtrack/315607816 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120205556/https://music.apple.com/us/album/terminator-salvation-original-soundtrack/315607816 |archive-date=2021-01-20 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The album featured 14 tracks of Elfman's score, along with the end credits song "[[Rooster (song)|Rooster]]" (1993) by [[Alice in Chains]].<ref name="guitar">{{cite news|title=''Terminator Salvation'' Soundtrack Includes Alice in Chains track |work=Vintage Guitar |date=May 5, 2009 |url=http://www.vintageguitar.com/newswire/detail.asp?newsID=1729 |access-date=May 6, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902233705/http://www.vintageguitar.com/newswire/detail.asp?newsID=1729 |archive-date=September 2, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Heritage |first=Stuart |date=2013-07-12 |title=Terminator Salvation recap: McG gives us a robotic sequel with added stupidity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2013/jul/12/terminator-salvation-mcg-recap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829131017/https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2013/jul/12/terminator-salvation-mcg-recap |archive-date=2014-08-29 |access-date=2025-07-29 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Marketing==
===Promotion===
[[File:Brawn.GP.4.Spain.09.jpg|thumb|[[Brawn GP]]'s [[Brawn BGP 001]] car featured the ''Terminator Salvation'' logo during the [[2009 Formula One World Championship|2009 Formula One season]].|alt=Sideway view of a Formula one racecar, with a Terminator faceplate and "Terminator Salvation" written in its rear.]]
On July 16, 2008, Warner Bros. debuted the film's [[teaser trailer]] on [[Yahoo!]], accompanied by a voiceover by Christian Bale's character of John Connor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terminator Salvation Teaser Online|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=July 16, 2008|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/terminator-salvation-teaser-online/|access-date=March 5, 2018}}</ref> On November 25, 2008, Sony Pictures unveiled a motion poster, showing a T-800 with the words: "Welcome to Los Angeles, 2018".<ref>{{cite news|title=Incredible "Motion" Poster For TERMINATOR SALVATION!|work=Icons of Fright|date=November 25, 2008|url=http://iconsoffright.com/2008/11/25/incredible-motion-poster-for-terminator-salvation/|access-date=March 6, 2018|archive-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306202408/http://iconsoffright.com/2008/11/25/incredible-motion-poster-for-terminator-salvation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYtSDCgucUQ| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211110/sYtSDCgucUQ| archive-date=2021-11-10 | url-status=live|title=Terminator Salvation – Motion Poster |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=March 6, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> In December 2008, the first theatrical trailer was released on the [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] website.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Official Full-Length Terminator Salvation Trailer Is Here!|work=[[MovieWeb]]|date=December 10, 2008|url=https://movieweb.com/the-official-full-length-terminator-salvation-trailer-is-here|access-date= March 5, 2018}}</ref> In March 2009, the second trailer was released on [[Yahoo! Movies]] and was attached to ''[[Watchmen (2009 film)|Watchmen]]'', accompanied by a [[The Day the World Went Away#In popular culture|remix version]] of [[Nine Inch Nails]]' "[[The Day the World Went Away]]".<ref>{{cite news |title= Terminator Salvation Trailer #2 |work= Film Junk |date= March 3, 2009 |url= http://filmjunk.com/2009/03/03/terminator-salvation-trailer-2-2/ |access-date= March 5, 2018 |archive-date= March 5, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202446/http://filmjunk.com/2009/03/03/terminator-salvation-trailer-2-2/ |url-status= dead }}</ref> On May 8, 2009, the extended four-minute final trailer was released on Apple.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://movieweb.com/watch-the-extended-terminator-salvation-trailer/ |title=Watch the Extended Terminator Salvation Trailer! |work=[[MovieWeb]] |date=May 8, 2009 |access-date=May 25, 2019 }}</ref>

===Tie-ins===
[[File:Terminator Salvation The Ride (1).JPG|thumb|[[Apocalypse: The Ride]] at [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]] was originally named Terminator Salvation: The Ride from 2009 to 2010.]]
In addition to the novelization by Alan Dean Foster, a prequel novel titled ''Terminator Salvation: From the Ashes'' by [[Timothy Zahn]] was released.<ref>{{cite news|title=Book List:Terminator|work=[[Titan Books]]|date=August 23, 2008|url=http://titanbooks.com/brands/terminator/?Genre=Film%20and%20TV|access-date=September 3, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=Titan's 'Terminator' Tomes|magazine=ICV2|date=June 26, 2008|url=http://www.icv2.com/articles/news/12809.html|access-date=July 2, 2008}}</ref> Two further books were inspired by the film: ''Cold War'' by [[Greg Cox (writer)|Greg Cox]] and ''Trial by Fire'', again by Zahn. [[IDW Publishing]] released a four-issue prequel comic, as well as an adaptation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Matt Murphy|title=CCI: IDW's Ideals and Dreams|work=[[Comic Book Resources]]|date=July 26, 2008|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=17450|access-date=July 28, 2008}}</ref> It follows Connor rallying together the resistance in 2017, as well as examining normal people overcoming their intolerances to defeat Skynet.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jennifer Vineyard|title=EXCLUSIVE: Go Inside "Terminator Salvation" With Our First Look At The Upcoming Prequel Comic!|work=[[MTV]] Movies Blog|date=July 27, 2008|url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/07/27/exclusive-go-inside-terminator-salvation-with-our-first-look-at-the-upcoming-prequel-comic/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828170452/http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/07/27/exclusive-go-inside-terminator-salvation-with-our-first-look-at-the-upcoming-prequel-comic/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 28, 2008|access-date=July 28, 2008}}</ref> [[Dark Horse Comics]] released a twelve-issue sequel comic to the film, titled ''Terminator Salvation: The Final Battle'' by [[J. Michael Straczynski]] from 2013 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=46690|title=SDCC EXCLUSIVE: JMS Explores Skynet in "Terminator: The Final Battle"|website=Comic Book Resources|date=July 17, 2013|access-date=March 11, 2016}}</ref> [[Playmates Toys]], [[Sideshow Collectibles]], [[Hot Toys]], Character Options, and DC Unlimited produced merchandise,<ref>{{cite news|title=Toys and collectibles licenses are in|work=Terminator Files|date=July 23, 2008|url=http://www.terminatorfiles.com/news/2008/2008-07-23-b.htm|access-date=July 24, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080725081015/http://www.terminatorfiles.com/news/2008/2008-07-23-b.htm |archive-date = July 25, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=DC Direct Finds Some "Salvation" In "Terminator" Franchise|work=[[MTV]] Splash Page|date=July 25, 2008|url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/07/25/dc-direct-finds-some-salvation-in-terminator-franchise/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928060434/http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/07/25/dc-direct-finds-some-salvation-in-terminator-franchise/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 28, 2008|access-date=July 29, 2008}}</ref> while [[Chrysler]], [[Sony]], [[Pizza Hut]], and [[7-Eleven]] were among the [[product placement]] partners.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chrysler Cars to be Featured in ''Terminator Salvation''|work=Comingsoon.net|date=January 21, 2009|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=52099|access-date=May 2, 2009|archive-date=March 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302091134/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=52099|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Brian Jacks|title='Terminator Salvation': 'I'll Be Back—Right After We Go To 7-11'|work=[[MTV]] Movies Blog|date=April 30, 2009|url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2009/04/30/terminator-salvation-ill-be-backright-after-we-go-to-7-11/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714170615/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2009/04/30/terminator-salvation-ill-be-backright-after-we-go-to-7-11/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2012|access-date=February 5, 2009}}</ref> On May 23, 2009, a [[Terminator Salvation: The Ride|roller coaster]] named after the film opened at [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]]. In 2011, the ride was no longer licensed and renamed as ''Apocalypse: The Ride''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Terminator Salvation: The Ride|work=[[Six Flags|SixFlags.com]]|url=http://www.sixflags.com/magicMountain/rides/TerminatorSalvationTheRide.aspx|date=August 19, 2009|access-date=August 19, 2009}}</ref>

===Video game===
{{Main|Terminator Salvation (video game)}}
[[File:Terminator Salvation Arcade.jpg|thumb|The [[light gun]] ''Terminator Salvation'' arcade game was released in 2010.]]
A third-person shooter [[Terminator Salvation (video game)|video game of the same name]] was released on the same week of the release of the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=''Terminator Salvation'' Video Game Announced|url=http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=10927|date=November 20, 2008|access-date=November 25, 2008|archive-date=December 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209113918/http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=10927|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Christian Bale declined to lend his voice, so [[Gideon Emery]] voiced the character of John Connor. The game features the voices of Common and Moon Bloodgood as Barnes and Blair Williams, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Langshaw|title=''Terminator'' game detailed|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/a150276/terminator-game-detailed.html|website=[[Digital Spy]]|date=March 21, 2009|access-date=March 27, 2009}}</ref> Despite not appearing in the film, [[Rose McGowan]] voiced the character of Angie Salter, an ex-high school teacher.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Christian Bale in ''Terminator Salvation'' Video Game|url=http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=12350|publisher=WorstPreviews.com|date=March 4, 2009|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-date=May 5, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505070416/http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=12350|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The game is set in 2016, after the events of ''Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines'' and before the events of ''Terminator Salvation''.

Another video game also titled ''Terminator Salvation'' was released in 2010 in arcades. It is a [[light gun]] shooter developed by Play Mechanix and published by [[Raw Thrills]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Terminator Salvation|url=http://rawthrills.com/games/terminator-salvation/|website=Raw Thrills|access-date=June 17, 2017}}</ref>

===Animated series===
On May 18, 2009, [[Machinima Inc.|Machinima]] released ''[[Terminator Salvation: The Machinima Series]]'', an [[animated]] [[prequel]] [[web series]] set before the 2009 video game, comprising six episodes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terminator Salvation: The Machinima Series Explodes Online as the First Long Form Dramatic Machinima Production|url=http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2009/05/19/terminator-salvation-the-machinima-series-explodes-online-as-the|publisher=[[Time Warner]]|access-date=March 9, 2018|archive-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010147/http://www.timewarner.com/newsroom/press-releases/2009/05/19/terminator-salvation-the-machinima-series-explodes-online-as-the|url-status=dead}}</ref> Set after Judgment Day, Blair Williams (again voiced by Bloodgood) is fighting the war against the machines in downtown Los Angeles while tracking down the computer hacker named Laz Howard (voiced by [[Cam Clarke]]) and trying to convince him to join sides with the resistance. The series was created using real-time computer animation from the video game. It was distributed by [[Warner Premiere]], produced by [[Wonderland Sound and Vision]] and [[The Halcyon Company]] and was released on DVD on November 3, 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terminator Salvation Machinima Series: Season 1|work=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|url=https://www.amazon.com/Terminator-Salvation-Machinima-Season-1/dp/B002QFYJFY|access-date=March 7, 2018}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
[[File:Terminator Salvation panel at WonderCon 2009 1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Anton Yelchin]], [[Moon Bloodgood]], [[Common (rapper)|Common]], [[Bryce Dallas Howard]], and director [[McG]] at the ''Terminator Salvation'' panel at [[WonderCon]] in 2009]]
The film was released in North America on May 21, 2009, with Warner Bros. setting the American premiere on May 14, 2009, at the [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Warner Bros. Pictures Presents U.S. Premiere of TERMINATOR SALVATION Thursday, May 14|work=BusinessWire.com|date=April 30, 2009|url=http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20090430006796&newsLang=en|access-date=May 2, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618021944/http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20090430006796&newsLang=en|archive-date=June 18, 2009}}</ref> Elsewhere, Sony Pictures Entertainment released the film in most overseas territories on different dates in June. One exception was [[Mexico]], because of the [[2009 swine flu pandemic|swine flu outbreak]] in the country, which forced Sony to push the release date to July 31, 2009.<ref>{{cite news |author=Pamela McClintock |title=Flu forces studios to shuffle slates |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 30, 2009 |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/box-office/flu-forces-studios-to-shuffle-slates-1118003031/ |access-date=2020-05-04 }}</ref>

It is rated PG-13 by the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] for "intense sequences of sci-fi violence, action, and language," unlike the first three films which are rated R.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fox To Air Terminator Salvation "Extended Look", Promo Confirms PG-13 Rating|work=/Film|date=April 13, 2009|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2009/04/13/fox-to-air-terminator-salvation-extended-look-promo-confirms-pg-13-rating/|access-date=April 14, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415142428/http://www.slashfilm.com/2009/04/13/fox-to-air-terminator-salvation-extended-look-promo-confirms-pg-13-rating/|archive-date=April 15, 2009|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The decision to release the film with a PG-13 rating was met with much criticism from fans,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nj.com/entertainment/tv/index.ssf/2009/04/2009_summer_movie_preview.html|title=2009 Summer movie preview|date=April 5, 2009|publisher= New Jersey Entertainment|access-date=November 4, 2009}}</ref> as well as the media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2009/04/terminator_salvation_is_pg13_pizzahutapproved.html|title=Terminator Salvation Is PG-13, Pizza Hut–Approved|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=April 7, 2009|access-date=November 4, 2009|first=Lane|last=Brown}}</ref> The rating decision was made after McG cut out a shot of Marcus stabbing a thug with a screwdriver, as the director felt disallowing the young audience due to that one shot was unfair. He also deleted a topless scene for Moon Bloodgood because "It was a soft moment between a man and a woman that was designed to echo the [[Kelly McGillis]]/[[Harrison Ford]] moment in ''[[Witness (1985 film)|Witness]]'' [but] in the end, it felt more like a gratuitous moment of a girl taking her top off in an action picture, and I didn't want that to convolute the story or the characters."<ref>{{cite news |author=Ian Spelling |title=McG talks Terminator Salvation's ratings, deleted scenes, boobs and rants |work=[[Sci-Fi Wire]] |date=May 9, 2009 |url=http://scifiwire.com/2009/05/mcg-talks-terminator-salv.php |access-date=May 9, 2009 |archive-date=May 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510063108/http://scifiwire.com/2009/05/mcg-talks-terminator-salv.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> In September 2020 McG again mentioned that he had a darker cut of the film that might have worked better.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbr.com/mcg-says-he-has-terminator-salvation-directors-cut-never-seen/ |title=McG Has a Darker Terminator: Salvation Director's Cut We've Never Seen #ReleasetheMcGCut |date=September 9, 2020 |publisher=ComicBookResources.com |author=SAM STONE |access-date=September 9, 2020 }}</ref>
The producers had expected the rating because of the modern leniency toward violence in PG-13 films, such as the 2007 action film, ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]''.<ref name=friendly>{{cite news |author=Anne Thompson|author-link=Anne Thompson (film journalist)|title='Terminator' guns for kid-friendly rating |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 13, 2008 |url=https://variety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/terminator-guns-for-kid-friendly-rating-1117985086/ |access-date=September 20, 2020 }}</ref>

===Home media===
The [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] of the film was released on December 1, 2009. The DVD contains the theatrical cut of the film with a featurette on the Moto-Terminators. The Blu-ray features both the theatrical cut and the R-rated [[Director's Cut]], which is three minutes longer (118 minutes), with bonus material including Maximum Movie Mode, a video commentary in which director McG talks about the film while it plays, featurettes, a video archive, and a digital comic of the first issue of the official film prequel comic. Both versions include a [[digital copy]] of the theatrical cut for [[portable media players]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Terminator Salvation (US - DVD R1 {{!}} BD)|work=DVDActive.com|date=September 9, 2009|url=http://www.dvdactive.com/news/releases/terminator-salvation2.html|access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref> [[Target Corporation|Target Stores]] was the only retailer to carry the Director's Cut on DVD.<ref>{{cite news|title=Terminator Salvation DVD - Only at Target|work=Target.com|date=November 29, 2009|url=http://www.target.com/Terminator-Salvation-DVD-Only-Target/dp/B002W9ZIZY/ref=sc_qi_detailbutton|access-date=November 29, 2009}}</ref> On its first week of retail, ''Terminator Salvation'' debuted at the top spot of the Blu-ray charts, and second in the DVD charts, behind ''Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian''. The film made $29,811,432 in domestic DVD sales bringing its total gross to $401,439,971.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5B90Q420091210|title="Museum" sequel narrowly tops sales charts|work=[[Reuters]]|first=Thomas K.|last=Arnold|date=December 10, 2009|access-date=December 19, 2009}}</ref> In 2019, [[Sony Pictures Home Entertainment]] released the film on [[Ultra HD Blu-ray]] in Europe and Australia. [https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Terminator-Salvation-4K-Blu-ray/251091/] A North American Ultra HD Blu-ray release from [[Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]] is scheduled to be released in the near future.

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Terminator Salvation'' made $3 million from first nationwide U.S. midnight screenings and earned $13.3 million in its first day.<ref>{{cite news|title=''Terminator Salvation'' Opens to $13.3 Million|work=Comingsoon.net|date=May 22, 2009|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=55756|access-date=May 26, 2009|archive-date=May 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525193225/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=55756|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film grossed an additional $42,558,390 on its four-day [[Memorial Day]] opening weekend from 3,530 theaters,<ref>{{cite web|title=Terminator Salvation|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=terminatorsalvation.htm|access-date=May 22, 2009}}</ref> debuting at number two behind ''[[Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian]]''. This gave the film a lower first-weekend take than its predecessor, becoming the first film in the series not to open at number one<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2590&p=.htm|title=Weekend Report: 'Night at the Museum,' 'Terminator' Dominate|first=Brandon|last=Gray|website=Box Office Mojo|date=May 26, 2009|access-date=November 4, 2009}}</ref> and failing to meet [[Boxoffice Magazine]] predictions by 50%.<ref>[http://www.boxoffice.com/featured_stories/2009-05-early-weekend-predictions-9 BoxOffice® — UPDATED: Weekend Predictions: 'Terminator Salvation' and 'Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718140807/http://www.boxoffice.com/featured_stories/2009-05-early-weekend-predictions-9 |date=July 18, 2011 }}. Boxoffice.com. Retrieved on September 27, 2013.</ref> ''Terminator Salvation'' was more successful in its international release, opening at number one in 66 of 70 territories through the first week of June,<ref>{{cite news|author=Jeremy Kay|title=Sony rules overseas as Terminator Salvation surges towards $100m|work=ScreenDaily.com|date=June 9, 2009|url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/sony-rules-overseas-as-terminator-salvation-surges-towards-100m/5002225.article|access-date=June 12, 2009}}</ref> and continuing to be the highest-grossing film in the following week.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jeremy Kay|title=Sony maintains overseas lead with Terminator, Angels & Demons|work=ScreenDaily.com|date=June 16, 2009|url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/sony-maintains-overseas-lead-with-terminator-angels-and-demons/5002462.article|access-date=November 4, 2009}}</ref> The film's total domestic gross was $125,322,469, along with $246,030,532 from overseas territories, for a worldwide gross of $371,353,001.<ref name="mojo"/><ref name="BoxOfficeMojo2">{{cite web |title=2009 WORLDWIDE GROSSES|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2009&p=.htm |access-date=October 29, 2009}}</ref> As of December 2009, the film ranked 14th for the year internationally and 23rd domestically (U.S. and Canada), which put it below initial expectations in terms of domestic gross and first weekend, as well as overall global take.<ref>{{cite news|author=Brian Tallerico|title=Box Office Predictions: The Top 20 Movies of Summer 2009|work=MovieRetriever.com|date=April 30, 2009|url=http://www.movieretriever.com/blog/319/box-office-predictions-the-top-20-movies-of-summer-2009|access-date=August 7, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308035232/http://www.movieretriever.com/blog/319/box-office-predictions-the-top-20-movies-of-summer-2009|archive-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Brandon Gray |title=Summer Box Office: The Top 15 Contenders |work=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/features/summermovieguide/2009/boxoffice/ |access-date=August 7, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712160514/http://www.imdb.com/features/summermovieguide/2009/boxoffice/ |archive-date=July 12, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Daniel Kelly|title=Box Office 2009: 10 predictions for the months ahead|work=ATNZone.com|date=February 19, 2009|url=http://www.atnzone.com/nz/2009/02/19/box-office-2009-10-predictions-for-the-months-ahead/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228124703/http://atnzone.com/nz/2009/02/19/box-office-2009-10-predictions-for-the-months-ahead/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 28, 2009|access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref>

===Critical response===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]] the film has an approval rating of 33% based on 279 reviews, with an average rating of 5.10/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "With storytelling as robotic as the film's iconic villains, ''Terminator Salvation'' offers plenty of great effects but lacks the heart of the original films."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/terminator_4 |title=Terminator Salvation (2009) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]] |access-date=December 9, 2025}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a [[weighted arithmetic mean|weighted average]] score of 49 out of 100, based on 46 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref name="meta">{{cite web |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/terminator-salvation |title=Terminator Salvation Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=July 5, 2015}}</ref> Audiences surveyed by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= TERMINATOR SALVATION (2009) B+ |work= [[CinemaScore]] |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= 2018-12-20 }}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film two out of four stars, saying that "After scrutinizing the film, I offer you my summary of the story: Guy dies, finds himself resurrected, meets others, fights. That lasts for almost two hours."<ref name="Ebert">{{cite web |date=May 19, 2009 |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=Terminator Salvation movie review (2009) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/terminator-salvation-2009 |website=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] }}</ref> Michael Rechtshaffen of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote that the film isn't the same without Arnold Schwarzenegger and that it misses its dramatic element.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rechtshaffen |first=Michael |title=Reviews: 'Terminator Salvation' |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=May 18, 2009 |page=19 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/film-review-terminator-salvation-1003973886.story |access-date=June 2, 2009 |archive-date=May 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521080714/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/film-review-terminator-salvation-1003973886.story |url-status=dead }}</ref> Likewise, [[Claudia Puig]] of ''[[USA Today]]'' gave the film two out of four stars and called it "predictable" with the "dramatic elements flat-lin[ing]". She considered Christian Bale's performance "one-dimensional", but found his co-stars to "come off better", saying Sam Worthington had "a quiet intensity marred only by yelling "Nooooo!" three times in about 10 minutes" and that Anton Yelchin had "some of the best lines".<ref>{{citation|author=Claudia Puig|title=There's little to salvage from this 'Terminator'|work=[[USA Today]]|date=May 19, 2009|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2009-05-19-terminator-salvation_N.htm|access-date=May 21, 2009}}</ref>

''[[Total Film]]''{{'}}s review gave the film four out of five stars with its verdict: "The Terminator story recharges with a post-apocalyptic jolt of energy. Frantic and full of welcome ties to the past, it also ploughs new ground with purpose. Fingers crossed McG will follow Cameron's lead and serve up a worthy sequel."<ref>{{cite news |author=Simon Edwards|title=Terminator Salvation (tbc)|work=[[Total Film]]|date=May 20, 2009|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/reviews/cinema/terminator-salvation|access-date=May 26, 2009}}</ref>

Devin Faraci of ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]'' also gave a positive rating of four out of five stars, saying: "McG has sparked a moribund franchise back to life, giving fans the post-apocalyptic action they've been craving since they first saw a metal foot crush a human skull two decades ago."<ref>{{citation|author=Devin Faraci|title=Terminator Salvation (12A)|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|url=https://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=10354|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723055949/https://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=10354 |archive-date=July 23, 2009}}</ref> However, on CHUD, the latter said, "Bale's desire to star as John Connor was probably the most fatal blow to the film; it completely distorted the shape of the story as it existed." Furthermore, he expressed that the third act was when the film began falling apart, saying, "McG and Nolan muddied the end of the picture, delivering action generics (yet another Terminator fight in a factory) while never finding their own hook that would give this movie more of an impact than you would get from an expanded universe novel."<ref>{{citation|author=Devin Faraci|title=Exclusive: What Went Wrong with ''Terminator Salvation''?|work=CHUD.com|date=May 24, 2009|url=http://www.chud.com/19577/exclusive-what-went-wrong-with-terminator-salvation/|access-date=May 26, 2009}}</ref> In contrast, [[James Berardinelli]] considered the ending the best part of the film, feeling that the first two-thirds were "rambling and disjointed" and that the lack of a central villain was only fixed when the T-800 appeared.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reelviews.net/php_review_template.php?identifier=1642|title=Terminator: Salvation|author=Berardinelli, James|date=May 19, 2009|access-date=November 4, 2009|author-link=James Berardinelli}}</ref>

Betsy Sharkey of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' stated that "[Bale's] strengths do not serve him, or the movie, as well here" and that "when the story starts to crumble around Bale, Worthington is there to pick up the pieces".<ref>{{citation|author=Betsy Sharkey|title=Review: 'Terminator Salvation'|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=May 20, 2009|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-et-terminator20-2009may20,0,3567865.story|access-date=May 21, 2009}}</ref> Craig Sharp of FilmShaft gave the film three out of five stars, saying "If you're looking for action then this is one damn good film! If it's character depth you're after then move along please."<ref>{{citation|author=Craig Sharp|title=Terminator Salvation Reviewed!|work=FilmShaft|date=May 20, 2009|url=http://www.filmshaft.com/terminator-salvation-reviewed/|access-date=May 20, 2009}}</ref>

[[A.O. Scott]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said the film has "a brute integrity lacking in some of the other seasonal franchise movies" and "efficient, reasonably swift storytelling".<ref>{{cite web |author=A.O. Scott |author-link=A.O. Scott |title=Heavy Metal|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 21, 2009|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2009/05/21/movies/21term.html?partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes&ei=5083|access-date=May 21, 2009}}</ref> [[Ben Lyons]] and [[Ben Mankiewicz]] gave the film a "See It" and "Skip It", respectively, on their show ''[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|At the Movies]]'' with the latter mentioning that it "is the worst big budget summer release I've seen in some time".<ref>{{citation|title=Terminator Salvation |work=[[At the Movies (1986 TV program)|At the Movies]] |date=May 22, 2009 |url=http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/atm/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080909204352/http://bventertainment.go.com/tv/buenavista/atm/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 9, 2008 |access-date=May 26, 2009 }}</ref>

In ''[[Reel Power: Hollywood Cinema and American Supremacy]]'', Matthew Alford argued that with the fourth installment, "the franchise had made a clear shift towards supporting establishment narratives, despite its earlier reservations" and that a "central theme" is whether John Connor "should prioritise striking a decisive military blow against the machines or rescue some captured humans, who are entombed—with shades of [[Auschwitz]]—by the Terminators". "[T]he flashforwards from the first three Terminator films hinted at a horrible future scape of pain, deprivation and ad-hoc guerrilla warfare", he writes, but "in contrast, producer Jeffrey Silver explained that the Department of Defense gave 'fantastic cooperation [to Salvation] because they recognized that in the future portrayed in this film, the military will still be the men and women who protect us, no matter what may come'". Alford concludes that "for a world that is set just fifteen years after a global [[nuclear holocaust]] the survivors are fancifully healthy, not to mention hairy" and that this "normalises the unthinkable".<ref>Reel Power (2010), Pluto Press, pp. 113-4.</ref>

===Response from ''Terminator'' actors===
Arnold Schwarzenegger, star of the preceding three films in the series, initially remarked that ''Terminator Salvation'' was "a great film, I was very excited",<ref>{{cite episode |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger; Dwight Yoakam |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ns0000002/?date=2009-05-27#celeb11 |series=The Tonight Show with Jay Leno |series-link=The Tonight Show with Jay Leno |network=NBC |airdate=2009-05-26 |season=17 |number=208}}</ref> but later reversed this position and said it was "...awful. It tried hard, not that they didn't try, the acting and everything. It missed the boat."<ref>[http://www.movies.com/movie-news/arnold-schwarzenegger-slams-39terminator-salvation39-still-open-to-39true-lies-239-more-39terminator39-movies/7371 Arnold Schwarzenegger Slams 'Terminator: Salvation;' Is Still Open to 'True Lies 2' and More 'Terminator' Movies | Movie News]. Movies.com (April 6, 2012). Retrieved on 2013-09-27.</ref>

''Terminator'' series creator James Cameron considered it an "interesting film" that he "didn't hate as much as I thought I was going to" and praised Sam Worthington's performance<ref>{{cite video |title=PodCenter: James Cameron |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espnradio/player?id=4609806 |format=[[podcast]] |publisher=[[ESPN]] |access-date=November 14, 2009 |time=06:13–06:48 |date=October 30, 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> but also said he would not return to the franchise: "[The series] has kind of run its course [...] frankly, the soup's already been pissed in by other film makers".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2010/02/18/james-cameron-talks-avatar-2-terminator-5-6-spider-man-reboot-batman-movies-how-hollywood-is-getting-3d-wrong-and-his-oscar-changes |title=James Cameron Talks Avatar 2, Terminator 5 & 6, Spider-Man Reboot, Batman Movies, How Hollywood is Getting 3D Wrong, and His Oscar Chances |date=February 18, 2010 |publisher=/Film |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=October 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024151516/http://www.slashfilm.com/2010/02/18/james-cameron-talks-avatar-2-terminator-5-6-spider-man-reboot-batman-movies-how-hollywood-is-getting-3d-wrong-and-his-oscar-changes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also felt his two films were better than either of the later films.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195933/http://www.worstpreviews.com/headline.php?id=18899 James Cameron Says His Terminator Films are Better]}}. WorstPreviews.com. Retrieved on September 27, 2013.</ref>

[[Linda Hamilton]], who portrayed Sarah Connor in ''The Terminator'' and ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' and lent her voice to ''Terminator Salvation'', wished the film "all the best" but expressed her opinion that the series "was perfect with two films. It was a complete circle, and it was enough in itself. But there will always be those who will try to milk the cow".<ref>{{citation|author=John Hill |title=Linda Hamilton: Terminator should be terminated |work=Wharf.co.uk |date=May 27, 2009 |url=http://www.wharf.co.uk/2009/05/linda-hamilton-terminator-shou.html |access-date=July 24, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003150140/http://www.wharf.co.uk/2009/05/linda-hamilton-terminator-shou.html |archive-date=October 3, 2011 }}</ref>

===Retrospective appraisal===
In 2020, following the critical and commercial failures of the two subsequent films, ''[[Terminator Genisys]]'' and ''[[Terminator: Dark Fate]]'', [[MovieWeb]] reported that ''Terminator Salvation'' had developed a strong cult following, and that fans had begun petitioning for McG's R-rated director's cut to be released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movieweb.com/terminator-salvation-directors-cut-mcg/|title = A Darker Terminator: Salvation Director's Cut Exists, is It Time for #ReleaseTheMcGCut?|date = September 10, 2020}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class = "wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Award
! Year
! Category
! Result
! Recipient
! {{Reference column heading}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | '''[[Teen Choice Awards]]'''
| rowspan="13" | 2009
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Action|Choice Movie Actor: Action Adventure]]
| {{nom}}
| [[Christian Bale]]
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teenchoiceawards.com/webdev/pdf/TEENCHOICE2009Nominees.pdf|publisher=[[Teen Choice Awards]]|title=TEEN CHOICE 2009 Nominees Wave 1|date=June 15, 2009|access-date=January 26, 2010}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 Teen Choice Awards|Choice Movie Actress: Action Adventure]]
| {{nom}}
| [[Bryce Dallas Howard]]
|-
| [[2009 Teen Choice Awards|Choice Movie Fresh Face Male]]
| {{nom}}
| [[Sam Worthington]]
|-
| [[2009 Teen Choice Awards|Choice Movie: Action Adventure]]
| {{nom}}
| ''Terminator Salvation''
|-
| [[2009 Teen Choice Awards|Choice Summer Movie: Action Adventure]]
| {{nom}}
| ''Terminator Salvation''
|-
|| '''[[Satellite Awards]]'''
| [[Satellite Award for Best Sound|Best Sound (Mixing and Editing)]]
| {{nom}}
| Cameron Frankley Mark Ulano Richard Van Dyke [[Ron Bartlett]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2009.shtml |publisher=[[International Press Academy]] |title=2009 14th Annual SATELLITE AWARDS |access-date=January 26, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008032601/http://www.pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2009.shtml |archive-date=October 8, 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | '''[[2009 Scream Awards|Scream Awards]]'''
| Best Science Fiction Movie
| {{nom}}
| ''Terminator Salvation''
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spike.com/event/scream2009/page/vote/category/33663/ultimate-scream |publisher=[[Scream Awards]] |title=2009 Scream Awards Winners |date=October 27, 2009 |access-date=May 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514155511/http://www.spike.com/event/scream2009/page/vote/category/33663/ultimate-scream |archive-date=May 14, 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Science Fiction Actress
| {{nom}}
| [[Moon Bloodgood]]
|-
| Breakout Performance-Male
| {{nom}}
| [[Sam Worthington]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Cameo
| {{nom}}
| [[Helena Bonham Carter]]
|-
| {{nom}}
| [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
|-
| Best Sequel
| {{nom}}
| ''Terminator Salvation''
|-
| Best FX
| {{nom}}
| ''Terminator Salvation''
|-
| '''[[BMI Film & TV Awards]]'''
| rowspan="5"| 2010
| Film Music
| {{won}}
| [[Danny Elfman]]
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| '''[[Taurus World Stunt Awards]]'''
| Best Specialty Stunt
| {{won}}
| Rick Miller Halcyon Productions
| style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| '''[[Saturn Award]]s'''
| [[Saturn Award for Best Make-up|Best Makeup]]
| {{nom}}
| [[Mike Smithson (make-up artist)|Mike Smithson]] John Rosengrant
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saturnawards.org/nominations.html |publisher=[[Saturn Award]]s |title=36th Saturn Awards Nominations |access-date=May 28, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221234527/http://www.saturnawards.org/nominations.html |archive-date=February 21, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Visual Effects Society|VES Awards]]'''
| [[Visual Effects Society|Best Single Visual Effect of the Year]]
| {{nom}}
| Chantal Feghali [[Charles Gibson (special effects artist)|Charles Gibson]] Susan Greenhow [[Ben Snow]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visualeffectssociety.com/group/ves-member/ves-announces-nominees-8th-annual-ves-awards |publisher=[[Saturn Award]]s |title=VES Announces Nominees for 8th Annual VES Awards |access-date=May 28, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507083206/http://www.visualeffectssociety.com/group/ves-member/ves-announces-nominees-8th-annual-ves-awards |archive-date=May 7, 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Visual Effects Society|Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Feature Motion Picture]]
| {{nom}}
| Nick D'Abo Brian Gernand Geoff Heron Pat Sweeney
|-
|}

===Controversies and lawsuits===
During filming, Bale lost his temper with director of photography [[Shane Hurlbut]] for walking onto the set during an intense scene; he swore at and criticized Hurlbut before threatening to quit the film. Audio of Bale's rant leaked to the public and went viral.<ref>{{cite web| title=Bale Went Ballistic| date=February 2, 2009| publisher=[[TMZ.com]]| url=https://www.tmz.com/2009/02/02/bale-went-ballistic/| access-date=June 26, 2009}}</ref> Bale apologized publicly and said he reconciled his differences with Hurlbut, stating that he dislikes it when takes are ruined, and that after the incident took place they continued to work together for a number of hours that day.<ref>{{cite news|author=Peter Sciretta|title=Christian Bale Apologizes For Tirade|work=/Film|date=February 6, 2009|url=https://www.slashfilm.com/2009/02/06/christian-bale-apologizes-for-tirade/|access-date=February 6, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208183255/http://www.slashfilm.com/2009/02/06/christian-bale-apologizes-for-tirade/|archive-date=February 8, 2009|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Eight colleagues in the film industry including his mother, [[Whoopi Goldberg]], [[Darren Aronofsky]], [[Judi Dench]], [[Ron Howard]] (Bryce's father), [[Michael Caine]], [[Christopher Nolan]] and [[Sharon Stone]] defended Bale, attributing the incident to his dedication to acting.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7871743.stm|title=Wrestler director supports Bale|access-date=6 February 2009|date=5 February 2009|publisher=[[BBC News]]|archive-date=16 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216233828/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7871743.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Romano|first1=Nick|url=https://ew.com/tv/sharon-stone-defends-christian-bale-over-famous-outburst-on-terminator-set/|title=Sharon Stone defends Christian Bale's famous Terminator outburst|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=25 March 2021|access-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326135642/https://ew.com/tv/sharon-stone-defends-christian-bale-over-famous-outburst-on-terminator-set/|archive-date=26 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Satire|satirical]] [[Remix|dance remix]] song based on this incident titled, "[[Bale Out]]" was created by composer [[Lucian Piane]],<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTihsJQHt48 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211110/YTihsJQHt48| archive-date=2021-11-10 | url-status=live|title=Bale Out Remix |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=May 11, 2018 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> and various clips of Bale's voice were used in the song "Christian Bale Is At Your Party" by [[Rob Cantor]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8oIDvCl6lA | title=CHRISTIAN BALE IS AT YOUR PARTY by Rob Cantor (AUDIO ONLY) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=Jul 18, 2012 | access-date=Sep 2, 2023}}</ref>

