Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Tanaji Halarnkar

2026-05-07T13:02:11Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Made a post basic info

{{Short description|Indian Konkani scholar (1943–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
[[File:75 tanaji halarnakar.jpg|thumb|alt=Dr. Tanaji Halarnakar |Dr. Tanaji Halarnkar]]

'''Tanaji Halarnkar''' (18 September 1943 – 19 October 2020) was a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] scholar, columnist and former editor of the ''Konkani Encyclopedia'' ([[Konkani Vishwakosh]]). Halarnkar played a prominent role in the pro-[[Konkani language|Konkani]] language agitation in the Goa of the 1980s, and also in the wider movement for the promotion of the Konkani language in Goa and other parts of western coastal [[India]].<ref name="ToI">{{Cite web |date=20 Oct 2020|author=Gauree Malkarnekar |title=Tanaji Halarnkar, man who dedicated 12 years to Konkani encyclopedia, dies at 77 - Goa News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tanaji-halarnkar-man-who-dedicated-12-years-to-konkani-encyclopedia-dies-at-77/articleshow/78758205.cms |access-date=2020-10-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> His other contributions include helping develop scientific and technical terminology for [[Konkani language|Konkani]]. He was involved with organising Konkani literary events, authored books, and did his Ph.D. on the ''gram panchayats'' (village councils) of [[Goa]].

==Contribution==
Following his death in October 2020, the ''Times of India'' credited him with having spent "12 years of his life in [the] preparation of the Konkani encyclopedia".<ref name="ToI" /> The [[Konkani Encyclopedia]] was later donated to the public domain under a Creative Commons license by the [[Goa University]].<ref name="Vishwakkosh">{{Cite web|last=T|first=Nitika|last2=on|date=2013-11-27|title=Konkani Vishkawosh encyclopedia released under free license|url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/11/26/konkani-vishkawosh-free-license/|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Diff|language=en-US}}</ref> It was published in four volumes, and is now available online too.

The ''Times of India'' commented:

<blockquote>If he had to dedicate the same amount of time to his own writings, Halarnkar would have had several awards of the like of [the] Sahitya Akademi to boast of. However, he felt it was more important for the future of Konkani to create scientific, legal and technical terminology.<ref name="ToI" /></blockquote>

Halarnkar also helped develop scientific and technical terminology in the Konkani language, a task undertaken by the Union Ministry of Human Resource Development's Administrative Terminology Commission.<ref name="ToI" /> This was seen as particularly important after Konkani in the Devanagari script was granted official-language status in Goa and speedily needed to cope with the challenging demands of being used in the administration.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

Leaders of the Konkani movement praised Halarnkar's qualities – his ability to bring about a consensus and avoid disputes, his intense work for the Konkani movement that would bring benefits in the future (both the Konkani ''Vishwakosh'' and the [[National Translation Mission]]), his guidance for the [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]], and his contribution to networking Konkani speakers and protagonists by reviving activities of the Konkani ''parishad'' that connects these regions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned Konkani writer Dr Tanaji Halarnkar no more|url=http://www.prudentmedia.in/general/renowned-konkani-writer-dr-tanaji-halarnkar-no-more-.html|access-date=2020-10-20|website=Prudent Media}}</ref>

==Konkani ''Vishwakosh'' (Encyclopedia)==
Wikimedia notes that the ''Konkani Vishwakosh'' is a four-volume hard copy encyclopedia—totalling in all 3632 pages—that has been published by the [[Goa University]].<ref name="Vishwakkosh" /> The work took some 14 years to complete.<ref name="Vishwakkosh" /> It encompasses the world's information in a nutshell with special emphasis and detailed information on Goa, Konkani, Goan culture, folklore, history, geography etc. The encyclopedia is written in [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref name="Vishwakkosh" /> The ''Vishwakosh'' has served "as a primary source of information and one of the most important documented texts for a community of nearly 2.5 million Konkani speakers spread across India and worldwide".<ref name="Vishwakkosh" /> It has also been used as the base for many articles in the [[Konkani Wikipedia]].<ref name="V2">{{Cite web|title=Konkani Wikipedia from Goa University in 6 months – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Konkani-Wikipedia-from-Goa-University-in-6-months/articleshow/23126410.cms|access-date=2020-10-20|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The Konkani ''Vishwakosh'' was initiated by the poet-laureate and former [[Goa University]] professor [[Manohar Rai Sardesai]]. Following his death, the initiative was led by Halarnkar. Goa University staff Ranjan Naik, Kalpana Naik, Kanchan Mordekar, Surekha Naik, Mukesh Thali and Shailendra Mehta also contributed to the compilation process of this encyclopedia.<ref name="V2" />

==Personal life==
Halarnkar was born in [[Bandora, Goa|Bandora]] in [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref name="NT">{{Cite news|date=20 Oct 2020|title=Noted Konkani scholar Halarnkar passes away|work=The Navhind Times|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2020/10/19/goanews/noted-konkani-scholar-halarnkar-passes-away/}}</ref> He died on 19 October 2020 in [[Goa]], at the age of 77. He is succeeded by two children and his wife. Halarnkar lived at [[Porvorim]].{{cn|date=May 2026}}

==Honours, achievements==
He was also the president of the twenty-third session (''adhiveshan'') of the [[All India Konkani Parishad]] held in [[Mangalore]] in April 2002. He served as the vice-president of the [[Goa Konkani Akademi]].<ref name="NT" /> The Mangalore-based World Konkani Centre also appointed him as honorary director of ''Konkani Bhaas and shikshan'' (Konkani language and education).<ref name="NT" /> He was president of the [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]], a group that works to promote the language in Goa and elsewhere. Halarnkar was awarded the Goa State Cultural Award in 2012.<ref name="NT" /> In 2011, the [[Thomas Stephens Konkani Kendr]] bestowed on him the ''Konkani Puraskar''. He was awarded the Goa Konkani Akademi ''Sahitya Pradnya Puruskar'' award as well.<ref name="NT" />

Halarnkar authored books including ''Fagur Fatt'' in Konkani, and a book on the ''gram-panchayats'' in Goa, based on his Ph.D. thesis.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

==External links==
*[https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Konkani_Viswakosh_Vol1.pdf Konkani ''Vishvakosh'', Vol I]
*[https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Konkani_Viswakosh_Vol2.pdf Konkani ''Vishvakosh'', Vol II]
*[https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Konkani_Viswakosh_Vol3.pdf Konkani ''Vishvakosh'', Vol III]
*[https://wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Konkani_Vishwakosh_-_Volume_4_Released.pdf Konkani ''Vishvakosh'', Vol IV]
*[https://archive.org/details/KONKANIENCYCLOPEDIAALLFOURVOLUMESINONEDEVANAGARISCRIPTAPROJECTOFGOAUNIVERSITY Konkani Encyclopedia ''Vishwakosh'', all four volumes, on archive.org]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:People from Porvorim]]

Chengiz

2026-05-06T04:11:40Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new new info

{{Short description|2023 Indian Bengali film by Rajesh Ganguly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chengiz
| image = Chengiz film poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Rajesh Ganguly
| writer = [[Neeraj Pandey]] Rajesh Ganguly
| screenplay = Rajesh Ganguly
| based_on = [[Organised crime in India|Calcutta Underworld]]
| producer = [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] Gopal Madnani Amit Jumrani
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Jeet
*[[Rohit Roy]]
*[[Susmita Chatterjee]]
*[[Shataf Figar]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manas Ganguly
| editing = Malay Laha
| music = Kaushik Guddu [[Aneek Dhar]] Beatz MA
| studio = Grassroot Entertainment Jeetz Filmworks
| distributor = Jeetz Filmworks (Bengali) [[AA Films]] (Hindi)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|4|21|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |author1=Agnivo Niyogi |title=KKBKKJ, Chengiz, Suzume, Evil Dead Rise: Films releasing in cinemas |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kkbkkj-chengiz-suzume-evil-dead-rise-films-releasing-in-cinemas/cid/1931290 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=The Telegraph India |access-date=21 April 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=en |date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421054132/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kkbkkj-chengiz-suzume-evil-dead-rise-films-releasing-in-cinemas/cid/1931290 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Chengiz''''' ({{IPA|bn|tʃɛŋɡɪz}}; subtitled as '''''The One Who Has No Boundaries No Limits''''') is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Period piece|period]] [[Gangster film|gangster]] [[Action film|action thriller film]] co-written and directed by Rajesh Ganguly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Superstar Jeet's 'Chengiz' to Be the First Bengali Film to Release in Hindi and Bengali |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/superstar-jeets-chengiz-to-be-the-first-bengali-film-to-release-in-hindi-and-bengali-7345123.html |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=News18 |date=21 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321073142/https://www.news18.com/movies/superstar-jeets-chengiz-to-be-the-first-bengali-film-to-release-in-hindi-and-bengali-7345123.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on a story written by [[Neeraj Pandey]] about [[Indian underworld|Calcutta underworld'','']] the film was produced by [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], Gopal Madnani, and Amit Jumrani under the banners of [[Grassroot Entertainment]] and [[Jeet (actor) filmography|Jeetz Filmworks]]. It stars Jeet in the [[Title character|titular role]], as well as in [[dual role]], alongside [[Susmita Chatterjee]], [[Rohit Roy]] and [[Shataf Figar]] in another pivotal roles. The film shows the situation of Kolkata from mid 70s to late 90s following the journey of a child named Jaidev Singh who struggles with his life since his childhood and later becomes the dreaded drug lord named Chengiz in the Calcutta underworld.<ref name="anandabazar">{{cite web |title=মুখোমুখি জিৎ-সলমন! ঈদে বাংলা ও হিন্দি ভাষায় মুক্তি পাচ্ছে জিতের 'চেঙ্গিজ়' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/watch-video-jeets-chengiz-becomes-first-bengali-film-to-get-a-simultaneous-hindi-release-dgtl/cid/1416388 |website=www.anandabazar.com |access-date=26 March 2023 |language=bn |date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326165658/https://www.anandabazar.com/video/watch-video-jeets-chengiz-becomes-first-bengali-film-to-get-a-simultaneous-hindi-release-dgtl/cid/1416388 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was announced in March 2022, being the 55th film of Jeet as the leading actor. [[Principal photography]] commenced in April 2022 in [[Kolkata]], with additional shoots in [[Morocco]] and [[Thailand]], and concluded in November 2022. The film's music was composed by [[Aneek Dhar]] and Kaushik-Guddu, with cinematography and editing handled by Manas Ganguly and Malay Laha respectively. The action sequences of the film were designed by [[Stunt Silva]], while the dance sequences were choreographed by [[Imran Sardhariya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Famous stunt director from South roped in for Jeet's next 'Chengiz't |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/famous-stunt-director-from-south-roped-in-for-jeets-next-chengiz/articleshow/92334510.cms |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=20 June 2022}}</ref>

''Chengiz'' was theatrically released in India on 21 April 2023 in both Bengali and Hindi, becoming the [[Pan-Indian film|first pan-Indian Bengali film]] to be released simultaneously in these two languages.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=Jeet's Chengiz becomes first Bengali film to get a simultaneous Hindi release |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/jeets-chengiz-becomes-first-bengali-film-to-get-a-simultaneous-hindi-release-8510060/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321101433/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/jeets-chengiz-becomes-first-bengali-film-to-get-a-simultaneous-hindi-release-8510060/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=জিৎ ইজ ব্যাক! ইদে অনন্য ডবল ধামাকা নিয়ে আসছে চেঙ্গিজ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeet-starrer-chengiz-will-release-in-bengali-and-hindi-simultaneously-31679383266233.html |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321080653/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/jeet-starrer-chengiz-will-release-in-bengali-and-hindi-simultaneously-31679383266233.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was a commercial success at the box office, running over for 210 days in theatres and emerged as the [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2023|highest grossing Bengali film of 2023]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tollywood half-yearly report 2023: The box office hits and misses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/tollywood-2023-half-yearly-report-card-ardhangini-ekenbabu-and-the-box-office-hits-and-misses/photostory/101541943.cms?picid=101542481 |date=7 July 2023 |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=24 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Seta|first=Fenil|title=Box Office 2023: Punjabi films grossed Rs. 235 crores, Marathi films grossed Rs. 201 crores, Bengali films grossed Rs. 66 crores in 2023|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/|date=2 February 2024|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=24 January 2025|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205063039/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-2023-punjabi-films-grossed-rs-235-crores-marathi-films-grossed-rs-201-crores-bengali-films-grossed-rs-66-crores-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{prose|section|date:July 2024|date=July 2024}}
{{More plot|date=July 2024}}
'''1976''': One day, Jaidev Singh finishes a gangster named Rashid Khan, a henchman of a local councillor, in order to avenge his parents' death and steps into the [[Organised crime in India|Calcutta underworld]] at the age of 16 where he starts working for a powerful gangster Md. Omar alias Nalli Bhai and also changes his name as ''Chengiz''.

'''1970''': Earlier, when Jaidev was 10 years old, his parents were killed by a local goon named Rashid Khan at Durgapur, and then inspector Samir Sinha adopted him as his son, as being a maternal uncle.

'''1995''': After working with Nalli Bhai, Chengiz starts to establish his own crime ring across [[West Bengal]], [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] and [[Bihar]], but his life changes when he has to deal with his maternal uncle [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Samir Sinha, who is appointed to eradicate Chengiz's crime ring. A cat-and-mouse game goes on between Jaidev and his maternal uncle for years.

'''2001''': Chengiz managed to escape from Calcutta somehow in disguise and the police failed to arrest him, for which he used Daniel D'Souza since their faces were quite identical.

'''2022''': At Marakkesh, Morocco, Jaidev alias Chengiz (now old) is seen having lunch at a hotel in the end scene, thus implying that he is still operating some parts of Kolkata from there itself (proving himself to be an ''era'' of the Calcutta underworld) and always keeping a constant close watch on his uncle Samir Sinha.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
* [[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]] in [[dual role]] as
**Jaidev Singh aka Chengiz, the underworld Kingpin of [[Calcutta]] from 1995 to 2001
**Daniel D'Souza, a software engineer
*Dev Chanda as Jaidev's childhood friend <ref>{{Cite news |title=Ahead of 'Raavan' release, Jeet announces his next 'Chengiz' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ahead-of-raavan-release-jeet-announces-his-next-chengiz/articleshow/90545570.cms |access-date=22 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322140230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ahead-of-raavan-release-jeet-announces-his-next-chengiz/articleshow/90545570.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*** Ayush Das as teenage Jaidev Singh
* [[Rohit Roy]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Samir Sinha,<ref>{{Cite news |title='Chengiz' update: First look of Rohit Bose Roy as ACP Samir Sinha from Jeet's upcoming action thriller |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chengiz-update-first-look-of-rohit-bose-roy-as-acp-samir-sinha-from-jeets-upcoming-action-thriller/articleshow/91338789.cms |access-date=22 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322140228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chengiz-update-first-look-of-rohit-bose-roy-as-acp-samir-sinha-from-jeets-upcoming-action-thriller/articleshow/91338789.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> maternal uncle of Jaidev aka Chengiz (who was hired to look into Chengiz's case)
* Susmita Chatterjee as Nandini Sen, Chengiz's wife
* Suvosmita Mukherjee<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=মিঠাই-খড়ি সবাই ফেল! ছোটপর্দা কাঁপিয়ে জিতের সাথে বক্স অফিস কাঁপাতে চলেছেন জি বাংলার এই নায়িকা |url=https://bongtrend.com/horogouri-pice-hotel-oishani-aka-suvosmita-mukherjee-will-be-seen-in-jeets-chengiz-sp |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Bong Trend - Bangla Entertainment News and Viral News |date=5 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> as Debjani Bhowmik, Debu and Rupali's daughter
* [[Shataf Figar]] as MD. Omar Khalid alias Baren Nalli, gangster of [[Kolkata|Central Calcutta]] (from 1976 to 1995)
* Amlan Majumdar as Manik Sanyal alias Thunto Joga, gangster of East Kolkata (from 1976 to 2001)
* Indrajit Mazumder as Mughal Abbas alias Mirchi Bhai, gangster of [[Kidderpore|Kidderpore dock area]] (from 1976 to 2001)
* Avrajit Chakraborty as Ispahani
* Sohan Banerjee as DCDD Goutam Bose
* Sam Mukherjee as Andrew Brazgana
** Tuhin Ghosh Chakraborty as teenage Andrew Brazgana
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]] as [[police commissioner|Commissioner]] Amit Dhar
* Biswaroop Biswas as Arun Roy aka Kallu, an assassin
* Annine Sen as Purbali, Ispahani's wife
* [[Ayesha Bhattacharya]] as Sonali, Andrew's wife
* Mousumi Das as Rupali, Debu's wife
* Somnath Kar as Binay Bose IPS
* Vascar Dev as Mohsin Khan IPS

}}

== Production ==

=== Development and Pre-production ===
In February 2022, rumours reported that screenplay is going to be a [[Gangster film|gangster drama]] directed by Rajesh Ganguly, with a story written by [[Neeraj Pandey]] and Ganguly himself.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Arindam |title=Jeet talks about his pan-India release Chengiz |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/lgbtq/jeet-talks-about-his-pan-india-release-chengiz/394637 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|t2 Online]] |date=22 April 2023}}</ref> It was also considered to be the 2nd collaboration of the trio, Jeet, Rajesh Ganguly and Neeraj Pandey after 8 years of ''[[The Royal Bengal Tiger (film)|The Royal Bengal Tiger]]'', which marked their first film together.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anindita |title=With Chengiz, is Jeet trying to fit Bengali cinema in regional vs Hindi debate? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/with-chengiz-is-bengali-actor-jeet-trying-to-fit-bengali-cinema-in-regional-vs-hindi-debate-he-explains-exclusive-2365327-2023-04-27 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=27 April 2023}}</ref> On 29 March 2022, the film confirmed its title ''Chengiz'', with muharat having been done''.''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Soujannya |title=Jeet on his gangster film Chengiz: 'I hope it adds something to my filmography' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jeet-on-his-gangster-film-chengiz-i-hope-it-adds-something-to-my-filmography/cid/1931105 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=20 April 2023}}</ref> Makeup artist Somnath Kundu, famous for making prosthetics, was hired to design the looks of the characters. [[Imran Sardhariya]], who choreographed dance sequences in Jeet's previous film ''[[Raavan (2022 film)|Raavan]]'', was announced to be a part of it. Later [[Stunt Silva]], a renowned fight master from [[Chennai]], was hired to upscale the action sequences of the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Famous stunt director from South roped in for Jeet's next 'Chengiz' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/famous-stunt-director-from-south-roped-in-for-jeets-next-chengiz/articleshow/92334510.cms |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=20 June 2022}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Model Susmita Chatterjee, who made her acting debut with ''[[Prem Tame]]'' (2021) was signed to play the love interest of the protagonist. [[Shataf Figar]], who played the main antagonist in Jeet's previous film ''Raavan'', was reported to play another pivotal role. [[Rohit Roy|Rohit Bose Roy]], was signed to portray an important role, being the narrator of the whole film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha |title=Rohit Bose Roy: 'Chengiz' is my first out-and-out commercial Bengali film, so decided to work with the best of the bests - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rohit-bose-roy-chengiz-is-my-first-out-and-out-commercial-bengali-film-so-decided-to-work-with-the-best-of-the-bests-exclusive/articleshow/99290407.cms |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack consists of three original songs composed by [[Aneek Dhar]] and Kaushik-Guddu, namely, "Widda", "Ebhabe Ke Daake" and "Ragada". Lyrics are written by Pranjal Das and Prosen.

The first song "Widda" was released on 27 March 2023 in Bengali and Hindi.<ref>{{cite news |title='Chengiz' song 'Widda' will give you an instant adrenaline rush |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/chengiz-song-widda-will-give-you-an-instant-adrenaline-rush/articleshow/99031710.cms |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=28 March 2023}}</ref> The second song "Ebhabe Ke Daake" in Bengali and "Teri Meri Baatein" in Hindi, released on 8 April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=The highly anticipated film 'Chengiz' releases their romantic song 'Teri Meri Baatein' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-highly-anticipated-film-chengiz-releases-their-romantic-song-teri-meri-baatein-12426302.html |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=8 April 2023}}</ref> The third song "Ragada" was released on 13 April 2023 in Bengali and Hindi.<ref>{{cite news |title='Chengiz' sonf 'Ragada' out now, Mika Singh delivers party anthem of the season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chengiz-song-ragada-out-now-mika-singh-delivers-party-anthem-of-the-season/articleshow/99466171.cms |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=13 April 2023}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Original version
| total_length = 10:08
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Widda
| lyrics1 = Pranjal Das
| music1 = [[Aneek Dhar]]
| extra1 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| length1 = 3:16
| title2 = Ebhabe Ke Daake
| lyrics2 = Prosen
| music2 = Kaushik-Guddu
| extra2 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length2 = 4:14
| title3 = Ragada
| lyrics3 = Pranjal Das
| music3 = Aneek Dhar
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]]
| length3 = 3:08
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi version
| total_length = 10:11
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Widda
| lyrics1 = Panchhi Jalonvi
| music1 = [[Aneek Dhar]]
| extra1 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| length1 = 3:16
| title2 = Teri Meri Baatein
| lyrics2 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| music2 = Kaushik-Guddu
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length2 = 4:17
| title3 = Ragada
| lyrics3 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| music3 = Aneek Dhar
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]]
| length3 = 3:08
}}

== Marketing ==
The official Bengali teaser of the film was released on 30 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |title=হাতে জ্বলছে চুরুট, চারপাশে উড়ছে টাকার নোট, জন্মদিনে এ কোন জিৎ? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/video/video-story-release-of-the-teaser-of-upcoming-movie-chengiz-of-tollywood-actor-jeet-on-his-birthday-dgtl/cid/1388289 |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322134845/https://www.anandabazar.com/video/video-story-release-of-the-teaser-of-upcoming-movie-chengiz-of-tollywood-actor-jeet-on-his-birthday-dgtl/cid/1388289 |url-status=live }}</ref> The official [[Hindi]] teaser of the film was released on 23 March 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title='Chengiz' Hindi teaser out, Jeet goes all guns blazing in the action thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/chengiz-hindi-teaser-out-jeet-goes-all-guns-blazing-in-the-action-thriller/articleshow/98935678.cms |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=23 March 2023}}</ref> The official Bengali and Hindi Trailer of the film was released on 3 April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chengiz trailer: Bengali superstar Jeet stars in this formulaic over-the-top actioner, watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/chengiz-trailer-bengali-superstar-jeet-stars-in-this-formulaic-over-the-top-actioner-watch-8535443/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=3 April 2023}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released simultaneously in Bengali and Hindi theatrically on 21 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jeet's next 'Chengiz' to be first Bengali film ever to release in Hindi and Bengali simultaneously |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeets-next-chengiz-to-be-first-bengali-film-ever-to-release-in-hindi-and-bengali-simultaneously/articleshow/98855581.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321085551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/jeets-next-chengiz-to-be-first-bengali-film-ever-to-release-in-hindi-and-bengali-simultaneously/articleshow/98855581.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=বাংলার পাশাপাশি এবার হিন্দিতেও 'চেঙ্গিজ', নতুন ছবিতে ইতিহাস গড়বেন সুপারস্টার জিৎ |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jeet-shares-new-poster-of-his-movie-chengiz/ |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=sangbadpratidin |language=en-US |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321085550/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/jeet-shares-new-poster-of-his-movie-chengiz/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Screenings and statistics ===
Chengiz is released in approximately over 774 screens and with over 1232+ shows in all over [[India]],<ref name="telegraphindia2"/> which was "the highest in recent times for a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]". In India, the Bengali version premiering on over 120 screens, with approximately 300 shows.<ref name="telegraphindia2"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Hall list of West Bengal as of now… More to be added shortly |url=https://twitter.com/jeet30/status/1649091366763511808?cxt=HHwWgIDS4Yv33-ItAAAA |access-date=22 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424041533/https://twitter.com/jeet30/status/1649091366763511808?cxt=HHwWgIDS4Yv33-ItAAAA |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hindi version was reported to showcase on over 650 screens, with over 800 shows.<ref name="telegraphindia2"/>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
On its opening day, Chengiz collected a total net of {{INR|0.35}} crore worldwide including {{INR|0.25}} crore from the Bengali version.<ref name="telegraphindia2">{{cite web |author1=Shantanu Ray Chaudhuri |title=Chengiz works as a Jeet-starrer but doesn't have what a film needs to be Bengal's answer to the south |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chengiz-works-as-a-jeet-starrer-but-it-doesnt-have-what-a-film-needs-to-be-bengals-answer-to-the-south/cid/1933243 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=Telegraph India |access-date=1 May 2023 |location=Kolkata |language=en |date=29 April 2023}}</ref> The Hindi dubbed version of the film initially released theatrically in over 800 shows across India and netted {{INR|0.10}} crore at the Indian box office in the first day.<ref name="telegraphindia2"/> The Hindi dubbed version collected {{INR|1.25}} crore at the box office in its first week.<ref name="bollywoodhungama">{{cite web |title=Chengiz Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chengiz/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 April 2023 |access-date=6 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
Ujjainee Roy of ''[[Times of India|The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Chengiz could make the team proud; it’s quite stately in production value and treatment. The action sequences choreographed by Stunt Silva are slick, well-timed and edited quite effortlessly with Jeet excelling in mano-a-mano combat scenes. The long gunfight sequence towards the climax, however, brings in too many elements. This can also be said of the film; it has too many players in the mix, and everyone is out to get Chengiz. After a point, you may stop caring about who’s the lesser (or the better) criminal."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chengiz Movie Review : Jeet's big, bad mafia movie is not too shabby, just too long |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/chengiz/movie-review/99705721.cms |access-date=24 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424041538/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/chengiz/movie-review/99705721.cms |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Shamayita Chakraborty of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Chengiz has a plot and fantastic action sequences but it lacks a convincing presentation. The film starts with sloppy acting and continues to reflect an iota of research as it progresses. Billed as a period film, Chengiz shows the ’90s Kolkata and yet the makers take no effort to make the period look convincing."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/chengiz-review-jeet-has-the-right-intent-but-what-about-storytelling-and-making/a62ca54cfa804|title=Chengiz review: Jeet has the right intent but what about storytelling and making?|website=OTTplay}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Agnivo Niyogi of [[The Telegraph (India)|''The Telegraph'']] reviewed the film and noted "Jeet, who is used to playing a superhuman hero in film after film, lives up to expectations. Be it the action, one-liners or an intense look, he knows how to get it right. Rohit Roy delivers a nuanced performance, especially his act of betrayal just before the climax. Shataf Figar, as Jaidev’s mentor, also makes an impact. The weak link is Jaidev’s love interest Nandini, who is reduced to a trophy wife." He also praised Ganguly's cinematography, the music and songs but criticised the too convoluted sub plots which elongates the runtime.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Niyogi |first1=Agnivo |title=Chengiz is a one-man show that hinges on Jeet's showmanship |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/chengiz-is-a-one-man-show-that-hinges-on-jeets-showmanship/cid/1931590 |access-date=25 January 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=22 April 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 action drama films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 crime action films]]
[[Category:2023 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Jeetz Filmworks films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

List of colleges affiliated to the Sambalpur University

2026-05-06T00:10:18Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: added a details - done

{{short description|Affiliated colleges with Sambalpur University, Odisha}}

{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}}

There are about 200+ colleges affiliated to [[Sambalpur University]] excluding four other colleges Nababharat Shiksha Parishad, SLB Medical College, Sardar Raza's Medical College and Sarala Nursing College with totalling more than 200 colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suniv.ac.in/upload/List_of_Colleges%20_Aff.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223081635/https://www.suniv.ac.in/upload/List_of_Colleges%20_Aff.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-12-23|date=2019-12-23|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.suniv.ac.in/docs/List-of-Affiliated-Colleges-01.05.2013-sent.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223082004/https://www.suniv.ac.in/docs/List-of-Affiliated-Colleges-01.05.2013-sent.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-12-23|date=2019-12-23|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>

Colleges that are affiliated to Sambalpur University are from the district of [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]], [[Debagarh district|Deogarh]], [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]], [[Bargarh district|Bargarh]], [[Boudh district|Boudh]], [[Athmallik]] Sub-Division of [[Angul district|Angul]] include:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name !! Location
|-
| Athmallik +3 Degree College, Athmallik, Angul || rowspan="7" |[[Angul district|Angul]] ([[Athmallik]])
|-
| Janata College, Boinda, Angul
|-
|Kishorenagar +3 Degree College, Kishorenagar, Angul
|-
|Kishorenagar Higher Secondary School, Kishorenagar, Angul
|-
|Athmallik Higher Secondary School, Athmallik, Angul
|-
| Solapada +3 Degree Mahavidyalaya, Thakurgarh, Angul
|-
| +3 Kashi Bishwanath M.V. paiksahi, Athmallik
|-
| +3 Degree College, Tora, Bargarh || rowspan="27" |[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|-
|[[Anchal College, Padampur|Anchal College, Padampur, Bargarh]]
|-
| Anchalik Kishan College, Bheden, Bargarh
|-
| Barpali College, Barpali, Bargarh
|-
| Bijepur College, Bijepur, Bargarh
|-
|[[Dadhibaman College, Bhatli|Dadhibaman College, Bhatli, Bargarh]]
|-
| Ghess College, Ghess, Bargarh
|-
| Imperial College, Bargarh
|-
| Katapali College, Katapali, Bargarh
|-
|[[Larambha College|Larambha College, Larambha, Bargarh]]
|-
| Mahata Gandhi Degree College, Bhukta, Bargarh
|-
| Mandosil College, Mandosil, Bargarh
|-
| Pallishree College, Chichinda, Bargarh
|-
| Attabira College, Attabira, Bargarh
|-
|[[Panchayat College Bargarh|Panchyat College, Bargarh]]
|-
| Panchayat Samiti College, Gaisilate, Bargarh
|-
| Panchayat Samiti College, Jharbandh, Bargarh
|-
| Remunda College, Remunda, Bargarh
|-
| Shakuntala Bidyadhar Women's Degree College, Kamgaon, Bargarh
|-
| Sohela College, Sohela, Bargarh
|-
| Sri Nrusinghanath Ayurvedic College, Paikmal, Bargarh
|-
| Trust Fund College, Bargarh
|-
| Vindhya Vasini College, Nursinghnath, Bargarh
|-
| Women's College, Bargarh
|-
| Women's College, Padampur, Bargarh
|-
| Katapali +3 College, Barpali -Katapali, Bargarh
|-
| Vikash School of Business Management, Bargarh (waiting affiliation)
|-
| Bhairabi College, Purunakataka || rowspan="4" |[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|-
| Boudh Panchyat college, Boudh
|-
| Maa Maheswari College, Baunsuni, Boudh
|-
| Panchayat Samiti College, Kantamal, Boudh
|-
| Deogarh College, Deogarh || rowspan="9" |[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|-
| Ekalabya Panchayat Samiti College, Kansar, Deogarh
|-
| Panchayat Samiti Snatak Mahavidyalaya, Barkot, Deogarh
|-
| Panchayat Samiti College (+3)Budhapal, Reamal, Deogarh
|-
| Palsama Science College, Palsama, Deogarh
|-
| +3 Panchyat College, Kalla, Deogarh
|-
| Reamal College, Reamal Deogarh
|-
| Model Degree College, Deogarh
|-
| +3 Degree Women's College, Deogarh
|-
| Belpahar College, Belpahar, Jharsuguda || rowspan="12" |[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|-
| Brajrajnagar College, Brajrajnagar, Jharsuguda
|-
| Draupadi Institute of Educational Technology, Sunarimunda, Jharsuguda
|-
|[[Laxminarayan College, Jharsuguda|Laxmi Narayan College, Jharsuguda]]
|-
| Mahima Degree College, Bijaapali, Panchagaon, Jharsuguda
|-
| Pradosh Kumar Smruti Smaraki College, H.Katapali Jharsuguda
|-
| Panchayat Anchalik Mahavidyalaya, Kumarbandh, Jharsuguda
|-
| Panchayat Samiti College, Kolabira, Jharsuguda
|-
| Panchayat Samiti College, Laikera, Jharsuguda
|-
| Sovan Memorial Panchayat College, Kirmira, Jharsuguda
|-
|[[Women's college, Jharsuguda|Women's College, Jharsuguda]]
|-
| Sarala Nursing College, Jharsuguda (Noc)
|-
| Bamra Trust Fund College, Bamra, Sambalpur || rowspan="24" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|-
| Basudev Godabari Degree College, Kesaibahal
|-
| Bhima Bhoi College, Rairakhol
|-
| Burla College, Burla, Sambalpur
|-
| Charles Babbage College of Information Technology, Sambalpur
|-
| Dutika Sahu College, Laida, Sambalpur
|-
| Dr.Jhasketan Sahu College, Parmanpur, Sambalpur
|-
| Dr.Parshuram Mishra Institute of Advanced Studies in Education, Sambalpur
|-
| Gram Panchayat Rural College, Kuntara, Sambalpur
|-
| Government College of Physical Education, Kulundi, Sambalpur
|-
| Government Women's College, Sambalpur
|-
| Hirakud College, Hirakud, Sambalpur
|-
| Jamankira College, Jamankira, Sambalpur
|-
|[[Kuchinda College, Kuchinda|Kuchinda College, Kuchinda, Sambalpur]]
|-
| [[Lajpat Rai Law College]]
|-
| Maa Jhadeswari College, Dhama, Sambalpur
|-
| Naktideul College, Naktideul, Sambalpur
|-
| Netajee Subhas Chandra Bose College, Sambalpur
|-
| Orissa Medical College of Homopathy and Research, Sambalpur
|-
| Parbatigiri College, Mahulpali, Phuljharan, Sambalpur
|-
| Sambalpur Nursing College, Dhanupali, Sambalpur
|-
| Saraswat Mahavidyalaya Godbhaga, Sambalpur
|-
| Surajmal College, Rampella, Sambalpur
|-
|[[Veer Surendra Sai Medical College|Veer Surendra Sai Medical College, Burla, Sambalpur]]
|-
|[[Asian Workers Development Institute, Rourkela|Asian Workers’ Development Institute, Rourkela, Sundargarh]]|| rowspan="39" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundargarh]]
|-
| Anchalik Sahojog Degree College, Subdega
|-
| Bonaigarh College, Bonaigarh
|-
| College of Arts, Sc.& Tech. Bandamunda, Sundargh
|-
| Dalmia College, Rajgangpur, Sundargarh
|-
|Dr Ambedkar Memorial Institute of Information Technology and Management Studies, Jagda, Rourkela
|-
| Gandhi Mahavidyalaya, Deogaon, Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Government College, Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Government College, Sundargarh
|-
| Government Women's College, Sundargarh
|-
| Hrushikesh Ray Mahavidyalaya, Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Ila Memorial Panchayat Samiti Degree College, Kinjirma, Sundargarh
|-
| Ispat College, Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Jadupati +3 Degree college, Sihidia, Sundargarh
|-
| Jasoda Bishnu College, Sardhapali, Sundargarh
|-
| Kalyani Ray Mahavidyalaya Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Kinjirkela College, Kinjirkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Lahunipada College, Lahunipada, Sundargarh
|-
| Lephripada College, Lephripada, Sundargarh
|-
| Maharshi Dayananda Mahavidyala, Garh-Mahulpali, Sundargarh
|-
| Manikeswari College, Garhtumulia, Sundargarh
|-
| Neelashaila Mahavidyalaya Jhirpani, Rourkela, Sundargharh
|-
| Panchayat Samiti Degree College, Bargaon, Sundargarh
|-
| Panchayat Samiti Degree College, Bhedabhahal, Sundargarh
|-
| Priyadarshini Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Jalda, Sundargarh
|-
| Rourkela Institute of Management Studies, Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Rourkela College, Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Rourkela College of Teacher Educational Training, Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
|[[Municipal College, Rourkela|Municipal College, Rourkela, Sundargarh]]
|-
| Sarbati Devi Women's College, Rajgangpur, Sundargarh
|-
| Sushilabati Government Women's College Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Shrama Shakti College, Biramitrapur, Sundargarh
|-
| S.R.D.M.N. Panchyat College, Sargipali, Sundargarh
|-
| Subodh Ray Mahavidyalaya, Bisra, Rourkela
|-
| Utkalmani Homoeopathic Medical College, Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Vedvyas Mahavidyalaya, Rourkela, Sundargarh
|-
| Vesaja Patel College, Duduka, Sundargarh
|-
| Hi-Tech Medical College, Rourkela (New college)
|-
| +3 Women's College, Kantabanji
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Odisha}}
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
{{Sambalpur University}}

[[Category:Sambalpur University|*]]
[[Category:Lists of colleges affiliated to universities in India|Sambalpur]]
[[Category:Odisha-related lists|Sambalpur]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Sambalpur University| ]]

INS Sindhukirti

2026-05-05T16:48:57Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: done

{{Short description|Indian submarine warship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}{{italic title|string=Sindhukirti}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=Ae dq ins S62 1.jpg
|image_caption=A ''Sindhughosh''-class submarine underway
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name=INS ''Sindhukirti''
|namesake=
|ordered=
|builder=[[Admiralty Shipyard]] and [[Sevmash]]
|laid_down=
|launched=26 August 1989
|acquired=
|commissioned= 9 December 1989<ref>[http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/1145 Sindhukirti (S61), Indian Navy]</ref>
|refit= June 2006 – May 2015
|recommissioned= 23 May 2015
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|badge=[[File:INS Sindhukirti (S61) crest.JPG|120px|INS Sindhukirti badge]]
|fate=
|status={{Ship in active service}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Submarine INS Sindhukirti sets sail for sea trials|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/submarine-ins-sindhukirti-sets-sail-for-sea-trials/article7233200.ece|access-date=24 May 2015|work=Business Standard|location=India|date=23 May 2015}}</ref>
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class= {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine}}
|type=
|displacement=*{{convert|2300|t|ST|abbr=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|3100|t|ST|abbr=on}} dived
|length= {{convert|72.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|9.9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draught= {{convert|6.6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|propulsion=*2 × {{convert|3650|hp|kW|abbr=on|adj=on}} diesel-electric motors
*1 × {{convert|5900|hp|kW|abbr=on|adj=on}} motor
*2 × {{convert|204|hp|kW|abbr=on|adj=on}} auxiliary motors
*1 × {{convert|130|hp|kW|abbr=on|adj=on}} economic speed motor
|speed=*Surfaced; {{convert|11|kn|km/h}}<ref name="Rosoboron exports – Project 636">{{cite web|title=Rosoboron exports – Project 636|url=https://roe.ru/eng/catalog/naval-systems/submarines/project-636/}}</ref>
*Submerged; {{convert|19|kn|km/h}}<ref name="Rosoboron exports – Project 636"/>
|range=*Snorting: {{convert|6000|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|7|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
*Submerged: {{convert|400|mi|km}} at {{convert|3|kn|km/h}}
|endurance= Up to 45 days
|test_depth=*Operational Depth; {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=on}}
*Maximum Depth; {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|complement= 68 (incl. 7 Officers)
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*[[Strela 3|9M36 Strela-3]] (SA-N-8) SAM launcher
*[[3M-54 Klub|Klub-S (3M-54E) ASCM]]
*[[53-65 torpedo|Type 53-65]] passive wake homing torpedo
*TEST 71/76 anti-submarine, active-passive homing torpedo
*24 DM-1 [[Naval mine|mines]] in lieu of torpedo tube
|notes=underwent refit from June 2006 – May 2015 at [[Hindustan Shipyard]]
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sindhukirti'' (S61)''' ({{Lit|Glory of the Sea}})<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kirti | title=Kirti | date=22 August 2023 }}</ref> is the seventh {{sclass|Sindhughosh|submarine|0}} diesel-electric [[submarine]] of the [[Indian Navy]]. She was built at the [[Admiralty Shipyard]] and [[Sevmash]] in the [[Soviet Union]].

''Sindukirti'' was commissioned on 9 December 1989 in the Soviet Union, with Cdr. Ramdas executing her commissioning warrant. She underwent a protracted "medium refit" from June 2006 until May 2015 at the [[Hindustan Shipyard]] at [[Visakhapatnam]]. The midlife upgrade was projected to be completed in 3 years but numerous delays postponed the submarine's return.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia delayed sub refit to weaken shipyard?|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/russia-delayed-sub-refit-to-weaken-shipyard-114090201331_1.html|access-date=8 September 2014|work=Business Standard|location=India|date=2 September 2014}}</ref> Having spent one-third of her life in refit, she finally returned to service on 23 May 2015.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Navy gets INS Sindhukirti back|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/navy-gets-ins-sindhukirti-back-115052300057_1.html|access-date=24 May 2015|work=Business Standard|location=India|date=23 May 2015}}</ref> She particapated in the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] in [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-14 |title=India’s indigenous aircraft carrier INS Vikrant to steal the show in IFR 2026 in Vizag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/indias-indigenous-aircraft-carrier-ins-vikrant-to-steal-the-show-in-ifr-2026-in-vizag/articleshow/128355649.cms |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Description==
''Sindhukiriti'' has a length of {{convert|72.6|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|overall]], a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|9.9|m|abbr=on}} and a [[Draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|6.5|m|abbr=on}}. She displaces {{convert|2300|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} surfaced, {{convert|3100|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} submerged and has a maximum diving depth of {{convert|300|m|abbr=on}}. The complement is about 68, including 7 officers and 61 sailors.<ref name=globalsecurity>{{cite web|title=S 55 Sindhu Ghosh Class|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/s-sindu-ghosh-specs.htm|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=indiannavy>{{cite web|title=Sindhughosh class|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/sindhughosh-class|publisher=Indian Navy|access-date=22 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819094409/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/sindhughosh-class|archive-date=19 August 2013}}</ref>

The submarine has a shaft with one seven-blade propeller. It is powered by two diesel generators, each of which produce {{convert|1000|kW|abbr=on|adj=on}}. It also has an electric motor with {{convert|5500|-|6800|hp|abbr=on|adj=on}} of power. She can achieve a maximum speed of {{convert|10|-|12|kn|km/h}} when on surface and {{convert|17|-|25|kn|km/h}} when submerged.<ref name=globalsecurity/>

== Operational service and refit ==
INS ''Sindhukirti'' was commissioned on 9 December 1989, by Cdr. Kannan Ramdas. She is the seventh of the ten ''Sindhughosh''-class submarines.<ref name=globalsecurity/>

=== Midlife Medium refit ===
''Sindhukirti'' was docked at [[Hindustan Shipyard]] in June 2006 for a midlife refit which included installation of [[USHUS]] sonar and the [[3M-54 Klub|Klub-S]] cruise missiles and other hull works. It was originally planned to send her to Russia for the upgrade, like her sister ships [[INS Sindhughosh (S55)|''Sindhughosh'']], [[INS Sindhuvir (S58)|''Sindhuvir'']], [[INS Sindhuratna (S59)|''Sindhuratna'']], and [[INS Sindhuvijay (S62)|''Sindhuvijay'']]. However, it was decided that ''Sindhukirti'' would be upgraded indigenously. Hindustan Shipyard was selected for the refit due to political wrangling, against the wishes of the navy staff.<ref name=thehindu>{{cite news|last=S. Anandan|title=Body blow to Navy's submarine arm|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/body-blow-to-navys-submarine-arm/article5024348.ece|access-date=22 April 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 August 2013}}</ref><ref name=ibnlive>{{cite news|last=Vishal Thapar|title=Navy's submarine repair costs India losses|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/navys-submarine-repair-costs-india-losses/82616-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424025250/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/navys-submarine-repair-costs-india-losses/82616-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2014|access-date=22 April 2014|newspaper=IBN Live|date=14 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=toi1/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/scorpene-subs-to-join-fleet-without-torpedoes-114051500200_1.html|title = Scorpene subs to join fleet without torpedoes|newspaper = Business Standard|location=India|date = 15 May 2014|last1 = Shukla|first1 = Ajai}}</ref> HSL had a history of prolonging submarine refits, taking ten years to upgrade each of the [[Vela-class submarine]]s [[INS Vela (S40)|''Vela'']] and [[INS Vagli (S42)|''Vagli'']].<ref name="indiatoday2008">{{cite news|last1=Unnithan|first1=Sandeep|title=Navy's sub induction plan suffers blow|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/web-exclusive/story/navy-s-sub-induction-plan-suffers-blow-33547-2008-11-17|work=India Today|date=17 November 2008}}</ref>

''Sindhukirti'''s refit was scheduled for 3 years, but the refit dragged on as problems arose. The ship became known as the ''dockyard queen''.<ref name=toi1>{{cite news|title=Submarine INS Sindhukirti stuck in refit for 8 years|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Submarine-INS-Sindhukirti-stuck-in-refit-for-8-years/articleshow/31558431.cms|access-date=22 April 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 March 2014}}</ref> In 2009, [[Admiral]] [[Sureesh Mehta]] explained, "That kind of expertise did not exist in India before and this is for the first time that we are trying it out here. Instead of sending them to Russia all the way, this one is being offloaded to Hindustan Shipyards. There are some problems in their procurement procedures. It takes a little longer than is expected".<ref name=ibnlive/> While a Russian shipyard would deploy 200 workers in three shifts to complete the refit in two years, HSL deployed only 50 workers to work on ''Sindhukirti''.<ref name="indiatoday2008"/>

The refit included the addition of an MCA inertial navigation suite, a Palady nerve system a Pirit ship control console, [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]]'s indigenous [[USHUS (sonar)|USHUS sonar]] and a modernised CCS Mark II communications suite. It's torpedo tube was also modified to launch the [[Klub missile]] system.<ref name=":0" />

After nine years in refit, ''Sindhukirti'' finally returned to sea on 23 May 2015.<ref name=":0"/>

The submarine underwent another "normal refit" at HSL between January 2025 and 3 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Pawan |date=2025-08-03 |title=Soviet-Era Sub INS Sindhukirti Rejoins Navy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/soviet-era-sub-ins-sindhukirti-rejoins-navy-1895395 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1951914467589275709 |user=CMD_HSL |title=Sindhukirti our Kirti... |date=2025-08-03 |access-date=2025-08-05}}</ref> By May 2025, HSL completed two of its surface sorties and was scheduled for full-power sea trials by month-end.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title=EXCLUSIVE {{!}} India’s Submarine Ambitions Accelerated by Landmark MDL–HSL Partnership |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/exclusive-indias-submarine-ambitions-accelerated-by-landmark-mdlhsl-partnership-article-151757940 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The refit was a result of {{INRConvert|934|c|lk=on|year=2023}} worth contract signed between the Ministry of Defence and Hindustan Shipyard.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks over Rs 900 crore contract for Normal Refit of Sindhukirti Submarine at Hindustan Shipyard Limited, Visakhapatnam |date=2025-03-13 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1906425 |access-date=2025-08-05}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
INS ''Sindhukirti'' was featured in series 'Breaking point Indian Submariners' which was released on [[Veer by Discovery]] YouTube channel.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kilo class submarine}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhukirti (S61)}}
[[Category:Sindhughosh-class submarines]]
[[Category:Attack submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built at Admiralty Shipyard]]
[[Category:1989 ships]]
[[Category:Submarines of India]]

Humayun Kabir (politician, former police officer)

2026-05-04T19:18:05Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: adding

{{Short description|Indian former IPS officer and politician from West Bengal (b.1961)}}
{{other uses|Humayun Kabir (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Humayun Kabir
| office = Minister of State, [[Government of West Bengal]]
| status = ''[[Minister of State#Minor government ranks|Independent Charge]]''
| term_start = 10 May 2021
| term_end = 3 August 2022
| governor = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| 2blankname = Department
| 2namedata = Technical Education, Training and Skill Development
| predecessor = [[Purnendu Basu]]
| successor = Indranil Sen
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|04|03|df=yes}}
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| parents = Sk. Ashed Ali (father)
| education = [[Master of Science|M.Sc]]; [[Ph.D]] (Botany)
| alma_mater = [[Kalyani University]] (1991)
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| service_years = 2003 - 2021
| status = ''Resigned''
| rank = [[File:Insignia_of_Inspector_General_of_Police_in_India-_2013-10-02_16-14.png|20px]] [[Inspector General of Police|Inspector General]]
| badge_number = 20032056<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS Civil List 2020 {{!}} PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/513640387/IPS-Civil-List-2020 |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Scribd |page=452 |language=en}}</ref>
| department = [[West Bengal Police]]
| service = [[Indian Police Service]]
| service_label = Service
}}
| office2 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 6 May 2021
| term_end2 = 4 May 2026
| predecessor2 = Radhakanta Maiti
| successor2 = Subhashis Om
| constituency2 = [[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]]
| birth_place = [[Debra, Paschim Medinipur|Debra]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = Politician, social worker
}}

'''Humayun Kabir''' (born 3 April 1961) is an [[Indian politician]] and former [[police officer]] from West Bengal, who is serving as member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra constituency]] since 2021, member of [[Trinamool Congress]], he has also served as cabinet minister of state under [[Third Banerjee ministry]], from 2021 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=29 July 2023 |title=Trinamool Congress MLA seeks more funds for Muslim women under West Bengal's Lakshmir Bhandar scheme |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/trinamool-congress-mla-seeks-more-funds-for-muslim-women-under-west-bengals-lakshmir-bhandar-scheme/article67132617.ece |access-date=19 December 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kabir was born on 3 April 1961 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Sheikh]]s in the village of Debra in [[Midnapore district]], [[West Bengal]]. He was the son of Sheikh Arsed Ali and Zinat-un-Nesa Begum.<ref name=":1" /> He earned his Ph.D. in [[Botany]] from [[University of Kalyani|Kalyani University]] in 1991.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==Police Service==
Kabir joined IPS through West Bengal State Police Service in 2003. His first posting was in DSP in North 24 Parganas. At that time, Hatkata Dilip, a renowned criminal who is reportedly close to several [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] leaders, was apprehended by Kabir. He was demoted by the then state government as punishment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2014 |title=Behind 'punishment posting', IPS officer Kabir's spat with namesake TMC leader |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/behind-punishment-posting-ips-officer-kabirs-spat-with-namesake-tmc-leader/ |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

During 2014 elections, he was sent to Murshidabad as Police Superintendent. He was alleged to have connections of supporting [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]], the then Member of Lok Sabha. So, he was sent to compulsory waiting again.<ref name=":0" />

In 2019, he was transferred to Chandannagor as Commissioner of Police. In 2021, few months before state election, he arrested some BJP workers for raising the incendiary and provocative slogans at a rally. He resigned from his service after that.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-IPS Officer Who Ordered Arrest Of BJP Men Over Slogans Joins Trinamool |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/humayun-kabir-ex-ips-officer-who-ordered-arrest-of-bjp-men-over-slogans-joins-trinamool-2366633 |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Kabir joined Trinamool Congress in February 2021 at a party rally in Kalna in the presence of West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=10 February 2021 |title=Ex-IPS officer Humayun Kabir joins Trinamool |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/ex-ips-officer-kabir-joins-trinamool/articleshow/80776816.cms |access-date=19 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He received ticket of contesting from his native town Debra. He won the seat on 2 May 2021. He was appointed cabinet minister of state (independent charge) on 10 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Waje |first=Hemant |title=43 ministers in Mamata's cabinet take oath |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/43-ministers-in-mamatas-cabinet-take-oath/20210510.htm |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> He was removed from the cabinet in the next year on 3 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decoding Mamata's cabinet reshuffle: Post Partha's arrest, an intergenerational power adjustment |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/decoding-mamata-banerjee-bengal-cabinet-reshuffle-partha-chatterjee-arrest-tmc-abhishek-banerjee-influence-1983712-2022-08-04 |access-date=19 December 2023 |website=India Today |date=4 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]

K. Nemiraj Naik

2026-05-02T14:44:05Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: adding

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Nemiraj Naik
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1970}}
| birth_place = [[Hagaribommanahalli]], [[Vijayanagara district]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| parents = Kashya Naik (father)
| party = [[File:Indian election symbol female farmer.svg|20px]] [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] {{Small|(till 2023)}}
| education = [[Magadh University]], [[Patna]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]])
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
| signature =
| office = [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hagaribommanahalli Assembly constituency|Hagaribommanahalli]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = L. B. P. Bheema Naik
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Hagaribommanahalli Assembly constituency|Hagaribommanahalli]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2013
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency Established''
| successor1 = L. B. P. Bheema Naik
}}
'''K. Nemiraj Naik''' (born 1970)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is an MLA from [[Hagaribommanahalli Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for SC community in [[Ballari district]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Hagaribommanahalli Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Nemarajanaik K of JDS Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/hagaribommanahalli-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7796935.html |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=Karnataka Election 2023: Full list of Janata Dal (Secular) candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/karnataka-election-janata-dal-secular-jds-candidate-list-2023-constituency-wise/3042205/ |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Naik is from [[Hagaribommanahalli]], [[Ballari district]] (now [[Vijayanagara district]]). His father Kashya Naik is a farmer. He completed his B.A. in 2006 at [[Magadh University]], Patna.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nemarajanaik.K(JD(S)):Constituency- HAGARIBOMMANAHALLI (SC)(VIJAYANAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=8946 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Naik quit [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata party]] after he was denied a ticket and joined Janata Dal (Secular) before the election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=Hagaribommanahalli: JD(S) Hopes To Turn Tide Fielding Nemiraj Naik Against Congress MLA Bheema Naik {{!}} Karnataka Constituency Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/hagaribommanahalli-assembly-constituency-watch-karnataka-election-2023-latest-news-b-ramanna-bheema-naik-nagaraj-nemiraj-naik-bjp-article-99837464 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> He got the ticket from his new party and won from Hagaribommanahalli Assembly constituency representing Janata Dal (Secular) in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 84,023 votes and defeated his nearest rival, L. P. B. Bheemanaik of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of11,344 votes.<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election/hagaribommanahalli-1081</ref> Earlier, he lost the 2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election Bheemanaik of Congress. He became an MLA for the first time winning the 2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election on BJP ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-28 |title=Hagaribommanahalli: JD(S) Hopes To Turn Tide Fielding Nemiraj Naik Against Congress MLA Bheema Naik {{!}} Karnataka Constituency Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/hagaribommanahalli-assembly-constituency-watch-karnataka-election-2023-latest-news-b-ramanna-bheema-naik-nagaraj-nemiraj-naik-bjp-article-99837464 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nemiraj Naik, K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ballari district]]

Brinda (TV series)

2026-05-01T12:32:19Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new new article...