In March 2009, producer [[Moritz Borman]] filed a lawsuit against the Halcyon Company, seeking $160 million. Borman, who had arranged the transfer of the ''Terminator'' rights to Halcyon in May 2007, claimed the company's two managers, Derek Anderson and Victor Kubicek, had "hijacked" the production and refused to give him his $2.5 million share of the production. Borman alleged [[cost overrun|budget overruns]] were the reasons Anderson and Kubicek did not pay him and that they had $1 million in debt.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dave McNary|author-link=Dave McNary|title='Terminator' producers in legal battle|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=March 7, 2009|url=https://variety.com/2009/biz/markets-festivals/terminator-producers-in-legal-battle-1118000947/|access-date=March 1, 2020}}</ref> Nevertheless, an "amicable" resolution was reached a month later.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dave McNary |author-link=Dave McNary |title='Terminator' lawsuit settled |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=April 15, 2009 |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/markets-festivals/terminator-lawsuit-settled-1118002475/ |access-date=September 20, 2020}}</ref>

Further complications occurred on May 20, 2009, when executive producer Peter D. Graves, who informed Anderson and Kubicek about the ''Terminator'' rights, filed a breach-of-contract claim for arbitration, alleging that they owe him $750,000.<ref name="budget-latimes" />

==Franchise==
===Canceled sequels and animated prequel===
While ''Terminator Salvation'' was initially intended to begin a new trilogy, production of a fifth film was halted by legal trouble, as well as [[The Halcyon Company]] filing for [[Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmshaft.com/terminator-producers-file-for-bankruptcy|title=Terminator Producers File For Bankruptcy|date=August 21, 2017|publisher=Film Shaft}}</ref> While some anonymous sources<ref>{{cite web |url=http://io9.com/5346581/neither-lawyers-nor-killer-robots-will-stop-terminator-5-say-sources |title=Neither Lawyers Nor Killer Robots Will Stop Terminator 5, Say Sources |publisher=Io9.com |date=August 27, 2009 |access-date=January 14, 2012 |archive-date=July 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728155732/http://io9.com/5346581/neither-lawyers-nor-killer-robots-will-stop-terminator-5-say-sources |url-status=dead }}</ref> insisted that ''Terminator 5'' would be moving forward, the majority of analysts predicted that its future was in jeopardy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://io9.com/5339616/terminator-litigation-did-terminator-5-just-get-a-lot-less-likely |title=Terminator Litigation: Did Terminator 5 Just Get A Lot Less Likely? |publisher=Io9.com |date=August 18, 2009 |access-date=January 14, 2012 |archive-date=July 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728161616/http://io9.com/5339616/terminator-litigation-did-terminator-5-just-get-a-lot-less-likely |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://screencrave.com/2009-08-21/terminator-5-in-trouble|title=Terminator 5 in Trouble?|publisher=ScreenCrave|access-date=January 10, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322154905/http://screencrave.com/2009-08-21/terminator-5-in-trouble/|archive-date=March 22, 2016}}</ref>

In late September 2009, it was announced that the rights to the franchise were once again up for sale as The Halcyon Company tried to pull itself out of bankruptcy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.getthebigpicture.net/blog/2009/9/29/terminator-rights-up-for-sale.html |title='Terminator' Rights Up for Sale |publisher=Get The Big Picture |access-date=January 10, 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023055612/http://www.getthebigpicture.net/blog/2009/9/29/terminator-rights-up-for-sale.html |archive-date=October 23, 2013 }}</ref>
In late October 2009, Halcyon announced it would auction off the rights to future ''Terminator'' material and was seeking $60–70 million, though the only offer made was by director [[Joss Whedon]] for $10,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movieline.com/2009/11/one-franchise-for-sale-needs-work-70-million-obo.php|title=One Franchise For Sale, Needs Work, $70 Million O/B/O|publisher=Movieline|access-date=January 10, 2017|archive-date=July 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728151836/http://movieline.com/2009/11/03/one-franchise-for-sale-needs-work-70-million-obo/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/whedon-offers-10000-for-terminator-franchise_1121025|title=Buffy The Vampire Slayer—Whedon Offers $10,000 For Terminator Franchise|magazine=Contactmusic|access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> In December 2009, Halcyon issued a statement saying that they were looking at various options including sale and refinancing of the rights with an announcement on the outcome no later than February 1, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/105/1052233p1.html|title=Terminator Sale Update|publisher=IGN Movies UK|access-date=December 4, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207152327/http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/105/1052233p1.html|archive-date=December 7, 2009}}</ref> On February 8, 2010, an auction was held to determine the owner of the ''Terminator'' rights. After studios [[Sony Pictures]] and [[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]] bid separately, Pacificor, the hedge fund that pushed Halcyon into bankruptcy, made a deal for $29.5 million. Pacificor hired an agency to sell off the rights to the franchise.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://deadline.com/2010/02/terminator-rights-sell-for-29-5-mil-24936/|title=Terminator Rights Sell for 29 million.|magazine=Deadline|access-date=February 9, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world-news/pacificor-hires-agency-to-sell-terminator-rights_460765.html|title=Pacificor hires agency to sell 'Terminator' rights|publisher=Money Control|access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref>

In August 2010, it was reported that a new ''Terminator'' film was being developed. The new film would not be a direct sequel to ''Salvation'', but rather an animated reboot of the original series. It would have been entitled ''Terminator 3000'' and would be shot by [[Hannover House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehollywoodnews.com/2010/08/14/3d-animated-terminator-movie-coming/|title=3D Animated Terminator Film Coming|date=August 14, 2010 |publisher=Hollywood News|access-date=August 14, 2010}}</ref> However, Pacificor, the owner of the rights to the ''Terminator'' franchise, had not given any official license to [[Hannover House]] to develop a new film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinematical.com/2010/08/14/animated-terminator-film-now-on-hold/|title=Animated 'Terminator' Film Now on Hold|publisher=Cinematical|access-date=August 14, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/legal-battle-erupts-over-terminator-movie_1158743/|title=Legal Battle Erupts Over Terminator Movie|publisher=Contact Music|access-date=August 16, 2010}}</ref>

On February 16, 2011, it was announced that [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]] was considering a fifth ''Terminator'' film with Arnold Schwarzenegger returning as the star and with ''[[Fast Five]]''{{-'}}s [[Justin Lin]] directing along with [[Chris Morgan (screenwriter)|Chris Morgan]] as the screenwriter. The discussions for the film had been in the very early stages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2011/02/16/arnold-schwarzenegger-terminator|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218013012/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2011/02/16/arnold-schwarzenegger-terminator/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 18, 2011|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger Back For 'Terminator 5' With 'Fast Five' Director Justin Lin?|publisher=MTV|access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref> On April 27, 2011, it was announced that a rights package to a ''Terminator'' film, to which Schwarzenegger, Lin, and producer Robert W. Cort were attached, but no screenwriter, had been circulating among the studios. Universal, Sony and Lionsgate, and [[CBS Films]] had been some of the interested companies.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://deadline.com/2011/04/arnold-schwarzenegger-is-back-as-terminator-fast-fives-justin-lin-to-direct-125841/|title=Arnold Schwarzenegger Back To Star As 'Terminator' In Rights Package Shopping Now; 'Fast Five's Justin Lin To Direct|magazine=Deadline|access-date=January 10, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/news/feed.asp?NID=30801 |title=Arnie's Back With The Terminator |publisher=Empireonline.com |access-date=January 14, 2012}}</ref> According to sources close to Schwarzenegger, he had only wanted to commit fully if a good script could be created.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Blauvelt |first=Christian |url=https://ew.com/article/2011/04/26/arnold-schwarzenegger-terminator-return/ |title=Arnold Schwarzenegger eyeing return to 'Terminator' franchise, but he needs to see a script first |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=April 26, 2011 |access-date=January 14, 2012 |archive-date=July 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725110844/http://www.ew.com/article/2011/04/26/arnold-schwarzenegger-terminator-return/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It was reported on May 13, 2011, that [[Megan Ellison]] and her production company Annapurna Pictures won the rights to make at least two more ''Terminator'' films, including ''Terminator 5'', in an auction deal that is rumored to have hit the $20 million mark. While Schwarzenegger was claimed to be up for a substantial role, the film would not be anchored by him; instead, a young male actor would take the lead. On December 4, 2012, a year and a half after negotiations were entered, the deal was finally closed. Ellison said that she and her brother [[David Ellison]] were "starting from scratch as they seek out a screenwriter to plot the end".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/12/04/new-terminator-films-finally-coming|title=New Terminator Films (Finally) Coming|author=Scott Collura|website=IGN|date=December 4, 2012 |access-date=December 4, 2012}}</ref>

===Reboot===
{{main|Terminator Genisys{{!}}''Terminator Genisys''}}
''Terminator Genisys'' is a [[reboot (fiction)|reboot]] of the franchise, taking the premise of the original film in another direction while restarting the series from scratch. ''Genisys'' was intended to be the first of a trilogy, with Schwarzenegger reprising his role as the T-800. ''Genisys'' was released on July 1, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.ign.com/articles/2014/04/22/terminator-genesis-starts-filming|title=Terminator: Genesis Starts Filming|author=Matt Fowler|website=IGN|date=April 22, 2014 |access-date=January 5, 2017}}</ref> Although the film's reception was generally negative, it was a mild box office success overseas.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.warnerbros.com/terminator-salvation}}
* {{IMDb title|0438488}}
* {{ISFDB title|id=927671|title=Terminator Salvation: The Official Movie Novelization}}
* {{AFI film}}
* {{TCMDb title|740492}}
* {{IMFDB title|Terminator_Salvation}}

{{Terminator}}
{{McG}}
{{Authority control}}
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Handique Girls College

2026-03-16T10:43:40Z

KristalBabbage2: general enhanced page after review and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|College in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Handique Girls College
|native_name =
|image_name = Handiquegirlscollege.jpg
|image_size =
|caption =
|hindi_name =
|motto =
|mottoeng =
|established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1939}}
|closed =
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|affiliations = [[Gauhati University|University of Gauhati]]
|endowment =
|officer_in_charge =
|chairman =
|chancellor =
|president =
|vice-president =
|superintendent =
|provost =
|vice_chancellor =
|rector =
|principal = Ranjit Sarma
|dean =
|director =
|head_label =
|head =
|faculty =
|staff =
|students =
|undergrad = 19 Departments
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city = [[Guwahati]]
|state = [[Assam]]
|province =
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], total {{convert|2|acres|km2}}
|former_names = Guwahati Girls College
|sports =
|colors =
|colours =
|nickname =
|mascot =
|athletics =
|website = [https://www.hgcollege.edu.in/ www.hgcollege.edu.in]
|logo =
| coor =
}}

'''Handique Girls College''' is a [[List of colleges affiliated to Gauhati University|constituent college]] of the [[Gauhati University|University of Gauhati]].<ref name="Nearly 3000 apply in Handique Girls College">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-14/guwahati/32234370_1_admission-procedure-cotton-college-majors|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103165412/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-14/guwahati/32234370_1_admission-procedure-cotton-college-majors|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Nearly 3000 apply in Handique Girls College|date=14 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref> It is one of the oldest colleges located in the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]] and offers [[undergraduate]] courses in Arts and Science.

==History==
The college has its roots initially as Panbazar Girls' High school. Subsequently, the Handique Girls College was established in 1939 as the Guwahati Girls College. Mrs Rajabala Das was the founder principal of the college. The college was initially located in the [[Panbazar]] area of the city. With the shifting to the present site in 1940, the college was renamed Handique Girls College (in honour of noted philanthropist R. K. Handique), and became affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]]. The college later became affiliated to the University of Gauhati following its establishment in 1948.<ref name="About Us">{{cite web|url=http://www.hgcollege.org/AboutUs.html|title=About Us|publisher=Handique Girls College|accessdate=4 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419035001/http://www.hgcollege.org/AboutUs.html|archivedate=19 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===College principals===
The college has had eleven principals:<ref name="About Us"/>

{|class=wikitable
|+
! Year
! Principal
! Note
|-
| 1939–1965 || Rajabala Das ||
|-
| 1965–1974 || Sarat Chandra Goswami ||
|-
| 1974–1984 ||Ameda Rasul ||
|-
| 1984–1992 || Ratna Kanta Baruah ||
|-
| 1994–2000 || Gagan Chandra Baruah ||
|-
| 2004-2014 || Indira Bardoloi ||
|-
| 2015 – 2022 || Utpal Dutta ||
|-
|2023 -|| Ranjit Sarma
|}

==Campus==
The college is situated on the western bank of the [[Dighalipukhuri]] in Guwahati.<ref name="About Us"/> The present campus is spread over two acre of land. The Government of Assam has allocated an additional four acre of land for future expansion.<ref name="About Us"/>

===Student accommodation===
The Nirmal Prova Bordoloi Hostel is situated just opposite to the college campus on the eastern side of the Dighalipukhuri.<ref name="Hostels">{{cite web|url=http://www.hgcollege.org/Hostels.html|title=Hostels|publisher=Handique Girls College|accessdate=4 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907013949/http://www.hgcollege.org/Hostels.html|archivedate=7 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is a three storied building with additional residential complex for Hostel Super and other staff members.<ref name="Hostels"/>

==Departments==
The college has eighteen departments offering major and general courses.<ref name="Departments">{{cite web|url=http://www.hgcollege.org/Departments.html|title=Departments|publisher=Handique Girls College|accessdate=4 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907013923/http://www.hgcollege.org/Departments.html|archivedate=7 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The college offers courses of study in both Arts and Science faculties up to Degree Major level.<ref name="Faculty">{{cite web|url=http://www.hgcollege.org/Faculty.html|title=Faculty|publisher=Handique Girls College|accessdate=4 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419023838/http://www.hgcollege.org/Faculty.html|archivedate=19 April 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The medium of instruction is [[English language|English]]. However, [[Assamese language|Assamese]] is also used as complementary to English. Conforming to the national pattern of education,'' 10+2+3'' structure is followed in the state of Assam and the Three Year Degree Course (TDC) has been introduced from the 1984-85 session.<ref name="Faculty"/>

The following is a list of courses offered at the college:<ref name="Departments"/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Botany]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Computer Science]]
* [[Economics]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[History]]
* [[Home Science]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Philosophy]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Political Science]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Sanskrit]]
* [[Statistics]]
* [[Zoology]]
}}

== Seat intake ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Subjects Offered and Number of Seats Allotted
|-
! colspan="2" | Higher Secondary Courses<ref name="auto">[https://www.hgcollege.edu.in/uploadfiles/file/revised%20Prospectus.pdf H.G. College. (n.d.). Revised prospectus]</ref>
|-
! Course !! Seats
|-
| Higher Secondary (Arts) || 100
|-
| Higher Secondary (Science) || 100
|-
! colspan="4" | B.A Arts<ref name="auto"/>
|-
! Subject !! No. of Major Seats !! No. of Minor Seats
|-
| Assamese || 70 || 200
|-
| Bengali || 30 || 20
|-
| Economics || 100 || 150
|-
| Education || 70 || 120
|-
| English || 80 || 170
|-
| Hindi || 50 || 30
|-
| History || 90 || 120
|-
| Community Science (Home Science) || 30 || 30
|-
| Philosophy || 65 || 100
|-
| Political Science || 70 || 200
|-
| Psychology || 50 || 60
|-
| Sanskrit || 30 || 20
|-
| Mathematics || 10 || 10
|-
! colspan="4" | B.Sc Science<ref name="auto"/>
|-
! Subject !! No. of Major Seats !! No. of Minor Seats
|-
| Botany || 50 || 70
|-
| Chemistry || 40 || 120
|-
| Computer Science || - || 25
|-
| Community Science (Home Science) || 20 || 20
|-
| Mathematics || 40 || 60
|-
| Microbiology || - || 30
|-
| Physics || 50 || 25
|-
| Statistics || 30 || 40
|-
| Zoology || 60 || 70
|-
! colspan="2" | Other Courses<ref name="auto"/>
|-
! Course !! Seats
|-
| Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA) || 35
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%; text-align:center;"
|+ '''PG Arts and Science Courses'''
! Course !! Seat Capacity
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || 20
|-
| [[Botany]] || 15
|-
| [[Chemistry]] || 15
|-
| [[Zoology]] || 15
|-
| [[Economics]] || 20
|-
| [[English language|English]] || 30
|-
| [[Philosophy]] || 20
|-
| [[Political Science]] || 30
|-
| [[Diploma in Computer Science|Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Applications]] || 20
|}

==Societies==
The following is a list of societies active in the college:<ref name="Students">{{cite web|url=http://www.hgcollege.org/Students.html|title=Students|publisher=Handique Girls College|accessdate=4 August 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907014012/http://www.hgcollege.org/Students.html|archivedate=7 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* Aangik – A society for cultural activities
* Adventure sports activities
* Assamese Literary Society
* Astronomy Club
* Bohemian Souls- The Dramatics Society
* Disputatio: Unleash the orator in you - debating society
* Economic Society.
* Educational and Psychological Society
* Entrepreneurship Development Cell
* Handique Girls’ College Science Society
* Health Awareness Cell
* Home Science Society
* Philosophical Study Circle.
* Photographic Society
* Phuloni-Society for green thumbs
* Red Ribbon Club
* Sanskrit Sadanam
* Srijan – A society for creative writing
* The Fountain Head
* The Weavers Society for Creative writing in English
* Women’s Studies Research Centers' Cell
}}

==Festivals==
The college celebrates two major festivals during the annual session:<ref name="Hostels"/>

*Freshers Social
*Saraswati Puja
* Cultural week followed by Cultural Night

==Student Union==
The Handique Girls College Students Union is the general body of the students of the college. Its membership is compulsory for every student admitted into the college. The office bearers of the Union are elected annually through direct ballot.
The Students' Union organizes various activities mainly Games and Sports, Debate, Cultural items and Social Service among the students. It also brings out a magazine annually as a medium for developing the potentialities of students.<ref name="Students"/>

== Notable alumni ==


* [[Rajni Basumatary]], Film maker and actress
* [[Shakuntala Choudhary]] — social worker.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2010-09-15 |title=Shakuntala Choudhary feted by Handique Girls College |url=https://assamtribune.com/shakuntala-choudhary-feted-by-handique-girls-college |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Mamoni Raisom Goswami]], writer
* [[Sudakshina Sarma]] — [[Assamese language|Assamese]] language singer and musician.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=Renowned singer Sudakshina Sarma passes away in Guwahati - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/renowned-singer-sudakshina-sarma-passes-away-in-guwahati-656598 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gauhati University}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Gauhati University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1939]]
[[Category:1939 establishments in India]]

Thavarige Baa Thangi

2026-03-04T07:29:41Z

KristalBabbage2: expanded formatting for accuracy and added references as per guidelines

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thavarige Baa Thangi
| image = Thavarige Baa Thangi.jpg

| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]
| producer = R. S. Gowda
| writer = B. A. Madhu (Dialogues)
| story = Ajay Kumar
| screenplay = Ajay Kumar
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Anu Prabhakar]] [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]] Adarsh [[Hema Choudhary]] [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = R. Giri
| editing = P. R. Soundar Raj
| studio = Mega Hit Films
| released = {{Film date|2002|11|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross = ₹ 5 crores<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.viggy.com/english/2002_review.asp | title=Kannada Film Industry in 2002 - a glance }}</ref>
}}

'''''Thavarige Baa Thangi''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]] and written by Ajay Kumar. The film cast includes [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Anu Prabhakar]], [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]], Adarsh, [[Hema Choudhary]] and [[Komal Kumar]] among others. The film was produced by R. S. Gowda while the original score and soundtrack were composed by [[Hamsalekha]].

The film was released on 1 November 2002 and became one of the highest-grossing films of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2005 |title=Big time for li'l girl |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/big-time-for-lil-girl/article28585258.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125010645/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/big-time-for-lil-girl/article28585258.ece |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The plot revolves around the bonding between Shivanna and Laxmi, who became orphans after their parents death, and how Laxmi faces extreme torture from her husband's parents and in-laws and how her brother tries to save her. The film was later remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Puttintiki Ra Chelli]]'' (2004).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_tavarige_telugu.asp|title=Telugu film Puttintiki Raa Chelli- remake of Tavariga Baa Tangi completes 100 days|publisher=viggy|date=2006|access-date=10 May 2014|archive-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214332/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_tavarige_telugu.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> The success of this film which deals with the brother-sister bonding made the director to repeat the same theme in most of his forthcoming films with Shiva Rajkumar like ''[[Anna Thangi (2005 film)|Anna Thangi]]'' (2005), ''[[Thavarina Siri]]'' (2006) and ''[[Devaru Kotta Thangi (2009 film)|Devaru Kotta Thangi]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Brother-sister-bond-in-Sandalwood/movie-review/21955267.cms|title=Brother-sister bond in Sandalwood|publisher=thetimesofIndia|date=21 August 2013|access-date=10 May 2014|archive-date=10 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910212145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/brother-sister-bond-in-sandalwood/articleshow/21955267.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Shivanna
* [[Anu Prabhakar]] as Gouri
* [[Radhika Kumaraswamy|Radhika]] as Lakshmi
*Adarsh as Akash<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/to-bee-the-best/articleshow/11509172.cms | title=To bee the best | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=31 May 2002 | access-date=19 August 2022 | archive-date=19 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819074843/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/to-bee-the-best/articleshow/11509172.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Hema Choudhary]]
* [[Komal Kumar]] as Nandeesha
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[Bhavya]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* Sarika Raje Urs
*Tanuja
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]]
*Padma Vasanthi
*Pushpa Swamy
*Keerthi Raj
*Krishne Gowda
*M. S. Umesh
*Rama Murthy
*Anil Kumar
*Sridhar Raj
*Gandasi Nagaraj
*[[Vaijanath Biradar]]
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed by and lyrics written by [[Hamsalekha]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Thavarige Baa Thangi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2002|10|4}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jaana Mari Jaana Mari
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Ravivarma Baaro Baaro
| lyrics2 = Hamsalekha
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], K. S. Chithra
| length2 =
| title3 = Thavarige Baa Thangi
| lyrics3 = Hamsalekha
| extra3 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Ghali Ghali Ghalige
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| length4 =
| title5 = Thangi Ninna
| extra5 = [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
| lyrics5 = Hamsalekha
| length5 =
| title6 = Jaana Mari Jaana Mari
| extra6 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| lyrics6 = Hamsalekha
| length6 =
| title7 = Muthaide Maathanu
| extra7 = K. S. Chithra, [[Chetan Sosca]]
| lyrics7 = Hamsalekha
| length7 =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "Shivarajkumar after quite some time appearing in a different role and managed to make people weep".<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.viggy.com/english/review_tavarige.asp|title =Thavarige Baaa Thangi review|publisher =viggy.com|date =2002|access-date =10 May 2014|archive-date =12 May 2014|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221901/http://www.viggy.com/english/review_tavarige.asp|url-status =live}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Komal (actor)|Komal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Sai Prakash}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thavarige Baa Thangi}}
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sai Prakash]]
[[Category:2002 drama films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Raksha (2008 film)

2026-03-03T18:11:33Z

KristalBabbage2: add page and added references for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Raksha_(2008_film).jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = Vamsikrishna Akella
| producer = Azam Khan [[Ram Gopal Varma]] {{small|(Presents)}}
| writer = [[B. Jeevan Reddy|Jeevan Reddy]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Vamsikrishna Akella
| story =
| based_on = ''[[Phoonk]]'' (2008)
| starring = [[Jagapati Babu]] [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]]
| music = Bappi-Tutul
| cinematography = Surjodeep Ghosh
| editing = Bhanodaya
| studio = One More Thought Entertainment Zed3 Pictures Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|9|19|ref1=<ref name="Titles">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.net/reviews/raksha+review.htm |title=Titles |publisher=CineGoer}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Raksha ''''' ({{translation|''Protection''}}) is a 2008 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[horror thriller film]] directed by Vamsi Krishna Akella. Produced by Azam Khan and presented by [[Ram Gopal Varma]], the film stars [[Jagapati Babu]] and [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] in the lead roles, with music composed by Bappi-Tutul. It is a remake of Ram Gopal Varma's ''[[Phoonk]]'', whose story is thematically similar to the Telugu thriller novel, ''[[Tulasi Dalam]]'', by [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]].<ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/R/Raksha/Raksha_review.html |title=Heading-2 |publisher=123 Telugu}}</ref><ref name="Heading-3">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/raksha-review-telugu-movie-review-10433 |title=Heading-3 |work=Indiaglitz}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Rajeev, owner of Raksha Construction Company, leading a delightful life with his wife, Arthi, and their children, Rahul & Raksha. Moreover, he has immense affection for his daughter Raksha. Venu, the bestie of Rajeev, works in his company with his wife, Madhu, with whom he facilitates all comforts. Rajeev is an atheist, but his wife and mother have immense belief in God and black magic (Chethabadalu). On a regular work day at the construction site, his manager Shyam finds an ancient Ganesh idol. He also advises Rajeev to construct a temple therein; otherwise, it would be a bad omen for them. However, Rajeev takes heads deaf to his words. One day, Rajeev becomes aware of Venu and Madhu as swindlers, his friend Vinay. Then he is rude to them and expels them from his company.

After that, suddenly, on an uneventful day, strange things happen in his house, and Raksha starts behaving unusually. His mother and wife plead to him to overlook this unforeseen circumstance, but he will not listen. But sadly, her health levels start deteriorating. So, he consults a psychiatrist, Dr. Rangarajan, who is tongue-tied and unable to explain the changes happening to Raksha. In that fatal condition, Rajeev starts believing in God and owes to construct the temple on his site. Vinay takes him to a black magician, Baba, and finds out that it is black magic done by Venu & Madhu and with the support of Rajeev's car driver, Mani. Parallelly, a specialist, Dr. Seema, detects it as an obsession that erupted due to the silliness of Rajeevi's mother. At last, Rajeev finds out the whereabouts of Venu & Madhu and destroys the black magic. Simultaneously, Seema makes Raksha normal with hypnotism. The movie ends with a dichotomy of the existence of God and science.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jagapati Babu]] as Rajeev
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] as Aarthi
* Baby Neha as Raksha
* Master Athulith as Rahul
* [[Radha Kumari]] as Rajeev's mother
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Baba
* [[Jayasudha]] as Dr. Seema
* [[Subbaraju]] as Vinay
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Venu
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Madhu
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Mani
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Dr. Rangarajan
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as Shyam
* [[Shankar Melkote]] as Dr. Pandey
* [[Bhargavi (actress)|Bhargavi]] as Lakshmi
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1314366}}

[[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 horror films]]
[[Category:Films about exorcism]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

{{2000s-Telugu-film-stub}}
{{2000s-horror-film-stub}}

Kotigobba 3

2026-03-03T12:15:50Z

KristalBabbage2: add layout as per guidelines and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|2021 Indian film by Shiva Karthik}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kotigobba 3
| image = Kotigobba 3 jpg.jpeg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = Shiva Karthik
| producer = Soorappa Babu<ref>{{cite news |title=Want to continue 'Kotigobba' franchise with Sudeep till it lasts: Producer Soorappa Babu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/sep/24/want-to-continue-kotigobba-franchise-with-sudeep-till-it-lasts-producer-soorappa-babu-2038179.html |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
| writer = Sudeepa T. Sivakumar Shiva Karthik
| story =
| starring = [[Sudeepa]] [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Madonna Sebastian]]
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]<ref name = talkie>{{cite news |title=Kotigobba 3 talkie portions over, team prepares for song shoots |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/dec/03/kotigobba-3-talkie-portions-over-team-prepares-for-song-shoots-2070628.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
| cinematography = Shekhar Chandra<ref name=avatar>{{cite news |title=Actor Sudeep sports his signature avatar for 'Kotigobba 3' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jan/04/actor-sudeep-sports-his-signature-avatar-for-kotigobba-3-2084685.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
| editing = Goran Ivanovic<ref>{{cite news |title=OD INĐIJE DO INDIJE: Petar Milićević o svojim glumačkim poduhvatima |url=https://www.espreso.rs/kultura/intervju/507679/od-indjije-do-indije-petar-milicevic-o-svojim-glumackim-poduhvatima |work=Espreso |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
| studio = Rambabu Productions
| distributor = [[Rockline Entertainments]]
| released = {{Film date|2021|10|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = {{INR|25 crore}}<ref name=":31">{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/web-stories/south-cinema/kannada-star-sudeep-highest-grossing-films-vikrant-rona-eega-pailwaan-1737613 | title=Eega to Vikrant Rona: 9 Top Grossing Films of Kannada Star Sudeep }}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|45.32 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/year-ender-2021-highest-grossing-kannada-movies-of-the-year-4604252.html |title=Year Ender 2021: Highest-grossing Kannada Movies of the Year |date=29 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kotigobba 3''''' (<abbr>transl.</abbr> One in a crore 3) is a 2021 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[masala film]] directed by Shiva Karthik and produced by Soorappa Babu under Rambabu Production.<ref>{{cite news |title=Grand sets built for Sudeep's 'Kotigobba 3' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/grand-sets-built-sudeep-s-kotigobba-3-106051 |access-date=26 February 2020 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> The film sequel to ''[[Kotigobba 2]]'', stars [[Sudeepa]] and [[P. Ravi Shankar]] reprising their roles, alongside [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Madonna Sebastian]], [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]], [[Shraddha Das]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], Tarak Ponnappa in prominent roles. The music was composed by [[Arjun Janya]], while cinematography and editing were handled by Shekhar Chandra and Goran Ivanovic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kichcha Sudeep wraps up Kotigobba 3 shoot at Poland |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kichcha-sudeep-wraps-up-kotigobba-3-shoot-at-poland/articleshow/71347572.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sudeep and Ravishankar to reunite for 'Kotigobba-3' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-and-ravishankar-to-reunite-for-kotigobba-3/articleshow/70329435.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pailwaan hero resumes shoot for Kotigobba 3 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/jul/15/pailwaan--hero-resumes-shoot-for-kotigobba-3-2003941.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Makers of 'Kotigobba 3' spend a whopping amount of Rs. 2 crores for an action sequence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/makers-of-kotigobba-3-spend-a-whopping-amount-of-rs-2-crores-for-an-action-sequence/articleshow/70245704.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>

''Kotigobba 3'' was released in theatres on 15 October 2021 to mixed reviews from critics and became a commercial success at the box office.

==Plot==
Following the events after [[Kotigobba 2|the prequel]], Satya/Shiva runs an orphanage for the downtrodden people and also steals [[black money]]. Jaanu, a nine-year-old girl in his orphanage, suffers from [[Brugada Syndrome]] and Satya takes her to [[Warsaw]] for treatment. Satya meets Dr. Priya and they become friends with Jaanu's help. Devendra, a pharmaceutical mogul in Warsaw, wants to spread a virus and provide a cure at a high price to obtain profits. Satya consults the doctor and schedules a date for Jaanu's operation. Later, Satya and Jaanu visit the "Aviation Museum" for a visit and return to [[India]]. Later, a masked man ''Ghost'' carries out heist of the ''Crown Jewel'', which was bought by Devendra and was to be delivered to him in a week. The chase occurs between the cops and ''Ghost'' in which Ghost manages to escape.

Meanwhile, Sharath and Kangana are [[Interpol]] officers who began their investigation and check the CCTV footage and the photo of the masked man Ghost is a [[doppelgänger]] of Satya, and is seen reciting a [[Mantra|''Sanskrit'' mantra]] during the heists and the explosions were in a bid to distract the cops. They head to Bangalore to investigate, where they learn about ex-[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Kishore and interrogates him. Kishore reveals about Satya's past. Devendra also learns about Satya and assigns his assassin Michael to finish him and bring the Crown Jewel back, but Satya kills Michael. Sharath and Kangana arrests Satya and interrogates him.

Satya fakingly accepts the blame and also lies that Kishore was the person behind the plan. Priya is heartbroken to know about Satya's scams, where she takes Jaanu with her to Poland for treatment. Sharath and his team take Satya and Kishore to Poland, where they are taken to the prison from the airport. However, Ghost helps Satya and Kishore to escape, where he reaches them to the hospital where Jaanu is admitted. Anantha Krishna, a [[surgeon]] tries to inject [[sedative]] into Satya, but Satya escapes and convinces Priya and Kishore about his innocence.

Satya also reveals Anantha Krishna's involvement in Ghost's criminal activities, where he also shows the doctor's phone which receive a message from Ghost telling him to meet him at the pub. They reach the pub and realize the errors. The Interpol arrives to arrest them, but Ghost distracts them and takes the gang to his hideout, where they meet Anantha Krishna and Ghost. Anantha Krishna reveals that Ghost is Shiva, Satya's twin brother.

'''Past''': Durga, an [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|HDO]] officer and Satya & Shiva's mother, objects Devendra's methods of spreading a virus and inventing medicines to cure them for profits. Devendra kills Durga, but Satya and Shiva were born before Durga succumbs to her injuries. Satya is born healthy, but Shiva is wounded due to nerve damages as he defended Satya in the womb from Devendra's attack. Satya and Shiva's father Prakash, who was abroad on a business trip, arrives to take them and Anantha Krishna gives Satya, but takes Shiva to an ashram, where he gets cured. Anantha Krishna takes Shiva to Poland for higher studies. Anantha Krishna reveals the incident to Shiva, who decides to avenge their mother's death. Shiva also learn about Satya, where he operates a plan to bring him to Poland to divulge the truth.

'''Present''': Jeet, Devendra's son, kidnaps Jaanu from the hospital. Satya, having tracked Jeet's location through a tracker planted by Shiva, saves Jaanu and kills Jeet by destroying the oxygen tank in the ambulance, causing the ambulance to explode. Shiva/Ghost and Kishore are taken by the Interpol, but they are kidnapped by Devendra's henchmen. Shiva/Ghost reveals himself to Devendra and kills him and his associates, where he frames the murders on Kishore, who gets arrested. Sathya gets released and returns home with Jaanu. Shiva sells the Crown Jewel and uses the money to cure the people, who were affected by Devendra's medicine.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sudeepa]] in a [[double role]] as
**Satya alias Shiva
**Shiva alias Ghost
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as ex-[[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Kishore
* [[Madonna Sebastian]] as Dr. Priya, Satya's girlfriend
* [[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Sharath, an [[Interpol]] officer
* [[Shraddha Das]] as Kangana, Sharath's assistant
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Devendra, a pharmaceutical mogul
* Tarak Ponnappa as Jeet, Devendra's son
* [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Durga [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|HDO]] officer and Satya & Shiva's mother
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Satya and Shiva's father (photo appearance and reference from [[Kotigobba 2|the prequel]])
* [[Danish Akhtar Saifi]] as Basheer Bhai<ref>{{cite web |title=Small-screen sensation from Bollywood Danish Akhtar Saifi joins team of Kotigobba 3 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/small-screen-sensation-from-bollywood-danish-akhtar-saifi-joins-the-team-of-kotigobba-3/articleshow/68303913.cms |work=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref>
* [[Doddanna]] as [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]
*[[Om Prakash Rao]] as a cop
* [[Tabla Nani]] as Priya's guard from Interpol
* [[Shobaraj]] as ACP
* [[Ravishankar Gowda]] as Sundar Priya's relative
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Priya's grandfather
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Priya's grandmother
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Dr. Anantha Krishna, Durga's brother
* Sangeetha as Durga's sister-in-law
* Baby Aadya as Jaanu
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Devendra's assistant
* [[Raj Deepak Shetty]] as Michael, Devendra's assistant
* Dinesh as Satya's friend
* Shri Mahadev as Satya's friend
* Karthi Soundaram as Ramesh, a journalist

=== Cameo appearance ===
* Shivaraj K R Pete
* [[Krishna (Kannada actor)|Krishna]] and Pradeep Bogadi (in the song "Akashane Adarisuva"){{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}
* [[Ashika Ranganath]] as Chameli (in the song "Pataki Poriyo")<ref>{{cite news |title=Kotigobba 3: Sudeep to set the screen on fire |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jan/15/kotigobba-3-sudeep-to-set-the-screen-on-fire-2089611.html |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=26 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
The filming began in June 2018 in [[Belgrade]].<ref name=firstlook>{{cite news |title=Arriving today; first look of Kotigobba 3 starring Sudeep |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/arriving-today-first-look-of-kotigobba-3/articleshow/73236613.cms |access-date=16 May 2020 |work=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kotigobba 3 hero gets a warm welcome at Belgrade |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jun/16/kotigobba-3-hero-gets-a-warm-welcome-at-belgrade-1828682.html |access-date=16 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Sudeepa]] rejoined the production in March 2019, after finishing his filming commitments for ''[[Pailwaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudeep resumes shooting for Kotigobba 3 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sudeep-resumes-shooting-for-kotigobba-3-5615396/ |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Madonna Sebastian]] is selected to play the female lead, thus marking her debut in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2018 |title=Madonna Sebastian joins cast of Sudeep's 'Kotigobba 3' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/madonna-sebastian-joins-cast-sudeeps-kotigobba-3-82668 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> ''Kotigobba 3'' continued to have a start-stop filming schedule due to Sudeepa's other acting commitments like ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' and his injury on the film sets in [[Hyderabad]] in August 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Third schedule of Sudeep's 'Kotigobba 3' wrapped up |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/third-schedule-sudeep-s-kotigobba-3-wrapped-101513 |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=The News Minute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kichcha Sudeep injured during shooting of Kotigobba 3 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kichcha-sudeep-injured-during-shooting-of-kotigobba-3-1576350-2019-08-02 |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref> Parts of the film were shot in [[Serbia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]] and [[Poland]].<ref name=avatar/><ref>{{cite news |title=Kichcha Sudeep wraps up Kotigobba 3 shoot at Poland |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kichcha-sudeep-wraps-up-kotigobba-3-shoot-at-poland/articleshow/71347572.cms |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The filming was completed in January 2020 after which shooting of song sequences was scheduled in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kiccha Sudeep wraps up 'Kotigobba 3' shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kiccha-sudeep-wraps-up-kotigobba-3-shooting/articleshow/73486531.cms |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name = talkie/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Arjun Janya]] and was released by [[Anand Audio]].

{{Infobox album
|name = Kotigobba 3
|type = soundtrack
|artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
|cover =
|alt =
|released = 2 October 2021
|recorded = 2020–2021
|studio =
|venue =
|genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
|length = 20:52
|label = [[Anand Audio]]
|language = [[Kannada]]
|producer = [[Arjun Janya]]
|prev_title = [[Roberrt]]
|prev_year = 2021
|next_title = [[Bhajarangi 2]]
|next_year = 2021
}}
{{Track listing
|extra_column = Singer (s)
|title1 = Akashane Adarisuva
|lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
|extra1 = Vyasaraj Sosale
|length1 = 03:06
|title2 = Pataki Poriyo
|lyrics2 = [[Anup Bhandari]]
|extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
|length2 = 03:37
|title3 = Nee Kotiyali Obbane
|lyrics3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
|extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|length3 = 03:43
|title4 = Kanda Kanda Aalisa Haadu
|lyrics4 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
|extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]]
|length4 = 03:53
}}

== Marketing ==
The [[teaser trailer]] for the film was removed from [[YouTube]] in March 2020 due to [[copyright infringement]] claim and restored a few days later after [[Anand Audio]] filed a return complaint.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kichcha Sudeep's Kotigobba 3 teaser removed from YouTube due to copyright claim |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kichcha-sudeep-s-kotigobba-3-teaser-removed-from-youtube-due-to-copyright-claim-1653693-2020-03-08 |access-date=16 April 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kotigobba 3 teaser to be back online on Monday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/mar/09/kotigobba-3-teaser-to-be-back-online-on-monday-2114153.html |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Release ==

The film was scheduled to be released on 30 April 2020, but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name=track>{{cite news |title=Title track of Kichcha Sudeep's 'Kotigobba 3' to be out on April 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/apr/25/title-track-of-kichcha-sudeeps-kotigobba-3-to-be-out-on-april-27-2134855.html |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film is scheduled to be released in theaters on 14 October 2021, alongside the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] version titled ''Kotikokkadu 3''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/sep/27/kotigobba-3-and-salaga-to-clash-on-october-14-bhajarangi-2-to-hit-theatres-on-october-29-2364111.html |title=Kotigobba 3 and Salaga to clash on October 14, Bhajarangi 2 to hit theatres on October 29 |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 September 2021 |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> The film's release was delayed to 15 October 2021 due to a tiff between the producers and financiers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kotigobba-3-release-kiccha-sudeeps-film-halted-day-producer-shares-update-fans-go-berserk-917367 |title=Kotigobba 3: Release of Kiccha Sudeep's film delayed for a day; Producer shares an update as fans go berserk |work=Pinkvilla |first=Kushboo |last=Ratda |date=14 October 2021 |access-date=14 October 2021 |archive-date=14 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014074309/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/kotigobba-3-release-kiccha-sudeeps-film-halted-day-producer-shares-update-fans-go-berserk-917367 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4/5 stars and wrote "''Kotigobba 3'' does not disappoint fans of the masala film genre, with a more classy than ‘massy’ approach."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/kotigobba-3/movie-review/87039391.cms|title=Kotigobba 3 Movie Review: Sudeep Steals The Show In This Action Entertainer|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Pratibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Kotigobba 3 is a Kiccha show all the way and fans will be thrilled that there is a lot of him in this installment."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/kotigobba-3-movie-review-sudeep-delivers-double-bonanza-for-his-fans/f8c72fd867159|title=Kotigobba 3 movie review: Sudeep delivers double bonanza for his fans|website=OTTplay}}</ref> Madiri of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "If you are looking to watch a film along with the entire family, Kotigobba 3 will be a good outing for you."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kotigobba-3-movie-review-sudeep-steals-the-show-in-this-entertainer/articleshow/87097266.cms|title=KOTIGOBBA 3 MOVIE REVIEW: SUDEEP STEALS THE SHOW IN THIS ENTERTAINER|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> Jagadish Angadi of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Directed by debutant Shiva Karthik, the multistarrer is a massy entertainer, as the hooting and whistling at the cinema showed. The plot defies logic as it relies heavily on formulaic commercial elements."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kotigobba-3-review-predictable-affair-for-sudeeps-fan-1040825.html|title=Kotigobba 3 review: Predictable affair for Sudeep's fan|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Kottigobba 3 is a treat for both the fans of Sudeep and commercial entertainers."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/Oct/16/kottigobba-3-movie-review-sudeeps-show-all-the-way-2371993.html|title='Kottigobba 3' movie review: Sudeep's show all the way|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film earned more than {{INRConvert|12.5|c}} on its first day of release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dussehra-box-office-doctor-most-eligible-bachelor-kotigobba-3-7577822/ |title=Dussehra box office winners and losers: Doctor, Most Eligible Bachelor, Kotigobba 3 |date=18 October 2021 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="1st BO">{{cite web |url=http://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kiccha-sudeep-madonna-sebastian-starrer-kotigobba-3-movie-first-day-box-office-collection-report/articleshow/87083934.cms |title=ಬಾಕ್ಸ್ ಆಫೀಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ 'ಕಿಚ್ಚ' ಸುದೀಪ್ ಜಾದೂ; 'ಕೋಟಿಗೊಬ್ಬ 3' ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್‌ ರಿಪೋರ್ಟ್‌ ಇಲ್ಲಿದೆ! |publisher=Vijaya Karnataka |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref> It was estimated to have collected {{INRConvert|40.5|c}} in theatrical run at the box office.<ref name="4th BO">{{cite web |url=https://tv9kannada.com/entertainment/sandalwood/kotigobba-3-box-office-collection-crosses-rs-50-crores-in-3-days-and-movie-will-release-in-telugu-also-spr-285871.html |title=Kichcha Sudeep: ಗಲ್ಲಾಪೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಧೂಳೆಬ್ಬಿಸಿದ 'ಕೋಟಿಗೊಬ್ಬ 3'; ನಾಲ್ಕು ದಿನದ ಕಲೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಎಷ್ಟು ಗೊತ್ತಾ? |date=20 October 2021 |publisher=TV9 Karnataka |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/oct/20/telugu-version-ofkotigobba-3-to-release-in-november-2373311.html |title=Telugu version of 'Kotigobba 3' to release in November |work=The New Indian Express |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>

==Awards==
*'''[[Bengaluru International Film Festival|13th Bengaluru International Film Festival :-]]'''
**'''Kannada Popular Entertainment - Most Popular Cinema 2021''' - '''''3rd Place Won'''''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biffes.org/awards.php |title=13th Bengaluru International Film Festival Kannada Popular Entertainment Third Most Popular Kannada Cinema of the Year Award 2021 |date=18 October 2021 |publisher=biffes.org |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226122857/https://biffes.org/awards.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jsnewstimes.com/entertainment/kannada/vijaya-karnataka-web-cinema-awards-who-is-the-best-actor-actress-comedian-villain-of-2021-choose-yourself-vijaya-karnataka-web-cinema-awards-vote-for-your-favourite-sandalwood-artists |title=vijaya karnataka web cinema awards: Who is the best actor, actress, comedian, villain of 2021? Choose yourself .. – vijaya karnataka web cinema awards vote for your favourite sandalwood artists |publisher=jsnewstimes.com|date=14 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/vijay-karnataka-web-cinema-awards-2021-puneeth-rajkumar-gets-best-actor-award-for-yuvarathnaa/articleshow/88956057.cms |title='ವಿಕ ವೆಬ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಅವಾರ್ಡ್ಸ್‌-2021'; ಪುನೀತ್‌ ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ 'ಅತ್ಯುತ್ತಮ ನಟ' |publisher=vijaykarnataka.com |date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://jsnewstimes.com/entertainment/kannada/vijay-karnataka-web-cinema-awards-2021-wicca-web-cinema-awards-2021-puneeth-rajkumar-wins-best-actor-award |title=vijay karnataka web cinema awards 2021: ‘Wicca Web Cinema Awards-2021’; Puneeth Rajkumar wins ‘Best Actor’ award |publisher=jsnewstimes.com |date=17 January 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" | [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer
| [[Vijay Prakash]] - "Pataki Poriyo"
| {{nom}}
|-
| SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer
| [[Anuradha Bhat]] - "Pataki Poriyo"
| {{nom}}
|-
| SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer
| Shekhar Chandru
| {{nom}}
|-
| SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Kannada
| [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4" |ViKa (Vijaya Karnataka) Web Cinema Awards 2021
| Best Actor
| [[Sudeepa]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Film
| Soorappa Babu
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress
| [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Comedy Actor
| [[P. Ravi Shankar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8108186}}

[[Category:Films shot in Poland]]
[[Category:2021 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Serbia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:2021 action thriller films]]

Kousalya Tanaya Raghava

2026-03-03T09:24:38Z

KristalBabbage2: new new stub w/ sources

{{short description|Indian Telugu language romantic drama film}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kousalya Tanaya Raghava
| image = Kousalya Tanaya Raghava.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Swamy Patnaik<ref>{{cite news |title='Kausalya Tanaya Raghava' review: A heartfelt tale of love, caste, and humanity |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kausalya-tanaya-raghava-review-a-heartfelt-tale-of-love-caste-and-humanity-962180 |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=The Hans India |date=10 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| writer = Swamy Patnaik
| producer = Ratnakar Adapa
| starring = {{ubl|Rajesh Konchada|Sravani Setti|Venkatesh Maradapudi|Koteswara Rao|Rangasthalam Mahesh}}
| cinematography = Yogi Reddy
| editing = Pataballa Shri Krishnaprasad
| music = Rajesh Raj Thelu
| studio = AR Movie Makers
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|04|11|ref1=<ref>{{cite news |title=Kousalya Tanaya Raghava |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/kousalya-tanaya-ragava/movieshow/120159646.cms |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=10 April 2025 |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410132949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/kousalya-tanaya-ragava/movieshow/120159646.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 147 Minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Kousalya Tanaya Raghava''''' is a 2025 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Swamy Patnaik, produced by Ratnakar Adapa under AR Movie Makers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Feel-good Rural Love Saga Kousalya Tanaya Raghava Wraps Up Shooting, Set For Release |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/feel-good-rural-love-saga-kousalya-tanaya-raghava-wraps-up-shooting-set-for-release-8846793.html |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=News18 |date=12 April 2025 |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415074602/https://www.news18.com/movies/feel-good-rural-love-saga-kousalya-tanaya-raghava-wraps-up-shooting-set-for-release-8846793.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars Rajesh Konchada, Sravani Setti, Venkatesh Maradapudi, Koteswara Rao, and ''Rangasthalam'' Mahesh. Music scored by Rajesh Raj Thelu and edited by Pataballa Shri Krishnaprasad.

==Plot==
In a flashback set in the 1980s, the movie opens with a guy telling us about his grandfather. The son of Kausalya (Sunita Manohar), Raghava (Rajesh Konchada) is a member of a backward caste and is attending college in a rural. Another girl from a higher caste who attends the same college is Kavya (Sravani Shetty). They fall in love, but because of caste disparities, their relationship encounters social obstacles. A panchayat decides to split up the couple after Raghava is pressured by a college group to proclaim his love in front of the village elders. Whether their love endures and how Raghava realises his mother's desire are the subjects of the remaining narrative.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
*Rajesh Konchada<ref>{{cite news |title=Kousalya Tanaya Raghava Review: 'Kousalya Tanaya Raghava' Movie Review.. Today's generation gives a touch to the love story of the 80s..! |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rajesh-konchada-kousalya-tanaya-raghava-review-and-rating-slb-ws-l-2765429.html |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=News 18 |date=12 April 2025 |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414062353/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rajesh-konchada-kousalya-tanaya-raghava-review-and-rating-slb-ws-l-2765429.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Sravani Setti
*Venkatesh Maradapudi
*Koteswara Rao
*''Rangasthalam'' Mahesh

{{Colend}}

==Release and reception==
''Kousalya Tanaya Raghava'' theatrically released on 11 April 2025

Ramu Chinthakindhi from ''[[Times Now|Times Now Telugu]]'' said those who like simple village love stories will like ''Kausalya Tanaya Raghava''.<ref>{{cite news |title=kousalya tanaya raghava movie review |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/kousalya-tanaya-raghava-movie-review-small-movie-gets-good-response-article-151405660 |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=Times Now News |date=12 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref> TA Kiran Kumar from ''[[Zee News Telugu]]'' said ''Kausalya Tanaya Raghava'' shows humanity.<ref>{{cite news |title=kousalya tanaya raghava movie review |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/kousalya-tanaya-ragava-telugu-movie-review-rating-public-talk-ta-215946 |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=[[Zee News Telugu]] |date=12 April 2025 |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414063855/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/kousalya-tanaya-ragava-telugu-movie-review-rating-public-talk-ta-215946 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt36460794}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]

Marjaavaan

2026-03-02T10:10:42Z

KristalBabbage2: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|2019 Indian Hindi film by Milap Zaveri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marjaavaan
| image = Marjaavaan poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt =
| director = [[Milap Zaveri]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bhushan Kumar]]
* [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]]
* [[Divya Khosla Kumar]]
* Monisha Advani
* Madhu Bhojwani
* [[Nikkhil Advani]]
}}
| writer = Milap Zaveri
| based_on =
| starring = [[Riteish Deshmukh]] [[Sidharth Malhotra]] [[Tara Sutaria]] [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Meet Bros]] [[Payal Dev]] [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] Aditya Dev [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]] '''Score:''' Sanjoy Chowdhury Chandan Saxena [[D. Imman]] (Theme music, reused from ''[[Viswasam]]'')
| cinematography = Nigam Bomzan
| editing = Maahir Zaveri
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]] [[Emmay Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Pen India Limited|PEN Marudhar Cine Entertainment]] (India) [[Eros International]] (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|11|15}}
| country = India
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/marjaavaan-2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113153236/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/marjaavaan-2019 | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 November 2019 | title=Marjaavan (2019) | website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | access-date=13 November 2019}}</ref>
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹38 crore<ref name="BOI">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5735|title=Marjaavaan – Movie – Box Office India|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref>{{small|(Note: Contains print and advertising costs)}}{{better source needed|reason=Box Office India includes print and advertising costs in its figures, which is not done across the globe, where budget refers to the film's cost to produce.|date=March 2020}}
| gross = {{INR}}65.34 crore<ref name="botop">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/marjaavaan/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|title=Marjaavan Box Office|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=15 November 2019 |access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>
}}

'''''Marjaavaan''''' ({{translation|I will die}}) is a 2019 [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic action film]] written and directed by [[Milap Milan Zaveri]].<ref name="masala">{{Cite web|last=Sachin|first=Ambica|title='Marjaavaan' movie review: Sidharth Malhotra fails to floor us|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/marjaavaan-movie-review-all-talk-and-no-impact|access-date=29 September 2020|website=Khaleej Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotra-shares-first-look-poster-of-marjaavaan-the-film-will-also-star-tara-sutaria-see-pic/story-KZEho73DPAZg8D0lAjkZSN.html|title=Ritesh Deshmukh shares first look poster of Marjaavaan, the film will also star Tara Sutaria. See pic|date=31 October 2018|work=Hindustan times|access-date=1 November 2018|language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Tara Sutaria]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tara-sutarias-second-film-after-student-of-the-year-2-marjaavaan-with-sidharth-malhotra-1940529|title=Tara Sutaria's Second Film After Student Of The Year 2&nbsp;– Marjaavaan With Sidharth Malhotra|work=NDTV.com|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/milap-zaveri-s-next-directorial-titled-marjaavaan-118103100362_1.html|title=Milap Zaveri's next directorial titled 'Marjaavaan'|last=IANS|date=31 October 2018|work=Business Standard India|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

''Marjaavaan'' was released in theatres worldwide on 15 November 2019, and received mixed reviews from critics. However, its music album of released under [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] became one of the biggest chartbusters with songs like "Tum Hi Aana", "Thodi Jagah" and "Kinna Sona", and the [[item number]] "Ek Toh Kam Zindagani" garnering charts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/311018/marjaavaan-sidharth-malhotra-to-romance-tara-sutaria-in-milap-zaveri.html|title=Marjaavaan: Sidharth Malhotra to romance Tara Sutaria in Milap Zaveri film|date=31 October 2018|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=1 November 2018|language=en}}</ref> It was distributed by Pen Entertainment in [[India]] and [[Eros International]] overseas.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjaavaan box office day 2: Sidharth Malhotra film earns Rs 4.13 cr, Motichoor Chaknachoor gets 9 cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/marjaavaan-motichoor-chaknachoor-box-office-day-2-riteish-deshmukh-film-makes-rs-7cr-nawazuddin-earns-rs-5cr/story-ACfUdes2Musi1Axj9UiFMN.html |access-date=25 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/producer-bhushan-kumar-shifts-release-date-of-marjaavaan-for-ayushmann-khurrana-s-film-bala-1607837-2019-10-10|title=Producer Bhushan Kumar shifts release date of Marjaavaan for Ayushmann Khurrana's film Bala|date=10 October 2019|work=India Today|access-date=12 November 2019|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Raghu is a goon loyal to the thug Narayan Anna who controls the water mafia in [[Mumbai]]. Anna's dependence on Raghu doesn't sit well with Vishnu, Narayan Anna's son, whose complexes arise from more than just his short stature, as he is only three feet tall. When Raghu falls for Zoya, a mute [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] girl who teaches children music, Vishnu jumps at the opportunity to use it to discredit his father's most favourite goon.

Zoya witnesses Gaitonde's murder by Vishnu so Vishnu orders Raghu to kill her, not knowing that Raghu loves her. The couple tries to run but Vishnu catches them and orders the couple and all the kids killed. Vishnu says Raghu and the kids will be safe if he kills only Zoya, as she is the sole eyewitness. Zoya tells Raghu to kill her so he and the kids remain safe. Raghu can't so she gives him the gun, places her thumb over his, and pulls the trigger. She dies in his arms.

The police arrest Raghu for Zoya's murder while her dead body is laid to rest by the community. In jail, he becomes depressed and broken. Vishnu unsuccessfully tries to get Raghu killed in jail, knowing if he is released, he will take revenge. When Vishnu reveals that Raghu will be sentenced to life, Vishnu helps Raghu get out by [[witness tampering|bribing the proofs]], planning to kill him upon his release.

However, when Raghu returns, Vishnu sees that he is not the same after Zoya's death. He tries to bring Raghu back to his old ways but fails. Narayan warns Vishnu to stop but he angrily kills Narayan and sends goons to Raghu. Raghu kills them all and vows revenge on Vishnu; his friends join him.

On the day of Dussera, when Vishnu comes to burn Ravana's idol, Raghu arrives. Vishnu shoots an arrow into his heart, but Raghu burns him. Raghu sees Zoya and dies peacefully, surrounded by friends and family. The police arrive and [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|Assistant Commissioner of Police]], Ravi Yadav, states that Raghu has returned to his life, which was with Zoya.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Vishnu Anna Shetty
*[[Sidharth Malhotra]] as Raghu Vendranath
*[[Tara Sutaria]] as Zoya Ahmed
*[[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Aarzoo Hussain
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Narayan Anna Shetty
*[[Shaad Randhawa]] as Mazhar
*[[Ravi Kishan]] as ACP Ravi Yadav
*[[Om Kanojiya]] as Timepass
*[[Anant Jog]] as Gaitonde
*[[Amit Mehra]] as Gaitonde's son
*[[Varinder Singh Ghuman]] as Rakka
*[[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Prison Fighter
*Godaan Kumar as Shafi
*Uday Nene as Gopi
*Alina Kazi as Payal Hussain
*Swati Seth as Zarika
*[[Nora Fatehi]] in a special appearance in the song "Ek Toh Kum Zindagani"
*[[Nushrat Bharucha]] in a special appearance in the song "Peeyu Datt Ke"
}}

== Production ==

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 7 December 2018 with Malhotra sharing his picture on his official Instagram account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BrE5Q8dhcUp/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BrE5Q8dhcUp |archive-date=24 December 2021 |url-access=limited|title=Sidharth Malhotra on Instagram: "Ishq aur inteqaam ka koi mazhab nahi, koi ek Rab nahi! ...#Marjaavaan Shoot begins today! @milapzaveri @riteishd @tarasutaria__..."|website=Instagram|language=en|access-date=12 January 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviealles.com/movies/marjaavaan-movie/|title=Shooting of Marjaavaan Begins|date=12 January 2019|website=Movie Alles|language=en-US|access-date=12 January 2019|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502080829/https://moviealles.com/movies/marjaavaan-movie/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The second schedule is set to roll in from mid-January and will end by March 2019. [[Sidharth Malhotra]] is shooting with a dozen goons and has switched to action mode. "The stunt team wanted to shoot with a body double because Sidharth's back and shoulder would be on fire but he was adamant on doing the scene himself to make it look authentic and stay true to his character".<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ritesh-deshmukh-attempts-a-fire-stunt-scene-without-a-body-double-for-marjaavaan/articleshow/67616364.cms|title=Sidharth attempts a fire stunt scene without a body double for Marjaavaan |first=Himesh |last=Mankad |author-link=Himesh Mankad |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |date=21 January 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sidharth-malhotra-starrer-marjaavaan-shoot-begins-5483118|title=Ritesh Deshmukh starrer Marjaavaan commences shooting|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref> Siddharth wrapped up his portion except for songs on 15 March 2019. He announced the news by posting a picture with crews with a heartfelt message.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/its-a-wrap-sidharth-malhotra-winds-up-the-shoot-of-marjaavaan-shares-pics-from-the-sets/383208|website=Times Now News 18|title=It's a wrap! Sidharth Malhotra winds up the shoot of Marjaavaan; shares pics from the sets|first=Shalini|last=Singh|date=15 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> In November 2019, Deshmukh revealed that [[Shah Rukh Khan]] had helped the production team with some VFX shots for the former's role as a dwarf.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan helped team Marjaavaan with certain VFX shots for Riteish Deshmukh's role as a dwarf! : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-helped-team-marjaavaan-certain-vfx-shots-riteish-deshmukhs-role-dwarf/ |access-date=13 November 2019 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=13 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The official poster of the film was shared by Sidharth Malhotra on 30 October 2018, announcing the release date of 8 November 2019. On 5 August 2019, Malhotra announced that the film is delayed to avoid the clash with [[Siddharth Anand]]'s big budget film ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'' starring [[Tiger Shroff]] and [[Hrithik Roshan]], but the release date was not confirmed. On 23 August 2019, the first poster was unveiled by Malhotra, giving the new release date of 8 November 2019. On 3 September, a second poster was unveiled, in which it was shown that the release date of the film is advanced to 8 November.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=SidMalhotra |author=[[Sidharth Malhotra]] |number=1169815105095077889 |date=6 September 2019 |title=Taareekh nayi hai lekin anjaam wahi hoga. Ishq mein maarenge bhi aur marenge bhi. Milte hain 8th Nov ko. #Marjaavaan|access-date=6 September 2019 }}</ref> On 10 October, he announced new release date of film is 15 November 2019.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=SidMalhotra |author=[[Sidharth Malhotra]] |number=1182158735231406081|date=10 October 2019 |title=Thodi der se aayenge par maarenge bhi aur marenge bhi! #Marjaavaan will now release on 15th November 2019.|access-date=12 November 2019 }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Marjaavaan
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Meet Bros]], [[Payal Dev]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Aditya Dev, [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]] and [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 November 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/marjaavaan/tcbfgbFQNZE_|title=Marjaavaan – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=14 January 2020 |publisher=Jio Saavn|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018–19
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 51:10
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| language = Hindi
| producer = [[Bhushan Kumar]]
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|qk7cybeLS_c|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}}}

This music of film is composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Meet Bros]], [[Payal Dev]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], Aditya Dev and [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]] with lyrics written by [[Kumaar]], [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Kunaal Vermaa]], [[Manoj Muntashir]], [[A. M. Turaz]], [[Rashmi Virag]], [[Prasoon Joshi]], Yo Yo Honey Singh, Dope Leo and Mujtaba Aziz Naza.

The second song, "Ek Toh Kum Zindagani", is a remake of the song "Pyar Do Pyar Lo" from the film [[Janbaaz]], being the second remake of the song after Anees Bazmee's ''[[Thank You (2011 film)|Thank You]]'', where it was composed by [[Pritam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/video-gallery/marjaavaan-song-ek-toh-kum-zindagani-teaser-nora-fatehi-and-tanishk-bagchi-to-spin-rekhas-pyar-do-pyar-lo-1492988/|title=Marjaavaan song Ek Toh Kum Zindagani teaser: Nora Fatehi and Tanishk Bagchi to spin Rekha's Pyar Do Pyar Lo|website=Bollywood Life|date=8 October 2019|access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/marjaavaan-pyaar-do-pyaar-lo-nora-fatehi-sizzles-in-another-remake-555115|title=Marjaavaan's Pyaar Do Pyaar Lo: Nora Fatehi sizzles in another remake|website=India Tv |date=8 October 2019|access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref>

The fourth song Haiya Ho, is a remake of "Chahe Meri Jaan Tu Le Le", a song from [[Dayavan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/marjaavaan-song-haiya-ho-rakul-preet-singh-woos-a-grieving-sidharth-malhotra-in-yet-another-recreated-number-watch/story-jZPpmkoBYMPrEObJsU5E0J.html|title=Marjaavaan song Haiya Ho: Rakul Preet Singh woos a grieving Sidharth Malhotra in yet another recreated number. Watch|date=26 October 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

Two songs of the film which were removed from the final cut were released later as singles as they didn't go well with the narrative of the film. They were the song "Peeyu Datt Ke", starring [[Nushrat Bharucha]] which was released on 2 December 2019 and the song Masakali 2.0 which is a recreated version of the song "[[Masakali]]" from the 2009 film [[Delhi-6]] and was released on 8 April 2020 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

Kinna Sona, a Pakistani song originally sung by the Pakistani qawwal [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Marjaavaan song Kinna Sona:for Aisi Bhi Kya Sidharth Malhotra and Tara Sutaria ruin Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's classic |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/marjaavaan-song-kinna-sona-sidharth-malhotra-and-tara-sutaria-ruin-nusrat-fateh-ali-khan-s-classic-1616323-2019-11-06 |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=India Today |date=6 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> was covered by Pakistani singer [[Atif Aslam]] for the film's soundtrack. In February 2019 the All Indian Cine Workers Association levied a ban<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Pakistani artists banned by India's cine association |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/pakistani-artists-banned-by-indias-cine-association-1.62160713 |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=gulfnews.com |date=19 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> on all Pakistani artists, hence the track was replaced at the last minute by a version sung by the Indian singer Jubin Nautiyal. Although the song remained a cover of the Pakistani [[Qawwali]]. In June 2020 T-Series released the initial cover sung by [[Atif Aslam]] on YouTube, however were forced to remove it and issue an 'apology' after a threat-laced campaign led by the far-right Indian nationalist party: [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 51:10
| title1 = [[Tum Hi Aana]]
| extra1 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| music1 = [[Payal Dev]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| length1 = 4:09
| title2 = Ek Toh Kum Zindagani
| extra2 = [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Yash Narvekar]]
| music2 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| lyrics2 = Tanishk Bagchi, [[A. M. Turaz]]
| length2 = 3:10
| title3 = Thodi Jagah
| extra3 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| music3 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics3 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length3 = 3:38
| title4 = Haiya Ho
| extra4 = [[Tulsi Kumar]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| music4 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics4 = Tanishk Bagchi
| length4 = 2:50
| title5 = Kinna Sona
| extra5 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
| music5 = [[Meet Bros]]
| lyrics5 = [[Kumaar]]
| length5 = 4:33
| title6 = Raghupati Raghav Raja Ram
| extra6 = [[Palak Muchhal]]
| music6 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics6 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| length6 = 3:28
| title7 = Hasbi Rabbi
| extra7 = Altamash Faridi, Kamaal Khan, Ali Zaidi
| music7 = Aditya Dev
| lyrics7 = Traditional
| length7 = 5:04
| title8 = Tum Hi Aana
| note8 = Sad Version
| extra8 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| music8 = Payal Dev
| lyrics8 = Kunaal Vermaa
| length8 = 1:23
| title9 = Thodi Jagah
| note9 = Female Version
| extra9 = [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| music9 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics9 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length9 = 3:36
| title10 = Tum Hi Aana
| note10 = Duet Version
| extra10 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Dhvani Bhanushali]]
| music10 = [[Payal Dev]]
| lyrics10 = Kunaal Vermaa
| length10 = 4:08
| title11 = Hasbi Rabbi Naat
| extra11 = Mujtaba Aziz Naza, Munir Aziz Naza
| music11 = [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
| lyrics11 = Mumtaz Aziz Naza
| length11 = 1:11
| title12 = Tum Hi Aana
| note12 = Happy Version
| extra12 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| music12 = Payal Dev
| lyrics12 = Kunaal Vermaa
| length12 = 2:49
| title13 = Peeyu Datt Ke
| extra13 = [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]], [[Ritu Pathak]]
| music13 = Yo Yo Honey Singh
| lyrics13 = Yo Yo Honey Singh, Dope Leo
| length13 = 3:48
| title14 = Masakali 2.0
| extra14 = [[Sachet–Parampara|Sachet Tandon]], [[Tulsi Kumar]]
| music14 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics14 = Tanishk Bagchi
| length14 = 2:52
| title15 = Kinna Sona (Atif Aslam Version)
| extra15 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| music15 = Meet Bros
| lyrics15 = Kumaar
| length15 = 4:31
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 15 November 2019 after the release date was postponed by a week to accommodate the release of ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]''.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=itsBhushanKumar| author= Bhushan Kumar|date = 10 October 2019|number = 1182157955413598208 | title =I've had a long standing relationship with @MaddockFilms and #DineshVijan is also a personal friend. I've decided to shift #Marjaavaan to 15th November 2019, to make way for #Bala. My best wishes to the team! @TSeries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sidharth-malhotras-marjaavaan-release-postponed-to-avert-clash-with-ayushmann-khurranas-bala/articleshow/71533741.cms|title=Sidharth Malhotra's 'Marjaavaan' release postponed to avert clash with Ayushmann Khurrana's 'Bala|website=The Times of India|date=11 October 2019|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref name="Review">{{cite news |title='Marjaavaan': Akshay Kumar, Karan Johar and others hail the revenge drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/marjaavaan-akshay-kumar-karan-johar-and-others-hail-the-revenge-drama/articleshow/72069951.cms |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' have it a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "The Sidharth Malhotra Tara Sutaria starrer MARJAAVAAN is a true blue masala entertainer that has the potential to impress its target audience". ''Khaleej Times'' rated the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and said, "'Marjaavan' falls several shades short of a proper Bollywood [[Masala film|masala]] entertainer that it aspires to in spite of having all the ingredients for it. The weak and clichéd plotline along with heavy-duty dialogues that should have impressed but end up sounding hollow is only part of the problem."<ref name="masala" />

''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and reviewed, "Marjaavaan attempts to check all the boxes for an emotional action rollercoaster, but its dated execution doesn't quite make the kill."<ref>{{cite news |first=Ronak |last=Kotecha |title=Marjaavaan Movie Review {2.5/5}: Nothing to die for |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/marjaavaan/movie-review/72057247.cms |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' rated the film 2 on 5 stars and said, "This Sidharth Malthotra, Riteish Deshmukh and Tara Sutaria-starrer is a tedious watch."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Kunal |title=Marjaavaan Movie Review: This Sidharth Malthotra, Riteish Deshmukh and Tara Sutaria-starrer is a tedious watch |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/marjaavaan-movie-review-this-sidharth-malhotra-riteish-deshmukh-and-tara-sutaria-starrer-is-a-tedious-watch/articleshow/72063458.cms? |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=15 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[Scroll.in]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "A 1980s Bollywood flashback with characters who are cardboard cutouts."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jhunjhunwala |first1=Udita |title='Marjaavaan' movie review: A 1980s Bollywood flashback with characters who are cardboard cutouts |url=https://scroll.in/reel/943495/marjaavaan-movie-review-a-1980s-bollywood-flashback-with-characters-who-are-cardboard-cutouts |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=Scroll.in |date=15 November 2019}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Marjaavaan''{{'}}s opening day domestic collection was {{INR}}7.03 crore. On the second day, the film collected {{INR}}7.21 crore. On the third day, the film collected {{INR}}10.18 crore, taking the total opening weekend collection to {{INR}}24.42 crore.<ref name="botop" />

{{As of|2019|12|16}}, with a gross of {{INR}}56.88 crore in India and {{INR}}8.46 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of {{INR}}65.34 crore.<ref name="botop" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|9248934}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|marjaavaan}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|m/marjaavaan}}

{{Milap Zaveri}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sanjoy Chowdhury]]
[[Category:Films scored by Tanishk Bagchi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Meet Bros]]
[[Category:Films scored by Payal Dev]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) films]]
[[Category:Films about deaf people]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about people with dwarfism]]
[[Category:2010s vigilante films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Milap Zaveri]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]

S. S. Sivasankar

2026-02-28T18:33:33Z

KristalBabbage2:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. S. Sivasankar
| office = [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Nadu Minister for Transport]]
| honorific-prefix = Honourable
| termstart = 29 March 2022
| predecessor = [[Raja Kannappan]]
| office1 = Tamil Nadu Minister for Backward Classes Welfare
| termstart1 = 7 May 2021
| termend1 = 29 March 2022
| predecessor1 = [[S. Valarmathi]]
| successor1 = [[Raja Kannappan]]
| spouse = Gayathridevi
| image name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1969|3|24}}
| relations = S.S. Sivakumar (younger brother)
| children = Sivasaran Sivasurya
| parents = Sivarajeshwari (mother) [[S. Sivasubramanian]] (father)
| alma_mater = [[Annamalai University]]
| successor3 = [[R. T. Ramachandran (politician)|R. T. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor2 = [[R. T. Ramachandran (politician)|R. T. Ramachandran]]
| constituency4 = [[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]
| predecessor3 = ''Constituency created''
| successor4 = ''None (Constituency merged with [[Jayankondam Assembly constituency|Jayankondam]] and [[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]])''
| predecessor4 = [[Kaduvetti Guru|J. Guru]]
| termend4 = 22 May 2011
| termstart4 = 17 May 2006
| termend3 = 24 May 2016
| termstart3 = 23 May 2011
| termstart2 = 11 May 2021
| constituency3 = [[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
| constituency2 = [[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
| office2 = Member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| party = [[Image:Flag DMK.svg|24px]] [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1993- present)
| birth_place = [[Devanur]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]] (now in) [[Ariyalur district ]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Politician writer
| website = http://sssivasankar.blogspot.com/ http://ss-sivasankar.blogspot.com/
| image =
| mainwidth = 26em
| 1blankname = [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[M.K. Stalin]]
| 1blankname1 = [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[M.K. Stalin]]
}}

'''S. S. Sivasankar''' is an Indian politician and writer from the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). He has represented [[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]] (2006–11),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf|title=2006 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613115719/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf|archive-date=2018-06-13|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref> and [[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]] (2011–16; 2021-)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf|archive-date=2012-03-20|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-06-23}}</ref> constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. From 7 May 2021 to 29 March 2022, he served as Minister for the Welfare of Backward, Most Backward and Denotified Communities in the [[M. K. Stalin ministry|Council of Ministers under M.K. Stalin]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-57010551 தமிழ்நாட்டின் புதிய அமைச்சர்கள் யார், யார்? முழு விவரம்], [[பிபிசி]] 2021 மே 6</ref> On 29 March 2022, he assumed charge as the State's [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Transport]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/mlas/18250|title=government {{!}} Tamil Nadu Government Portal|website=www.tn.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>

Sivasankar has authored three books: ''Makkaludan En Anubavangal'' (or ''Makkalodu Naan'') (2015), ''Chozhan Raja Prapthi'' (2019), and ''Thozhar Chozhan'' (2019).