{{Short description|Indian web TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Brinda.jpg
| caption =
| genre = {{plain list|
* [[Crime fiction|Crime]]
* [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
}}
| creator =
| based_on =
| story = Surya Manoj Vangala
| screenplay = {{plain list|
* Surya Manoj Vangala
* [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
}}
| director = Surya Manoj Vangala
| creative_director =
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Trisha Krishnan]]
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
* [[Ravindra Vijay]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = [[Shakthikanth Karthick]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Ramesh Chand
| producer = Kolla Ashish
| cinematography = Dinesh K Babu
| editor = Anwar Ali
| runtime = 38–48 minutes
| company = {{plain list|
* Adding Advertising LLP
* And Stories
}}
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|08|01}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Brinda''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime fiction|crime]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series written and directed by Surya Manoj Vangala.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dundoo | first=Sangeetha Devi | title=Director Surya Vangala on Telugu web series 'Brinda': Trisha brought in fine nuances, made it look effortless | website=The Hindu | date=29 July 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-surya-vangala-on-brinda-trisha-brought-in-fine-nuances-made-it-look-effortless/article68448585.ece | access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> Produced by Adding Advertising LLP and And Stories, starring [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] and [[Ravindra Vijay]] in important roles,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Jan/23/trisha-to-play-a-cop-in-her-ott-debut-29210.html | title=Trisha to play a cop in her OTT debut? | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=23 January 2022 }}</ref> it premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 2 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mukhopadhyay | first=Sounak | title=OTT releases this week: New movies, web-series to watch this weekend; Brinda, A Good Girl's Guide to Murder, and more | website=mint | date=2 August 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/ott-releases-this-week-new-movies-web-series-to-watch-this-weekend-brinda-a-good-girl-s-guide-to-murder-and-more-11722581895855.html | access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> In September 2025, the show was renewed for a second season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brinda: Trisha Krishnan's gritty OTT series is back with season 2, deets inside |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/brinda-trisha-krishnans-gritty-ott-series-is-back-with-season-2-deets-inside/3d6c349105420 |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Trisha Krishnan]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] K. Brinda
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Prof. Kabir Anand/Satya "Satchi"; Brinda's elder brother.
**[[Rakendu Mouli]] as Young Satya "Sachi"
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as [[Sub-Inspector |SI]] N. Sarathi, Brinda's trusted colleague
* [[Aamani]] as Vasundhara; Brinda's adopted mother
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as [[Sub-Inspector |SI]] Raghu; Brinda's adopted father
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]]
* Koteswar Rao as ACP
* [[Anandsami]] as Thakur, Kabir's trusted friend and aid
* Yashna Muthuluri as Naina "Chutki"; Brinda's adopted younger sister
* Allu Ramesh
* Srinivas Poldasu
* Goparaju Vijay as [[Circle Inspector |CI]] Solomon
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Postmortem Surgeon
* Jwala Koti

==Production==
In October 2021, the series was announced on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/trisha-announces-her-first-web-series-titled-brinda-show-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-1865522-2021-10-16 | title=Trisha announces her first web series titled Brinda, show to premiere on SonyLIV | date=16 October 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2023/global/asia/sonyliv-series-slate-subscribers-1235559209/ | title=Indian Streamer SonyLIV Reveals 35-Strong 2023 Series Slate, 24 Million Paid Subscribers (EXCLUSIVE) | date=21 March 2023 }}</ref> The makers of the series arranged a [[Muhurat shot|muhurtam puja]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/trisha-krishnan-makes-ott-debut-with-crime-investigation-drama | title=Trisha Krishnan makes OTT debut with crime investigation drama | date=16 October 2021 }}</ref> [[Trisha Krishnan]] was cast in the titular role in what also happens to be her OTT debut.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/trisha-makes-ott-debut-with-brinda-1809463 | title=Trisha makes OTT debut with Brinda | date=10 July 2024 }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the series started in mid-October 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugucinema.com/news/trisha-begins-shooting-for-her-web-series | title=Trisha begins shooting for her web series | date=25 October 2021 }}</ref> In April 2022, [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] was confirmed to be a part of the cast, in a pivotal role.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/indrajith-sukumaran-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-trishas-telugu-web-series-brinda-set-to-stream-on-sony-liv/102a9dbbe5600 | title=Indrajith Sukumaran to play a pivotal role in Trisha's Telugu web series Brinda, set to stream on Sony LIV }}</ref> The filming of the series concluded in November 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Nov/22/its-a-wrap-for-trishas-seriesbrinda-36890.html | title=It's a wrap for Trisha's web series Brinda | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=22 November 2022 }}</ref> The teaser was released on 8 July 2024,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brinda-teaser-trisha-puts-up-a-brave-fight-against-evil-in-sony-livs-thriller-series/article68384298.ece | title='Brinda' teaser: Trisha puts up a brave fight against evil in Sony LIV's thriller series | newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref> followed by the trailer of the series.<ref>{{cite web | title='Brinda' trailer out: Trisha plays a cop fighting internal conflicts | website=Indulgexpress | date=22 July 2024 | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2024/Jul/22/brinda-trailer-out-trisha-plays-a-cop-fighting-internal-conflicts | access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#3C5792 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer=Screenplay |airdate= |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Chosen One
| DirectedBy = Surya Manoj Vangala
| WrittenBy = Surya Manoj Vangala and [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|2}}
| ShortSummary = In 1996, Saachi and Chinni wander the Gangavaram Forest and reach the village where a man died in a mysterious way. A priest proposes to sacrifice Chinni to reduce the anger of the goddess to prevent further deaths. At night Chinni's mother, Shantamma plans to leave the village with Chinni and Satya / Saachi. Shantamma manages to help Chinni escape in a lorry before getting caught by the villagers and Satya gets lost in the forest.

At present Chinni / Brinda lives with her adoptive family and works as a sub-inspector of police. Brinda's modern sister, Chutki, doesn't like Brinda. A dead body is found and Brinda suspects murder which is confirmed by the forensic report. With Brinda's help, the victim is identified as Thilak but the corrupt inspector, Solomon, doesn't want to investigate further. However, Brinda investigates and finds a large feather of a vulture which clarifies the unidentified bite marks on Thilak's body. Satya feeds a vulture named Jaaji.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = A Little Deeper
| DirectedBy = Surya Manoj Vangala
| WrittenBy = Surya Manoj Vangala and [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|2}}
| ShortSummary = In 1996 after Chinni's escape, one of the villagers offered her daughter for the sacrifice. The priest burns the girl alive and kills Shantamma in front of Satya who believes Chinni was sacrificed. Satya burns down the whole village.

At present, Brinda visits Basheer's place to know more about the feather but Basheer is unavailable. Brinda talks to Thilak's wife and Thilak's daughter, Veena. Brinda also inquires at Thilak's workplace. Brinda continues to get nightmares of her childhood memories. At school, Chutki smokes with her friends.

In 1996 at Warangal police check post, the police found Chinni in a lorry.

At present, Brinda continues to investigate Thilak's murder and finds three similar cases. With all the evidence collected by Brinda, Solomon talks to higher officials and a special investigation team (SIT) is formed without Brinda to catch the serial killer. Satya kidnaps another man.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Hit and Miss
| DirectedBy = Surya Manoj Vangala
| WrittenBy = Surya Manoj Vangala and [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|2}}
| ShortSummary = In 1996, Satya was held in juvenile prison for killing the villagers.

At present, Satya kills another man. Sub-Inspector Sarathi talks to the Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in order to remove Solomon from SIT and to include Brinda in SIT. The SIT finds eleven more similar cases but unable to find any clues, patterns and connections. Satya dumps the victim's body and is mistakenly arrested by police for consuming weed. Chutki / Naina meets Rishi at a party.

In the past, Brinda didn't like to live with Raghu's family when Raghu and Vasu adopted Brinda.

At present, Brinda visits Basheer and Basheer explains about the Vulture and Kehkliya Tribe in Uttar Pradesh who worshipped that Vulture. Brinda investigates the missing case of Abdul and finds the place where Satya killed the last victim. The evidence at the crime scene leads to Anand, a lecturer who also runs an NGO.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = The Bridge in Between
| DirectedBy = Surya Manoj Vangala
| WrittenBy = Surya Manoj Vangala and [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|2}}
| ShortSummary = Anand's father, Kamal Anand, was a senior advocate and money minded. Sarathi and Brinda question Anand but are unable to find any leads. Brinda is suspicious and follows Anand. Chutki is irregular at school and grows close to Rishi. Sarathi locates the place where Satya dumped the last victim. Brinda talks with Anand and goes with Anand to the college where Anand works as a guest professor. Satya is released by the police.

In the past, Raghu bonds with Brinda. Raghu was killed while trying to rescue a girl.

At present, the police find Abdul's dead body and Kamal Anand is also killed in the similar pattern.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Light at the End of the Tunnel
| DirectedBy = Surya Manoj Vangala
| WrittenBy = Surya Manoj Vangala and [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|2}}
| ShortSummary = The death of Kamal Anand gets a big media reach. Rishi, Chutki and their friends are held by Solomon after finding alcohol and drugs in the car. Brinda gets into a fight with Solomon. ACP includes Solomon in SIT in exchange for Chutki's release and suspends Brinda. Sarathi and Brinda argue. Sarathi's wife Lekha is pregnant but Sarathi argues with Lekha before Lekha could share the pregnancy result with Sarathi. Brinda and Chutki argue. Vasu consoles Brinda and Brinda apologizes to Anand. Brinda and Sarathi check the CCTV camera near the place where Abdul's body was found and find about Satya's mistaken arrest. Brinda and Sarathi get Satya's fingerprints from the police station where Satya was mistakenly arrested. Satya's fingerprints lead to Thakur who was arrested for a murder in a village named Jwalapur. Brinda and Sarathi reach Jwalapur and Brinda apologizes to Sarathi. One of the villagers, Janardhan, explains everything about Thakur to Brinda and Sarathi. Brinda finds out that the serial killer kills the victims and replaces the victims at work to commit mass murders. Brinda also finds out that the serial killer's motive is to kill people who believe in God.

It is revealed that Anand is actually Satya and the other man is Thakur. It is also revealed that Satya and Thakur meet at the juvenile prison.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = The Beginning of the End
| DirectedBy = Surya Manoj Vangala
| WrittenBy = Surya Manoj Vangala and [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|2}}
| ShortSummary = In the past at the Juvenile Prison, Satya consoles and befriends Thakur.

At present, Brinda explains everything to the SIT. The police search for Thakur and create a wanted poster by sketching Thakur's face. It is revealed that Satya runs the NGO with the people who don't believe in God. Brinda and Sarathi visit Anand to get any leads but Anand gives misinformation. Rishi hits Chutki and Brinda threatens Rishi. Brinda and Chutki reconcile their differences. Sarathi sees Lekha's pregnancy result. Brinda proposes a plan which is approved by ACP. In a press conference, ACP explains everything and Brinda vows to kill Thakur. Thakur sees the news and wants to kill Brinda but Satya sends Thakur away with Srinath. While Srinath goes to buy food, Thakur takes the vehicle and arrives at Brinda's house. The police chase Thakur and Sarathi kills Thakur before Thakur could kill Brinda.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = The Holy Past
| DirectedBy = Surya Manoj Vangala
| WrittenBy = Surya Manoj Vangala and [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|2}}
| ShortSummary = In the past, Satya passed the exams with distinction.

At present, Brinda wakes up in a hospital and ACP congratulates Brinda for solving the case. Brinda is suspicious that someone is behind Thakur. From the Juvenile Prison, Sarathi and Brinda find information about Satya. Raghu signed as a guardian to bring Satya out of Juvenile Prison. Brinda confronts Vasu and Vasu informs that Satya is Brinda's brother.

In the past, Raghu finds out that Satya is Brinda's brother but Vasu doesn't want Brinda to know about Satya considering Satya as a criminal. Raghu gets Satya out of Juvenile Prison and Satya promises to come back to get Thakur out of Juvenile Prison. Raghu funds Satya's studies and places Satya in a hostel. The hostel warden's daughter dies after being beaten up at a temple. Satya is emotionally affected and Raghu consoles Satya. Satya bonds with Raghu and becomes a better person. Satya and Raghu go to save a girl but a group of religious men kill Raghu and the girl in front of Satya and stab Satya.

At present after knowing the truth about Satya, Brinda gets emotional and Satya plans to do something big.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Home Coming
| DirectedBy = Surya Manoj Vangala
| WrittenBy = Surya Manoj Vangala and [[Padmavathi Malladi]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=y|2024|8|2}}
| ShortSummary = In the past, Satya wakes up in a hospital and learns about Raghu's death. Satya starts to gather people who don't believe in God and starts to kill people who believe in God. Satya brings Thakur out of Juvenile Prison and Satya and Thakur continue to kill and commit mass murders.

At present, Brinda informs about Satya to the SIT and the police look for Satya. Meanwhile, Satya evacuates the NGO and proceeds with his plan. Brinda finds out that Anand is already dead and understands that Anand is actually Satya. Brinda tracks Satya's car and the SIT reaches a temple in Gangavaram. During a religious gathering, the devotees take a holy dip in the water in the temple and Satya plans to kill the devotees by replacing the water with a flammable substance. Satya's men hold ACP at gunpoint. The police try to evacuate the devotees and Brinda searches for Satya. Brinda finds and makes Satya realize that Brinda is actually Chinni and Raghu had tried to reunite the siblings. Brinda couldn't convince Satya to stop. Therefore, Brinda kills Satya and stops Satya's plan.
| LineColor = 3CB371
}}
}}

== Reception ==
Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Ramachandran | first=Avinash | title=Brinda review: Trisha effectively shoulders an impressive investigative thriller that needs some kinks ironed | website=The Indian Express | date=1 August 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/brinda-review-trisha-effectively-shoulders-an-impressive-investigative-thriller-9489526/ | access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> Divya Raje Bhonsale of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | title='Brinda' review: Trisha excels in this gripping psycho-thriller | website=English.Mathrubhumi | date=2 August 2024 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/brinda-review-trisha-ott-debut-gripping-psycho-thriller-series-1.9779292 | access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> The series was reviewed by Neeshita Nyayapati for ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite web | last=Nyayapati | first=Neeshita | title=Brinda review: Trisha Krishnan's police procedural explores zealotry with sensitiveness | website=Hindustan Times | date=2 August 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/brinda-review-trisha-krishnan-s-police-procedural-explores-zealotry-with-sensitiveness-101722508345315.html | access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> and Sangeetha Devi Dundoo for ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dundoo | first=Sangeetha Devi | title='Brinda' web series review: Trisha, Ravindra Vijay sparkle in this brooding, taut crime drama | website=The Hindu | date=1 August 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brinda-web-series-review-trisha-ravindra-vijay-sparkle-in-this-brooding-taut-crime-drama/article68472106.ece | access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/brinda-telugu-1700001473 ''Brinda''] on [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:2020s crime television series]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1996]]

Leishabithol

2026-04-30T21:27:27Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: added new article - done

{{short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Leishabithol
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.7431|93.1565|format=dms |display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jiribam district|Jiribam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 172.4
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 61
| population_total = 231
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census"/>
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Leishabithol'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Leisabithol",<ref name="Sangai 5 Jul"/> "Laishabithol" and "Laishabithal",<ref name="Gazette 1956"/> and "Leisabithel".<ref name="Gazette 1956"/>}}
is a census village in [[Jiribam district]], [[Manipur]], India. It is along the low-lying ridges of the [[Vangaitang]] range, close to the [[Vangaichungpao railway station]]. Also close-by are the villages of '''Mullargao'''{{efn|Alternative spellings: "Mullargaon",<ref name="Gazette 1956"/> and "Mulargaon".<ref name="Print 7 Jun">
Noren Ningombam, Karishma Hasnat, [https://theprint.in/india/section-144-imposed-in-manipurs-jiribam-after-police-recover-mutilated-body-houses-burnt-down/2120946/ Section 144 imposed in Manipur’s Jiribam after police recover mutilated body, houses burnt down], The Print, 7 June 2024.
</ref>}} and '''Nungkhal'''.

== Geography and history ==
The [[Vangaitang]] range to the east of the Jiribam district is traditionally inhabited by the [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]] tribes, in particular the [[Hmar people|Hmars]]. The tribals in the northern part of the range are predominantly [[Thadou Kukis]] (often called just "Kukis"). In 1907, the Jiribam plain was opened for settlement by the Government of Manipur, and it came to be settled by Meiteis and Bengali speakers from the neighbouring [[Cachar district]].<ref name="1911 annual report">
{{citation |last=Higgins |first=J. C. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1911-12 |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co |location=Calcutta |year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125393 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1911-12|1912}} |page=4}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Harvey |first=C. W. L. |title=Administration Report of The Manipur State For The Year 1931-32 |publisher=The State Printing Press |location=Imphal |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125395 |via=archive.org |page=55 |ref={{sfnref|Administration Report for 1931-32|1932}}}}
</ref>

The Jiribam plain roughly ends at Uchathol, to the east of which lie the foothills of the Vangaitang range. The "foothills" in this region are made up of multiple strands of long, parallel ridges, interspersed by equally long valleys. These valleys are inhabited and cultivated. The first valley contains the Mullargao village, occupying the entire length of the valley. The second valley partly houses the Leishabithol village, but the main settlement of Leishabithol is along a break in the ridgeline where a river flows down from the top of the Vangaitang range. Nungkhal is also in the second valley to the south of Leishabithol.

The third valley and the ones above it belong to the [[Tamenglong district]] and are lightly populated. The fourth valley has the [[Vangaichungpao railway station]] on the [[Katakhal–Jiribam–Imphal line]]. The nearest large village to the railway station is Leishabithol. During the construction of the railway, the construction companies were based at Leishabithol. There was also a camp of 4th [[Manipur Rifles]] stationed there for security.<ref>
[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=19..280816.aug16 Locals stage protest to retain MR camp], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 27 August 2016.
</ref>
In 2018, it was reported that 5th Manipur Rifles were deployed at the train station.<ref>
[https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-constitutes-committees-to-monitor-influx-of-immigrants-post-nrc-draft-5289104/ Manipur govt constitutes committees to monitor influx of immigrants post-NRC draft], The Indian Express, 2 August 2018.
</ref>

Between Uchathol and Mullargao, there are tribal villages such as [[Phaitol]], [[Kamarangkha Khasi]] and [[Ngahmunphai]], which are administratively in Tamenglong district. Mullargao and Leishabithol are however in Jiribam district. The overlapping jurisdictions of districts makes it difficult to draw clear district boundaries. In August 2024, the Tousem Area Students' Organization noted that nine villages of Tamenglong district had been wrongly shown as part of Jiribam district in government-sponsored maps.<ref name="Tousem Students">[https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/nine-villages-incorporated-to-jiribam-district ‘Nine villages incorporated to Jiribam district’] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204063730/https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/nine-villages-incorporated-to-jiribam-district |date=4 December 2024 }}, Imphal Free Press, 23 August 2024.</ref><ref name="MARSAC">
[https://marsac.mn.gov.in/pdf/sub_division/SubDivision_JIRIBAM.pdf Map of Jiribam Subdivision], Manipur Remote Sensing Applications Centre, retrieved 8 November 2024.</ref>

The "Mullargao Road" from Uchathol leads to these villages. There is also a road from [[Kashmipur]], which goes further up to the village of Kulbung. The "Kashimpur Road" below the foothills pass through [[Jarolpokpi]] and [[Uchathol]], and joins the [[National Highway 37 (India)|National Highway 37]] near Gularthol.

== Demographics ==
The Leishabithol census village has a population of 231 people living in 51 households.<ref name="2011 census">
{{citation |title=Imphal East District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3a684eceee76fc522773286a895bc8436/uploads/2018/03/2018032977.pdf |page=92}}
</ref>
Three households are said to belong to [[Meitei people]].<ref name="Sangai 5 Jul"/> Thirty-one people (13 percent) belong to [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name="2011 census PCA">
[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40957 PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Manipur - District Imphal East - 2011], Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, retrieved 8 November 2024.
</ref>
They appear to live in a separate settlement called "Leishabithol Kuki".<ref name="MARSAC"/>

The neighbouring Mullargao village has 836 people living in 158 households. Nungkhal has 318 people living in 64 households. These villages have no Scheduled Tribes.<ref name="2011 census"/><ref name="2011 census PCA"/>

== 2023–2025 Manipur violence ==
On 3 May 2023, major [[2023–2024 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] broke out between the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] and [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]] communities of Manipur. Within weeks over 100 people died and 60,000 people got displaced. All the Kuki-Zo people in the [[Imphal Valley]] and the Meitei people in the Kuki-Zo-dominated hill districts were forced to flee to the other side. The Jiribam district, consisting of both the classes of population but also other communities such as Bengalis, was affected in a unique fashion.

During the first week of violence, the security forces quickly controlled the violence in Jiribam district and brokered a peace agreement between the communities.<ref name="Kuthar">
Greeshma Kuthar, [https://caravanmagazine.in/conflict/manipur-violence-jiribam-district-hmar-assam-cachar Stagnant Strife: Disinformation draws Manipur’s last district into violence], The Caravan, 1 September 2024.
</ref> The peace agreement held for almost a year, with no deaths being caused.<ref name="Kuthar"/><ref name="KIJTN">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-publishes-chronology-of-jiribam-violence-condemns-atrocities-by-meitei-radicals/ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals], The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024.
</ref>

The peace was shattered by twin murders in May–June 2024. The first was of a Kuki individual named Seigoulen Singson from Phaitol.<ref name="Kuthar"/> He went missing on 14 May, and his body was discovered floating in [[Jiri River]] three days later near [[Muolzawl]].<ref name="KIJTN Seigoulen Singson">
[https://www.thehillsjournal.com/kuki-inpi-publishes-chronology-of-jiribam-violence-condemns-atrocities-by-meitei-radicals/ Kuki Inpi Publishes Chronology of Jiribam Violence, Condemns Atrocities by Meitei Radicals], The Hills Journal, 22 November 2024. "'''May 14, 2024''': Mr Seigoulen Singson of Phaitol village was abducted from Police Check point in Phaitol and later on 17th May, tortured & decomposed body found in Jiri river and his latest mobile location was at Dibong, Meetei locality of Jiribam."
</ref><ref name="Newsreel 12 Jun">
Ganesh Rajaraman, [https://www.newsreel.asia/articles/manipur-fresh-wave-of-violence-erupts Fresh Wave of Violence Erupts], Newsreel Asia, 12 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3067512215}}
</ref>
A second death occurred on 6 June, that of a Meitei individual named Soibam Saratkumar Singh from [[Hilghat]] area{{efn|His residence was mentioned as Sorok Atingbi Khunou, a locality in the Hilghat area.}} who went missing while returning from his farm near Leishabithol. His two-wheeler and slippers were found near the CRPF camp in Uchathol, the likely place of his abduction, and the body was found near Mullargao.<ref name="Telegraph 8 Jun">
Umanand Jaiswal, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/fresh-tension-in-manipur-abduction-murder-roil-peaceful-pockets-in-jiribam-and-tamenglong/cid/2025420 Fresh tension in Manipur: Abduction, murder roil peaceful pockets in Jiribam and Tamenglong], The Telegraph (India), 8 June 2024. {{ProQuest|3065476568}} "His two-wheeler and slippers were found near a CRPF camp at Uchathol near the border with Tamenglong."
</ref><ref>
[https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur-jac-demands-arrest-of-culprits-who-killed-a-farmer-within-48-hours.html Manipur: JAC demands arrest of culprits who killed a farmer within 48 hours], Northeast Now, 7 June 2024. "Saratkumar, a farmer by profession was abducted from Khasia Punji [[Kamarangkha Khasi]] in Jiribam district while he was returning from his farm at Leishabithol of the same district."
</ref><ref name="Print 7 Jun"/>
Within an hour rumours spread on social media that his body was found beheaded, and in another hour, widespread arson broke out in Jiribam as Meitei mobs started attacking Kuki-Zo settlements and churches.<ref name="Kuthar"/><ref name="Scroll 18 Jun">
[https://scroll.in/article/1069410/ How a relatively peaceful district became the ‘new battleground’ in Manipur], Scroll.in, 18 June 2024.
</ref>

According to the [[Kuki Inpi]] of the region, all Kuki-Zo settlements in the Jiribam town, including in Uchathol, were attacked simultaneously and burnt down.<ref name="Hindu 8 Jun">
Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipur/200-evacuated-from-manipurs-jiribam-district-amid-tension/article68264074.ece Manipur violence: 200 evacuated from Jiribam district amid tension], ''The Hindu'', 8 June 2024.
</ref><ref name="KIJTN"/>
In the ensuing mayhem, over a thousand Kuki-Zo people, mainly [[Hmar people|Hmars]] and [[Thadou people|Thadou Kukis]], from Jiribam fled to Assam's Cachar district.<ref name="Kuthar"/><ref name="Article-14">
Debarun Choudhury, [https://article-14.com/post/a-new-wave-of-displacement-in-manipur-as-hundreds-of-tribal-minorities-seek-refuge-in-assam-6699d8428beb1 A New Wave of Displacement In Manipur, As Hundreds Of Tribal Minorities Seek Refuge In Assam], Article-14, 19 July 2024.
</ref>
Meitei families from Leishabithol were also evacuated since the area is dominated by Kuki tribes.<ref name="NDTV 7 Jun">
Debanish Achom, Ratnadip Choudhury, [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tension-in-manipurs-jiribam-linked-to-decomposed-body-found-in-may-residents-allege-local-case-blown-up-5841381 Tension In Manipur's Jiribam Linked To Decomposed Body Found In May, Residents Allege Local Case Blown Up], NDTV, 7 June 2024.
</ref>
According to ''[[The Sangai Express]]'', there were only three Meitei families in Leishabithol, and their houses were burnt down after they were evacuated.<ref name="Sangai 5 Jul">
[https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1..060724.jul24 Order of June 7 : Deceased cop found detailed for duty at Jiri; MHRC sounded to penalise DG, SA], The Sangai Express, via e-pao.net, 5 July 2024.
</ref>

{{clear left}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Gazette 1956">
{{citation |chapter=Notification No. IJ/2/56 |title=Manipur Gazette |date=16 August 1956 |pages=15–16 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.125722/page/n652 |via=archive.org}}
</ref>

</references>

{{Manipur}}

[[Category:Villages in Jiribam district]]
[[Category:2023–2026 Manipur conflict]]

North Eastern Tea Association

2026-04-25T22:06:01Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: entry

{{Short description|Indian manufacturer's group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = North Eastern Tea Association
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|abbreviation = NETA
|formation = {{start date and age|1981}}
|extinction =
|type =
|status =
|purpose =
|headquarters = G.F. Road Begenekhowa [[Golaghat]]<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.teauction.com/industry/associations1.asp|title=Tea Industry Association, Tea Auction}}</ref>
|region_served = Assam, India
|membership = 170
|language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[English language in India|English]]
|leader_title = Chairman
|leader_name = Kamal Jalan
|parent_organization = Committee of Plantation Associations (CCPA)
|affiliations =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website =
|remarks =
}}
The '''North Eastern Tea Association''' (NETA) is an association of [[Assam tea|tea]] producers' headquartered in [[Golaghat]], [[Upper Assam|Upper-Assam]] in the state of [[Assam]], India. It is a constituent member of the Joint Forum and the Consultative Committee of Plantation Associations (CCPA), [[Assam Valley]] branch.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160811/jsp/northeast/story_101812.jsp#.WGoGWbaLQcg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812203035/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160811/jsp/northeast/story_101812.jsp#.WGoGWbaLQcg|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2016|title=ACMS writes to tea growers on bonus, The Telegraph, Calcutta – Gauhati|date=10 August 2016|work=The Telegraph Correspondent|accessdate=11 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/barkakoty-re-elected-chairman-of-north-eastern-tea-association-113041100553_1.html|title=Barkakoty re-elected chairman of North Eastern tea association, The Business Standard, Calcutta – Gauhati
|date=11 April 2013|work=BS Reporter }}</ref> The association promotes interests of its members, in addition to playing a pivotal for the enrichment of the tea industry in Assam.

== History ==
NETA was formed in the year 1981 in Golaghat.<ref name="auto">{{cite news| url= https://www.assamtimes.org/node/8475|title=NETA appeals for Tea Board office shift to Guwahati, Assam Times|date=8 June 2013|work=Ritupallab Saikia}}</ref> The organization issues advice and the consensus of professional opinions' of tea producers to its members and associated groups, and to the government<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.sify.com/finance/ita-s-comments-objectionable-neta-news-default-ng2dG2ibfigsi.html|title= ITA's comments objectionable: NETA, Sify Finance|date= 27 June 2013|work= [[Business Standard]]|access-date= 3 January 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191016102456/https://www.sify.com/finance/ita-s-comments-objectionable-neta-news-default-ng2dG2ibfigsi.html|archive-date= 16 October 2019|url-status= dead}}</ref> about current issues as they arise pertaining to [[Economy of Assam|Assam's tea industry]], besides making various suggestions to the government for the betterment and the upscaling of the industry sector.

== Activities ==
The organization has made numerous suggestions to the [[Government of Assam]] for the upscaling the tea industry in the region. NETA has recently suggested to move the [[Tea Board of India]]'s head office to [[Guwahati]] on the basis of the fact that the other five statutory ''Commodity Boards'' under the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)#Department of Commerce|Department of Commerce]], [[Govt. of India]] – Tea, [[Coffee Board of India|Coffee]], Rubber, [[Spices Board of India|Spices]] and Tobacco are headquartered in the [[States of India|State]] where the product is mainly grown. Although Assam produces 52.9% of the country's total tea production as opposed to [[West Bengal|Bengal]] which produces 24.8%, the Tea Board is headquartered in Kolkata (Calcutta).<ref name="auto" />

NETA also urged the Tea Board to make an [https://www.assamtimes.org/node/8475#sthash.yGW8REhw.dpuf, amendment in the definition of Small Tea Grower] in order to accommodate the one who holds land up to 50.6 hectares as a small tea grower.

The organization also emphasizes on the growth of high quality tea from time to time and advises the tea planters and tea growers of the region to produce quality tea to attract buyers in the international markets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tea-association-concerned-over-production-cost-2036268|title=Tea Association concerned over production cost, Daily News and Analysis (DNA)|date=18 November 2014|work=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI)}}</ref>

== Structure ==
NETA has a large presence in [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]], [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]] and [[Karbi Anglong District|Karbi Anglong]] districts. With 170 members, the organization has tea estates with factories, tea estates without factories (above 10.12 hectares) and bought leaf factories (BLFs) are under its membership fold. It is currently organized under 5 zonal divisions, with central zone in Golaghat, and other zonal offices in [[Dibrugarh]], [[Jorhat]] etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2815/state051|title=NETA office opened at Dibrugarh, The Assam Tribune, Gauhati|date=27 February 2015|work=Staff Reporter|accessdate=28 February 2015|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104162337/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2815%2Fstate051|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Golaghat]]
[[Category:Golaghat district]]

Sujit Barman Roy

2026-04-23T08:47:35Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Made some post added tags

{{Short description|Indian Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sujit Barman Roy
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|1|28|df=y}}
| office = 20th [[Chief justice]] of [[Odisha High Court]]
| term_start = 9 April 2003
| term_end = 21 January 2007
| predecessor = [[P. K. Balasubramanyan]]
| successor = [[Asok Kumar Ganguly]]
| alma_mater = [[Visva Bharati University]]
| honorific_prefix = Justice
}}

'''Sujit Barman Roy''' (born 28 January 1945) is a retired Indian judge and former Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Orissa High Court, Cuttack|url=http://164.100.185.172/cjudgesret.html|access-date=2021-06-13|website=164.100.185.172}}</ref>

==Career==
Sujit Barman Roy studied in [[Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan]] under the [[Visva Bharati University]]. He graduated from [[Maharaja Bir Bikram College]] of [[Tripura]]. In 1974, he passed LL.B. from [[Hazra Law College]], [[University of Calcutta]] and started practice at Agartala Bench under the [[Gauhati High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calcutta High Court - Judges|url=https://www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in/Judges/157|access-date=2021-06-13|website=www.calcuttahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref> Barman Roy became the Advocate General of Tripura in 1988. On 14 November 1991 he was appointed a permanent judge of the Gauhati High Court. In 1997 Justice Roy was transferred to the [[Calcutta High Court]], thereafter elevated to the post of Chief Justice of Orissa High Court in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PIB Press Releases|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2003/rapr2003/02042003/r020420034.html|access-date=2021-06-13|website=archive.pib.gov.in}}</ref> He retired from the post in January 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-01-27|title=Orissa HC Chief Justice Burman Roy to retire|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/orissa-hc-chief-justice-burman-roy-to-retire_350282.html|access-date=2021-06-13|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Chief Justice {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack|url=https://orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/former-chief-justices/hon-ble-mr-justice-sujit-barman-roy/|access-date=2021-06-13|website=orissahighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barman Roy, Sujit}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gauhati High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]

Vaikunth Desai

2026-04-22T01:47:38Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Made the data nd citations

{{short description|Indian politician and teacher (born 1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vaikunth Desai
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Vaikunt Givind Desai
| birth_place = [[Quepem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|5|25|df=y}}
| office1 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Teacher
| office2 = Deputy Speaker of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Quepem Assembly constituency|Quepem]]
| term_start2 = 22 January 1980
| term_end2 = 7 January 1985
| predecessor1 = [[Dhulo Kuttikar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Makanbhai Bhathela]]
| successor2 = [[Shamjibhai Solanki]]
| successor1 = [[Prakash Velip]]
| term_start1 = 1977
| term_end1 = 1989
| education = [[Fifth grade]] of [[Lyceum]]
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* Infant Jesus High School, [[Cuncolim]]
* S.P.C. College, [[Margao]]
* Nirmala Institute, [[Panaji]] ([[B.Sc]])
* Tilak College Of Education, [[Pune]]}} ([[M.Ed]])
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1977–1989)
| cabinet = Minister<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Vaikunth+Desai+Quepem|title=Cabinet Government in Goa, 1961-1993: A Chronicled Analysis of 30 Years of Government and Politics in Goa|first=Aureliano|last=Fernandes|date=26 October 1997|publisher=Maureen & Camvet Publishers|via=Google Books}}</ref>
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Block Advisory
* Library
* Privileges
* Seine Operators
* Mechanised Boat Owners
* Tribal Sub-plan
* Education Bill
* Pollution
* Welfare Fund Bill}}
}}

'''Vaikunth Givind Desai''' (born 25 May 1942) is an Indian politician and teacher from [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tobAQAAMAAJ&q=Vaikunth+Desai |title=Productivity News |date=1987 |publisher=National Productivity Council of India. |language=en}}</ref> He is a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Quepem Assembly constituency]] from 1977 to 1989.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naik |first=Datta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seEyAAAAIAAJ&q=Vaikunth+Desai |title=Laying the Ground for Communal Riots--? |date=1987 |publisher=Saungadi Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> He also served as a Deputy speaker<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbvoAAAAMAAJ&q=Vaikunth+Desai |title=Goa Today |date=1982 |publisher=Goa Publications |language=en}}</ref> from 1980 to 1985 in the Goa Legislative Assembly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=132 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Johnny M.|date=31 Jan 2017 |title=Will it be Babu or Velip to break the jinx and capture Quepem? {{!}} Goa News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/will-it-be-babu-or-velip-to-break-the-jinx-and-capture-quepem/articleshow/56881130.cms |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=10 May 2002 |title=Sirsat, Vaikunth quit parties {{!}} undefined News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sirsat-vaikunth-quit-parties/articleshow/9498843.cms |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly {{!}} Former Deputy Speakers |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/former-deputy-speakers.php |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Vaikunt Givind Desai was born at Sheldem, [[Quepem]]. He completed his [[fifth grade]] of [[Lyceum]]. Desai then completed his schooling from Infant Jesus High School, [[Cuncolim]]. He graduated from S.P.C. College, [[Margao]]. He further completed his [[Bachelor of Science]] from Nirmala Institute, [[Panaji]] and later received a [[Master of Education]] degree from Tilak College Of Education, [[Pune]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Vaikunth}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Educators from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}

Hyderabad Street Circuit

2026-04-20T18:42:00Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new

{{Short description|Motorsport track in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox motorsport venue
| name = Hyderabad Street Circuit
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|24|35|N|78|28|18|E|display=it}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| image = [[File:Hyderabad Street Track FE Layout.png|class=skin-invert|250px]]
| image_caption = Formula E Circuit (2023)
| fia_grade =
| capacity = 35,000<ref name="HMDA"/>
| owner = [[Hyderabad Motor Racing Pvt Ltd]]
| operator =
| broke_ground =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2022|11|19|df=yes}}
| closed = {{Start date and age|2023|02|11|df=yes}}
| construction_cost= {{INRConvert|140|c}}
| architect = Driven International
| former_names =
| events = '''Former:''' [[Formula E]] ''[[Hyderabad ePrix]]'' (2023) [[Indian Racing League]] (2022)
| layout = Formula E Circuit (2023)
| length_km = 2.835
| length_mi = 1.762
| turns = 18
| record_time = 1:14.698
| record_driver = {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Norman Nato]]
| record_car = [[Formula E Gen3|Nissan e-4ORCE 04]]
| record_year = [[2023 Hyderabad ePrix|2023]]
| record_class = [[Formula E|F-E]]
| layout2 = Original Circuit (2022)
| length2_km = 2.830
| length2_mi = 1.758
| turns2 = 17
| record_time2 = 1:16.364
| record_driver2 = {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]]
| record_car2 = [[Wolf GB08|Wolf GB08 Thunder]]
| record_year2 = [[2022 Indian Racing League|2022]]
| record_class2 = [[Group CN|CN]]
| logo =
| website =
}}

'''Hyderabad Street Circuit''' was a {{cvt|2.835|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[street circuit]] laid out on the streets of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Here it is, India's first ever street circuit #Hyderabad |url=https://twitter.com/DrivenInt/status/1593230460486045697 |date=17 November 2022 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref name='hyderabad_rcircuits'>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Street Circuit - Racingcircuits |url=https://www.racingcircuits.info/asia/india/hyderabad-street-circuit.html |date=12 December 2022 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=Racingcircuits.info}}</ref> The track was set up in and around the Secretariat Complex and went through [[Lumbini Park]], situated on the banks of [[Hussain Sagar|Hussain Sagar Lake]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=8 July 2022 |title=All about Formula-E race that will be held in Hyderabad next year |language=en-US |url=https://telanganatoday.com/all-about-formula-e-race-that-will-be-held-in-hyderabad-next-year |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref> The [[Hyderabad ePrix]] was staged on the circuit in 2023. It was held as part of the [[2022–23 Formula E World Championship]] season and was the first Formula E race held in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2022 |title=Hyderabad to host Formula E race in 2023 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/hyderabad-to-host-formula-e-race-in-2023/article38507164.ece |access-date=1 July 2022|website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Hyderabad was one of a number of Indian cities bidding to host a round of the [[FIA Formula E World Championship]], although it was only seriously considered after the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] had halted the discussions between the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] and proposed hosts in [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://formularapida.net/formula-e-signs-a-letter-of-intent-with-hyderabad-for-indian-eprix/|title=Formula E signs a letter of intent with Hyderabad for Indian EPrix|first=Darshan|last=Chokhani|date=17 January 2022}}</ref> On 17 January 2022, the Government of Telangana signed a "letter of intent" with Formula E to stage the Hyderabad ePrix, with a planned debut as a round of the 2022/23 season, towards the start of the season.<ref name="auto"/> The Hyderabad ePrix was subsequently listed on the first provisional calendar for [[2022–23 Formula E World Championship|2022–23]] as the fourth round of the season, with an initial date of 11 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad E-Prix confirmed: Formula E to race in India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/hyderabad-e-prix-confirmed-formula-e-to-race-in-india-424950 |date=29 June 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=Autocar India}}</ref>

Besides Formula E, it was also planned for Hyderabad Street Circuit to host races for the [[Formula Regional Indian Championship]] and the [[F4 Indian Championship]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Formula Regional Indian Championship to feature Hyderabad street race |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/formula-regional-indian-championship-to-feature-hyderabad-street-race-421795 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> however both championships were cancelled in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolff |first=Perceval |date=28 October 2022 |title=Exclusive: Indian feeder series FRIC & Indian F4 cancelled |url=https://f1feederseries.com/2022/10/28/exclusive-indian-feeder-series-fric-indian-f4-cancelled/ |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=F1 Feeder Series |language=en}}</ref> After the cancellation of those championships, the circuit was scheduled to host two rounds of the new [[2022 Indian Racing League|Indian Racing League]] in 2022 as a test before Formula E's debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Formula Regional India updated calendar revealed |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/2022-formula-regional-india-updated-calendar-revealed-424831 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=Autocar India}}</ref> The first of these events was cancelled following the opening practice session after a driver broke their leg in a crash, but this was not communicated to patrons or the outside world until after the event was scheduled to conclude.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/indian-racing-league-hyderabad-round-cancelled-after-crash-what-happened-426426|title=Indian Racing League Hyderabad round cancelled after crash: What happened?|publisher=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar India]]|date=21 November 2022}}</ref> The Indian Racing League returned for its season finale three weeks later, with Alister Yoong and [[Nikhil Bohra]] winning all three races for the Godspeed Kochi franchise.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.autotrack.ind.in/post/akhil-rabindra-emerged-drivers-champion-while-godspeed-kochi-are-team-champions|title=Akhil Rabindra emerged Drivers Champion, while GodSpeed Kochi are team champions|publisher=AutoTrack India|date=14 December 2022}}</ref>

Ahead of the 2023 Hyderabad ePrix, a chicane was added at the Hussein Sagar corner to reduce speeds as the run-off area could not be extended.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/2023-hyderabad-e-prix|title=2023 Hyderabad E-Prix Preview: All you need to know|publisher=Evo India|date=8 February 2023}}</ref> [[Jean-Éric Vergne]] emerged victorious for [[Dragon Racing|DS Penske]], holding off a fast-finishing [[Nick Cassidy]] as both [[Jaguar Racing]] drivers collided at the hairpin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.autosport.com/formula-e/news/hyderabad-e-prix-vergne-beats-cassidy/10430584/|title=Hyderabad E-Prix: Vergne holds off Cassidy siege to win wild race, Jaguars self-destruct|publisher=[[Autosport]]|date=11 February 2023}}</ref> The Indian Racing League was scheduled to return to the circuit as the [[2023 Indian Racing League|2023 season-opener]], but was moved to the [[Madras International Circuit]] due to [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|local elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/other-news/011123/indian-racing-league-cancelled-moved-to-chennai.html|title=Indian Racing League cancelled, moved to Chennai|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2 November 2023}}</ref>

==Circuit==
[[File:Hussain Sagar Map.svg|right|thumb|Necklace Road, Hyderabad]]

Hyderabad Motor Racing Pvt Ltd constructed the first ever street race circuit certified by the FIA in India. The racetrack's starting position was across from the [[NTR Gardens|NTR Garden]], from where it would pass via NTR Marg and IMAX road before returning to the starting point in a loop. The track is {{cvt|11|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide on average. For the competing teams, a total of 12 FIA pit garages are being constructed close to the IMAX turning.<ref name="HMDA">{{Cite news |last=Swathi |first=V. |date=2022-11-05 |title=HMDA racing to meet Formula E Championship deadlines |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hmda-racing-to-meet-formula-e-championship-deadlines/article66100189.ece |access-date=6 November 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Lap records ==

The fastest official race lap records at the Hyderabad Street Circuit are listed as:

{| class="wikitable"
! Category !! Time !! Driver !! Vehicle !! Date
|-
! colspan=5 | Formula E Circuit (2023): {{cvt|2.835|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name='hyderabad_rcircuits' />
|-
| [[Formula E]] || '''1:14.698''' || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Norman Nato]] || [[Formula E Gen3|Nissan e-4ORCE 04]] || [[2023 Hyderabad ePrix|11 February 2023]]
|-
! colspan=5 | Original Circuit (2022): {{cvt|2.830|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref name='hyderabad_rcircuits' />
|-
| [[Group CN]] || '''1:16.364'''<ref>{{cite web |title=And it's a clean sweep for Godspeed Kochi! Alister Yoong and Nikhil Bohra snatch victory for the Kochi team with an elite display of racing at the last Feature Race of the season! Congratulations to all the winners and a big thank you to all participants and viewers! |url=https://twitter.com/Irlofficial1/status/1601945667127349248 |date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jon Lancaster]] || [[Wolf GB08|Wolf GB08 Thunder]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Racing League: All you need to know ahead of race weekend |url=https://www.evoindia.com/motorsport/indian-racing-league |date=19 November 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=Evo India}}</ref> || [[2022 Indian Racing League|11 December 2022]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Buddh International Circuit]]
* [[Madras International Circuit]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vaQbonE9Yw Hyderabad Street Circuit | India | Driven International]
*[https://instagram.com/hydstreetcircuit?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y= Hyderabad Street Circuit]

{{Indian motorsports}}
{{Formula E circuits}}

[[Category:Formula E circuits|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Hyderabad ePrix]]
[[Category:Defunct motorsport venues|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Motorsport venues in India|Hyderabad]]

Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:45Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new data...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghatkopar West
| constituency_no = 169
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 169-Ghatkopar West.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ram Kadam]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors = 277,595
}}
'''Ghatkopar West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.

==Overview==
Ghatkopar West (constituency number 169) is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 |df= }}</ref> The number of electorates in 2009 was 305,516 (male 175,681, female 129,835).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=4 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf |archivedate=2011-04-09 }}</ref>

Ghatkopar West is part of the [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely [[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]], [[Vikhroli Assembly constituency|Vikhroli]], [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East]], [[Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar Assembly constituency|Mankhurd Shivaji Nagar]] and Bhandup West in the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Ram Kadam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar West<ref name="Ghatkopar West Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Ghatkopar West Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/ghatkopar-west |accessdate=28 December 2024 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228060130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/ghatkopar-west |archivedate=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ghatkopar West">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ghatkopar West |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13169.htm |accessdate=28 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228060230/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13169.htm |archivedate=28 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Kadam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,171 |percentage = 44.11% |change={{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Dattatray Bhalerao |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 60,200 |percentage = 36.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Arjun Chukkal |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 25,862 |percentage = 15.59% |change={{increase}}5.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sagar Ramesh Gawai |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,649 |percentage = 2.80% |change={{decrease}}2.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,387 |percentage = 0.84% |change={{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,971 |percentage = 7.82% |change= {{decrease}}11.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,283 |percentage = 60.26% |change= {{increase}}5.18 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 165,896}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 277,595|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar West<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Kadam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 70,263 |percentage = 47.75% |change={{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Dattatray Bhalerao |party=Independent politician |votes = 41,474 |percentage = 28.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Arjun Chukkal |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 15,019 |percentage = 10.21% |change={{decrease}}0.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anand Rajyavardhan Shukla |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,313 |percentage = 6.33% |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Ravsaheb Owhal |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,088 |percentage = 5.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,297 |percentage = 1.56% |change={{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,789 |percentage = 19.56% |change= {{decrease}}6.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 149,467 |percentage = 55.08% |change= {{increase}}3.01 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 147,156}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 271,345|ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar West<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Kadam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 80,343 |percentage = 50.89% |change={{increase}}27.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhir Sayaji More |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 38,427 |percentage = 24.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Bhausaheb Lande |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 17,207 |percentage = 10.90% |change={{decrease}}31.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramgovind Yadav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,071 |percentage = 6.38% |change={{decrease}}14.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harun Yusuf Khan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 7,426 |percentage = 4.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,879 |percentage = 1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaheen Mohammed Shafi Shaikh |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,539 |percentage = 0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gautam Laxman Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,430 |percentage = 0.91% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,916 |percentage = 26.55% |change= {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,782 |percentage = 52.70% |change= {{increase}}5.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 157,876}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 303,172|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |swing= {{increase}}8.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar West<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ram Kadam]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 60,343 |percentage = 42.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Poonam Mahajan Rao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,115 |percentage = 23.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Janet D'Souza |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,360 |percentage = 21.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mukund Thorat |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,096 |percentage = 5.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sharad Shantaram Kadam |party=Lok Bharati |votes = 2,030 |percentage = 1.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahendra Sopan Kamble |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,398 |percentage = 0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ayub Aminmistry Hungund |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes = 894 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,228 |percentage = 18.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 142,951 |percentage = 46.79% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 142,950}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 305,535|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ghatkopar]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

* {{coord|19.089769|72.8841048}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Shreyas M. Patel

2026-04-12T12:04:57Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Made the stub added tags

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| image =
| birth_name =
| profession = Politician
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| parents = P Mahesh, S G Anupama
| spouse = Akshatha B L (13 March 2023)
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Prajwal Revanna]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Shreyas M. Patel''' is an Indian politician and the elected candidate for [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general elections]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1016.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and secured 672,988 (49.67%) votes defeating [[Prajwal Revanna]] of [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] with a margin of 42,649 votes.<ref name="eci"/><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://indianexpress.com/elections/prajwal-revanna-vs-shreyas-m-patel-hassan-election-results-live-upates-9369414/</ref>

==See also==
* [[18th Lok Sabha]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Shreyas M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Dasoju Sravan Kumar

2026-04-04T15:52:57Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new a bio...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = Dr. Dasoju Sravan Kumar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Sravandasoju.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Council|Member of Legislative Council Telangana]]
| term_start = 30 March 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Telangana Legislative Council|Elected by MLAs]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| constituency1 =
| majority1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| order2 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =

| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|09|07}}
| birth_place = [[Nalgonda]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] [[Praja Rajyam Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| salary =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| awards =
| blank1 =
| data1 =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| parents = Late Dasoju Krishnamachary, Jogamma
| spouse = Shashikala
| relatives =
| children = Mrinal, Gowri Narayani
}}
'''Dr. Dasoju Sravan Kumar''' (born 7 September 1966) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana State]]. He was named as BRS candidate for MLC elections under the MLA quota on 9 March 2025<ref name="MLC poll: BRS names Dasoju Sravan as candidate under MLA quota">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=9 March 2025 |title=MLC poll: BRS names Dasoju Sravan as candidate under MLA quota |url=https://telanganatoday.com/mlc-poll-brs-names-dasoju-sravan-as-candidate-under-mla-quota |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250309173547/https://telanganatoday.com/mlc-poll-brs-names-dasoju-sravan-as-candidate-under-mla-quota |archivedate=9 March 2025 |accessdate=9 March 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> and unanimously elected as Member of [[Telangana Legislative Council]] on 13 March 2025.<ref name="Telangana: Five MLCs elected unanimously under MLA quota">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 March 2025 |title=Telangana: Five MLCs elected unanimously under MLA quota |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-five-mlcs-elected-unanimously-under-mla-quota-1866696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313150415/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-five-mlcs-elected-unanimously-under-mla-quota-1866696 |archive-date=13 March 2025 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Dasoju Sravan Kumar started his career as RSS activist and was elected as general secretary of ABVP Arts College, [[Osmania University]]. He actively participated in all student movements and also fought for the rights of weaker sections. Sravan later joined [[Praja Rajyam Party]] and unsuccessfully contested from [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2024 Indian general election|2009 Loksabha elections]] and stood third place with 91,414 votes.<ref name="Loksabha Election results 2009">{{cite web |title=Indian general election 2009 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/|website=Election Commission of India |access-date=3 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="2009 Election Affidavit">{{cite news |title=2009 Election Affidavit |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2009/PC_Affidavits_GE_2009/PC_Affidavits_GE_2009_Upto%208.10.09/08-Secunderabad/08_09_Dr_Dasoju_Sravan_Kumar.pdf |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2009 |archive-date=}}</ref> and later started taking active part in the [[Telangana movement]] and joined [[TRS Party]] he emerged as the Vocal Telangana Activist and a face of the Historical Struggle during the Telangana movement under Telangana ideologue [[Kothapalli Jayashankar|Prof Jayashankar]] Sir and BRS founder KCR's mentoring. He was later appointed as TRS Politburo member and TRS party's official spokesperson. Dasoju Sravan Wanted to contest in elections from Bhongir or Musheerabad, But failed to get TRS party ticket and later he joined [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] on 12 April 2014 and was appointed as the Chief Spokesperson of TPCC<ref name="KCR a opportunist political sadist, his party gathering of rowdies: Telangana Congress">{{cite news |title=KCR a opportunist political sadist, his party gathering of rowdies: Telangana Congress |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kcr-a-opportunist-political-sadist-his-party-gathering-of-rowdies-telangana-congress-1349973-2018-09-26 |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=27 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303070745/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kcr-a-opportunist-political-sadist-his-party-gathering-of-rowdies-telangana-congress-1349973-2018-09-26 |archive-date=3 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Dasoju Sravan Kumar unsuccessfully contested from [[Khairatabad (Assembly constituency)|Khairatabad Assembly Constituency]] in [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Telangana Assembly Elections]]<ref name="It’s neck and neck in Khairatabad">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=22 November 2018 |title=It’s neck and neck in Khairatabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/its-neck-and-neck-in-khairatabad/article25627542.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303064107/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/its-neck-and-neck-in-khairatabad/article25627542.ece |archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Khairatabad Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Khairatabad Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/khairatabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303063830/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/khairatabad |archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> and later he was appointed as All India Congress Committee (AICC) National Spokesperson.<ref name="Congress accuses TRS, BJP of conspiracy">{{cite news |last1= |title=Congress accuses TRS, BJP of conspiracy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/congress-accuses-trs-bjp-of-conspiracy--554118 |access-date=3 March 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303071506/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/congress-accuses-trs-bjp-of-conspiracy--554118 |archive-date=3 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He left Congress blaming the functioning style of TPCC President [[Revanth Reddy]] and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the presence of Telangana BJP in-charge Tarun Chugh on 5 August 2022.<ref name="Dasoju Sravan joins BJP, slams TRS {{!}} Dasoju Sravan joins BJP, slams TRS">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Dasoju Sravan joins BJP, slams TRS {{!}} Dasoju Sravan joins BJP, slams TRS |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/070822/dasoju-sravan-joins-bjp.html |access-date=3 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303072419/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/070822/dasoju-sravan-joins-bjp.html |archive-date=3 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana: Ex-AICC spokesperson Dasoju Sravan joins BJP">{{cite news |title=Telangana: Ex-AICC spokesperson Dasoju Sravan joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-ex-aicc-spokesperson-dasoju-sravan-joins-bjp/articleshow/93405319.cms |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303072629/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-ex-aicc-spokesperson-dasoju-sravan-joins-bjp/articleshow/93405319.cms |archive-date=3 March 2025}}</ref> Sravan quit [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and returned to [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] ahead of the Munugode Assembly Constituency byelection on 21 October 2022.<ref name="Jolt to BJP in Telangana as Swamy Goud, Sravan return to TRS ahead of Munugode bypoll">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Jolt to BJP in Telangana as Swamy Goud, Sravan return to TRS ahead of Munugode bypoll |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jolt-to-bjp-in-telangana-as-swamy-goud-sravan-return-to-trs-ahead-of-munugode-bypoll/article66040194.ece |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=21 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303073140/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jolt-to-bjp-in-telangana-as-swamy-goud-sravan-return-to-trs-ahead-of-munugode-bypoll/article66040194.ece |archive-date=3 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Telangana: Dasoju Sravan quits BJP; to join TRS">{{cite news |date=21 October 2022 |title=Telangana: Dasoju Sravan quits BJP; to join TRS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-dasoju-sravan-quits-bjp-to-join-trs/articleshow/95016704.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303063950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-dasoju-sravan-quits-bjp-to-join-trs/articleshow/95016704.cms |archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Telangana: TRS, BJP lure K Swamy Goud netas to coax voters from community in bypoll">{{cite news |date=22 October 2022 |title=Telangana: TRS, BJP lure K Swamy Goud netas to coax voters from community in bypoll |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-trs-bjp-lure-goud-netas-to-coax-voters-from-community-in-bypoll/articleshow/95025229.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303070851/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-trs-bjp-lure-goud-netas-to-coax-voters-from-community-in-bypoll/articleshow/95025229.cms |archive-date=3 March 2025 |access-date=3 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