== Early life ==
Sivasankar was born on 24 March 1969 in the village of [[Devanur]] near [[Andimadam]] in present-day [[Ariyalur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. His father [[S. Sivasubramanian]] was an ardent supporter of the [[Dravidian movement]] and was instrumental in strengthening the DMK in the district.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-01 |title=சோழன் To பல்லவன்- சா.சி.சிவசங்கர் அமைச்சரான கதை! {{!}} News7 Tamil |url=https://news7tamil.live/tamilnadu-transport-minister-s-s-sivasankar-political-journey.html |access-date=2022-04-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Sivasankar's mother is Sivarajeshwari.

After attending Andimadam Government School, Sivasankar studied [[Bachelor of Engineering]] in the Department of [[Electricity|Electrical]] and [[Electronics]] Engineering at [[Annamalai University]]. After graduating in 1991, he worked for a private company in [[Bangalore]] until 1993.<ref name=":0" />

== Politics ==

=== Beginning and party posts ===
Sivasankar's political career began when he participated in an [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|Anti-Hindi]] conference organized by the DMK in Tiruchirappalli in December 1978.<ref>{{Cite book |author=ஆர். முத்துக்குமார் |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5ldDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22%221978+%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF+%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81&pg=PT149 |title=மொழிப்போர் |publisher=[[கிழக்குப் பதிப்பகம்]] |year=2013 |isbn=9788184939613}}</ref> He entered full-time politics in 1993, and was elected as the DMK Secretary of the Andimadam Union in 1999. In 2001, he was appointed DMK Secretary of the newly created [[Ariyalur district]]. {{citation needed span|text=After the district's DMK unit was merged with the [[Perambalur district]] unit, he continued as union secretary of Andimadam.|date=May 2022}} Then, he once again became the District Secretary for Ariyalur and is presently in that post.

=== Civic Body Member (1996-2006) ===
From 1996 to 2001, Sivasankar served as Deputy President of Perambalur [[District Panchayat]]. Then he served as a member of Ariyalur District Panchayat till 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=முதல்வர், அமைச்சர்கள் பயோ டேட்டா |url=https://www.dinakaran.com/news_detail.asp?Nid=675907 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=www.dinakaran.com |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507045653/https://www.dinakaran.com/News_Detail.asp?Nid=675907 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Member of Legislative Assembly (2006-16; 2021-) ===
In the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], Sivasankar successfully contested in his home constituency of [[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]].

In the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011 Assembly election]], he won from [[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]. On 31 January 2014, he was suspended for an entire assembly session for tearing up a copy of the customary speech by [[Konijeti Rosaiah]], then [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஆளுநர் உரை கிழிப்பு: திமுக எம்.எல்.ஏ. சிவசங்கர் சஸ்பெண்ட் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2014/feb/01/ஆளுநர்-உரை-கிழிப்பு-திமுக-எம-831599.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Dinamani |date=31 January 2014 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 February 2014 |title=சிவசங்கர்.எஸ்.எஸ்: உலகம் முழுதும் போன செய்தி.... நக்கீரன் இதழில் சட்டமன்ற விமர்சனம் |url=http://ss-sivasankar.blogspot.com/2014/02/blog-post_27.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=சிவசங்கர்.எஸ்.எஸ்}}</ref>

In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 Assembly election]], Sivasankar contested from [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur constituency]] and lost by 2,621 votes.

In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly election]], he re-contested in Kunnam and won by 6,329 votes.

=== Ministership (2021-) ===
Following the victory of the [[Secular Progressive Alliance|DMK alliance]] in the 2021 election, Sivasankar was inducted into the [[M. K. Stalin ministry]] as Minister for the Welfare of Backward, Most Backward and Denotified Communities. On 29 March 2022, his portfolio was transferred to [[Raja Kannappan]] and he in turn replaced the latter as [[Department of Transport (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Transport]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sivasankar's electoral record (Assembly)
!Year
!Constituency
!Result
!Votes (%)
!Opponent
!Opponent's party
!Opponent's votes (%)
!Margin
(%)
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[Andimadam Assembly constituency|Andimadam]]
|{{Won}}
|{{Won|'''51,395''' ('''45.32%''')}}
|K. Panneerselvam
|style="background: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color: white;" | All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|{{no2|45,567
(40.18%)}}
|5,828
(5.14%)
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
|{{Won}}
|{{Won|'''81,723''' ('''46.88%''')}}
|Durai Kamaraj
|style="background: {{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}; color: white;" | [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|{{no2|58,766
(33.71%)}}
|22,957
(13.17%)
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|{{no2|Runner-up}}
|{{no2|'''85,902''' ('''40.97%''')}}
|Thamarai S. Rajendran
|style="background: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color: white;" | All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|{{Won|'''88,523'''
'''(41.94%)'''}}
|2,621
(1.25%)
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Kunnam Assembly constituency|Kunnam]]
|{{Won}}
|{{Won|'''1,03,922''' ('''47.26%''')}}
|[[R. T. Ramachandran (politician)|R. T. Ramachandran]]
|style="background: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}; color: white;" | All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|{{no2|97,593
(44.38%)}}
|6,329
(2.87%)
|}

== Other Posts ==
Sivasankar was interested in [[photography]] right from his college days. Consequently, he served as Secretary of the Photographers' Association. He has been a member of the Perambalur District [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]] Association and as President of the Tamil Nadu [[Silambam]] Association.

== Works ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Tamil title
!Transliteration
!Standardized English Title
!Meaning
!Type
!Notes
!Publisher
|-
|2015
|மக்களுடன் என் அனுபவங்கள்: குன்னம் தொகுதி எம்.எல்.ஏவின் உணர்வும் பகிர்வும்
(Alternative title)
மக்களோடு நான்

|Makkaḷuṭaṉ eṉ aṉupavaṅkaḷ: Kuṉṉam tokuti em.El.Ēviṉ uṇarvum pakirvum
(Alternative title)
Makkaḷōṭu nāṉ
|Makkaludan En Anubavangal
(Makkalodu Naan)
|My Experiences with People: The Feeling and Sharing of the Kunnam MLA
(Alternative title)
I with the People
|[[Diary]]
|Collection of selected [[Facebook]] posts by Sivasankar.
|[[Kizhakku Pathipagam]]
|-
|2019
|சோழன் ராஜா ப்ராப்தி
|Cōḻaṉ rājā prāpti
|''Chozhan Raja Prapthi'' (?)
|Fortune of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola King]]
(?)
|Essay collection
|Collection of articles featured on the guest page of ''Andhimazhai'' magazine.
| [[Anthimazhai Pathipagam]]
|-
|2019
|"தோழர்" சோழன்
|"Tōḻar" cōḻaṉ
|Thozhar Chozhan
|"Comrade Chola"
|[[Historical Novel]]
|Set in the backdrop of [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalism]] and Tamil separatist movements (such as the [[Tamil Nadu Liberation Army|TNLA]] led by [[Thamizharasan (militant)|Thamizharasan]] of [[Ponparappi]]).
This novel went to the finals in the "Pen to Publish" contest held by [[Kindle Direct Publishing]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |last=சிவசங்கர் |first=S. S. Sivasankar எஸ் எஸ் |url=https://www.amazon.in/Thozhar-Chozhan-%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D-%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D-Tamil-ebook/dp/B082BCD1JB |title=Thozhar Chozhan தோழர் சோழன் |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=தோழர் சோழன்{{!}}நூல் அலசல்{{!}}Tamil Novel Review{{!}}Kindle books{{!}}S. S. Sivasankar{{!}}Thozhar Chozhan | date=10 April 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6Lr6g7oUvo |language=en |access-date=2022-04-27}}</ref>
|[[Amazon Kindle]]
|}

== Personal life ==
Sivasankar's residence is in Rajaji Nagar, Ariyalur. His wife Gayathridevi is a [[physician]] hailing from [[Papanasam]] ([[Thanjavur district]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=மீன் விருந்து முதல் ஐபிஎல் பாஸ் வரை: தமிழக சட்டப்பேரவையில் கவனம் ஈர்த்த 'சம்பவங்கள்' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/974724-interesting-debate-in-tamil-nadu-assembly.html |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |date=12 April 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> The couple has two sons: Sivasaran and Sivasurya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-07 |title=புதிய அமைச்சர்களின் வாழ்க்கை குறிப்பு |url=http://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/2021/05/07024851/Biography-of-the-new-Ministers.vpf |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Dailythanthi.com}}</ref>

== Media appearance ==
Sivasankar was one of the participants in Season 14 episode 21 of the television show [[Neeya Naana]] hosted by [[Gopinath Chandran]] on [[Vijay TV]]. In this episode (titled "Gopinath discusses Tamil Nadu") that aired on 10 February 2013, a student presented her position against [[Reservation in India|reservation]], citing 'arbitrary' caste-based concessions. In reply, Sivasankar famously gave an explanation:<ref>{{Citation|title="எல்லா சமூகமும் முன்னேறனும்"- இடஒதுக்கீடு {{!}} Debate Speech {{!}} Reservation {{!}} Dhiravidan-TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/HL_3wTFO624|accessdate=2022-04-20|language=ta-IN}}</ref><ref name=":04">{{Cite web|url=https://news7tamil.live/tamilnadu-transport-minister-s-s-sivasankar-political-journey.html|title=சோழன் To பல்லவன்- சா.சி.சிவசங்கர் அமைச்சரான கதை! {{!}} News7 Tamil|date=2022-04-01|language=en-US|access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text='''Student-1''': ....It was said that there is no fee for female students appearing for the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] [exam] . It is ₹ 600-700 for [male] [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] students. For the rest, ₹ 1500. I say that such differences need not be there. Let [the fee] be equal for all. All are well off.

'''Sivasankar''':...Whom do you say "are well off" ?

'''Student-1''': ... I do not mean everyone. I say this of those who are well off.

'''Sivasankar''': ...[citing the example of a running race quoted by another participant]... If [we] place a person 100 metres behind and place you 100 metres ahead...that person's chance [to win] is diminished... In other words, how many of those running by your side have your stamina?...Those without eyesight...and those with impairment in their legs are also required to run along...Such weaker sections are there....You are speaking with [[Chennai]] in context. How many villages have you visited? Do you know the situation in villages. Even today, there's a compulsion in villages to work on the basis of one's [[Caste system in India|caste]]. Do you know that? Do you know that they are refused the opportunities before them?...[[Social justice]] is something with a long history. There's no need for you to know it in full. All communities must be respected equally. But without a chance for that, they are down. Those at the bottom should be given a hand and raised up..[That action] is reservation. Another student claims that he himself belongs to the oppressed community but says it is embarrassing to get [concessions]. How can you feel embarrassed? Do you know what profession your father, grandfather and ancestors undertook? Do you know how oppressed they were?...For the sole reason that you've got an opportunity for education, that you've entered a college, that your friends think ill, you say no [to reservation] This is your personal view. But how many of those who were refused this opportunity undertake [[coolie]] work in the village? How many go to [[Kerala]] for work? None of you have thought of their plight. You only think that today "I'm well off.."

'''[The student whom he mentioned speaks]:''' Sir! [Reservation] is like something to be taken advantage of. None of those [coming through] reservation study...There's a course called [[Teacher education|Teacher Training]]. To study that, we're required to just pass [[Education in Tamil Nadu|Class 12]] ....One just studies a day before exams, write the exam and receives pass marks...It's going just like that...

'''Sivasankar''': ''Thambi''{{efn|a term of affection used for a younger male}}! Do you know data regarding the number of SC students receiving high marks and getting placed in [[Reservation in India#Reservation schemes|open quota]] for the last 5-10 years? [Student 2 nods in the negative] You don't know! You generally speak based on hearsay from your friend. What profession your grandfather undertook?

'''Student-2''': [[Coolie]].

'''Sivasankar''': From that place ... [you've] crossed this many generations due to this reservation. [Hence] your family is able to educate you. You must understand that. We cannot change our life according to the talk of some four friends. More oppressed generation like you should come up. Speak after realizing this.|source=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/neeya-naana/1584/gopinath-discusses-tamil-nadu/1000031585|title=Neeya Naana - Watch Episode 21 - Gopinath discusses Tamil Nadu on Disney+ Hotstar|website=Disney+ Hotstar|language=en|access-date=2022-04-20}}</ref>}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== External links ==

* [http://sssivasankar.blogspot.com/ Sivasankar]
* [http://ss-sivasankar.blogspot.com/ Sivasankar.S.S]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivasankar, S. S.}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ariyalur district]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]

Suman Kalyanpur

2026-02-23T12:00:37Z

KristalBabbage2: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1937)}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Suman Kalyanpur
| image = Suman Kalyanpur in 2023.jpg
| caption = Kalyanpur in 2023
| image_size =
| background = solo_singer
| alias =
| birth_name = Suman Hemmadi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1937|01|28}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[Bangladesh]])
| instrument =
| genre = [[Indian classical music]], [[Playback singer|playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1953–1988
}}
'''Suman Kalyanpur''' (born as '''Suman Hemmadi'''; 28 January 1937) is an Indian playback singer who is most notable for her work in [[Hindi cinema]]. She recorded songs for movies in several languages besides [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Angika language|Angika]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150418010803/http://www.in.com/suman-kalyanpur/biography-262585.html Suman Kalyanpur]</ref>

Her voice has often been mistaken to be that of [[Lata Mangeshkar]] due to their similar tone and texture.<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/the-other-lata The Other Lata]</ref> Suman Kalyanpur's career started in 1954 and she went onto become a popular singer in the 1960s and 1970s.

==Personal life==
;Early life
Suman Kalyanpur was born as Suman Hemmadi on 28 January 1937 in [[Dhaka]], in [[British India]]. Suman Kalyanpur's father Shankar Rao Hemmadi hailed from a Saraswat Brahmin family belonging Hemmadi, a village in [[Kundapur Taluk]] of [[Udupi District]], Karnataka. He served on a top post in the Central Bank of India and was posted to [[Dhaka]] for a very long period. Apart from father and mother Seeta Hemmadi, there were 5 daughters and one son in the family with Suman being the eldest among her siblings. In 1943, her family moved to [[Mumbai]], where she received her musical training.

Suman had always been interested in painting and music. After completing schooling from [[Mumbai]]’s famed St. Columba High School, she got admission in the prestigious Sir J. J. School of Arts for further studies in painting. Simultaneously, she started learning classical vocal from [[Pune]]'s Prabhat Films' music director and a close family friend, [[Keshav Vaman Bhole|Pandit Keshav Rao Bhole]]. According to Suman, initially singing was just hobby to her but gradually her interest in music increased and she started learning it professionally from Ustad Khan, Abdul Rehman Khan and Guruji Master Navrang.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130903021403/http://www.in.com/suman-kalyanpur/profile-262585.html Suman Kalyapur]</ref><ref>http://beetehuedin.blogspot.in/2013/09/na-tum-hamein-jaano-suman-kalyanpur.html Meeting with Suman Kalyanpur</ref> Suman's younger sister ''Shyama Hemmady'' was also a singer.

;Married life
Suman Hemmady married a Mumbai-based businessman Ramanand Kalyanpur in 1958 and thus, became Suman Kalyanpur from Suman Hemmady. He accompanied her for every recording session after their marriage. She has a daughter named Charul Agny who is settled in the United States after marriage. Her grand daughter Aaishanni Agny returned to India and opened an NGO in Mumbai in her grand mother's name.{{cn|date=February 2021}}

==Career==

According to Suman, "Everybody at home had an inclination towards arts and music but public performances were strictly prohibited. Still, I could not say 'no' to an offer to sing for the [[All India Radio]] in 1952. This was my first public performance after which I got a chance to sing for the Marathi film ''Shukrachi Chandni'' released in the year 1953. At that time, Sheikh Mukhtar was making the film ''Mangu'' whose composer was Mohammed Shafi. [[Sheikh Mukhtar]] was so impressed with my ‘'Shukrachi Chandni'’ songs, that he got me to sing 3 songs for the film ‘Mangu’. However, due to some unknown reasons, later [[O. P. Nayyar]] replaced Mohammed Shafi and only one of my three songs, a lullaby "Koi Pukare Dheere Se Tujhe" was retained in the film. Thus, I entered Hindi cinema with the 1954 release "Mangu".

Immediately, after the film "‘Mangu’", Suman sang 5 songs under the baton of composer [[Naushad]] for the film ''Darwaza'' (1954), which was produced by [[Ismat Chugtai]] and directed by Shahid Lateef. Since ‘'Darwaza’' released first, it is generally believed to be Suman Kalyanpur's first Hindi film. In the same year (1954), Suman sang the film version of [[O.P.Nayyar]]’s hit ensemble song "Mohabbat Kar Lo Ji Bhar Lo Aji Kisne Roka Hai" with [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Geeta Dutt]] for the film ''[[Aar Paar (1954 film)|Aar Paar]]''. According to Suman, she had a couple of solo lines to sing and her services were used, more, as a chorus singer in this song. This proved to be the only song she ever sang for [[O. P. Nayyar]].

Suman Kalyanpur's first film song was a duet with Talat Mahmood in ''Darwaza'' (1954). [[Talat Mahmood]] heard Kalyanpur singing in a musical concert and was highly impressed by her singing. A rank newcomer, her career hit the big league when Talat agreed to sing the duet with her, making the film industry sit up and take notice of her.

She sang for the movie, ''Mangu'' (1954), ''Koi Pukare Dheere Se Tujhe''. Kalyanpur provided playback singing for ''Miyan Bibi Razi'' (1960), ''[[Baat Ek Raat Ki]]'' (1962), ''[[Dil Ek Mandir]]'' (1963), ''[[Dil Hi To Hai (1963 film)|Dil Hi To Hai]]'' (1963), ''Shagoon'' (1964), ''[[Jahan Ara (film)|Jahan Ara]]'' (1964), ''[[Sanjh Aur Savera]]'' (1964), ''[[Noor Jehan (film)|Noor Jehan]]'' (1967), ''[[Saathi (1968 film)|Saathi]]'' (1968) and ''[[Pakeezah]]'' (1971). She sang for composers [[Shankar Jaikishan]], [[Roshan (music director)|Roshan]], [[Madan Mohan (composer)|Madan Mohan Kohli]], [[Sachin Dev Burman|S. D. Burman]], [[Datta Naik|N Datta]], [[Hemant Kumar]], [[Chitragupta (composer)|Chitragupta]], [[Naushad]], S. N. Tripathi, [[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]], [[Kalyanji Anandji]], [[Vasant Desai]] and [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] singing the most songs for the first two in the list. She has sung over 740 movie and non-movie songs. She sang over 140 duets with Rafi in the 1960s.

Suman's first song in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] was "Bhaatuklichaa Khel Maandila" for Vasant Prabhu, for the film ''Pasant Aahe Mulgi''. Putra Vhawa Aisaa, Ekti, Manini and Annapoorna were but a few of her other films.

Kalyanpur sang with Lata Mangeshkar the duet "Kabhi Aaj, Kabhi Kal, Kabhi Parson" under the direction of composer [[Hemant Kumar]]. She recorded some popular duets with male singers [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Talat Mahmood]], and [[Hemant Kumar]]. Some of her memorable duets with Rafi are "Aajkal Tere Mere Pyaar Ke Charche", "Na Na Karte Pyaar", "Tumse O Hasina", "Rahen Na Rahen Hum", "Parbaton Ke Pedon Par Shaam Ka Basera He", "Ajahuna Aye Balama", "Tumane Pukara Aur Hum Chale Aye", "Bad Muddat Ke Yeh Ghadi Ayee", "Mujhe Yeh Bhool Na", "Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya", "Tujhko Dilbari Ki Kasam" and "Chand Takata Hai Idhar". With [[Manna Dey]], she sang the popular duet "Na Jane Kahan Ham The" under the music direction of Dattaram. With Mukesh she has sung many popular duets like `Yeh Kisne Geet Chheda', "Akhiyon ka noor hai tu", "Mera Pyar Bhi Tu Hai", "Dil Ne Phir Yaad Kiya", "Shama Se Koi Kehde", etc.

Kalyanpur also recorded some memorable songs with a classical base, including "Manamohan Man Mein Ho Tumhi", "Mere Sang Ga Gunguna" and "Gir Gayi Re More Mathe Ki Bindiya".

=== Similarity of voice with Lata Mangeshkar ===
Suman Kalyanpur's voice was very similar to the singer, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. Many of her songs are indistinguishable from Lata's style, because she sang with a quality comparable to Lata. Kalyanpur was very uncomfortable regarding the similarity between her voice and Lata's. She had once answered "I was quite influenced by her. In my college days, I used to sing her songs. Meri aawaaz nazuk aur patli thi (My voice was delicate and thin). What could I do? Also when Radio Ceylon relayed the songs, the names were never announced. Even the records sometimes gave the wrong name. Maybe that caused more confusion."<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/the-other-lata/ The other Lata]</ref> In the era of 1950s and 1960s, the period was referred as the golden era of Hindi film music where the time when female playback singing was dominated by singers like [[Shamshad Begum]] and Lata Mangeshkar.

During the similar period, Lata had refused to sing with Rafi over [[Royalty payment|royalty]] issues and those songs were recorded by Kalyanpur with Rafi. She sang over 140 duets with Rafi in this period.

==Discography==
{{Main|List of songs by Suman Kalyanpur}}

===Hindi songs===
*"Tumse O Haseena Kabhi Mohabbat Na Maine Karni Thi" (''Farz (1967 film)'')
*"Sathi Mere Sathi" (''[[Veerana]]'')
*"Na Tum Hamen Jano" (''[[Baat Ek Raat Ki]]'')
*"Chhodo, Chhodo Mori Baiyann" (''Miya Biwi Razi'')
*"Dil Gham Se Jal Raha" (''Shama'')
*"Yun Hi Dil Ne Chaha Tha" (''Dil Hi To Hai'')
*"Bujha Diye Hain" (''Shagoon'')
*"Mere Sang Ga" (''[[Janwar (1965 film)|Janwar]]'')
*"Mere Mehboob Na Ja" (''Noor Mahal'')
*"Tum Agar Aa Sako To"' and "Zindagi Doob Gai Dard Ke Toofano Mein" (''Ek Sal Pehle'')
*"Zindagi imtehan leti hai " (''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'')
*"Jo Ham Pe Guzarti Hai" (''Mohabbat Isko Kehten Hain'')
*"Sharabi Sharabi Yeh Sawan Ka Mausam" (''[[Noor Jehan (film)|Noor Jehan]]'')
*"Behena Ne Bhai Ki Kalai Main" (''[[Resham Ki Dori]]''), for which she was nominated for the [[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award]] in 1975.
*"Dil Ek Mandir Hai" ([[Dil Ek Mandir]])
*"Aajkal Tere Mere Pyaar Ke Charche" from ''[[Brahmachari (Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'', which was one of her most famous songs, is usually thought to be sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] but it was in fact sung by her. (The confusion results from the fact that the quality of her voice is similar to Lata Mangeshkar's at times).
*"Aansoo ki ek boond hoon main" (''[[Ek Paheli]]'')
*"Mera Pyar Bhi Tu Hai Yeh Bahar Bhi Tu Hai" (''[[Saathi (1968 film)|Saathi]]'')
* "Na Na Karte Pyar" (''[[Jab Jab Phool Khile]]'')
Zindagi zulm sahi ( shagun)

===Marathi songs===
*"Rimjhhim Jharati Shrāwan Dhara"
*"Shabda Shabda Japun Thhewa"
*"Re Kshanichya Sangateene Mi Ashi Bharawale"
*"Keshava Madhava Tuzya Namat Re Godawa"
*"Omkar Pradhan Roop Ganeshache"
*"Jethe Sagara Dharanee Milate"
*"Bhaktichya Phulancha Goad To Suwas"
*"Navika Re Vara Vahe Re"
*"Ketakichya Banee Tethe Nachala Ga Mor"
*"Yaa Laadkya Mulino".
*"Samadhi Gheun jayee dnyandev".
*"Mrudul Karani Chhedit Tara".
*"Savalya Vitthala Tujhya Dari Aale".
*"Saang kadhi kalnar tula bhav majhya manat la"
*"Nimbonichya zada mage"

===Bengali songs===
*"Ronger Basore Jodi"
*"Ei ChadroMollikate"
*"Durashar Baluchare"
*"Mone Karo Aami Nei"
*"Sudhu Swapno Niye"
*"Kande Keno Mon"
*"Tomar Aakash Theke"
*"Badoler Madol Baje Guruguru"
*"Aamar Swapno Dekhar Duti Nayon"
*"Aakash Ajana Tobu"
*"Payer Chinho Niye"
*"Dulchere Mon"
*"Byatha Hoye Keno Phire Ele Bondhua"
*"Bhabis Ne Re Kandhchi Bosey"
*"Ekhane Okhane Jekhane Sekhane"
*"Dure theko na aaro aaro kache eso"

===Kannada songs===
*"Odanadi Bekendu"
*"Hani Hani Heeri Thani Hareya"
*"Thallana Nooru bage"

=== Odia songs ===
* " Jaya Jadu Nandan" in Odia movie ''[[Gapa Hele Bi Sata (1976 film)|Gapa Hele Bi Sata]]'' (1976)
* " Muje Janena Kaha Baat Rahichi Chanhi" in Odia movie ''[[Chilika Tire]]'' (1977)
* " Guhari Suno Bhagabaan" in Odia movie ''[[Samaya]]'' (1977)

===Assamese Song===
*"Oi Oi Akash Xubo"
*"Akashore neelai prithivi xabote"
*"Phool bhora phoolonir"
*"Jibon ghorir protitu pol"
*"Milonor ei madhu khyan"
*"O nayanmoni"

==Awards==
* Received three times the prestigious "Sur Sringar Samsad" award for the best classical song in a Hindi movie.
* 2009 – Lata Mangeshkar Award by the [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/singer-suman-kalyanpur-to-be-feted/1036345/ Singer Suman Kalyanpur to be feted]</ref>
* Ga Di Ma Award by Ga Di Ma Pratishthan<ref>[http://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/gadima-award-to-suman-kalyanpur-1163208/ सुमन कल्याणपूर यांना ‘गदिमा पुरस्कार’ जाहीर]</ref>
* 2022 – [[Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music Lifetime Achievement Award]]
* 2023 – [[Padma Bhushan]] by the [[Government of India]] on 26 January 2023
*2024 – [Maharashtra Bhushan MaTaa Sanman Puraskar] (Maharashtra Times)

==See also==

* [[List of Indian playback singers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0436308}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130917034046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-11-20/pune/27211179_1_voice-marathi-songs-mangeshkar Suman Kalyanpur: voice of sweetness]
* [http://www.kamat.com/indica/music/29364.htm Portrait at Kamat's Potpourri]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100301094154/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Career-Women/584439 Career Woman]

{{Authority control}}{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyanpur, Suman}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language singers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Dhaka]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]

Iajuddin Ahmed

2026-02-18T17:16:27Z

KristalBabbage2: general enhance structure per sources and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|President of Bangladesh from 2002 to 2009}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Iajuddin Ahmed
| image = Iajuddin Ahmed at Zia International Airport in Dhaka (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| office = [[President of Bangladesh]]
| primeminister = [[Khaleda Zia]] ''Himself'' ([[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh|acting]]) [[Fazlul Haque (judge)|Fazlul Haque]] (acting) [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]] (acting) [[Sheikh Hasina]]
| term_start = 6 September 2002
| term_end = 12 February 2009
| predecessor = [[Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar]] (acting)
| successor = [[Zillur Rahman]]
| office1 = [[Chief Adviser of Bangladesh]]
| term_start1 = 29 October 2006
| term_end1 = 11 January 2007
| predecessor1 = [[Khaleda Zia]] (as [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]])
| successor1 = [[Fazlul Haque (judge)|Fazlul Haque]] (acting)
| office2 = Chairman of the [[Bangladesh Public Service Commission]]
| term_start2 = 14 September 1991
| term_end2 = 31 January 1993
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|2|1}}
| birth_place = [[Munshiganj District|Bikrampur]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2012|12|10|1931|2|28}}
| death_place = [[Bangkok]], Thailand
| resting_place = [[Banani Graveyard]]<ref name=amardesh/>
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| spouse = {{marraige|[[Anwara Begum (academic)|Anwara Begum]]|1953}}<ref name=bdnews24>{{cite news |title=Ex-President Dr. Iajuddin Ahmed dies |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2012/12/10/ex-president-iajuddin-ahmed-dies |newspaper=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=10 December 2012 |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref>
| children = 3<ref name="newstrackindiadeath">{{cite web |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/12/10/242-Bangladeshi-ex-President-Iajuddin-Ahmed-passes-away-.html |title=Bangladeshi ex-President Dr. Iajuddin Ahmed passes away |publisher=News Track India |date=10 December 2012 |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সাবেক রাষ্ট্রপতি ইয়াজউদ্দিন আহম্মেদকে বনানীতে দাফন : রাষ্ট্রীয়ভাবে প্রটোকল দেয়া হয়নি বলে অভিযোগ গুলশান জামে মসজিদে আজ কুলখানি |url=http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2012/12/14/177814#.UMxmuVLvnKR |language=bn |newspaper=[[Amar Desh]] |access-date=15 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215231610/http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2012/12/14/177814#.UMxmuVLvnKR |archive-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]] [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]
| caption = President Iajuddin Ahmed in 2002
| honorific_prefix =
| native_name = {{nobold|ইয়াজউদ্দিন আহম্মেদ}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| predecessor2 = S. M. Al Hussaini
| president2 = Shahabuddin Ahmed [[Abdur Rahman Biswas]]
| successor2 = [[S. M. A. Foyaz]]
| president1 = ''Himself''
| appointer2 = [[Shahabuddin Ahmed]]
| office3 = Chairman of the [[University Grants Commission (Bangladesh)|University Grants Commission]]
| term_start3 = 8 April 1995
| term_end3 = 7 April 1999
| predecessor3 = Shamsul Hoque
| successor3 = A.T.M. Jahirul Hoque
}}
'''Iajuddin Ahmed'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|ইয়াজুদ্দিন আহমেদ|Iājuddin Ahméd}} {{IPA|bn|ˈiɑd͡ʒudːin ˈaɦmed|}}}} (1 February 1931{{snd}}10 December 2012) was the [[president of Bangladesh]], serving from 2002 to 2009.

With a doctorate in soil science, Ahmed became a full professor at the [[University of Dhaka]] and chairman of the department. Beginning in 1991, he started accepting appointments to public positions, as chairman of the Public Service Commission (1991 to 1993) and of the University Grants Commission (1995 to 1999). In 2002, he won election as president. In 2004, he helped establish the private university, [[Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology]] (ADUST).

==Early life and education==
Ahmed was born on 1 February 1931 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family in the village of Nayagaon in [[Bikrampur]], [[Bengal Presidency]]. He was the son of the [[Muslim]] cleric Maulavi Muhammad Ibrahim. Ahmed passed his [[matriculation]] from Munshiganj High School in 1948 and his [[Intermediate of Arts]] from Haraganga College from [[Munshiganj]] in 1950. He obtained his [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]] and [[Master of Science|M.Sc]] from the Department of Geology, [[University of Dacca]] in 1952 and 1954, respectively. He later received his MS and PhD degrees in 1958 and 1962, respectively, from the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] in the United States.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.gov.bd/president.htm |title=President's Life Sketch |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810115053/http://www.mofa.gov.bd/president.htm |archive-date=10 August 2007}}</ref>

==Teaching==
Returning to the University of Dhaka, Ahmed joined the faculty as an assistant professor in the Department of Soil Science. He moved up in the ranks until he became a full professor in the department. He held the posts at the university of chairman of the Soil Science Department of [[Dhaka University]] and dean of the Faculty of Biological Science, Dhaka University. He was also [[Provost (education)|provost]] of Salimullah Muslim Hall.

Ahmed is credited with developing a process that preserved nutrients in soil and later released them according to the needs of the vegetation. In 1984, Professor Ahmed was a visiting professor at [[Cornell University]] in the United States and the German Technical University and [[University of Göttingen]] in Germany.

==Political career==
Ahmed was an adviser in the [[caretaker government]] of 1991. He was also chairman of the Public Service Commission from 1991 to 1993. He served as chairman of the University Grants Commission from 1995 to 1999.<ref name="bio"/>

During the 1990s, Professor Ahmed was the president of the Federation of University Teachers Association in Bangladesh (FUTA). He led the anti-autocratic movement.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

===Presidency===
Ahmed became President of Bangladesh in 2002 after becoming the only candidate to register for presidential elections. By that time, the position of prime minister was considered the top political role in the Bangladesh government.

During his presidency, Ahmed directed the writing and publication of two books about the nation, ''Hundred Years of Bangabhaban'' and ''Bangabhabaner Shatabarsha.'' These were published in 2006 by [[Bangabhaban]]'s press wing, under the initiative of his advisor, [[Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury]].<ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2006 |title='Hundred Yrs of Bangabhaban' launched |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/02/15/d60215061482.htm |volume=5 |number=610 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref>

===Chief Advisor, 2006–2007 Caretaker Government===
{{main|2006-2008 Bangladeshi political crisis}}
According to the constitution, the immediate past Chief Justice is appointed as Chief Advisor during a caretaker government. After Justice KM Hasan declined the position, reportedly because of ill health, five other men were considered for the position.
The last option was for the President to take over, as provided for in the constitution.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}} Ahmed was sworn in as the Chief Advisor of the Caretaker Government at 8:00 pm (Bangladesh standard time) on 29 October 2006 after the main political parties failed to agree on another candidate. The opposition parties resisted his appointment, because he had been elected by the majority-BNP parliament. Iajuddin Ahmed as Chief Advisor was to oversee the [[2007 Bangladeshi parliamentary election|forthcoming elections]], planned for 22 January 2007, while continuing his responsibilities as president.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

Sheikh Hasina of the [[Awami League]] and her allies demanded Ahmed's resignation, but he declined.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh President rules out resigning |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/12/15/wld07.asp |url-status=dead |work=Daily News |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=15 December 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221022611/http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/12/15/wld07.asp |archive-date=21 February 2013 |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> At first, the Awami League and its allies announced they would [[election boycott|boycott the planned election]] because of BNP influence.

The President's advisor, Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury, met with Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia in an attempt to convince both parties to take part in the election.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 November 2006 |title=Iajuddin wants to open talks with alliances; Sends Mokhles to Hasina, Khaleda |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/11/30/d6113001129.htm |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> Finally on 23 December, they both agreed to participate in the 22 January 2007 polls.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} At the last minute, on 3 January, Awami League and its allies withdrew from the election, jeopardising the country's stability.<ref name="bbcdisaster">{{cite news |last=Rahman |first=Waliur |date=8 January 2007 |title=Is Bangladesh heading towards disaster? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6241263.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=11 January 2007}}</ref> The European Union and UN withdrew its election overseers.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Concerned that a one-party election would jeopardise the nation's lucrative participation in United Nations' peacekeeping mission and that the caretaker government would have difficulty resisting takeover by the BNP, the military intervened on 11 January 2007. A group including General [[Moeen U Ahmed]], Army Chief, persuaded<ref>{{cite news |title=UN warned army against coup |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-201433 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=7 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Quadir |first1=Fahimul |last2=Tsujinaka |first2=Yutaka |date=2015 |title=Civil Society in Asia: In Search of Democracy and Development in Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1sdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |page=5 |isbn=978-1-4724-2331-3}}</ref> Iajuddin Ahmed to declare a [[state of emergency]] and resign, appointing an Interim Chief Advisor. Opponents of the military intervention were concerned about the threat to democracy, but many others were relieved to have professional technocrats leading efforts to stabilise the country and reduce corruption in the government. On 12 January, Fakruddin, formerly with the [[World Bank]], was appointed as Chief Advisor.<ref name="economist">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2007/01/18/the-coup-that-dare-not-speak-its-name |title=The coup that dare not speak its name |magazine=[[The Economist]] |date=18 January 2007 |access-date=10 December 2012 |quote=Iajuddin Ahmed, Bangladesh's president, declared an army-backed state of emergency on January 11th and cancelled the election due on January 22nd ... The president stood down as head of the caretaker government that had been supposed to oversee the elections. He was replaced by Fakhruddin Ahmed, a former central-bank governor and World Bank official. The technocratic administration he heads has so far sent the right signals. A drive against corruption ... the state of emergency has supporters even among some liberal democrats.}}</ref>

===Resignation as Chief Adviser===
On 11 January 2007, President Ahmed resigned from his position as Chief Advisor of the Caretaker Government, having already received the resignations of his advisors. He retained his position as president and responsibilities for the Defense Ministry in the caretaker government. He issued a statement acknowledging that the Election Commission and his government had been unable to achieve an election. He appointed the former Justice [[Fazlul Haque (judge)|Fazlul Haque]] as Interim Chief Advisor and imposed a state of emergency.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2007 |title=Emergency declared; Iajuddin quits as chief adviser |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/01/12/d7011201011.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=10 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094753/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/01/12/d7011201011.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The next day, in consultation with the military, Ahmed appointed [[Fakhruddin Ahmed]] as the new Chief Advisor. He is a prominent banker who had been with the World Bank and Bangladesh National Bank.{{Citation needed|date= March 2022}}

Iajuddin Ahmed's term as president was due to end on 5 September 2007. The government announced at that time that he would remain in office until after [[2008 Bangladeshi general election|the national election]] (planned by then to be held by late 2008). This was to elect new members of parliament, who would elect a president.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Parveen |date=5 September 2007 |title=Bangladesh president's term will continue until successor chosen, government says |agency=[[Associated Press]] |quote=Ahmed's term as president normally would end on Sept. 5 ... However, 'the constitution also says that he will have to continue until his successor is elected, after an elected government takes over,' ... Officials have promised to hold new elections after a new voter list is completed, expected sometime before the end of 2008.}}</ref>

The Awami League and its Grand Alliance won two-thirds of the seats in parliament. It formed a government in 2009, headed by [[Sheikh Hasina]] as prime minister. Ahmed left office on 12 February 2009, after [[Zillur Rahman]], an Awami League leader, was sworn in to succeed him as President of Bangladesh.

==Bypass operation==
On the afternoon of 23 May 2006, President Ahmed was admitted to the Combined Military Hospital (CMH) in Dhaka. Sources said he was seriously ill and being treated by a team of elite doctors. On their advice, President Ahmed was taken to Singapore on Wednesday, 24 May 2006. The 75-year-old president underwent a successful by-pass heart operation at the [[Mount Elizabeth Hospital]] in Singapore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karim |first1=Rezaul |last2=Liton |first2=Shakhawat |date=25 June 2006 |title=Bangabhaban now houses acting, resting presidents |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/2006/06/25/d6062501022.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> During President Ahmed's illness and recovery, in May–July 2006, rumours were reported in the media that he had died, or was going to be removed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=06DHAKA3725 |title=Cable reference id: #06DHAKA3725 |publisher=Cablegatesearch |access-date=10 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509144034/http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=06DHAKA3725 |archive-date=9 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ahmed and his second wife, [[Anwara Begum (academic)|Anwara Begum]], adopted a son, Imtiaz Ahmed Babu. Ahmed also has children from his first marriage: Susan and Adam. He has a total of four grandchildren: Aurora, Beryl, Adam and Arin.<ref name="bio"/>

Imtiaz Babu was arrested on 9 January 2012 on assault charges, for having attacked the registrar at the [[Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology]], a private university founded by his father. Babu is on the trustee board of ADUST.<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/south-asia/b-desh-ex-president-s-son-held-on-assault-charges_751593.html "B'desh: Ex-President's son held on assault charges"], ''ZeeNews (India)'', 9 January 2012, Accessed on 24 March 2013</ref>

==Illness and death==
Ahmed had additional heart surgery on 28 October 2012.<ref name="TimesofIndiaDeath">{{cite news |date=10 December 2012 |title=Bangladesh's controversial ex-President Dr. Iajuddin Ahmed passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Bangladeshs-controversial-ex-President-Iajuddin-Ahmed-passes-away/articleshow/17558510.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221073111/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-10/south-asia/35725921_1_interim-government-bnp-sheikh-hasina |url-status=live |archive-date=21 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> After developing [[kidney]]-related complications, he spent more than a month on life support<ref name="TimesofIndiaDeath" /> before dying on 10 December 2012 at [[Bumrungrad International Hospital]] in [[Bangkok]], Thailand.<ref name=bdnews24/><ref name="TimesofIndiaDeath"/>

Statements of mourning were issued by President Zillur Rahman, Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], Leader of the Opposition [[Khaleda Zia]]<ref name="ds11Dec2012">{{cite news |title=Iajuddin passes away |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=260754 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> and former Advisor to the President [[Mukhlesur Rahman Chowdhury|Mukhles Chowdhury]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbc24.com/index.php/news/news-details?news_id=12943 |script-title=bn:ড. ইয়াজউদ্দিন আহম্মেদের ইন্তেকালে এম মোখলেসুর রহমান চৌধুরীর শোক |publisher= |language=bn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107001701/http://www.pbc24.com/index.php/news/news-details?news_id=12943 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sylheteralap.com/news/category/foregien%20news/detail/32945 |script-title=bn:আহম্মেদের ইন্তেকালে গভীর শোক প্রকাশ করেছেন:বাংলাদেশের সাবেক রাস্ট্রপতির উপদেস্টা এম মোখলেসুর রহমান চৌধুরী |publisher= |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212031945/http://sylheteralap.com/news/category/foregien%20news/detail/32945 |archive-date=12 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref> Iajudiin Ahmed's body was transported to Dhaka from Bangkok on 12 December 2012.

Four ''[[namaz-e-janaza]]s'' were held for him. His first was held in Bangkok<ref name="ds11Dec2012" /> on 11 December 2012, the second namaz-e-janaza at his ancestral home in [[Munshiganj]] on 13 December,<ref>{{cite news |title=Iajuddin's janaza held in Munshiganj |url=http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl%3Dc225873006fb2679019ea8b81e9bd278%26nttl%3D2012121259690%26toppos%3D6 |url-status=dead |work=[[Banglanews24.com]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118174410/http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=c225873006fb2679019ea8b81e9bd278&nttl=2012121259690&toppos=6 |archive-date=18 January 2013 |access-date=13 December 2012 }}</ref> the third janaza in [[Dhaka University]] Central Masjid, and the fourth and last one was at [[Baitul Mukarram]] national masjid. Ahmed was buried in Banani graveyard.<ref name=amardesh>{{cite news |date=13 December 2012 |script-title=bn:সাবেক রাষ্ট্রপতি ইয়াজউদ্দিন আহম্মেদকে বনানীতে দাফন |trans-title=President Iajuddin Ahmed was buried at Banani |url=http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2012/12/14/177814#.UMyDNFLvnKT |language=bn |newspaper=[[Amar Desh]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215231610/http://www.amardeshonline.com/pages/details/2012/12/14/177814#.UMyDNFLvnKT |archive-date=15 February 2015}}</ref>

==References==
'''Footnotes'''
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Prime Ministers of Bangladesh}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Bangladesh]]|years=2002–2009}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Zillur Rahman]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Khaleda Zia]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]] {{small|Acting}}|years=2006–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fazlul Haque (judge)|Fazlul Haque]] {{small|Acting}}}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Morshed Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=2006–2007}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Bangladesh}}
{{Prime ministers of Bangladesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Iajuddin}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:People from Bikrampur]]
[[Category:Presidents of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Burials at Banani Graveyard]]
[[Category:Advisers of Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry]]
[[Category:Chief advisors of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Chairmans of University Grants Commission of Bangladesh]]

Hirdaya Behari Mathur

2026-02-07T22:52:31Z

KristalBabbage2: new first pg v1!

{{Short description|Indian physical chemist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Hirdaya Behari Mathur
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|5|27}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1980|1|12|1928|5|27}}
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Thermodynamics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[National Chemical Laboratory]] | [[Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]] | [[University of Delhi]] | [[University of California, Berkeley]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on radioactive [[isotopes]] and solid state diffusion of metals
| awards = {{ublist | 1973 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''Hirdaya Behari Mathur''' (27 May 1928 – 12 January 1980) was an Indian physical chemist and the director of [[Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment]], Kanpur.<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N74-0439 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> He was known for his studies on radioactive isotopes and solid state diffusion of metals.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=317 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> Mathur was a fellow of [[Sigma Xi]] and an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Mathur,_Dr_Hirdaya_Behari |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1973, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
H. B. Mathur, born on 17 May 1928, graduated in chemistry from [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University]] (formerly known as Agra University) in 1946 and passed his master's degree from [[University of Delhi]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite book|title=Register - University of California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvs4AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA5-PA54|year=1955|publisher=University of California Press|pages=5–}}</ref><ref name="Berkeley1955">{{cite book|author=University of California, Berkeley|title=Commencement[programme]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AA5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA54|year=1955|pages=54–}}</ref> Moving to the US, he secured a PhD in physical chemistry from [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1954.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> Joining the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] in 1958, Mathur served the institution until 1976, reaching the position of the Scientist-in-charge of the physical chemistry division of the laboratory. In 1976, he joined [[Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment]], the Kanpur station of the [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] where he stayed until 1980. Mathur's researches were primarily in the fields of thermodynamics and he worked on the chemical application of [[Mossbauer spectroscopy]] and the beta and gamma spectroscopic studies isotopes in the closed shell region. He also did researches on intermetallic diffusion and kinetics of high-temperature oxidation of metals and alloys and thermodynamics of the formation of complex ions in aqueous solutions.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Besides several articles published in peer-reviewed journals,<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Mathur=3AHirday_Behari=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} Mathur authored a book, ''Radiochemical and Spectrometer Studies of Some New Nuclear Isomers Prepared by Cyclotron Bombardment''<ref name="Mathur1955">{{cite book|author=Hirdaya Behari Mathur|title=Radiochemical and Spectrometer Studies of Some New Nuclear Isomers Prepared by Cyclotron Bombardment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BHAQAAMAAJ|year=1955|publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}</ref> and contributed a chapter to a book, ''Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry - Vol I'' which was edited by [[C. N. R. Rao]].<ref name="Rao2012">{{cite book|author=C.N.R. Rao|title=Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=58JHDmgX20UC&pg=PA356|date=2 December 2012|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-323-15090-3|pages=356–}}</ref> His articles have been cited by several authors in their publications.<ref name="StreetSustich2014">{{cite book|author1=Anita Street|author2=Richard Sustich|author3=Jeremiah Duncan, Nora Savage|title=Nanotechnology Applications for Clean Water: Solutions for Improving Water Quality|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-rEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|date=15 May 2014|publisher=William Andrew|isbn=978-1-4557-3185-5|pages=267–}}</ref><ref name="MartellSmith2013">{{cite book|author1=Arthur E. Martell|author2=Robert M. Smith|title=Critical Stability Constants: First Supplement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJnTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA500|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-6761-5|pages=500–}}</ref> He was a member of the Uttar Pradesh State Council of Science and Technology and was associated with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research as a member of their Catalyst Research Committee and Metals Research Committee.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> Mathur sat in the Working Group on Materials and Components of Electronics Commission of the Government of India as well as in the editorial board of the ''Indian Journal of Chemistry''. His association with scientific organizations include memberships in [[Indian Chemical Society]], [[American Physical Society]], [[American Association for the Advancement of Science]], Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Association of India and the International Diffusion Research Association and the fellowship of [[Sigma Xi]]. Mathur was an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (1974) and the Indian Academy of Sciences (1975).<ref name="Fellow profile" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1973.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref>

Mathur died on 12 January 1980 at the age of 51.<ref name="Fellow profile" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author=Hirdaya Behari Mathur|title=Radiochemical and Spectrometer Studies of Some New Nuclear Isomers Prepared by Cyclotron Bombardment|year=1955|publisher=University of California, Berkeley}}
* {{cite book|author=C.N.R. Rao (editor), H. B. Mathur (chapter)|title=Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry|date=2 December 2012|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-323-15090-3}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |author1=Sharma, V. S. |author2=Mathur, H. B. |author3=Biswas, A. B. |title=Jahn-Teller stabilization and entropy changes accompanying the formation of metal-amino acid complexes |journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry |year=1964 |publication-date=1964 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=382–384 |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(64)80084-1}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Yagnik, C. M. |author2=Mathur, H. B. |title=The Mossbauer spectra of sulpho-spinels containing Fe2+ ions |journal=Solid State Communications |year=1967 |publication-date=1967 |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=841–844 |doi=10.1016/0038-1098(67)90310-9|bibcode=1967SSCom...5..841Y }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Gupta, M. P. |author2=Mathur, H. B. |title=Mossbauer spectra of oxidic spinels containing Sn4+ ion |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |year=1968 |publication-date=1968 |volume=29 |issue=8 |pages=1479–1481 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(68)90198-4|bibcode=1968JPCS...29.1479G }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Mathur, H. B. |author2=Gupta, M. P. |title=A Mossbauer spectroscopic study of the nature of the bonding in bis-dithioacetylacetone tetrachloro-ferrate (II) |journal=Chemical Physics Letters |year=1969 |publication-date=1969 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=191–194 |doi=10.1016/0009-2614(69)80022-9|bibcode=1969CPL.....3..191M }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Rao, Balachandra |author2=Mathu, H. B. |title=Thermodynamics of the interaction of transition metal ions with histamine |journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry |year=1971 |publication-date=1971 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=809–816 |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(71)80481-5}}

== See also ==
* [[Mossbauer spectroscopy]]
* [[Thermodynamics]]
{{Portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathur, Hirdaya Behari}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]

Mumbai Central–Gandhinagar Capital Vande Bharat Express

2026-01-25T19:18:59Z

KristalBabbage2: Starting new article

{{short description|Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Italic title}}{{Distinguish|text=[[Ahmedabad–Mumbai Central Vande Bharat Express]], India's 45th semi high-speed Vande Bharat Express train}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Mumbai Central - Gandhinagar Capital ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Gandhinagar Capital - Mumbai Central (20902) Vande Bharat Express.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = 3rd VB Express train standing at [[Gandhinagar Capital railway station|Gandhinagar Central]] with [[The Leela|Hotel Leela]] in the background and waiting for departure towards [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]]
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]
| first = 30 September 2022 (Inaugural run) {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|10|01}} (Commercial run)
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways (WR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Mumbai Central}} '''(MMCT)'''
| stops = 7
| end = {{stnlnk|Gandhinagar Capital}} '''(GNC)'''
| distance = {{convert|522|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 06 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Six days a week {{efn|Except Wednesdays}}
| trainnumber = 20901 / 20902
| line_used = *[[Ahmedabad–Mumbai main line|Mumbai–Ahmedabad main line]]
*[[Ahmedabad–Gandhinagar Capital line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 2.0]] ''(Last service: May 10, 2025)'' [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0]] ''(First service: May 11, 2025)''
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|83|km/h|0|abbr=on}} to {{cvt|85|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|480|m|ft}} (20 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Western Railway zone|Mumbai Central (MMCT)]]
| map = {{Mumbai Central-Gandhinagar Capital VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 20901/20902 '''Mumbai Central - Gandhinagar Capital ''Vande Bharat Express''''' is India's 3rd [[Vande Bharat Express]] train, connecting the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]].

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]], [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]], [[Vapi railway station|Vapi]], [[Valsad railway station|Valsad]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2025-07-28 |title=Ahmedabad - Mumbai Vande Bharat Express journey time up after Valsad halt |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2025/07/28/ahmedabad-mumbai-vande-bharat-express-journey-time-up-after-valsad-halt/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Surat railway station|Surat]], [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara Jn]], [[Anand Junction railway station|Anand Jn]], [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Ahmedabad Jn]] and [[Gandhinagar Capital railway station|Gandhinagar Capital]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 20901/20902 on 6 days a week basis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=telang |first=Kamlesh |title=20901/Mumbai Central - Gandhinagar Capital Vande Bharat Express - Mumbai to Gandhinagar Capital WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-central-gandhinagar-capital-vande-bharat-express-20901/186022/12293/2474 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=telang |first=Kamlesh |title=20902/Gandhinagar Capital - Mumbai Central Vande Bharat Express - Gandhinagar Capital to Mumbai WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-gandhinagar-capital-mumbai-central-vande-bharat-express-20902/186023/2474/12293 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2022 |title=Mumbai-Gandhinagar Vande Bharat earns Rs 9.2 crore in ticketing fares in November |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/vande-bharat-earns-rs-9-2-cr-in-ticketing-fares-in-november-8327191/ |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2022 |title=Vande Bharat Express 2.0: PM flags off new train between Gandhinagar and Mumbai, here's all to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/vande-bharat-express-20-pm-modi-flags-off-new-train-between-gandhinagar-and-mumbai-348690-2022-09-30 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Rakes ==
It was the first [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation Vande Bharat Express train]] and was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] (ICF) under the leadership of ''[[Sudhanshu Mani]]'' at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] initiative.

=== Coach Augmentation ===
The 20901/20902 Mumbai Central - Gandhinagar Capital Vande Bharat Express was permanently augmented with 04 more coaches and is currently running with 20-car [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|Vande Bharat 3.0 trainset]] '''''W.E.F.''''' '''''11 May 2025''''' in order to meet the extra rush and passenger demands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad Vande Bharat Express Adds 4 More AC Coaches |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/civic/mumbai-ahmedabad-vande-bharat-express-adds-4-ac-chair-car-coaches-88569 |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai-Gandhinagar Vande Bharat gets 4 more coaches |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/mumbai-gandhinagar-vande-bharat-gets-4-more-coaches/81891101.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-12 |title=Mumbai-Gandhinagar Vande Bharat Express increases capacity by 312 seats, to ferry 936 more passengers daily |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-gandhinagar-vande-bharat-express-capacity-9998142/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> By doing so, this express train becomes the longest VB Express train under [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways (WR)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=20 Coach Vande Bharat Express: WR launches longest semi-high-speed train – Check route, travel time, stoppages, ticket price |url=https://www.etnownews.com/infrastructure/20-coach-vande-bharat-express-western-railway-launches-longest-semi-high-speed-train-check-route-travel-time-stoppages-ticket-price-article-151623413 |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Service ==
[[File:Mumbai Central–Gandhinagar Capital Vande Bharat Express interiors.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Mumbai Central–Gandhinagar Capital Vande Bharat Express]]
The 20901/20902 Mumbai Ctrl - Gandhinagar Capital Vande Bharat Express operates six days a week except Wednesdays, covering a distance of {{cvt|522|km}} in a travel time of 6 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|81|km/h}}. The service has 6 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed is {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== Incidents ==
A week after the inauguration of the 3rd Vande Bharat Express train, this train rammed into cattle near Atul station in Gujarat, on 29 October morning, causing 15-20 delay in reaching its destination. No casualties were involved in this incident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sheenu |date=29 October 2022 |title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad 'Vande Bharat Express' rams into cattle in 3rd such incident; front panel damaged |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/mumbai-ahmedabad-vande-bharat-express-damaged-hits-cattle-on-route-atul-station-gujarat-third-incident-in-october-latest-updates-2022-10-29-819692 |access-date=17 December 2022 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Mumbai Central railway station]]
* [[Gandhinagar Capital railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Mumbai–Ahmedabad trains]]
[[Category:Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India| ]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Gandhinagar]]

Mujauna, Samastipur

2026-01-20T21:16:11Z

KristalBabbage2: Made a stub

{{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

'''Mujauna''' a village, 8 km west of [[Samastipur]], [[Bihar]], India.<ref>[http://mwrd.bih.nic.in/3000TWPH11.XLS%20Sheet-Y.htm Minor Water Resources Department], Government of Bihar</ref> The village has a large population of [[Brahmins]], as well as [[Paswan]] and [[Dhanuk]].

The nearest railway station is [[Karpurigram]].this village is very high population

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Samastipur district]]

{{Samastipur-geo-stub}}

Indrajit Mahato

2026-01-16T14:52:30Z

KristalBabbage2: new basic stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Indrajit Mahato''' (born 1972) is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]] who is an MLA from [[Sindri Assembly constituency]] in [[Dhanbad district]]. He won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindri Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Indrajit Mahato of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sindri-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430941.html |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mahato is from [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]], Dhanbad district, Jharkhand. He is the son of late Surendra Nath Mahato. He completed his graduation in arts in 2012 at a college affiliated with C.M.J. University, Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrajit Mahato(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SINDRI(DHANBAD ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12091 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mahato won from [[Sindri Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 80,967 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Anand Mahato of the [[Marxist Co-ordination Committee]] Party, by a margin of 8,253 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindri Constituency Election Results 2019: Sindri Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/jharkhand/constituency-show/sindri |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=SINDRI Assembly Election Results 2019: SINDRI Jharkhand Election Schedule, Vote share and Results - India News |url=https://www.loksatta.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/sindri-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahato, Indrajit}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]

Abdur Rahaman Liton

2026-01-02T20:05:21Z

KristalBabbage2: Put up initial article w/ refs

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdur Rahaman Liton
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end = 2021
| predecessor = [[Noor Alam Chowdhury]]
| successor = [[Mosarraf Hossain|Dr. Mosarraf Hossain]]
| constituency = [[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
| birth_date ={{Birth date|1961|1|21}}
| birth_place = [[Murarai I|Duria]], [[Birbhum district]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_place =
| death_date = 2021<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= |title= করোনা এবার প্রাণ কাড়ল বিদায়ী বিধায়কের, মৃত্যু আব্দুর রহমানের|url= https://bangla.aajtak.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-elections/story/tmc-mla-murarui-abdur-rahaman-dies-due-covid-complications-273837-2021-04-17|work= Aaj Tak Bangla|location= |access-date=}}</ref>
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[CMJ University]]
| relatives =
| education =
}}
'''Abdur Rahaman Liton''' (1958 – 2021) was an Indian social worker and politician belonging to the [[Trinamool Congress]]. He served as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life and family==
Abdur Rahaman Liton was born in 1958 to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in the village of [[Murarai I|Duria]] in [[Birbhum district]], [[West Bengal]]. He was the son of Abdur Rahim and obtained his [[Bachelor of Arts]] in [[political science]] from the [[CMJ University]], [[Meghalaya]] in 2012.<ref name=bio>{{cite web|title=Abdur Rahaman (AITC)|url=https://www.myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=706|website=My Neta|year=2016}}</ref>

==Career==
Liton contested in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as a [[Trinamool Congress]] candidate for [[Murarai Assembly constituency]], winning against Congress politician Ali Mortuza Khan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/2016/murarai/|title=Murarai, 2016|website=Latestly|access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liton, Abdur Rahaman}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh

2026-01-01T14:04:55Z

KristalBabbage2: Put up some info initial version

{{short description|Divisions in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
[[File:UP Administrative Divisions.png|thumb|350px|Administrative Divisions of Uttar Pradesh.]]
The northern [[India]]n state of '''Uttar Pradesh''', which borders [[Nepal]], comprises 18 '''administrative divisions'''. Within these 18 divisions, there are a total of 75 districts.<ref name="18 Divisions and 75 Districts of Uttar Pradesh">{{cite web|url= https://up.gov.in/en/page/districts|title=Divisions and Districts of Uttar Pradesh|last=|first=|date=23 July 2017|website=|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=20 September 2023}}</ref> The following table shows the name of each division, its administrative capital city, its constituent districts, and a map of its location.

These divisions and districts are primarily constituted for [[Land administration|land revenue]] and general administration.<ref>Board of Revenue, Govt of Uttar Pradesh

https://bor.up.nic.in/pdf/History_of_Board_of_Revenue.pdf</ref>

==Current divisions==
Currently 75 districts are divided into 18 divisions.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%; text-align:center; border:1px solid black;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
| '''Divisions'''
| '''Formed'''
| '''Headquarters'''
| '''Districts'''

| '''Map'''
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Agra division]]
|Pre-Independence
|[[Agra]]
|align="left"|
* [[Agra district|Agra]]
* [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
* [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
* [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]

|[[File:Agra Mandal.png|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Aligarh division]]
|17 April 2008 ''(Separated From Agra division) ''
|[[Aligarh]]
|align="left"|
* [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
* [[Etah district|Etah]]
* [[Hathras district|Hathras]]
* [[Kasganj District|Kasganj]]

|[[File:Aligarh division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Ayodhya division]]
|Pre-Independence
|[[Ayodhya]]
|align="left"|
* [[Ambedkar Nagar district|Ambedkar Nagar]]
* [[Amethi district|Amethi]]
* [[Ayodhya district|Ayodhya]]
* [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
* [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]

|[[File:Faizabad division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Azamgarh division]]
|15 November 1994 ''(Separated from Gorakhpur and Varanasi divisions)''
|[[Azamgarh]]
|align="left"|
* [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
* [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
* [[Mau district|Mau]]

|[[File:Azamgarh division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Bareilly division]]
|Pre-Independence
|[[Bareilly]]
|align="left"|
* [[Badaun district|Badaun]]
* [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
* [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
* [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]

|[[File:Bareilly division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Basti division]]
|14 June 1997 ''(Separated from Gorakhpur division)''
|[[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]
|align="left"|
* [[Basti district|Basti]]
* [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]]
* [[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharthnagar]]

|[[File:Basti division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Chitrakoot division|Chitrakootdham division]]
|21 November 1997 ''(Separated from Jhansi division)''
|[[Banda district, India|Banda]]
|align="left"|
* [[Banda district (India)|Banda]]
* [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
* [[Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
* [[Mahoba district|Mahoba]]

|[[File:Chitrakoot division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Devipatan division]]
|21 November 1997 ''(Separated from Ayodhya division)''
|[[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]]
|align="left"|
* [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
* [[Balarampur district|Balarampur]]
* [[Gonda district|Gonda]]
* [[Shravasti district|Shravasti]]

|[[File:Devipatan division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Gorakhpur division]]
|Pre-Independence
|[[Gorakhpur]]
|align="left"|
* [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
* [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]
* [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
* [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]

|[[File:Gorakhpur division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Jhansi division]]
|Pre-Independence
|[[Jhansi]]
|align="left"|
* [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
* [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
* [[Lalitpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Lalitpur]]

|[[File:Jhansi division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Kanpur division]]
| 15 August 1988 ''(Separated from Allahabad division)''
|[[Kanpur]]
|align="left"|
* [[Auraiya district|Auraiya]]
* [[Etawah district|Etawah]]
* [[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
* [[Kannauj district|Kannauj]]
* [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur Dehat]]
* [[Kanpur Nagar district|Kanpur Nagar]]

|[[File:Kanpur division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Lucknow division]]
|Pre-Independence
|[[Lucknow]]
|align="left"|
* [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
* [[Lakhimpur Kheri]]
* [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
* [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
* [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
* [[Unnao district|Unnao]]

|[[File:Lucknow division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Meerut division]]
|Pre-Independence
|[[Meerut]]
|align="left"|
* [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]]
* [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahar]]
* [[Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
* [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]
* [[Hapur district|Hapur]]
* [[Meerut district|Meerut]]

|[[File:Meerut division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Moradabad division]]
|14 September 1980 ''(Separated from Bareilly Division)''
|[[Moradabad]]
|align="left"|
* [[Amroha district|Amroha]]
* [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
* [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
* [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
* [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]

|[[File:Moradabad division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Prayagraj division]]
|Pre-Independence
|[[Prayagraj]]
|align="left"|
* [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
* [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
* [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
* [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]

|[[File:Allahabad division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Saharanpur division]]
|21 November 1997 ''(Separated from Meerut Division)''
|[[Saharanpur]]
|align="left"|
* [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
* [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
* [[Shamli district|Shamli]]

|[[File:Saharanpur mandal.png|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Varanasi division]]
|Pre-Independence
|[[Varanasi]]
|align="left"|
* [[Chandauli district|Chandauli]]
* [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
* [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
* [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]

|[[File:Varanasi division.svg|150px|center]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|[[Mirzapur division|Vindhyachal division]]
|14 June 1997 ''(Separated from Varanasi division)''
|[[Mirzapur]]
|align="left"|
* [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
* [[Sant Ravidas Nagar district|Sant Ravidas Nagar]]
* [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]

|[[File:Mirzapur division.svg|150px|center]]

|}

==Original Divisions with their original districts during Independence==
During the formation of State of Uttar Pradesh, it consisted of 49 districts divided into 10 divisions.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%; text-align:center; border:1px solid black;"
|- style="background:#9cf;"
| '''Divisions'''
| '''Headquarters'''
| '''Districts'''

|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|2nd or [[Agra division]]
|[[Agra]]
|align="left"|
* [[Agra district|Agra]]
* [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]
* [[Etah district|Etah]]
* [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
* [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]

|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|10th or [[Ayodhya division]] (Faizabad division)
|[[Ayodhya|Faizabad]]
|align="left"|
* [[Ayodhya district|Faizabad]]
* [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
* [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
* [[Gonda district|Gonda]]
* [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
* [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]

|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|3rd or [[Bareilly division]] (Rohilkhand division)
|[[Bareilly]]
|align="left"|
* [[Badaun district|Badaun]]
* [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
* [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
* [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
* [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]
* [[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]

|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|7th or [[Gorakhpur division]]
|[[Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh|Gorakhpur]]
|align="left"|
* [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]
* [[Basti district|Basti]]
* [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
* [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]

|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|5th or [[Jhansi division]]
|[[Jhansi]]
|align="left"|
* [[Banda district (India)|Banda]]
* [[Hamirpur District, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
* [[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]
* [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]

|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|9th or [[Lucknow division]]
|[[Lucknow]]
|align="left"|
* [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
* [[Lakhimpur Kheri]]
* [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
* [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
* [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
* [[Unnao district|Unnao]]

|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|8th or [[Kumaon division]]
|[[Nainital]]
|align="left"|
* [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
* [[Almora district|Almora]]
* [[Garhwal district|Garhwal]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|1st or [[Meerut division]]
|[[Meerut]]
|align="left"|
* [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahar]]
* [[Dehradun district|Dehra Dun]]
* [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
* [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
* [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]

|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|4th or [[Prayagraj division]] (Allahabad division)
|[[Prayagraj|Allahabad]]
|align="left"|
* [[Etawah district|Etawah]]
* [[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
* [[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
* [[Kanpur Nagar district|Cawnpore]]
* [[Prayagraj district|Allahabad]]

|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
|6th or [[Varanasi division]] (Benaras division)
|[[Varanasi|Benaras]]
|align="left"|
* [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
* [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
* [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
* [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]
* [[Varanasi district|Benaras]]


|}

There were three native principalities ([[Rampur State]], [[Benaras State]] and [[Tehri Garhwal State]]) which existed outside the regular revenue administration which were later incorporated into it. [[Rampur State]] was made a district and was transferred to [[Bareilly division|Rohilkhand division]] and later to newly formed [[Moradabad division]]. [[Benaras State]] was integrated with [[Varanasi district]] and [[Varanasi division]]. [[Tehri Garhwal State]] was carved into several hilly districts and a new [[Garhwal division]] was created in 1969 with [[Pauri district]] as its headquarters along with transferring of [[Dehradun district]] from [[Meerut division]] to [[Garhwal division]]. [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] was transferred from [[Ayodhya division]] to [[Prayagraj division]] in 1988. [[Ballia district]] was transferred from [[Varanasi division]] when [[Azamgarh division]] was formed after separation from [[Gorakhpur division]] in 1994. When Uttarakhand got separated from Uttar Pradesh in 2000, [[Kumaon division]] and [[Garhwal division]] were incorporated into it along with newly formed [[Haridwar district]] which was transferred from [[Saharanpur division]] to [[Garhwal division]].

==Divisional Officers==
Almost every department in [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] has its divisional level officers who supervise, review and guide its district level officers. There are many important divisional level committees and meetings chaired by concerned [[Divisional Commissioner]] which take inter-departmental decisions such as divisional crime and law & order review meeting, divisional security committee, divisional level monitoring committee for development work, regional transport authority etc. Every divisional headquarter district has a state guest-house known as '''Circuit House'''.