Sravan Kumar named as MLC under the Governor’s quota by BRS party in August 2023 after State Cabinet’s decision,<ref name="Sravan named for MLC berth under governor’s quota">{{cite news |title=Sravan named for MLC berth under governor’s quota |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/sravan-named-for-mlc-berth-under-governors-quota/articleshow/102294381.cms |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=1 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305163322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/sravan-named-for-mlc-berth-under-governors-quota/articleshow/102294381.cms |archive-date=5 March 2025}}</ref> but were rejected by the Governor [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] referring to Article 171(5) of the Constitution, which says that [[Member of Legislative Council|Members of Legislative Councils]] nominated by the Governor shall have "special knowledge or practical experience" related to "literature, science, art, co-operative movement and social service."<ref name="Telangana Governor rejects nomination of Dasoju Sravan, Kurra Satyanarayana to Legislative Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Telangana Governor rejects nomination of Dasoju Sravan, Kurra Satyanarayana to Legislative Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-governor-rejects-nomination-of-dasoju-sravan-kurra-satyanarayana-to-legislative-council/article67344121.ece |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305163259/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-governor-rejects-nomination-of-dasoju-sravan-kurra-satyanarayana-to-legislative-council/article67344121.ece |archive-date=5 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="‘Politically aligned persons’: Telangana governor Tamilisai Soundararajan rejects 2 MLC recommendations">{{cite news |title=‘Politically aligned persons’: Telangana governor Tamilisai Soundararajan rejects 2 MLC recommendations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-governor-rejects-2-mlc-recommendations-8955568/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305163638/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-governor-rejects-2-mlc-recommendations-8955568/ |archive-date=5 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Dasoju Sravan Kumar was named as BRS MLC candidate under the MLA quota on 9 March 2025 and unanimously elected as Member of [[Telangana Legislative Council]] on 13 March 2025.<ref name="5 MLCs under MLA quota elected unanimously">{{cite news |last1= |title=5 MLCs under MLA quota elected unanimously |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/5-mlcs-under-mla-quota-elected-unanimously-953749 |access-date=14 March 2025 |work= |publisher=The Hans India |date=14 March 2025 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MLC poll: 3 from Cong, 1 each of CPI & BRS win unopposed">{{cite news |title=MLC poll: 3 from Cong, 1 each of CPI & BRS win unopposed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mlc-poll-3-from-cong-1-each-of-cpi-brs-win-unopposed/articleshow/118991525.cms |access-date=14 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314070909/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mlc-poll-3-from-cong-1-each-of-cpi-brs-win-unopposed/articleshow/118991525.cms |archive-date=14 March 2025}}</ref><ref name="Five MLCs elected unopposed under MLAs quota in Telangna">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Five MLCs elected unopposed under MLAs quota in Telangna |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/five-mlcs-elected-unopposed-under-mlas-quota-in-telangna/article69326952.ece |access-date=16 March 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250316101042/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/five-mlcs-elected-unopposed-under-mlas-quota-in-telangna/article69326952.ece |archive-date=16 March 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He took oath as MLC on 16 April 2025.<ref name="Dasoju Sravan takes oath as MLC, vows to fight against Congress rule">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Dasoju Sravan takes oath as MLC, vows to fight against Congress rule |url=https://telanganatoday.com/dasoju-sravan-takes-oath-as-mlc-vows-to-fight-against-congress-rule |access-date=17 April 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417072141/https://telanganatoday.com/dasoju-sravan-takes-oath-as-mlc-vows-to-fight-against-congress-rule |archive-date=17 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sravan Kumar, Dasoju}}
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]

Bombay Scottish School, Mahim

2026-04-02T20:37:14Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil:

{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Bombay Scottish School
| image = Bombay Scottish School Logo.png
| alt = School shield and crest
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| address = Veer Savarkar Marg(Mahim)
| region = [[Mahim]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| zipcode = 400016
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19|2|2.5|N|72|50|21|E|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| school_board = ICSE and ISC
| authority = Bombay Scottish Orphanage Society
| religious_affiliation = Christianity
| denomination =
| oversight =
| affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]<ref name=antique>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-Top-Schools/topschools-mumbai/Antique-charm-modern-outlook/SP-Article1-477230.aspx|title=Antique charm, modern outlook|date=17 November 2009|work=Hindustan Times|location=India|access-date=29 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505034054/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-Top-Schools/topschools-mumbai/Antique-charm-modern-outlook/SP-Article1-477230.aspx|archive-date=5 May 2010}}</ref>
| trustee =
| principal = Sunita George
| staff =
| USNWR_ranking =
| faculty =
| teaching_staff = 120<ref name=best-west>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/The-best-schools-in-the-west/Article1-603330.aspx|title=The best schools in the west|date=22 September 2010|work=Hindustan Times|location=India|access-date=28 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116023407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/The-best-schools-in-the-west/Article1-603330.aspx|archive-date=16 January 2011}}</ref>
| enrollment =
| national_ranking = 1723829
| classes =
| classes_offered = Junior Kindergarten–12th<ref name=antique/>
| avg_class_size = 38
| ratio = 27:1<ref name=best-west/>
| lower_age =
| upper_age =
| houses = {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} Blue, {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} Green, {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} Red, {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} Yellow
| schooltype =
| fundingtype =
| type = [[Private school]]
| system = [[Coeducational]]
| fees = {{INR}}90,000 to 1,05,000
| revenue =
| budget =
| enrolment =
| products =
| age_range = 3 - 17
| language = English
| classrooms = 78
| campus =
| campus_size = approximately {{convert|2|acre|m2}}
| campus_type = Urban
| hours_in_day = approximately 8 - 8.5 hours
| athletics =
| song =
| motto = Perseverentia et fide in Deo
| motto_translation = Perseverance and faith in God
| accreditation =
| sports =
| team_name =
| nickname = Scottish, BSS
| colours =
| publication = Tartan, the Scottish Herald
| established =
| founded = {{start date and age|1847|02|18|df=yes}}<ref name=Visitor-guide>{{cite book |title=Visitor's illustrated guide to Bombay|last=Pinder |first=D.A.|year=1904|publisher=G. Claridge & Co|page=[https://archive.org/details/visitorsillustr00pindgoog/page/n160 96]|url=https://archive.org/details/visitorsillustr00pindgoog|quote=bombay scottish orphanage.|access-date=17 February 2010}}</ref>
| status = open
| communities =
| free_label = Founder's day
| free_text = 18 February<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/alumni.html|title=Alumni of Bombay Scottish School|year=2009|publisher=Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|access-date=16 March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309054451/http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/alumni.html|archive-date=9 March 2010}}</ref>
| free_label1 = School magazine
| free_text1 = ''Tartan,The Scottish Herald ''<ref name=antique/>
| footnotes =
| picture =
| website = [http://bombayscottish.in/mahim/home.php www.bombayscottish.in/mahim]
}}
[[File:Bombay Scottish School 1878.jpg|thumb|Bombay Scottish School in 1878]]

The''' Bombay Scottish School, Mahim''', popularly known as '''Scottish''', is a private, [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] [[day school]] located at [[Mahim|Mahim West]] in [[Mumbai]], India. The institution was established in 1847 by Scottish Christian [[missionary|missionaries]] under the name ''Scottish Female Orphanage''. [[Bombay Scottish School, Powai]] is an affiliate of this institution.

The school caters to pupils from [[Reception (school)|junior kindergarten]] up to class 12 and the medium of instruction is English. The school is affiliated with the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], New Delhi, which conducts the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] examinations at the close of class 10 and the [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]] examinations at the close of class 12. The school has been among the top 10 schools in India for the past few decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.educationtoday.co/et/rankings/school-rankings-2020/School-ranking-details-2020.php?id=37|title=ICSE SCHOOLS IN INDIA 2020}}</ref>

==History==
The institution was founded in 1847 at [[Byculla]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[British Raj|British India]] by a small group of Scottish missionaries as the ''Scottish Female Orphanage''. The [[orphanage]] was set up to educate the daughters of Scottish Presbyterian soldiers and Indian navy seamen. The success of the ''Scottish Female Orphanage'' led to the establishment of a similar institution for boys known as the ''Orphanage for the Sons of Presbyterians'' in 1857. In 1859, the ''Scottish Female Orphanage'' and the ''Orphanage for the Sons of Presbyterians'' were merged to form ''The Bombay Presbyterian Male and Female Orphanage''. In 1863, the name of the institution was altered to the ''Bombay Scottish Orphanage''.<ref name=Visitor-guide/> On 18 February 1867, the first general meeting of subscribers to the ''Bombay Scottish Orphanage Trust'' was held.<ref name=ewo.net>{{cite web|url=http://educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-148|title=Institution profile of Bombay Scottish School|year=2009|publisher=EducationWorldOnline.net|access-date=17 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615005644/http://educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-148|archive-date=15 June 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The institution acquired a large plot of land adjacent to the Mahim Bay. Here a boarding school was built to impart education on the model of British schools. The school building was designed by D. E. Gostling and J. Morris and sanctioned by the Government of Bombay on 15 July 1875. The construction of the school building was commenced on 8 December 1875 by Sir Philip Edmond Wodehouse, then Governor and President in Council. The construction of the ''Bombay Scottish Orphanage'' was completed on 28 February 1878 at a cost of {{INR}} 84,015. The orphanage was opened by Sir Richard Temple Bart, then Governor and President in Council on 13 April 1878. The children were shifted from Byculla to their new accommodation in the boarding school at Mahim. The orphanage relied on the public to a considerable extent for monetary funds.<ref name=Visitor-guide/>

When the orphanage was shut down and its 11th and 12th classes discontinued, its name was changed to ''The Bombay Scottish School''. In 1935, the number of students reached 100. The institution, which was intended to cater solely to the requirements of Scottish children, opened its doors to the children of English and European descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinesh.com/bombay_scottish_school/bombay_scottish_school/history.html|title=History of Bombay Scottish School|year=2009|publisher=Dinesh.com|access-date=27 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102053541/http://dinesh.com/bombay_scottish_school/bombay_scottish_school/history.html|archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref> Today, the school is open to children from all communities. The school has a sister concern in [[Bombay Scottish School, Powai|Powai]], Mumbai which was established in 1997.<ref name=ewo.net/>

==Admissions and curriculum==

===Curriculum===
The school follows the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) syllabus prescribed by the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]], New Delhi. English is the medium of instruction. [[Hindi]] and French are taught as second languages. English and Hindi are taught from class 1. [[Marathi language|Marathi]], the regional language is taught as a third language and is compulsory from class 1 up to class 7.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/curriculum.html|title=Curriculum of Bombay Scottish School|year=2009|publisher=Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|access-date=17 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706054137/http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/curriculum.html|archive-date=6 July 2009}}</ref>

Candidates for the ICSE examination need to finish satisfactorily courses in a third language (Marathi), Art and Craft, Physical Education, Moral Education, [[Socially Useful Productive Work]] ([[SUPW]]). These are evaluated internally by the school and the results contribute towards the award of the ICSE pass certificate. Field trips, camps and social service visits are organised regularly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/sports.html|title=Sports at Bombay Scottish School|year=2009|publisher=Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|access-date=28 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625015426/http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/sports.html|archive-date=25 June 2010}}</ref>

==School life==

===School flag and shield===
The school flag features the white [[Saltire|Cross of St. Andrew]] against a blue background. [[St. Andrew]] is the patron saint of [[Scotland]]. The flag is flown during ceremonial occasions. The school shield represents the Cross of St. Andrew. The white [[Saltire|Crux decussata]] (cross) quarters the shield into four segments each representing a house colour denoted by the [[Fleur-de-lis]], the Castle, the [[Lion (heraldry)|Lion]] and the [[Palm tree]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/emblem.html|title=School Emblem|year=2009|publisher=Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|access-date=27 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217092541/http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/emblem.html|archive-date=17 February 2010}}</ref>

===Motto, school song and school hymn===
The school's motto is 'Perseverantia et fide in Deo', [[Latin]] for 'Perseverance and faith in God'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/motto.html|title=School Motto|year=2009|publisher=Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|access-date=27 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023110004/http://www.bombayscottish.in/mahim/motto.html|archive-date=23 October 2009}}</ref>

===Culture===
Bombay Scottish imparts Christian values to its students. A Christmas concert is held every December and is a three-day event. Inter-house competitions are held in cultural activities such as drama and elocution and sports such as football, throw ball, and basketball. An annual survey conducted by the [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook magazine]] in 2002 ranked the school at top position in the Mumbai region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218344|title=India's Best Schools|date=16 December 2002|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|access-date=28 January 2010}}</ref>

==Superintendents and principals==
The institution has had fourteen heads. The ''Gamaliel Hall'' and the ''MacKay Hall'' are named after notable principals Lazarus Gamaliel and Adam MacKay. After the completion of his tenure at Mahim, Mark David went on to become the first principal of the sister school, [[Bombay Scottish School, Powai]]. The school's principals include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinesh.com/bombay_scottish_school/bombay_scottish_school/principals.html|title=Principals of Bombay Scottish School|year=2009|publisher=Dinesh.com|access-date=17 April 2010}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
!style="background:#cedff2"|Designation
!style="background:#cedff2"|Name
!style="background:#cedff2"|Tenure
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|Superintendent
| John Anderson
| 1884–1914
|-
|Superintendent
| D. G. Ross
| 1914–1916
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|Superintendent
| H. M. Green
| 1916–1921
|-
|Superintendent
| Thornton Ripley
| 1921–1927
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|Superintendent/Principal
| Adam MacKay
| 1927–1947
|-
|Principal
| S. A. Badvey
| 1947–1957
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|Principal
| Lazarus Gamaliel
| 1957–1984
|-
|Principal
| A. T. Balraj
| 1984–1987
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|Principal
| Mark David
| 1987–1997
|-
|Principal
| Rev. Arun Thomas
| 1997–1999
|- bgcolor=#edf3fe
|Principal
| D. P. N. Prasad
| 1999–2009
|-
|Principal
| Melanie Chandrashekhar
| 2009–2014
|-
|Principal
| Molly Paul
| 2014–2019
|-
|Principal
| Sunita George
| 2019–present
|}

==Controversies==
On 11 May 2008, unidentified [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] activists targeted the name plate of the school and blackened the word '[[Bombay]]' written on one of the school gates with [[tar]] and replaced it with '[[Mumbai]]'. The police was notified of the incident and a case was registered. Ironically, Shiv Sena chief, [[Uddhav Thackeray]]'s sons [[Aditya Thackeray|Aditya]] and Tejas as well as [[Raj Thackeray]]'s daughter Urvashi have all studied at Bombay Scottish School.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-12/india/27753472_1_raj-thackeray-maharashtra-navnirman-sena-bombay-hospital|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323185838/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-12/india/27753472_1_raj-thackeray-maharashtra-navnirman-sena-bombay-hospital|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2012|title=Raj kids' school targeted for using 'Bombay', not Mumbai|date=12 May 2008|location=India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai Scottish just doesn't sound nice |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-mumbai-scottish-just-doesn-t-sound-nice-1163996 |access-date=29 November 2020 |work=DNA |issue=12 May 2008 |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation, an Essel Group company |date=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Now, miscreants target Thackeray kids' school |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Redevelopment-fever-hits-Lokhandwala/articleshow/3030737.cms |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Times of India |issue=12 May 2008 |publisher=Times of India |date=2008}}</ref>

===Sexual assault allegations against a teacher===
A 40-year-old female teacher was arrested on charges of allegedly sexually assaulting a 16-year-old male student on multiple occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bombay Scottish Teacher Accused Of Sexually Assaulting Minor Student In 5-Star Hotels Arrested|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-police-custody-of-bombay-scottish-school-teacher-bipasha-kumar-accused-of-sexually-assaulting-student-at-5-star-hotel-extended|access-date=28 November 2025|work=Free Press Journal|issue=3 July 2025|publisher=Free Press Journal|date=2025}}</ref> However, the accused “teacher” was not associated with the institution at the time of the incident, as she had been removed a year earlier. She was later acquitted on the grounds that the engagement was consensual in nature.<ref>{{cite news |title= Court says relationship consensual, grants bail to Mumbai school teacher |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/court-says-relationship-consensual-grants-bail-to-mumbai-school-teacher/articleshow/122868580.cms |access-date=6 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issue=2 July 2025 |publisher= The Times of India |date=2025}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==

===Arts and entertainment===
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] – Hindi film actor<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0045393/bio|title=Biography of Abhishek Bachchan|year=2009|publisher=[[IMDb]]|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref>
* [[Aamir Khan]]- Hindi film actor, producer and director.
* [[Aditya Bhattacharya]] – Hindi film director and screenwriter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/36/2011052920110529012520159fd85c1f0/Aamir-Khan-redux.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117192132/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/36/2011052920110529012520159fd85c1f0/Aamir-Khan-redux.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2013|title=Aamir Khan redux|date=29 May 2011|publisher=BangaloreMirror.com|access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* [[Aditya Chopra]] – Hindi film director, screenwriter, and producer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/52454/|title=She has the Best Curves|date=8 August 2004|work=The Indian Express|location=India|access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Amrita Puri]] - Hindi film actress and daughter of Adiya Puri, the managing director of [[HDFC Bank]]
* [[Arjun Bijlani]] – Hindi television actor and Host<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/publications/gr8/articles_details.php?date=2008-12-01|title=Rising Stars of Miley Jab Hum Tum|date=1 December 2008|publisher=The Indian Television Academy|access-date=30 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225165104/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/publications/gr8/articles_details.php?date=2008-12-01|archive-date=25 December 2008}}</ref>
* [[Aziz Mirza]] – Hindi film director<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/yw/2003/05/24/stories/2003052401990300.htm|title=Dream maker|year=2003|work=The Hindu|location=India|access-date=28 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606124327/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/yw/2003/05/24/stories/2003052401990300.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* [[Dharmesh Darshan]] – Hindi film director and screenwriter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jan/06dhar.htm|title=Mela is a calculated effort on my part|date=6 January 2000|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=4 September 2010}}</ref>
* [[Ekta Kapoor]] – Hindi film and television producer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/publications/gr8/articles_details.php?date=2009-09-14|title=Super Six She's – Ekta Kapoor – Winning the war after losing the battle!|date=14 September 2009|publisher=The Indian Television Academy|access-date=30 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721194727/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/publications/gr8/articles_details.php?date=2009-09-14|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
* [[Hrithik Roshan]] – Hindi film actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/celebrity/starscelebrity/hrithik-roshan.htm|title=Hrithik Roshan's Profile|year=2008|publisher=MiD DAY|access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] – Hindi film actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=hub190708dark_horse.asp|title=Dark Horse, White Knight|date=19 July 2008|publisher=[[Tehelka]]|access-date=30 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222164349/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=hub190708dark_horse.asp|archive-date=22 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] – Hindi film actor and former model<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/dec/051208-john-abraham-profile.htm|title=Profile of John Abraham|date=1 July 2009|publisher=[[MiD DAY]]|access-date=28 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Lesle Lewis (composer)|Lesle Lewis]] – Indian film composer, best known for his work as part of [[Colonial Cousins]]
* [[Lucky Ali]] – Indian singer, songwriter, composer, and actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/09/25/stories/2003092500680100.htm|title=ALI is MAALI at home|date=25 September 2003|work=The Hindu|location=India|access-date=30 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104459/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/09/25/stories/2003092500680100.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
* [[Rahul Sharma (musician)|Rahul Sharma]] – Musician of [[Hindustani classical music]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090729/jsp/telekids/story_11291817.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604144118/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090729/jsp/telekids/story_11291817.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2011|title=My Fundays|date=29 July 2009 |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] – Hindi film actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/videos/video_player.php?id=1161215|title=Ranbir goes down memory lane|date=27 September 2009|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Abhishek Kapoor]]-Indian Filmmaker.
* [[Ranjit Hoskote]] – Indian poet, [[art critic]], [[Culture theory|cultural theorist]] and independent [[curator]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturebase.net/artist.php?4035|title=Ranjit Hoskote's Profile|year=2007|publisher=Culturebase.net|access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Rishi Vohra]] - Author<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rishivohra.com/education/|title = Education | Rishi Vohra}}</ref>
* [[Sushma Reddy]] – Indian model, VJ, and screenwriter<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/sep/14sushma1.htm|title=I'm not sure if acting is my true calling|year=2005 |work=Rediff.com|access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] – Hindi film actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/chat/trans/0522tuss.htm|title=Transcript of Chat with Tusshar Kapoor|date=22 May 2001|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Uday Chopra]] – Hindi film actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/oct/281009-uday-chopra-gym.htm|title=Uday Chopra has built a state-of-the-art gym at Yashraj Studios|date=28 October 2009|publisher=[[MiD DAY]]|access-date=30 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Vikas Bhalla]] – Indian television, film actor, and singer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450884.html|title=Face Off with Vikas Bhalla|date=3 February 1998|work=The Indian Express|location=India|access-date=30 January 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122143452/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980203/03450884.html|archive-date=22 January 2010}}</ref>
* [[Zaheer Iqbal]] - Hindi film actor
* [[Alyy Khan]] - Bollywood,Hollywood and Lollywood actor.

===Politics===
* [[Aditya Thackeray]] (2006) – son of [[Uddhav Thackeray]] and leader of Yuva Sena, [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Minister (Environment and climate, Tourism, Protocol)]], [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-12/mumbai/28266845_1_sena-rally-youth-wing-shiv-sena|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103182425/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-12/mumbai/28266845_1_sena-rally-youth-wing-shiv-sena|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=Bal Thackeray's to formally start political career|date=12 October 2010|location=India|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From wife Sharmila to daughter-in-law Mitali Bourde, know all about Raj Thackeray's family tree |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/raj-thackeray-family-know-about-his-wife-sharmila-son-amit-thackeray-daughter-in-law-mitali-bourde-and-other-members/473764 |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=Times Now |date=22 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Praniti Shinde]]-MLA,Maharashtra.

===Sports===
* [[Rohan Gavaskar]] (1992) – Indian [[cricket]]er<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bombay-times/Rohan-bowls-maiden-over/articleshow/42115296.cms|title=Rohan bowls maiden over|date=2 April 2003|work=The Times of India|location=India|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref>
*[[Jehan Daruvala]]- Indian Race Car Driver.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-20 |title=City boy to race where F1 legends made it big |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/city-boy-to-race-where-f1-legends-made-it-big/story-6myk34OUqf2m4sXdRI9RNL.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

===Other===
* [[Neerja Bhanot]] – Senior Flight Purser with [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am Airways]], awarded the [[Ashoka Chakra Award|Ashoka Chakra]] posthumously.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=1&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=17|title=24 years on, Neerja killer droned out|date=17 January 2010|work=The Times of India|location=India|access-date=29 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Manavendra Singh Gohil]] – [[LGBT rights in India|LGBT rights]] activist, belongs to the royal family of the former [[princely state]] of [[Rajpipla]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main42.asp?filename=hub180709such_a.asp|title=Such A Long Journey|date=18 July 2009|publisher=[[Tehelka]]|access-date=19 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016045614/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main42.asp?filename=hub180709such_a.asp|archive-date=16 October 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Uma Narayan]]- Professor of Philosophy at [[Vassar College]]
* [[T. R. Andhyarujina]] - Former [[Solicitor General of India]]
* [[Pooja Dhingra]]- Pastry Chef; Businesswoman.
* [[Vicky Ratnani]]-Indian Chef.
* [[Cyrus Poncha]]- Indian Squash Team Coach.

==See also==
{{Portal|Schools|Education}}
* [[List of educational institutions in Mumbai#Schools|List of schools in Mumbai]]
* [[Scindia School|The Scindia School]], Gwalior
* [[Mayo College]], Ajmer
* [[The Doon School]], Dehradun
*[[List of the oldest schools in the world]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://bombayscottish.in/mahim/home.php}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1847]]
[[Category:1847 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Mumbai]]

E. V. V. Cinema

2026-03-31T05:48:04Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new new stub...

{{short description|Tollywood film production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = E. V. V. Cinema
| logo =
| type = [[Film production]] company
| owners = {{ubl|[[Aryan Rajesh]]|[[Allari Naresh]]}}
| foundation = [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article247563.ece?service=print|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150220083411/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article247563.ece?service=print|url-status= dead|archive-date= 20 February 2015|title= EVV Cinema gets revived |publisher= newindianexpress.com |date= 23 Nov 2011 |accessdate= 20 February 2015}}</ref>
| location_city = [[Film Nagar]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://tradedeal.in/detail/Hyderabad/Film-Nagar/1202725/E-V-V-Cinema|title= E V V Cinema|publisher= tradedeal.in|accessdate= 18 February 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150218095743/http://tradedeal.in/detail/Hyderabad/Film-Nagar/1202725/E-V-V-Cinema|archive-date= 18 February 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| location_country = India
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Aryan Rajesh]]<ref name=" EVV banner "/>|[[Allari Naresh]]}}<ref name=" EVV banner "/>
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| products = [[Films]]
| homepage =
}}

'''E. V. V. Cinema''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] production house founded by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]].<ref name=" EVV banner ">{{cite web|url= http://www.sify.com/movies/bandipotu-to-be-launched-on-evv-banner-news-telugu-ogflrndiijjsi.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152517/http://www.sify.com/movies/bandipotu-to-be-launched-on-evv-banner-news-telugu-ogflrndiijjsi.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 24 September 2015|title= Bandipotu to be launched on EVV banner |website= [[Sify]] |date= 5 June 2014 |accessdate= 18 February 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Cast
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Director
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Notes
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Chala Bagundi]]''
| [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Vadde Naveen]], [[Malavika (actress)|Malavika]], [[Asha Saini]]
| [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Maa Aavida Meeda Ottu Mee Aavida Chala Manchidi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mamomacm.html|title= Movie review - Maa Aavida Meda Ottu .. Mee Aavida Chala Manchidi|publisher= [[idlebrain.com]]|accessdate= 20 February 2015}}</ref>
| Srikanth, Vadde Naveen, [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
| E. V. V. Satyanarayana
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Thotti Gang]]''
|[[Allari Naresh]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Anita Hassanandani]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Gajala]]
| E. V. V. Satyanarayana
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Aaruguru Pativratalu]]''<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-arugurupativratalu.html|title= Movie review - Aruguru Pativratalu |publisher= [[idlebrain.com]]|accessdate= 20 February 2015}}</ref>
|Krishna Koushik, Anand, [[Ravi Varma (Kakinada actor)|Ravi Varma]], Ajay Raj, Ajay, Varun, Shanti Rao, Lahari, Neetha, Vidya Vathi, Haarika, Amrutha Anandamayi
| E. V. V. Satyanarayana
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Nuvvante Naakishtam]]''
| [[Aryan Rajesh]], Allari Naresh, [[Anuradha Mehta]]
| E. V. V. Satyanarayana
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kithakithalu]]''
| Allari Naresh, [[Geetha Singh]]
| E. V. V. Satyanarayana
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Athili Sattibabu LKG]]''
| Allari Naresh, [[Kausha Rach]], Sheetal, [[Vidisha (actress)|Vidisha]]
| E. V. V. Satyanarayana
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Fitting Master]]''<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-fittingmaster.html|title= Fitting master press meet|publisher= [[idlebrain.com]] |date= 8 October 2008|accessdate= 20 February 2015}}</ref>
| Allari Naresh, [[Madalsa Sharma]]
| E. V. V. Satyanarayana
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Kathi Kantha Rao]]''
| Allari Naresh, [[Kamna Jethmalani]]
| E. V. V. Satyanarayana
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Bandipotu (2015 film)|Bandipotu]]''
| Allari Naresh, Eesha, [[Srinivas Avasarala]], [[Sampoornesh Babu]]
| [[Mohan Krishna Indraganti]]
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Kharghar

2026-03-29T12:59:51Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kharghar
| settlement_type = Node of Navi Mumbai
| image_skyline = Utsav Chowk.jpg
| image_caption = [[Utsav Chowk]] in Kharghar
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|19.036146|N|73.0617213|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of cities in India by population|City]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Navi Mumbai]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluka|Sub-district]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Panvel|Panvel Taluka]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[CIDCO]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[PMC]] and [[CIDCO]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 32
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 244,472
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_name1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 410210
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-46
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Panvel]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 98%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Panvel Municipal Corporation]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[CIDCO]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Local Planning
}}
'''Kharghar''' is a node of [[Navi Mumbai]] situated at the northernmost tip of [[Raigad district|Raigad District]] and is a suburb under [[Panvel Municipal Corporation]]. [[Prashant Thakur]], MLA, represents Kharghar in the Legislative Assembly as part of the Panvel constituency.

Developed by the [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO), Kharghar has been administered by [[Panvel Municipal Corporation]] after its elevation from Municipal Council in 2016. However, CIDCO continues to function as the New Town Development Authority for the region. It's also being developed as the Education Hub of Navi Mumbai as many prominent schools and colleges are present and more are planned to follow.

==Transportation==
===[[Navi Mumbai Metro]]===
There had been a significant delay in this metro project, and earlier, CIDCO issued a press release stating they were confident of kick-starting the partial services of the Navi Mumbai Metro in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 March 2021|title=CIDCO confident of kick-starting Navi Mumbai Metro in December 2021|work=Local Press In|url=https://localpress.in/2021/03/05/cidco-confident-of-kick-starting-navi-mumbai-metro-in-december-2021/|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> Further, in October 2021, the Navi Mumbai Metro received an Interim Speed Certificate by the Research, Design, and Standards Organisation (RDSO), based on successful trials, on Line-1, connecting the Central Park metro station to the Pendhar metro station, which stretches 5.14 km between stations 7 and 11. The certification expedited the process of starting commercial runs from the end of December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=24 October 2021|title=Navi Mumbai Metro gets Interim Speed Certificate, Commercial run may begin by end of December, 2021|work=Local Press In|url=https://localpress.in/2021/10/24/navi-mumbai-metro-gets-interim-speed-certificate-commercial-run-may-begin-by-end-of-december-2021/|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> The Metro commencement was further delayed due to safety certification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayak |first=B B |date=February 13, 2022 |title=Navi Mumbai Metro just a nod away from March-end start |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/navi-mum-metro-just-a-nod-away-from-march-end-start/articleshow/89534948.cms}}</ref> The railway board has approved coaches and other operational equipment, post a two-day inspection by the Commissioner of Metro Railway Safety (CMRS) on January 17–18.

The Taloja-Belapur part of the metro has started functioning, and the metro service in this part has commenced from on 17 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navi Mumbai Metro - Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/navi-mumbai-metro-information-map-updates/ |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Other modes===
Kharghar is serviced by the [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour Line]] and one can board the train/alight from the train at [[Kharghar railway station|Kharghar Railway Station]].The node is also well serviced by NMMT, BEST and ST buses as it is in [[Navi Mumbai]], adjacent to [[Panvel]] and close to [[Mumbai]] and [[Thane]].

==Corporate Park==
[[CIDCO]] has planned a better version of [[Bandra-Kurla Complex]] (BKC) in Kharghar with a layered structure with a pyramid-shaped central hub of high rises. The new structure will encompass an area of 200 hectares, factoring in the central park and golf course. The actual corporate hub will be on 125 hectares of land. CIDCO has decided to have a layered structure with the outer fringe to be developed with 1-2 FSI, while the core area will have 3 FSI. Around 50% of the area (120 hectares) has been set aside for the high rises with 3 FSI for the pyramid-shaped structure. Plots will be auctioned for corporates with the richer entities vying for the hub of the corporate park. Shops and commercial properties will also be developed so that there is night life, unlike BKC. Proximity to the [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]] and the [[Navi Mumbai Metro|metro]] project, worth Rs 13,000 crore, will provide high-class infra, a spokesperson said. The entire Kharghar node, along with nearby industrial and residential [[Taloje Panchnand|Taloja]], will get connected to the new airport, lending an opportunity for businesses to hop between work stations and the airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/regulatory/cidco-mumbai-may-get-new-corporate-hub/50711748|title=Cidco: Mumbai may get new corporate hub - ET RealEstate|last=www.ETRealty.com|website=ETRealty.com}}</ref>

== Demography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hinduism
!Islam
!Christianity
!Sikhism
!Buddhism
!Jainism
!Others
!Undeclared
|-
|2011<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
|42,001
|38,611
|80,612
| -
|82.687
|5.103
|3.034
|1.744
|5.807
|0.944
|0.082
|0.598
|}

==Site for Central Park==
The park occupies an area of 119 Ha. (approx.) spreading over into Sectors 23, 24 & 25 in Kharghar. An area of 80 ha. (approx.) is earmarked for '[[Central Park, Kharghar|Central Park]]'. It is a relatively flat terrain that has sporadic vegetation. The site acts as a link between two natural elements: hill and water.
Mumbai: A sprawling hill plateau spread over 250 acres at Kharghar in Navi Mumbai will soon be up for grabs. The City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) will hold a global auction with a reserve price of Rs 2,000 crore to create a theme-cum-entertainment city on the lines of Hollywood, Disneyland and Sentosa park in Singapore.

The park has been open to the public since January 2010, and there is no entrance fee for visitors. Since its inauguration, Central Park at Kharghar has been the centre of recreational activities for people in Kharghar as well as other places. For safety, there are four CCTVs at Central Park, which keep a check on the visitors and keep a track of all the people. This move aims at ensuring maximum security for those who visit the park," a senior CIDCO official said.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 August 2013 |title=Four CCTVs at Kharghar's Central Park to keep a check on visitors |publisher=DNA |agency=dna |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-four-cctvs-at-kharghar-s-central-park-to-keep-an-eye-on-visitors-1880607 |access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2023, Residents of Kharghar and Navi Mumbai who frequently visited Central Park in Kharghar raised significant concerns about the park's deteriorating condition. They emphasised the urgent need for maintenance and rejuvenation. The park's fencing had been stolen, and the lake within the premises was in dire need of cleaning since it was filled with algae and litter (mostly plastic bottles).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharghar Residents Express Concerns Over Deteriorating State of Central Park Lake and Infrastructure |url=https://newsband.in/?p=41947 |access-date=2023-09-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> In a positive turn of events for residents of Kharghar and Navi Mumbai, [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|CIDCO]] has taken proactive steps to clean the once-polluted lake at Central Park. This commendable action was prompted by the vigilance of Kharghar Civic, a proactive Twitter account dedicated to addressing local concerns, which brought the matter to CIDCO's attention. By July 2023, the lake was beautifully cleaned. The difference in the lake before and after the clean-up was found remarkable by residents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CIDCO cleans and restores Lake at Central Park, Kharghar |url=https://newsband.in/?p=42285 |access-date=2023-09-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==The Lung Billboard==

Kharghar has a pollution crisis of its own, arising out of the industries in the Taloja MIDC area, besides other sources, and residents have been facing health issues for a long time owing to the polluted air. The most impacted or polluted sectors in Kharghar are sectors 34, 35, 36 and 37, besides Taloja, Kalamboli and Panvel. Some residents and activists have been monitoring the pollution and collecting data to be able to take action against polluting industries in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 January 2021|title=Kharghar sectors 34, 35, 36 and 37 most polluted after Taloja area|work=Local Press In|url=https://localpress.in/2021/01/04/kharghar-sectors-34-35-36-and-37-most-polluted-after-taloja-area/|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>

On 15 January 2021, a city-based environmental organisation, Waatavaran (Climate, Environment and Sustainability Foundation (WCES), set up an installation called the "Billboard the Breathes", at the Bank of India signal junction, Sector 7, Kharghar. Though the installation was installed on 15 January 2021, it was inaugurated on Saturday, 16 January 2021, by Panvel City Municipal Corporation's (PCMC) Mayor, Dr Kavita Choutmol.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 January 2021|title=PCMC Mayor Dr Kavita Choutmol inaugurates "Billboard That Breathes" installation at Kharghar, Navi Mumbai|work=Local Press IN|url=https://localpress.in/2021/01/16/pcmc-mayor-dr-kavita-chaoutmol-inaugurates-billboard-that-breathes-installation-at-kharghar-navi-mumbai/|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>

The billboard was installed to have a real-time visual impact on the residents of Kharghar and Taloja, who have been plagued by growing pollution emerging from the Taloja MIDC area, construction activities, the quarry at Kharghar and vehicular movement in the region. It was to remind residents of the pollution crisis in the area every time they looked at it. The installation was the brainchild of Jhatka.org and consisted of two large lungs depicting the human lungs, retrofitted with HEPA filters and a fan to suck air, to mimic the process of human breathing. Along with that, it had a digital air quality monitor to display the real-time [[air quality index]] (AQI). The lungs were white by default and were meant to change colour as per the existing pollution in the area during a stipulated period.

The residents were encouraged to monitor the billboard regularly to witness the impact of pollution on a day-to-day basis and it was to be monitored for two weeks to conclude.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 January 2021|title=Monitor the Billboard That Breathes daily: Waatavaran urges Kharghar residents|work=Local Press|url=https://localpress.in/2021/01/19/monitor-the-billboard-that-breathes-daily-waatavaran-urges-kharghar-residents/|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> However, the billboard had started changing colour from white to grey, barely a day after installation,<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 January 2021|title=Kharghar's "Billboard That Breathes" turning grey and black, two weeks before expected|work=Local Press IN|url=https://localpress.in/2021/01/19/kharghars-billboard-that-breathes-turning-grey-and-black-two-weeks-before-expected/|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref> alarming social activists, residents and the administration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-16|title=In 1 day, giant lung billboard at Kharghar starts to turn black due to pollution|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/in-one-day-giant-lung-billboard-at-kharghar-turns-black-due-to-high-pollution-101610815798898.html|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The Air Quality Index (AQI) during the observation period was always between 230 and 365, which was very high, and continues to remain so. The experiment further fortified the earlier findings of another experiment by Waatavaran, which had revealed extremely high levels of PM2.5 in the air in the Kharghar-Taloja-Panvel belt. After several complaints, the 'Navi Mumbai Pollution Control Board' was ordered to install a pollution monitoring device, following which the [[Maharashtra Pollution Control Board|MPCB]] installed 11 automatic monitoring machines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Air quality check in Navi Mumbai: MPCB installs air pollution monitoring machines at 11 locations |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/air-quality-check-in-navi-mumbai-mpcb-installs-air-pollution-monitoring-machines-at-11-locations |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}

{{uncategorized|date=March 2026}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Nodes of Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Panvel]]
[[Category:Raigad district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Geography of Mumbai]]

Andhra State

2026-03-28T16:42:32Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil:

{{Short description|Former state of India (1953–56) in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{for|the modern-day state|Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Andhra State ''Āndhra Rāṣṭramu''
| former = yes
| type = Former State
| image_map = Andhra-India 1953.svg
| region = South India
| before_was = Part of [[Madras State]]
| capital = Kurnool
| largestcity = capital
| govfirst_year = 1953–1956
| gov_first = [[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]] (First and Last)
| cmfirst_year = 1953–1954
| cm_first = [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] (First)
| cmlast_year = 1955–1956
| cm_last = [[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]] (Last)
| year_start = 1953
| formation_date4 = 1 October 1953
| dissolution = 1 November 1956 (by [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]])
| year_end = 1956
| p1 = Madras State
| flag_p1 = South Indian territories.svg
| s1 = Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)
| flag_s1 = Flag of United Andhra Pradesh.svg
| government_type = [[Federated state]]
}}
'''Andhra State''' ([[IAST]]: {{IAST|Āndhra Rāṣṭramu}}; {{IPA|sa|ˈɑːndʰrʌ raːʂʈɾamu|}}), created in 1953, was the official name of the [[Administrative divisions of India#States and union territories|State]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] until 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hyderabad-india-online.com/2011/03/madras-presidence/|title=Map of Madras Presidency in 1909|date=28 March 2011|access-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> The state was formed from [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking districts of the erstwhile [[Madras State]], which form two distinct cultural regions – [[Rayalaseema]] and [[Coastal Andhra]].

Under the provisions of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]], the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking territories of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] were merged with Andhra State, and its name was changed to [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|'Andhra Pradesh']].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-37.pdf|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956|website=legislative.gov.in|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

These newly added territories would later form the state of [[Telangana]] in 2014.

==Creation of Andhra State==
{{See also|Andhra movement}}
[[File:Madras Prov 1859.gif|thumb|Madras Province ]]
[[File:South Indian territories.svg|thumb|Andhra State from 1953 to 1956 (Marked in Blue)]]
In an effort to protect the interests of the [[Telugu people]] of Madras State, [[Potti Sreeramulu]] attempted to force the Madras State government to listen to public demands for the separation of Telugu-speaking districts (Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra) from Madras State to form Andhra State. He went on a lengthy fast and only stopped when Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] made a promise to form Andhra State. Later, after witnessing no real progress towards the creation of Andhra State, he started fasting again in Maharshi [[Bulusu Sambamurti]]'s house in Madras, on 19 October 1952. This caught people's attention despite the disapproval of the fast by the Andhra [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. The government did not make a clear statement about the formation of a new state, despite several strikes and demonstrations by Telugu people. At midnight of 15 December (i.e., early 16 December 1952), Sreeramulu died while fasting. The house has been preserved as a monument by the state government.<ref>[[Ramachandra Guha]]. ''[https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060958588 India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy]'' Harper Perennial; Reprint edition (12 August 2008) {{ISBN|0-06-095858-8}} {{ISBN|978-0330505543}}</ref>

During Sreeramulu's death procession, people shouted slogans praising his sacrifice. Later, they went into a frenzy and began to destroy public property. The news spread quickly and created an uproar among the people in far off places like [[Chirala]], [[Srikakulam]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Eluru]], [[Bhimavaram]], Ballary, [[Guntur]], [[Tenali]], [[Ongole]] and [[Nellore]]. Seven people were killed in clashes with police in [[Anakapalle]] and Vijayawada. The popular agitation continued for three to four days disrupting normal life in the Madras and Andhra regions. On 19 December 1952, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of the country [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] made an announcement about the formation of a separate state for the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking people of Madras State. The central government appointed [[Kailas Nath Wanchoo|K. N. Wanchoo]], Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court,<ref name="Kumar V">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FrvZrPhUciAC&pg=PA244 |isbn=9788170221968|title=Committees and Commissions in India Vol. 1 : 1947–1954|last1=Kumar|first1=Virendra|date=1 January 1976|publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref> to look into issues related to formation of Andhra State. Parliament passed the [[Andhra State Act, 1953|Andhra State Act]] in September 1953.<ref>{{cite web|title=THE ANDHRA STATE ACT,1953|url=http://theindianlawyer.in/statutesnbareacts/acts/a46.html|access-date=26 August 2013|archive-date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816123339/http://theindianlawyer.in/statutesnbareacts/acts/a46.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 1 October 1953, 11 districts in the Telugu-speaking portion of [[Madras State]] became the new Andhra State with [[Kurnool]] as the capital. [[Tanguturi Prakasam|Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu]] (also known as Andhra Kesari – "The Lion of Andhra") became the first Chief Minister of the new state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Express October 2, 1953|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19531002&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref>

This marked the first time a state was formed in independent India for linguistic reason (Odisha was formed before independence for Odia speakers). Formation of this first "linguistic state" paved the way to creation of more and provided an opportunity for these states to develop independently, linguistically and economically, each of them having a state to support.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/ |title=Welcome to APonline.gov.in, the official portal of Govt. Of a P |access-date=13 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705021103/http://www.aponline.gov.in/ |archive-date=5 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sankalpindia.net/drupal/the-first-linguistic-state-andhra-pradesh-was-born | title=The First Linguistic State – Andhra Pradesh – was born: | Sankalp India Foundation }}</ref>

== Government and administration ==
=== Governors ===


Governors of Andhra State, Andhra State consisted of [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]] regions. This state was carved out of [[Madras State]] in 1953.



{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Portrait
!From
!To
!Term length
|-
|[[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]
|[[File:Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi.png|100px]]
|1 October 1953
|31 October 1956
|{{age in years and days|1953|10|01|1956|10|31}}
|-|
|}

=== Chief ministers ===


On 1 October 1953, 11 districts in the Telugu-speaking portion of [[Madras State]] became the new Andhra State with [[Kurnool]] as the capital.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Express October 2, 1953|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19531002&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref>



{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" |Chief Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of the office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Assembly)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Government
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Appointed by ([[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]])
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Tanguturi Prakasam 1972 stamp of India.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Tanguturi Prakasam]]''' {{small|(1872{{ndash}}1957) {{ndash}}}}
|1 October 1953
|15 November 1954
|'''{{ayd|1 October 1953|15 November 1954}}'''
|[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] {{small|(1st)}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''Prakasam'''
|[[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]
|-
!colspan="11"| {{nobold|''[[President's rule]] imposed during the period'' (15 November 1954 {{ndash}} 28 March 1955)}}{{efn|name=PR|''[[President's rule]]'' may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When the President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005.</ref>}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Bezawada Gopal Reddy (cropped).png|97x97px]]
|'''[[Bezawada Gopala Reddy]]''' {{small|(1907{{ndash}}1997) MLA for [[Atmakur Assembly constituency|Atmakur]]}}
|28 March 1955
|31 October 1956
|'''{{ayd|28 March 1955|31 October 1956}}'''
|[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]] {{small|(2nd)}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| '''Gopala'''
|[[Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi]]
|}

== Deputy Chief ministers ==


Andhra State consisted of North Andhra, [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]] regions. This state was carved out of [[Madras State]] in 1953. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy served as deputy CM under Prakasam and Bezawada Gopala Reddy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBEYAQAAIAAJ |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Company|year=1963|pages=121|title=Current Affairs|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref> Later, the Andhra state was merged with Telangana province of Hyderabad to form Andhra Pradesh in November 1956.



{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
(election)
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
|-
! From
! To
! Days in office
|-
|- style="height: 60px;"
|[[File:NeelamSanjeevaReddy.jpg|100px]]
| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|{{dash}}
| 1 October 1953
| 15 November 1954
| {{Age in years and days|1953|10|1|1954|11|15}}
|1st
([[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]])
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|122x122px]]
|''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR}}
|N/A
|15 November 1954
|28 March 1955
|{{Age in years and days|1954|11|15|1955|3|28}}
|
|N/A
|
|-
|[[File:NeelamSanjeevaReddy.jpg|100px]]
| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]
|[[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Kalahasti]]
|30 March 1955
|31 October 1956
|{{Age in years and days|1955|03|30|1956|10|31}}
|
([[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955 election]])
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

=== Leaders of the Opposition ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col| Name {{small|(Constituency)}}
!scope=col| Portrait
! colspan="2" scope="col" scope="col"| Term
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
!scope=col| Assembly {{small|(Election)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]] {{small|([[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]])}}
|[[File:Sundaraiah-Puchalapalli.jpg|120px]]
| 1955
| 1956
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| First Assembly {{small|[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|(1955 election)]]}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|}

== List of districts ==
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Districts of Andhra State
| map = Andhra State (1953 - 1956).png
| caption = Andhra State Political Map
| category = Districts
| territory = Andhra State
| start_date =
| current_number = *2 divisions
**11 districts
| number_date =
| population_range =
| government = Government of Andhra State
| subdivision =
}}
During the time of the formation of Andhra State, it had only eleven districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=HIOC |date=2009-10-08 |title=Formation of Andhra Pradesh – 1947 to 1956 |url=http://hyderabad-india-online.com/2009/10/formation-of-andhra-pradesh-–-1947-to-1956/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Hyderabad India Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2013-11-12 |title=GoM on Andhra bifurcation to elicit views of political parties |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/gom-on-andhra-bifurcation-to-elicit-views-of-political-parties-113111200303_1.html |access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" border=1 width=50%
|-
! scope="col" | on map
! scope="col" | Official name
! scope="col" | Division
|-
! 1
![[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
|rowspan=7 |[[Coastal Andhra|Coastal Andhra Region]]
|-
! 2
![[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
|-
! 3
![[East Godavari]]{{efn|name=D1|[[Bhadrachalam]] and [[Venkatapuram, Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Nuguru Venkatapuram]] ''taluks'' of [[East Godavari]] (part of coastal Andhra Pradesh), which are on the other side of the [[Godavari River]], were merged into [[Khammam district]] on grounds of geographical contiguity and administrative viability. Earlier, [[Aswaraopeta]] was also part of [[West Godavari District]] and was added to Khammam district in 1959}}
|-
! 4
![[West Godavari]]
|-
! 5
![[Krishna district|Krishna]]{{efn|name=D2|[[Munagala mandal|Munagala]] ''taluk'' was added to [[Nalgonda district]] from [[Krishna district]] in 1959}}
|-
! 6
![[Guntur district|Guntur]]
|-
! 7
![[Nellore district|Nellore]]
|-
! 8
![[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
|rowspan=5 |[[Rayalaseema|Rayalaseema Region]]
|-
! 9
![[Kadapa district|Kadapa]]
|-
! 10
![[Anantapur district|Anantapuram]]
|-
! 11
![[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
|}

== Vishalandhra Movement ==
{{Main|Vishalandhra Movement}}
The Visalandhra, Vishalandhra or Vishala Andhra was a movement in post-independence India for a united state for all Telugu speakers, a Greater Andhra. The movement succeeded and a separate state of Andhra Pradesh was formed by merging Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State (Telangana) with Andhra State on 1 November 1956 as part of the States Reorganisation Act. (Andhra State had been previously carved out of Madras State on 1 October 1953.) However, on 2 June 2014, Telangana State was separated back out of Andhra Pradesh and the Vishalandhra experiment came to an end. The residual Andhra Pradesh now has approximately the same borders.

== Formation of United Andhra Pradesh ==
[[File:Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.png|thumb|Andhra State (yellow), which merged with Telangana (white) to form the State of Andhra Pradesh in 1956]]
On 1 November 1956 Andhra State and the [[Telangana]] region of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] were merged to form the united Telugu-speaking State of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Non-Telugu-speaking parts of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] were merged with [[Bombay State]] and [[Karnataka]].
[[File:Hyderabad State reorganization 1956.png|thumb|left|[[Hyderabad State]] in 1956 (in yellowish green)]]
After a reorganization in 1956, regions of the state west of the red and blue lines merged with [[Bombay State|Bombay]] and [[Mysore State]]s, respectively, and the rest of the state ([[Telangana]]) was merged with Andhra State to form [[Andhra Pradesh]] State.

===SRC (Fazal Ali Commission)===
Paragraph 382 of the SRC report dated 30 September 1955 said, "opinion in Andhra is overwhelmingly in favour of the larger unit, public opinion in Telangana has still to crystallize itself. Important leaders of public opinion in Andhra themselves seem to appreciate that the unification of Telangana with Andhra, though desirable, should be based on a voluntary and willing association of the people and that it is primarily for the people of Telangana to make a decision about their future".

While the Fazal Ali commission emphasizes the necessity and benefits [[Vishalandhra Movement|Visalandhra]]{{Clarify|date=July 2014}}, the report suggests that the process of merging may only be done after 5 years. In Paragraph 386, it states, "...for the present the Telangana area is to constitute into a separate State, which may be known as Hyderabad State with provision for its unification with Andhra after the general elections likely to be held in or about 1961 if by a two-thirds majority the legislature of the residency Hyderabad State expresses itself in favor of such unification".

Paragraph 387 goes on to say that the advantage of this arrangement will be that while the objective of the unification of the Andhras will neither be blurred nor impeded during a period of five or six years, the two governments may have stabilized their administrative machinery and, if possible, also reviewed their land revenue systems, etc., the object in view being the attainment of uniformity. The intervening period may incidentally provide an opportunity for allaying apprehensions and achieving the consensus of opinion necessary for a real union between the two states.<ref>[[s:India States Reorganisation Commission Report Telangana Andhra#The Case for Telangana]]</ref>

From the content of Paragraph 387, the commission's main objective was to attain uniformity by achieving adequate administrative machinery and proper land review systems in the recently formed Andhra State and the new State of Hyderabad being formed and this duration could also be incidentally utilized for gaining consensus opinion for the merger of the two states. In line with SRC opinion, the elected leaders of both states decided for an immediate merger by achieving consensus by two-thirds majority strength in both assemblies of these states.