{| {{Table}}
! Department !! State Level Officer !! Divisional Level Officer !! District Level Officer
|-
! General Administration and Revenue
| Chief Secretary and Chairman of Board of Revenue
| '''Divisional Commissioner, Additional Divisional Commissioners'''
| District Magistrate, Additional District Magistrates
|-
! Police
| Director General of Police
| '''Inspector General/Deputy Inspector General of Police (Range)'''
| Senior Superintendent/Superintendent of Police (Districts)
|-
! Forestry
| Principal Chief Conservator of Forest
| '''Chief Conservator/Conservator of Forest (Territorial)'''
| Divisional Forest Officer
|-
! Rural Development
| Rural Development Commissioner
| '''Joint Development Commissioner'''
| Chief Development Officer
|-
! Panchayati Raj
| Director Panchayati Raj
| '''Deputy Director, Panchayati Raj'''
| District Panchayati Raj Officer
|-
! Town and Country Planning
| Chief Planner (Town and Country)
| '''Associate Planner (Town and Country)'''
| Assistant Planner (Town and Country)
|-
! Public Works Department
| Principal Engineer (Development) cum Engineer in Chief
| '''Chief Engineer, PWD Zone'''
| Superintendent/Executive Engineer, PWD Circle/Division
|-
! Power
| Chairman, UPPCL
| '''Chief Engineer, Power'''
| Superintendent/Executive Engineer, Power
|-
! Irrigation
| Engineer in Chief
| '''Chief/Superintendent Engineer, Irrigation'''
| Executive Engineer, Irrigation
|-
! Health and Family Welfare
| Director General, Health and Family Welfare
| '''Additional Director, Health and Family Welfare'''
| Chief Medical Officer
|-
! Social Welfare
| Director, Social Welfare
| '''Joint Director, Social Welfare'''
| District Social Welfare Officer
|-
! Women and Child Welfare
| Director, Women and Child Welfare
| '''Deputy Director, Women and Child Welfare'''
| District Probation Officer
|-
! Backward Class Welfare
| Director, Backward Class Welfare
| '''Deputy Director, Backward Class Welfare'''
| District Backward Class Welfare Officer
|-
! Handicapped Welfare
| Director, Handicapped Welfare
| '''Deputy Director, Handicapped Welfare'''
| District Handicapped Welfare Officer
|-
! Minority Welfare
| Director, Minority Welfare
| '''Deputy Director, Minority Welfare'''
| District Minority Welfare Officer
|-
! Food and Civil Supplies
| Food and Civil Supplies Commissioner
| '''Regional Food Controller'''
| District Supply Officer
|-
! Food and Drugs Administration
| Food and Drugs Administration Commissioner
| '''Assistant Commissioner, Food/Drugs'''
| Food Safety Officer/Drugs Inspector
|-
! Transport
| Transport Commissioner
| '''Regional Transport Officer (Administration/Enforcement)'''
| Assistant Regional Transport Officer (Administration/Enforcement)
|-
! Treasury
| Director, Treasury
| '''Additional/Joint Director, Treasury'''
| Chief/Senior Treasury Officer
|-
! Economics and Statistics
| Director, Economics and Statistics
| '''Deputy Director, Economics and Statistics'''
| District Economical and Statistical Officer
|-
! Labour
| Labour Commissioner
| '''Deputy Labour Commissioner'''
| District Labour Officer
|-
! Employment
| Director, Employment
| '''Regional Employment Officer'''
| District Employment Officer
|-
! Vocational Education
| Director, Vocational Education
| '''Joint Director, Vocational Education'''
| Deputy Director, Vocational Education
|-
! Higher Education
| Director, Higher Education
| '''Regional Higher Education Officer'''
| Assistant Regional Higher Education Officer
|-
! Secondary Education
| Director General, School Education
| '''Joint Director, Secondary Education'''
| District Inspector of Schools
|-
! Basic Education
| Director General, School Education
| '''Assistant Director, Basic Education'''
| Basic Shiksha Adhikari
|-
! Information
| Director, Information
| '''Deputy Director, Information'''
| District Information Officer
|-
! Agriculture
| Director, Agriculture
| '''Joint Director, Agriculture'''
| District Agriculture Officer
|-
! Cane and Sugar Industry
| Cane and Sugar Commissioner
| '''Joint/Deputy Commissioner, Cane'''
| District Cane Officer
|-
! Dairy Development
| Dairy Commissioner
| '''Dairy Development Officer'''
| Deputy Dairy Development Officer
|-
!Wild Animal Husbandry
| Director, Animal Husbandry
| '''Deputy Director, Animal Husbandry'''
| Chief Veterinary Officer
|-
! Horticulture
| Director, Horticulture
| '''Joint Director, Horticulture'''
| District Horticulture Officer
|-
! Sericulture
| Director, Sericulture
| '''Deputy Director, Sericulture'''
| Assistant Director, Sericulture
|-
! Fisheries
| Director, Fisheries
| '''Deputy Director, Fisheries'''
| Assistant Director, Fisheries
|-
! Handloom and Textile
| Commissioner, Handloom and Textile
| '''Deputy Commissioner, Handloom and Textile'''
| Assistant Commissioner, Handloom and Textile
|-
! Industries
| Commissioner, Industries
| '''Joint Commissioner, Industries'''
| Deputy Commissioner, District Industrial Centre
|-
! Mines and Geology
| Director, Mines
| '''Regional Mines Officer'''
| District Mines Officer
|-
! Excise
| Excise Commissioner
| '''Joint Excise Commissioner'''
| District Excise Officer
|-
! Commercial Tax
| Commissioner, Commercial Tax
| '''Additional Commissioner, Commercial Tax'''
| Joint Commissioner, Commercial Tax
|-
! Stamps and Registration
| Inspector General, Stamps and Registration
| '''Deputy Inspector General, Stamps and Registration'''
| Assistant Inspector General, Stamps and Registration
|-
! Prisons
|Director General/Inspector General, Prisons
| '''Deputy Inspector General, Prisons'''
| Senior Superintendent/Superintendent of Prison
|-
! Prosecution
| Director, Prosecution
| '''Additional Director, Prosecution'''
| Joint Director, Prosection
|-
! Home-guards
| Director General, Home-guards
| '''Divisional Commandant, Home-guards'''
| District Commandant, Home-guards
|-
! Fire Service
| Director General, Fire Service
| '''Deputy Director Fire Service'''
| Chief Fire Officer

|-
! Cooperative
| Commissioner and Registrar, Cooperative
| '''Deputy Commissioner and Registrar, Cooperative'''
| Assistant Commissioner and Registrar
|-
! Tourism
| Director General, Tourism
| '''Regional Tourism Officer'''
| District Tourism Officer
|-
! Sports
| Director General, Sports
| '''Regional Sports Officer'''
| District Sports Officer
|}

==Demand for integrated Divisional Office Complexes==
After the state government approved integrated divisional office complexes for Gorakhpur and Varanasi division which will have offices of all divisional officers under one roof.<ref name="Integrated divisional office complexes in Gorakhpur and Varanasi">{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/up-cm-reviews-progress-of-proposed-integrated-divisional-office-complexes-project-in-varanasi-gorakhpur/1582155/?amp |title= UP CM reviews progress of proposed integrated divisional office complexes project in Varanasi, Gorakhpur|last=|first=|date=18 May 2023|website=|publisher=|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=20 September 2023}}</ref> The opposition alleged favouritism for these two divisions as they are located in Chief Minister’s and Prime Minister’s constituencies.

==See also==
* [[Districts of Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[List of RTO districts in India#UP—Uttar Pradesh|List of RTO districts in Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Districts of India}}
{{Districts of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Uttar Pradesh topics}}

{{Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Divisions of Uttar Pradesh}}
[[Category:Divisions of Uttar Pradesh| ]]

Lokenath Bal

2025-12-30T18:12:15Z

KristalBabbage2: quick updated intro for clarity additionally and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1908–1964)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Sri Loknath Bal.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| name = Lokenath Bal
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1908|3|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chittagong District|Chittagong]], [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| residence =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1964|09|4|1908|3|08|df=y}}
| death_place = Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| office = Second Deputy Commissioner of the [[Calcutta Corporation]]
| constituency =
| term = 1 May 1952 to 19 July 1962
| predecessor = Prankrishna Bal
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| religion =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
}}

'''Lokenath Bal''' ({{langx|bn|লোকনাথ বল}}) (8 March 1908 – 4 September 1964) was an [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence activist]] and a member of the armed resistance movement led by [[Surya Sen]], which carried out the [[Chittagong armoury raid]] in 1930.<ref>Chandra, Bipan and others (1998). ''India's Struggle for Independence'', New Delhi: Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0-14-010781-9}}, p.251</ref> Later, he joined the [[Indian National Congress]]. After [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], he worked as an administrative officer in the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Calcutta Corporation]] till his death.<ref name="sengupta">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra (ed.) (1988) ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (in Bengali), Kolkata: Sahitya Sansad, p.503</ref>

==Early life and independence movement==
Lokenath Bal was born in Dhorla village of [[Chittagong District]] in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] of [[British India]].<ref name="Sengupta1988">{{cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Subodh Chandra |title=Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan |year=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Sansad |location=Kolkata |page=503 |language=bn}}</ref> His father's name was Prankrishna Bal. On 18 April 1930, a group of revolutionaries led by him took over the [[Auxiliary Force (India)|AFI]] armoury.<ref name="Chandra1988">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Bipan |title=India's Struggle for Independence |year=1988 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0140107814 |page=251}}</ref> Later, on 22 April 1930, he led another gunfight against the combined forces of the British army and the British police.<ref name="Chatterjee2000">{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Manini |title=Do and Die: The Chittagong Uprising 1930-34 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0140290677}}</ref> His younger brother [[Harigopal Bal]] (Tegra) and another 11 revolutionaries died in this gunfight.<ref name="Chatterjee2000">{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Manini |title=Do and Die: The Chittagong Uprising 1930-34 |year=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0140290677}}</ref> He was able to escape and reach [[Chandernagore]], a French territory.<ref name="Roy2015">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Subodh |title=Chittagong Armoury Raid: A Memoir |year=2015 |publisher=LeftWord Books |isbn=978-9381113240}}</ref> He and [[Ganesh Ghosh]] were arrested on 1 September 1930 after a gunfight with the British police.<ref name="Roy2015">{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Subodh |title=Chittagong Armoury Raid: A Memoir |year=2015 |publisher=LeftWord Books |isbn=978-9381113240}}</ref> [[Jiban Ghoshal]], alias Makhan, his young associate died in this gunfight. He was sentenced to transportation for life on 1 March 1932 and sent to the [[Cellular Jail]] in [[Port Blair]]. After his release in 1946, he joined the [[Radical Democratic Party (India)|Radical Democratic Party]] founded by [[Manabendra Nath Roy]]. Later, he joined the Indian National Congress. <ref name="sengupta"/>

==Post independence==
Bal was the second deputy commissioner of the Calcutta Corporation from 1 May 1952 to 19 July 1962. He was promoted to its first deputy commissioner on 20 July 1962 and remained in office till his death in Calcutta on 4 September 1964.<ref name="KMC_History">{{cite web |title=Municipal History of Kolkata |url=https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/jsp/MunicipalHistoryHome.jsp |publisher=Kolkata Municipal Corporation |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> His son, Himadri Bal, did his MBBS in Kolkata and joined the Indian Army.<ref name="NMC_Faculty">{{cite web |title=Faculty Details - Dept of Obstetrics & Gynaecology |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Participant_MUHSNashik.pdf |publisher=National Medical Commission (NMC) / MUHS Nashik |page=36 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> He became a renowned gynaecologist of the Indian Armed Forces and was posted to several teaching hospitals in the Armed Forces Medical Services, including the prestigious Armed Forces Medical College Pune.<ref name="NMC_Faculty">{{cite web |title=Faculty Details - Dept of Obstetrics & Gynaecology |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Participant_MUHSNashik.pdf |publisher=National Medical Commission (NMC) / MUHS Nashik |page=36 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref> He retired as a colonel form the Army in 2015 and is teaching at a local medical college in Pune as a professor in obstetrics and gynaecology.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:Indian independence armed struggle activists]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Dharala]]

Keith Jackson (media executive)

2025-12-24T04:49:48Z

KristalBabbage2: new basic post w/ sources

{{Short description|Australian broadcaster (born 1945)}}
[[File:Keith Jackson at 75.jpg|thumb|Keith Jackson at home in Noosa aged 75]]
[[File:Keith at Daulo Pass January 1965.jpg|thumb|Keith at Daulo Pass January 1965]]

'''Keith Jackson''', [[Member of the Order of Australia|AM]], [[Royal Society of Arts|FRSA]], [[Australian Institute of Management | FAIM]], (born 7 January 1945) is a British-born Australian journalist, blogger and retired media executive, known for his long relationship with Papua New Guinea, where he worked as a young man. He was foundation manager of two Australian radio stations (2ARM-FM Armidale and 2SER-FM Sydney), introduced educational broadcasting into the Maldives Republic, was the first head of corporate relations in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and established a national public relations and issue management company.

== Early life and education ==
Jackson was born in [[Macclesfield]], Cheshire, the eldest of two sons and a daughter born to Joan (née Simpson) (1920–1976) and Stanley Jackson OAM.<ref>Australian Honours, Medal of the Order of Australia. https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1136826</ref> (1913–2012), schoolteacher, author, environmentalist and marathon cyclist.<ref>Sydney Morning Herald, 3 May 2012. Stanley Jackson - Wheel power overcame grief by Dominic Bossi. https://www.smh.com.au/national/wheel-power-overcame-grief-20120502-1xz74.html</ref> Jackson’s paternal great-grandfather, Robert (Bob) Jackson,<ref>See multiple references in Hampson, J.N.</ref> was a celebrated manager of the [[Besses o' th' Barn Band|Besses o’ th’ Barn brass band]], of Whitefield, Greater Manchester in the United Kingdom. Stanley Jackson migrated with his family from Liverpool, England, arriving in Sydney, Australia, in November 1949.<ref>MV Georgic arrived in Sydney from Liverpool with 2,000 migrants, docking at 11 Pyrmont at 6.25am, 11 November 1949. Sydney Morning Herald, Shipping, 11 November 1949, p7 and 12 November 1949, p6</ref> The family moved to [[Nowra, New South Wales|Nowra]], New South Wales, where Jackson was educated in public schools.

From childhood, Jackson aspired to become a journalist, and at [[Nowra High School]] (1957–1961) was student editor of the school magazine, ''Shoalhaven'', won the public speaking contest in three consecutive years and was a member of its debating team. He reported on junior basketball for the Nowra News<ref>“It could be said Mr Jackson’s career began with the Nowra News for which he wrote a regular weekly basketball column.” Arnold, A. (7 June 2004) Shoalhaven congratulates Keith Jackson AM, South Coast Register p7</ref> and also represented the school at football (soccer) and basketball.

== Teaching ==
After passing the NSW Leaving Certificate in 1961, Jackson accepted a place at the [[Australian School of Pacific Administration]] (ASOPA), which trained teachers to serve in the then Australian [[Territory of Papua and New Guinea]] (Papua New Guinea). Completing the course in late 1963, he was posted to Papua New Guinea as an Education Officer.

While in Papua New Guinea, Jackson undertook short term teaching and administrative assignments in [[Wewak]] and [[Goroka]] and in early 1964 was transferred to the one-teacher Kundiawa A School in [[Chimbu Province]]. He taught students aged from six to eleven whose expatriate parents were entitled to have them educated by teachers trained to Australian requirements. In early 1966, he was appointed head teacher of the 160 student Gagl Primary T School in a tribal area 15 kilometers north of [[Kundiawa]]. After teaching for three years, during which he also wrote prolifically as a freelance journalist, he obtained his NSW Teachers’ Certificate. He later studied economics and political science part-time at the newly established [[University of Papua New Guinea]], graduating in 1975 with a Bachelor of Arts. Further correspondence study in 2003-05 through the [[University of New England (Australia)|University of New England]], NSW, earned him a Graduate Diploma in Management.

== Early journalism and broadcasting ==

=== Beginnings ===
At [[ASOPA]] (1962–63), Jackson and student teacher colleagues established the literary magazine ''Vortex''<ref>Bodman, H.MacD. (ed)(1962-63). Vortex, Australian School of Pacific Administration. W.E. Crossman, Printer, Mosman,</ref> and Jackson wrote many scripts and acted in the revue, ''The Natives Are Restless'', staged at Mosman Town Hall in 1963. Within months of Jackson arriving in Papua New Guinea, he and teaching colleague Murray V. Bladwell (1941-2019) established the fortnightly ''Kundiawa News'' (1964–66), a stencil-based publication circulating 300 copies. The only complete set of 50 issues is held by the [[National Library of Australia]].<ref>Kundiawa News. 1964 – 1966. Kundiawa, Papua New Guinea. Held by National Library of Australia(ID 388681)</ref>

During this period Jackson freelanced as a reporter for the Port Moresby branch of the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC)]] and was later contracted by the ABC to write educational radio scripts. These capabilities were noticed by the Department of Education which, in late 1966, transferred him to Port Moresby as editor of the School Paper and other publications. During this period he continued to freelance for the ABC as a writer, actor and producer and contributed to early issues of the controversial satirical magazine ''Black and White''.<ref>[https://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/pambu/catalogue/index.php/black-and-white-magazine-port-moresby-png Black & White], a monthly magazine, edited by Henri Lachajczak and printed by Southsea Publishing Company, Port Moresby. It published 27 issues 1966 - 1969 before being effectively closed by legislation preventing publication of matter construed as “threatening, provocative or offensive to people of other races or tribes.”</ref>

=== Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) ===
Late in 1967 Jackson was recruited by the ABC to its permanent staff of educational broadcast producers in Papua New Guinea, receiving further training at the ABC Training School at Kings Cross in Sydney.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-16-0776-9 |title=Strangling Aunty: Perilous Times for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation |year=2021 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-16-0776-9|last1=Small |first1=Virginia |isbn=978-981-16-0775-2 |s2cid=244257435 }}</ref> Through 1968 and 1969 he produced some 250 radio broadcasts on current affairs, social studies and English language, mainly for primary school students.<ref>Jackson, K. (ed) (1967). School Broadcasts Handbook, Australian Broadcasting Commission, Papua New Guinea</ref> He also reported on athletics for the [[Papua New Guinea Post-Courier]], including covering the sport at the second South [[Pacific Games]] in Port Moresby in 1969.<ref>Jackson, K., ‘Neomi Edged Out in Photo: Our athletes add two silver but no gold yet’, page 1, Papua New Guinea Post-Courier, 16 August 1969</ref>

=== Radio Rabaul ===
In 1970 Jackson successfully applied for a management role in the radio service operated by the Papua New Guinea Department of Information and Extension Services. His first assignment was to [[Rabaul]] in New Britain as assistant manager and news director of Radio Rabaul. It was a turbulent time in the region, where land alienation issues had triggered a protracted and sometimes violent<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/110333047/11947911 Unknown (21 July 1970). Troops on standby. The Canberra Times, Canberra. p 1]</ref> uprising by the Mataungan Association,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tokpisin.info/mataungan-association/|title=Mataungan Association - Tok Pisin English Dictionary|date=6 November 2015 }}</ref> a proto-independence movement. As a government radio station, Radio Rabaul was perceived by much of the population as an instrument of colonial propaganda and became a target of hostility. In the performance of newsgathering and other duties, at times Jackson came under threat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pngattitude.com/2020/04/broadcasting-in-tongues-blood-on-the-streets.html|title=Radio Days: Blood on the streets|website=Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE}}</ref> He later wrote that the political ferment taught him much about communicating in situations of civil strife.<ref>“Keith Jackson, who was later called in to restore the prestige of Radio Bougainville, made the point that propaganda has to be used carefully to avoid having a negative effect.” Mackay, I.K. p64</ref>

=== Radio Bougainville ===
In November 1970 Jackson was deployed to Kieta in Bougainville to manage [[Bougainville Island|Radio Bougainville]]. He said the only direction he received from Port Moresby headquarters before going to Bougainville was to “straighten out the station”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pngattitude.com/2017/03/the-kiaps-radio-bougainville-revisited-reviewed.html|title=The kiaps & Radio Bougainville: revisited & reviewed|website=Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE}}</ref> He took over from the first Papua New Guinean station manager, Samuel (Sam) Piniau<ref>[https://asopa.typepad.com/asopa_people/2007/02/vale_sam_piniau_1.html Jackson, K. (22 February 2007). Vale Sam Piniau, PNG Attitude.]</ref> (1940–2007), who was being groomed to become Chairman of the soon to be established National Broadcasting Commission. Jackson and Piniau formed a close friendship, sharing a perception of how radio broadcasting should develop in the soon to be independent country.

In Bougainville, a secession movement was active after the island had been profoundly disrupted by land acquisition for a huge [[Bougainville Copper|copper and gold mine]] and the recruitment of non-local labour. The government-owned Radio Bougainville was seen by the Indigenous people as pro-mining and anti-secession and they responded aggressively to this positioning. Jackson moderated the station’s strident coverage to better align it with community expectations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1698777190|title=Vol. 1 No. 1 (October 1979)|website=Trove}}</ref>

=== UNESCO Yogyakarta ===
In April 1973, Jackson accepted a six-month consultancy with [[UNESCO]] to bring into service an educational radio broadcasting project in central Java, Indonesia, and he and his family moved to [[Yogyakarta]]. Reviewing his work in October 1973 Jackson wrote that his appointment was intended to provide a ‘big push’ to the project, which was now operational, but many problems remained.<ref>Jackson, K. (1 September 1973) Final Report on Consultancy, Unesco, Paris (Contract 504055)</ref> Throughout this period, he continued to freelance for Australian publications including [[Pacific Islands Monthly]], Nation and [[Nation Review]].

=== National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) ===
Jackson declined an offer to remain with UNESCO and returned to Papua New Guinea in November 1973 on the eve of the creation of the National Broadcasting Commission, which amalgamated ABC and government services<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22publications/tabledpapers/HSTP02109_1973%22;src1=sm1|title=ParlInfo - Papua New Guinea Act - Broadcasting Commission Ordinance No. 78 of 1973.|website=parlinfo.aph.gov.au}}</ref> under the chairmanship of Sam Piniau. Jackson was appointed to the stop-gap role of Head of Research. Of this period, Ian Mackay wrote, “….as a result of their work the NBC will be better informed on what is required of broadcasting in a multilingual developing country.”<ref>[https://eric.ed.gov/?q=broadcasting+responsibilities&id=EJ107689 Mackay, I.K. (November 1974) Broadcasting Responsibilities in Multilingual Papua New Guinea. EBU Review, 25, 6, pp 46-49. ERIC No. EJ107689]</ref>

As 1974 unfolded, Piniau struggled to better align the NBC to meet the serious operational and financial challenges it faced as Papua New Guinea independence loomed. He assigned Jackson to direct a new policy and planning group, the Secretariat.<ref>Clarke, A. (1976) Who’s Who in Commonwealth Broadcasting, Commonwealth Broadcasting Association, London. p7</ref> Over the next two years, the unit completed the NBC’s first Five Year Plan,<ref>“The intention of NBC development during the next five to ten years, writes Keith Jackson, is to attain maximum impact from a shrewd deployment of limited available resources.” Mackay p128</ref> introduced radio advertising, secured aid from international organisations, established links with overseas broadcasting bodies,<ref>Richstad, J. (ed). (December 1975), ABU secretariat established. Pacific Islands Communication Newsletter vol 5 no 4. p14.</ref> developed a strong audience research component and launched the magazine, Transmitter.<ref>Jackson, K. (ed), (June 1974-March 1977?). Transmitter, The NBC’s internal communicator. National Broadcasting Commission of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby</ref> The Secretariat also published papers covering issues such as broadcasting autonomy,<ref>Jackson, K. (1 July 1976) Can broadcasting be autonomous? Discussion Paper 9, National Broadcasting Commission, Port Moresby</ref> an operating structure for broadcasting in Papua New Guinea,<ref>Jackson, K. (August 1975). An interim operating concept for the National Broadcasting Commission of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby</ref> the relationship between the political system and broadcasting,<ref>Jackson, K. (June 1975) Maus Bilong Gavman – Political aspects of Administration broadcasting in Papua New Guinea, 1961-71. University of Papua New Guinea</ref> commercial broadcasting<ref>Charley, P.N. and Jackson, K. (May 1976). We the People: The great commercial broadcasting debate, National Broadcasting Commission of PNG, Port Moresby</ref> and listener access to the airwaves.<ref name="auto1">Jackson, K. (July 1975). Radio and development – the importance of listener access, Administration for Development, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby</ref>

Under its legislation, the National Broadcasting Commission was allowed to introduce advertising but planning for the commercialisation of one of the three radio networks led to a major political dispute. Initially Chief Minister [[Michael Somare]] approved the initiative but in April 1976, by now Prime Minister of an independent state, he wrote to Piniau warning the NBC to step back from advertising. “My prime concern centres on the possible deleterious effects which commercial broadcasting may have on the social and economic environment of our country”.<ref name="auto1"/> Referring to Jackson and P.N. (Phil) Charley (1925–2014), who reported to Jackson on commercial broadcasting matters, Somare added, “I strongly suspect that the over-zealousness, arrogance and disregard of authority of the officers concerned had {{sic|le|ad}} us into the present difficulties.” A dismayed Jackson resigned from the NBC in July 1976 and the government moved to prohibit advertising. But it was defeated in parliament and the NBC commercialised its English-speaking network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pngattitude.com/2013/03/collision-of-values-how-advertising-came-to-the-nbc.html|title=Collision of values: how advertising came to the NBC|website=Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE}}</ref>

=== 2ARM-FM ===


[[File:Keith 2ARM 1976.jpg|thumb|Keith Jackson, Station Manager at 2ARM-FM in 1976]]

Meanwhile Jackson secured a job as inaugural manager of [[2ARM|2ARM-FM]], in Armidale, New South Wales, the first community-based radio station in regional Australia. Jackson, the station’s only full-time employee, with assistance from an energetic community, met a deadline to get it on air by October 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/210771|title=Community radio in Armidale|first=Keith|last=Jackson|date=June 24, 1977|publisher=s.n.|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)}}</ref>

2ARM-FM’s need for funds led Jackson to observe that the Wireless Telegraphy Act, under which the station was licensed, prohibited advertising but was silent on sponsorship. He subsequently devised a ‘corporate support plan’, first frowned upon by regulatory authorities but later recognised as an expedient means of facilitating the expansion of small, cash poor community stations across Australia<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2017C00201 Parliament of Australia (1992). Broadcasting Services Act. Canberra]</ref> by enabling them to broadcast sponsorship announcements with a limit of seven minutes an hour.

== Later journalism and broadcasting ==

=== UNESCO Maldives ===
In May 1977, Jackson accepted a second offer from UNESCO, this time to go to the [[Maldives]] as its educational broadcasting expert. During his two years in the Maldives he addressed technological constraints in the broadcasting system,<ref>Jackson, K. (1977) Technological constraints on the contribution of broadcasting to the national education project. Technical report No. 1. UNESCO/UNDP Program for the Development of Education (FMR/ED/OPS/77/270), Paris</ref> developed a plan to drive the project forward,<ref>Jackson, K. (1977) A checklist for the development of educational broadcasting in the Maldives. Technical report No. 2. UNESCO/UNDP Program for the Development of Education (FMR/ED/OPS/77/271), Paris</ref> trained scriptwriters, producers and other personnel, and initiated radio programs for schools, adult education and teacher education. He travelled extensively in the country by boat to better understand radio reception issues while at the same time recording the island peoples’ stories and music.

In early 1978, Jackson went to New Delhi to manage the first joint India-Maldives training program in educational radio production<ref>Goodman, L., Jackson, K. and Dye, P. (March–April 1978). Report on the Joint India/Maldives Training Programme in Educational Radio Production, Centre for Educational Technology, New Delhi</ref> under the auspices of the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]. Jackson also arranged for Maldivian broadcasters to undertake management training overseas. By early 1979, when Jackson’s contribution to the Maldives’ project ended, there had been significant investment in skills development, broadcasting technology and educational programs. Despite initial government concern, radio forums were established to enable people in the remote atolls to participate in national conversations on a range of issues. Eight years later the Maldives government invited Jackson back as a consultant to assess progress. In 2011, three decades after Jackson’s initial mission, Mohamed Shahyb, Vice President of the Maldives Broadcasting Commission, paid tribute to Jackson whose “expertise and advice were sought by the government of Maldives to launch a successful career of public service broadcasting in the country."<ref>Shahyb, Mohamed (26 Jun 2011). ‘Public Service Broadcasting: the Maldives Experience’ in Re-Focusing Public Service Broadcasting In South Asia, Hyderabad India, p 13. https://broadcom.org.mv/v2/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Speech.pdf</ref>

=== 2SER-FM ===
Despite UNESCO offering him another posting, Jackson decided to return to Australia with his family and in March 1979 was appointed to establish and manage [[2SER|2SER-FM]] Sydney, an educational and community station for which the licence was held by the NSW Institute of Technology (now University of Technology, Sydney) and Macquarie University. The station commenced broadcasting on 1 October 1979,<ref>[https://www.andrewhost.com/audio-inaugural-broadcasts.html Host, A. (1 October 1979) 2SER-FM inaugural broadcast (audio)]</ref> within a few months opening a second studio at Macquarie University. Jackson established an accompanying magazine, Listening Post, whose 138 issues (October 1979-February 1998) are now held by the National Library of Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/654966|title=Listening post|date=June 24, 1979|publisher=Sydney Educational Broadcasting|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)}}</ref> Academic Liz Giuffre has written “the magazine soon gained a dedicated following of those who wanted to get a grassroots, but also truly independent, view of the Australian media landscape."<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/blog/2020/11/17/long-time-listener Giuffre, L. (17 November 2020) Long time listener: Radio station 2SER digitises Listening Post magazine. Trove, National Library of Australia, Canberra.]</ref>

The six months it took to get the station and magazine operational was a period of intense activity as studios were constructed, programs developed, volunteer broadcasters trained, community and academic user groups identified, the station promoted and the magazine planned. On 1 October the deadline was met. “We all realised what a significant moment this was,” Jackson said.<ref>Robertson, R. (2 May 1979). Education made entertaining. Sydney Morning Herald, p6. “It’s programming format, promises Mr Keith Jackson, its recently appointed station manager, will be ‘as big as life’.”</ref> He now had three major challenges: 2SER-FM had to remain faithful to its educational licence while building an audience; it had to provide the community with access to the airwaves; and it had to generate sufficient funding to underpin its operations. Believing it would be inconsistent with the program format of the station, he eschewed the sponsorship which had worked well for 2ARM-FM in Armidale, instead employing a ‘user pays scheme’ where community groups that could afford to do so, paid for access; if they could not, it was provided without cost.

The station’s acceptance of the widest spectrum of views proved controversial, and balancing educational with access programming was challenging, but 2SER-FM flourished. Jackson “is affectionately known to his underlings as ‘the champion of pluralism’,” wrote John Handscombe in [[the Sydney Morning Herald]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mammalena.info/newspapers/newspaper%201.htm|title=The Legacy of Mamma Lena & Dino Gustin - Keith Jackson casts the net wide to make public radio pay}}</ref> “The reference is to his formula of encouraging community access to, and participation in, public radio. It is affectionate because his formula is an intrinsic factor in the station's success, measured in a core audience of 65,000.”

=== International Training Institute (ITI) ===
In early 1983, after four years at 2SER-FM, Jackson took a lecturing position at the International Training Institute (ITI), the former ASOPA where he had studied to become a teacher 20 years earlier. At ITI he taught mass communication and related subjects to managers from developing countries in the Pacific Islands, the Caribbean, Asia and Africa. In 1984 he was appointed Deputy Principal and later the same year Acting Principal. While at ITI he produced a range of publications including its first Annual Report,<ref>[https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/?max=1&offset=1&lookfor=isn:0812-9150 Jackson, K. (ed) (1973) Annual Report of the International Training Institute, Mosman. National Library of Australia, Canberra] (copy also held by Jackson family)</ref> promoted its training credentials and encouraged greater interaction with other institutions.

=== Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) ===
During the early 1980s, the ABC was being extensively reformed<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2018C00079/Html/Text|title=Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983|website=www.legislation.gov.au}}</ref> and established a new Corporate Relations Department. In late 1984 Jackson was appointed to the post of Controller. In this role, he was responsible for the ABC’s relationships with government, media and community and also for internal communications.<ref>Whitehead, G. (1988) Inside the ABC. Penguin. {{ISBN|0140114386}}. “By the end of the year we had hired a new controller of corporate relations, Keith Jackson, a man who was to do a great deal to improve the ABC’s image, both publicly and behind the scenes, in the next eighteen months.” p60</ref> His activities during the three years he was with the ABC are extensively recorded in the second volume of [[Ken Inglis|Professor Ken Inglis’s]] history of the ABC.<ref>Inglis, KS. (2006) Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983-2006. Black Inc. {{ISBN|9781863951890}}.</ref>

Jackson worked assiduously to improve the ABC’s relationship with the Australian parliament. Managing director Geoffrey Whitehead remarked: “A turn-around in Canberra attitudes from about October 1985….was largely due to the efforts of the controller of corporate relations, Keith Jackson, in explaining our strategies and tactics.”<ref>Whitehead, G. (1988) Inside the ABC. Penguin. {{ISBN|0140114386}}. p142</ref> And the biographer of ABC Chairman [[Ken Myer]] noted that, “Ken’s conduct improved when he was accompanied by the new controller of corporate relations, Keith Jackson, as coach and minder.”<ref>Ebury, S. (2008) The Many Lives of Ken Myer. Miegunyah Press. {{ISBN|9780522855463}}. p502</ref> When Whitehead was dramatically replaced by David Hill as managing director in October 1986, historian Ken Inglis wrote that “Jackson [was] valued no less by Hill than by Whitehead as communicator with staff, board members and people in Canberra.”<ref>Inglis, KS. (2006) Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983-2006. Black Inc. {{ISBN|9781863951890}}. p148</ref>

Jackson also ran into turbulence. In his memoir,<ref>Molomby, T. (1991) Is There a Moderate on the Roof. William Heinemann Australia. {{ISBN|0855614102}}.</ref> ABC staff-elected director and trade union official Tom Molomby reflected sourly on Jackson's activities. And UK-based Australian firebrand journalist John Pilger, in his book A Secret Country, accused Jackson of censoring him during a visit he made to Sydney, a claim Jackson denied, saying, “The only thing he got right was my name”.<ref>Pilger, J.(1989) A Secret Country, Jonathan Cape Ltd {{ISBN|0224026003}}, p222. “Two newspapers the Australian and the Sydney Morning Herald, planned to publish my response on March 16. As both papers were about to publish their first edition, they received calls at the behest of the ABC’s Controller of Corporate Affairs (sic), Keith Jackson, himself a member of the Labor Party’s right wing (sic) and a Mate (sic) of Hawke. Under New South Wales libel laws, claimed Jackson, my reply was ‘potentially defamatory. Both papers heeded the warning and dropped the story.”</ref> In his history of the ABC, Inglis revealed that Jackson had played a key and ‘astonishing’ role in the removal of Whitehead as Managing Director, referring to Jackson as “Cassius, the initiator”.<ref>Inglis, KS. (2006) Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983-2006. Black Inc. {{ISBN|9781863951890}}. pp137-138</ref>

=== 8 cents a day campaign ===
In December 1987, ABC Managing Director David Hill faced a swingeing cut to the ABC's budget by the federal government and decided to mount a public campaign to resist the cut and obtain more reliable funding for the corporation.

It was a risky move for a government instrumentality to attack its paymaster but Hill, described as “a pugnacious and quasi-political operator”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/business/1980sstyle-campaign-mooted-to-protect-abc-from-funding-cuts-20140506-zr57q.html|title=1980s-style campaign mooted to protect ABC from funding cuts|first=Henry|last=Belot|date=May 6, 2014|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> who “never hesitated to take it right up to his mates in the Labor government”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://johnmenadue.com/paul-collins-no-longer-eight-cents-a-day/|title=Paul Collins. No longer eight cents a day.|first=Paul|last=Collins|date=June 19, 2018}}</ref> was determined to proceed. The ABC Board agreed and Jackson was given the job of managing the operation, which he called ‘8 Cents a Day’ (based on how much the ABC cost every Australian). “The ABC’s ability to persuade the government that it deserved a better deal would be up to its millions of listeners,” he later wrote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pngattitude.com/2020/06/radio-days-evans-hill-8-cents-a-day.html|title=Radio Days: Political pressure & public resistance|website=Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE}}</ref> “If we initiated a funding fight to which the community response was ‘ho-hum’, our goose would be well and truly plucked and roasted to a bitter crisp. But if community reaction was widespread, immediate and forcefully supportive, the ABC would prevail.”

The campaign, launched in early February 1988,<ref>Simper, E. (3 May 1997) Behind the ‘eight cents a day’ campaign, The Australian</ref> gained huge support from around Australia. In Whose ABC?, Inglis recorded that “those words [Eight Cents a Day], thought up by Keith Jackson … became a rallying cry for nationwide agitation”.<ref>Inglis, KS. (2006) Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983-2006. Black Inc. {{ISBN|9781863951890}}. p160</ref> By mid-year the government had formally agreed to the ABC’s demands to stabilise its budget and be provided with triennial funding. For Jackson, though, the campaign was a final flourish of a broadcasting career of more than 20 years as in August he was head-hunted by the public relations arm of [[Mojo (advertising)|Mojo]], at the time Australia’s largest advertising agency.

Over subsequent years Jackson retained links with broadcasting and was called upon to lead short-term media management training assignments for UNESCO in Indonesia, Philippines and Fiji, which led to the publication of his and P.N. Charley’s book, Manage By the Moment.<ref>Jackson, K. and Charley, P.N. Manage By the Moment</ref> In a voluntary capacity, he also assisted the people of Bougainville establish their first radio station, New Dawn FM, after the [[Bougainville conflict|1989-2000 Bougainville civil war]].

== Public relations ==

=== Issues Australia ===
In August 1988, Jackson left the ABC for public relations firm [[Mojo (advertising)|Mojo Corporate]] (later Issues Australia) where he became Principal Consultant. Over the next two years he worked on projects for major clients BHP Steel, New South Wales State Rail, Westpac Bank, British Telecom, the New South Wales Premier's Department, and Queensland Rail.

=== Jackson Wells Morris ===
In February 1991, after a disagreement with his employer, Jackson established his own company, Jackson Communications (later Jackson Wells Morris, JWM).<ref>Established as Jackson Communications in February 1991, it became Jackson Wells Communications (1991), Jackson Wells Morris (2000) and Jackson Wells (2005)</ref> He subsequently teamed up with former Liberal Party political adviser John Wells and in 2000 with Graeme Morris,<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/politics/once-were-warriors-20060929-j7025|title=Once were warriors|date=September 29, 2006|website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref> who had been chief of staff to Prime Minister John Howard. With a broad political balance, the company emerged as one of Australia’s prominent<ref>“JWM is among the top 10 PR firms in Australia.” Burton, B. (22 November 2001) Code of silence over ethics review, Media, The Australian, p8</ref><ref>Arnold, A. (7 June 2004) Shoalhaven congratulates Keith Jackson AM, South Coast Register p7. ““Today, Jackson Wells and (sic) Morris is one of the top ten Australian public relations firms with clients including Qantas, Warner Bros, National Australia Bank, Colgate-Palmolive, Australian Taxation Office, Dell Inc and Deutsche Bank”</ref> and well-connected<ref name="auto2"/> public relations and issues management firms and Jackson as “its plain-speaking media guru”<ref>Norington, B. (20 September 2008). Brethren lift veil on their exclusive lifestyle, The Australian. https://www.theaustralian.com.au (accessed 18 December 2018)</ref> with “a solid reputation as a tough manager and creative thinker”.<ref>Marshall, A. (September 2004). Chairman honoured in Australia Day awards, The Well No 29, p 16</ref>

Since his time in the ABC, Jackson had been studying how organisations might better deal with difficult corporate issues that if managed inexpertly could grow into full-blown crises.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.aim.com.au/the-right-to-know/|title=The Right to Know|work=Australian Institute of Management Blog|date=September 1, 2005|access-date=June 24, 2021|archive-date=June 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211904/http://blog.aim.com.au/the-right-to-know/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The issues management model he developed<ref>Jackson, K. (April 2013). The strategic management of communications: A better way to manage tough corporate issues, Jackson PR Associates. Charleston SC USA</ref> was used as the basis of JWM’s consulting and also translated into a successful training product for corporate executives. Recognising his prowess, in the mid-1990s Jackson was appointed as the first Australian executive member of the Washington DC–based Issue Management Council<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuemanagement.org/|title=Welcome to the Issue Management Council ||access-date=2021-06-24|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205031/https://issuemanagement.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the United States.

JWM grew steadily and opened branch offices in the major Australian cities of Canberra, Brisbane and Melbourne and appointed associates in Perth, Adelaide and Hobart. It also established overseas affiliates in London, New York, Djakarta and Hong Kong. Employees were sent to further their international experience by being sent on company scholarships to these cities. In the mid-1990s the company was appointed as the Australian member of the international public relations group, Pinnacle Worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Jackson_Wells_Morris|title=Jackson Wells Morris - SourceWatch|website=www.sourcewatch.org}}</ref> which gave it further reach into North America, Europe and Asia. By 2003 JWM was reporting revenues of $5 million, up 27 percent from the year before.<ref>[https://trevorcook.typepad.com/weblog/the_well_33.pdf Anon (September 2004). JWM holds firm as PR industry stutters, The Well No 33, p 8.]</ref> At its peak in 2005 it was a $6 million company employing 23 people and providing services for 80 clients.

=== Ethics ===
Believing ethical issues were eroding the reputation of Australian public relations, Jackson took a vigorous public stand arguing that the industry body, the Public Relations Institute of Australia, needed “a stronger code of ethics [and] independent assessment of compliance”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adnews.com.au/3E7EF086-E17B-4B1E-B077F52E11F4E5BD|title=Public Relations {{!}} Q:What should the PR industry do to raise its profile in the marketing mix? |website=www.adnews.com.au}}</ref> Failing to achieve change, Jackson resigned his firm’s membership and developed JWM’s own code including the unusual directive that “where social and client interests conflict, and if the conflict is ethically relevant, JWM will seek to change the client’s position.”<ref>Walle, M. (2002). Commentary: What happened to public responsibility? The lack of society in public relations codes of ethics. Bond University, Queensland, Australia</ref>

The company’s publication, The Well, published 39 issues between 1992 and 2011 covering public relations practice, political analysis, client news and company projects. The only complete set in existence was assembled in April 2022 for deposition with the National Library of Australia.

== Political activity ==
Jackson first joined the [[Australian Labor Party]] in 1971 while still in Papua New Guinea, being sponsored by then Queensland state secretary [[Tom Burns (Australian politician)|T.J. (Tom) Burns]] (1931–2007). Jackson did not become an active member until 1979, when he returned to Australia from the Maldives and joined the Narrabeen-Pittwater Branch in Sydney. From 1980 to 1982 he was a State Conference delegate, from 1982 to 1983 Mackellar Federal Electorate Council president and later a member of the NSW ALP foreign relations platform committee. In 1982 he was pre-selected<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1723394049|title=Issue No. 34 (July 1982)|website=Trove}}</ref> to stand for the safe Liberal seat of [[Division of Mackellar|Mackellar]]. In the subsequent federal election of March 1983 he secured a swing to Labor of 4.8 percent but lost to incumbent, then Health Minister Jim Carlton.<ref>[[Electoral results for the Division of Mackellar|Electoral results for the division of Mackellar 1983]]</ref> In 2014, Jackson resigned from the Labor Party stating that its policies on the Iraq-Syria war and asylum seekers were immoral.

While in retirement in Noosa, Jackson was strategy and communications adviser for the successful election campaigns of his wife Ingrid Jackson<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results.ecq.qld.gov.au/elections/local/LG2016/NoosaShireCouncil/results/councillor/summary.html|title = 2016 Noosa Shire Council - Councillor Election - Election Summary}}</ref> to Noosa Shire Council (2016), Sandra (Sandy) Bolton MP<ref>[[Electoral results for the district of Noosa]]</ref> to the Queensland State legislature (2017) and Councillor Karen Finzel<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://results1.elections.qld.gov.au/lga2020|title=Electoral Commission of Queensland|date=July 2019}}</ref> to Noosa Shire Council (2020).

== PNG Attitude ==
Jackson launched the blog PNG Attitude<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pngattitude.com/|title=Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE|website=Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE}}</ref> (originally ASOPA People) in February 2006 to enable Australians and Papua New Guineans to engage in public discussion on political, social, economic and literary matters. The blog is archived by the National Library of Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pngattitude.com/|title=Keith Jackson's PNG attitude|first=Keith AM|last=Jackson|date=June 24, 2006|publisher=Jackson Wells Pty|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)}}</ref> Jackson established the blog because “we’re like a family that’s drifted apart; we need to do something about that on both sides.”<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://malumnalu.blogspot.com/2009/06/png-attitude_26.html|title=Malum Nalu: A PNG Attitude|first=Malum|last=Nalu|date=June 26, 2009}}</ref> Dubbed ground-breaking<ref name="auto"/> and influential,<ref>National Library of Australia archives PNG Attitude as an online publication ‘of national significance’: Fitzpatrick, P. (2016) Fighting for a Voice. Pukpuk Publications. {{ISBN|9781533616906}}</ref> PNG Attitude spun off the Crocodile Prize literary awards,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/6570863|title=The Crocodile Prize|date=June 24, 2010|publisher=The Crocodile Prize|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)}}</ref> triggering a revival in Papua New Guinean literature described by prominent Australian author [[Drusilla Modjeska]] as “a new generation of writers flushed out, encouraged and made visible”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pngattitude.com/2012/10/storytelling-is-in-the-blood-for-pngs-writers.html|title=Storytelling is in the blood for PNG's writers|website=Keith Jackson & Friends: PNG ATTITUDE}}</ref>

The blog also led to the establishment of a number of not-for-profit enterprises Pukpuk Publications<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exkiap.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=13&t=1812&view=next&sid=e546611ee806019659ebd48c8b0370e3|title=EX-KIAP NETWORK FORUM • View topic - My Walk to Equality: Papua New Guinean Women Write|website=exkiap.net}}</ref> (which published over fifty titles of mainly Papua New Guinean writing), the McKinnon-Paga Hill Fellowships, enabling Papua New Guinean writers to visit Australia, and the My Walk to Equality project, publisher of a notable collection of writing by Papua New Guinean women.<ref>[https://libraryforall.org/spotlight-on-author-rashmii-bell/ Bell, R.A. (c2017) Spotlight On Author Rashmii Bell, Library For All]. “Well, I’m in this position thanks to my terrific family of readers and writers via prominent Australia-PNG focused online blog, PNG Attitude. The site’s editor and publisher, Keith Jackson AM, is a key mentor, main publisher of my writing and a champion of creating and networking countless opportunities for me.”</ref> PNG Attitude continues as an important information source on PNG affairs. Its story and that of the Crocodile Prize is documented in Philip Fitzpatrick’s book, Fighting for a Voice.<ref>Fitzpatrick, P. Fighting for a Voice</ref>

== Personal life ==


[[File:Keith Jackson inducted as AM.jpg|thumb|Keith Jackson inducted as AM]]

=== Awards and honours ===
Jackson received the [[Papua New Guinea Independence Medal]] in 1976 "for outstanding service" and in 2004 was appointed a [[Order of Australia|Member of the Order of Australia]] (AM)<ref>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1056022 Australian Honours, Member of the Order of Australia.]</ref> "for services to management and training in media, communications, non-commercial broadcasting and public relations".

In 2010 he accepted an invitation<ref>[https://www.pngattitude.com/2009/12/some-rather-agreeable-personal-news-this-day.html Jackson, K. (1 December 2009)] Some rather agreeable personal news this day, PNG Attitude. “I’ve been invited by the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Queensland, Prof Paul Greenfield, to accept the role of Adjunct Professor of Journalism and Communication at the university.”</ref> to become an adjunct professor in the School of Journalism and Communication at the [[University of Queensland]], retiring in 2014. He was a [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts]] (1995-2020), a Fellow of the [[Australian Institute of Management and Leadership]] (since 1983) and a Member of the [[Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance]] (formerly [[Australian Journalists Association]]) (since 1972).

=== Marriage and children ===
Jackson married Susan Mary Flatt (b 1947) in April 1967 (divorced January 1985). There are two children, Simon (b 1967), information technologist and composer, and Sally (b 1970), an executive with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Jackson married academic and management consultant Ingrid Henriette Hallein (née Lowig) (b 1952) in May 1985. They have two sons. Jackson now lives in retirement with his wife in the Queensland resort town of Noosa.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

=== ME/CFS ===
In the early years of the new century, Jackson had become increasingly ill and was diagnosed with [[myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome]] (ME/CFS).{{cn|date=March 2025}} Jackson relinquished his management of the company to Wells and was never again able to resume an active role. The company languished and, in 2012 when Wells established his own consultancy taking important clients with him, Jackson liquidated the ailing firm. In its 20 years of operation Jackson Wells Morris had consulted to more than 500 clients including major global and Australian companies and between 1995 and 2005 had been an industry pace setter.{{cn|date=August 2025}}

== Further reading ==
* Ebury, S. (2008) The Many Lives of Ken Myer. Miegunyah Press. {{ISBN|978-0-522-85546-3}}.
* Fitzpatrick, P. (2016) [https://www.pngattitude.com/fighting-for-a-voice-phil-fitzpatrick.html Fighting for a Voice]. Pukpuk Publications. {{ISBN|978-1-5336-1690-6}}.
* Hampson, J.N. (1892–93) Origin, History and Achievements of the Besses o' th' Barn Band, Jos Rogers, Northampton.
* Inglis, K.S. (2006) [https://www.blackincbooks.com.au/books/whose-abc Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802092755/https://www.blackincbooks.com.au/books/whose-abc |date=2021-08-02 }} 1983-2006. Black Inc. {{ISBN|978-1-86395-189-0}}.
* Jackson, K. and Charley, P.N. (1997) ''Manage By the Moment'' (in English and Indonesian editions).
* Jackson, K. and Fitzpatrick, P. (eds). (2020) [https://asopa.typepad.com/files/man-bilong-buk-ebook-1.pdf Man Bilong Buk]. JDT Publications. {{ISBN|979-8-6876-3102-0}}.
* Mackay, I.K. (1976) Broadcasting in Papua New Guinea. Melbourne University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-522-84098-8}}.
* Whitehead, G. (1988) Inside the ABC. Penguin. {{ISBN|978-0-14-011438-6}}.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jackson, Keith}}
[[Category:Australian journalists]]
[[Category:University of Papua New Guinea alumni]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Macclesfield]]

Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-20T05:11:49Z

KristalBabbage2: Made entry

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Telangana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Nalgonda {{Small|TG-13}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Nalgonda.map}}
| map_caption = Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency in Telangana
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Kunduru Raghuveer|Raghuveer Reddy Kunduru]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| electors = 1,495,580<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014"]</ref>
| assembly_cons = [[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Devarakonda]] [[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]] [[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalaguda]] [[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]] [[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]] [[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]] [[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
}}
'''Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 17 [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of the Parliament) constituencies in [[Telangana]] state in southern India.

==Assembly segments==
The Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/andhrapradesh/nalgonda.htm Nalgonda Parliamentary Constituency Map]</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2 |Party
!colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|86
|[[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Devarakonda]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Balu Naik|Nenavath Balu Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|87
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|[[Kunduru Jayaveer Reddy]]
|-
|88
|[[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalaguda]]
|[[Bathula Laxma Reddy]]
|-
|89
|[[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]
|[[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|-
|90
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
|[[Nalamada Padmavathi Reddy]]
|-
|91
|[[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]]
|[[Guntakandla Jagadish Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|92
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]
|[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nalgonda Parliamentary Constituencies, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/telangana/parliamentary-constituencies/nalgonda.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |last=parliamentofindia |title=Parliament of India :Obituary Reference |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses1/01110991.htm |accessdate=27 March 2011}}
</ref>
!colspan="2" |Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Sunkam Achalu]]
| {{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad)}}
|-
|[[Ravi Narayana Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]||[[Devulapalli Venkateswar Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]||[[Ravi Narayana Reddy]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]||[[Mohammad Yunus Saleem]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]||K. Ramkrishna Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Praja Samithi}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]||Abdul Lateef
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]||T. Damodar Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]||M. Raghuma Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]||[[Chakilam Srinivasa Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Dharma Bhiksham]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]||[[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]||[[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]||[[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]|| rowspan="1" |[[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]||[[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]||[[Kunduru Raghuveer|Raghuveer Reddy Kunduru]]
|}

==Election results==

=== General election, 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Nalgonda]]}}{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kunduru Raghuveer]]|votes=784,337|percentage=60.50|change={{increase}}15.76
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Shanampudi Saidireddy|Saidireddy Shanampudi]]|votes=224,432|percentage=17.31|change={{increase}}12.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Kancharla Krishna Reddy|votes=218,417|percentage=16.85|change={{decrease}}25.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=6,086|percentage=0.47|change={{no change}}}}{{Election box majority|votes=559,905|percentage=43.19|change={{up}}41.01}}{{Election box turnout|votes=1,296,324|percentage=74.02|change={{down}}0.13}}{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
| swing = {{up}}15.76
}}{{Election box end}}

=== General election, 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Nalgonda]]<ref>
[http://www.elections.in/telangana/parliamentary-constituencies/Nalgonda.html Nalgonda LOK SABHA (GENERAL)ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]|votes={{formatnum:5,26,028}}|percentage=44.74|change=+5.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=Vemireddy Narasimha Reddy|votes={{formatnum:5,00,346}}|percentage=42.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Garlapati Jithendra Kumar
|votes=52,709
|percentage=4.48
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate=Mallu Laxmi Nagarjuna Reddy
|votes=29,089
|percentage=2.46
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Jana Sena Party
|candidate=Mekala Satheesh Reddy
|votes=11,288
|percentage=0.96
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=NOTA
|candidate=[[None of the above]]
|votes=5,560
|percentage=0.47
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,682
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,79,984
|percentage = 74.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =Indian National Congress
|loser =Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Nalgonda]]<ref>[http://www.elections.in/telangana/parliamentary-constituencies/nalgonda.html Nalgonda LOK SABHA (GENERAL) ELECTIONS RESULT]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4,72,093}}
|percentage = 39.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Tera Chinnapa Reddy
|votes = {{formatnum:2,78,937}}
|percentage = 23.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
|candidate = [[Palla Rajeshwar Reddy|Dr.Palla Rajeswar Reddy]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2,60,677}}
|percentage = 21.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Marri Nehemiah
|votes = 56,259
|percentage = 4.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nandyala Narsimha Reddy
|votes = 54,423
|percentage = 4.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Gunnam Nagi Reddy
|votes = 39,385
|percentage = 3.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,93,156
| percentage = 16.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 11,89,399
| percentage = 81.42
| change = +7.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Nalgonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4,93,849}}
|percentage = 45.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3,40,867}}
|percentage = 31.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Paduri Karuna
|votes = {{formatnum:1,50,275}}
|percentage = 13.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = {{formatnum:1,52,983}}
| percentage = 14.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = {{formatnum:10,78,698}}
| percentage = 74.14
| change = +9.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Communist Party of India
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Nalgonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
| votes = {{formatnum:4,79,511}}
| percentage = 45.76
| change = +27.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Indrasena Reddy]]
| votes = {{formatnum:4,23,360}}
| percentage = 40.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = Vattipally Srinivas Goud
| votes = 86,426
| percentage = 8.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 56,151
| percentage = 5.36
| change = +32.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 10,47,800
| percentage = 65.30
| change = +3.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Communist Party of India
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing = +29.97
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Nalgonda}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gutha Sukender Reddy]]
|votes = {{formatnum:427505}}
|percentage = 43.6%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kanukula Janardhan Reddy
|votes = {{formatnum:347770}}
|percentage = 35.5%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
|votes = {{formatnum:169097}}
|percentage = 17.2%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 79,735
| percentage = 8.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = {{formatnum:980671}}
| percentage = 69.2%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Communist Party of India
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Nalgonda}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
| votes ={{formatnum:314983}}
| percentage = 34.6%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[V. Hanumantha Rao]]
|votes = {{formatnum:290528}}
|percentage = 31.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Indrasena Reddy]]
| votes = {{formatnum:274174}}
| percentage = 30.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 24,455
| percentage =2.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = {{formatnum:910685}}
| percentage = 65.3%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Communist Party of India
|loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Nalgonda}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = [[Dharma Bhiksham]]
| votes ={{formatnum:277336}}
| percentage = 32.6%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Indrasena Reddy]]
| votes = {{formatnum:205579}}
| percentage = 24.2%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gangadhar Tirunagaruu
|votes = {{formatnum:199282}}
|percentage = 23.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 71,757
| percentage =8.4%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = {{formatnum:851118}}
| percentage =59.6%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner =Communist Party of India
|loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election, 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Nalgonda}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = [[Dharma Bhiksham]]
| votes ={{formatnum:282904}}
| percentage = 41.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chakilam Srinivasa Rao]]
|votes = {{formatnum:214327}}
|percentage = 31.1%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Indrasena Reddy]]
| votes = {{formatnum:152727}}
| percentage = 22.2%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 68,577
| percentage =10.0%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = {{formatnum:688552}}
| percentage = 59.6%
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner =Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nalgonda district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/telangana/nalgonda/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Nalgonda lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.1|79.3|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Telangana]]
[[Category:Nalgonda district]]

Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2016

2025-11-10T09:40:02Z

KristalBabbage2: added a post

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2016
| team1_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team1_name = West Indies
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 9 July 2016
| to_date = 28 August 2016
| team1_captain = [[Jason Holder]] (Tests) [[Carlos Brathwaite]] (T20Is)
| team2_captain = [[Virat Kohli]] (Tests) [[MS Dhoni]] (T20Is)
| no_of_tests = 4
| team1_tests_won = 0
| team2_tests_won = 2
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] (200)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (251)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Miguel Cummins]] (9)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (17)
| player_of_test_series = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| no_of_twenty20s = 2
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Evin Lewis]] (107)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[KL Rahul]] (110)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Dwayne Bravo]] (2)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (4)
| player_of_twenty20_series =
}}

The [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured the West Indies for a four-match [[Test cricket|Test]] series. Prior to the four Test matches, there were two tour matches.<ref name="Tour">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/954875.html |title=BCCI clears India's tour of West Indies |access-date=1 January 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="training">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/1014853.html |title=Test hopefuls in WICB camp ahead of India series |access-date=16 May 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The tour coincided with the [[2016 Caribbean Premier League]].<ref name="Tour2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/992407.html|title=West Indies set to host India for four Tests|access-date=29 March 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> This was the first bilateral tour between the two sides since the West Indies pulled out of [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2014–15|the previous tour]] in October 2014.<ref name="Fixtures">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/westindies/content/story/1022583.html |title=India to tour West Indies for seven weeks starting July 6 |access-date=2 June 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In July 2016 the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) met with [[West Indies Cricket Board]] (WICB) to look at the possibility of adding three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches to the tour. The WICB requested that the matches could be played at the [[Central Broward Regional Park]] in Florida at the end of August.<ref name="Florida">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/usa/content/story/1039923.html |title=BCCI officials in Florida to discuss India-WI T20s in August |access-date=27 July 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The West Indies previously played T20I matches in the United States [[New Zealand cricket team in the West Indies in 2012|against New Zealand]] in June 2012. There were fears that it may have taken up to six weeks to secure visas for the Indian team, but both the BCCI and WICB secured them in time.<ref name="visa1">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/usa/content/story/1040265.html |title=Visa hurdle to India-WI Florida matches |access-date=29 July 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="visa2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/usa/content/story/1040385.html |title=India T20s in Florida '98% on'; return visit in 2017 a possibility |access-date=29 July 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> On 2 August, the BCCI confirmed that there would be two T20I matches played in Florida at the end of August.<ref name="T20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1041515.html |title=BCCI announces two T20Is against WI in Florida |access-date=2 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

India won the Test series 2–0 and the West Indies won the T20I series 1–0.

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|T20Is
|-
! {{cr|WIN}}<ref name="WISqaud">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1033731.html |title=Roston Chase in for West Indies, Ramdin out |access-date=11 July 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="WISqaud2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1033989.html |title=Miguel Cummins called up for first Test |access-date=13 July 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="WISqaud3">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1039953.html |title=West Indies pick uncapped Alzarri Joseph |access-date=28 July 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="WISqaud4">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1042505.html |title=Hope replaces Chandrika in West Indies Test squad |access-date=4 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndSqaud">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1018589.html |title=Shardul Thakur earns call-up for WI Tests |access-date=23 May 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{cr|WIN}}<ref name="WIT20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1044151.html |title=Carlos Brathwaite named West Indies T20 captain |access-date=9 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref name="INDT20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1045157.html |title=Raina, Yuvraj out of T20Is in USA |access-date=12 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Jason Holder]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Devendra Bishoo]]
* [[Jermaine Blackwood]]
* [[Carlos Brathwaite]]
* [[Darren Bravo]]
* [[Rajendra Chandrika]]
* [[Roston Chase]]
* [[Miguel Cummins]]
* [[Shane Dowrich]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shannon Gabriel]]
* [[Shai Hope]]
* [[Leon Johnson (cricketer)|Leon Johnson]]
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] ([[Captain (cricket)|vc]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|
* [[Carlos Brathwaite]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Samuel Badree]]
* [[Dwayne Bravo]]
* [[Johnson Charles]]
* [[Andre Fletcher]]
* [[Chris Gayle]]
* [[Jason Holder]]
* [[Evin Lewis]]
* [[Sunil Narine]]
* [[Kieron Pollard]]
* [[Andre Russell]]
* [[Marlon Samuels]]
* [[Lendl Simmons]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[KL Rahul]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|}

==Tour matches==
===Two-day: WICB President's XI v Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–10 July 2016
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND|name=Indians}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN|name=WICB President's XI}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 258/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (93 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 54[[not out|*]] (109)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jomel Warrican]] 2/61 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 281/7 (87 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shai Hope]] 118[[not out|*]] (229)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 4/67 (27 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022589.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park]], [[Basseterre]], [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Nigel Duguid]] (WI)
| motm =
| toss = Indians won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = 12 players per side, 11 batting, 11 fielding.
}}

===Three-day: WICB President's XI v Indians===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 14–16 July 2016
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN|name=WICB President's XI}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND|name=Indians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 180 (62.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rahkeem Cornwall]] 41 (56)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/16 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 364 (105.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[KL Rahul]] 64 (127)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Rahkeem Cornwall]] 5/118 (31.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 223/6 (86 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jermaine Blackwood]] 51 (143)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 3/59 (20 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022591.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Warner Park Sporting Complex|Warner Park]], [[Basseterre]], [[Saint Kitts|St. Kitts]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Nigel Duguid]] (WI)
| motm =
| toss = West Indies Cricket Board President's XI won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = 13 players per side, 11 batting, 11 fielding.
}}

==Test series==
===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 21–25 July 2016
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 566/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (161.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 200 (283)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] 3/65 (14.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 243 (90.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] 74 (281)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 4/44 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 231 (78 overs) ([[Follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Carlos Brathwaite]] 51[[not out|*]] (82)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 7/83 (25 overs)

| result = India won by an innings and 92 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022593.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], [[Antigua|North Sound, Antigua]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm =[[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Roston Chase]] (WI) made his Test debut.
* [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) stood in his 50th Test match as an umpire.<ref name="Gould">{{cite web |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2016/media-releases/95390/gould-stands-in-his-50th-test |title=Gould stands in his 50th Test |access-date=22 July 2016 |work=International Cricket Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724054504/http://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2016/media-releases/95390/gould-stands-in-his-50th-test |archive-date=24 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) scored his first double-century in Tests and it was the first double-century made away from home by an Indian captain.<ref name="Kohli">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1037787.html |title=Kohli double leaves WI long way from safety |access-date=22 July 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]'s second innings figures of 7/83 are the best for an Indian bowler in the West Indies.<ref name="1stTest">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1038923.html |title=Ashwin emulates Botham with ton and seven-for |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* This was the biggest win for India outside of Asia and biggest defeat for the West Indies at home in Tests.<ref name="1stTest"/>
* Ravichandran Ashwin moved to the top of the ICC's Test rankings for bowlers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ashwin reclaims top spot among Test bowlers |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/1039571.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 July 2016 |access-date=26 July 2016 }}</ref>
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 30 July–3 August 2016
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 196 (52.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jermaine Blackwood]] 62 (62)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 5/52 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 500/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (171.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[KL Rahul]] 158 (303)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Roston Chase]] 5/121 (36.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 388/6 (104 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Roston Chase]] 137[[not out|*]] (269)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/82 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022595.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Roston Chase]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain stopped play after India declared on Day 3, with play being abandoned for the day.
*''Rain stopped play after lunch on Day 4, with play being abandoned for the day.''
| notes = [[Miguel Cummins]] (WI) made his Test debut.
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) took his 18th five-wicket haul when he dismissed [[Jason Holder]].<ref name="18th">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/81704/ravichandran-ashwins-18th-five-wicket-haul-keeps-west-indies-to-196 |title=Ashwin's 18th five-wicket haul keeps WI to 196 |access-date=31 July 2016 |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref>
* [[KL Rahul]] scored his highest Test score, and also scored the most runs by an Indian batsman in their first Test innings in the West Indies.<ref name="Rahul">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1041153.html |title=KL Rahul joins Gavaskar and Mankad |access-date=1 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Roston Chase]] (WI) took his first five-wicket haul.<ref name="Chase">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-west-indies-great-feeling-to-get-five-wickets-in-test-cricket-says-roston-chase-2949375/ |title=India vs West Indies: Great feeling to get five wickets in Test cricket, says Roston Chase |access-date=3 August 2016 |work=Indian Express}}</ref>
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Ind) became the only player to score 90 or more in an innings in eight consecutive Test series, starting from [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2013–14|India's tour to South Africa in 2013-14]].<ref name="Rahane">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1041413.html |title=Rahane enters elite company, and it's raining sixes in Jamaica |access-date=3 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Roston Chase]] (WI) scored his maiden Test century and became the fourth West Indian player to score a century and take five wickets in an innings in the same Test.<ref name="ChaseAce">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1042167.html |title=Roston Chase does a Garry Sobers |access-date=4 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 9–13 August 2016
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 353 (129.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 118 (297)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Miguel Cummins]] 3/54 (21.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 225 (103.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] 64 (163)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 5/33 (23.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 217/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (48 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 78[[not out|*]] (116)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Miguel Cummins]] 6/48 (11 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 108 (47.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Darren Bravo]] 50 (100)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/15 (11 overs)

| result = India won by 237 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022597.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Daren Sammy Cricket Ground]], [[Gros Islet]], [[Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = No play was possible on Day 3 due to rain.
| notes = [[Alzarri Joseph]] (WI) made his Test debut.
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) became the fourth player to score more than one century and take more than one five-wicket haul in the same Test series.<ref name="Ashwin">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1044611.html |title=Ashwin-Saha stand - 213 runs; the rest - 140 |access-date=11 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] became the first captain of India to win two Tests in the West Indies.<ref name="Kohli2">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1045787.html |title=India's first captain to win two Tests in West Indies |access-date=14 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
}}

===4th Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 18–22 August 2016
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 62/2 (22 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kraigg Brathwaite]] 32[[not out|*]] (78)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 1/7 (5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 =
| runs-team2-inns1 =
| wickets-team2-inns1 =

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1022599.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm =
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain stopped play after lunch on Day 1, with play being abandoned for the day.
* No play was possible on Day 2, 3, 4 and 5 due to rain and a wet outfield.
| notes = This was the third-shortest non-abandoned Test match.<ref name="Shortest">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1049161.html |title=Farce ends as third-shortest Test ever |access-date=22 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* India lost the top position in the [[ICC Test Championship|ICC Rankings]] to Pakistan as a result of this match.<ref name="Shortest"/>
}}

==T20I series==

===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 August 2016
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 245/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Evin Lewis]] 100 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 2/39 (3 overs)
| score2 = 244/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 110[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 2/37 (4 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1041615.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Central Broward Regional Park]], [[Lauderhill, Florida]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Duguid]] (WI) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| motm = [[Evin Lewis]] (WI)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = This was India's first cricket match to be played in the United States.<ref name="USA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1050799.html |title=India field on US debut; Gayle, Dhawan out |access-date=27 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* [[Evin Lewis]] (WI) and [[KL Rahul]] (Ind) both scored their maiden centuries in a T20I.<ref name="WI132">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1051027.html |title=Most runs, most sixes, and two seriously quick hundreds |access-date=28 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* The West Indies hit 21 sixes in their innings, the most for any team in a T20I.<ref name="aggregate">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/37206593 |title=West Indies v India: Evin Lewis smashes 48-ball century in one-run T20 win |access-date=27 August 2016 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref>
* This was the highest aggregate total (489 runs) in any T20 game.<ref name="aggregate"/>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 August 2016
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 143 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Johnson Charles]] 43 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Amit Mishra]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 15/0 (2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 10[[not out|*]] (8)
| wickets2 =
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1041617.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Central Broward Regional Park]], [[Lauderhill, Florida]]
| umpires = [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| motm =
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The start of the match was delayed by 40 minutes due to technical reasons.<ref name="technical">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/west-indies-v-india-2016/content/story/1051225.html |title='Technical' delay, rain, wet field: bizarre no-result |access-date=28 August 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
* Rain stopped play after 2 overs of India's innings, with no further play possible.
| notes = [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI) stood in his first T20I match as an umpire.<ref name="Reifer">{{cite web |url=http://www.windiescricket.com/news/reifer-set-make-international-debut |title=Reifer set to make international debut |access-date=28 August 2016 |work=Windies Cricket |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906001129/http://www.windiescricket.com/news/reifer-set-make-international-debut |archive-date=6 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] (Ind) took his 200th wicket in T20 matches.<ref name="Ashwin200">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-t20i-2016-ravichandran-ashwin-claims-200-t20-wickets-487893 |title=India vs West Indies, 2nd T20I 2016: Ravichandran Ashwin claims 200 T20 wickets |access-date=29 August 2016 |work=Cricket County}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/1018687.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of the West Indies}}
{{International cricket in 2016}}
{{Portal bar|India|Caribbean|Cricket|Sports}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2016}}
[[Category:2016 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2016 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2016]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of the West Indies|2016]]

Nirode Kumar Barooah

2025-10-19T22:49:15Z

KristalBabbage2: started initial bio basic info

{{Short description|Indo-German historian and author}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

[[File:Barooah-nirode-portrait-2018.jpg|right|thumb|230px|Photo of Nirode Kumar Barooah in the garden of his house in Cologne, 2018]]
'''Nirode Kumar Barooah''' (born 1 August 1937 in [[Nagaon]]) is an [[Indians in Germany|Indo-German]] [[historian]] who publishes mainly on topics of Indo-German relations as well as modern [[Indian History|Indian history]] especially that of the [[British India|British administration]] in the early 19th century with a special focus on [[Northeast India]]. He is one of the most influential historians of [[Assam|Assamese history]].