The Hyderabad chief minister, in his letter to the INC president, said Communist parties supported the merger for their political calculations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hyderabad|first=Burgula Ramakrishna Rao, Chief Minister|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hyderabad_CM_Burgula_Views_about_merger|title=Chief Minister of Hyderabad state, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao Views about merger of Telangana and Andhra.}}</ref> The Hyderabad PCC chief said the overwhelming majority of INC party members opposed the merger, that Communists were elected in special circumstances in 1951, that Visalandhra was not a political issue in 1951, and that the Assembly does not reflect the people's view on the issue. He also said 80% of INC delegates who were elected in 1955 opposed the merger. The government had to provide additional security for Communist leaders who supported the Visalandhra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19551121&printsec=frontpage |title=No belief in Safeguards: Hyderabad PCC chief. - Page 4 of Nov 21, 1955 Indian Express |date=21 November 1955 |access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref>

In the Hyderabad Assembly, on 3 December 1955, 147 of 174 MLAs expressed their view. 103 (including Marathi and Kannada MLAs) supported the merger, 16 were neutral, and 29 opposed it.{{Citation needed|date=July 2014|reason=103+16+29 is 148, not 147}} Among Telangana MLAs, 59 supported the merger and 25 opposed it. Out of 94 Telangana MLAs in the assembly, 36 were Communists (PDF), 40 were INC, 11 were Socialist party (SP), and 9 were independents.{{Clarify|date=July 2014|36+40+11+9 is 96, not 94. Also, 59+25 is 84; did 10 abstain or is this wrong, too?}} Voting did not take place on the resolution because Telangana proponents insisted on including the phrase "As per the wishes of people" in the resolution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Page 1 of the edition December 5, 1955|url=http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/Archive/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAPRABHA/800323_ANDHRAPRABHA_05_12_1955_Volume_No_18_Issue_No_283/00000001.pdf|publisher=Andhra Prabha dated 5 December 1955|access-date=15 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016130326/http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/Archive/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAPRABHA/800323_ANDHRAPRABHA_05_12_1955_Volume_No_18_Issue_No_283/00000001.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HYDERABAD|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|publisher=Election Commission|access-date=15 August 2013}}</ref>

To convince the leadership of Telangana to join the new state, an agreement was reached between the leaders of both sides. This came to be known as the [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956|Gentlemen's Agreement]]. The agreement allowed the formation of the State of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 1956, against the SRC's recommendations of waiting until 1961 to get the approval of 2/3 of Telangana State assembly after the 2 cycles of elections in Telangana State.

==See also==
* [[Madras Presidency]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|15.8|78.0|region:IN_type:adm1st|display=title}}

[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh (1947–2014)]]

Punjab Agricultural University

2026-03-28T15:55:15Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: typo fix

{{Short description|State Agricultural University in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Punjab Agricultural University
| native_name = PAU
| image = Punjab Agricultural University logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| motto =
| established = 1962
| type = [[Public universities|Public]]
| chancellor = [[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor of Punjab]]
| vice_chancellor = Satbir Singh Gosal
| city = [[Ludhiana]]
| state = [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.902|75.807|type:edu_region:IN_dim:3000|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| website = {{url|http://www.pau.edu}}
| faculty =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research|ICAR]]<ref>[https://www.icar.org.in/sites/default/files/2009_1566198030932.pdf Status of NAEAB Accredited Agriculture Universities/Colleges as on 29 July 2019], [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research|ICAR]]</ref>
}}

'''Punjab Agricultural University''' ('''PAU''') is a public funded agricultural university located in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2020}} It is a central agricultural university in [[India]] established under Harayana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act 1970 enacted by Parliament in the Twenty first Year of the Republic of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/universities.htm |title=Universities | Indian Council of Agricultural Research |access-date=2017-07-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818145202/http://www.icar.org.in/en/universities.htm |archive-date=18 August 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was established in 1962 and is the nation's third-oldest agricultural university, after [[Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology]], [[Pantnagar]] and [[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]], [[Bhubaneshwar]].

It was formally inaugurated by the then Prime Minister of India, [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]], on 8 July 1962. PAU pioneered the [[Green Revolution in India]]<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oe8geX4-ny8C&q=bitter+to+better+harvest&pg=PR1 |title = Bitter to Better Harvest: Post-green Revolution : Agricultural and Marketing Strategy for India|isbn = 9788172111199|last1 = Roul|first1 = Chhabilendra|year = 2001 | publisher=Northern Book Centre }}</ref> in the 1960s. It was bifurcated in 2005 with the formation of [[Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]] (GADVASU).

The Farmers Fair, which have been organised by the PAU since 1967, see the footfall of at least one lakh farmers in two days on PAU campus in Ludhiana, Punjab (bi-annually in March and September). Farmers not only from Punjab, but also from neighbouring states such as Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, etc., travel to the PAU campus to buy high-quality seeds, farm equipment and gain knowledge on new agricultural technologies in the two-day main fair event.

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked the university 3rd in its agriculture and allied sectors ranking 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref> It has its jurisdiction over entire state of Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.pau.edu/content/registrar/act_and_statute.pdf}}</ref>

== About ==
The university has six constituent colleges, viz. College of Agriculture, PAU-College of Agriculture Ballowal Saunkri, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, College of Community Science & College of Horticulture and Forestry, besides PAU Pre-Graduation Institutes of Agriculture at Gurdaspur and Bathinda.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The university has 18 Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) in districts Amritsar, Bathinda, Faridkot, Fatehgarh Sahib, Ferozepur, Samrala (Ludhiana), Pathankot, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Noor Mahal (Jalandhar), Kapurthala, Langroya (SBS Nagar), Mansa, Moga, Ropar, Patiala, Sangrur and Mukatsar Sahib.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== Sports ==

[[Punjab Agricultural University Stadium]] is a multi-purpose stadium located in the campus. The stadium has facilities for [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], [[field hockey|hockey]], and other sports. There is an [[astroturf]] field for hockey.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20140910001416/http://www.worldkabaddileague.net/season-2014/venues/15.html Hockey Ground]}}</ref> In addition to this there is a [[swimming pool]] and a [[velodrome]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ludhiana.nic.in/dept/district_sports.html |title=District Sports Office |access-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809133853/http://ludhiana.nic.in/dept/district_sports.html |archive-date=9 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

There are facilities for indoor sports such as [[basketball]], [[badminton]], [[gymnastics]], [[handball]], [[volleyball]], [[lawn tennis]], [[table tennis]], [[Olympic weightlifting|weight lifting]] and [[Kabbadi]] etc. The Ground has also hosted 10 [[Ranji Trophy|Ranji]] including a final in [[1992–93 Ranji Trophy|1993]] where [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] defeated [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] to win their only Ranji Trophy title and one [[Irani Trophy]] matches from 1987 to 1999<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1122_f.html First-class matches]</ref> and 10 [[List A]] matches.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1122_a.html List A matches]</ref>

== Notable alumni ==

* [[Jaswinder Bhalla]]
* [[Baldev Singh Dhillon]]
* [[Deep Saini]]
* [[Mohinder Singh Randhawa ]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Punjab Agricultural University}}
*{{Official website|http://www.pau.edu/}}

{{Universities in Punjab|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Punjab Agricultural University| ]]
[[Category:Universities in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Education in Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Ludhiana]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1962]]

Sathya Sai Baba

2026-03-24T22:53:34Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: small changes

{{Short description|Indian Godman (1926–2011)}}
{{Redirect|Sathyanarayana Raju}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Sathya Sai Baba
| image = Sri_Sathya_Sai_Baba_at_Brindavan_Ashram.jpg
| alt = Sathya Sai Baba
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| sect = none
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|11|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Puttaparthi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| institute = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]]
* [[Sri Sathya Sai International Organization]]
}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|4|24|1926|11|23}}
| death_place = Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| birth_name = Ratnakaram Sathyanarayana Raju
| founder = Sri Sathya Sai International Organization 
Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust
| guru = 
| philosophy = Love All, Serve All.
Help Ever, Hurt Never.
| nationality = Indian
| signature = Sathya_Sai_Baba_Signature_1.jpg}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''Sathya Sai Baba''' (born '''Ratnakaram Sathyanarayana Raju'''; 23 November 1926{{spaced ndash}}24 April 2011<ref name="BBC obit">{{Cite news |publisher=BBC News |title=Obituary: Indian guru Sai Baba |date=24 April 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13153536 |quote=Satya Sai Baba was born Sathyanarayana Raju on 23 November 1926}}</ref>) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Godman (India)|godman]] and philanthropist.<ref name="babb83">{{Cite journal|last1=Babb|first1=Lawrence A.|title=Sathya Sai Baba's Magic|journal=Anthropological Quarterly|date=1983|volume=56|issue=3|pages=116–124|doi=10.2307/3317305|jstor=3317305}}</ref><ref name="das15">{{Cite journal|last1=Das|first1=M. K.|title=Televising religion: A study of Sathya Sai Baba's funeral broadcast in Gangtok, India|journal=Anthropological Notebooks|date=2015|volume=21|issue=3|pages=83–104|url=http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2015_3/Anthropological_Notebooks_XXI_3_Kumar%20Das.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Komireddi |first=Kapil |date=2011-05-06 |title=Sathya Sai Baba, the earthly god-man |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2011/may/06/sathya-sai-baba |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> At the age of 14, he claimed to be the [[reincarnation]] of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shirdi Sai Baba]]<ref name="RichardWeiss">{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss|first1=Richard|date=December 2005|title=The Global Guru: Sai Baba and the Miracle of the Modern T|url=http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec05/7_2_2.pdf|journal=New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies|volume=7|issue=2|pages=5–19|access-date=5 January 2010|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718121924/http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec05/7_2_2.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="kent" /> and left his home for religious cause.<ref name="sailovepeace">{{Cite news | title =Love, peace divinity| newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date = 30 April 2011 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/love-peace-divinity-2411547|access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Singleton, Mark| Goldberg, Ellen">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSpnAQAAQBAJ&q=sai+baba+god+incarnate+academic+studies&pg=PT208|title=Gurus of Modern Yoga|isbn=978-0199374953|last1=Singleton|first1=Mark|last2=Goldberg|first2=Ellen|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref name="BabbLawrence">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8bMjUt6AqIC|title=Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition|last=Babb|first=Lawrence A.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0520076365|page=164}}</ref>

Sathya Sai Baba's followers have attributed to him a range of miraculous abilities, including the [[Materialization (paranormal)|materialisation]] of ''[[Vibhuti]]'' (holy ash) and other small objects such as rings, necklaces, and watches. He was also believed to have performed spontaneous healings, [[resurrection]]s, and exhibited [[Clairvoyance|clairvoyant abilities]]. Additionally, claims were made regarding his ability to be in multiple places simultaneously ([[bilocation]]), as well as his [[omnipresence]], [[omnipotence]], and [[omniscience]].<ref name="time.com">{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/archive/6595641/sathya-sai-baba-the-man-who-was-god-is-dead/ |title=Sathya Sai Baba: The Man Who Was God Is Dead |last=Thottam |first=Jyoti |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=27 May 2024 |magazine=Time}}</ref><ref name="CNNSingh">{{Cite news |author=Harmeet Shah Singh |date=24 April 2011 |title=Indian spiritual guru dies at 85 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/india.spiritual.guru.death/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427063241/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/india.spiritual.guru.death/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2011 |access-date=7 December 2020 |newspaper=CNN |orig-year=Sunday (Easter Day)}}</ref>

Sathya Sai Baba faced numerous accusations over the years which include [[sleight of hand]], [[money laundering]], [[fraud]], and [[murder]]. However, he was never charged with any offence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sathya Sai Baba: Remembering the guru with a complicated legacy on his death anniversary |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/11th-death-anniversary-of-sathya-sai-baba-a-guru-with-a-complicated-legacy |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref name="quack">{{Cite book |author=Johannes Quack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55wFpydSZ8oC&pg=PA120 |title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199812608 |pages=120–}}</ref><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite news |last=Datta |first=Tanya |date=17 June 2004 |title=Sai Baba: God-man or con man? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3813469.stm |access-date=7 December 2020 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="Palmer116">Palmer, Norris W. "Baba's World". In: {{Cite book |last1=Forsthoefel |first1=Thomas A. |title=Gurus in America |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=2005 |isbn=0791465748 |editor-last=Humes |editor-first=Cynthia Ann |place=Albany, NY|page=116|quote=Shri Satya Sai Baba is not without his critics. While a number of detractors see him as little more than a harmless fraud, duping naive masses by sleight of hand, others have leveled charges against him that are significantly more substantial—money laundering, fraudulent service projects, child molestation, and murder.}}</ref>

== Biography ==

===Early life===

Sathyanarayana Raju was born on 23 November 1926 to Namagiriamma (Easwaramma) and Peddavenkama Raju Ratnakaram, to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Bhatraju]] family,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/a-phenomenon-called-sathya-sai-baba-132676-2011-04-25|title=A phenomenon called Sathya Sai Baba|last=Rao|first=A. Srinivasa|website=India Today|date=25 April 2011 |language=en|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fHFLQDOEuYC&q=bhat+raju|title=Winged Faith: Rethinking Globalization and Religious Pluralism through the Sathya Sai Movement|last=Srinivas|first=Tulasi|year= 2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231520522|pages=54|language=en}}</ref> a community of religious musicians and balladeers,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35458340.pdf|title=Sathya Sai Baba as Avatar: "His Story" and the History of an Idea|last=Spurr|first=Michael James|website=University of Canterbury}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSpnAQAAQBAJ&q=Bhat+raju&pg=PT368|title=Gurus of Modern Yoga|last1=Singleton|first1=Mark|last2=Goldberg|first2=Ellen|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199374953|language=en}}</ref> in the village of [[Puttaparthi]] in [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India).<ref name="BabbLawrence" /><ref>Haraldsson, Erlendur, Miracles are my visiting cards – An investigative inquiry on Sathya Sai Baba, (1997 revised and updated edition published by Sai Towers, Prasanthi Nilayam, India), p. 55, {{ISBN|8186822321}}</ref><ref name="Eade">{{Cite book|year=2002|editor-last=Eade|editor-first=John|editor2-last=Mele|editor2-first=Christopher|title=Understanding the City|publisher=Wiley|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470693582|isbn=978-0470693582}}</ref> His birth was purported by his mother Easwaramma to be of a [[Miraculous births|miraculous conception]].<ref name="RichardWeiss"/><ref name="BabbLawrence"/> He was the fourth of five children.

Sathya Sai Baba's siblings included elder brother Ratnakaram Seshama Raju (1911–1985), elder sisters Venkamma (1918–1993) and Parvathamma (1920–1998), and younger brother Janakiramaiah (1931–2003).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-22/india/29463028_1_sathya-sai-baba-satyajit-trust-affairsnephew|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103170839/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-22/india/29463028_1_sathya-sai-baba-satyajit-trust-affairsnephew|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Vaastu dosham at hospital he built, say Sai kin|date=25 April 2011}}</ref>

As a child, Sathya was described as "unusually intelligent" and charitable, though not necessarily academically inclined, as his interests were of a more spiritual nature.<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name=Palmer99 /> He was uncommonly talented in devotional music, dance and drama.<ref name=Palmer99 /><ref name="kent">{{Cite book | last = Kent | first = Alexandra |title =Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia |publisher = Nordic Institute of Asian Studies | year = 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26sVhUo_aM4C&pg=PA37 |pages = 37–39| isbn = 978-8791114403}}</ref> From a young age, he has been purported to have been capable of materializing objects such as food and sweets out of thin air.<ref name="AlexandraKent">{{Cite journal|last=Kent|first=Alexandra|date=1 January 2000|title=Creating Divine Unity: Chinese Recruitment in the Sathya Sai Baba Movement of Malaysia|journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion|volume=15|issue=1|pages=5–27|doi=10.1080/135379000112116|s2cid=143315480|issn=1353-7903}}</ref>

===Proclamation===
[[File:Sri Sathya Sai at 14.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sathya Sai Baba at the age of 14, soon after proclaiming he was the reincarnation of Shirdi Sai Baba]]

Almost everything known about Sathya Sai Baba's early life stems from the [[hagiography]] that grew around him; these were narratives that hold special meaning<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai Global Council {{!}} Prasanthi Nilayam |url=https://www.srisathyasaiglobalcouncil.org/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=Sri Sathya Sai Global Council |language=en}}</ref> to his devotees and are considered by them to be evidence of his divine nature.<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name="UrbanHugh74" /><ref name="Palmer99">{{Cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/4991|title=Gurus in America|last=Palmer|first=Norris W.|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0791465745|editor-last=A. Forsthoefel|editor-first=Thomas|place=Albany, NY|page=99|chapter=Baba's World: A Global Guru and His Movement|editor-last2=Ann Humes|editor-first2=Cynthia|chapter-url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/116246}}</ref> According to these sources, on 8 March 1940, while living with his elder brother Seshama Raju in [[Uravakonda]] (a small town near [[Puttaparthi]]), 14-year-old Sathya was stung by a scorpion.<ref name="sailovepeace"/><ref name="AlexandraKent"/> He lost consciousness for several hours and in the next few days underwent a noticeable change in behavior.<ref name="kent"/> There were "symptoms of laughing and weeping, eloquence and silence." It is claimed that "he began to sing [[Sanskrit]] verses, a language of which it is alleged he had no prior knowledge."<ref name="RichardWeiss"/> Doctors concluded his behavior to be [[hysteria]].<ref name="RichardWeiss"/> Concerned, his parents brought Sathya back home to [[Puttaparthi]] and took him to many priests, doctors and exorcists. One of the exorcists at [[Kadiri]], a town near Puttaparthi, went to the extent of torturing him with the aim of curing him. Having shaved Raju's head, he cut three crosses on his skull, then poured acid into the wounds. At this point, his parents called a stop to it.<ref name="sailovepeace"/>

On 23 May 1940, Sathya called household members and reportedly materialized sugar candy (''[[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]])'' and flowers for them. His father became furious at seeing this, thinking his son was [[Spirit possession|bewitched]]. He took a stick and threatened to beat him if Sathya did not reveal who he really was, the young Sathya responded calmly and firmly "I am Sai Baba", a reference to [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]].<ref name="RichardWeiss"/><ref name="kent"/> This was the first time he proclaimed himself to be the reincarnation of Sai Baba of Shirdi{{snd}}a saint who became famous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in [[Maharashtra]] and had died eight years before Sathya was born.<ref name="RichardWeiss"/> It was then he came to be known as 'Sathya Sai Baba'.

Several months later Sai Baba, on 20 October 1940, told his parents that he had "come to this world with a mission to re-establish the principle of Righteousness ([[Dharma]]), to motivate love for God and service to fellow man."<ref name="saimission">{{Cite news|title =SRI SATHYA SAI AVATAR AND HIS MISSION| newspaper=[[Indian News]]| date = 10 November 2023| url=https://indiannews.nz/2023/11/10/sri-sathya-sai-avatar-and-his-mission/|access-date = 10 November 2023}}</ref> Further elaborating in a letter (dated 25 May 1947) to his older brother Seshma, he stated "I have a task to foster all mankind and ensure for all of them lives full of bliss. I have a vow to lead all who stray away from the straight path, again into goodness and save them... to remove the sufferings of the poor and grant them what they lack."<ref name="saimission"/> Personally stating, "I do not belong to any place. I am not attached to any name. I have no 'mine' or 'thine.'"<ref name="bbtsai">{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba Life and Legacy| newspaper=[[Barbados Today]] | date = 25 April 2023| url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/04/25/btcolumn-sathya-sai-baba-life-and-legacy/amp/|access-date = 25 April 2023}}</ref>

===First mandir and development of Puttaparthi===
[[File:PrashantiNilayam1.jpg|right|thumb|Puttaparthi, A.P.]]
In 1944, a [[mandir]] for Sai Baba's devotees was built near the village of [[Puttaparthi]]. It is now referred to as the "old mandir".<ref name="bowen">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJwQAAAACAAJ|title=The Sathya Sai Baba Community in Bradford: Its Origin and Development, Religious Beliefs and Practices|last=Bowen|first=David|date=1988|publisher=Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Leeds|isbn=978-1871363029|language=en}}</ref> The construction of [[Prasanthi Nilayam]], the current ashram, began in 1948 and was completed in 1950.<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name="bowen"/> In 1954, Sai Baba established a small free general hospital in the village of Puttaparthi.<ref name="TheHinduNewspaper">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/features/saibaba/stories/2005112300270300.htm |title=Sri Sathya Sai 80th year of Advent |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 November 2005|access-date=10 January 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He won fame for his reputed mystical powers and ability to heal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/24/sri-sathya-sai-baba-dies|title=Sai Baba, spiritual guru to millions, dies at 85|author=Jason Burke|newspaper=the Guardian|date=24 April 2011}}</ref> In 1957, Sai Baba went on a tour of North India, visiting temples in Delhi, Srinagar, Kashmir and Rishikesh.<ref name="Eade"/>

===Stroke, prediction of reincarnation and sole foreign tour===

In 1963, it was asserted that Sai Baba suffered a stroke and four severe heart attacks, which left him paralysed on one side. These events culminated in an event where he apparently healed himself in front of the thousands of people gathered in Prashanthi Nilayam who were then praying for his recovery.<ref name="BabbLawrence"/>

On recovering, Sai Baba stated, "I am Shiva-Sakthi, born in the [[gotra]] (lineage) of [[Bharadwaja]], according to a boon won by that sage from [[Shiva|Siva]] and [[Shakti|Sakthi]]. Siva was born in the gotra of that sage as Sai Baba of Shirdi; Shiva and Sakthi have incarnated as Myself in his gotra now; Sakthi alone will incarnate as the third Sai (Prema Sai Baba) in the same gotra in [[Mandya]] district of Karnataka State."<ref name="BabbLawrence"/> He stated he would be born again eight years after his death at the age of 96, but died at the age of 84.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13180011 | publisher=BBC News | title=Satya Sai Baba, Indian guru, dies at 84 | date=24 April 2011}}</ref>

From June to July 1968 he travelled to [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Tanzania]], the only time he left India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sathyasaicentrekenya.org/swamis-visit-to-east-africa/|title=Africa|work=sathyasaicentrekenya.org}}</ref>

===Later years===

From 1968 to 1981 he established three temples: Sathyam Mandir in [[Mumbai]], Shivam Mandir in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], and Sundaram in [[Chennai]].{{fact|date=September 2025}}

On 6 June 1993 there was an [[1993 murders in Prashanthi Nilayam|assassination attempt on Sai Baba's life]]. While reports vary, the official narrative is that four men (devotees) entered Sai Baba's residence under the premise of wanting to give him a telegram. When their path was obstructed, they stabbed two of the Baba's assistants to death, injuring two others.<ref name="saiescape">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930630-satya-sai-baba-escapes-attack-811237-1993-06-29 |title=Sathya Sai Baba escapes attack|date=29 June 1993|last=Rai|first=S |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Hearing the commotion Sai Baba sounded the alarm and police were dispatched to his residence. Upon arriving, the police report stated the four youths had locked themselves in Sai Baba's living room and the officers tried to break the door down. "The four were shot when they opened the door and attacked the police."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-sri-sathya-sai-baba-101102|title=Who is Sri Sathya Sai Baba?|agency=Press Trust of India|date=24 April 2011|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/8471342/Sathya-Sai-Baba.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/8471342/Sathya-Sai-Baba.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Religion Obituaries; Satya Sai Baba |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=24 April 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Sai Baba remained unharmed during the incident,<ref name="saiescape"/> and later in a discourse cleared things up saying there was no bid on his life.<ref name="saidna"/> Many aspects of the event remain unsolved and ambiguous.<ref name="saidna">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sathya-sai-baba-escaped-murder-attempt_1535839 |title=Sathya Sai Baba escaped murder attempt|date=25 April 2011|last=Madhusoodan|first=M K |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref name="saimystery">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930715-sai-baba-assassination-attempt-by-disciples-remains-mystery-811306-1993-07-14 |title=Sai Baba assassination attempt by disciples remains mystery|date=14 July 1993|last=Rai|first=S |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Another concern for Sai Baba's immediate safety arose on 17 January 2002 when an unknown man (later identified as Somasundaram) entered the Whitefield Ashram with an air pistol. He was apprehended by volunteers and handed over to police without incident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sai-baba-escapes-murder-attempt-at-darshan/cid/905018|title=SAI BABA ESCAPES MURDER ATTEMPT AT DARSHAN |author=HABIB BEARY|date=17 January 2002|work=Telegraph India|access-date=17 January 2002}}</ref>

In March 1995, Sai Baba started a project to provide drinking water to 1.2 million people in the drought-prone Rayalaseema region in the [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/water-projects-cm-all-praise-for-satya-sai-trust/article27563258.ece|title=Water projects: CM all praise for Satya Sai Trust|author=Staff Reporter|date=13 February 2004|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 October 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In April 1999 he inaugurated the Ananda Nilayam Mandir in [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu.

In 2001 he established another free super-speciality hospital in [[Bangalore]] to benefit the poor.<ref name="karnataka1"/>

===Old age, illness and death===

In 2003, Sai Baba suffered a fractured hip when a student standing on an iron stool slipped, and the boy and stool both fell on him. After the incident, he gave [[darshana]] from a car or his porte chair.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com82-2">{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sai-baba-turns-82-is-still-going-strong/52860-3.html?from=search-relatedstories|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825055515/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sai-baba-turns-82-is-still-going-strong/52860-3.html?from=search-relatedstories|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2010|title=Sai Baba turns 82, is still going strong|last=Balakrishnan|first=Deepa|date=23 November 2007|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref> After 2004, Sai Baba used a wheelchair and slowly began to make fewer public appearances.

On 28 March 2011, Sai Baba was admitted to the Sri Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital in [[Puttaparthi]] after he complained of having giddiness and a slowing heartbeat.<ref name="nieaftersai"/><ref>{{Cite news| title = Sai Baba in stable condition: Hospital| newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]| date = 5 April 2011| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sai-Baba-in-stable-condition-Hospital/Article1-681433.aspx| access-date = 24 April 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110509014742/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sai-Baba-in-stable-condition-Hospital/Article1-681433.aspx| archive-date = 9 May 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title = Baba's health condition 'stable' | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 6 April 2011 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Babas-health-condition-stable/articleshow/7880002.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-06/hyderabad/29388337_1_vital-parameters-condition-crrt | url-status = live | archive-date = 5 November 2012 | access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref> Initially, his condition improved, and on 4 April, it was reported all his vital parameters were near normal.<ref name="tisaibe">{{Cite news| title =Sathya Sai Baba Better Still on Ventilator| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 4 April 2011| url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sathya-sai-baba-better-still-on-ventilator/articleshow/7859107.cms
|access-date = 4 April 2011}}</ref> However, over the course of the following weeks, multiple organ failures set in, and his condition progressively deteriorated. He died on Sunday, 24 April, at 7:40 IST, aged 84.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Spiritual leader Sathya Sai Baba passes away | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 24 April 2011 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Spiritual-leader-Sathya-Sai-Baba-passes-away/articleshow/8070443.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209205945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/india/29468573_1_sai-baba-sathya-sai-central-trust-puttaparthi | url-status = live | archive-date = 9 February 2012 | access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>

Sai Baba had predicted that he would die at age 96 and would remain healthy until then.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition|last=Babb|first=Lawrence A.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0520076365|page=[https://archive.org/details/redemptiveencoun0000babb/page/166 166]|quote=His present incarnation, he says, ... He will die at the age of ninety-six, but his body will stay young until then.|url=https://archive.org/details/redemptiveencoun0000babb/page/166}}</ref> After he died, some devotees suggested that he was referring to [[lunar calendar|lunar years]], as counted by Telugu-speaking Hindus, rather than [[tropical year|solar years]]<ref>Mohammed Shafeeq. However it was soon clearly shown that the lunar reckoning does not work. Post. Durban: 27 April 2011. pg. 4</ref> and using the [[hindu calendar|Indian way]] of [[Ageing#Cultural variations|accounting for age]], which counts the year to come as part of a person's life.<ref>Sri Philip M. Prasad, Malayalam Daily. Kerala, India: 25 April 2011. "What Baba has foretold was indeed correct. According to the Roman calendar he has completed 85 years. But one can note that generally in all of Baba's discourses Baba had been referring to the star (lunar) basis in calculations. In Indian astrology there are 27 stars in a month starting with Aswathy and ending with Revathy. Accordingly a year of 12 months is composed of 324 days. Sai Baba was born on 23 November 1926. From that day till his death day, 24 April 2011 there were a total of 33,899 days. If this is divided with 324, we get 95 years and 54 days. Accordingly, under the star basis of calculation he was in his 96th year having completed 54 days when he left his physical body."</ref> Other devotees have spoken of his anticipated [[resurrection]], [[reincarnation]], or [[wakefulness|awakening]].<ref>''The Hindustan Times'', New Delhi: 25 April 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Narayan |first1=Sreejith |title=Sai, Thy Kingdom Come | year = 2012| isbn = 978-1623148423 | url =http://www.saikingdom.com}}</ref>

===Funeral and mourning===

Sathya Sai Baba's body lay in state for two days and was [[Burial|buried]] with full state honors on 27 April 2011.<ref name="news9">News 9, 24 April 2011, 16:00 IST</ref> An estimated 500,000 people attended the burial. Political leaders and prominent figures attending included then Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]], Gujarat Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] (who later became Prime Minister of India), cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Union Minister]]s [[S. M. Krishna]] and [[Ambika Soni]].<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba gets a tearful farewell at his Puttaparthi home | newspaper=[[India Today]] | date = 27 April 2011 | url=https://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sathya-sai-baba-last-rites-in-puttaparthi/1/136399.html|access-date = 27 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2011/04/201142452416203714.html |title=Indian guru Sai Baba dies in hospital – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sathya-sai-baba-buried-in-puttaparthi_1536633 |title=Sathya Sai Baba buried in Puttaparthi |publisher=DNA |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/final-farewell-to-sathya-sai-baba-today/150310-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430163330/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/final-farewell-to-sathya-sai-baba-today/150310-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2011|title=Tearful farewell to Sathya Sai Baba |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref>

Political leaders who offered their condolences included the then Indian prime minister, [[Manmohan Singh]],<ref name="news9"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchi9.com/news/2011/04/24/l-k-advani-reaction-on-sathya-sai-babas-death-tv9/|title=L.K.Advani Reaction on Sathya Sai Baba's Death :TV9 – Mirchi 9 – Telugu News | Andhra News | Hyderabad | Andhra | India | Brain | Studies | University|publisher=Mirchi9.com|access-date=24 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323040616/http://www.mirchi9.com/news/2011/04/24/l-k-advani-reaction-on-sathya-sai-babas-death-tv9/|archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://70mmonline.com/WatchMovie.aspx?movieid=9086&movieName=L.K.Advani%20Reaction%20on%20Sathya%20Sai%20Baba%27s%20Death|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018100215/http://70mmonline.com/WatchMovie.aspx?movieid=9086&movieName=L.K.Advani%20Reaction%20on%20Sathya%20Sai%20Baba%27s%20Death|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2011|title=L. K. Advani Reaction on Sathya Sai Baba's Death, TV9 – L. K. Advani Reaction on Sathya Sai Baba's Death at|publisher=70mmonline.com|access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> then Nepali Prime Minister [[Jhala Nath Khanal]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2011 |title=Nepalese PM condoles Sathya Sai Baba's demise |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/nepalese-pm-condoles-sathya-sai-babarsquos-demise/article23047961.ece |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2011 |title=Nepalese PM condoles Sathya Sai Baba's demise |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/156421/nepalese-pm-condoles-sathya-sai.html |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/04/26/world-has-lost-great-spiritual-leader-sri-lankan-president-mahinda-rajapaksa|title=World has lost a great spiritual leader – Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa|work=asiantribune.com}}</ref> The cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, whose birthday was that day, cancelled his birthday celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cricketnext.in.com/news/sachin-mourns-sai-babas-death-on-his-bday/56827-13.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426031545/http://cricketnext.in.com/news/sachin-mourns-sai-babas-death-on-his-bday/56827-13.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2011|title=Sachin mourns SaiBaba death on his b'day|date=24 April 2011|work=IBNLive}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper reported that "Sai Baba's phenomenal mass appeal lay in his unswerving commitment to communal harmony, his encouragement of charitable activity and public-spiritedness, and his own example in building educational and health care institutions that focused on meeting basic needs on a large scale."<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba, his life and legacy| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date = 26 April 2011 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/Sai-Baba-his-life-and-legacy/article14808978.ece|access-date = 2 April 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Sri Sathya Sai Baba Mahasamadhi at Sai Kulwant Hall.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Sri Sathya Sai Baba Mahasamadhi at Prasanthi Nilayam]]
Many spiritual figures expressed their sentiments at Sai Baba's death. [[Mata Amritanandamayi]] said, "Sri Sathya Sai Baba was the one who opened the path of love and compassion to millions of his devotees. Sathya Sai Baba's life was his message."<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's life was his message: Mata| newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date = 25 April 2011 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/sai-babas-life-was-his-message-mata/|access-date = 25 April 2011}}</ref>

[[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Ravi Shankar]], founder of the [[Art of Living Foundation]], wrote that "Baba will continue to live in the hearts of millions of devotees ... his message of 'Satya Dharma Shanti Prema' which has transcended all barriers of [[caste]] and religion."<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sri Sri Ravi Shankar condoles the death of Sai Baba| newspaper=[[NDTV]] | date = 24 April 2011 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-condoles-the-death-of-sai-baba-453795|access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>

The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] expressed shock over the death of Sathya Sai Baba.<ref>{{Cite news | title =Dalai Lama condoles Sai Baba's death| newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date = 26 April 2011 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dalai-lama-condoles-sai-baba-s-death/|access-date = 2 April 2011}}</ref> In a message he said, "I am saddened by the passing away of Sri Sathya Sai Baba,
the respected spiritual leader. I would like to convey my condolences and prayers to all the followers, devotees and admirers of the late spiritual leader."<ref>{{Cite web
|url = https://tibet.net/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-mourns-the-demise-of-sri-saithya-sai-baba/|title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama Mourns the Demise of Sri Saithya Sai Baba|publisher = tibet.net|date = 26 April 2011|access-date = 29 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?719929|title = Dalai Lama Mourns Sri Sathya Sai Baba's Death
|publisher = outlookindia.com|date = 25 April 2011|access-date = 29 May 2011}}</ref>

The Government of [[Karnataka]] declared 25 and 26 April as [[Day of mourning|days of mourning]]. The state government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] (where [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] is located) announced a four-day state mourning period and decided to honor Sai Baba with a [[state funeral]].<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba dead, to be buried on Wednesday| newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date = 24 April 2011 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/sathya-sai-baba-dead-to-be-buried-on-wednesday/|access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="news9"/>

===Anomalies and possible unnatural death===

From the time Sai Baba was admitted to hospital on 28 March, questions and allegations arose about his care and subsequently the role of his personal aide, Satyajit Salian. Police sources said, "Satyajit did not feed Sai Baba proper food and gave him lot of sedative drugs, resulting in the deterioration of the latter's health, leading up to Sai Baba's death."<ref name="saiaide">{{Cite news | title =Satyajit blamed for Sathya Sai Baba's death? Aide gets death threats | newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date = 26 April 2011 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/satyajit-blamed-for-sathya-sai-babas-death-aide-gets-death-threats/|access-date = 26 April 2011}}</ref> Doctors from the Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, who treated Sai Baba, neither confirmed nor denied that [[sedative]] drugs were given to him prior to his admission to the hospital following respiratory problems. Later assessment from doctors noted lack of food had led to muscular weakness.<ref name="saivent">{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba better, still on ventilator| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 4 April 2011| url=
http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/7859107.cms
|access-date = 4 April 2011}}</ref> Citing death threats and possible harm to his well-being from within the ashram community (after one of two trust members were allowed to sign cheques from a multi-billion dollar account), as well as from outside, a senior police officer said that Sathyajit was provided police protection.<ref name="saiaide"/><ref name="scaregiver">{{Cite news | title =Threat to life of Sai Baba's caregiver & personal doctor| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 26 April 2011| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/threat-to-life-of-sai-babas-caregiver-personal-doctor/articleshow/8085008.cms|access-date = 26 April 2011}}</ref>

On 10 April, direct relatives expressed wonder as to why they were kept in the dark and knew nothing about Sai Baba's state of health. "It is almost two months since Baba stopped taking food [but] we were not told about it."<ref name="nieaftersai"/> Family members said they were livid about the secrecy around Sai Baba's health and medical treatments and as to why the trust was not allowing anyone direct contact with him except for Sathyajit, his personal attendant.<ref name="secrecyhealth">{{Cite news | title =Secrecy about Sai Baba's health angers kin| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 6 April 2011 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Secrecy-about-Sai-Babas-health-angers-kin/articleshow/7879413.cms|access-date = 6 April 2011}}</ref> They only saw him from a distance in the ICU on April 2 after raising a furore.<ref name="secrecyhealth"/> It was on 28 March, when Sai Baba complained of giddiness and slowing of the heartbeat that he was taken to hospital.<ref name="nieaftersai">{{Cite news | title =After Sathya Sai Baba, who?| newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] | date = 10 April 2011 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2011/Apr/10/after-sathya-sai-baba-who-243289.html|access-date = 10 April 2011}}</ref>

On 21 April, the ''Deccan Herald'' reported an allegation stating that Sathya Sai Baba had died 20 days prior and that his death was not being announced in order to receive money from Indian and foreign devotees.<ref name="saibe96">{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's devotees believe he will live for 96 years| newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date = 21 April 2011| url=
https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sai-babas-devotees-believe-he-2409274
|access-date = 21 April 2011}}</ref>

On 28 April 2011, four days after the death of Sai Baba, ''[[The Times of India]]'' printed a story questioning the time of his death. A business making freezer boxes said that the one in which Sai Baba was kept was ordered on 4 April, partial payment was also made at that time. The freezer box arrived in [[Puttaparthi]] on 5 April. Sai Baba was admitted to hospital on 28 March but his condition had officially worsened on 15 April. "The order was placed by Rajendranath Reddy of Bangalore [and] according to sources, the powerful [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]] had a role in ordering the freezer box."<ref name="saianomoly">{{Cite news | title =So, did Sai Baba die on April 24? | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 28 April 2011 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/so-did-sai-baba-die-on-april-24/articleshow/8103613.cms|access-date = 28 April 2011}}</ref> According to Lakshmi, the owner of Kumar and Co International (freezer box company), her colleague Ganesh called Rajendranath to confirm the purchase for Sai Baba. "He confirmed the same and told Ganesh not to discuss the matter with anyone."<ref name="saianomoly"/>

Within two months of Sai Baba's death, his niece Chetana Raju alleged that she was facing death threats from some trust members.<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba's niece claims threat to life from trustees| newspaper=[[India Today]] | date = 20 June 2011 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/sai-babas-niece-claims-life-threat-136011-2011-06-20|access-date = 20 June 2011}}</ref>

In 2015, Ganapathy Raju, Sathya Sai Baba's first cousin, alleged that Sai Baba was murdered. He believes Satya Sai died on 29 March and not as officially declared on 24 April, saying that "Baba was a victim of a well-planned conspiracy and pre-planned hi tech murder" (adding) that the trust members had ordered a glass coffin and two truckloads of flowers even when Baba was unwell."<ref name="cousingana">{{Cite news | title =Puttaparthi Sai Baba death a planned murder, says first cousin
| newspaper=[[The Hans India]] | date = 25 April 2015 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-04-25/Puttaparthi-Sai-Baba-death-a-planned-murder-says-first-cousin/146845?infinitescroll=1|access-date = 25 April 2015}}</ref> Ganapathy also alleged that trust members were behind silencing the real date of Sai Baba's death in order to buy time to "usurp the huge wealth of the trust fund", asserting that properties worth hundreds of millions of dollars have "changed hands".<ref name="cousingana"/> Dr Aiyar, Sai Baba's personal physician, was heavily criticized for not maintaining any medical records of Sai Baba.<ref name="drerr">{{Cite news | title =Threat to life of Sai Baba's caregiver & personal doctor| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 26 April 2011| url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/threat-to-life-of-sai-babas-caregiver-personal-doctor/articleshow/8085008.cms
|access-date =26 April 2011}}</ref>

Ganapathy Raju's main ideas of interest laid with the medical treatment and drugs given to Sai Baba, primarily by Satyajit Salian.<ref name="cousingana"/><ref name="saiaide"/> Shyam Sunder, who had been involved with [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] since 1968, also raised concerns about harassment and exploitation from Satyajit as numerous allegations by devotees and workers in [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] arose saying that Satyajit would intimidate and physically abuse them.<ref name="concerns"/> Like Ganapathy, Sunder also alleged that "Satyajit and his associates had been administering sleeping pills to Sai Baba for over six years. Though Sai Baba resisted the pills after his return from Brindavan at Whitefield, [[Bangalore]], in 2006, he was forced to take them ... and within a few months, Baba became sluggish and weak."<ref name="concerns">{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's Death Sparks Succession Rumour| newspaper=[[India Today]] | date = 25 April 2011| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/sai-babas-death-sparks-succession-rumour-132713-2011-04-25
|access-date = 25 April 2011}}</ref> Satyajit also controlled if and when the doctors could see Sai Baba,<ref name="concerns"/> and within two days of Sai Baba's passing, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that Satyajit (who was a paid employee of the ashram and "had no say whatsoever in the trust affairs or activities,")<ref name="pradeshnews">{{Cite news | title =Baba's aide Satyajitto be shown the door?| newspaper=[[Great Andhra]] | date = 28 April 2011| url=https://www.greatandhra.com/articles/special-articles/babas-aide-satyajit-to-be-shown-the-door-28705|access-date = 28 April 2011}}</ref> was given authority to sign checks from the multibillion-dollar trust account.<ref name="saiaide"/><ref name="scaregiver"/>

==Beliefs and practices of devotees==
{{Main|Sathya Sai Baba movement}}

Sai Baba was known for the quotes, in reference to his universal message, "Love All, Serve All" and "Help Ever, Hurt Never."<ref name="87bhajan">{{Cite news | title =87-hour bhajan program to pay tributes to Sai Baba| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 26 October 2012| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/87-hour-bhajan-programme-to-pay-tributes-to-sai-baba/articleshow/16970633.cms|access-date = 26 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Leslie-Chaden2004">{{Cite book|author=Charlene Leslie-Chaden|title= A compendium of the teachings of Sri Sathya Sai Baba|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9798186822196/mode/2up| access-date=24 April 2011|year=2004|publisher=Sai Towers Publishing| page=526|isbn=978-8178990422}}</ref><ref name="Architectural digest">{{Cite book|title=Architectural digest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcxUAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2011|year=1994|publisher=Conde Nast Publications}}</ref> In Prashanti Nilayam, his devotees believed in seeking the spiritual benefit of Sai Baba's ''[[darsana|darshan]]'', scheduled for morning and afternoon each day, as a form of devotion. Sai Baba would interact with people, accept letters or call groups and individuals for interviews.<ref name="sailand">{{Cite news| title =The Land of Illusion. Inside Sathya Sai Baba's fiefdom| newspaper=[[The Caravan]]| date = 1 June 2010| url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/land-illusion|access-date = 1 June 2010}}</ref> Devotees considered it a great privilege to have an interview and sometimes a single person, group or family was invited for a private interview so they could ask for answers to spiritual questions or for general guidance.<ref name="kent"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/emeralds-desperation-mother-sathya-sai-baba-200301081601873.html|title=Emeralds and desperation: My mother and Sathya Sai Baba|last=Neutill|first=Rani|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

Internationally, his devotees gather daily, or weekly on Sundays or Thursdays or both, for satsangs, spiritual discourses and [[bhajans|devotional songs]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sathyasai.ca/ |title=Sri Sathya Sai Baba Organization in Canada – Home Page |publisher=Sathyasai.ca |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> prayer,<ref name="saius">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727120609/http://us.sathyasai.org/resources/06oct15CenterGuidelines12.pdf Guidelines for American Sathya ZSai Baba Centers]. The Sathya Sai Baba Central Council of the United States of America (2006)</ref> spiritual meditation, service to the community (Seva),<ref name="saito">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sathyasaitoronto.org/ |title=The Sri Sathya Sai Baba Centre of Toronto – York |publisher=Sathyasaitoronto.org |access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> and to participate in "Education in Human Values" (SSEHV)<ref name="saius"/> known as "''Bal Vikas''" (Blossoming of the Child).

Devotees still receive Sai Baba's Divya Darshan at his Mahasamadhi shrine, a white marble edifice decorated with flowers, in Sai Kulwant Hall ([[Prasanthi Nilayam]]), where he was laid to rest.<ref name="mahasai">{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's 'maha samadhi' opened to public| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 15 July 2011| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sai-babas-maha-samadhi-opened-to-public/articleshow/9234047.cms|access-date = 15 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="sairest">{{Cite news | title =Baba will rest in discourse hall| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 26 April 2011| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/baba-will-rest-in-discourse-hall/articleshow/8084819.cms|access-date = 26 April 2011}}</ref>

Sai Baba was a [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] for spiritual as well as moral reasons and his followers have adopted the diet.<ref name="Leslie-Chaden">Leslie-Chaden, Charlene. (2004). ''A Compendium of the Teachings of Sri Sathya Sai Baba''. Sai Towers Publishing. pp. 633-636. {{ISBN|978-8178990422}}</ref><ref>Schweickert, Tina K. (2005). ''Tread Softly: Sathya Sai Baba's Teachings on Nature and the Environment''. pp. 92-93. {{ISBN|978-0974866819}}</ref> He stated that "meat eating fosters animal qualities in man making him descend to the demonic level; it is a heart-rending sight to see cows being slaughtered to serve as food for man."<ref name="Leslie-Chaden"/> Sai Baba and many devotees have heavily criticized [[factory farming]] as unethical.<ref name="Leslie-Chaden"/>

==Ashrams and mandirs==

===Prasanthi Nilayam (Abode of Highest Peace)===
{{Main|Prasanthi Nilayam}}
[[File:Chaitanya Jyothi Museum, Prashanthi Nilayam, India.jpg|thumb|Chaitanya Jyoti Museum devoted to the life and teachings of Sathya Sai Baba]]
[[Puttaparthi]], where Sai Baba was born and lived, was originally a small, remote South Indian village in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was here that [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] (Abode of Highest Peace) was established.<ref name="radiosaipra">[https://media.radiosai.org/Journals/Portal/prasanthi.htm Prasanthi Nilayam: The Abode of Highest Peace]</ref> After 2 years of construction it was inaugurated on 23 November 1950, Sai Baba's 25th birthday.<ref name="vahiniprashanti"/> It succeeded the "old mandir" which was created in 1944.<ref name="vahiniprashanti">[https://www.vahini.org/sss/i/prasanthi.html Sathyam Sivam Sundaram Part I: 7. Prasanthi Nilayam]</ref><ref>Bowen, David (1988). The Sathya Sai Baba Community in Bradford: Its origins and development, religious beliefs and practices. Leeds: University Press. {{ISBN|1-871363-02-0}}.</ref><ref name="murphetmiracle">{{Cite book |last=Murphet |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPsVFqhclS0C |title=Sai Baba: Man of Miracles |date=1971-01-01 |publisher=Weiser Books |isbn=978-0-87728-335-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] is painted blue, yellow, and pink "communicating the message of the harmony of spirit, intellect, and heart respectively; for blue stands for spirit, yellow for intellect, and pink for heart (love). The rich harmony of the three does result in Santi (peace) and Prasanti (supreme peace); and that really is the message of the Prasanthi Mandir."<ref name="sathyasaihistory">[https://www.sathyasai.org/ashrams/prasanthi/history.html History of the Mandir]</ref>
In 1954 a free general hospital was constructed in [[Puttaparthi]] and soon after a medical hospital was constructed in 1957 inside the ashram.

Poornachandra Auditorium was built in 1973. Seating around 15,000 people in its enclosed 60 x 40-metre area, it is where cultural programmers (plays/dance/music), conferences and yagnas during [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]] take place. Sathya Sai Baba's living quarters were upstairs above the stage area.<ref name="sssplaces">{{Cite web |url=http://www.sssbpt.org/Pages/Puttaparthi/important_places.htm |title=Sri Sathya Sai Books & Publication Trust |access-date=1 July 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130103311/http://www.sssbpt.org/Pages/Puttaparthi/important_places.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Sai Kulwant Hall was inaugurated by Sathya Sai Baba on July 9, 1995. The hall can accommodate up to 20,000 people and it was here that Sai Baba gave darshan everyday from that time forward.<ref name="touristinfo">[http://www.tourisminap.com/puttaparthi/sight_see.php Sightseeing]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108090859/http://www.tourisminap.com/puttaparthi/sight_see.php|date=January 8, 2013}}. tourisminap.com.</ref> Sai Kulwant Hall is where Sai Baba was laid to rest. A white marble edifice stands as his Mahasamadhi shrine and devotees still have his Divya darshan here daily.<ref name="sairest"/>

The ashram itself houses a shopping center, book stores, library and reading room, multiple accommodations such as dormitories and rooms, banking/ATM facilities, media and Radio Sai facilities, a bakery, emergency medical services and three food courts – North and South Indian as well as Western canteens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanthi Nilayam |url=https://www.srisathyasaiglobalcouncil.org/prasanthi-nilayam |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=Sri Sathya Sai Global Council |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Hill in Prashanthi Nilayam with statues of Hanuman, Krishna, Shirdi Sai Baba, Shiva, Buddha, Christ, Zarathustra.jpg|thumb|Hill View Stadium in Prashanthi Nilayam with statues of Hanuman, Krishna, Shirdi Sai Baba, Shiva, Buddha, Christ, Zarathustra]]

In the encompassing area around [[Puttaparthi]] there is an extensive university complex, a specialty hospital, and two museums: the ''Sanathana Samskruti'' or Eternal Heritage Museum, sometimes called the Museum of All Religions, and the ''Chaitanya Jyoti'', devoted exclusively to the life and teachings of Sai Baba; the latter has won several international awards for its architectural design.<ref name="TheStar2005-04-02">{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=M. |title=Enlightening experience in India |work=The Star Online |date=2 April 2005 |url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2005/4/2/features/9982154&sec=features |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412101614/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2005%2F4%2F2%2Ffeatures%2F9982154&sec=features |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2005 |access-date=6 January 2010 }}</ref> There is also a planetarium, a railway station, a hill-view stadium, an administrative building, an airport, an indoor sports stadium and more.<ref>Places to see at Puttaparthi. [https://www.sathyasai.org/ashrams/prasanthi/outsideinterest.html Available online]</ref> High-ranking Indian politicians such as the former president [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], former prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Andhra Pradesh former chief minister [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] and [[Karnataka]] chief minister [[B. S. Yeddyurappa|B. S. Yediyurappa]] have been official guests at the ashram in Puttaparthi.<ref>''The Hindu'', "A 5-point recipe for happiness" 24 November 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720164130/http://hindu.com/2006/11/24/stories/2006112405400400.htm Available online]</ref><ref>''The Hindu'', "Warm welcome to PM at Puttaparthi",12 February 2004 {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003241/http://hinduonnet.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021203690600.htm Available online]}}</ref>

===Brindavan Ashram===

Established on 25 June 1960, the Brindavan Ashram is located in Kadugodi, a village close to [[Whitefield, India|Whitefield]] and 24 km from the city centre of [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="karnataka1">{{Cite web |title=Sai Baba Ashram, Whitefield, Bangalore |url=https://www.karnataka.com/bangalore/sai-baba-ashram-whitefield/ |access-date=17 December 2013 |website=Karnataka.com |date=17 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref> It occupies around 50 acres of land and was known as the summer home of Sai Baba as he would spend about three months here every year.<ref name="karnataka1"/>
Notable features are Sai Ramesh Krishan Hall, where darshan and bhajans were held, Trayee Brindavan, Sai Baba's personal residence and the Brindavan Campus of the Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning.
In its adjacent areas are the Sri Sathya Sai General and Super Specialty Hospital ([[Whitefield, India|Whitefield]]), Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Sai Central Trust and an old age home, Sri Sathya Sai Vriddhashram.<ref name="karnataka1"/><ref name="sathyaorg9">{{Cite web |title=Brindavan|url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/saibrindavan.html |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=srisathyasai.org |language=en}}</ref> All services at the hospitals are still free.