== Life ==
He was born on August 1, 1937, to Kusum Barooah and Dr. Lalit Kumar Barooah. His father was a medical doctor and co-founder of Srimanta Sankar Mission and author of numerous works on folk medicine, family planning and child care.

In 1967, while working as a research assistant at the [[University of Heidelberg]], he met his future wife, Elisabeth Becher. After their marriage in 1971, they moved their center of life to [[Cologne]]. His marriage to Elisabeth produced two daughters.

== Education and career ==
He started his academic career in 1955 with a bachelor's degree in art from Cotton College, [[Guwahati]]. He then completed his Bachelor's, Master's and Bachelor of Laws degrees from [[Banaras Hindu University|University of Benares]] from 1955 to 1961.

In 1961, he went to [[SOAS University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies]] in London as a research student in modern Indian history. His research area was the ideas of administration under British rule in India in the early 19th century, with special reference to northeast India.

In 1964, he received his Ph.D. with a dissertation on David Scott, a Scottish officer in the [[East India Company]], which was first published in 1970 and appeared in a second, revised edition in 2015.

From 1965 to 1971, he taught modern history at the [[University of Delhi]]. During his teaching career, he conducted extensive research on the Indian freedom movement with special reference to Assam.

His move to Germany in 1971 simultaneously focused his attention on a new subject area: Indo-German relations in the period from 1885 to 1939, and his subsequent years of research in German archives enabled him to publish several books and research papers in this field.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In Germany, Barooah worked as a research associate at the universities in [[University of Bonn|Bonn]] and [[University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg]] and served for many years as a consultant for the Deutsche Gesellschaft für technische Zusammenarbeit (now [[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]]).{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In 2021, Nirode Kumar Barooah was awarded the ''Lokapriya Gopinath Bardoloi Award for National Integration and National Contribution'' by the Indian state of [[Assam]] for his extensive life's work on the history of Assam, which was presented to him on October 3, 2021 by [[Vice President of India|Indian Vice President]] [[Venkaiah Naidu]] in [[Guwahati]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/lokapriya-gopinath-bordoloi-award-2021-goes-to-three-556793/|title=Lokapriya Gopinath Bardoloi Award 2021 goes to three|newspaper=The Sentinel|location=Guwahati, India|date=September 29, 2021}}</ref>

== Literature ==
'''English'''
* ''David Scott in North-East India: A study in British Paternalism.'' Munshiram Manoharlal, Delhi 1970, {{ISBN|978 9 381 13953 0}}.
* ''India and the Official Germany 1884 to 1914.'' Peter Lang AG, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Frankfurt 1977, {{ISBN|978-3-261-02102-1}}.
* ''Chatto: The Life And Times Of An Anti-imperialist In Europe.'' Oxford University Press, Delhi 2004, {{ISBN|978-0-195-66547-5}}.
* ''Gopinath Bardoloi, 'The Assam Problem' and Nehru's Centre.'' Bhabani Books, Guwahati 2010, {{ISBN|978-9-380-39053-6}}.
* ''Franz Josef Furtwänger: A German Trade Union Internationalist's extraordinary engagement with India.'' Books on Demand 2015, {{ISBN|978-3-734-74308-5}}. (co-authored with his wife Elisabeth Barooah).
* ''Germany and the Indians: Between the Wars.'' Books on Demand 2018, {{ISBN|978-3-752-82046-1}}.

'''Assamese'''
* Axomia Jati Gathanat Gopinath Bardoloi. The Book Nook, Nagaon 2021.
*Axomat Jawaharlal Nwherur Bipajyayi Prabhab.The Book Nook, Nagaon 2022.

== Writings and research papers ==
'''English'''
* ''Gopinath Bardoloi: Indian Constitution and Centre-Assam relations, 1940-1950.'' Publication Board, Assam, 1990.

'''Assamese'''
* ''Political Life of Dr. Bhubaneswar Barooah, a close friend of Bardoloi and the President of Kamrup District Congress.''
* ''Mohini Kolon Chabi, a critique of the so-called Marxists' Writings on Assam and Bardoloi.''
* ''Bardoloi Dinlekha, Vol. 1'' (Diaries of Gopinath Bardoloi).
* ''Bardoloi Dinlekha, Vol. 2'' (Diaries of Gopinath Bardoloi).
* ''Ejon Satyagrahir Ranjiti: The Political Life of Bardoloi'' (Life of a Satyagrahi).
* ''Assamia Jathigathanat Gopinath Bardoloi'' (Bardoloi The Creator of Assamese Unity).
* ''Mohini Kolar Chabi'' (Historical debates).
* ''Bhimkarma Doctor Lalit Kumar Barooah'' (Biography).
* ''Ajatsatru Jananeta Bhubaneswar Barooah'' (Biography).
* ''Europiyo Mosaic'' (A collection of journalistic articles on European themes).
* ''Poschim Kala'' (on Western Art).

== Honors and awards ==
* ''Lokapriya Gopinath Bardoloi Award for National Integration and National Contribution.'' Guwahati 2021.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://barooah.de}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barooah, Nirode Kumar}}
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Historians of Germany]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]

Dhrishtaketu

2025-09-20T10:07:32Z

KristalBabbage2: Starting details

{{short description|Character in the Mahabharata}}
{{distinguish|Dhrishtadyumna}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Dhrishtaketu
| series = [[Mahabharata]]
| image = File:Dhrishtaketu of Chedi.jpg
| caption = An illustration of Dhrishtaketu
| noinfo = yes
| alias =
| family = [[Shishupala]] (father) 
Sarabha, Mahipala and Suketu (brothers) [[Karenumati]] (sister)
| origin = [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]]
| spouse =
| children = Chekitana and other sons
| gender = Male
| title = King of Chedi
| weapon = Bow and arrow
| affiliation = [[Pandavas]]
}}
'''Dhrishtaketu''' ({{langx|sa|धृष्टकेतु|Dhṛṣṭaketu}}) is a character in the ancient Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He is a king of the [[Chedi kingdom]] and the eldest son of [[Shishupala]]. He is a loyal ally of the [[Pandava|Pandavas]], and plays a major role in the [[Kurukshetra War]], where he served as one of the seven commanders of their army.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&q=the+book+of+women+mahabharata |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1 |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-25250-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology and epithets ==
According to the [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams]], the name ''Dhṛṣṭaketu'' (Sanskrit: धृष्टकेतु) is a compound word derived from the Sanskrit roots ''dhṛṣṭa'' (धृष्ट)—meaning "bold," "audacious," or "courageous—and ''ketu'' (केतु)—"flag," "banner," or "emblem". Dhrishtaketu shares this name with various other figures including a son of [[Dhrishtadyumna]].{{sfn|Williams|1872|p=459}}

Throughout the ''Mahabharata'', Vyasa refers to Dhrishtaketu by various epithets:{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=235}}{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=249-50}}

* ''Caidya'' (descendant of the Chedi dynasty)
* ''Cedija'' (born in the Chedi clan)
* ''Cedipati'' (lord of the Chedis)
* ''Cedipungava'' (distinguished among the Chedis)
* ''Cedirat'' (king of the Chedis)
* ''Shaishupali'' (son of Shishupala)
* ''Shishupalatmaja'' (son of Shishupala)

== Biography ==
According to the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' (''Amshavatara Parva'', Chapter 67, Stanza 7), Dhrishtaketu is considered to be a partial incarnation of Anuhlada, the son of the demon king [[Hiranyakashipu]]. Dhrishtaketu is born to [[Shishupala]], who belongs to [[Yadava|Dasharha]] clan descending from [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]] from his maternal side.{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=235}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&q=the+book+of+women+mahabharata |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1 |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-25250-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Dhrishtaketu is frequently mentioned in the ''Mahabharata'' across various ''Parvans'', particularly in connection with the [[Pandavas]]. After the death of Shishupala at the Pandava [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]], narrated in ''[[Sabha Parva|Sabhā Parva]]'', Dhrishtaketu is installed as the king of Chedi and becomes a tributary king under the Pandavas.{{sfn|Partiger|1908|p=315}} In the ''[[Vana Parva]]'', He is described as visiting the Pandavas just before their forest exile. Afterwards, he is said to have returned to his capital, [[Suktimati|Shuktimati]], taking with him his sister [[Karenumati]], who had been married to [[Nakula]], the fourth Pandava.{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=235}}{{refn|group=note|Few scholars state her as his daughter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakravarti |first=Bishnupada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivQ6CwAAQBAJ&q=Dhristaketu&pg=PT105 |title=Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata |date=2007-11-13 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5214-170-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />}} Later, he makes a second visit to the Pandavas in the forest, reaffirming his allegiance.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=249-50}}

According to the ''[[Udyoga Parva]]'', Dhrishtaketu is among the kings to whom Yudhishthira sends messengers before the [[Kurukshetra War]]. He later arrives at the war council with a full ''[[akshauhini]]'' of troops (an ''akshauhini'' consisted of 21,870 elephants, 21,870 chariots, 65,610 horses, and 109,350 infantry).{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=235}}{{sfn|Partiger|1908|p=312}} He is a great bowman and a ''Maharatha'' (a great chariot-warrior) as per the rating of [[Bhishma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-04-01 |title=Section CLXXII [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc375110.html |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> One of his sons also takes part in the war. Dhrishtaketu is appointed one of the seven commanders-in-chief of Yudhishthira’s forces. During the war, Dhrishtaketu engages in combat with several formidable warriors, including with [[Bahlika (Mahabharata)|Bahlika]] on the first day of the battle. He is seen in various strategic positions, including the right horn of the ''ardhachandra-vyuha'' (crescent moon) formation and the army’s rear. He engages in combat with [[Bhurishravas]] and [[Pauravas|Paurava]] during these battles. In the ''[[Drona Parva]]'', it is noted that Dhrishtaketu had remained with the Pandavas even after others from the Chedi clan had departed. He fights against [[Kripa]] (the teacher of the Kuru princes), accompanies King [[Virata]], and challenges [[Drona]], the commander-in-chief of the [[Kaurava|Kauravas]], in battle. He also fights with Ambashtha. Dhrishtaketu also kills a warrior named Viradhanva during the war. However, his own life ends in battle when he fights against Drona and is slain by him.{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=235}}{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=249-50}}

In the ''[[Stri Parva]]'', his death is mourned by the women of his household, including his wives, who grieve over his lifeless body.<ref name=":1" /> His cremation is also described in the Stri Parva. According to ''[[Ashramavasika Parva]]'', after his death, Dhrishtaketu's spirit, along with those of other warriors who had perished in the war, was evoked by Vyasa to the surface of the Ganges. His spirit was among those who received posthumous rites.{{sfn|Sørensen|1904|p=249-50}} In the ''[[Svargarohana Parva]]'', it is mentioned that Dhrishtaketu attained the status of a ''[[Visvedevas|Vishvadeva]]'' in heaven after his death.{{sfn|Mani|2015|p=235}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-12-12 |title=Section CXXIV [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc493111.html |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />

=== Bibliography ===

* {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Monier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqlRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 |title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German, Anglo-Saxon, and other cognate Indo-European Languages By Monier Williams |date=1872 |publisher=At the Clarendon Press Sold by Macmillan |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Partiger |first=F. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3NSqYfYbkC&dq=Jayatsena+sahadeva&pg=PA317 |title=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1908 |publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sørensen |first=Søren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ROAQAAMAAJ&q=jayatsena+&pg=PA355 |title=An Index to the Names in the Mahabharata: With Short Explanations and a Concordance to the Bombay and Calcutta Editions and P. C. Roy's Translation |date=1904 |publisher=Williams & Norgate |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=James L. Fitzgerald |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0226252507 |title=The Mahabharata: The Book of the Women; The Book of Peace, Part One |date=2004 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-226-25250-6 |language=English}}
* {{Cite book |last=Buitenen |first=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8oe5fY5_3UC&q=buitenen+mahabharata |title=The Mahābhārata |date=1973a |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84663-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Buitenen |first=J. A. B. van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC&q=buitenen+mahabharata |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 3: Book 4: The Book of the Virata; Book 5: The Book of the Effort |date=1973b |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84665-1 |language=en}}
{{Mahabharata}}
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]

Confederation of Indian Amateur Astronomers

2025-08-31T12:52:35Z

KristalBabbage2: Starting a article

{{Refimprove|date=July 2010}}

The '''Confederation of Indian Amateur Astronomers''' ('''CIAA''') is a national level organisation of amateur astronomers in [[India]] that convenes a national meeting of members every year, and coordinates the activities of amateur astronomers throughout the country. It was established in 1993 and registered in 1994, following an [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] meeting in 1991.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Percy, John R. |author2=Gouguenheim, L. |author3=McNally, Derek |title=New trends in astronomy teaching: IAU Colloquium 162: University College London and the Open University, July 8–12, 1996 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, UK |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-521-62373-5|chapter=India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcSV8boaRBwC&pg=PA32&|page=32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Organizations and strategies in astronomy |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |location=Boston |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7923-7172-4|page=44}}</ref>

==History==
Astronomy in India has been a passion since the [[Vedic period]]. Records exist of scriptures on the subject since the time of the Maurya Dynasty in the (322 to 185 BCE). It came to be recognized as a science after [[Aryabhata]] penned and published the [[Arya-siddhānta]]. Today Aryabhata is regarded as the father of astronomy in India. The first Indian satellite was named after him. The [[Surya Siddhanta]] is another ancient script that explained the cosmic sciences.

This science lost its importance the [[British Raj|British era]] and gradually came to be treated as an expensive science and restricted to only those academically involved. There was no room for amateurs. Several years after Independence, with the arrival of Dr. [[Vikram Sarabhai]], the father of Indian sciences, amateur astronomy started taking roots. Due to the vast distance between locations, the high cost of telescopes, and slow communications, the need for the formation of a common platform was felt. Prof. [[Jayant Narlikar|Jayant V. Narlikar]] suggested that a Confederation be formed and Dr. N. C. Rana of the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] in [[Pune]] was assigned this job.<ref>{{cite journal
|title = Dream 2047
|journal = Monthly Newsletter of Vigyan Prasar
|volume = 4
|issue = 10
|date = July 2002
|issn = 0972-169X
|publisher = Vigyan Prasar
|location = New Delhi
|postscript =
}}</ref>

The Confederation of Indian Amateur Astronomers (CIAA) was formed at the fourth All India Amateur Astronomers' Meet held at [[Calcutta]] on January 22, 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amateur Astronomy in India {{!}} PDF {{!}} Amateur Astronomy {{!}} Astronomical Unit |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/75654593/Amateur-Astronomy-in-India |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

==Aims and purpose==
The Confederation is a conglomeration of [[amateur astronomy|amateur astronomers]] and amateur astronomy associations from all over India.<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Narlikar, J. V. |author2=Rana, N. C. |title=Education in astronomy and astrophysics: the Indian experience
|journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=20 |issue=7
|pages=1401–1404 |year=1997
|doi=10.1016/S0273-1177(97)00738-2|bibcode = 1997AdSpR..20.1401N }}</ref> It has a scientific advisory committee to support members in their projects and endeavours.

Indian amateur astronomers use the platform of CIAA for the use of a range of instruments to study the sky, depending on a combination of their interests and resources. Methods include simply looking at the night sky with the naked eye, using [[binoculars]], using a variety of [[telescope]]s of varying power and quality, as well as additional sophisticated equipment, such as cameras, to study the sky in both the visual and non-visual spectrums. Some people focus on amateur telescope making as their primary interest within the hobby of amateur astronomy. Some members are interested in comet hunting, meteorite hunting, or are interested in [[radio astronomy]].

The association conducts an annual astronomy meet for amateurs from different amateur astronomy associations from all over India. This meet is hosted by different associations every year at different locations. All amateurs are given a chance to present papers regarding any outstanding or unusual work they may have done in the vast field of astronomy at these meets.

==Looking forward==
Registered under the Societies Act and the Bombay Public Trust Act, The Confederation of Indian Amateur Astronomer Association goals are spreading the message of astronomy into the most interior parts of the country. Lately, even amateur groups from across the borders have started involving themselves in the activities of CIAA. The confederation has appointed regional representatives and gathered information on the other amateur's activities for better interaction.

==Indian astronomy==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2009}}
Indian astronomy is slightly different from modern astronomy. Unlike the constellations the science is based on the [[Rashi]] - Twelve Zodiacal Constellations and Twenty Seven [[Nakshatras]]. The number of Nakshatras varies from 27 to 28 depending on the language and location. These Nakshatras are also known as the wives of the moon, since our celestial neighbor travels over the sky in period less than a month.

Amateur astronomers residing in rural areas use the ancient form of [[Hindu astronomy]] which is close to the [[Āryabhatīya]], the magnum opus of Aryabhata named above. Aryabhata was an amateur astronomer. His passion for sciences began with his first encounter of the [[solar eclipse]]. He is credited as the first astronomer to make an attempt at measuring the Earth's circumference since [[Eratosthenes]] (circa 200 BC). Aryabhata accurately calculated the Earth's circumference as 24,835 miles, which was only 0.2% smaller than the actual value of 24,902 miles. Aryabhatta was the first to prepare the Indian Almanac, better known as [[panchangam]]. Rural amateur astronomers still use the panchang, while some assist the [[pandit]]s in drafting the annual almanac.

Indian amateur astronomers use maps that, depending on experience and intentions, may range from simple [[planisphere]]s through detailed maps of very specific areas of the night sky for getting involved in projects like photographing the whole sky, the [[Messier objects]] or observing the [[occultation]] of the stars by the Moon, or studying [[asteroids]]. A range of astronomy software is available and used by amateur astronomers, including software that generates maps of the sky, software to assist with [[astrophotography]], and software to perform various calculations pertaining to astronomical phenomena.

==See also==
* [[List of astronomical societies]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Education|Science}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Confederation Of Indian Amateur Astronomers}}
[[Category:Amateur astronomy organizations]]
[[Category:Scientific organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Scientific organizations established in 1993]]

Tezpur Medical College and Hospital

2025-07-11T19:43:11Z

KristalBabbage2: added information for clarity and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Medical college in Tezpur, Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Tezpur Medical College and Hospital
| image_name = Tezpur Medical College logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| motto = सर्वे सन्तु निरामया
| mottoeng = "Let every being be free from sorrow and fear"
| type = [[Government university|Government]]
| address = [[Bihaguri]], NH-52 [[Tezpur, Assam]], India
| city = [[Tezpur]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.6802778|N|92.6533333|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2013}}
| principal = Dr. Karuna Hazarika (MD, DMRD)
| medical =
| staff =
| faculty = 120
| students =
| undergrad = 125 per year ([[MBBS]])
| affiliation = [[Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{URL|https://tezpur-mch.assam.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Tezpur Medical College and Hospital''' ('''TMCH''') is a [[medical college]] based in [[Tezpur, Assam]], India established in 2013. This college is the 6th medical college of the State Government for the promotion of medical education in the state and counter the deficit to some extent. The college operates under the State Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Assam.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Tezpur Medical College and Hospital |url=https://tezpur-mch.assam.gov.in/about-us/about-us |website=Tezpur Medical College and Hospital |publisher=Government of Assam |access-date=2025-07-10}}</ref>

TMCH offers undergraduate courses in Medicine and Surgery (MBBS) and postgraduate courses in various specialties including Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Forensic Medicine, General Medicine, and Community Medicine.
[[File:Central portion of the plot overlooking the OPD block of TMCH.jpg|right|Central part, with OPD Department in the background|thumb]]

==Departments==
* Emergency & Trauma
* [[Anatomy]]
* [[Physiology]]
* [[Biochemistry]] & Metabolic Medicine
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Pathology]]
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Forensic]] Medicine
* [[Toxicology]]
* [[Community Medicine]]
* [[General medicine]]
* [[Pediatrics]]
* [[Pulmonary Medicine]]
* [[Dermatology]]
* [[Psychiatry]]
* [[General Surgery]]
* [[Orthopedics]]
* [[Obstetrics]] and [[Gynaecology]]
* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Otorhinolaryngology]] & [[Otorhinolaryngology | Head and Neck Surgery]]
* [[Anaesthesiology]] & [[Critical care medicine | Critical Care]]
* [[Radiodiagnosis]]
* [[Dentistry]]

==TMC at a glance==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Year of establishment at its permanent site || 2013
|-
| Year of permission of MBBS course by MCI || 2014
|-
| No. of students admitted annually in MBBS course || 125
|-
| Current No. of students on Roll in MBBS course || 550+
|-
| Total No. of Teaching Staff || 120+
|-
| Total area of land (in acres) of the TMC Campus || 12
|}
==Sources==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of medical colleges in India]]
*[[Assam Medical College|Assam Medical College and Hospital (AMCH)]], [[Dibrugarh]]
*[[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital|Gauhati Medical College and Hospital (GMCH)]], [[Guwahati]]
*[[Silchar Medical College and Hospital|Silchar Medical College and Hospital (SMCH)]], [[Silchar]]

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://tezpur-mch.assam.gov.in/}}

[[Category:Affiliates of Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Education in Tezpur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Assam]]

Tan Chung

2025-07-05T01:16:58Z

KristalBabbage2: further reworked article as per guidelines also

{{Short description|Indian academic (born 1929)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Tan Chung
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1929|4|18}}
| birth_place = Matubahar, [[Johor]]e, [[British Malaya|Malaya]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Scholar, Sino-Indian relations specialist
| nationality =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Huang I-Shu
| children =
| awards = 2010: [[Padma Bhusan]]
}}
'''Tan Chung''' (born 18 April 1929, in Matubahar, [[Johor]]<ref>Chung Tan (ed.), ''In the Footsteps of Xuanzang: Tan Yun-shan and India'' (Gyan Books, 1999; {{ISBN|8121206308}}), p. 4.</ref>) is an authority on [[Chinese history]], [[Sino-Indian relations]] and cultural exchange. He has been a doyen of Chinese cultural studies in India for nearly half a century.<ref name="urlThe Hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/08/stories/2008120850870200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103171443/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/08/stories/2008120850870200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=New Delhi News : A doyen of Chinese cultural studies |access-date=2009-02-02 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 December 2008}}</ref>

==Early life==
After initial education in China came to [[Santiniketan]] in 1955. On completing his Ph D from [[Visva Bharati University]], taught in NDA, Khadakvasla, then joined [[Delhi University]] as professor of Chinese and became head of the department of Chinese and Japanese studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University. His wife, Huang I-Shu, taught Chinese at Delhi University.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ignca.gov.in/divisionss/kalakosa/kalasamalocana/in-the-footsteps-of-xuanzang-tan-yun-shan-and-india/| title = In the Footsteps of Zuangzang: Tan Yun-Shan and India |work=Life sketch of Tan Yun-Shan by Tan Lee | publisher = Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts |access-date = 17 August 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
Tan Chung taught at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU) and the [[University of Delhi]] for many years. His father, [[Tan Yun-Shan]] (1898-1983), was the founder of ''[[Cheena Bhavana]]'' at Santiniketan and a key figure driving Nationalist China's interactions with the Indian freedom movement during the 1930s and 1940s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tsui|first=B.|title=The Plea for Asia--Tan Yunshan, Pan-Asianism and Sino-Indian Relations|journal=China Report|year=2010|volume=46|issue=4|pages=353–370|doi=10.1177/000944551104600403|s2cid=145420931}}</ref> After Tan Chung's retirement from JNU in 1994, he worked as a research professor at [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]], [[New Delhi]] and currently lives in [[Chicago]], United States. He has been Honorary Director of the ICS/Institute of Chinese Studies, [[New Delhi]].

A conference in his honor, at the occasion of his 80th birthday, was held in [[New Delhi]] in December 2008.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://blogs.thehindu.com/delhi/?p=8163 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu| title=THread - the Hindu Blog }}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2010, he was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian honour by the [[Govt. of India]]<ref name=pib>{{cite press release |title=This Year's Padma Awards announced |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> and the China-India Friendship Award by the Chinese Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] in the same year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/karan-singh-turns-down-china-award-72856 |title=Karan Singh turns down China award |date=December 16, 2010 |website=ndtv.com}}</ref>

In June 2013, Yunnan Academy of Social Science conferred upon him the honorary Fellowship of the academy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sky.yn.gov.cn/dtxx/ynxx/5719207722844135286 | title=我院授予谭中教授荣誉院士称号 | date=13 June 2013 | publisher=Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences | language=zh | access-date=29 January 2019 }}</ref>

In December 2013, Visva-Bharati University conferred Deshikhottama (D.Litt. and the highest honor of the university) upon Professor Tan Chung.

In August 2018, Sage Published his book on understanding China, ''China: A 5,000-year Odyssey'' and has received excellent reviews from leading scholars in the world.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-9352807246|title=China: A 5,000-year Odyssey |last1=Chung |first1=Padma Bhushan Tan |date=31 July 2018 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chung, Tan}}
[[Category:Indian sinologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

2022 Bihar caste-based survey

2025-06-21T10:36:13Z

KristalBabbage2: slightly fixed details per standard format also and fixed typos for clarity

#REDIRECT [[2022 Bihar Caste-Based Survey]]

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And the Oscar Goes To...

2025-06-13T03:38:26Z

KristalBabbage2: rd

#REDIRECT [[And the Oscar Goes To]]

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Tirunnavaya railway station

2025-06-03T13:27:33Z

KristalBabbage2:

{{Short description|Rail station in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tirunnavaya
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express train]] and [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Tirunnavaya Railway Station TUA.jpg
| image_caption = തിരുന്നാവായ
| address = [[Tirunavaya,Tirur, Malappuram, Kerala]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.875| 75.985|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Kerala
| elevation = {{convert|9|m}}
| line = [[Shoranur–Mangalore section]]
| other = [[Auto rickshaw|Auto rickshaw stand]]
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4
| parking = Yes, on both sides
| opened = 1862 June 3
| closed = 1903
| rebuilt = 2011
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TUA
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Palakkad}}
}}
| owned = Indian Railways
| operator = Southern Railway
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers = 600
| pass_year = 50,000
| pass_percent = 45
| pass_system =
| route_map = {{Kozhikode–Shoranur branch line}}
}}

'''Tirunnavaya railway station''' (station code: TUA) is an NSG–6 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Palakkad railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=15 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is the [[railway station]] located at Edakkulam-[[Tirunavaya,Tirur, Malappuram, Kerala]]. The station code of Tirunnavaya is TUA (Code:TUA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tirunnavaya-tua/2765|title=Tirunnavaya Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref> It is a major railway station serving the town of [[Tirunavaya]] and [[Puthanathani]] in [[Malappuram district]] of [[Kerala]].

==History==
Tirunavaya is a popular tourist destination located at a distance of {{cvt|8|km|spell=in}} south of Tirur in [[Malappuram district]]. The place is located on the banks of the Nila River. Tirunavaya Railway Station is located at Edakulam in [[Tirunavaya]] Grama Panchayat. Many years ago, Edakkulam was the largest trading center in the panchayat. This area played an important role in the [[Malabar Rebellion]] (1921) during the freedom struggle. Protesters were imprisoned by British troops at the site.
When [[Hermann Gundert]] arrived at the Edakulam railway station from [[Kozhikode]], he was brought to Kodakal in a bullock cart by a man named Puzhakkal Mohammad. When Thavanur Manakkal Vasudevan was a member of the Namboothiri District Board, the Edakulam railway station was renamed Tirunavaya.

[[File:എടക്കുളം റെയിൽവേ സ്റ്റേഷൻ (1900).jpg|thumbnail|Edakulam railway station]]

==Goods shed==
The Southern Railway opened goods shed<ref>{{cite web |title=Good Sheds Over Southern Railway |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1523353579112-GS_SDG_SR.pdf |website=sr.indianrailways.gov.in |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420062928/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1523353579112-GS_SDG_SR.pdf |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> at the Thirunavaya station to facilitate smooth loading and unloading.
the loading and unloading work would involve frequent shunting of goods wagons, which may cause closure of the adjacent level-crossing gate for enhanced durations.

== Features ==
Thirunavaya railway station is located between Tirur railway station and Kuttipuram station. It is six meters above sea level.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://d.indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tirunnavaya-tua/2765|title=Tirunnavaya Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref> There are two platforms with [[electricity|electrified]] tracks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://d.indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tirunnavaya-tua/2765|title=Tirunnavaya Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry }}</ref> Fourteen trains stop here. Most of these are passenger trains.The railway station is located at a distance of {{cvt|2|km||spell=in}} from [[Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thirunavaya-malappuram/27|title=Thirunavaya on the banks of River Bharathapuzha, Malappuram }}</ref>
[[File: Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple.JPG | thumb | [[Thirunavaya Navamukunda Temple]]]]

==See also==
* [[Mangalore Mail]]
* [[Tirur]]
* [[Malappuram]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[Transportation in Malappuram district]]
* [[Tirunavaya]]
* [[Puthanathani]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/guruvayur-thirunavaya-railway-line-project-in-focus-again/article27473510.ece
*https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/special-project-sought-for-malabars-development/article34077639.ece
*https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/semi-high-speed-rail-to-take-a-new-track/article28129844.ece

{{Railway stations in Kerala}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Palakkad railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1861]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in British India]]

{{Kerala-railstation-stub}}

Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)

2025-05-05T12:58:37Z

KristalBabbage2: updated formatting for consistency and cleaned formatting per sources

#REDIRECT [[Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

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Khechari Vidya

2025-02-25T18:15:52Z

KristalBabbage2: new basic entry w/ sources

{{italic title}}
The '''''Khechari Vidya''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: खेचरीविद्या, {{IAST|khecarīvidyā}}, knowledge of Khechari), an early [[Tantras (Hinduism)|tantric]] text on [[Hatha yoga]] written around the 14th century, teaches only [[Khecarī mudrā|khecarīmudrā]], one of several [[Mudra (Yoga)|yogic seals or mudras]], and is a major source for that method.{{sfn|Mallinson|2007}} This was meant to give the [[yogin]] access to stores of [[amrita]] in the body, and to raise [[Kundalini|Kundalinī]] via the six [[chakra]]s.{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|p=771}}{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=213–214}}

== Text ==

The ''Khecarīvidyā'' is written as a dialogue between the god [[Shiva|Śiva]] and his partner, [[Devī]]. The text was originally a single chapter about the deity Khecarī's [[mantra]] (the "vidyā") in the [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula tradition]] of [[Tantras (Hinduism)|tantric Shaivism]]. It was then reorganised into three sections and extended with an account of khecarīmudrā, complete with praise of the use of alcohol, ''madirā''. A fourth section, on magical herbs, was then added, by which time most of the Kaula aspects had been edited out to suit a hatha yoga readership.{{sfn|Mallinson|2003|loc=Abstract, Introduction pp. 1–5}}{{sfn|Mallinson|2007|p=13}}

== Khecarī mudrā ==
[[File:Khechari Mudra English Coloured.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Four stages of [[Khecarī mudrā]]. The tongue (red) is progressively stretched, and the [[lingual frenulum]] sufficiently severed, over a period of months, until it can be turned back so as to reach inside the nasal cavity, and supposedly manipulate the flow of ''[[bindu (symbol)|bindu]]''.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=228, 231–232}}{{sfn|Singleton|2010|p=29}}]]
{{main|Khecarī mudrā}}

''Khecarī Mudrā'' ([[Sanskrit]], खेचरी मुद्रा) is a hatha yoga practice carried out by curling the tip of the tongue back into the [[mouth]] until it reaches above the [[soft palate]] and into the [[nasal cavity]]. In the full practice, the tongue is made long enough to do this with many months of daily tongue stretching, and by gradually severing the [[lingual frenulum]] with a sharp implement, again little by little over a period of months.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=247–248}}{{-}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|26em}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book | last=Mallinson | first=James | author-link=James Mallinson (author) | year=2003 | title=The Khecarīvidyā of Adinathā: a critical edition and annotated translation | publisher=Oxford University (D.Phil thesis) |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:945071bf-3282-4492-8f18-159417f5d554 |quote=31 witnesses have been collated to establish the critical edition.}}
* {{cite book | last=Mallinson | first=James | author-link=James Mallinson (author) | year=2007 | title=The Khecarīvidyā of Adinathā | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-415-39115-3}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Mallinson |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |entry=Haṭha Yoga |encyclopedia=The Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3 |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen |display-editors=etal |year=2011 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-27128-9 |pages=770–781 |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17971/1/Hatha%20Yoga2.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |chapter=Śāktism and Haṭhayoga |title=Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine |editor-link=Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen |editor-last=Wernicke-Olesen |editor-first=Bjarne |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |pages=109–140 |isbn=978-1317585213 |url=http://www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf |access-date=2020-11-16 |archive-date=2013-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616025645/http://www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author1-link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) | title=Roots of Yoga |title-link=Roots of Yoga | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104}}
* {{cite book | last=Singleton | first=Mark |author-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) | title=Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-539534-1 | oclc=318191988 | title-link=Yoga Body}}

{{Hatha yoga}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Works of unknown authorship]]
[[Category:Hatha yoga texts]]
[[Category:14th-century Sanskrit literature]]

Tourist attractions in Wayanad

2025-01-29T17:40:38Z

KristalBabbage2: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Wayanad district]]

Lake Gardens railway station

2024-10-15T11:48:04Z

KristalBabbage2:

{{Short description|Railway Station in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Lake Gardens
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[List of Kolkata Suburban Railway stations|Kolkata Suburban Railway Station]]
| image = Lake Gardens Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption = Lake Gardens Railway Station
| address = [[Lake Gardens]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] 700045
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|22.508037|N|88.353298|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|9|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = [[Sealdah South lines#Budge Budge Branch line|Budge Budge Branch line]] [[Kolkata Circular Railway|Kolkata Circular line]]
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4
| other =
| accessible = Not Available
| bicycle = Not Available
| parking = Not Available
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = LKF
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Sealdah}}
}}
| status = Functioning
| closed =
| former = [[Eastern Bengal Railway]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2001}}
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1965–{{start date and age|1966}}
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway
|line=Sealdah South|left=Tollygunge|right=Ballygunge Junction|to-left=Budge Budge|type=[[Sealdah South lines#Budge Budge Branch line|Budge Budge Branch line]]
|line2=Circular|left2=Tollygunge|right2=Ballygunge Junction}}
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Sealdah South lines}}{{Kolkata Circular Railway routemap}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}

'''Lake Gardens railway station''' is a [[List of Kolkata Suburban Railway stations|Kolkata Suburban Railway Station]] on the [[Sealdah South lines#Budge Budge Branch line|Budge Budge Branch line]]. It is under the jurisdiction of the [[Sealdah railway division]] in the [[Eastern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]]. It serves the local area of [[Lake Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/lake-gardens-lkf/8539|title=LKF/Lake Gardens|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/lake-gardens-lkf-station|title=LAKE GARDENS (LKF) Railway Station|publisher=NDTV|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>

==History==
In 1890, the [[Eastern Bengal Railway]] constructed a {{track gauge|1676mm}}-wide [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|broad-gauge railway]] from {{stnlnk|Ballygunge Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Budge Budge}} via Lake Gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |title=Indian Railways History Time Line |access-date=May 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714085533/http://irse.bravehost.com/IRHTML.htm |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Electrification==
Electrification from {{stnlnk|Ballygunge Junction}} to {{stnlnk|Budge Budge}} including Lake Gardens was completed with 25 kV AC overhead system in 1965–66.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title=History of The Electrification of Indian Railways|access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>

==Station complex==
The platform is very well sheltered. The station possesses many facilities including water and sanitation. There is a proper approach road to this station.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html|title=The Chronology of Railway Development in Eastern India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327200122/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html|access-date=May 25, 2019|archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Lake Gardens railway station}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Sealdah South}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Circular}}
{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Sealdah railway division]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Kolkata Circular Railway]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1890]]
[[Category:1890 establishments in the British Empire]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}