===Sai Shruti Ashram===

Located in [[Kodaikanal]], atop the [[Palani Hills]] in south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], Sai Shruti ashram was often visited by Sai Baba for a few days in the months of April and May. It holds no accommodations or extra curricular facilities.<ref name="shruti">{{Cite web |title=Sai Abodes|url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/sai-abodes.html|access-date=23 November 2023 |website=srisathyasai.org |language=en}}</ref>

Sai Baba resided much of the time in his main [[ashram]], ''Prasanthi Nilayam'', at Puttaparthi. In the summer he often left for ''Brindavan'', in Kadugodi, [[Whitefield, India|Whitefield]], a town on the outskirts of [[Bangalore]]. Occasionally he visited his Sai Sruthi ashram in [[Kodaikanal]].<ref>The ashrams of Sathya Sai Baba. Referenced from the official Sathya Sai Organization website, [https://www.sathyasai.org/ashrams/content.html Available online]</ref>

==Recognition==
[[File:Sri Sathya Sai Project 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 1999 stamp devoted to the Sri Sathya Sai Water Supply Project]]
On 23 November 1999, the Department of Posts, [[Government of India]], released a postage stamp and a postal cover in recognition of the service rendered by Sai Baba in addressing the problem of providing safe drinking water to the rural masses.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Service_Projects/Anantapur.htm |title=SSSCT-Service Projects – Water Supply – Anantapur |publisher=Srisathyasai.org.in |date=23 November 1999 |access-date=7 January 2010 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054843/http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Service_Projects/Anantapur.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another commemorative stamp was released on the occasion of what would have been his 88th birthday during November 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/postal-stamp-on-sathya-sai-baba-released/article5385073.ece|title=Postal stamp on Sathya Sai Baba released|date=24 November 2013|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Postal-department-to-release-stamp-on-Sathya-Sai-Baba/articleshow/26168869.cms|title=Postal department to release stamp on Sathya Sai Baba|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

In January 2007, an event was held in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Chennai Nehru Stadium]] organized by the Chennai Citizens' Conclave to thank Sai Baba for the 2 billion water project which brought water from the [[River Krishna]] in Andhra Pradesh to Chennai city. Four chief ministers attended the function.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gumby – Pictures, Sounds, and Videos |url=https://www.everwonder.com/david/gumby/about.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=www.everwonder.com}}</ref>

==Sathya Sai International Organization==
{{Main|Sri Sathya Sai International Organization}}

[[File:Sathya Sai Baba 2025 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Sathya Sai Baba on a 2025 stamp of India]]
The Sri Sathya Sai International Organization was founded in the 1960s by Sathya Sai Baba.<ref name="srisaiorg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Sai_Organisations/Sai_Organisations.htm|title=SSSCT- Sri Sathya Sai Seva Organisation|work=srisathyasai.org.in}}</ref> Initially called the "Sri Sathya Sai Seva Samithi",<ref name="saiindia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.saibabaofindia.com/sai_baba_centers.htm|title=Sai Baba Of India – Sri Sathya Sai Baba Centers – Sai Baba organisation worldwide|work=saibabaofindia.com}}</ref> it was established "to enable its members to undertake service activities as a means to spiritual advancement."<ref name="srisaiorg" /> In 2020, Sri Satya Sai Central Trust was granted [[List of organizations with consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council|Special Consultative]] status by the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/un-body-confers-special-status-on-sri-sathya-sai-central-trust/article32950161.ece|website= [[The Hindu]]|title= UN body confers special status on Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust|date= 27 October 2020}}</ref>

The [[Sri Sathya Sai International Organization|Sathya Sai International Organization]] reports that there are an estimated 1,200 Sathya Sai Baba Centres in 114 countries.<ref name="TheStarOnline84">{{Cite web |url=http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2009/12/3/north/5212802&sec=North |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521155709/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F12%2F3%2Fnorth%2F5212802&sec=North |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 May 2011 |title=Sai Baba turns 84 |publisher=Thestar.com.my |date=3 December 2009 |access-date=6 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name="SathyaSaiNumbers">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sathyasai.org/organize/content.htm#SaiOrg|title=The Sai Organization: Numbers to Sai Centres and Names of Countries|publisher=Sathyasai.org|access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref> However, the number of active Sai Baba followers is hard to determine.<ref name="BabbLawrence" /> Estimates vary from 6 million<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20031219053543/http://adherents.com/Na/Na_581.html#3510 Adherents]}} cites [[George Chryssides|Chryssides, George]]. ''Exploring New Religions''. London, UK: Cassells (1999) (10 million) *Brown, Mick (2000-10-28). "Divine Downfall". ''The Daily Telegraph''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20031003134741/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?xml=/health/2000/10/28/tlbaba28.xml]. Retrieved 2007-03-12 *Edwards, Linda (2001). A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements. Westminster John Knox Press. {{ISBN|0664222595}}.</ref> up to nearly 100 million.<ref>''[[The Economist]]'', [https://www.economist.com/obituary/2011/05/12/sai-baba "Sai Baba"], 14 May 2011, p. 110.</ref> In India itself, Sai Baba drew followers predominantly from the [[upper-middle-class]], the urban sections of society who have the "most wealth, education and exposure to Western ideas."<ref name="UrbanHugh74">{{Cite journal|last=Urban|first=Hugh B.|author-link=Hugh Urban|year=2003|title=Avatar for Our Age: Sathya Sai Baba and the Cultural Contradictions of Late Capitalism|journal=[[Religion (journal)|Religion]]|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|volume=33|issue=1|page=74|doi=10.1016/S0048-721X(02)00080-5|s2cid=143800572|issn=0048-721X|eissn=1096-1151}}</ref> In 2002, he said he had followers in 178 countries.<ref name="nyt1dec2002">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/01/world/a-friend-in-india-to-all-the-world.html?pagewanted=1|title=A Friend in India to All the World|last=Bradsher|first=Keith|date=1 December 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Palmer97-98">Palmer, Norris W. "Baba's World". In: {{Cite book|last1=Forsthoefel|first1=Thomas A.|editor-last=Humes|editor-first=Cynthia Ann |title=Gurus in America|url=https://archive.org/details/gurusamericasuny00fors|url-access=limited|place=Albany, NY|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gurusamericasuny00fors/page/n105 97]–98|isbn=978-0791465745}}</ref>

Sathya Sai Baba founded a large number of schools and colleges, hospitals, and other charitable institutions in India and abroad, the net financial capital of which is usually estimated at {{INR}} 400 billion (US$9 billion).<ref>
{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/sathya-sai-baba-passes-away-leaves-behind-rs-40000-cr-worth-empire-with-no-clear-succession-plan/articleshow/8075953.cms|title=Sathya Sai Baba passes away, leaves behind Rs 40,000-cr worth empire with no clear succession plan
|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] | date=25 April 2011 |quote=Sai Baba leaves behind a wide network of charitable institutions, hospitals, schools, colleges, which some estimate to be worth about Rs 40,000 crore}}</ref><ref name="it">{{Cite magazine|title=Up in the Heir: The secret world of Sathya Sai Baba's Rs 40,000 cr empire |author=Amarnath K. Menon |magazine=[[India Today]] |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/sathya-sai-baba-health-scare-assets-transition/1/135354.html |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424073421/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/sathya-sai-baba-health-scare-assets-transition/1/135354.html |archive-date=24 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="dh">{{Cite news| title =Sai Baba's death leaves question mark on Rs 40,000 crore empire| author =Indo-Asian News Service| newspaper = [[Deccan Herald]]| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/156224/sai-babas-death-leaves-question.html| date = 24 April 2011|access-date =9 June 2011| author-link =Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> However, estimates as high as {{INR}} 1.4 trillion (about US$31.5bn) have also been made.<ref>{{Cite news| title =Sathya Sai Baba trust worth Rs 1.4 lakh crore?|publisher =[[CNN-IBN]]| url =http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sathya-sai-baba-trust-worth-rs-14-lakh-crore/150273-3.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001702/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sathya-sai-baba-trust-worth-rs-14-lakh-crore/150273-3.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =30 April 2011| date =26 April 2011| access-date =9 June 2011}}</ref>
Sri Sathya Sai Baba's 100th Birthday Celebrations have been commemorated by [https://www.sathyasai.org/100-birthday-logo-download a specially designed logo created by the SSSIO]. It is a humble and sincere effort to capture the uniqueness of Sri Sathya Sai Baba in this logo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Logo for 100th Birthday of Bhagawan Sri Sathya Sai Baba |url=https://www.sathyasai.org/100-birthday-logo-download}}</ref>

== Time line of developments, schools, projects and charities ==
In 1950 [[Prasanthi Nilayam]], his [[Puttaparthi]] ashram completed construction and within 4 years, a general hospital in [[Puttaparthi]] was established (1954). Over a decade later in 1968 the first education project, a college for girls was set up in [[Anantapur]]. The [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]], a charitable trust that undertakes social welfare projects and acts as an umbrella for many seva projects was begun in 1972. In 1976 another general hospital in Whitefield, outside of [[Bangalore]] was completed followed by a boys' college in [[Puttaparthi]] in 1978. The inauguration of the [[Sri Sathya Sai University]] ([[Puttaparthi]] campus), happened on 22 November 1981.

In 1991, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences was completed.

The [[Anantapur]] drinking water project launched in 1995 would be the first of many water projects taken up by Sai Baba, others included the [[Medak]] & [[Mahabubnagar]] drinking water projects (2001), the [[Chennai]] water project in 2002 and the East & West [[Godavari]] water projects completed in 2007.
A decade later, another Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences began operations in [[Bangalore]] along with the Sri Sathya Sai Super Specialty Hospital in Whitefield, offering free medical services. In 2009 the construction of [[Sri Sathya Sai University]] campus began.<ref name="saijourney">{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's Journey| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 25 April 2011| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sai-babas-journey/articleshow/8076411.cms|access-date = 25 April 2011}}</ref>

Years after Sai Baba's passing, Vivek Kumar wrote, "the things that he executed were out of his love towards humanity. He provided free education, healthcare and water to people who never even dreamt of getting it."<ref name="youdidntknow">{{Cite news | title =Things You Didnt Know About Sri Sathya Sai Baba| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 22 November 2013| url=
http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/7859107.cms
|access-date = 22 November 2013}}</ref>

===Classification of organization===

Sources often describe Sai Baba's following as a "movement".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kent|first=Alexandra|date=1999|title=Unity in Diversity: Portraying the Visions of the Sathya Sai Baba Movement of Malaysia|jstor=40800435|journal=Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=13–2 |issue=2 |pages=29–51}}</ref><ref name="clarke2006">{{Cite encyclopedia |surname=Kent |given=Alexandra |title=Sai Baba movement |pages=545–547 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements |year=2006 |editor-surname=Clarke |editor-given=Peter B. |editor-link=Peter B. Clarke |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415267076}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sahoo|first=Ajaya Kumar|title=Reconstructing Religious and Cultural Identity of Indians in the Diaspora: The Role of Sri Sathya Sai Baba Movement |jstor=23621024|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume= 62| issue = 1 |date= January–April 2013 |pages= 23–39 |doi=10.1177/0038022920130102|s2cid=152184838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/death-god-man-sai-baba-dies-85|title=Death of a God-man? Sai Baba Dies at 85|last=Clooney|first=Francis X.|date=2011|work=America Magazine}}</ref>
Sathya Sai Baba claimed to be the reincarnation of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]], whose followers considered him to be an [[avatar]] of [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA12nHRtmAwC&pg=PA307 |author=Chryssides, George D. |title=Historical dictionary of new religious movements |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2012|isbn=978-0810861947 }}</ref> While [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]] was known to combine Islamic and Hindu teachings, Charles S. J. White, of [[The American University]] at Washington D.C., observed in 1972 that with Sathya Sai Baba, "there is no discernible Muslim influence."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=White|first1=Charles S. J.|title=The Sai Baba Movement: Approaches to the Study of India Saints|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=1972|volume=31|issue=4|pages=863–878|doi=10.2307/2052105|jstor=2052105|s2cid=163018087 }}</ref> Stephanie Tallings, in The Harvard international Review, noted Sai Baba's following is drawn from people of all religions, ethnicities, and social classes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tallings|first=Stephanies|date=Summer 2000|title=Avatar of Stability: Sai Baba's Teachings|url=https://www.jstor.org/publisher/hir|journal=Harvard International Review|volume= 22| issue = 2|pages=14–15}}</ref> In contrast, Sai Baba's following is also regarded by many scholars to be of a Hindu persuasion.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Babb|first1=L. A.|editor1-last=Hawley|editor1-first=J.S.|title=Saints and Virtues|date=1987|publisher=University of California Press|location=London|isbn=978-0520061637|pages=168–186|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGv2wOUl0pMC|chapter=Sathya Sai Baba's Saintly Play}}</ref><ref>Alexandra Kent Divinity and diversity: a Hindu revitalization movement in Malaysia, NIAS, 2005</ref><ref>Handoo, Jawaharlal in ''Asian Folklore Studies'', Vol. 48, No. 2 (1989), pp. 326–332 reviewing Lawrence A. Babb's book ''Redemptive Encounters. Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition'' [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177938 page 1]</ref><ref>Nagel, Alexandra (note: Nagel is a critical former follower) "De Sai Paradox: Tegenstrijdigheden van en rondom Sathya Sai Baba"/"The Sai Paradox contradictions of and surrounding Sathya Sai Baba" from the magazine "Religieuze Bewegingen in Nederland, 'Sekten' "/"Religious movements in the Netherlands, 'Cults/Sects' ", 1994, nr. 29. published by the [[Free University of Amsterdam]] press, (1994) {{ISBN|9053833412}} Dutch original: "Ofschoon Sai Baba gezegd heeft mensen van allerlei religieuze gezindten te helpen terug te gaan naar oude waarden en normen, en ofschoon zijn logo de symbolen van de andere grote godsdiensten bevat, is de sfeer rondom Sai Baba duidelijk hindoeïstisch gekleurd. Alle moslim-elementen bijv. waarvan verondersteld zou kunnen worden dat hij die zou hebben meegenomen uit zijn leven als Sai Baba van Shirdi, heeft hij laten vallen. Het enig echt herkenbare wat hij van Shirdi Baba nog heeft, is het veelvuldig gebruik van as, – wat hij dan niet uit een dhuni haalt zoals Shirdi Baba deed, maar materialiseert (of tevoorschijn goochelt)"</ref>

Lawrence A. Babb, of the Amherst College in Massachusetts, labelled Sai Baba movement as a cult in the 1980s, calling it "deeply and authentically Hindu..." and noted, "The most striking feature of this cult, however, is the extremely strong emphasis given to the miraculous."<ref name="babb83" /> However, a scholarly review says Babb misapplies the word "cult", responding, "the so-called 'cult' of Satya Sai Baba seems to possess all such characteristics which are, according to the author, central to a religious movement."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|date=1989|title=Reviewed Work: Redemptive Encounters. Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition by Lawrence A. Babb|url=https://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/a759.pdf|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|volume= 48| issue = 2|page=327|doi=10.2307/1177938|jstor=1177938}}</ref> Deborah A. Swallow, of the University of Cambridge, referred to it as a cult and said that the "ritual and theology, then, unlike Sai Baba [of Shirdi]'s, is distinctly Hindu in form and content."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Swallow|first1=D. A.|title=Ashes and Powers: Myth, Rite and Miracle in an Indian God-Man's Cult|journal=Modern Asian Studies|date=2008|volume=16|issue=1|pages=123–158|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000072X|jstor=312277|s2cid=146729990}}</ref> However John D. Kelly, a professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, wrote about Hindu missions in Fiji that the Sathya Sai Organization (which is part of the movement) rejected the label Hindu. According to Kelly, they see their founder as the "living synthesis of the world's religious traditions" and prefer to be classified as an [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] movement. He observed that the Sai Baba mission is a Hindu mission that is as active as Christian or Muslim missions.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=J.D.|editor1-last=van der Veer|editor1-first=P.|title=Nation and Migration: The Politics of Space in the South Asian Diaspora|date=1995|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0812215373|pages=43–72|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTHlLRZL8UC|chapter=Bhakti and Postcolonial Politics: Hindu Missions to Fiji}}</ref> In a 2001 scholarly book, Tulasi Srinivas notes, "The Sathya Sai global civil religious movement incorporates Hindu and Muslim practices, Buddhist, Christian, and Zoroastrian influences, and "New Age"-style rituals and beliefs.' And in the appendix of the book (p. 349) lists 10 scholarly authors/researchers in both Europe and America who all refer to it as a New Religious Movement (NRM).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Winged Faith: Rethinking Globalization and Religious Pluralism through the Sathya Sai Movement|last=Srinivas|first=Tulasi|publisher=Columbia University Press|date= 2010|isbn=978-0231149334}}</ref>

While scholars often refer to it as either a "[[New religious movement|New Religious Movement]]" (NRM)<ref name="clarke2006" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pereira |first=Shane N. |title=A New Religious Movement in Singapore: Syncretism and Variation in the Sathya Sai Baba Movement |jstor=23677933|journal= Asian Journal of Social Science|volume= 36| issue = 2|pages= 250–270 |year=2008|doi=10.1163/156853108X298699 |url=http://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/129448 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ekacha|first=Sanitsuda|date=2001|title=Keeping the Faith: Thai Buddhism at the Crossroads|journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions|volume= 9| issue = 2|pages=126–128|doi=10.1525/nr.2005.9.2.126}}</ref> or as a [[cult]],<ref name=das15/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Swallow|first1=D.A.|chapter=Living Saints and Their Devotees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1gkAQAAIAAJ&q=sathya+sai+baba+cult|date=1976 |editor=Jonathan Webber |title=Research in Social Anthropology, 1975–1980: A Register of Theses Accepted for Higher Degrees at British Universities, 1975–1980 |pages=385–386 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute|isbn=978-0900632334}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field |title-link=Misunderstanding Cults |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8020-8188-9 |editor-last=Zablocki |editor-first=Benjamin |editor-link=Benjamin Zablocki |pages=3–5 |language=en |chapter=Introduction: Finding a Middle Ground in a Polarized Scholarly Arena |editor-last2=Robbins |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-link2=Thomas Robbins (sociologist)}}</ref> it has been noted by Eugene Gallagher, a noted professor of religious studies, that in more modern times "'New Religious Movement', is the classification preferred by most academics, who see 'cult' as a pejorative term.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=Eugene|date=November 2007 – February 2008|title="Cults" and "New Religious Movements"|jstor=10.1086/524210|journal=History of Religions|publisher= University of Chicago Press|volume= 47| issue = 2/3|pages=205–220|doi=10.1086/524210|s2cid=161448414}}</ref>

A secret report from the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] from the 1990s stated a "worldwide mass religious movement"<ref name="saioncia"/> was emerging around Sathya Sai Baba, who many devotees viewed as a full incarnation of God.<ref name="saioncia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00792R000400280002-2.pdf |title=Cultural Trends Study – India's Sai Baba Movement|website=CIA}}</ref> On a local scale, the report states that the extensive appeal of Sai Baba's doctrine "of a harmonious, multi-religious and multi-ethnic [[India]] has the potential to counterbalance the appeal of [[Hindu]] chauvinists and ethnic separatists"<ref name="saicia">{{Cite news |last=Laskar |first=Rezaul |date=23 January 2017 |title=CIA files: 'Alleged miracle worker' Sathya Sai Baba could start world religion |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cia-thought-sai-baba-s-movement-would-become-a-worldwide-religion/story-HSkb4izaItHFlTkXS6cUBP.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Globally, the report concluded that the Sai Baba movement is likely to "become another worldwide religion", via its current wealth and assets, social contributions and activity in the political domain, thus allowing expansion even after Sai Baba's death.<ref name="saicia"/><ref name="saioncia"/> Adding scope to the movement, the report addresses the claim that Sai Baba is the [[Kalki Avatar]] (the tenth Avatar of [[Vishnu]]) who is to "create a new world of peace and justice", which the CIA operative compares to the return of [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name="saicia"/><ref name="saioncia"/>

== Criticism ==
=== Accusations ===
Accusations against Sathya Sai Baba by his critics over the years have included sleight of hand, sexual abuse, money laundering, fraud in the performance of service projects, and murder.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name=Palmer116/>

In 1972, Abraham Kovoor made the first public criticism of Sathya Sai Baba<ref name="srisathyasaibabaandthepress">Ruhela S.P., ''Sri Sathya Sai Baba and the Press'', pp. 1–5, 1997 {{ISBN|8175330414}}</ref> when he looked into a claim publicly narrated by one devotee<ref name="srisathyasaibabaandthepress" /> that Sai Baba had created a new model of a [[Seiko]] watch, and found the claim to be untrue.<ref name="sathyasaibabasgrace">Ruhela S.P., ''How to Receive Sri Sathya Sai Baba's Grace'', pp. 277, 2006 {{ISBN|8171820891}}</ref><ref name=OutlookSingh>{{Cite web|title=The Spell Breaker|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262445|publisher=Outlook|access-date=16 October 2013|author=Rahul Singh|date=2 November 2009}}</ref>

In April 1976, Hossur Narasimhaiah, a [[physicist]], [[rationalist]] and then [[vice-chancellor]] of [[Bangalore University]], founded and chaired a committee "to rationally and scientifically investigate miracles and other verifiable superstitions". Narasimhaiah wrote Sai Baba three widely publicised letters challenging him to perform his miracles under controlled conditions. The letters were ignored.<ref name="haraldsson204">Haraldson, ''op. cit'', pp 204–205</ref> Sathya Sai Baba said that he ignored Narasimhaiah's challenge because he felt that a scientific approach to spiritual issues was improper, adding that "Science must confine its inquiry only to things belonging to the human senses, while [[Spiritualism (philosophy)|spiritualism]] transcends the senses. If you want to understand the nature of spiritual power you can do so only through the path of spirituality and not science. What science has been able to unravel is merely a fraction of the cosmic phenomena..."<ref name="blitz">Interview given by Sai Baba to [[R. K. Karanjia]] of ''Blitz'' news magazine in September 1976 [http://www.saibaba.ws/articles/interviewwithjournalistsept1976.htm Available online]</ref> Narasimhaiah's committee was dissolved in August 1977. Narasimhaiah held the fact that Sai Baba ignored his letters to be an indication that his miracles were fraudulent.<ref>Haraldsson, pp 209</ref> As a result of this episode, a [[public debate]] raged for several months in Indian newspapers.<ref>Haraldsson, ''op. cit.'', pp. 206</ref>

Indian rationalist [[Basava Premanand]], who began campaigning against Sathya Sai Baba in 1976, unsuccessfully attempted to sue him in 1986 for violations of the [[Gold Control Act]], citing Sai Baba was "producing gold necklaces out of thin air without the permission of a Gold Control Administrator".<ref name=bbca1/> When the case was dismissed, Premanand unsuccessfully appealed on the grounds that claimed spiritual power is not a defence recognised in law.<ref name=bbca1>{{Cite news|author=Tanya Datta|title=Sai Baba: Goan or con man?|date=17 June 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3813469.stm | access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] created a secret report that stated the Sai Baba movement is "likely to eventually become another worldwide religion".<ref name="saicia"/><ref name="saioncia"/> The CIA operative who wrote the report concluded it by stating, "there is always the possibility, too, that the movement will collapse if Sai Baba is convincingly demonstrated to be a fraud."<ref name="saicia"/><ref name="saioncia"/>

A 1995 TV documentary ''Guru Busters'', produced by filmmaker Robert Eagle for the UK's [[Channel 4]], accused Sai Baba of faking his materializations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eagletv.co.uk/projects/guru-busters.html |title=Eagle & Eagle |publisher=Eagletv.co.uk |access-date=7 January 2010}} [https://vimeo.com/352879776 Doordarshan clip]</ref> The clip from the film was mentioned in the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', on 23 November 1992, in a front-page headline "DD Tape Unveils Baba Magic".<ref>Haraldsson, ''op. cit.'', pp. 295–301</ref>

Claims of Sai Baba resurrecting American devotee Walter Cowan in 1971 have been discussed by British journalist Mick Brown in his book ''The Spiritual Tourist'' from 1998,<ref name="spiritualtourist">Mick Brown, ''The Spiritual Tourist'', 1998, Bloomsbury Publishing, {{ISBN|158234034X}} "In the House of God", pp. 73–74</ref><ref>Hislop, John S. ''My Baba and I'' 1985 published by Birth Day Publishing Company, San Diego, California {{ISBN|0960095888}}, "The Resurrection of Walter Cowan", pages 28–31</ref> and subsequently by [[Erlendur Haraldsson]], who interviewed doctors attending Cowan at the hospital; these physicians reported that Cowan had been dangerously ill but had not died.<ref name="lane2014">{{Cite book |last1=Lane |first1=David |author1-link=David C. Lane |title=The Mystical: Exploring the Transcendent |date=2014 |publisher=Mt San Antonio College |isbn=978-1565431737 |pages=62–63}}</ref>

Brown also related his experiences with alleged manifestations of vibhuti (sacred ash) from Sai Baba's pictures in houses in London, which he felt were not fraudulent or the result of trickery.<ref name="touristmiracle">Brown Mick, ''The Spiritual Tourist'', "The Miracle in North London", pp. 29–30, 1998 {{ISBN|158234034X}}</ref> With regards to Sai Baba's claims of omniscience, Brown wrote, "sceptics have produced documentation clearly showing discrepancies between Baba's reading of historical events and biblical prophecies, and the established accounts."<ref name="spiritualtourist"/>

The ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'' in 2001 reported that Sai Baba told his adherents not to sign on to the internet,<ref name="VS">{{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/sai-baba-holy-man-sex-abuser-both|title=Sai Baba: Holy man? Sex abuser? Both?|work=vancouversun |date=26 April 2011|language=en|access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> while encouraging them, rather, to surf the "inner net".<ref name="itallege">{{Cite news | title =Allegations of sexual molestation continue to dog Sai Baba| newspaper=[[India Today]]| date = 4 December 2000 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20001204-allegations-of-sexual-molestation-continue-to-dog-sai-baba-778528-2000-12-03|access-date =26 November 2012}}</ref>

===Allegations of abuse===
In January 2002, a documentary produced by Denmark's national television and radio broadcast company, [[Danish radio|Danmarks Radio]] (DR), called ''Seduced By Sai Baba'', analyzed videos of public manifestations of Sai Baba and suggested that they could be explained as sleight of hand.<ref name="seduced">{{Cite video|people=Øyvind Kyrø, Steen Jensen |title=Seduced by Sai Baba |medium=Documentary |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |date=2002 |url=http://dr.dk/Salg/DRsales/Programmes/Documentary/Society_and_Social/20070629133445_3_1_3_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204010039/http://www.dr.dk/Salg/DRsales/Programmes/Documentary/Society_and_Social/20070629133445_3_1_3_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1.htm |archive-date=4 February 2010 }}</ref> The documentary also presented interviews with Alaya Rahm, former devotee of Sathya Sai Baba, where he alleged abuse by Sathya Sai Baba.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> As a result, in 2002 the parliament of the United Kingdom discussed the danger to male children of British families intending to visit the ashram of Sathya Sai Baba in case of individual audiences with the guru.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2001-02/886] UK Parliament official web site</ref>

In 2004, the [[BBC]] produced a documentary titled ''The Secret Swami'' as part of its series "The World Uncovered".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3791921.stm |title=Programmes | This World | Secret Swami |publisher=BBC News |date=11 June 2004 |access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> One central theme of the BBC documentary was again Alaya Rahm's sexual abuse allegations against Sathya Sai Baba.<ref name=bbcd>{{Cite video|people=Eamon Hardy, Tanya Datta|title=Secret Swami|medium=Documentary|publisher=BBC News|date=2004 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3791921.stm | access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> This documentary interviewed him together with Mark Roche, who had spent 25 years of his life since 1969 in the movement and alleged abuse by Sai Baba.<ref name=bbcd/> The show also featured allegations from Sai Baba critic Basava Premanand. Premanand stated in the documentary that, in his opinion, Sai Baba faked his materializations.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>

===Posthumous Trust issues===

After Sai Baba's death, questions about the manner in which the finances of the organization were going to be managed led to speculations of impropriety, with reports stating that suitcases containing cash and/or gold had been removed from his personal lodgings.<ref name="dh" /><ref>{{Cite news| title =What's inside Sathya Sai's personal chamber?| publisher = [[Zee News]]|url =https://zeenews.india.com/news710182.html| date =2 June 2011| access-date =9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title =Trust hesitant on unlocking Sai Babas residence| author =Express News Service| publisher = [[CNN-IBN]]| url =http://ibnlive.in.com/news/trust-hesitant-on-unlocking-sai-babas-residence/155644-60-114.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110603112010/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/trust-hesitant-on-unlocking-sai-babas-residence/155644-60-114.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =3 June 2011|date =31 May 2011| access-date = 9 June 2011}}</ref>

On 17 June 2011, officials from the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust opened his private residence in the presence of government, bank and tax department officials.<ref>Deccan Herald, Tuesday 17 June. 2011, "Huge amount of gold, silver, cash found in Sai Baba's Chamber" https://www.deccanherald.com/content/169535/huge-amount-gold-silver-cash.html.</ref> In the private residence, which had been sealed since his death, they inventoried 98 kg of gold ornaments, approximate value Rs 21 crores (US$4.7m), 307 kg of silver ornaments, approximate value Rs 16 million (US$0.36m), and Rs 116 million (US$2.6m) in cash. The cash was deposited into the Sai Trust's account at the State Bank of India with payment of government taxes (thus transferring them from religious gifts to Trust assets.) The gold and other items were inventoried, assessed, and placed in secure storage. In July, district authorities inventoried an additional Rs 7.7 million (US$0.17m) in valuables in another 4 rooms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Assets-worth-Rs77L-seized-at-Sai-ashram/articleshow/9081602.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928224408/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/india/29733031_1_satya-sai-baba-precious-metals-diamond-ring|url-status=live|archive-date=28 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Assets worth Rs 77L seized at Sai ashram|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> The total value of these items is believed to exceed 7.8 million US dollars.<ref name="hindustan times">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Treasure-island-Sai-Baba-s-gold-trove/Article1-710596.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618095123/http://www.hindustantimes.com/treasure-island-sai-baba-s-gold-trove/article1-710596.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2011|title=Treasure island: Sai Baba's gold trove|date=17 June 2011|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Also inventoried at Yajurmandir were thousands of pure silk sarees, dhotis, shirts, 500 pairs of shoes, dozens of bottles of perfume and hairspray, watches, a large number of silver and gold "mangala sutrams", and precious stones such as diamonds. There were also 750 saffron and white robes of the type Sai Baba wore.<ref name="500 pairs">{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110618/jsp/nation/story_14130452.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203204543/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110618/jsp/nation/story_14130452.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Open sesame! Baba & his chamber of secrets|author=G.S. Radhakrishna|date=17 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|location=Calcutta, India}} and [https://archive.today/20130204042951/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110618/images/18zzsaibababig.jpg this graphic]</ref> In July 2011, a similar opening of his Bangalore-area ashram tallied 6 kg of gold coins and jewelry, 245 kg of silver articles and Rs 8 million in cash. These items and goods are believed to have been donated over the years by Sai Baba's devotees from all over the world as religious gifts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Three-day-count-at-Babas-ashram-yields-treasure/articleshow/9305840.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815224317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/bangalore/29798927_1_brindavan-revenue-officials-ashram|url-status=live|archive-date=15 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Three-day count at Baba's ashram yields treasure|date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/178661/perfumes-sarees-form-sai-babas.html,|title=Perfumes, sarees form Sai Baba's inventory|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

In 2012 Satyaji (Sai Baba's former personal attendant) came forward with a noterised signed, yet unknown, document from Sai Baba, dated from 1967 entailing Sai Baba had "no personal right on the multi-crore spiritual empire built by him". In the letter Sai Baba stated, "Whatever is given to me is under my management, supervision and control as a trustee to be used for public charitable purposes. This declaration I am making so that nobody can claim, under or through me, in the family properties if any."<ref name="saidocu">{{Cite news | title =45-year-old document adds new twist to Satya Sai Baba's empire| newspaper=[[India Today]] | date = 2 September 2012 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/45-year-old-document-adds-new-twist-to-satya-sai-babas-empire-115103-2012-09-02|access-date = 2 September 2012}}</ref> Reports stated that for some time Sai Baba's nephew, R.J. Ratnakar Raju was trying to gain control over the trust, whose assets and properties worth hundreds of millions of dollars, led to a conflict between him and the other trust members.
The [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]] however, never makes the intake or expenditure details of funds into the trust public.
"Nobody really knows who the members are in the trust and whether if; or any, changes are made at any point of time."<ref name="saidocu"/>

===Responses===
Sathya Sai Baba rejected any allegations of misconduct and was never charged with any offense.<ref name=funeral>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13204914|title=Thousands flock to funeral of India guru Satya Sai Baba|publisher=BBC News|date=27 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sathya Sai Baba: Remembering the guru with a complicated legacy on his death anniversary |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/11th-death-anniversary-of-sathya-sai-baba-a-guru-with-a-complicated-legacy |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> During a speech in December 2000, he used the analogy of [[Jesus Christ]] and [[Judas Iscariot]], saying, "in those days there was one Judas, but today there are thousands."<ref name="sai2000"/> Addressing the allegations, he said that out of jealousy, hate and fear, many devotees were being bought to speak against him, having been offered money to say nasty things.<ref name="sai2000">{{Cite news| date=26 December 2000 |title= Sai Baba lashes out at detractors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/sai-baba-lashes-out-at-detractors/articleshow/534425761.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

His followers have also defended him publicly and attested to what they believed to be his character. These include [[Bill Aitken (traveller)|Bill Aitken]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-week.com/25nov27/currentevents_article10.htm |title=Miracle of Welfare |access-date=9 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909111636/http://www.the-week.com/25nov27/currentevents_article10.htm |archive-date=9 September 2006 }}</ref> and Anil Kumar, former principal of the Sathya Sai Educational Institute.<ref name="divine">Brown, Mick (28 October 2000). "Divine Downfall". ''The Daily Telegraph''.</ref>

In an open letter in December 2001, Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]],<ref name=Palmer97-98 /> Chief Justices [[P. N. Bhagwati]] and [[Ranganath Misra]], and Members of Parliament and [[Najma Heptulla]] said that they were "deeply pained and anguished by the wild, reckless and concocted allegations" against Sathya Sai Baba, and called him "an embodiment of love and selfless service to humanity".<ref name="letterpmindia">[https://archive.today/20130921020144/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2810/stories/20110520281002600.htm Letter from A. B. Vajpayee (the then Prime Minister of India)]</ref>

In a 2015 article, writer [[Paul William Roberts]] said Sai Baba "definitely emanated [[love]] and could perform extraordinary actions defying explanation. No matter what is said about him, I can only speak for myself, and I have never had any reason to doubt that he is what he said he is."<ref name="pwrmg">{{Cite news | title =From Saddam Hussein to Christopher Hitchens, Paul William Roberts on the remarkable people he's encountered| newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette]] | date = 29 August 2015 | url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/from-saddam-hussein-to-christopher-hitchens-paul-william-roberts-on-the-remarkable-people-hes-encountered|access-date = 15 July 2020}}</ref>

==Publications and documentaries==

Sathya Sai Baba authored 15 books, known as "Vahinis" (river or stream), originally written in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and translated into English by Prof. [[Narayana Kasturi]].<ref>[https://sssbpt.info/english/vahinis.html] Vahinis</ref> His public discourses were collected and published into book form known as the ''Sathya Sai Speaks'' series. There are 42 volumes in total, beginning in 1953 and ending in 2010.<ref>[https://sssbpt.info/english/sss.htm] Sathya Sai Speaks</ref> During the summer months (from 1972 until 2002), Sai Baba gave discourses to his students at the Brindavan university campus in [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]]. These were collected to create a 15 volume series known as the ''Summer Showers'' series.<ref>[https://sssbpt.info/english/showers.html] Summer Showers</ref>

There is a large known collection of Bhajans (spiritual songs) written and sung by Sai Baba as well as countless numbers of books about him written by devotees and critics.

Sathya Sai Baba has also been featured in various documentaries and films.

*1973 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jX8TuK5c6GM Advent of the Avatar]'' by [[Richard Bock (record producer)|Richard Bock]]
*1974 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sa3FXDMzCpQ The Endless Stream]'' by [[Richard Bock (record producer)|Richard Bock]] who continued to make several documentaries about Sathya Sai Baba spanning from the 1970s until the 1990s.
*1975 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJYgXXvRSec The Man of Miracles: Sathya Sai Baba]'' Narrated and hosted by [[Rod Serling]] of [[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|''Twilight Zone'']] fame.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2944338/] The Man of Miracles: Sathya Sai Baba</ref>
*1975 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pux1v6U6z-Y A Glimpse into the Divine Mission]''
*1990 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9G-4gpY0r4 Who Is Sai Baba?]'' by Victor J. Tognola from [[Switzerland]].<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Who-Sai-Baba-Victor-Tognola/dp/B07J25DBTV] Who Is Sai Baba?</ref>

===Popular culture===

In a 1995 X-Files episode, "[[The Calusari]]" (season 2, episode 21), during a conversation about vibhuti (sacred ash) Sai Baba's name is cited and mentioned. A fictitious character, Dr. Burk elaborates, "In 1979, I witnessed a [[guru]] named Sai Baba create an entire feast out of thin air."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.generationterrorists.com/cgi-bin/x-files.cgi?ep=2x21|title=THE X-FILES The Calusari (2x21)|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|author=Samuel H. Sandweiss|title=Sai Baba the Holy Man and the Psychiatrist|isbn=978-0960095810|year=1975|page=[https://archive.org/details/saibabaholymanps0000sand/page/240 240]|publisher=Birth Day Publishing Company |url=https://archive.org/details/saibabaholymanps0000sand/page/240}}
* {{Cite book|author=John S. Hislop|title=My Baba and I|isbn=978-0960095889|year=1985|publisher=Birth Day Publishing Company |url=https://archive.org/details/mybabai00hisl}}
* {{Cite book|author=Phyllis Krystal|title=Sai Baba: The Ultimate Experience|isbn=978-0877287940|year=1994|page=260|publisher=Red Wheel Weiser }}
* {{Cite book|author=Don Mario Mazzoleni|title=A Catholic Priest Meets Sai Baba|isbn=978-0962983511|year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/catholicpriestme00mazz/page/285 285]|publisher=Leela Press |url=https://archive.org/details/catholicpriestme00mazz/page/285}}
* {{Cite book|author=Erlendur Haraldsson|title=Modern Miracles: An Investigative Report on These Psychic Phenomena Associated With Sathya Sai Baba|isbn=978-0803893849|year=1997|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernmiracles00erle/page/315 315]|publisher=Hastings House |url=https://archive.org/details/modernmiracles00erle/page/315}}
* {{Cite book|author=Vladimir Antonov|title=Sathya Sai Baba – The Christ of Our Days|isbn=978-1438252766|year=2008|page=38|publisher=CreateSpace }}
* {{Cite book|author=Tommy S. W. Wong|title=How Sai Baba Attracts Without Direct Contact|isbn=978-1448604166|year=2009|page=108|publisher=T.S.W. Wong }}
* {{Cite book|author=Tulasi Srinivas|title=Winged Faith: Rethinking Globalization and Religious Pluralism Through the Sathya Sai Movement|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231149334|year=2010|page=430}}
* {{Cite book|author=David Smith|title="Hinduism" Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415858809|year=2016}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.sathyasai.org/ International Sai Organization]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Sathya Sai Baba}}

{{Sathya Sai Baba}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}
{{Religious pluralism}}

{{Authority control}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Baba, Sathya Sai}}
[[Category:Sathya Sai Baba| ]]
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian vegetarianism activists]]
[[Category:People from Anantapur district]]
[[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]
[[Category:People considered avatars by their followers]]
[[Category:Puttaparthi]]
[[Category:Telekinetics]]
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]
[[Category:Self-declared messiahs]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Miracle workers]]

Anand Kale

2026-03-21T04:32:18Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Adding new data basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anand Kale
| image = Anand Kale.jpg
| caption = Kale in 2019
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1988 - Present
| education = [[Shivaji University]], Kolhapur
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji]]''|''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]''}}
| awards = Zee Marathi Award for Best Supporting Actor (Male)
| website = www.annandkale.com
}}

'''Anand Kale''' (also spelled '''Aanand Kale''') is an Indian actor who primarily works in the [[Marathi television]] and film industry. He is best known for his portrayals of Kondaji Baba <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-03-31 |title=निधड्या छातीचं कोल्हापूर..! |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/actor-anand-kale-interview-180073 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=mr}}</ref>in the historical drama ''[[Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji]]'' and Vishwajeet in the romantic drama ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]''.<ref name="LoksattaKondaji">{{cite news |title=Anand Kale from Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji serial is working for Hollywood movie |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/anand-kale-from-swarajya-rakshak-sambhaji-serial-is-working-for-hollywood-movie-ssv-92-1980052/ |work=[[Loksatta]] |access-date=May 22, 2024}}</ref><ref name="ZeeAwards">{{cite news |title=Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath Vishwajeet Kaka fame Anand Kale best supporting character male in Zee Marathi Award |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/majhi-tujhi-reshimgath-vishwjeet-kaka-fame-anand-kale-best-supporting-character-male-in-zee-marathi-award-nrp-97-3201831/ |work=[[Loksatta]] |access-date=May 22, 2024}}</ref> He is also well known for his role in the Marathi TV show on ETV Marathi called [[Char Divas Sasuche|Char Diwas Sasuche]], where he played the character Ashok Deshmukh for 3,600 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title='स्टार प्रवाह'च्या लोकप्रिय मालिकेत 'चार दिवस सासूचे' फेम अभिनेत्याची एन्ट्री! साकारणार 'ही' भूमिका |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/char-divas-sasuche-fame-anand-kale-enters-in-star-pravah-serial-sva-00-4974960/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> He has also worked in Hindi films such as [[P Se PM Tak]] and Hollywood Film Remember Amnesia.<ref name="LoksattaKondaji" /> He has performed record break 125 shows of marathi play “Amchya ‘Hi’ cha Prakaran”<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-16 |title=Rains couldn't deter the spirit of Nagpur theatre buffs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/nagpur/rains-couldnt-deter-the-spirit-of-nagpur-theatre-buffs/articleshow/64999748.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-04 |title=Amchya Hicha Prakaran completes 125 shows |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/amchya-hicha-prakaran-completes-125-shows/articleshow/66940875.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Anand Kale completed his early education in [[Kolhapur]] at Maisaheb Bawdekar School and Private High School.He graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) degree from D.R.K. College. During his school and college years, he won several awards in football.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-15 |title=Kondaji Baba Aka Anand Kale In Swarajya Rakshak Sambhaji Serial Is In Real Life Ssv 92 - Latest Manoranjan News at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/kondaji-baba-aka-anand-kale-in-swarajya-rakshak-sambhaji-serial-is-in-real-life-ssv-92-1993267/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

Apart from acting, he has a keen interest in motorcycle riding. He completed a long-distance journey from Kashmir to Kanyakumari <ref>{{Cite web |title=लवकरच भेटू म्हणत विश्वजित काकांनी घेतला ब्रेक, 'माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ' मालिकेत पुढे काय होणार |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/actor-anand-kale-take-break-from-majhi-tujhi-reshimgath-serial/articleshow/92646853.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>on his [[Kawasaki Ninja 1000]] motorcycle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=author/online-lokmat |date=2022-07-03 |title=Mazhi Tuzhi Reshimgaath : ‘माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ’मधून ‘हा’ अभिनेता घेणार तब्बल 21 दिवसांचा ब्रेक, जाणून घ्या कारण |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/mazhi-tuzhi-reshimgaath-vishwjeet-kaka-aka-anand-kale-took-break-from-zee-marathi-serial-a590/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref> He has also been active in the hotel business for the past 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomato prices are becoming unaffordable for the pocket; read the special offer from the Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath fame actor! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/anand-kale-majhi-tuzi-reshim-gath-serial-actor-give-special-offer-to-his-customer-for-tomato/articleshow/101726675.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=author/online-lokmat |date=2022-06-17 |title=Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath fame Vishwajeet is a hotel businessman; take a look at the Marathi actor’s luxury lifestyle. |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/television/mazi-tujhi-reshimgaath-fame-marathi-actor-anand-kale-lifestyle-a734/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

Kale has contributed to the cultural and social spheres of [[Kolhapur]] and has consistently worked towards the development of Kolhapur Chitranagari’s. He also spearheaded a movement for the reconstruction of the Keshavrao Bhosale Natyagriha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=Shinde promises 20cr to restore gutted Keshavrao Natyagruha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/chief-minister-eknath-shinde-promises-rs-20-crore-for-restoring-gutted-keshavrao-natyagruha/articleshow/112436327.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kale gained significant recognition for his role as Kondaji Farzand (Kondaji Baba) in the series ''[[Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji]]''.<ref name="LoksattaKondaji" /> Following this, he portrayed the character of Vishwajeet (popularly known as Vishwajeet Kaka) in the [[Zee Marathi]] serial ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]''. For this performance, he won the award for Best Supporting Character (Male) at the Zee Marathi Awards.<ref name="ZeeAwards" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-21 |title=Gudi Padwa celebrations for ASSB family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/gudi-padwa-celebrations-for-assb-family/articleshow/46645930.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

During the filming of ''Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath'', Kale was also involved in international projects. In 2022, it was reported that he had been cast in a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] production.<ref name="LoksattaKondaji" /> To manage his commitments, he reportedly traveled from [[Leh]], where he was engaged in other work, back to [[Mumbai]] specifically to complete his scenes for the Marathi television series.<ref name="MahatimesLeh">{{cite news |title=Anand Kale reach Mazi Tuzi Resshimgath serial shoot from Leh to Mumbai |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/anand-kale-reach-mazi-tuzi-resshimgath-serial-shoot-from-leh-to-mumbai/articleshow/92936576.cms |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |access-date=May 22, 2024}}</ref> Later that year, he took a temporary break from the show.<ref name="IndiaTimesBreak">{{cite news |title=Actor Anand Kale take break from Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath serial |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/actor-anand-kale-take-break-from-majhi-tujhi-reshimgath-serial/articleshow/92646853.cms |work=IndiaTimes |access-date=May 22, 2024}}</ref>

He has been a [[hotelier]] for more than 25 years.<ref name="LokmatLifestyle">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-17 |title='माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ'फेम विश्वजीत आहे हॉटेल व्यवसायिक; पाहा मराठमोळ्या अभिनेत्याची लक्झरी लाइफस्टाइल |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/photos/television/mazi-tujhi-reshimgaath-fame-marathi-actor-anand-kale-lifestyle-a734/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Ref.
|-
| — || ''[[Swarajyarakshak Sambhaji]]'' || Kondaji Baba || <ref name="LoksattaKondaji" />
|-
| 2021–2022 || ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]'' || Vishwajeet (Kaka) || <ref name="ZeeAwards" />
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| 2022 || Zee Marathi Awards || Best Supporting Character (Male) || ''[[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]'' || {{won}} || <ref name="ZeeAwards" />
|}

<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-04 |title=Amchya Hicha Prakaran completes 125 shows |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/amchya-hicha-prakaran-completes-125-shows/articleshow/66940875.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
== References ==
<ref>{{Cite web |last=author/online-lokmat |date=2026-02-22 |title=Video: श्रद्धा कपूरने घेतलं कोल्हापूरच्या अंबाबाईचं दर्शन; 'हा' मराठी अभिनेताही अभिनेत्रीसोबत दिसला |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-visited-ambabai-temple-in-kolhapur-marathi-actor-anand-kale-also-spotted-a-a998/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Kapoor in Ambabai Temple : श्रद्धा कपूर 'या' मराठी अभिनेत्यासोबत अंबाबाईच्या चरणी, मनोरंजन क्षेत्रात चर्चांना उधाण |url=https://www.jaimaharashtranews.com/entertainment/bollywood-actress-shraddha-kapoor-visited-kolhapur-ambabai-temple-with-marathi-actor-anand-kale-for-eetha-movie-shooting/49163 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Jaimaharashtra }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title='स्टार प्रवाह'च्या लोकप्रिय मालिकेत 'चार दिवस सासूचे' फेम अभिनेत्याची एन्ट्री! साकारणार 'ही' भूमिका |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/char-divas-sasuche-fame-anand-kale-enters-in-star-pravah-serial-sva-00-4974960/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कोंडाजीबाबानं मला २० हजार फॉलोअर्स दिले |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/interview-of-swarajyarakshak-sambhaji-fame-anand-kale-aka-kondaji-baba/articleshow/71462535.cms |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=author/online-lokmat |date=2022-07-03 |title=Mazhi Tuzhi Reshimgaath : ‘माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ’मधून ‘हा’ अभिनेता घेणार तब्बल 21 दिवसांचा ब्रेक, जाणून घ्या कारण |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/mazhi-tuzhi-reshimgaath-vishwjeet-kaka-aka-anand-kale-took-break-from-zee-marathi-serial-a590/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title="अत्यंत टोकाचे रोल…" 'माझी तुझी रेशीमगाठ' मालिकेतील अभिनेत्याची 'ती' पोस्ट चर्चेत {{!}} Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath Vishwjeet Kaka Fame Anand Kale Best Supporting Character Male in zee marathi award nrp 97 |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/majhi-tujhi-reshimgath-vishwjeet-kaka-fame-anand-kale-best-supporting-character-male-in-zee-marathi-award-nrp-97-3201831/ |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kale, Anand}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Indian hoteliers]]
[[Category:Shivaji University alumni]]

Alibaba (2002 film)

2026-03-15T05:16:03Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Alibaba (2002 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Usha Ganeshrajah
| writer = [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring =
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Pravin Mani]]
| studio = [[Pentamedia Graphics]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2002|7|26|United States|ref1=<ref name="L">{{Cite news|url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/jul/26/animated-alibaba-debuts/|title=Animated 'Alibaba' debuts|date=26 July 2002|work=[[Las Vegas Sun]]|access-date=16 July 2023|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221052411/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/jul/26/animated-alibaba-debuts/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
| budget = $15 million<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2003/dec/13sld1.htm|title=India's animation sector set to zoom|date=13 December 2002|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=16 July 2023|archive-date=21 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221052338/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2003/dec/13sld1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Alibaba''''' is a 2002 Indian English-language computer animated film directed by Usha Ganeshrajah. It was [[List of submissions for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|submitted for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature]] at the [[75th Academy Awards]], but it was not nominated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=13 December 2002 |title=Oscar hopes for Alibaba And 40 Thieves |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/13alibab.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221052411/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/dec/13alibab.htm |archive-date=21 February 2023 |access-date=16 July 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== Voice cast ==
*Robert Andrew as [[List of One Thousand and One Nights characters#Ali Baba|Alibaba]]
*Manny Rush as [[List of One Thousand and One Nights characters#Cassim|Kasim]]
*Sadie Leblanc as [[List of One Thousand and One Nights characters#Morgiana|Margina]]
*Chris Nolan as Nur

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Pravin Mani]].<ref name="H">{{Cite web |last=Gautam |first=Savitha |date=25 January 2002 |title="Alibaba" |url=https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/887174D9775EBD45E5256B52001D6FC8?OpenDocument |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226095024/https://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/887174D9775EBD45E5256B52001D6FC8?OpenDocument |archive-date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=10 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |via=CSCS Archive |newspaper=}}</ref> The audio rights were bagged by [[Universal Studios, Inc.|Universal Studios]].<ref name="R"/>
*"Thieves of the Desert"
*"Long long time"
*"Ishq Deewana" - [[Sukhwinder Singh]]

== Release ==
The film was released in [[Las Vegas]] on 26 July 2002.<ref name="L"/>

== Reception ==
Savitha Gautam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Whatever the quality of the production values may be, what matters most is that here is a group that is trying to fill a large gap... by making movies for children".<ref name="H"/>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2002 Indian films]]
[[Category:2002 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 English-language films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on Ali Baba]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian animated fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Animated films set in India]]

Dr. K.K. Mohammed Koya Sea Cucumber Conservation Reserve

2026-03-12T08:49:19Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new a entry...

{{short description|Sea cucumber conservation area}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Dr. K.K. Mohammed Koya Sea Cucumber Conservation Reserve
| alt_name = Cheriyapani Conservation Reserve
| iucn_category =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = India3
| coordinates = {{coord|11.902|N|71.783|E|region:IN-LD_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| map_width =
| location = [[Lakshadweep]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Bitra]]
| established = 27 February 2020
| governing_body = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| area_km2 = 239
}}
The '''Dr. K.K. Mohammed Koya Sea Cucumber Conservation Reserve''' is a [[marine protected area]] located off the coast of the [[India|Indian]] [[union territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]], approximately {{cvt|50|km}} northwest of the island of [[Bitra]].<ref name="WCS2020"/><ref name="Damodhar2020"/> Formally established by Indian authorities on February 27th, 2020, the reserve covers {{cvt|239|km²}} of the [[Arabian Sea]], including parts of the [[Byramgore Reef|Byramgore (Cheriyapani) Reef]], and is the world's first [[Protected area|conservation area]] specifically dedicated to the protection of [[sea cucumber]]s.<ref name="Damodhar2020"/><ref name="Shaji2020"/>

==Background==
===Sea cucumbers in the black market===
Since 2001, sea cucumbers have been protected in [[India]] under Schedule I of the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]] (WLPA), affording them the same level of protection under the law as [[endangered species]] such as [[Bengal tiger|tiger]]s and [[lion]]s. This includes a total ban on their commercial harvest and transportation in any form.<ref name="Shaji2020"/> This sharp decrease in supply has created an exorbitant demand for them in the Asian [[Wildlife_trade#Asia|black market]], especially for use in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] for the treatment of [[erectile dysfunction]].<ref name="Syal2021"/> In recent years, this has increased to the point where criminal organizations such as the Japanese [[yakuza]] reportedly make more money from [[smuggling]] sea cucumbers into countries such as [[China]] and [[Malaysia]] than they do from the sale of [[methamphetamine]].<ref name="Yip2022"/>

===Establishment of Indian conservation reserves===
Proposals for the creation of a [[marine protected area]] (MPA) in India to combat this trend have existed as early as 2003.<ref name="Shaji2020"/> Proposals for the [[Aggatti Conservation Reserve]] were first moved in 2008, and in 2020, three MPAs were created in [[Lakshadweep]]: the Dr. K.K. Mohammed Koya Sea Cucumber Conservation Reserve, the [[Attakoya Thangal Marine Reserve]] {{cvt|344|km²}}, and the [[PM Sayeed Marine Birds Conservation Reserve]] {{cvt|62|km²}}.<ref name="Shaji2020"/> Collectively, they cover a total area of {{cvt|685|km²}}.<ref name="Shaji2020"/>

==List of protected species==
[[File:Sea cucumber at Pulau Redang.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Stichopus chloronotus]]'' is one of the most abundant species in the area.<ref name="Mohammednowshad2021"/>]]
The following 21 species of sea cucumbers are known to occur throughout the Lakshadweep archipelago, including the Dr. K.K. Mohammed Koya Sea Cucumber Conservation Reserve.<ref name="Mohammednowshad2021"/> [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] and [[Endangered species (IUCN status)|endangered]] species, as assessed by the [[IUCN Red List]], are marked with {{IUCN status|VU}} and {{IUCN status|EN}}.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''Family [[Holothuriidae]]''' (15 sp.)
** Genus ''[[Actinopyga]]''
*** ''[[Actinopyga mauritiana]]'' {{IUCN status|VU}}
** Genus ''[[Bohadschia]]''
*** ''Bohadschia'' sp. 1
*** ''Bohadschia'' sp. 2
** Genus ''[[Holothuria]]''
*** ''[[Holothuria atra]]''
*** ''[[Holothuria cinerascens]]''
*** ''[[Holothuria difficilis]]''
*** ''[[Holothuria edulis]]''
*** ''[[Holothuria hilla]]''
*** ''[[Holothuria leucospilota]]''
*** ''[[Holothuria nobilis]]'' {{IUCN status|EN}}
*** ''[[Holothuria pardalis]]''
*** ''[[Holothuria pervicax]]''
*** ''[[Holothuria scabra]]'' {{IUCN status|EN}}
** Genus ''[[Labidodemas]]''
*** ''[[Labidodemas rugosum]]''
** Genus ''[[Pearsonothuria graeffei|Pearsonothuria]]''
*** ''[[Pearsonothuria graeffei]]''

* '''Family [[Synaptidae]]''' (3 sp.)
** Genus ''[[Euapta]]''
*** ''[[Euapta godeffroyi]]''
** Genus ''[[Opheodesoma]]''
*** ''[[Opheodesoma grisea]]''
** Genus ''[[Synapta]]''
*** ''[[Synapta maculata]]''

* '''Family [[Stichopodidae]]''' (3 sp.)
** Genus ''[[Stichopus]]''
*** ''[[Stichopus chloronotus]]''
*** ''[[Stichopus herrmanni]]''
** Genus ''[[Thelenota]]''
*** ''[[Thelenota ananas]]'' {{IUCN status|EN}}
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Sea cucumbers as food]]
* [[Trepanging]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Damodhar2020">{{cite report|author=Damodhar A.T.|title=NOTIFICATION|date=27 February 2020|url=https://imgs.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2020/05/05123434/notofication-sea-cucumber-reserve.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409084227/https://imgs.mongabay.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2020/05/05123434/notofication-sea-cucumber-reserve.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Mohammednowshad2021">{{cite journal|last1=Mohammednowshad|first1=B.|last2=K.K.|first2=Idreesbabu|last3=S.|first3=Sureshkumar|title=Habitat wise variability in the diversity of sea cucumbers in Lakshadweep Archipelago, North-Western Indian Ocean|date=4 May 2021|orig-date=16 June 2020|journal=Regional Studies in Marine Science|volume=41|publisher=Elsevier|doi=10.1016/j.rsma.2021.101805|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352485521001973|access-date=18 May 2024|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

<ref name="Shaji2020">{{cite news|last1=Shaji|first1=K.A.|title=Lakshadweep unveils world’s first sea cucumber conservation reserve|date=5 May 2020|website=[[Mongabay|Mongabay-India]]|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/05/lakshadweep-unveils-worlds-first-sea-cucumber-conservation-reserve/|url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518062222/https://india.mongabay.com/2020/05/lakshadweep-unveils-worlds-first-sea-cucumber-conservation-reserve/|archive-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="Syal2021">{{cite news|last1=Syal|first1=Richa|title=‘Aphrodisiac’ of the ocean: how sea cucumbers became gold for organised crime|date=12 April 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/12/sea-cucumbers-organised-crime-smuggling-aphrodisiac-biodiversity-sri-lanka-india|url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153445/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/12/sea-cucumbers-organised-crime-smuggling-aphrodisiac-biodiversity-sri-lanka-india|archive-date=28 September 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="WCS2020">{{cite news|author=Marine Conservation Team|title=Newly Minted MPAs in the Lakshadweep Archipelago: Their significance and way forward|date=23 March 2020|website=[[Wildlife Conservation Society]]|url=https://programs.wcs.org/india/Newsroom/Blog/ID/14081/Newly-Minted-MPAs-in-the-Lakshadweep-Archipelago-Their-significance-and-way-forward|url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518231545/https://programs.wcs.org/india/Newsroom/Blog/ID/14081/Newly-Minted-MPAs-in-the-Lakshadweep-Archipelago-Their-significance-and-way-forward|archive-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="Yip2022">{{cite news|last1=Yip|first1=Christy|title=Mafia are moving in to poach sea cucumbers. These guardians of the seabed are striking back|date=27 August 2022|website=[[Channel News Asia]]|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/cna-insider/mafia-poach-sea-cucumbers-seabed-india-sri-lanka-2901626|access-date=18 May 2024}}</ref>

</references>

{{Lakshadweep}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of India]]
[[Category:Marine protected areas]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:Arabian Sea]]
[[Category:Sea cucumbers]]

Mehr Chand Mahajan

2026-03-10T01:49:29Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|3rd Chief Justice of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mehr Chand Mahajan
| image = Justice_Mehr_Chand_Mahajan.jpg
| caption = Mahajan in 1950
| order = 3rd
| office = Chief Justice of India
| appointer = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| term_start = 4 January 1954
| term_end = 22 December 1954
| predecessor = [[M. Patanjali Sastri]]
| successor = [[Bijan Kumar Mukherjea]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]
| termstart1 = 28 January 1950
| termend1 = 3 January 1954
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| office2 = Judge of [[Federal Court of India]]
| term_start2 = 4 October 1948
| term_end2 = 27 January 1950
| appointer2 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| office3 = [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start3 = 15 October 1947
| term_end3 = 5 March 1948
| predecessor3 = [[Janak Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Sheikh Abdullah]]
| monarch3 = [[Hari Singh]]
| office4 = Judge of [[Punjab High Court]]
| term_start4 = 15 August 1947
| term_end4 = 3 October 1948
| appointer4 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| office5 = Judge of [[Lahore High Court]]
| term_start5 = 27 September 1943
| term_end5 = 14 August 1947
| appointer5 = [[George VI]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|12|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kangra district|Kangra]], Punjab, British India (now in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1967|12|11|1889|12|23|df=y}}
}}

'''Mehr Chand Mahajan''' (23 December 1889 – 11 December 1967) was an Indian jurist and politician who was the third chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Prior to that he was the prime minister of the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] during the reign of Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] and played a key role in the accession of the state to [[India]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} He was the [[Indian National Congress]] nominee on the [[Radcliffe Line|Radcliffe Commission]] that defined the boundaries of India and [[Pakistan]].

Mahajan made his name as an accomplished lawyer, a respected judge, and an influential [[politician]]. As a judge he was incisive and forthright and had many leading judgements to his credit.

== Early life ==
Mehr Chand Mahajan was born on 23 December 1889 at Tika [[Nagrota Bagwan|Nagrota]] in the [[Kangra district]] of Punjab, [[British India]] (now in Himachal Pradesh). His father, Lala Brij Lal, was an advocate, who later established a reputed legal practice at [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharmsala]].<ref name=Rohmetra>Ravi Rohmetra, [http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/mehr-chand-mahajan-pm-jk/ Mehr Chand Mahajan as PM of J&K], Daily Excelsior, 23 December 2016.</ref>

After completing middle school, Mahajan went to study in the [[Government College, Lahore]], graduating in 1910. He enrolled in M.Sc. Chemistry, but switched to law following persuasion from his father. He earned an LL.B. degree in 1912.<ref name=Rohmetra/>

== Career as a lawyer ==
Mahajan started his career as a lawyer in 1913 in Dharamsala, where he spent a year practising. He spent the next four years (1914-1918) as a lawyer in [[Gurdaspur]]. He then practiced law in [[Lahore]] from 1918 to 1943. During his time there, he served as president of the High Court Bar Association of Lahore (1938 to 1943).

==Justice of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]] ==

He became a Justice in the pre-independence [[Lahore High Court]] on 27.9.1943. After independence, he became judge of East Punjab High Court now known as [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]. While he was serving there, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir called him to [[Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947–1948#Pakistan's_preparations,_Maharaja's_manoeuvring|become his Prime Minister for the negotiations regarding merger with India]] on 15.10.1947.<ref>Mahajan, Mehr Chand (1963), Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India, Asia Publishing House, pp 123.</ref>

==Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir==
Mahajan visited Kashmir on invitation of the Maharani [[Tara Devi of Jammu and Kashmir|Tara Devi]] in September 1947 and was asked to be the Prime Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] which he accepted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poll prep or toast to ‘nationalist hero’? Why BJP unveiled statue of Mehr Chand Mahajan in Jammu|access-date=21 March 2025|url=https://theprint.in/india/poll-prep-or-toast-to-nationalist-hero-why-bjp-unveiled-statue-of-mehr-chand-mahajan-in-jammu/1057101/?amp|publisher=The Print}}</ref> On 15 October 1947, Mahajan was appointed the Prime Minister of Jammu & Kashmir and played a role in the accession of the state to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/what-soured-the-promise-of-kashmir/cid/1686431|title=What soured the promise of Kashmir|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref> Jammu & Kashmir acceded to India in October 1947 and Mahajan thus became the 1st Prime Minister of the Indian state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], serving in that post until 5 March 1948.

== Chief Justice, Supreme Court of India ==
Mahajan took office as the third [[Chief Justice of India]] on 4 January 1954. He was the head of India's judicial system for almost a year, until his retirement on 22 December 1954 (mandatory retirement at age 65). Before becoming Chief Justice he served as one of the first Judges of the Supreme Court of independent India from 4 October 1948 to 3 January 1954.

Over the course of his tenure on the Supreme Court, Mahajan authored 132 judgments and was a part of 337 benches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehr Chand Mahajan |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/mehr-chand-mahajan/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Other positions of note ==
* Director, [[Punjab National Bank]], 1933–43
* Pres. D.A.V. College, Managing Committee, 1938–43
* Fellow and Syndic, [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]], 1940–47
* Judge, [[Lahore High Court]], 1943
* All India Fruit Products Association Bombay Session, 1945
* Member, R.I.N. Mutiny Commission, 1946
* 1947 Dewan of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] State 1947-48
* Judge, East [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] High Court
* Punjab Boundary Commission, 1947
* Syndic, East Punjab University, 1947–50
* Constitutional Adviser to His Highness the Maharaja of [[Bikaner]], 1948
* Hon. Degree of LL.D., Punjab University; 1948
* Member, Fruit Development Board, Punjab
* Commission on Belgaum (dispute between Karnataka and Maharashtra), 1967

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/mcmahajan.htm Mehr Chand Mahajan]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Janak Singh]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| years = 1947–1948
| after = [[Sheikh Abdullah]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-start}}
{{S-legal}}
{{succession box | title=[[Chief Justice of India]] | before=[[M. Patanjali Sastri]] | after=[[Bijan Kumar Mukherjea]] | years=3 January 1954 – 22 December 1954}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Justices of India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahajan, Mehr Chand}}
[[Category:Chief justices of India]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1967 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Gramapanchayath (film)

2026-03-03T21:17:15Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Creating Some Details W/ Infobox

{{short description|1998 film directed by Ali Akbar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Graama Panchaayathu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Ali Akbar (director)|Ali Akbar]]
| producer = Shemeer Thukalil Kukku
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]]
| starring = [[Jagadish]] [[Rajan P. Dev]]
| music = [[Berni-Ignatious]]
| cinematography = Madhu Adoor
| editing = G. Murali
| studio = SM Creations
| distributor = Kokkers Films Anupama Evershine
| released = {{Film date|1998}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}
'''''Graama Panchaayathu''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Ali Akbar (director)|Ali Akbar]] and written by [[Benny P. Nayarambalam]], starring [[Jagadish]] and [[Rajan P. Dev]] in the lead roles. It was a commercial success at the box-office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3123|title=Graama Panchaayathu|accessdate=2014-11-07|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?2706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108001748/http://en.msidb.org/m.php?2706 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-11-08 |title=Graama Panchaayathu |accessdate=2014-11-07 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{more plot|date=November 2020}}
Two persons lifelong friendship takes a sour turn when one of them wins a court case and gets a hefty settlement. After this he considers his friend, who is a barber, to be of lower stature and goes back on his word to marry his daughter to his friend's son whom he now considers to be worthless as he has no job and is a barber's son. How the barber's son tries to woo and marry her despite her fathers resistance.

==Cast==
* [[Jagadish]] as Chakrapani
* [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Pappu
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as R.A. Japan/Rajappan
* [[NF Varghese]] as Gunasekharan
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] as Sunanda
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Pankajakshi
* [[Harishree Ashokan]] as Swa.Le
* [[Indrans]] as Bhaskaran
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Njandu
* [[Zeenath]] as Santha
* Sagar Shiyas as Bhargavan, a look alike of [[Rajanikanth]]
* [[Jayasurya]] as Bus conductor ([[junior artist]])

==In popular culture==
Jagathy Sreekumars character R.A. Japan (the stylish name which he would refer himself as), originally Rajappan, a self proclaimed modern barber who was brought by Gunasekharan to destroy his once good friend's barber shop, was immensely popular among the masses.Later it was used similarly in the film ''[[Njan Prakashan]]'' Fahad Fazils character P.R Akash , he changes his name from Prakashan to P.R Akash. {{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0273245}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy-drama films]]

Laxmikant–Pyarelal discography

2026-02-27T06:51:59Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: minor edit

{{Short description|none}}
'''Laxmikant–Pyarelal''' were an Indian composer duo, consisting of '''Laxmikant Shantaram Kudalkar''' (1937–1998) and '''Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma''' (born 1940).<ref name="L-P">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=How did Laxmikant-Pyarelal end Shankar-Jaikishan era in Bollywood? Happier, cheaper music |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-did-laxmikant-pyarelal-end-shankar-jaikishan-era-in-bollywood-happier-cheaper-music/766662/ |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=[[ThePrint]]}}</ref> In their career span stretching from 1963 to 1998, they composed music for about 750 movies, working with prominent film-makers.<ref name="RJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-music-by-laxmikant-pyarelal-by-rajiv-vijayakar-101651136103876.html|title=Review: Music by Laxmikant Pyarelal by Rajiv Vijayakar|date=28 April 2022}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
! Sales
|-
| rowspan="2" |1963||''[[Parasmani]]''||<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/05pyarelal.htm|title=Going back in time with Laxmikant's Pyarelal|date=5 February 2007}}</ref>
|
|-
|''Harishchandra Taramati''||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1964||''Sati Savitri''||
|
|-
|''[[Sant Gyaneshwar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mr. X in Bombay]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/happy-birthday-kishore-kumar-lose-yourself-with-this-playlist-of-his-10-best-songs-one-for-every-mood/story-yanlhtukwAm1uQvFsELyjJ.html|title=Happy birthday Kishore Kumar: Lose yourself with this playlist of his 10 best songs, one for every mood|website=hindustantimes.com|date=4 August 2019}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Dosti (1964 film)|Dosti]]''||<ref name="rediff"/>
|
|-
|''Aaya Toofan''||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1965||''Shreeman Funtoosh''||
|
|-
|''[[Dara Singh|Lootera]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Hum Sab Ustad Hain]]''||
|
|-
|''Boxer''||
|
|-
|''[[Bhagya]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |1966||''[[Sau Saal Baad]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pyar Kiye Jaa]]''||
|
|-
|''Naag Mandir''||
|
|-
|''[[Mere Lal]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Laadla (1966 film)|Laadla]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dillagi (1966 film)|Dillagi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Daku Mangal Singh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Nutan|Chhota Bhai]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aasra]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aaye Din Bahar Ke]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/965206/pyarelal-interview-music-is-collaborative-with-no-room-for-i-me-myself|title=Pyarelal interview: 'Music is collaborative' with no room for 'I, me, myself'|date=21 June 2020}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1967||''[[Bharat Bhushan|Taqdeer]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Shagird (1967 film)|Shagird]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Patthar Ke Sanam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Night in London]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sharmila Tagore|Milan Ki Raat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]''||<ref name="Rishi2012">{{cite book|author=Tilak Rishi|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC&pg=PA146|access-date=23 February 2015|year=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9|pages=146–}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Jaal (1967 film)|Jaal]]''||<ref name="EDT"/>
|
|-
|''[[Farz (1967 film)|Farz]]''||<ref name="Best">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/the-best-of-laxmikant-pyarelals-hindi-film-music-from-1960s-to-1990s/cid/2000938|title=The best of Laxmikant-Pyarelal's Hindi film music from 1960s to 1990s|date=16 February 2024}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Kishore Kumar|Duniya Nachegi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Chhaila Babu]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Anita (1967 film)|Anita]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1968||''Spy in Rome''||
|
|-
|''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Raja Aur Runk]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mere Hamdam Mere Dost]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Izzat (1968 film)|Izzat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Baharon Ki Manzil (1968 film)|Baharon Ki Manzil]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |1969||''[[Wapas]]''||
|
|-
|''Shart''||
|
|-
|''[[Satyakam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sajan (1969 film)|Sajan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sunil Dutt|Pyasi Sham]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Meri Bhabhi]]''||
|
|-
|''Mera Dost''||
|
|-
|''Madhavi''||
|
|-
|''[[Jigri Dost]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]''||
|-
|''[[Intaquam]]''||<ref name="Anantharaman2008">{{cite book|author=Ganesh Anantharaman|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA12|date=January 2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306340-7|page=12}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Do Bhai (1969 film)|Do Bhai]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke (1969 film)|Dharti Kahe Pukarke]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Anjaana]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aansoo Ban Gaye Phool]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Do Raaste]]''||<ref name="Best"/>
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |1970||''[[Suhana Safar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sharafat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pushpanjali (1970 film)|Pushpanjali]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Man Ki Aankhen]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jeevan Mrityu]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jawab (1970 Film)|Jawab]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Humjoli]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Himmat (1970 film)|Himmat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Devi (1970 film)|Devi]]''||
|
|-
|''Darpan''||
|
|-
|''[[Bachpan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Khilona (1970 film)|Khilona]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Maa Aur Mamta]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Abhinetri (1970 film)|Abhinetri]]''||<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Abhinetri-1970/article15577821.ece |title=Abhinetri (1970) |last=Malhotra |first=A. P. S. |date=2 December 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Mastana (1970 film)|Mastana]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aan Milo Sajna]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |1971||''[[Woh Din Yaad Karo]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Uphaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mera Gaon Mera Desh]]''||<ref name="Khosla">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/raj-khosla-100th-birth-anniversary-12-cult-songs-films-prolific-filmmaker/|title=Raj Khosla 100th Birth Anniversary: 12 cult songs from the films of the prolific filmmaker|date=30 May 2025}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Mehboob Ki Mehndi]]''||<ref name="Anantharaman2008"/>
|
|-
|''[[Man Mandir]]''||
|
|-
|''Lagan''||
|
|-
|''[[Jal Bin Machhli Nritya Bin Bijli]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Haseenon Ka Devata]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Chaahat (1971 film)|Chaahat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Bikhre Moti]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Banphool]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aap Aye Bahaar Ayee]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="18" |1972||''Wafaa''||
|
|-
|''[[Dushman (1971 film)|Dushmun]]''||
|
|-
|''Subha-O-Sham''||
|
|-
|''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Shaadi Ke Baad]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Raja Jani]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Raaste Kaa Patthar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mome Ki Gudiya]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jeet (1972 film)|Jeet]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Haar Jeet (1972 film)|Haar Jeet]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Gaon Hamara Shaher Tumhara]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ek Nazar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ek Bechara]]''||
|
|-
|''Buniyaad''||
|
|-
|''[[Piya Ka Ghar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dastaan (1972 film)|Dastaan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Roop Tera Mastana]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Gora Aur Kala]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="19" |1973||''Sweekar''||
|
|-
|''Suraj Aur Chanda''||
|
|-
|''[[Nirdosh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Manchali]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Keemat (1973 film)|Keemat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kahani Hum Sab Ki]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jalte Badan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Insaaf (1973 film)|Insaaf]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Gaddaar (1973 film)|Gaddaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Loafer (1973 film)|Loafer]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Gaai Aur Gori]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Daag: A Poem of Love]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Barkha Bahar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Anokhi Ada (1973 film)|Anokhi Ada]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Anhonee (1973 film)|Anhonee]]''||<ref name="EDT"/>
|
|-
|''[[Kuchhe Dhaage]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Gehri Chaal]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]''||
|10,00,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 1970–1979|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=5 February 2010|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042855/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=282&catName=MTk3MC0xOTc5|archivedate=5 February 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="sholay">{{cite journal |title=Sûrya India |journal=Sûrya India |date=1979 |volume=3 |issue=2 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUvoAAAAMAAJ |publisher=A. Anand. |quote=Six years after the movie was released, 'Sholay' is still going strong. Polydor records has won a platinum disc for the sale of the 'Sholay' record}}</ref><ref name="platinum">{{cite magazine |title=International |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=18 July 1981 |volume=93 |issue=28 |page=69 |publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT69}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jwaar Bhata]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="22" |1974||''Vada Tera Vada''||
|
|-
|''Shandaar''||
|
|-
|''Sauda''||
|
|-
|''[[Roti Kapda Aur Makaan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Prem Shastra]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pocket Maar (1974 film)|Pocket Maar]]''||
|
|-
|''Paise Ki Gudiya''||
|
|-
|''Pugli''||
|
|-
|''[[Nirmaan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jurm Aur Sazaa]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Farebi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Duniya Ka Mela]]''||
|
|-
|''Badla''||
|
|-
|''[[Azad Mohabbat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Geeta Mera Naam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dost (1974 film)|Dost]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Naya Din Nai Raat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Imtihan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Amir Garib]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Bidaai (1974 film)|Bidaai]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Roti (1974 film)|Roti]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Majboor (1974 film)|Majboor]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |1975||''[[Zindagi Aur Toofan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Zinda Dil]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sewak (film)|Sewak]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dulhan (1975 film)|Dulhan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Prem Kahani (1975 film)|Prem Kahani]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ponga Pandit]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Naatak]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mere Sajna]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Lafange]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dafaa 302]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Apne Rang Hazaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aakhri Dao]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Anari (1975 film)|Anari]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aakraman]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pratigya (1975 film)|Pratiggya]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/dharmendra-and-salman-break-into-the-jat-yamla-pagla-step-67430.html |title=Dharmendra Salman Break into the Jat Yamla Pagla|date=23 August 2011 |publisher=Firstpost|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Chaitali (film)|Chaitali]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1976||''[[Suntan (1976 film)|Suntan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Naach Uthe Sansaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Maa (1976 film)|Maa]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Koi Jeeta Koi Haara]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Do Ladkiyan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aap Beati]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aaj Ka Mahaatma]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dus Numbri]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Charas (1976 film)|Charas]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jaaneman (1976 film)|Jaaneman]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="23" |1977||''Tinku''||
|
|-
|''[[Ravikant Nagaich|Thief of Baghdad]]''||
|
|-
|''Prayashchit''||
|
|-
|''[[Ooparwala Jaane]]''||
|
|-
|''Mastan Dada''||
|
|-
|''[[Kali Raat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kachcha Chor]]''||
|
|-
|''Jagriti''||
|
|-
|''[[Dream Girl (1977 film)|Dream Girl]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Chor Sipahee]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]''||<ref name="Best"/>
|
|-
|''[[Dildaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dharam Veer (1977 film)|Dharam Veer]]''||
|
|-
|''Chhota Baap''||
|
|-
|''[[Chacha Bhatija]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Apnapan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Anurodh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Adha Din Adhi Raat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Immaan Dharam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Chhailla Babu]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Parvarish (1977 film)|Parvarish]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aashiq Hoon Baharon Ka]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1978||''[[Saawan Ke Geet]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Phaansi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kaala Aadmi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Daku Aur Jawan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Chakravyuha (1978 film)|Chakravyuha]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Amar Shakti]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aahuti (1978 film)|Aahuti]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Badalte Rishtey]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Satyam Shivam Sundaram: Love Sublime]]''||<ref name="EDT">{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/didnt-think-ek-do-teen-would-become-so-popular/20200623.htm|title='Didn't think Ek Do Teen would become so popular'|date=23 June 2020}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan (film)|Phool Khile Hain Gulshan Gulshan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dil Aur Deewar]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |1979||''[[Prem Vivah]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Muqabla (1979 film)|Muqabla]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Magroor]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Maan Apmaan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Amar Deep (1979 film)|Amar Deep]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sargam (1979 film)|Sargam]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/laxmikant-pyarelal-anand-bakshi-a-friendship-forever-1059616.html|title=Laxmikant-Pyarelal & Anand Bakshi: A friendship forever|date=10 December 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Prem Bandhan (1979 film)|Prem Bandhan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Gautam Govinda]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dil Kaa Heera]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kartavya (1979 film)|Kartavya]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jaani Dushman]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Vinod Khanna|Yuvraaj]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Suhaag (1979 film)|Suhaag]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Lok Parlok]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="21" |1980||''[[Yari Dushmani]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ram Balram]]''||
|
|-
|''Patthar Se Takkar''||
|
|-
|''[[Nishana (1980 film)|Nishana]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Shashi Kapoor|Kala Pani]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Judaai (1980 film)|Judaai]]''||
|
|-
|''Ganga Aur Suraj''||
|
|-
|''[[Be-Reham]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Bandish (1980 Indian film)|Bandish]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Do Premee]]''||
|
|-
|''Zalim''||
|
|-
|''[[Maang Bharo Sajana]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kali Ghata (1980 film)|Kali Ghata]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aasha (1980 film)|Aasha]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Chunaoti]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Choron Ki Baaraat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jyoti Bane Jwala]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]''||<ref name="EDT"/>
|
|-
|''[[Gehrayee]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dostana (1980 film)|Dostana]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Hum Paanch (1980 film)|Hum Paanch]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |1981||''[[Waqt Ki Deewar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sharda (1981 film)|Sharada]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aas Paas]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kranti]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]''||
|
|-
|''Ladies Tailor''||
|
|-
|''[[Khoon Aur Paani]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pyaasa Sawan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Khuda Kasam (1981 film)|Khuda Kasam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ek Hi Bhool]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Fiffty Fiffty]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Meri Aawaz Suno]]''||
|
|-
|''Ek Aur Ek Gyarah''||
|
|-
| rowspan="22" |1982||''[[Narendra Bedi|Taaqat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Samraat (film)|Samraat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mehndi Rang Layegi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Main Intequam Loonga]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jeeo Aur Jeene Do]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ghazab]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Farz Aur Kanoon]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Do Dishayen]]''||
|
|-
|''Davedar''||
|
|-
|''[[Baghavat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jeevan Dhaara]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Raaste Pyar Ke]]''||
|
|-
|''Apna Bana Lo''||
|
|-
|''[[Vakil Babu]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Rajput (1982 film)|Rajput]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Teesri Aankh (1982 film)|Teesri Aankh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Desh Premee]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Badle Ki Aag]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Insaan (1982 film)|Insaan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Prem Rog]]''||
|
|-
|''Teri Maang Sitaron Se Bhar Doon''||
|
|-
|''[[Deedar-E-Yaar]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1983||''[[Zara Si Zindagi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]''||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wionews.com/india-news/entertainment-jackie-shroff-and-subhash-ghai-watch-hero-together-as-the-film-turns-34-25280|title=Jackie Shroff and Subhash Ghai watch 'Hero' together as the film turns 34|website=WION|date=27 November 2017|access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Bekaraar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Andhaa Kaanoon]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jaanwar (1983 film)|Jaanwar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Avtaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Arpan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Prem Tapasya]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Woh 7 Din]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mujhe Insaaf Chahiye]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]''||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/coolie-rajinikanth-fiim-collection-1983-amitabh-bachchan-injury-fandom-india-turned-film-hall-movie-ticket-2771317-2025-08-17|title=How Coolie fever gripped India 40 years ago, a hit Bachchan delivered a superhit|date=17 August 2025}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Tapan Sinha|Agami Kal]]''|| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film
|
|-
| rowspan="17" |1984||''[[Zakhmi Sher]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sharara (film)|Sharara]]''||
|
|-
|''Pakhandi''||
|
|-
|''[[Mera Faisla]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Meraa Dost Meraa Dushman]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jeene Nahi Doonga]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Bad Aur Badnam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[All Rounder (1984 film)|All Rounder]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Akalmand]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Inquilaab (1984 film)|Inquilaab]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (1984 film)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Baazi (1984 film)|Baazi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Asha Jyoti]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ek Nai Paheli]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Utsav]]''||
|
|-
|''[[John Jani Janardhan (1984 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Ishq Nahin Aasaan]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="18" |1985||''Triveni''||
|
|-
|''[[Teri Meherbaniyan]]''||
|
|-
|''Patthar Dil''||
|
|-
|''Kali Basti''||
|
|-
|''[[Ghulami]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mera Jawab]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Do Dilon Ki Dastaan (1985 film)|Do Dilon Ki Dastaan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sarfarosh (1985 film)|Sarfarosh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Smita Patil|Jawaab]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Yaadon Ki Kasam]]''||
|
|-
|''Bayen Hath Ka Khel''||Unreleased
|
|-
|''[[Meri Jung]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pyar Jhukta Nahin]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Meraa Ghar Mere Bachche]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sur Sangam]]''||<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zX4GY37rG8kC&dq=Sankarabharanam&pg=PA158 | title=One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | last1=Banerjee | first1=Shampa | last2=Srivastava | first2=Anil | year=1988 | isbn=0-8240-9483-2}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Jaanoo]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dekha Pyar Tumhara]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="21" |1986||''[[Sadaa Suhagan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Naseeb Apna Apna (1986 film)|Naseeb Apna Apna]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Nagina (1986 film)|Nagina]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Love 86]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dosti Dushmani]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aag Aur Shola]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Qatl (film)|Qatl]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aap Ke Saath]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kala Dhanda Goray Log]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aakhree Raasta]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Amrit (1986 film)|Amrit]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pyar Kiya Hai Pyar Karenge]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]'' ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangai Oru Gangai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/mangai-oru-gangai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1203131076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093635/https://music.apple.com/us/album/mangai-oru-gangai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1203131076 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
|
|-
|''[[Naam (1986 film)|Naam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mazloom]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Asli Naqli]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aisa Pyaar Kahan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Naache Mayuri]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="23" |1987
|''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Parivaar (1987 film)|Parivaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mera Karam Mera Dharam]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mard Ki Zabaan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Majnu (1987 film)|Majnu]]''||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|
|-
|''[[Khazana (1987 film)|Khazana]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sridevi|Jawab Hum Denge]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aulad (1987 film)|Aulad]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Loha (1987 film)|Loha]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Nazrana (1987 film)|Nazrana]]''||
|
|-
|''Anjaam''||
|
|-
|''[[Hukumat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sansar (1987 film)|Sansar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Madadgaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mr. India (1987 film)|Mr. India]]''||
|25,00,000<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 1987 |title=25,00,000 Cassettes Sold! |page=5 |work=The Indian Express |location=Madras, India |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870724&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043735/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870724&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |archive-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rahman |first=M. |date=30 November 1987 |title=Playback singers: Filling the void |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uYOAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live |magazine=[[India Today]] |volume=12 |issue=18–24 |page=82 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043601/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=8uYOAQAAIAAJ&q= |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2 April 2021 }} [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19871130-host-of-new-playback-singers-in-the-reckoning-799550-1987-11-30 Alt URL]</ref>
|-
|''[[Insaaf (1987 film)|Insaaf]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Insaaf Kaun Karega]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sindoor (film)|Sindoor]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mangai Oru Gangai]]''||Tamil film
|
|-
|''[[Jaan Hatheli Pe]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kudrat Ka Kanoon]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Uttar Dakshin]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Insaf Ki Pukar]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="20" |1988||''[[Yateem]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Qatil]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pyaar Mohabbat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mar Mitenge (1988 film)|Mar Mitenge]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Inteqam]]''||
|
|-
|''Hamara Khandaan''||
|
|-
|''[[Bees Saal Baad (1988 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pyaar Ka Mandir]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Charnon Ki Saugandh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''||
|
|-
|''Shoorveer''||
|
|-
|''[[Ram-Avtar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Biwi Ho To Aisi]]''||
|
|-
|''Janam Janam''||
|
|-
|''[[Ganga Tere Desh Mein]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dayavan]]''||
|
|-
|''Charan Dada'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Tezaab]]''||
|80,00,000<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 25 films between the years 1985-1994 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/top-25-films-between-the-years-1985-1994_-26676-1.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=18 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Music Hits 1980-1989 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205042958/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=283&catName=MTk4MC0xOTg5 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 February 2010 |website=[[Box Office India]] |accessdate=5 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Agnee (1988 film)|Agnee]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Do Waqt Ki Roti]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="21" |1989||''[[Sachai Ki Taqat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Ram Lakhan]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Nigahen: Nagina Part II]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Naag Nagin]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Main Tera Dushman]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Hathyar (1989 film)|Hathyar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Gharana (1989 film)|Gharana]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Dost Garibon Ka]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kasam Suhaag Ki]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Suryaa: An Awakening]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Do Qaidi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Eeshwar (1989 film)|Eeshwar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Santosh (1989 film)|Santosh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Bade Ghar Ki Beti]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Paraya Ghar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Batwara]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Oonch Neech Beech]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Elaan-E-Jung]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Shehzaade]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Bhrashtachar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[ChaalBaaz]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="22" |1990||''[[Majboor (1990 film)|Majboor]]''||
|
|-
|''Kanoon Ki Zanjeer''||
|
|-
|''[[Veeru Dada]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sheshnaag]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pyar Ka Karz]]''||
|
|-
|''Pati Parmeshwar''||
|
|-
|''[[Izzatdaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Azaad Desh Ke Gulam]]''||
|
|-
|''Atishbaz''||
|
|-
|''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Amiri Garibi]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kroadh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Haatim Tai (1990 film)|Haatim Tai]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Tawaif]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Hum Se Na Takrana]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Neti Siddhartha]]''||Telugu film
|
|-
|''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Amba (film)|Amba]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sher Dil (Indian film)|Sher Dil]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Pratibandh]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Jamai Raja (film)|Jamai Raja]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="23" |1991
|''Aaj Ka Inteqaam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pyar Ka Devta]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Khilaaf]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Mast Kalandar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]''||
|15,00,000<ref name="BS90">{{Cite web |date=2010-01-02 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2 January 2010 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Khoon Ka Karz]]''||
|
|-
|''Paap Ki Aandhi''||
|
|-
|''[[Deshwasi]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Ajooba]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Benaam Badsha]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Do Matwale]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Qurbani Rang Layegi]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Pyar Hua Chori Chori]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Narsimha (1991 film)|Narsimha]]''||
|18,00,000<ref name="BS90"/>
|-
|''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]''||
|30,00,000<ref name="BS90"/>
|-
|''[[Ranbhoomi]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Shankara (1991 film)|Shankara]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Banjaran]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Akayla]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Prahaar: The Final Attack]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Sapnon Ka Mandir]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Lakshmanrekha]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aranyadalli Abhimanyu]]''||[[Kannada]] film
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1992||''[[Sahebzaade]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Khuda Gawah]]''||
|18,00,000<ref name="BS90"/>
|-
|''[[Prem Deewane]]''||
|18,00,000<ref name="BS90"/>
|-
|''[[Humlaa]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Humshakal (1992 film)|Humshakal]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Heer Ranjha (1992 film)|Heera Ranjha]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Angaar (1992 film)|Angaar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Apradhi (1992 film)|Apradhi]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="12" |1993||''[[Dil Hi To Hai (1993 film)|Dil Hi To Hai]] ''||
|
|-
|''Yugandhar''||
|
|-
|''[[Tirangaa (film)|Tirangaa]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aashik Awara]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Badi Bahen]] ''||
|
|-
|''[[Khalnayak]]''||
|35,00,000<ref name="BS90"/>
|-
|''[[Dil Hai Betaab]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumrah]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chahoonga Main Tujhe]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bedardi]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1994||''[[Insaaf Apne Lahoo Se]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Vijayashanti|Tejasvini]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Chauraha]]''||
|
|-
|''Mohabbat Ki Arzoo''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dilbar (film)|Dilbar]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1995||''Prem''||
|
|-
|''[[Paappi Devataa]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]''||
|20,00,000<ref name="BS90"/>
|-
|''[[Ragasiya Police]]''||Tamil film
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1996||''[[Aatank]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Aurat Aurat Aurat]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rajkumar (1996 film)|Rajkumar]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Prem Granth]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Bhairavi (film)|Bhairavi]]''||
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1997||''[[Mahaanta]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Deewana Mastana]]''||
|
|-
|''Kaun Rokega Mujhe''||
|
|-
|''Mohabbat Ki Aag''||
|
|-
|''[[Poonilamazha]]''|| [[Malayalam Cinema|Malayalam]] film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1998||''Barsaat Ki Raat''||
|
|-
|''Maha Yuddh''||
|
|-
|1999
|''Jai Hind''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Meri Biwi Ka Jawaab Nahin]]''
|
|
|-
| 2026
|''[[Hum Mein Shahenshah Koun]]''
| Posthumous release
|
|-
! Known album sales || {{N/A}} ||{{N/A}} || 26,900,000
|}

== See also ==
* [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{discogs artist|Laxmikant-Pyarelal|name=Laxmikant-Pyarelal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laxmikant-Pyarelal discography}}
[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]

Pushpak Bhattacharyya

2026-02-26T13:56:06Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist (1962–2025)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Pushpak Bhattacharyya
| image = PushpakBhattacharyya.png
| birth_date = {{birth date|1962|07|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], Meghalaya, India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2025|10|05|63|df=y}}
| death_place =
| citizenship = India
| website = {{URL|https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~pb/|Official website}} {{URL|https://www.iitp.ac.in/index.php/the-institute/administration/administrators/directorate/1821-directors-profile.html|Director's Profile}}
| fields = [[Computer science]], [[Artificial Intelligence]], [[Natural Language Processing]]
| workplaces = [[IIT Patna]] [[IIT Bombay]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]] [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]] [[IIT Bombay]]
| known_for = [[Director (education)|Director]] at IIT Patna, [[Machine translation]], [[Word-sense disambiguation]], [[Sentiment analysis]], [[Psycholinguistics]], [[IndoWordNet]], [[Information Retrieval]]
}}

'''Pushpak Bhattacharyya''' (3 July 1962 – 5 October 2025<ref name="obit">{{Cite web |title=Obituary. Prof Pushpak Bhattacharyya|url=https://www.inae.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/Obituary_Prof.-Pushpak-Bhattacharyya.pdf|publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineering|access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>) was an Indian computer scientist and professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]]. He served as the Director of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]] from 2015 to 2021.<ref name="iitp">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Pushpak Bhattacharyya, Director IIT Patna |url=https://www.iitp.ac.in |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology Patna |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>

He was a past President of the [[Association for Computational Linguistics]] (2016–17),<ref name="acl">{{Cite web |title=Executive Committee |url=https://www.aclweb.org/administration/executive-committee |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> and held the Vijay and Sita Vashee Chair Professorship at IIT Bombay.<ref name="chair">{{Cite web |title=Chair Professors 2015 |url=https://www.iitb.ac.in |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref> Bhattacharyya led the [[Natural language processing|Natural Language Processing]] (NLP) research group at the Centre for Indian Language Technology (CFILT) at IIT Bombay until his death.

At the inauguration of the Nilekani Centre at AI4Bharat, IIT Madras, [[Nandan Nilekani]], Co-founder and Non-Executive Chairman of [[Infosys]], referred to Bhattacharyya as the "Godfather of Indian NLP".<ref name="ai4bharat">{{Cite web |title=Nilekani Centre @ AI4Bharat IIT Madras, Inauguration |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxxxxx |website=AI4Bharat |date=12 August 2022 |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhattacharyya was born in [[Shillong]] in 1962.<ref name="shillong">{{Cite news |title=Noted academician, computer scientist from city no more |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/10/06/noted-academician-computer-scientist-from-city-no-more/ |work=The Shillong Times |date=6 October 2025 |access-date=6 October 2025}}</ref> He completed his schooling at Jail Road Boys' High School, Shillong. He obtained a B.Tech. in Computer Science from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]], followed by an M.Tech. from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]], and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from IIT Bombay in 1994.<ref name="shillong" />

== Research ==
Bhattacharyya’s research areas includes [[Natural language processing]], [[Artificial intelligence]], [[Machine learning]], [[Psycholinguistics]], [[Eye tracking]], and [[Information retrieval]]. He made contributions to the development of multilingual lexical databases such as [[IndoWordNet]] and other projects related to machine translation and computational linguistics.<ref name="machine">{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Pushpak |year=2015 |title=Machine Translation |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4398-9718-8}}</ref>

He authored and co-authored multiple academic works, including ''Investigations in Computational Sarcasm'' (with Aditya Joshi),<ref name="sarcasm">{{Cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Aditya |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Pushpak |last3=Carman |first3=Mark J. |year=2018 |title=Investigations in Computational Sarcasm |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-8395-2}}</ref> ''Cognitively Inspired Natural Language Processing: An Investigation Based on Eye Tracking'' (with Abhijit Mishra),<ref name="eye">{{Cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Abhijit |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Pushpak |year=2018 |title=Cognitively Inspired Natural Language Processing: An Investigation Based on Eye Tracking |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-13-1515-2}}</ref> and ''Machine Translation and Transliteration of Low Resource Related Languages'' (with Anoop Kunchukuttan).<ref name="lowres">{{Cite book |last1=Kunchukuttan |first1=Anoop |last2=Bhattacharyya |first2=Pushpak |year=2024 |title=Machine Translation and Transliteration of Low Resource Related Languages |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781003096771}}</ref>

Over his career, Bhattacharyya published more than 350 research papers in journals and conference proceedings and supervised over 300 undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral students. His projects often addressed computational challenges for Indian languages, such as developing wordnets, building translation systems for low-resource languages, and studying cognitive aspects of language processing.

He also led government- and industry-funded research initiatives supported by organizations including IBM, Microsoft, Yahoo, and the United Nations.<ref name="sponsored">{{Cite web |title=Sponsored Research Projects |url=https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~pb/projects.html |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>

== Death ==
Bhattacharyya died on 5 October 2025, at the age of 63.<ref name="shillong" />

== Awards ==
* Patwardhan Award, IIT Bombay, for Technology Development<ref name="awards">{{Cite web |title=Awards and Recognitions |url=https://www.iitb.ac.in |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
* VNMM Award, IIT Roorkee, for Technology Development<ref name="awards" />
* Fellow, [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]<ref name="inae">{{Cite web |title=Pushpak Bhattacharyya |url=https://www.inae.in |access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>
* Eminent Engineer Award, Institution of Engineers (India)<ref name="awards" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~pb/ Homepage]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=PushpakBhattacharyya Google Scholar profile]
* [https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106101007 NPTEL Lectures on NLP]
* [https://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/ Centre for Indian Language Technology (CFILT)]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian computer scientists]]
[[Category:Natural language processing researchers]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institutes of Technology]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]

Bihar School Examination Board

2026-02-18T19:19:04Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: page updated

{{Short description|Examination Board in Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo = BSEB LOGO.svg
| logo_alt = Logo of Bihar School Examination Board
| logo_caption =
| image = IN-BR.svg
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| motto =
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1952}}
| extinction = 
| type = Governmental Board of Education
| status = Active
| affiliations = 22,28,573 schools (8 December 2023)
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Patna, Bihar]], India
| coords = 
| services =
| language = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|English}}
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Anand Kishor, IAS<ref>{{cite news|title=Who is Anand Kishor? A sneak peak [''sic'']|url=https://headlinestoday.org/national/bihar/485/who-is-anand-kishor-a-sneak-peak/|access-date=26 May 2018|agency=Headlines Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712184338/https://headlinestoday.org/national/bihar/485/who-is-anand-kishor-a-sneak-peak/|archive-date=12 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = Secretary
| leader_name2 = Pramod Kumar<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Govt-cracks-whip-22-BSEB-staff-suspended/articleshow/52769671.cms | title=Govt cracks whip, 22 BSEB staff suspended | work=The Times of India | date=15 June 2016 | access-date=16 September 2016}}</ref>
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = Education Department of Bihar
| subsidiaries =
| budget =
| volunteers =
| slogan =
| remarks =
| formerly =
| footnotes =
| name = Bihar School Examination Board
| native_name = '''बिहार विद्यालय परीक्षा समिति'''
| native_name_lang = hi
| named_after =
| image_size =
| logo_size = 100px
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation = BSEB
| founder =
| founding_location =
| merger =
| vat_id =
| registration_id = 
| location = Campus 1 - Sinha Library Road, Patna - 800017, Bihar. Campus 2 - Buddh Marg, Patna - 800001, Bihar
| region = Patna
| products =
| methods =
| fields =
| membership =
| membership_year =
| owner = [[Government of Bihar]]
| sec_gen =
| secessions = Kathiyavad
| budget_year =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| disbursements =
| expenses =
| expenses_year =
| endowment =
| staff = 900
| staff_year =
| volunteers_year =
| mission =
| website = {{URL|https://www.biharboard.net.in}}
}}

The '''Bihar School Examination Board''' (abbreviated '''BSEB''') is a statutory body under section 3 of the Bihar School Examination Act - 1952, which is functioning under the [[Government of Bihar]] devised to conduct examinations at secondary and senior secondary standards in both government and private schools belonging to the state of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar School Examination Board {{!}} Bihar School Examination Board|url=http://biharboardonline.bihar.gov.in/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiJrv2Q_5z0AhXCXSsKHXGUDcwQFnoECAUQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1eh5IDgMHsRBtkBUMg9wAq|access-date=2021-11-16|website=biharboardonline.bihar.gov.in|archive-date=16 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116133432/http://biharboardonline.bihar.gov.in/%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiJrv2Q_5z0AhXCXSsKHXGUDcwQFnoECAUQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1eh5IDgMHsRBtkBUMg9wAq|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The exam is conducted based on a syllabus as prescribed by the Government of Bihar. It is headquartered in the capital of the state, [[Patna]]. Along with school examinations, it also conducts departmental examinations such as Diploma in Physical Education, Certificate in Physical Education and Teachers Eligibility Test (TET) for [[Bihar]] state, Simultala Residential Entrance Examinations (for admission to [[Simultala Awasiya Vidyalaya]]), Examination for Diploma in Elementary Education etc.

The board conducts secondary and senior secondary school examinations twice a year. One is the annual board examinations in February–March and the other is a supplementary examination held in May–June of every year.

== Bihar Board 10th subjects ==
As per the syllabus, math, science, and social science, two language subjects are compulsory subjects for Class 10 students. Apart from this, they can choose one optional subject which can be a language subject or an elective subject.

== Bihar Board 12th subjects ==
There are three streams in Class 12 i.e. arts, commerce, and science stream. For arts, there are a lot of subjects available from which 5 subjects a student needs to choose. Commerce stream students need to appear for English, Hindi, Statistical Mathematics, Business studies, and Accountancy subjects. Science stream students have Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Mathematics as main subjects and two are electives which are also compulsory.

Along with these subjects, students have the option to choose one additional subject while filling application form.

== Bihar Board Exam Pattern ==
The pattern for both [[matriculation]] and [[Middle school|intermediate]] exams is decided by the Bihar School Examination Board. In the examination, each paper will consist of 50% objective-type questions carrying 1 mark each. OMR sheets for 1-mark MCQs are also provided to the students. The paper will also consist of descriptive-type questions. In addition, there are subjects which have a provision for practicals, with a weightage of 30 practicals + 70 written.

== Bihar Board Syllabus ==
The syllabus for the Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB) varies depending on the class and stream (Science, Commerce, Arts).

'''Class 10th (Matriculation) Syllabus:''' The class 10th syllabus covers core subjects like Mathematics, Science, Social Science, English, and Hindi. It also includes optional subjects like Sanskrit, Urdu, etc. The syllabus is designed to prepare students for the Secondary School Examination (Class 10th board exam).

'''Class 12th (Intermediate) Syllabus:''' The class 12th syllabus varies depending on the stream chosen by the students, such as Science, Commerce, or Arts. The science stream includes subjects like Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Mathematics, and the Commerce stream includes subjects like Accountancy, Economics, Business Studies, etc. The arts stream includes subjects like History, Political Science, Geography, etc.

==See also==
* [[Education in Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://biharboardonline.bihar.gov.in/}}

* [https://t.me/Bihar_Board_Info/ BSEB Telegram]

* [https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029Va92bjsBlHpbaArQ5Z17/ BSEB WhatsApp]

{{School education in India}}

[[Category:Education in Bihar]]
[[Category:School examinations in India]]
[[Category:State secondary education boards of India]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1952]]

Shiva Nirvana

2026-02-16T17:03:24Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiva Nirvana
| image =
| caption = Nirvana in 2019
| birth_name = Shiva Shankar Lalam<ref name="name">{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2016-10-19|title=Nivetha Thomas to romance Nani again|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/191016/nivetha-thomas-to-romance-nani-again.html|access-date=2020-12-22|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Sabbavaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| years_active = 2005–present
}}

'''Shiva Shankar Lalam,''' known professionally as '''Shiva Nirvana,''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. Nirvana has directed four films, ''[[Ninnu Kori]]'' (2017), ''[[Majili]]'' (2019), ''[[Tuck Jagadish]]'' (2021) and [[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']] (2023).

== Early life and career ==
Nirvana hails from [[Sabbavaram]] of [[Visakhapatnam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. His birth name is Siva Sankar Lalam, but he adopted 'Nirvana' as his last name as he felt "very connected to it" when he came across it for the first time.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Interview with Shiva Nirvana about Ninnu Kori by Maya Nelluri - Telugu cinema director|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/shivanirvana-ninnukori.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-22|website=[[idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref name="name" /> He graduated with [[Bachelor of Education]] and worked as a Biology teacher for two years. Nirvana subsequently moved to [[Hyderabad]] and worked as an [[assistant director]] to [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and [[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]] in ''[[Rakta Charitra]]'' (2010) and ''[[Solo (2011 film)|Solo]]'' (2011), respectively.

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2017
|''[[Ninnu Kori]]''
|Also lyricist
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-03|title=Nani to collaborate with director Shiva Nirvana for Tuck Jagdish after their 2017 film Ninnu Kori |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nani-to-collaborate-with-director-shiva-nirvana-for-tuck-jagdish-after-their-2017-film-ninnu-kori-7732251.html|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Majili]]''
|Also lyricist and choreographer
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2019-03-07|title=Director Shiva Nirvana: Worth the transit|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-shiva-nirvana-on-majili/article26455957.ece|access-date=2020-08-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''
|Also lyricist and playback singer for the "Tuck Song"
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-12-03|title=Nani's next is 'Tuck Jagadish'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-shiva-nirvana-directed-film-has-ritu-varma-and-aishwarya-rajesh-in-key-roles/article30146400.ece|access-date=2020-08-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[Kushi (2023 film)|''Kushi'']]
|Also lyricist
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/samantha-ruth-prabhu-reunites-with-vijay-deverakonda-for-shiva-nirvana-s-film-fans-are-madly-waiting-for-this-pair-101650551446960.html|title=Samantha Ruth Prabhu reunites with Vijay Deverakonda for Shiva Nirvana's film, fans are 'madly waiting for this pair'|date=21 April 2022|access-date=23 April 2022|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{pending film|[[Irumudi]]}}
|RT77
|
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Ceremony
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
|[[20th Santosham Film Awards]]
|[[20th Santosham Film Awards|Best Story Writer]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Majili]]''
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="1" |2019
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm8526249}}
{{Authority control}}

 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nirvana, Shiva}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Harak Singh Rawat

2026-02-11T07:57:22Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Harak Singh Rawat
| image = Harak Singh Rawat Ex Minister Uttarakhand.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|12|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Srinagar]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| residence = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| office1 = [[Government of Uttarakhand|Cabinet Minister to the Government of Uttarakhand]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Cabinet-Minister-of-Uttarakhand-Dr-Harak-Singh-Rawat-inaugurates-50-bedded-make-shift-hospital-in-Kumbhmela2021/04-04-2021-385576/|title= Cabinet Minister Of Uttarakhand Dr Harak Singh Rawat Inaugurates 50 Bedded Make-Shift Hospital In Kumbh mela 2021|website= Business World|language=en |access-date=2021-04-04}}</ref>
| term_start1 = March 2017
| term_end1 = January 2022
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] [[Tirath Singh Rawat]] [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
| office2 = [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Kotdwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kotdwar]]
| term_start2 = 2017
| term_end2 = January 2022
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(2017- 16 Jan 2022)}} ((until 1998))
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(1998- 2017 and 2022-present)}}
}}

'''Dr. Harak Singh Rawat''' (born 15 December 1960) is a prominent political leader of the [[Uttarakhand]] state in India. He is a member of [[Indian National Congress]] after being expelled from the BJP in 2022.<ref>[http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/uttranchal/lop.htm Dr. Harak Singh Rawat, M.L.A.]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120720173205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-10/india/31142974_1_mlas-clp-leader-harish-rawat Congress struggles to find chief minister in Uttarakhand]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rawat booked in a Case|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/uttarakhand-minister-Dr.-harak-singh-rawat-booked-in-molestation-case/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=25 February 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He became the youngest Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]] State in the year 1991 and also won assembly election from [[Pauri]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He has also won as an MLA from Rudraprayag, Lansdowne and Kotdwar and is one of the few leaders in the state with a wide appeal in a large area. He unsuccessfully contested as a candidate of [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]] in [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/uttarakhand-assembly-elections-2022-Dr.-harak-singh-rawat-not-to-contest-state-polls-2315136|title= Dr. Harak Singh Rawat Not To Contest 2022 Uttarakhand Assembly Polls|website= NDTV|language=en |access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-uttarakhand-minister-Dr.-harak-singh-rawat-fights-forest-fires-with-shrub-as-camera-rolls-2407470|title= Watch: Uttarakhand Minister Fights Forest Fire With Shrub As He's Filmed|website= NDTV|language=en |access-date=2021-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newstrack.com/uttarakhand/uttarakhand-news-chief-minister-bjp-meeting-Dr.-harak-singh-rawat-dhan-singh-rawat-275025|title= उत्तराखंड में भाजपा की कमान किसे, सीएम तो कोई रावत ही बनेगा|website= News Track|language=hi |access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref> He was expelled from BJP and the Cabinet led by [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] stating that he has indulged in anti-party activities as he was demanding ticket for the [[Uttarakhand]] Assembly Elections 2022. He later joined Congress in the presence of former Uttarakhand CM [[Harish Rawat]].

== Early life and education ==

Rawat completed postgraduate work in arts in 1984 and earned his [[Doctor of Philosophy]] in Military Science from [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]], Srinagar, [[Uttarakhand]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=8585|title= DR. HARAK SINGH RAWAT GARHWAL (UTTARAKHAND) information|publisher=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Controversies==

Supreme Court of India held Mr Rawat and divisional forest officer(DFO) Kishan Chand responsible for felling of thousands of trees in Corbett Tiger Reserve and causing damage to the environment. It said “In blatant disregard of the law and for commercial purposes the then forest minister and DFO Kishan Chand indulged in illicit felling of trees on a mass scale to construct buildings on pretext of tourism promotion". The Supreme Court further directed the state government to restore the forest back to its original condition and recoup the costs from the minister and the DFO .

Mr. Rawat has also been accused of protecting the DFO by giving him postings against the forest secretary recommendation of suspending him due to irregularities allegations against the DFO in his prior postings.

==Politics==
* In 2017 elected from Kotdwara [[Uttarakhand]] Vidhan Sabha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hillmail.in/Dr.-harak-singh-rawat-offered-his-vidhan-sabha-seat-to-cm-tirath-singh-rawat-but/|title= हरक सिंह रावत ने CM तीरथ को कोटद्वार सीट की ऑफर, पर बदले में…|website= Hill Mail|language=hi |access-date=2021-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-minister-Dr.-harak-singh-rawat-says-if-he-stay-minister-mla-or-not-hospital-will-established-in-kotdwar|title=मैं बहुत जिद्दी हूं, विधायक-मंत्री रहूं या न रहूं, जनता के लिए कोटद्वार में अस्पताल बनेगा - हरक सिंह रावत|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi|access-date=2021-01-02}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* In 2012 elected from Rudraprayag Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha
* In 2007 elected as Leader of opposition Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/uttranchal/lop.htm|title=Dr. Harak Singh Rawat, M.L.A. from 32- Lansdowne Vidhan Sabha Uttarakhand|publisher=legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514181432/http://legislativebodiesinindia.gov.in/States/uttranchal/lop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 2007 was re-elected from Lansdowne Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha
* In 2002 after winning from Lansdowne Constituency was designated Cabinet Minister of four departments – Revenue, Food & Civil Supplies, Disaster Management and Rehabilitation
* In 2002 was elected as MLA from 32 Lansdowne Vidhan Sabha Constituency
* In 1997 was appointed member of Uttar Pradesh Congress Working Committee
* From 1997–present member of Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee
* In 1997 was appointed vice-chairman (Equivalent to Cabinet Minister Rank) in Uttar Pradesh Khadi Gram Udyog Board
* In 1993 was re-elected as M.L.A. from Pauri Assembly
* From 1991 to 1993 was youngest Tourism Minister in U.P.
* In 1991 won assembly election from Pauri and became youngest Minister of U.P. State

== Positions held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Description
|-
| 1991–1993
| Elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|11th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Pauri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pauri Assembly]] (1st term)
* Minister of State for Tourism, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] {{small|(19 July 1991 - 6 Dec 1992)}}
|-
| 1993–1995
| Elected to [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|12th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Pauri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pauri Assembly]] (2nd term)
|-
| 2002–2007
| Elected to [[First Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Uttarakhand Assembly]] from [[Lansdowne (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lansdowne Assembly]] (3rd term)
* Cabinet Minister
|-
| 2007–2012
| Elected to [[Second Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Uttarakhand Assembly]] from [[Lansdowne (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lansdowne Assembly]] (4th term)
* Leader of Opposition
|-
| 2012–2017
| Elected to [[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly]] from [[Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudraprayag Assembly]] (5th term)
* Cabinet Minister
|-
| 2017–2022
| Elected to [[4th Uttarakhand Assembly]] from [[Kotdwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kotdwar Assembly]] (6th term)
* Cabinet Minister
|}

== Electoral Performances ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
!Margin
!Ref
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|10th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] 
|[[Pauri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pauri]]
|{{Lost}}
|3,375
|5.00%
|18,312
|
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|11th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
|[[Pauri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pauri]]
|{{Won}}
|31,997
|48.70%
|10,692
|
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|12th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
|[[Pauri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pauri]]
|{{Won}}
|28,585
|39.70%
|5,326
|
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|13th Uttar Pradesh Assembly
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal|JD]] 
|[[Pauri (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Pauri]]
|{{Lost}}
|18,816
|22.60%
|27,416
|
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|[[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
|{{Lost}}
|41,268
|8.16%
|2,38,990
|[https://resultuniversity.com/election/garhwal-lok-sabha]
|-
|[[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[1st Uttarakhand Assembly]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]] 
|[[Lansdowne (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lansdowne]]
|{{Won}}
|8,914
|34.45%
|468
|
|-
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly]]
|[[Lansdowne (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Lansdowne]]
|{{Won}}
|12,899
|41.97%
|3,818
|
|-
|[[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly]]
|[[Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Rudraprayag]]
|{{Won}}
|15,469
|29.01%
|1,326
|
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Garhwal Lok Sabha constituency|Garhwal]]
|{{Lost}}
|2,21,164
|32.43%
|1,84,526
|[https://resultuniversity.com/election/garhwal-lok-sabha]
|-
|[[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[4th Uttarakhand Assembly]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] 
|[[Kotdwar (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)|Kotdwar]]
|{{Won}}
|39,859
|56.06%
|11,318
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}11.[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ex-minister-dfo-must-pay-for-tree-felling-in-corbett-sc/articleshow/108277466.cms Ex-minister, DFO must pay for tree-felling in Corbett: SC]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Dr. Harak Singh Rawat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University alumni]]
[[Category:Uttaranchal MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]

Prerana Deshpande

2026-02-10T02:34:01Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new

{{Short description|Indian Classical Dancer and choreographer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Prerana Deshpande
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Prerana Deshpande.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt = Prerana Deshpande in a concert on 1 September 2016, at [[Mahaveer School]] Auditorium, [[Jaipur]].
| caption = Prerana Deshpande in a concert on 1 September 2016, at [[Mahaveer School]] Auditorium, [[Jaipur]].
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| citizenship = Indian
| education = [[Indian classical dance]], [[Mathematics]]
| alma_mater = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]]
| occupation = [[Dancer|Classical Dancer]], [[choreographer]], [[research]]er
| years_active =
| organization = Nrityadham
| style = [[Kathak]]
| awards = Devadasi National Award ([[#Awards|see all]])
}}

'''Prerana Deshpande''' is a recognized Indian exponent of [[Kathak]] dance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/step-by-step-3/ |author=Kulkarni, Pranav |title=Step by Step |website=The Indian Express |date=24 April 2010 |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref>

She started to study Kathak under Sharadini Gole when she was seven years old. Her first performance was when she was fifteen years old.<ref name=GS/> Then she studied Kathak under [[Guru–shishya tradition|Guru-Shishya]] [[Parampara]] tradition from [[Rohini Bhate]],<ref name=GS/> of Lucknow and Jaipur gharanas for twenty two years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/kathaks-conundrum-amid-appreciation-for-outward-dazzle-is-genuine-artistry-in-danger-of-being-overlooked-4773631.html |author=Sreeram, Lakshmi |title=Kathak's conundrum: Amid appreciation for outward dazzle, is genuine artistry in danger of being overlooked? |website=Firstpost |date=19 July 2018 |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref> She is known for her graceful movements, and for mastery over various aspects of Kathak, such as [[abhinaya]] (expression)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/22/arts/dance/22borders.html |author=Macaulay, Alastair |title=Just Try to Pass by Without Being Stunned |website=The New York Times |date=21 August 2009 |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> and command over the laya (rhythm).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/gtsk/gtsk11.html |author=Dr. Kothari, Sunil |title=New York Diary: Erasing Borders Dance Festival |website=Narthaki |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref>

Prerana Deshpande received her formal education at the Centre of Performing Arts of [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Pune University]] (Lalit Kala Kendra), India. She completed her master's degree in Kathak and stood first in the university. She also completed a bachelor's degree in [[Mathematics]],<ref name=GS>{{cite web |url=http://thegoldensparrow.com/lifestyle/they-have-danced-their-way-to-glory/ |title=They have danced their way to glory |last=Grover |first=Heena |website=The Golden Sparrow |date=26 February 2016 |access-date=25 November 2016 |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203045558/http://thegoldensparrow.com/lifestyle/they-have-danced-their-way-to-glory/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and applies this formal mathematical knowledge to her dance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiasociety.org/video/mathematics-rhythm |title=The Mathematics of Rhythm |website=Asia Society |date=5 June 2010 |access-date=31 January 2017}}</ref>

In dedication to her art, Deshpande established Nrityadham, an institute for Kathak dance in [[Pune]], where she teaches students from India and abroad,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.preranadeshpande.com/page/Nrityadham |title=Nrityadham |website=Prerana Deshpande |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110185518/http://www.preranadeshpande.com/page/Nrityadham |archive-date=2017-01-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Cha10>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/lessons-in-faith/ |author=Chaudhuri, Nupur |title=Lessons in faith |website=The Indian Express |date=19 August 2010 |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> and has a stable group of advanced performers who participate in shows and festivals.<ref>{{cite web |website=Punekarnews |title=Shaniwarwada Dance & Music Festival enters in its 16th year |url=http://www.punekarnews.in/shaniwarwada-dance-music-festival-enters-in-its-16th-year/ |date=27 February 2017 |access-date=27 February 2017}}</ref>

== Family ==

Prerana is married with the prominent [[tabla]] soloist Shri Supreet Deshpande.<ref name=happiness>{{cite web |url=http://www.happiness-inc.org/ishwari-deshpande |title=Ishwari Deshpande |website=Happiness Inc |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222112745/http://www.happiness-inc.org/ishwari-deshpande |archive-date=2016-12-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supreetdeshpande.com/ |title=Supreet Deshpande |access-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215203118/http://www.supreetdeshpande.com/ |archive-date=15 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> They have an only daughter, Ishwari Deshpande, who is also one of her advanced students in Nrityadham. Ishwari started to dance when she was three years old, around 1999,<ref name=happiness/> and she has stood out as a kathak dancer at least since her twelve years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Dancers-win-national-kathak-awards/articleshow/3934977.cms |title=Dancers win national kathak awards |website=The Times of India |date=5 January 2009 |access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref>

== Creative collaboration ==
Creative collaboration named 'Mharo Pranam' on the life and lyrics of [[Meera|Meera Bai]], conceptualized by Pt. Hemant Pendse with Kathak choreography by Prerana Deshpande.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mharopranam.weebly.com/index.html |title=Mharo Pranam - Concept |website=Mharo Pranam |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=Cha10/>

In 2007, Prerana Deshpande collaborated with famous Odissi dancer [[Sujata Mohapatra]] in a Kathak - Odissi collaboration inspired by the World Heritage Site of [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta]] & [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]]. The production titled ''Ajanta Comes Alive - Tribute to Ajanta & Ellora'' premiered in the cultural capital of [[Maharastra]], Pune, on 18 February 2007. Presented by dance scholar [[Sunil Kothari]], this collaboration was subsequently staged in various cities of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.preranadeshpande.com/Resources/images/pressandmedia/pune-newsline-july-9-08.jpg |title=Indian classical music and dance is being increased globally accepted package that believes in fusion |website=Pune Newsline |date=9 July 2008 |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126130802/http://www.preranadeshpande.com/Resources/images/pressandmedia/pune-newsline-july-9-08.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.preranadeshpande.com/Resources/images/pressandmedia/lokmat-26-nov-07.jpg |title=News at Lokmat |website=Lokmat |date=26 November 2007 |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-date=26 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126130805/http://www.preranadeshpande.com/Resources/images/pressandmedia/lokmat-26-nov-07.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2010, Prerana and Sujata continued performing together.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/statuesque-postures/article96635.ece |author=Srikanth, Rupa |title=Statuesque postures |website=The Hindu |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref> In 2018, Prerana premiered ''Space: Taal-mala'', a long piece performed by the interpreters of Nrityadham, based on the rhythmic work of the dancer Pt. [[Mohanrao Kallianpurkar]]. For that premiere Ratikant Mohapatra was invited with his Odissi company.<ref>{{cite web |website=Times of India |title=An evening dedicated to Kathak and Odissi with the dancers of Nrityadhaam Pune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/an-evening-dedicated-to-kathak-odissi-and-more-/articleshow/62743323.cms |date=2 February 2018 |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2016: Devadasi National Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/prerana-deshpande-gets-devadasi-national-award-4438035/ |title=Prerana Deshpande gets Devadasi National Award |website=The Indian Express |date=21 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
*Gaurav Puruskar at the hands of Pt. [[Birju Maharaj]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thiraseela.com/artist/profile.php?perfmrid=167 |title=Prerana Deshpande Kathak Dancer Profile |website=ThiRaseela |access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
* Singar Mani title, by the Sur Singar Samsad of Mumbai<ref name=prerana/><ref name=funasia/>
* 1994: Nrityashri title, by Kiran, Katani<ref name=prerana>{{cite web |url=http://www.preranadeshpande.com/page/Prerana%20Deshpande |title=Prerana Deshpande |website=Prerana Deshpande |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106011227/http://www.preranadeshpande.com/page/Prerana%20Deshpande |archive-date=2017-01-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=funasia>{{cite web |url=http://www.funasia.net/banner_images/Flyer-Dance-2014-Rev.pdf |title=ICMC: India Dance Festival |website=FunAsia |access-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106011727/http://www.funasia.net/banner_images/Flyer-Dance-2014-Rev.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Kathak exponents]]
*[[List of Indian women in dance]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.preranadeshpande.com}}
* {{YouTube|channel=UCma-T_KZbqsEbc8LpyCSnLA}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deshpande, Prerana}}
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]

Varanasi Police Commissionerate

2026-01-28T01:18:55Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil:

{{Short description|Police department of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Varanasi Police Commissionerate
| nativename =
| patch = Uttar Pradesh Logo.png
| patchcaption = Varanasi Police Commissionerate
| flag = Uttar Pradesh Police Flag.svg
| flagcaption = Flag of Varanasi Police
| commonname = Varanasi Police
| motto = ''Surakṣā āpakī, saṃkalpa hamārā'' ([[Hindi]])
| mottotranslated = "Your Safety, Our Pledge"
| formed = {{start date and age|25 March 2021}}
| preceding1 = Varanasi Police
| country = India
| divname = Uttar Pradesh
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=India/Uttar Pradesh/Varanasi.map}}
| legaljuris = [[Varanasi]] and [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] town
| police = Yes
| local = Yes
| speciality1 =
| speciality2 =
| speciality3 =
| speciality4 =
| oversightbody = [[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home & Confidential, Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| headquarters = Kacheri Parisar, Opposite Circuit House Gate, [[Varanasi]]
| electeetype = Minister
| minister1name = [[Yogi Adityanath]] {{small|([[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]])}}
| minister1pfo = [[Department of Home and Confidential|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| chief1name = Mohit Agarwal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| chief1position = [[Commissioner of Police]]
| parentagency = [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
| child1agency = [[Cyber Crime]]
| child2agency = Crime Against Women
| child3agency = [[Traffic Police]]
| child4agency = River Police
| child5agency = Anti-Human Trafficking
| child6agency = Dial 112
| child7agency = [[Crime Branch]]
| officetype = Commissionerate
| stationtype = Thana
| stations = 30 (including Mahila Thana & Paryatak Thana)
| vehicles1 = Dial 112, PRV, Bikes, Boats
}}

The '''Varanasi Police Commissionerate''' is the primary [[law enforcement agency]] for the city of [[Varanasi]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |author=Pathikrit Chakraborty|date=26 March 2021 |title=UP: Varanasi, Kanpur Nagar get first police commissioners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-varanasi-kanpur-nagar-get-first-police-commissioners/articleshow/81701526.cms |access-date=1 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It is a unit of the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] and has the primary responsibilities of law enforcement and investigation within the limits of [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]. It is headed by the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police (CP)]], who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] rank, and is assisted by two Additional Commissioners of Police (Addl. CP) who are of [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]] rank, and two Deputy Commissioners of Police (DCP), who are of SP rank.

== History ==
Before March 2021, Varanasi District Police came under the Varanasi Police Zone and Varanasi Police Range of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]. Varanasi zone is headed by an IPS officer in the rank of [[Additional Director General of Police]] (ADG), whereas the Varanasi range is headed by an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer in the rank of [[Inspector General of Police]] (IG).<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2021 |title=Kanpur, Varanasi cities get first police commissioners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/kanpur-varanasi-cities-get-first-police-commissioners-101616786191043.html |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The police administration of [[Varanasi district]] was headed by the [[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]] (SSP), who was an IPS officer. He was assisted by four<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=Administrative Officers |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s36da37dd3139aa4d9aa55b8d237ec5d4a/uploads/2018/02/2018022056.pdf |journal=Varanasi Admin.}}</ref> [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendents of Police]] (SP)/[[Additional superintendent of police|Additional Superintendents of Police]] (Addl. SP) (City, Rural, Protocol, Traffic). The district was divided into eight police circles, each with a responsibilitiesrcle Officer (CO) in the rank of [[Deputy superintendent|Deputy Superintendent of Police]].<ref name=":0" />

== Structure ==

The Varanasi Police Commissionerate is headed by a [[Police Commissioner]] who is of ADG rank and is assisted by two Additional Commissioner of Police (Addl. CP) of DIG rank.

There are a total of 30 stations<ref>[https://uppolice.gov.in/pdf/notification_vns.pdf Notifications] uppolice.gov.in</ref> that come under the Varanasi Police Commissionerate. Earlier, it had two zones with 18 police stations; on 15 November 2022, it was reorganised with Gomti as the new zone. With the new zone Varanasi Rural Police was merged into the Commissionerate.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Amar Ujala |date=15 November 2022 |title=काशी और वरुणा के बाद अब गोमती जोन:वाराणसी पुलिस कमिश्नरेट में अब 3 जोन और 9 सर्किल; थाने हुए 30 |website=www.bhaskar.com |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/news/now-varanasi-police-commissionerate-will-be-in-three-zones-and-9-circles-police-station-31-130561306.html |language=hi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114232305/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/news/now-varanasi-police-commissionerate-will-be-in-three-zones-and-9-circles-police-station-31-130561306.html |archive-date=Nov 14, 2022}}</ref>

===Zones===
* Varuna Zone
*# Cantt. Circle
*# Sarnath Circle
*# Rohaniya Circle
* Kashi Zone
*# Bhelupur Circle
*# Kotwali Circle
*# Dashaswamedh Circle
*# Chetganj Circle
*Gomti Zone
*#Pindra Circle
*#Rohaniya Circle

Source:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=पुलिस कमिश्नरेट सिस्टम: वाराणसी शहर काशी और वरुणा जोन में बंटा, पांच सर्किल के दायरे में 18 थाने |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/police-commissionerate-system-in-varanasi-city-is-divided-into-kashi-and-varuna-zones |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Police Stations ==
Under the police commissionerate system in Varanasi, the city's 30 police stations are divided into three zones: Kashi, Varuna and Gomti. 9 circles have been earmarked in three zones. 30 police stations come under the purview of these 9 circles.<ref name=":2" />

=== Varuna Zone ===
* Cantt. Circle
# [[Varanasi Cantonment|Cantt.]]
# Shivpur
# Lalpur-Pandeypur

* Sarnath Circle
# Sarnath
# Chaubeypur
# Cholapur
# Paryatak Thana

* Rohaniya Circle

# Rohaniya
# Manduadih
# Lohta

=== Kashi Zone ===
* Bhelupur Circle
# [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelupur]]
# Lanka
# Chitaipur

* Kotwali Circle
# Kotwali
# [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]]
# Adampur
# Mahila Thana

* Dashaswamedh Circle
# Dashaswamedh
# Chowk
# Luxa

* Chetganj Circle
# Chetganj
# Jaitpura
# [[Sigra]]

=== Gomti Zone ===

* Rajatalab Circle

# Rajatalab
# Mirzamurad
# Kapsethi
# Jansa

* Pindra Circle

# Sindhaura
# Badagaon
# Phoolpur
# Mahila Thana

== Officers & Appointments ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+IPS Officers
!S.No
!Name of IPS Officer
!Rank
!Posted as
|-
|1
|MOHIT AGARWAL
|ADG
|COMMISSIONER OF POLICE
|-
|2
|DR. K. EJILEARASSANE
|IG
|JOINT COMMISSIONER OF POLICE HQ/CRIME
|-
|3
|SHIVASIMPI CHANNAPPA
|DIG
|ADDL. COMM. OF POLICE LAW & ORDER , COMMISIONARATE
|-
|4
|SURYA KANT TRIPATHI
|SP
|DCP SECURITY & INTELIJENCE
|-
|5
|PRAMOD KUMAR
|SP
|DCP KASHI zone
|-
|6
|HIRDESH KUMAR
|SP
|DCP TRAFFIC & PROTOCOL
|-
|7
|SHYAM NARAYAN SINGH
|SP
|DCP VARUNA ZONE, HQ & ACC
|-
|8
|MANISH KUMAR SHANDILYA
|ADDL. SP
|DCP GOMATI ZONE & LINE
|-
|9
|CHANDRA KANT MEENA
|ADDL. SP
|ADCP KASHI ZONE
|-
|10
|AKASH PATEL
|ADDL. SP
|ADCP GOMATI ZONE & LINE
|-
|11
|SARAVANAN. T
|ADDL. SP
|ADCP VARUNA ZONE AND CRIME
|-
|12
|SHRUTI SRIVASTAVA
|ADDL. SP
|ACP LINE
|-
|13
|NEETU
|ADDL. SP
|ACP CHETGANJ & LINE
|-
|14
|DEVENDRA KUMAR
|ASP
|SHO Chaubepur
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+PPS Officers
!S.No
!Name of PPS Officer
!Rank
!Posted as
|-
|1
|MAMTA RANI CHAUDHARY
|ADDL. SP
|ADCP WOMEN CRIME
|-
|2
|RAJESH KUMAR PANDEY
|ADDL. SP
|ADCP TRAFFIC & PROTOCOL
|-
|3
|KRISHNA KANT SAROJ
|ADDL. SP
|ADCP PROTOCOL & HQ
|-
|4
|VIRENDRA KUMAR
|ADDL. SP
|ADCP SECURITY
|-
|5
|RAJ KUMAR SINGH
|DSP
|ACP HQ
|-
|6
|AMIT KUMAR SRIVASTAVA
|DSP
|ACP SECURITY KVM-GVM
|-
|7
|VIKAS SRIVASTAVA
|DSP
|ACP TRAFFIC
|-
|8
|ANJANI KUMAR RAI
|DSP
|ACP SURAKSHA
|-
|9
|AJAY KUMAR SRIVASTAVA
|DSP
|ACP RAJATALAB
|-
|10
|DR. ATUL ANJAAN TRIPATHI
|DSP
|ACP SARNATH
|-
|11
|DHANANJAY MISHRA
|DSP
|ACP BHELUPUR
|-
|12
|GAURAV KUMAR
|DSP
|ACP CYBER & WOMEN CRIME, EOW
|-
|13
|VIDUSH SAXENA
|DSP
|ACP CANTT
|-
|14
|MISS. PRAGYA PATHAK
|DSP
|ACP DASHASHWMEDH
|-
|15
|AMIT KUMAR PANDEY
|DSP
|ACP KOTWALI
|-
|16
|PRATEEK KUMAR
|DSP
|ACP PINDRA
|-
|17
|SANJEEV KUMAR SHARMA
|DSP
|ACP ROHANIYA
|}

== Commissioner of Police ==
{{Infobox official post
| post = Commissioner
| body = Varanasi Police
| incumbent = Mohit Agarwal
| incumbentsince = 11 March 2023
| residence = Varanasi Cantonment Area
| appointer = Department Of Home & Confidential
| first = A. Satish Ganesh
| abbreviation = CP
| native_name = वाराणसी पुलिस आयुक्त
| insignia = Director General of Police.png
| insigniasize = 45
| deputy = Addl. Commissioner of Police
}}

There have been two commissioners of Varanasi Police since its formation as a commissionerate on May 25, 2021. The first one is A. Satish Ganesh, a 1996 batch IPS officer and the present [[Police Commissioner|Commissioner]] is ADG Ashok Mutha Jain, a 1995 batch [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of the Uttar Pradesh cadre, who took office on November 29, 2022.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Commissioner of Police
!S. No
!Name
!Rank
!From
!To
!Note
|-
|1
|A. Satish Ganesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=आईपीएस ए. सतीश गणेश बने वाराणसी कमिश्नरेट के पहले पुलिस कमिश्नर, अन्य पदों पर भी अफसरों की तैनाती |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/ips-a-satish-ganesh-became-the-first-police-commissioner-of-varanasi-commissionerate |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|ADG
|25 March 2021
|28 November 2022
|First CP of Varanasi
|-
|2
|Mutha Ashok Jain<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-29 |title=Agra, Ghaziabad and Prayagraj get first police commissioners |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/agra-ghaziabad-and-prayagraj-get-first-police-commissioners/article66199018.ece |access-date=2022-11-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|ADG
|29 November 2022
|11 March 2023
|
|-
|3
|Mohit Agarwal
|ADG
|11 March 2023
|**
|
|}

== See also ==

* [[Varanasi]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
* [[Lucknow City Police]]

== References ==
<references />{{Varanasi}}{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Varanasi]]
[[Category:Metropolitan law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2021]]

Khanapur, Nirmal

2025-12-13T06:02:17Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khanapur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name1 = Sri [[Vedma Bhojju]]
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.0333|N|78.6667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nirmal district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 229
| population_total = 88.950
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu ، Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 504203
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08730
| registration_plate = TS 18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Nirmal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nirmal]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Buddhist sites map of Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|250px|Badankurti near Khanapur is an Important Buddhist site of Telangana]]
'''Khanapur''' is a town in [[Nirmal district]] of the Indian state of [[Telangana]]. It is a Municipality with 12 electoral wards, Mandal, Assembly Constituency and Revenue Division in Nirmal District. it is a good agricultural land located near [[Godavari River]] flowing south to north.

== Geography ==
Khanapur is located at {{coord|19.0333|N|78.6667|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Khanapur, India |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Khanapur.html |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 229 meters (754 feet). located on the banks of river Godavari.

Khanapur has a leisure place called Sadarmat which is small reservoir. It functions as a picnic place during summer and winter time. Khanapur can be reached by 34 km west from [[Nirmal]] ([[National Highway 7 (India, old numbering)|NH-7]]).

== Demographics ==
According to [[Indian census]], 2014, the demographic details of Khanapur mandal is as follows:<ref>[http://www.ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=3666 Khanapur mandal at Our Village India.org]</ref>
* Total Population: 88,950in 13,916 Households.
* Male Population: 42.400and Female Population: 36.950
* Children Under 6-years of age: 9,600 (Boys - 5,650 and Girls - 3,950)
* Total Literates: 39.252

== Khanapur Mandal ==
According to [[Indian census]], 2014 .List of all towns and Villages in [[Khanapur]] Mandal of [[Nirmal district]], [[Telangana]].Village
1 Advisarangapur
2 Badankurthy
3 Bavapur
4 Beernandi
5 Bevapur
6 Burugpalle
7 Chamanpalle
8 Dhomdari
9 Dilwarpur
10 Ervachintal
11 Gangaipet
12 Gummanuyenglapur
13 Iqbalpur
14 Itikyal
15 Khanapur
16 Kosagutta
17 Kothapet
18 Mandapalle
19 Maskapur
20 Medampalle
21 Nagpur
22 Paspula
23 Patha Yellapur
24 Rajura
25 [[Sathnapalle]]-[[RamReddyPally]]
26 Shetpalle
27 Surjapur
28 Tarlapad
29 Vaspalle
30 Venkampochampad
31. Gosampally

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Nirmal district]]

{{India-gov-stub}}
{{{Nirmal district}}

1998 in Kerala

2025-12-10T06:06:21Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Adding first info basic info

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''1998''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==

[[List of governors of Kerala|'''Governors of Kerala''']] - [[Sukhdev Singh Kang]]

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|'''Chief minister of Kerala''']] – [[E.K. Nayanar]]

== Events ==

* 28 February - [[1998 Indian general election in Kerala|Parliament elections for 12th Loksabha held in Kerala]].
* 3 March - [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] bagged 11 out of 20 seats in the [[1998 Indian general election in Kerala|Parliament elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=General Elections 1998 |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/LOKSABHA-HISTORY/1998-LS.pdf}}</ref>
* 31 March - [[Peoples Democratic Party (India)|Peoples Democratic Party]] leader and [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist]] [[Abdul Nazer Mahdani]] arrested from [[Kaloor]] in connection with [[1998 Coimbatore bombings]] and [[Hate speech]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-23 |title=Jacob Thomas reveals why he delayed Abdul Nasser Madani's arrest in 1998 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jacob-thomas-reveals-why-he-delayed-abdul-nasser-madani-s-arrest-1998-62505 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
* 17 May - [[Prime Minister of India]] inaugurates [[Kudumbashree]] at [[Malappuram district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudumbashree Story - Setting Up of the Kudumbashree Mission |url=http://thekudumbashreestory.info/index.php/history-and-evolution/the-mission-setting-up |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=thekudumbashreestory.info |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* 22 May - [[President of India]] [[K. R. Narayanan]] inaugurates the new legislative assembly building [[Niyamasabha Mandiram]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Kerala House bids adieu to home of old |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/apr/23keral1.htm |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
* 30 July - An [[Indian Airlines]] [[Dornier 228|Dornier aircraft]] crashed at [[Kochi]] during take-off and kills nine people which includes six passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today in History — July 30, 1998: Indian Airlines plane crashes in Kerala |url=https://gulfnews.com/today-history/today-in-history--july-30-1998-indian-airlines-plane-crashes-in-kerala-1.2258620 |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 14 November - [[Enathu Bridge]] inaugurated and opened for traffic by [[P. J. Joseph]].
* November - Former [[Central Reserve Police Force]] constable Ramachandran Nair confesses before media that deceased [[Naxalite Movement|Naxalite]] [[Arikkad Varghese]], was killed in an [[encounter killing]] in 1970.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=HARIDAS |first=K |date=2011 |title=Varghese Encounter Death Case |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27917982 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=19–21 |jstor=27917982 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-10 |title=Confessions Of A Cop |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/confessions-of-a-cop/206579 |access-date=2023-04-30 |archive-date=2016-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310135330/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/confessions-of-a-cop/206579 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Basheer |first=K. P. M. |date=2019-03-08 |title=Remembering Varghese, Kerala's first 'encounter' victim |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/remembering-keralas-first-encounter-victim/article26472089.ece |access-date=2023-04-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Dates unknown ==

* By following the [[National Policy on Education|National Policy on Education 1986]], [[Kerala]] implements ''Pre-Degree Course (Abolition) Act, 1997'' and brings pre-degree from University to [[Higher secondary school|Higher secondary education]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohandas |first=K. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Ten decisions that changed Kerala {{!}} Ten decisions that changed Kerala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/011116/ten-decisions-that-changed-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

* March 19 - [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], former Chief Minister, 88.
* September 9 - [[Chadayan Govindan]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Communist leader]], 69.

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[1998 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Years in Kerala| ]]
[[Category:1990s in Kerala]]
[[Category:1998 in India|Kerala]]

Raja of Manchuru

2025-12-08T14:14:24Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil:

{{Short description|Ruler of the Estate of Manchuru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

The '''Raja of Manchuru''', is an Indian title of nobility. It originally designated the feudal lord of the '''[[Manchuru]] Estate'''.<ref> https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/lehs301.pdf </ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.metmuseum.org/blogs/of-note/2014/raja-tagore|title=Raja Tagore: Renaissance Man of Indian Music|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_239.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 8, page 233 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref><ref>
Modern Asian Studies Vol. 17, No. 4 (1983) </ref>

{{Infobox nobility title
| name = Raja of Manchuru
| creation_date = c.1800
| creation = [[Zamindari]] of [[British India]]
| baronetage =
| first_holder =
| last_holder =
| present_holder = Bharathi Rajendran, 8th Rani of Manchuru
| heir_apparent = [[Yuvaraja]] [[Rohan Rajendran-Morris]]
| heir_presumptive =
| remainder_to = Heirs of the body whatsoever
| status = Extant
| extinction_date =
| family_seat =
| former_seat = Rajendran Mansion
| motto =
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Rajendran_Mansion.jpg|thumb|300px|Rajendran Mansion, former seat of the 8th Rani of Manchuru ]]

==List of Rajas of Manchuru==
(Preceding geneological records are vague, however local estimates place '''five title holders''' before this)

- Govindarajulu Kalikiri-Reddy, 6th Raja of Manchuru

- Venkataswamy Kalikiri-Reddy, 7th Raja of Manchuru

''In 1947, the British Raj was replaced by a republic. Under the Indian Constitution adopted in 1950, titles of nobility are not legally recognised; only being held titularly, however these titles were never formally abolished in the British sense.''

- Bharathi Rajendran, 8th Rani of Manchuru
==Post-abolition status==
The title was legally extinguished in 1950 by the enactment of Article 18 of the [[Indian Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Article 18: Abolition of titles |url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/articles/article-18-abolition-of-titles/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Constitution of India |language=en-US}}</ref> However, there are documented cases of usage as a [[courtesy title]], especially in [[ceremonial]] contexts, since then.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4381686 | jstor=4381686 | title=Princes in Indian Politics | last1=Richter | first1=William L. | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=1971 | volume=6 | issue=9 | pages=535–542 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja of Manchuru}}
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Colonial India]]

Cafu (footballer, born 1996)

2025-12-03T05:37:28Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: enhanced details after review also and added references

{{short description|Brazilian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Cafu
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Otacílio Brito Alves
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|1|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Niterói]], Brazil
| height = {{height|m=1.68}}
| currentclub = [[Niteroiense FC|Niteroiense]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2010–2016
| youthclubs1 = [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]]
| years1 = 2016–2017
| clubs1 = [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]]
| caps1 = 6
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2016
| clubs2 = → [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (loan)
| caps2 = 13
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2017
| clubs3 = → [[Ceará Sporting Club|Ceará]] (loan)
| caps3 = 16
| goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2018
| clubs4 = [[Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP)|Botafogo-SP]]
| caps4 = 12
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2018–2019
| clubs5 = [[G.D. Estoril Praia|Estoril]]
| caps5 = 0
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2019
| clubs6 = → [[Esporte Clube São Bento|São Bento]] (loan)
| caps6 = 20
| goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2020–2021
| clubs7 = [[Associação Atlética Portuguesa (RJ)|Portuguesa-RJ]]
| caps7 = 26
| goals7 = 3
| years8 = 2021
| clubs8 = [[Clube Esportivo Bento Gonçalves|Esportivo]]
| caps8 = 10
| goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2022
| clubs9 = [[Esporte Clube São Luiz|São Luiz]]
| caps9 = 1
| goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2022–2023
| clubs10 = [[Associação Atlética Portuguesa (RJ)|Portuguesa-RJ]]
| caps10 = 42
| goals10 = 6
| years11 = 2023
| clubs11 = [[Maricá Futebol Clube|Maricá]]
| caps11 = 8
| goals11 = 1
| years12 = 2024
| clubs12 = [[Lagarto Futebol Clube|Lagarto]]
| caps12 = 11
| goals12 = 0
| years13 = 2024
| clubs13 = [[Niteroiense FC|Niteroiense]]
| caps13 = 11
| goals13 = 3
| years14 = 2025
| clubs14 = Petrópolis
| caps14 = 12
| goals14 = 0
| years15 = 2025–
| clubs15 = [[Niteroiense FC|Niteroiense]]
| caps15 = 7
| goals15 = 1
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 02:55, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Otacílio Brito Alves''', also known as '''Cafu''' (born 22 January 1996), is a Brazilian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Niteroiense FC|Niteroiense]].

==Career==
Born in [[Niterói]], Cafu joined the youth side of [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]] in 2010. On 5 September 2016 it was announced that he had signed on loan with [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] of the [[Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai City FC set to sign Flamengo youngster 'Cafu'|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/7083/isl/2016/09/05/27198612/indian-super-league-mumbai-city-fc-set-to-sign-flamengo|accessdate=5 October 2016|work=Goal.com|date=5 September 2016}}</ref> He made his professional debut for the club on 3 October 2016 against [[FC Pune City|Pune City]]. He came on as a 73rd minute substitute for [[Matías Defederico]] as Mumbai City won 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune City 0-1 Mumbai City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/10/03/india/indian-super-league/pune-city/mumbai-city/2348854/|website=Soccerway}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|29 August 2018}}<ref>{{soccerway|otacilio-brito-alves/334014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (loan)
|[[2016 Indian Super League|2016]]
|[[Indian Super League|ISL]]
|13||1||0||0||—||—||—||—||13||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]]
|[[2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|2017]]
|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]]
|0||0||0||0||—||—||5<ref group="lower-alpha" name="Other2017">Three appearances in the [[Campeonato Carioca|Rio de Janeiro State League]] and two appearances in the [[Primeira Liga (Brazil)|Brazilian Primeira Liga]].</ref>||0||5||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Ceará Sporting Club|Ceará]] (loan)
|[[2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2017]]
|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|Série B]]
|16||1||–||–||—||—||–||–||16||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP)|Botafogo-SP]] (loan)
|[[2018 in Brazilian football|2018]]
|[[Campeonato Brasileiro Série C|Série C]]
|3||0||0||0||—||—||9||0||12||0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[G.D. Estoril Praia|Estoril]] (loan)
|[[2018–19 LigaPro|2018–19]]
|[[LigaPro]]
|0||0||0||0||—||—||—||—||0||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!32!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!14!!0!!46!!2
|}
{{reflist|group="lower-alpha"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Worldfootball.net|cafu_6|new_id=pe474071}}
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/mumbai-city-fc/squad/midfielder-28327-otacilio-brito-alves-playerprofile Indian Super League Profile].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cafu}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Niterói]]
[[Category:Brazilian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate men's footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Brazil men's under-20 international footballers]]
[[Category:Niteroiense FC players]]
[[Category:CR Flamengo footballers]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:Ceará Sporting Club players]]
[[Category:Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP) players]]
[[Category:G.D. Estoril Praia players]]
[[Category:Esporte Clube São Bento players]]
[[Category:Associação Atlética Portuguesa (RJ) players]]
[[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players]]
[[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players]]
[[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:Liga Portugal 2 players]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in India]]
[[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in India]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal]]
[[Category:21st-century Brazilian sportsmen]]

{{Brazil-footy-midfielder-1990s-stub}}

George William Ziemann

2025-11-27T22:48:13Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: new stub...

{{Short description|German Christian missionary}}
{{Infobox person
| name = George William Ziemann
| birth_date = November 1806 or 1809
| birth_place = Gross-Wudicke, Saxony
| death_date = December 26, 1881 (aged 72 or 75)
| occupation = Christian Missionary
| years_active = 1843–1881
| known_for = Establishment of the Ghazipore Mission in India
| spouse = Friedericke Wiese
| children = 3 adopted (known)
}}

'''George William Ziemann''' (November 1806 or 1809 – December 26, 1881) was a German [[Christianity|Christian]] missionary known for successfully establishing and running the [[Ghazipur|Ghazipore]] Mission in [[Company rule in India|India]]. He also did missionary work in many other parts of India for nearly 40 years, including [[Chhapra|Chupráh]], Muzafferpore and [[Buxar]], where he was able to spread Christian ideals to locals.

== Early life (1809–1838) ==
One source says that Ziemann was born on November 27, 1809.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Lorbeer |first1=H. |title=Memoirs of Rev. W. Ziemann |date=1882 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.50076919&view=1up&seq=7 |access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref> Another source states that his date of birth is November 22, 1806.<ref name=":1">Badley. “Indian Missionary Directory and Memorial Volume / by B. H. Badley.” HathiTrust, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cr59894970&view=1up&seq=181.</ref> Ziemann was born in Gross-Wudicke in the German state [[Saxony]]<ref name=":1" /> in a village near the town of [[Rathenow]],<ref name=":0" /> the third among seven children.<ref name=":0" /> His family lived on a house on a farm.<ref name=":0" /> In the winter, he went to the village-school and when summer came around, he helped with work on his family's farm.<ref name=":0" />

Ziemann grew up in a religious family with regular church attendance and prayer at meals and other parts of the day.<ref name=":0" /> Ziemann got his religious influence from his paternal aunt who joined the [[Moravian Brethren|Moravian brethren]] and the sisterhood at [[Niesky]].<ref name=":0" /> He often referred to her.<ref name=":0" />

In Ziemann's twenties, he was called for conscription and was in the infantry to serve in [[Magdeburg]] for three years.<ref name=":0" /> He was promoted to work at the commissariat.<ref name=":0" /> His father died around this time and when he returned from his army duties, he took possession of his parents' house and property where he settled in 1836.<ref name=":0" />

That same year on September 25, Ziemann married Miss Friedericke Wiese.<ref name=":0" /> In 1838, her brother died so she and Ziemann went to live with her parents at [[Zabakuck|Zabakuk]] and he sold his family property.<ref name=":0" />

== Call to missionary service (1840–1843) ==
In 1840 in [[Zabakuck|Zabakuk]], a [[Theology|theologian]] named Pastor Wrede began tutoring Ziemann. this tutoring encouraged him to become a missionary.<ref name=":0" /> He went to [[Berlin]] and met with Pastor Gossner to ask him to be sent to India to do mission work, after hesitation, Gossner gave permission.<ref name=":0" /> Mrs. Ziemann originally said no to accompanying her husband to India, but ended up joining him.<ref name=":0" />

Ziemann was blessed in front of the congregation on September 5, 1842, before he left for India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It was during this event of Ziemann that he gave a sermon on Jesus turning water into wine.<ref name=":2">Mullens. “A Brief Review of Ten Years' Missionary Labour in India between 1852 and 1861 : Prepared from Local Reports and Original Letters / by Joseph Mullens.” HathiTrust, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433070293349&view=1up&seq=167.</ref>

Ziemann was the leader of his six-person group and they left Berlin on September 7, 1842.<ref name=":0" /> Their journey consisted of going to [[Hamburg]] by [[Postchaise]], taking a steamer to Hull and a train to [[Liverpool]], arriving there on September 14, 1842.<ref name=":0" /> They left Liverpool on November 23 and arrived in [[Calcutta]], India on April 8, 1843.<ref name=":0" />

== Missionary work (1843–1881) ==

=== Early career (1843–1855) ===
Ziemann did missionary work from 1843–1855 in [[Chhapra|Chupráh]], Muzafferpore and [[Buxar]].<ref name=":1" />

==== Chupráh, Nágpúr and language acquisition (1843–1848) ====
On April 22, 1843, Ziemann and his team left Calcutta for [[Patna|Patná]] and arrived on June 2.<ref name=":0" /> They reached Chupráh on June 9, where Ziemann learned the Hindustání language. In August, he went to Benares to visit his financial supporter Sir Donald McLeod, a supporter of other missionaries in Central India.<ref name=":0" />

On February 8, 1844, he left Chupráh to go to Central India.<ref name=":0" /> Ziemann and his group arrived in [[Nagpur|Nágpúr]] on March 27. Throughout this trip, he preached in [[Hindustani language|Hindustání]] to locals and gave out Bible sections.<ref name=":0" /> He also learned the [[Marathi language|Mahrathí]] language there and preached to public audiences daily from 6 am-12 pm and sometimes, locals would throw mud and cow-dung at him.<ref name=":0" /> He was forbidden from preaching in October and therefore left Nágpúr on November 1, arriving back at Chupráh in January 1845, where he studied the local language, preached, visited village-schools and spent time with orphans.<ref name=":0" />

==== Muzafferpore (1848–1851) ====
From March 11, 1848, to January 5, 1851, Ziemann was sent to Muzafferpore for more missionary work, where some locals were baptized.<ref name=":0" /> Ziemann made the new Christians stay in their own villages instead of living around the missionaries so as to decrease dependency on the missionaries, even though it was tradition to keep the converts around the missionaries.<ref name=":0" /> However, he would visit them, bring them their wives and help them however they needed it.<ref name=":0" />

In November 1849, Ziemann was sent to control the [[Arrah|Arráh]] Mission, where he got cholera on his first night there.<ref name=":0" /> After recovering, he later returned to Muzafferpore.<ref name=":0" />

On February 5, 1851, Ziemann returned to the Chupráh Mission.<ref name=":0" /> At this point, he and his wife have two adopted native children.<ref name=":0" />

==== Buxar (1852–1855) ====
On March 18, 1852, Ziemann went to the Buxar Mission, now with three adopted children.<ref name=":0" /> Under his orders, the school house was repaired and attended by 75 boys.<ref name=":0" /> After getting permission to use the English Church, he held services there.<ref name=":0" /> It was in Buxar when Ziemann decided to establish a mission in [[Ghazipur|Ghazipore]].<ref name=":0" />

Other practical work that Ziemann did is when he sold religious books at a month-long fair to the locals in Bullia in the Ghazipore district for ten rupees ten annas.<ref name=":2" /> The missionaries did this to save their books from being destroyed and to give value to the natives, who ended up listening and buying the books.<ref name=":2" />

=== Later career (1855–1881) ===

==== Ghazipore Mission (1855–1881) ====
Ziemann established the Ghazipore Mission in March 1855.<ref name=":1" /> Ghazipore is in the [[North-Western Provinces|North-West Provinces]] of India.<ref name=":1" /> The mission was established on the [[Ganges]] river.<ref name=":4">Richter. “A History of Missions in India / by Julius Richter ; Translated by Sydney H. Moore ; with Coloured Map by Bartholomew.” HathiTrust, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951002043618f&view=1up&seq=216.</ref> He had already been there on his preaching tours.<ref name=":1" /> Ziemann took control and reopened the mission for Gossner's Missionary Society.<ref name=":1" /> In 1844, three missionaries of this society had previously started a mission in Ghazipore but it was soon terminated.<ref name=":1" />

By 1880, Ziemann established a church there with 642 churchgoers.<ref name=":1" /> From 1871-1880, foreign missionaries increased from 9 to 21 and there were over 29 000 native Christians.<ref name=":1" /> The missionaries would preach, give out religious texts and feed the hungry.<ref name=":3">Mackay. “From London to Lucknow: with Memoranda of Mutinies, Marches, Flights, Fights, and Conversations. To Which Is Added, an Opium-Smuggler's Explanation ... v. 1.” HathiTrust, babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b296434&view=1up&seq=136.</ref> The population served was primarily Koeri.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37271/GIPE-017952.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|title=Ghazipur: A Gazetteer|last=Nevil|first=HR|publisher=Government Press|year=1909|isbn=|location=United Provinces|pages=83}}</ref> Ziemann worked with another missionary named Höppner. Ziemann's wife took care of local orphans.<ref name=":3" /> From this mission, Ziemann maintained several outlying mission locations in including [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]] where he served ion an itinerant basis until the Methodist Episcopal Church in India opened a mission there in January 1865.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yLJFAAAAIAAJ|title=The Gospel in Gonda: Being a Narrative of Events in Connection with the Preachings of the Gospel in the Trans-Ghaghra Country|last=Knowles|first=S.|date=1889|publisher=Methodist Publishing House|language=en}}</ref>

"The Annual Report of the German Mission in Ghazeepore" from 1869 reveals the names of the many donors who supported this mission.<ref name=":5">{{cite book |title=Annual report of the German Mission in Ghazeepore |date=1869 |publisher=German Mission in Ghazeepore |url=https://archive.org/details/annualreportofge1418germ/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref> It also gives a report on divine service, keeps track of the baptisms and orphans, as well as information on the schools and preaching.<ref name=":5" /> This mission was called economical and was financially supported by Europeans.<ref name=":3" /> Ziemann settled permanently in Ghazipore in March 1855.<ref name=":0" />

== Return to Germany and back to India and legacy ==
Ziemann took a leave of absence for health reasons in February 1875 to Germany.<ref name=":1" /> On his way there, he visited [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]<ref name=":1" /> and [[Jerusalem]]<ref name=":0" /> for religious purposes. He returned to India at the end of 1875.<ref name=":1" /> George William Ziemann died on December 26, 1881, in Ghazipore.<ref name=":0" /> His death was reported to be mourned in India, [[England]] and Germany.<ref name=":0" />

Despite Ziemann's successful missionary work, theologian Julius Richter claims that he could also provide an example of what not to do.<ref name=":4" /> Ziemann would travel far to preach in many different parts of India, which was universal at the time but changed because it takes time to instill Christian ideas in others' minds with their different values and ideas.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziemann, George William}}
[[Category:1800s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1881 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Havelland]]
[[Category:German Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]

Devi (TV series)

2025-11-16T21:58:53Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: fixes

{{more citations needed|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = DeviTVseries.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = 22-42 min.
| creator =
| director = {{ubl|[[Anant Mahadevan]]|[[Ravi Raj]]}}
| music = Abhijeet Hegdepatil
| producer = {{ubl|[[Ajay Devgan]] (2002-2004)|Sujit Kumar Singh (2004)|Misha Gautam}}
| starring = [[Devi (TV series)#Cast|See below]]
| open_theme = "Devi"
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| company = [[Ajay Devgn FFilms|Devgan Software]] (2002-2004) Shreya Creations (2004) Television Foot Prints
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2002|9|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2004|12|22}}
| num_episodes = 118
}}

'''''Devi''''' ({{Translation|''Goddess''}}) is an Indian television series which aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] from 20 September 2002 to 22 December 2004. It was produced by [[Ajay Devgan]]'s production house Devgan Software from 2002 to 2003 in association with misha gautam, later changed to Sujit Kumar Singh's production house Shreya Creations in the second year of the show in association with Misha Gautam's production house Television Foot Prints.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2002 |title='DEVI' 1st TV SHOW OF AJAY DEVGAN'S PRODUCTION HOUSE |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/sep/sep63.htm |website=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 10, 2003 |title=Sunday Tribune (Divine intervention) |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030810/spectrum/tv.htm |access-date=December 2, 2015 |work=Tribune webdesk |publisher=[[Sunday Tribune]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around Gayatri, an orphan who believes in Goddess Durga and lives with her kind-hearted uncle, evil aunt and evil husband Vikram.

==Cast==
* [[Sakshi Tanwar]] as
** Gayatri Vikram Sharma: Vikram's wife; Kailashnath and Revati's daughter in law, an orphan who firmly believes on Goddess Durga. She marries Vikram Sharma, a spoiled brat who refuses to accept her as his wife and kills her with the help of his brother-in-law Vasu
** Devi [[Parvati]]
* [[Juhi Parmar]] as Kalika Shastri / Kalika Raj Malhotra<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Devi calling, post immersion |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/devi-calling-post-immersion/cid/1660762 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620235140/https://m.telegraphindia.com/states/west-bengal/devi-calling-post-immersion/cid/1660762 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Vikram's wife
* [[Mohnish Behl]] as Vikram Sharma
* [[Manish Goel]] as Advocate Raj Malhotra<ref name=":0" />
* [[Madhoo]] as Devi [[Parvati]]
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Vasudev Kumar
* [[Reena Kapoor]] as Kavita Sharma / Kavita Vasudev Kumar / Gayatri's elder sister-in-law
* [[Kiran Dubey]] as Urvashi Tandon / Fake Gayatri
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Revati Sharma / Maa Ji
* [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as Kailashnath Sharma / Babu Ji
* Ankit Shah as Bhola
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Vasudev Kumar
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Gautam Mehra
* [[Lata Sabharwal]] as Kavita Sharma / Kavita Vasudev Kumar / Gayatri's elder sister-in-law
* Shabnam Mishra / Tasneem Khan as Pooja Sharma
* Renuka Israni as Santo Sharma / Bua Ji
* Vandita Vasa as Aparna Singh (Gayatri's friend)
* [[Supriya Karnik]] as Kamini Satyen Kapoor / Mami Ji
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Satyen Kapoor / Mama Ji
* Raymon Singh as Radhika Shastri
* [[Karishma Randhawa]] as Sonika Shastri
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as Bhramesh
* Sooraj Thapar as Agnivesh
* [[Alyy Khan]] as Rudraksh
* [[Nirmal Pandey]] as Markesh
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Mrs. Malhotra
* Puneet Vashisht as Rohit Mehra
* Chand Dhar as Guruji
* Naresh Suri as Police Commissioner Krishnakant
* Aayam Mehta as Johnny
* Dharmesh Vyas as Lallan / Mama Ji
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Advocate Kriplani
* [[Malini Kapoor]] as Deepa
* Govind Khatri as Advocate Desai
* [[Shiva Rindani]] as Raj Chhabria
* Kamal Malik as Mr. Shetty
* Vishal Thakkar as Guruji's disciple
* Rohan Ghag as Akshay Kumar, Vasu and Kavita's son
* Nilofer Khan as Mallika Kapoor
* Aanchal Anand as Rupali Kapoor
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Inspector K. Mohammad
* Yashodhan Bal as Inspector A. R. Bhatt
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as Gaurishankar Shastri
* [[Meera Vasudevan]] as Uma

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt0401924}}

{{SET Shows}}
{{Ajay Devgan}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2002 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2004 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Ajay Devgn]]

Lakhori bricks

2025-11-02T14:08:19Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: added a stub - done

{{Short description|Type of brick}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2/1
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Kos minar,tirawadi,karnal.JPG
| caption1 = [[Kos Minar]], built with lakhori bricks hidden underneath [[lime mortar]], along [[Grand Trunk Road]] at [[Taraori]] in [[Karnal district]] of [[Haryana, India]]
| image2 = By-ibneazhar-aik-kos-monument-lahore-pakistan-1 15978367131 o 20.jpg
| caption2 = Kos Minar, built with lakhori bricks, near the [[Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan]] at [[Lahore]] in present-day [[Pakistan]]
| image3 = commonindianbrick.jpg
| caption3 = Contemporary 9 × 4¼ × 2¾ inches [[Brick#Optimal dimensions.2C characteristics.2C and strength|bricks]] are similar in dimension to Ghumma bricks introduced by [[British Raj]] in early 20th century to replace lakhorie bricks that were less than 3/4 in every dimension.
}}
'''Lakhori bricks''' (also '''Badshahi bricks''', '''Kakaiya bricks''', '''Lakhauri bricks''') are flat, thin, red burnt-clay bricks, originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]] that became increasingly popular element of [[Mughal architecture]] during [[Shah Jahan]], and remained so till early 20th century when lakhori bricks and similar [[Nanak Shahi bricks]] were replaced by the larger standard 9" × 4" × 3" bricks called '''Ghumma bricks''' that were introduced by the colonial [[British India]].<ref name=bri3>[https://www.sahapedia.org/the-architectures-of-shahjahanabad The Architectures of Shahjahanabad.]</ref><ref name=bri2>[https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/Lodi%20Garden%20and%20the%20Golf%20Club.pdf "6. Wall gate and golf club."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052047/https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/Lodi%20Garden%20and%20the%20Golf%20Club.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}, Lodhi garden and golf club.</ref><ref name=bri1>[http://www.tornosindia.com/top-5-features-of-lucknow-architecture-that-make-it-unique/ Top 5 features of Lucknow architecture that make it unique.]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref><ref name=bri8>Feisal Alkazi, 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5nlsBQAAQBAJ&dq=lakhori+brick+mosque&pg=PT111 Srinagar: An Architectural Legacy]</ref>

Several still surviving famous 17th to 19th century structures of Mughal India, characterized by [[jharokha]]s, [[jali]]s, [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted]] [[sandstone]] [[column]]s, ornamental gateways and grand [[Multifoil arch|cusped-arch]] entrances are made of lakhori bricks, including fort palaces (such as [[Red Fort]]), protective bastions and pavilions (as seen in [[Bawana Fortress of Jat Zail|Bawana Zail Fortess]]), havelis (such as [[Bagore-ki-Haveli]], [[Chunnamal Haveli]], [[Ghalib ki Haveli]], [[Dharampura Haveli]] and [[Hemu's Samadhi Sthal|Hemu's Haveli]]), temples and [[gurudwara]]s (such as in [[Patiala#Bahadurgarh Fort|Maharaja Patiala's Bahadurgarh Fort]]), mosques and tombs (such as [[Mehram Serai]], [[Teele Wali Masjid]]), water wells and [[baoli]] stepwells (such as [[Maham#Shahjahan ki Baoli|Choro Ki Baoli]]), bridges (such as [[Karnal#Karnal Mughal Bridge|Mughal bridge at Karnal]]), [[Kos Minar|Kos minar]] road-side milestones (such as at [[Palwal]] along [[Grand Trunk Road]]) and other notable structures.<ref name=bri4>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Haveli-to-speak-of-a-history-lost-in-time/articleshow/50259881.cms "Haveli to speak of a history lost in time."], ''[[Times of India]]'', 21 Dec 2015.</ref><ref name=bri6>[https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/South%20Shahjahanabad.pdf 5. Havelis of Kucha pati Ram, in South Shahjahanabad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523222552/https://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/article/pdfs/South%20Shahjahanabad.pdf |date=2024-05-23 }}, World Monument fund.</ref><ref name=bri7>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/revival-hemu-haveli-cards-000000408.html Revival of Hemu's Haveli on the cards], Yahoo News India, 6 Aug 2015.</ref><ref name=bri9>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/a-jail-a-school-and-an-orphanage-bawana-s-fortress-gets-another-makeover/photo-MnALg5tq9GtOs1MadSf5aM.html A Zail, school and orphanage: Bawana's fortress gets another makeover."], [[Hindustan Times]].</ref><ref name=bri11>[http://youngintach.org/heritage-alerts-oct14.asp Seeking brides, family restores old haveli] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044536/http://youngintach.org/heritage-alerts-oct14.asp |date=2017-12-01 }}, ''[[Times of India]]'' in [[INTACH]] newsletter, 21 Oct 2014.</ref>

== Origin ==
The exact origin of lakhori bricks is not confirmed, especially if they existed, or not, prior to becoming more prevalent in use during the Mughal India. Prior to the rise in frequent use of lakhori bricks during Mughal India, [[Architecture of India|Indian architecture]] primarily used trabeated [[Post and lintel|prop and lintel]] (point and slot) gravity-based technique of shaping large stones to fit into each other that required no mortar.<ref name=bri3/> The reason lakhori bricks became more popular during the Mughal period, starting from Shah Jahan's reign, is mainly because lakhori bricks that were used to construct structures with the typical elements of [[Mughal architecture]] such as [[arch]]es, [[jali]]s, [[jharoka]]s, [[Molding (decorative)|moulding]]s, [[cornice]]s, [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]], etc. were easy to create intricate patterns due to the small shape and slim size of lakhori bricks.<ref name=bri5>Madhulika Liddle, 2015, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9QSQCgAAQBAJ&dq=haveli+were+built+with+lakhori+bricks&pg=PT42 Crimson City]</ref>

==Regional, socio-strata and dimensional variations==
The slim and compact Lakhorie bricks became popular across pan-[[Indian subcontinent]]al [[Mughal Empire]], specially in [[North India]],<ref name=bri3/> resulting in several variations in their dimensions as well as due to the use of lower strength local soil by poor people and higher strength clay by affluent people. Restoration architect author [[Anil Laul]] reasons that poor people used local soil to bake slimmer bricks using locally available cheaper [[dung cakes]] as fuel and richer people used higher-end thicker and bigger bricks made of higher strength clay baked in [[kiln]]s using not so easily locally available more expensive coal, both methods yielded bricks of similar strength but different proportions at different economic levels of strata.<ref name=bri12/>

{{Quote
|text = The lower the caste, the slimmer and smaller the brick, the higher the caste, the bigger the brick. It was not that they practiced or propagated the [[Caste system in India|caste system]]. All that needs to be understood is that a poor person could use the local soil to burn slimmer and better bricks, using lesser fuel, to get a home that would withstand the vagaries of the elements and resist erosion and corrosion alike. In doing so, he could use even cow dung cakes as fuel for burning which would give him the desired brick. The rationale was obvious. The slimmer the brick- the lesser energy required to bake it. The higher caste could afford blending of clays and superior forms of fuel and transport produce over distances.
|author = Restoration architect author Anil Laul
|title = Green is Red
|source = Urban red herrings: excerpts from the "Green is Red"<ref name=bri12/>
}}

=== Lakhori bricks versus Nanakshahi bricks ===
{{Further information|Nanakshahi bricks}}<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
Mughal1700.png|[[Mughal Empire]] at its largest spread during the late 17th to early 18th centuries; where lakhori bricks became popular since [[Shah Jahan]]'s reign.
Sikh_Empire_tri-lingual.jpg|[[Sikh Empire]] at its largest spread in the north-west Indian subcontinent during 1839 CE; where usage of [[Nanak Shahi bricks]] became more popular.
</gallery>
Due to the lack of understanding, sometimes contemporary writers confuse the lakhori bricks with other similar but distinct regional variants. For example, some writers use "Lakhori bricks and Nanak Shahi bricks" implying two different things, and others use "Lakhori bricks or Nanak Shahi bricks" inadvertently implying either same or two different things, leading to confusion as if they are same, especially if these words are casually mentioned interchangeably.

Lakhori bricks were used by Mughal Empire that spanned across the Indian subcontinent,<ref name=bri3/> whereas Nanak Shahi bricks were used mainly across the [[Sikh Empire]],<ref name=bri10/> that was spread across [[Punjab region]] in north-west Indian subcontinent,<ref name=bri13>{{cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/ |title=Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. Duggal. ''(Date:1989. ISBN 8170172446'') |publisher=Exoticindiaart.com |date=3 September 2015 |access-date=2009-08-09}}</ref> when Sikhs were in conflict with Mughal Empire due to the [[Islam and Sikhism#History|religious persecution of Sikhs by Mughal Muslims]].<ref name=bri14>{{harvnb|Markovits|2004|page=98}}</ref><ref name=bri15>{{cite book |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |date=Jan 15, 2014 |title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&dq=khusrau+mirza+died&pg=PA1163 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=1163 |isbn=9781610690263 |access-date=Nov 3, 2014 }}</ref><ref name=bri16>{{harvnb|Jestice|2004|pages=345–346}}</ref> Coins struck by Sikh rulers between 1764 CE to 1777 CE were called '''"Gobind Shahi"''' coins (bearing inscription in the name of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]), and coins struck from 1777 onward were called '''"Nanak Shahi"''' coins (bearing inscription in the name of [[Guru Nanak]]).<ref name=bri17>Charles J. Rodgers, 1894, "Coin Collection in Northern India".</ref><ref name=bri18>Sun, Sohan Lal, 1885-89, "Umdat-ut-Twarikh", Lahore.</ref>

A similar concept applies to the Nanak Shahi bricks of Sikh Empire, i.e. Lakhori and Nanak Shahi bricks being two similar, but a different type of bricks due to the regional variations as well as political reasons. Closely related similar things may be considered separate, and on the other hand considerably different things might be considered the same, in both cases due to the social-political-religious contextual reasons, for example closely related mutually intelligible Sanskritised-Hindustani language [[Hindi]] versus Arabised-Hindustani language [[Urdu]] being favored as separate languages by [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslims]] respectively as seen in the context of [[Hindu–Islamic relations|Hindu-Muslim conflict]] that resulted in [[Partition of India]], whereas mutually unintelligible speech varieties that differ considerably in structure such as [[Moroccan Darija|Moroccan Arabic]], [[Judeo-Yemeni Arabic|Yemeni Arabic]] and [[Lebanese Arabic]] are considered the same language due to the [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamism religious movement]].<ref name=SameSameDiff1>Yaron Matras, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Lh6rBgAAQBAJ&dq=urdu+and+arabic+are+mutually+inintelligible&pg=PA5 Romani in Britain: The Afterlife of a Language: The Afterlife of a Language], [[Edinburgh University]] Press, p.5]</ref><ref name=SameSameDiff2>Julie Tetel Andresen, Phillip M. Carter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uolxBgAAQBAJ&dq=urdu+and+arabic+are+mutually+inintelligible&pg=PA7 Languages in the world: how history culture and politics shape language], p.7-8]</ref><ref name=SameSameDiff3>Jacob Benesty, M. Mohan Sondhi and Yiteng Huang, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Slg10ekZBkAC&dq=urdu+and+arabic+are+mutually+inintelligible&pg=PA798 separate language versus dialect] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=Slg10ekZBkAC&dq=urdu+and+arabic+are+mutually+inintelligible&pg=PA798 Springer handbook of speech processing], [[Springer Science+Business Media]], p.798-.</ref>

Mughal-era lakhorie bricks predate the Nanak Shahi bricks as seen in [[Patiala#Bahadurgarh Fort|Bahadurgarh Fort of Patiala]] that was built by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Nawab Saif Khan in 1658 CE using earlier-era lakhori bricks, and nearly 80 years later it was renovated using later-era Nanak Shahi bricks and renamed in the honor of Guru Teg Bahadur (where [[Guru Teg Bahadur]] stayed at this fort for three months and nine days before leaving for Delhi when he was executed by [[Aurangzeb]] in 1675 CE) by [[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja of Patiala Karam Singh]] in 1837 CE.<ref name=bri10>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Patialas-Mughal-era-fort-to-get-Rs-4-3cr-facelift/articleshow/45714787.cms Patiala's Mughal era fort to get Rs 4.3cr facelift], ''[[Times of India]]'', 1 Jan 2015.</ref><ref name=bri19>{{cite book|author=H.R. Gupta|isbn=9788121502764|title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469-1708|year=1994|volume=1}}</ref><ref name=bri20>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech|title=The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, UK | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-19-969930-8 | pages=236–445, Quote:"this second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." Quote:"This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri Pandits came seeking protection from Auranzeb's army."}}</ref><ref name=bri22>{{cite web|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/05162524.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020228135707/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/05162524.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2001-10-16|access-date=20 October 2016}}</ref> Since the timeline of both Mughal Empire and Sikh Empire overlapped, both Lakhori bricks and Nanak Shahi bricks were used around the same time in their respective dominions. Restoration architect author [[Anil Laul]] clarifies ''"We, therefore, had slim bricks known as the Lakhori and Nanakshahi bricks in India and the slim Roman bricks or their equivalents for many other parts of the world."''<ref name=bri12>Anil Laul, [https://www.zingyhomes.com/latest-trends/human-settlement-planning-design-sustainability/ Urban Red Herrings - an extract from the book "Green in Red"], 20 Aug 2015.</ref>

==Mortar recipe==
They were used to construct structures with crushed bricks and [[lime mortar]], and walls were usually plastered with lime mortar.<ref name=bri3/> The concrete mixture of that era was a preparation of [[Lime (material)|lime]], [[trass|surki]] (trass), [[jaggery]] and [[Aegle marmelos#CITEREF2009|bael fruit]] (wood apple) pulp where some recipe used as much as 23 ingredients including [[Vigna mungo|urad ki daal]] (paste of vigna mungo pulse).<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/bawana-s-19th-century-fortress-gets-a-makeover/story-wYj33O1MZVUs9kDyEawKIN.html "Bawana’s 19th-century fortress gets a makeover."], [[Hindustan Times]], 20 Feb 2017.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{citation |last=Markovits |first=Claude |title=A history of modern India, 1480-1950 |year=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-84331-152-2}}
* {{citation |last=Jestice |first=Phyllis G. |title=Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3 |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-355-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&q=guru+har+gobind+jahangir&pg=PA345}}{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hindustantimes.com/rf/image_size_960x540/HT/p2/2017/02/19/Pictures/zail-bawana_adcb749a-f6ca-11e6-bee8-7b74d3637aa8.jpg Lakhori brick rampart] of Bavana Fortress of Zail (administrative unit) of [[Jat people|Jat]] chiefs
*[http://www.havelidharampura.com/about-haveli/ Haveli Dharampura] built with lakhori bricks has a restaurant named "lakhori"

{{Architecture of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahori bricks}}
[[Category:Rajput architecture|Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Mughal architecture elements]]
[[Category:Building materials]]

Lukung

2025-10-29T03:53:33Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: added new article

{{Short description|Village in Ladakh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lukung
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| population_est =
| website =
| government_footnotes =
| elevation_ft =
| other_name =
| subdivision_name4 = [[Leh district]]
| population_total =
| leader_title3 =
| utc_offset1 =
| governing_body =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| pop_est_as_of =
| postal_code_type =
| settlement_type =
| population_as_of =
| demographics2_info2 =
| demographics2_info1 =
| leader_title2 =
| image_caption =
| demographics1_info2 =
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ladakh]]
| postal_code = 194201
| leader_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 = District
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_title2 =
| area_total_km2 =
| demographics2_info3 =
| image_alt =
| demographics2_footnotes =
| subdivision_type2 = Territory
| image_skyline =
| elevation_m = 4378
| demographics2_title2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of India.svg|25px]] [[India]]
| population_footnotes =
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Lukung+194201/@33.9969524,78.4096783,714m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x38fe2727205272bf:0x58fb4cb9fa98ce3!8m2!3d33.9967904!4d78.4112384|title=Lukung|website=Lukung on Google Maps}}</ref>
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh
| leader_name4 =
| area_code =
| timezone1 =
| demographics2_title1 =
| demographics2_title3 =
| etymology =
| imagesize =
| coordinates = {{coord|33|59|43.722|N|78|24|47.292|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Ladakh# India
| official_name =
| government_type =
| leader_name2 =
| native_name =
| leader_title4 =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics_type2 =
| demographics1_footnotes =
| nickname =
| demographics1_info1 =
| area_total_ha =
| population_density_km2 =
}}

'''Lukung''' is a village located on the banks of [[Pangong Tso]], near [[Line of Actual Control]] in the [[Leh District]], [[Ladakh]].

== Location ==
Lukung is located 142 km east of [[Leh]] and is known as Gateway to [[Pangong Tso]].<ref>{{Cite news|first=Sanjay|last=Dutta|date=13 April 2021|title=Army, people power mobile service in village on Pangong shore|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-people-power-mobile-service-in-village-on-pangong-shore/articleshow/82054568.cms|access-date=2023-06-10|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Its elevation is {{cvt|4378|m}}.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kohli|first=Manek|date=7 July 2018|title=A Julley Good Time: Exploring Ladakh|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/68117/exploring-ladakh-remote-corners|access-date=2021-11-03|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook Traveller]]|language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tangtse river at Muglib.jpg|Lukung valley area (May 2016)
File:Tangtse_near_Lukung,_Ladakh.JPG|Welcomen to Lukung, the milestone (September 2013)
File:The Pangong Tso and Lukung (on the right) (10067277855).jpg|The [[Pangong Tso]] and Lukung on the right (September 2013)
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Durbuk tehsil]]

{{Ladakh-geo-stub}}

Nagavanshi

2025-10-23T01:24:59Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: added a pg

{{short description|Indian dynasty}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Nagavanshi''' ([[IAST]]: '''Nāgavaṃśī''') refers to several Indian [[Kshatriya]] dynasties or ruling groups claiming descent from the mythical [[Nāga]]s. Along with [[Solar dynasty|Suryavanshi]], [[Agnivanshi]] and [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravanshi]], the Nagavanshi clans form a part of the Kshatriya class in the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]] [[Caste system in India|system]] of India.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/006996690024002008?journalCode=cisa | title=The Kshatriya View of Caste: A Discussion of Raheja's the Poison in the Gift | first1=Derne | last1=Steve | date=July 1990 | journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology | volume=24 | issue=2 | pages=259–263 | publisher=SAGE Publications, London| doi=10.1177/006996690024002008 | s2cid=143941820 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/brahmanic-and-kshatriya-tradition/9AB01A5D7171537B4A93A160F5B7559B# | title=The Brahmanic and Kshatriya Tradition | first1=Keith | last1=Berriedale | journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume=46 | date=March 2011 | publisher=Cambridgejjkqkkk University Press}}</ref> The notable members of this class include:

* [[Nair]]s, who ruled in Kerala<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2843423 | jstor=2843423 | title=Some Aspects of Nayar Life | last1=Panikkar | first1=Kavalam M. | journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland | year=1918 | volume=48 | pages=254–293 | doi=10.2307/2843423 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAiBAAAAMAAJ&q=kinship+systems+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia:+A+Study | title=Kinship Systems in South and Southeast Asia: A Study | isbn=9780706976687 | last1=Unny | first1=Govindan | publisher=Vikas Publishing House | year=1994 }}</ref>
* [[Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur|Nagas of Chotanagpur]], who ruled in Chota Nagpur, Jharkhand
* [[Nagas of Padmavati]], who ruled in Madhya Pradesh
* [[Nagas of Vidisha]], who ruled in Madhya Pradesh
* [[Nagas of Vindhyatabi]], ancient dynasty of Odisha
* [[Bhanja dynasty|Bhanja Khandayats]],who ruled in Odisha.
* [[Panna State|Nagas of Panna State]], who ruled in Madhya Pradesh
* [[Kalahandi State|Nagas of Kalahandi]], who ruled in Kalahandi, Odisha
* [[Chindaka Naga]], who ruled in Chhattisgarh and Odisha
* [[Pithipatis of Magadha]], medieval Buddhist dynasty formed in [[Magadha]] by a branch of the Chindaka Nagas
* [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]] (part of the [[Bunt (community)|Bunt community]]), ancient dynasty of Karnataka
* [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]] ([[Shetty]] and [[Chowta (surname)|Chowtas]]), who ruled in Karnataka<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Study of Nayakatana in the Vijayanagara Empire with Special Reference to Tuluva Dynasty. Nairs of kerala|url=http://sscwtumkur.org/sscwcms/uploads/activities/permanent/2018/12/13/7_1544721945_nayakatana.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu dynasties| ]]
[[Category:Hindu snake worship]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

The Himalayan Beacon

2025-10-12T23:20:34Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: minor edit

{{Short description|Monthly magazine in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Himalayan Beacon
| image = Beacon-January-1998.jpg
| caption = The first issue of ''The Himalayan Beacon''
| type = Monthly magazine
| format =
| founded = 1998
| ceased_publication = 2000 (print)
| price = Indian Rupees 15 (1998) INR 8 (1999 onwards)
| owners = The Mandalay Books India Pvt Ltd.
| political_position = 
| publisher = The Mandalay Books India Pvt Ltd.
| editor = Barun Roy
| staff_writers =
| circulation =
| headquarters = [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]]
| ISSN =
| website = [http://www.thehimalayanbeacon.com The Himalayan Beacon]
}}
'''''The Himalayan Beacon''''', known until 2006 simply as ''BEACON'', is a monthly news-magazine published in [[Darjeeling]] by The Mandalay Books India (Pvt.) Ltd., and distributed throughout Darjeeling Hills and Sikkim. It is now owned by The Mandalay Books India (Pvt.) Ltd., which publishes other periodicals, including the weekly newspaper ''This Week'' and ''The Himalayan Traveller''. ''BEACON'' is the largest and the first magazine to be published by and for the Darjeeling Hills. Nicknamed the "[[Fire hose|Fire Hose]]" for its colourful appearance and undiplomatic journalistic style, it is often regarded as a source of record, meaning that it is frequently relied upon as the official and authoritative reference for modern events. Founded in 1998 by Barun Roy, the magazine is by far more popular among the youths of the region than the readers of other generations. The magazine's name is often abbreviated to ''Beacon'', due to its earlier popularity as ''Beacon''. Its famous motto, always printed in the upper left-hand corner of the cover page, is "News and Views on All for All."

==History==
The first issue of ''Beacon'' came out on 15 January 1998.<ref name="Roy2013"/> The Founding Team included:

'''Editor''': Barun Roy

'''Sub-editors''': Subash Sthapit (Subash Sthapit later went on to become the Finance Manager of Beacon Publications which published the Magazine)and Raju Biswas (Raju Biswas later went up to be the Advertisement Manager)

'''Advertisement Manager''': Vikash Agarwal

'''Marketing Executives''': Nishan Chettri and Amina Fareedi

'''Reporters''': Prateeq Ojha, Asif Iqbal, Prashan Rai

The magazine was originally published every 15th of the Month until April 1998.

The paper's growing influence was seen during its very initial publication when in Jan-August 1998 a series of ''Beacon'' exposés targeting Bengal and the Local Administration ended the Government apathy over the retired workers of the Sidrapong Hydel Power Station.<ref name="Beacon Vol.1. No. 1 to No. 5">{{cite news|title=Problems Unsolved - Non Payment of Gratuity, Provident Fund or Pensions to Retired Workers Vol 1. No. 1 to Vol. 1. No. 5 |author=Beacon Publications}}</ref>

In the later years, ''Beacon'' transitioned from supporting populistic politics to becoming a politically independent periodical. In 2000 the magazine ceased publication.<ref name="Roy2013"/> In 2001, Beacon Publications went bankrupt and almost 90 per cent of the employees lost their jobs. Beacon Publications had to shut down its offices and ''Beacon'' went out of circulation for almost two years. In 2003, ''Beacon'' was acquired by "The Mandalay Books India Pvt. Ltd." In 2006 the magazine was restarted as an [[online magazine]].<ref name="Roy2013">{{cite book|author=Barun Roy|title=The Himalayan Beacon Vol. 15. No 25|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwyRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2|date=1 December 2013|page=2|id=GGKEY:WW9E54TQUWR}}</ref>

==The most controversial or historic issues of ''Beacon''==

<gallery>
Image:Beacon-January-1998.jpg|The first issue of ''Beacon''



Image:Barunbeacon.gif|The first in-house printed issue of ''Beacon''

</gallery>

== Some of the most controversial ''Beacon'' articles ==

''Beacon'' published numerous highly investigative and mostly controversial articles with international ramifications. While some of the articles like '''Problems Unsolved'''<ref name="Beacon Vol.1. No. 1 to No. 5"/> ultimately forced the West Bengal State Government to pay up all the payments that it had been holding for almost 25 years from the workers of the Historic Hydel Electric Project at Sidrapong, Darjeeling - articles like China’s claim on Indian Territory lead to major diplomatic scuffle between India and China which took years to heal. Ultimately, in 2003, China acknowledged Sikkim as an inalienable part of India. The "I am not seeking independence…", from the Dalai Lama in the June 1998 issue of ''Beacon'' led to a major shift in the Foreign Policy of numerous Government all over the world, including India’s.

<gallery>

Image:Barundalailama1.gif|The Controversial interview of the Dalai Lama where he gave the controversial statement ''I am not seeking independence...''
Image:Barundalailama2.gif|The Controversial interview of the Dalai Lama where he gave the controversial statement ''I am not seeking independence...''
Image:Barunroyrajubiswas.gif|Barun Roy, the founder Editor of ''Beacon'' and Raju Biswas, the Marketing Manager of ''Beacon''. Biswas later left ''Beacon'' after ''Beacon'''s grassroots journalism attracted huge political pressure and manipulation.
</gallery>

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|2}}

== References ==
* Vol.1. No. 1. Jan. 1998 - '''Rajiv Gandhi - A Victim of International Conspiracy'''
* Vol.1. No. 1. Jan. 1998 - '''War Game - Hectic Political Drama now in climax'''
* Vol.1.No.3 April 1998 - '''War in December'''
* Vol. 1. No. 3. April 1998 - '''Why Separate State?'''
* Vo1. 1. No. 4. May 1998 - '''India's Defence in Peril'''
* Vol. 1. No. 5. June 1998 - '''China's Claim on Indian Territory'''
* Vol. 1. No. 5 June 1998 - '''I am not seeking independence - His Holiness The Dalai Lama'''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Himalayan Beacon}}
[[Category:1998 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Defunct magazines published in India]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1998]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 2000]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in West Bengal]]

Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award

2025-09-06T04:08:59Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Adding initial bio needs work - done

{{Short description|Award given by the government of Assam, India}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Contributions to the promotion of language, literature, culture, and communal harmony
| presenter = Department of Cultural Affairs, [[Government of Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| year = {{Start date and age|2015}}
| holder_label = Most recent recipient
| holder = Toren Chandra Boro (2024)
| website = [https://culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in/ Official website]
}}

'''Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award''' is a prestigious state-level honor conferred by the Department of Cultural Affairs, [[Government of Assam]]. It is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the promotion of language, literature, culture, and communal harmony in [[Assam]]. The award was first instituted in 2015 and is presented every three years.

== History ==
The Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award was established in memory of [[Ahmed Ali Banskandi|Ahmed Ali Baskandi]], an Islamic scholar and Sufi philosopher. He served as the first [[Sheikh al-Hadith]] of [[Darul Uloom Banskandi]], a prominent center for learning and peace in [[Northeast India]]. His contributions to fostering communal harmony and promoting cultural integration in Assam are widely acclaimed.<ref name="Assam Tribune">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 September 2010 |title=CM presents Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award |url=https://assamtribune.com/cm-presents-ahmed-ali-baskandi-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920104804/https://assamtribune.com/cm-presents-ahmed-ali-baskandi-award |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=[[The Assam Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Voice">{{Cite web |last=Khosa |first=Aasha |date=20 June 2022 |title=Assam revives awards in the name of historic Muslim personalities |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/assam-revives-awards-in-the-name-of-historic-muslim-personalities-12797.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814182304/https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/assam-revives-awards-in-the-name-of-historic-muslim-personalities-12797.html |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Awaz – The Voice |language=en}}</ref>

== Components of the Award ==
The award includes a citation, traditional attire ([[angavastra]]), a ceremonial gift ([[xorai]]), and a cash prize of [[₹]]1 lakh. It recognizes individuals whose efforts have strengthened peace, harmony, and societal welfare.<ref name="Daily">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 June 2024 |title=Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award to Toren Chandra Boro |url=https://dailytimesnewsdtn.com/ahmed-ali-baskandi-award-to-toren-chandra-boro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223165719/https://dailytimesnewsdtn.com/ahmed-ali-baskandi-award-to-toren-chandra-boro/ |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Daily Times News DTN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Hills">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2024 |title=Toren Chandra Boro To Receive Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award 2024 |url=https://thehillstimes.in/assam/toren-chandra-boro-to-receive-ahmed-ali-baskandi-award-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722005258/https://thehillstimes.in/assam/toren-chandra-boro-to-receive-ahmed-ali-baskandi-award-2024 |archive-date=22 July 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=[[The Hills Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Objectives ==
The primary aim of the ''Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award'' is to promote communal harmony and preserve Assam's cultural heritage. Instituted in the name of Ahmed Ali Baskandi, a revered religious preacher, the award reflects his ideals of humanity, equality, and fostering unity among diverse communities. It continues to inspire efforts toward peace, development, and societal well-being in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards {{!}} Department of Cultural Affairs {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in/information-services/awards-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014023236/https://culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in/information-services/awards-0 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in |publisher=Government of Assam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Samudra Gupta |date=10 March 2015 |title=Assam govt institutes award in name of journalist killed by ULFA rebels |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-govt-institutes-award-in-name-of-journalist-killed-by-ulfa-rebels/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311184713/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/assam-govt-institutes-award-in-name-of-journalist-killed-by-ulfa-rebels/ |archive-date=11 March 2015 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Assam Tribune"/><ref name="Voice"/><ref name="Daily"/>

== Awardees ==
Over the years, the Ahmed Ali Baskandi Award has been presented to the following individuals:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Name !! Introduction !! Ref
|-
| 2015 || Taybur Rahman Barbhuyan || A veteran teacher and philanthropist, honored for his contributions to education and communal harmony. ||<ref name="Assam Tribune"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarships and Awards {{!}} Department of Cultural Affairs {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/awards-conferred-by-directorate-of-cultural-affairs-assam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015052755/https://culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in/frontimpotentdata/awards-conferred-by-directorate-of-cultural-affairs-assam |archive-date=15 October 2017 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=culturalaffairs.assam.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Assam]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Syed Sadullah || A social worker from [[Dibrugarh]], recognized for promoting peace and harmony among different communities in Assam. ||<ref name="Voice"/><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 June 2022 |title=CM Himanta Biswa Sarma presents awards to 14 luminaries on Bishnu Rabha Divas |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-presents-awards-to-14-luminaries-on-bishnu-rabha-divas-598227 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622205002/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/cm-himanta-biswa-sarma-presents-awards-to-14-luminaries-on-bishnu-rabha-divas-598227 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Toren Chandra Boro || A noted writer and former president of the [[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]], recognized for his work in promoting language, literature, culture, and fostering communal harmony. ||<ref name="Daily"/><ref name="Hills"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2024 |title=Ahmed Ali Banskandi State Award 2024 |url=https://www.bodopedia.in/former-bss-president-taren-chandra-boro-to-receive-ahmed-ali-banskandi-state-award-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223182925/https://www.bodopedia.in/former-bss-president-taren-chandra-boro-to-receive-ahmed-ali-banskandi-state-award-2024/ |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=BodoPedia.IN |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Awards established in 2015]]
[[Category:Assam awards]]
[[Category:Peace awards]]
[[Category:Humanitarian and service awards]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Culture of Assam]]
[[Category:Interfaith dialogue]]

Heavy Water Board

2025-08-12T02:20:37Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

The '''Heavy Water Board''' ('''HWB''') is a constituent unit under the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] in the [[Government of India]]. The organisation is primarily responsible for production of [[heavy water]] (D2O) which is used as a [[neutron moderator|moderator]] and [[Nuclear reactor coolant|coolant]] in [[nuclear power]] as well as research reactors. Other than heavy water, the HWB is also engaged with production of nuclear grade solvents and extraction of rare materials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/general/about.asp |title=A unit under Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India |publisher=Heavy Water Board |accessdate=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225112021/http://heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/general/about.asp |archivedate=2012-02-25 }}</ref> India is one of the largest manufacturers of heavy water in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hwb.gov.in/htmldocs/general/about.asp |title=:: Heavy Water Board - A unit under Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India |publisher=Hwb.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2012-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303181751/http://www.hwb.gov.in/htmldocs/general/about.asp |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Similarly, India has one of the world's largest fleets of [[pressurized heavy water reactor]]s producing most of India's [[nuclear power in India|nuclear power supply]].

== History ==
The research in [[heavy water]] production was initiated by the Chemical Engineering Division of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) in the 1960s and was continued by the Heavy Water Division of BARC where a pilot plant was operated for studying the H2S-H2O exchange process. While these studies were in progress, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) commissioned the first heavy water plant in India at [[Nangal]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab, India]] in the premises of [[National Fertilisers Limited]] (NFL) in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/general/HistoryBG.asp |title=A unit under Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India |publisher=Heavy Water Board |accessdate=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012032227/http://heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/general/HistoryBG.asp |archivedate=2007-10-12 }}</ref> The plant had to be dismantled owing to national security considerations arising out of the [[disinvestment]] of NFL. The plant used to be operated by NFL and the DAE ensured the quality of the product.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020704/main8.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2002-07-04 |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

== Plants ==
HWB currently operating seven plants around the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/plants/index.asp |title=A unit under Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India |publisher=Heavy Water Board |accessdate=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903022923/http://www.heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/plants/index.asp |archivedate=2006-09-03 }}</ref>

=== HWP Baroda ===
Heavy Water Plant at [[Baroda]] is the first plant set up in [[India]] for the production of heavy water by employing monothermal [[ammonia]]-[[hydrogen]] exchange process. The plant is located 8 km north from Baroda railway station along the national highway No. 8, adjacent to the [[Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals]] (GSFC).The plant was integrated with GSFC until 1999 when GSFC upgraded their ammonia plant to an incompatible low pressure system resulting in temporary suspension in the operations of the Heavy Water Plant.<ref name="heavywaterboard1">[http://www.heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/plants/Baroda.asp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022105105/http://www.heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/plants/Baroda.asp|date=22 October 2009}}</ref>

HWP Baroda also has a potassium metal plant for supply of [[potassium]] metal for preparing [[catalyst]] solution for all monothermal ammonia-hydrogen exchange plants. The plant was expanded in 1987 to enhance the production capacity to 52 MT/year and has a capability to meet the demands of external customers also. This plant is based on Thermal reduction of Potassium Fluoride with Calcium Carbide initially developed by Hoechst A.G., Werk Griesheim, West Germany. An independent front end was added to produce Ammonia at this time. This plant was commissioned in 1975 with an initial rated capacity of 30 MT/year. The plant was awarded ISO-9001:2000 on 06.08.2002.<ref name="heavywaterboard1"/> with calcium carbide initially

=== HWP Hazira ===
HWP ([[Hazira]]) is the second heavy water plant in the country based on the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process which has been set up without foreign collaboration. It employs the ammonia-hydrogen exchange monothermal process. The plant is located at a distance of about 16 km from [[Surat]] city. Work on this plant commenced in August 1986 and the plant was commissioned in February 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hwb.gov.in/htmldocs/plants/Hazira.asp|title = Heavy Water Board, Government of India | A unit under Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. Of India}}</ref>

=== HWP Kota ===
The Heavy Water Plant at Kota is indigenously built and is based on the bithermal H2O-H2S exchange process. The plant is located in [[Rawatbhata]] at a distance of 65 km from Kota Railway Station, adjacent to the [[Rajasthan Atomic Power Station]] (RAPS). The Heavy Water Plant is integrated with RAPS for its supply of power and steam. An oil fired steam generation plant is also added to ensure uninterrupted supply of steam during the shut down periods of RAPS. Water from the nearby Rana Pratap Sagar reservoir, on the [[Chambal River]], purified of suspended and dissolved impurities forms the process feed with the D20.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dae.gov.in/heavywaterboard.org/docs/hwpkota1.htm |title=Heavy Water Board - Plant at Kota - Page 1 |publisher=Dae.gov.in |accessdate=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224045704/http://www.dae.gov.in/heavywaterboard.org/docs/hwpkota1.htm |archivedate=2012-02-24 }}</ref>

=== HWP Manuguru ===
The Heavy Water Plant at [[Manuguru]], [[Telangana]] is based on the bithermal [[girdler sulfide process|hydrogen sulphide-water]] (H2S-H2O) exchange process. This plant with a capacity of 185 [[tonne]]s per year is the second plant based on this process, the earlier one being at [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], Rajasthan for which the complete technology has been developed indigenously by BARC and HWB. The Manuguru site was chosen because of its proximity to the [[Singareni Collieries Company|Singareni coal fields]] and the [[Godavari]] river which provide respectively large quantities of coal and water required by the plant. It was commissioned in December 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/plants/Manuguru.asp|title=A unit under Department of Atomic Energy, Govt. of India|publisher=Heavy Water Board. One of the largest HWP in India.|accessdate=2012-01-14|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225112137/http://heavywaterboard.org/htmldocs/plants/Manuguru.asp|archivedate=2012-02-25}}</ref> It is the flagship plant of the Heavy Water Board.

It also has a captive power plant having 3 × 30 MWe generating capacity along with providing process steam to Heavy Water Plant production.

=== HWP Talcher ===
Heavy Water Plant at [[Talcher]] employs the ammonia-hydrogen exchange process (bithermal). The plant is located at a distance of 150 km from [[Bhubaneshwar]]. The work on this plant in October 1972 and it was commissioned in March 1985.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dae.gov.in/heavywaterboard.org/docs/hwptalcher1.htm |title=Heavy Water Board - Plant at Talcher - Page 1 |publisher=Dae.gov.in |accessdate=2012-01-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224045714/http://www.dae.gov.in/heavywaterboard.org/docs/hwptalcher1.htm |archivedate=2012-02-24 }}</ref> Operation of the plant was suspended in August 1994 due to unsatisfactory operation of the fertilizer plant of the [[Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited]], Talcher.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/talcher-nuke.htm |title=Talcher - India Special Weapons Facilities |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

Subsequent to closure of the Heavy Water Plant in Talcher, the plant operation was resumed later and an R&D pilot plant has been commissioned for the production of [[Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid|di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid]] (D2EHPA), an effective metal extractant, used for hydro-metallurgical recovery and the separation of various metals. The [[solvent]] is useful for concentrating and purifying the valuable metal solutions of low-grade complex ores and is already being used by India's nuclear industry at various commercial operations for the separation and recovery of [[zinc]], [[cobalt]], [[nickel]] and [[lanthanide]]s. In addition TBP is used in the [[PUREX]] process of [[nuclear reprocessing]] allowing the recovery of plutonium and [[reprocessed uranium]] from [[spent nuclear fuel]]. As the technology can be used both for high [[burnup]] fuel yielding [[reactor grade plutonium]] for use in [[MOX fuel]] and for extracting weapons grade plutonium from low irradiated fuel, the technology is inherently [[dual use technology|dual use]]. Presently HWP Talcher houses three chemical plants:

# Di-2-ethyl hexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA)
#[[Tributyl phosphate]] (TBP)
# B-10 Enrichment Facility

=== HWP Thal ===

Heavy Water Plant Thal is the first of second generation plants in India and is made completely with indigenous efforts. It is located at Thal-Vaishet village in Raigad district of Maharashtra and is about 100 km south of Mumbai on National Highway No.66. The site is also accessible from Gateway of India, Mumbai by speedboats and Catamaran services. Work on HWP Thal was started in February 1982 and plant was commissioned in 1985.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/india/thal-nuke.htm |title=Thal - India Special Weapons Facilities |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-14}}</ref>

=== HWP Tuticorin ===
HWP Tuticorin is located in the port town of [[Tuticorin]] in Southern India. The plant employs an ammonia-hydrogen exchange process (mono-thermal). The plant was commissioned in July 1978. Along with heavy water, the site is also engaged for production of different types of solvents, which will be used in the Indian Nuclear Industry, and other activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hwb.gov.in/htmldocs/plants/Tuticorin.asp|title=Heavy Water Board - Tuticorin|publisher=Department of Atomic Energy, Heavy Water Board}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nuclear power in India]]
*[[Atomic Energy Commission of India]]
*[[India and weapons of mass destruction]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Energy Ministries and Departments of India}}
{{Nuclear power in India}}

[[Category:Nuclear power in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies for energy (India)]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

Palashban

2025-07-26T10:31:04Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palashban
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.584678|N|87.163186|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.83
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,811
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713424
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0341
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raniganj (West Bengal Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raniganj]]
| website = {{URL|paschimbardhaman.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Palashban''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Andal (community development block)|Andal]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Durgapur subdivision]] of the [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=550| height=400| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|33|20|N|87|19|20|E}}| float=centre|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern and eastern portions of Durgapur subdivision in Paschim Bardhaman district''' MC: Municipal Corporation, CT: census town, R: rural centre, A: airport, B: barrage, H: historical site Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1= {{coord|23|31|34|N|87|22|24|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Arra| numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Arra, Paschim Bardhaman|Arra]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|30|32|N|87|23|40|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gopalpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Gopalpur, Paschim Bardhaman|Gopalpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|30|4|N|87|21|48|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bamunara| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bamunara, Paschim Bardhaman|Bamunara]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|27|58|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Amlajora| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Amlajora]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|27|40|N|87|27|45|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kanksa| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Kanksa]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|27|22|N|87|27|14|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Debipur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Debipur, India|Debipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|26|57|N|87|26|52|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Prayagpur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Prayagpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|18|N|87|12|28|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Siduli| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Siduli]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|38|30|N|87|13|31|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Khandra| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Khandra]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|39|14|N|87|14|34|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ukhra| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Ukhra]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|37|44|N|87|13|10|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Mahira| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Mahira]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|37|11|N|87|13|1|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Dakshin Khanda| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Dakshin Khanda]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|36|51|N|87|8|51|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Kajora| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kajora]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|36|16|N|87|10|45|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Harishpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Harishpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|35|55|N|87|9|47|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Palashban| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=Palashban (CT)|shape-color15=black| label-size15=13|label-color15=black 
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|35|24|N|87|11|56|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Dignala| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Dignala]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|35|6|N|87|11|7|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Andal| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|34|40|N|87|10|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Baska| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Baska, Andal|Baska]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|33|54|N|87|17|38|E}} | label-pos19=right|label-color19=#800000| label19=Durgapur | numbered19=MC| mark-title19=[[Durgapur]] (MC)|shape-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|27|7|N|87|28|6|E}} | label-pos20=right| label20= Panagarh | numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Panagarh]] (R)|shape-color20=#C42222
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|28|41|N|87|23|34|E}} | label-pos21=left| label21= Rajbandh | numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Rajbandh]] (R)|shape-color21=#C42222
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|38|54|N|87|9|41|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=ECL Kajora|labela22= Area Office | numbered22=0| mark-title22=[[Kajora Area|ECL Kajora Area Office]] (A)| shape-color22=#AA6666| label-size22=13|
|mark-coord23={{coord|23.619389|87.244333}}| label23= Kazi Nazrul|labela23= Islam Airport| label-color23 = #C42222 | label-angle23=0| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=12|numbered23= A| mark-title23 = [[Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport]]| shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24={{coord|23.474444|87.4275}}| label24= Panagarh Airport| label-color24 = #C42222 | label-angle24=0| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=12| numbered24=A|mark-title24 =[[Panagarh Airport]]| shape-color24=#C42222
|mark-coord25={{coord|23.4754|87.3023}}| label25= Durgapur|labela25= Barrage| label-color25 = #C42222 | label-angle25=0| label-pos25=right| label-size25=10| mark-size25=12| numbered25=B|mark-title25 =[[Durgapur Barrage]]| shape-color25=#C42222
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.5648|87.2367}}| label26= Durgapur|labela26= Steel |labelb26 =Plant| label-color26 = #C42222 | label-angle26=0| label-pos26=bottom| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.5386|87.2693}}| label27= Alloy|labela27= Steels |labelb27 =Plant| label-color27 = #C42222 | label-angle27=0| label-pos27=bottom| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.5186|87.2983}}| label28= Durgapur|labela28= Projects |labelb28 =Limited| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=bottom| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|23.6374|87.4243}}| label29=Ajay River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=47| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23.4984|87.2623}}| label30=Damodar River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=40| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|36|29|N|87|27|13|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31=Gourangapur| numbered31=H| mark-title31= [[Gourangapur]] (H)| shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|36|0|N|87|29|19|E}} | label-pos32=left| label32= Bankati | numbered32=R| mark-title32=[[Bankati, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color32=#C42222
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|33|51|N|87|24|6|E}} | label-pos33=left| label33= Malandighi | numbered33=R| mark-title33=[[Malandighi]] (R)|shape-color33=#C42222
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|37|43|N|87|24|28|E}} | label-pos34=left| label34= Sibpur | numbered34=R| mark-title34=[[Sibpur, Paschim Bardhaman]] (R)|shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|36|22|N|87|25|46|E}} | label-pos35=left| label35= Garh Jungle | numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Garh Jungle]] (H)|shape-color35=#AA6666}}

===Location===
Palashban is located at {{coord|23.584678|N|87.163186|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB |format=dms}}.

===Urbanisation===
According to the 2011 census, 79.22% of the population of Durgapur subdivision was urban and 20.78% was rural. Durgapur subdivision has 1 municipal corporation at [[Durgapur]] and 38 (+1 partly) [[census town]]s (partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map).<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Burdwan |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 September 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]], a part of Andal (gram), [[Dignala]], Palashban and [[Baska, Andal|Baska]] lying south of [[National Highway 19 (India)|National Highway 19]] (old numbering NH 2)/ [[Grand Trunk Road]] form a cluster of census towns. This cluster is linked to a cluster of census towns located north of NH 19.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Bardhaman, Series 20, Part XII A, Census of India 2011 | work= Map of Ondal CD Block, page 229| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 16 September 2018}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Palashban had a total population of 4,811, of which 2,531 (53%) were males and 2,280 (47%) were females. Population in the age group 0–6 years was 478. The total number of literate persons in Palashban was 3,580 (82.62% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 February 2017 }}</ref>

*For language details see [[Andal (community development block)#Language and religion]]

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Palashban had a population of 4,856. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Palashban has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 66%. In Palashban, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==


According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Bardhaman'', Palashban covered an area of 2.83 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water-supply involved service reservoir, tube well, borewell. It had 384 domestic electric connections and 27 road lighting (points). Among the medical facilities, it had 1 hospital, 1 charitable hospital/ nursing home, 7 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had was 1 primary school, the other school facilities were available at [[Andal, Paschim Bardhaman|Andal]] located nearby. Among the important commodities it produced were bricks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 1179-1210; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 1179; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1188; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 1191; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 1196; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 1200; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 1209 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 14 May 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
It is in the heart of the coal mining zone.<ref>Chattopadhyay, Akkori, p. 666</ref>

==Education==
Palashban has three primary and one higher secondary schools.<ref>[http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp 7th All-India School Education Survey 2003] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927042635/http://bardhaman.gov.in/education/schudir.asp |date=2007-09-27 }}</ref>

Rahmatnagar Iqbal Academy is an Urdu-medium coeducational institution established in 1978. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. The school has 15 computers, a library with 1,000 books and a playground.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19090106602/rahmat-nagar-iqbal-academy.html | title = Rahmatnagar Iqbal Academy| publisher = Schools.org.in|access-date = 14 June 2020}}</ref>

Madanpur Mahesh Vidyamandir is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1957. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class X.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/barddhaman/19090106102/madanpur-mahesh-vidyamandir.html | title = Madanpur Mahesh Vidyamandir |publisher = Schools.org.in |access-date = 14 June 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Paschim Bardhaman district]]

Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station

2025-06-04T18:25:30Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: updated section for consistency

{{Short description|Coal-fired power plant in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station
| name_official = NTPC Vindhyachal
| image = VSTPS.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_caption = Location of the Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Station
| coordinates = {{coord|24|5|50|N|82|40|25|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = [[Waidhan]], [[Singrauli District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| status = O
| construction_began = 1982
| commissioned = 1987 (Stage I) to 2015 (Stage V)
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]
| operator =
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_secondary =
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational = 6 × 210 MW 7 × 500 MW 2 × 4 MW HYDRO 15 MW SOLAR
| ps_units_manu_model = [[LMZ]] [[Electrosila]] [[BHEL]]
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = 4,783 MW
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
| extra =
}}
The '''Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station''' is located in [[Singrauli district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. One of the [[Fossil-fuel power station|coal-fired power stations]] of [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]], it is the largest power station in India, and the 10th-largest [[coal]]-fired power station in the world, with an installed capacity of 4,760 MW.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/ntpcs-vindyachal-plant-largest-power-generating-station/articleshow/49569128.cms|title=NTPC's Vindyachal plant largest power generating station|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=28 October 2015 }}</ref> The coal for the power plant is sourced from the Nigahi [[Coal mining|mines]], and the water is sourced from the discharge canal of the [[Singrauli Super Thermal Power Station]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vindhyachal Coal based power station|url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/vindhyachal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412052813/http://www.ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/vindhyachal|archive-date=2018-04-12|access-date=2018-04-12|website=NTPC}}</ref> The power plant is estimated to have been the coal-fired power plant which emitted the second-most [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere|carbon dioxide]] in 2018, after [[Bełchatów Power Station]], at 33.9 million tons, and relative emissions are estimated at 1.485 kg per [[kWh]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Grant|first1=Don|last2=Zelinka|first2=David|last3=Mitova|first3=Stefania|date=2021|title=Reducing CO2 emissions by targeting the world's hyper-polluting power plants|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=16 |issue=9 |page=094022 |language=en|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac13f1|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The electricity is consumed in the following states: [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Daman and Diu|Daman & Diu]] and [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadar Nagar Haveli]].<ref name=":0" />

== Capacity ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+NTPC Vindhyachal<ref name=":1" />
!Stage
!Unit
!Installed Capacity ([[Megawatt|MW]])
!Date of Commissioning
|-
|rowspan="6" | I
|1
|210
|October 1987
|-
|2
|210
|July 1988
|-
|3
|210
|February 1989
|-
|4
|210
|December 1989
|-
|5
|210
|March 1990
|-
|6
|210
|February 1991
|-
|rowspan="2" | II
|7
|500
|March 1999
|-
|8
|500
|February 2000
|-
|rowspan="2" | III
|9
|500
|July 2006
|-
|10
|500
|March 2007
|-
|rowspan="2" | IV
|11
|500
|June 2012
|-
|12
|500
|March 2013
|-
|V
|13
|500
|August 2015
|-
|
|Solar
|15
|-
|
|Hydro
|2 × 4
|-
|'''Total'''
|
|'''4783 MW'''
|
|}
{{Portal|Energy}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official}}

{{NTPC Power Stations}}
{{Power Plants of Madhya Pradesh}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Singrauli district]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1987]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Tamiloid languages

2025-04-21T16:34:29Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: Redirect page

{{Short description|Dravidian language group}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Tamiloid
| region = [[South India]]
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = South Dravidian
| fam3 = [[Southern Dravidian languages|South Dravidian I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–Kodagu
| fam9 = Tamil–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]<ref name="Glottolog" />
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
| glotto = tami1299
| glottorefname = Tamiloid
| glottoname =
| notes =
}}

The '''Tamiloid languages''', also known as the '''Tamil languages''', are the group of [[Dravidian languages]] most closely related to [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. In addition to Tamil itself, they are Eravallan, Kaikadi, Mala Malasar, Malasar, Malapandaram, Mannan, Muthuvan, Paliyan, Pattapu, Bugandi and Yerukala.

[[Arwi]] is not a separate language but a register of Tamil used by Muslims. It is written in the Arabic alphabet and contains many loans from Arabic.

[[Kakkala language|Kakkala]] may be either a Tamil language or one of the [[Malayalam languages]].

==Internal classification==
Glottolog classifies the Tamiloid languages as follows:<ref name="Glottolog">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tami1299 |title=Tamiloid |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112064114/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tami1299 |archive-date=2022-11-12 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}</ref>
{{clade
|label1=Tamiloid
|1={{clade
|1=[[Mala Malasar language|Mala Malasar]]
|2=[[Malapandaram language|Malapandaram]]
|label3=[[Malasa–Eravallan languages|Malasa–Eravallan]]
|3={{clade
|1=[[Eravallan language|Eravallan]]
|2=[[Malasar language|Malasar]]
}}
|label4=[[Muthuvan–Mannan languages|Muthuvan–Mannan]]
|4={{clade
|1=[[Mannan language|Mannan]]
|2=[[Muthuvan language|Muthuvan]]
}}
|5=[[Old Tamil]]
|label6=[[Tamil–Paliyan languages|Tamil–Paliyan]]
|6={{clade
|1=[[Paliyan language|Paliyan]]
|2=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
|label7=[[Yerukula–Korava–Kaikadi languages|Yerukula–Korava–Kaikadi]]
|7={{clade
|1=[[Kaikadi language|Kaikadi]]
|2=[[Pattapu language|Pattapu]]
|3=[[Yerukala language|Yerukula]]
}}
}}
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dravidian languages}}
[[Category:Tamil languages]]
{{Dr-lang-stub}}

Himanshu Kumar

2025-04-02T12:34:08Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: adding

{{Short description|Indian activist}}{{Infobox Person
| name = Himanshu Kumar
| image = Himashu Kumar (Activist).jpg
| birth_place = Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| occupation = Social activist
| father = Lakshmindraprakash Sharma
}}

'''Himanshu Kumar''' is an Indian Gandhian activist, best known for his activism for the tribal communities of the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. He founded a non-profit organization named [[Vanvasi Chetna Ashram]] in [[Dantewada district]] (now [[Sukma district]]) of Chhattisgarh, which he ran from 1992 to 2009.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-07-19 |title=Seeking justice for massacred tribals of Chhattisgarh, Activist Himanshu Kumar won’t pay fine imposed by Supreme Court |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/seeking-justice-massacres-of-tribals-in-chhattisgarh-activist-himanshu-kumar-wont-pay-fine-imposed-by-supreme-court/article65658876.ece |access-date=2022-10-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Kumar was born in [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and both his parents were freedom fighters. He grew up in Gandhi Ashram, [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh. His father, Prakashbhai Sharma, worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi and Vinoba Bhave.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-16 |title=‘I know I will go to jail, but paying the fine would mean I did a wrong’: Dantewada activist |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/himanshu-kumar-i-know-i-will-go-to-jail-but-paying-the-fine-8032265/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: When a Quest for Justice Was Treated Like a Crime |url=https://thewire.in/law/himanshu-kumar-chhattisgarh-supreme-court-adivasis-interview |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

After visiting Dantewada in 1988 with activist [[Nirmala Deshpande]] and his father, he decided to move to Dantewada with his wife in 1992 and founded the Vanvasi Chetna Ashram along with her. The ashram worked to educate the tribals about their legal rights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himanshu Kumar |url=https://www.sambhaavnaa.org/facilitators/himanshu-kumar/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=Sambhaavnaa |language=en-US}}</ref> The ashram was demolished on 17 May 2009 by the police.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Attack On Vanvasi Chetna Ashram In Chhattisgarh |url=https://countercurrents.org/dobhal110609.htm |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=countercurrents.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Himanshu Kumar |url=https://thinkworks.in/speakers/himanshu-kumar/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=THiNK |language=en-US}}</ref>

Over the years, he extensively worked in the [[Bastar district]] with the government to raise awareness on malaria & literacy, and against the government over alleged human rights violations, especially during the [[Salwa Judum]] movement.<ref name=":4" />

Over the years, Kumar has filed over 519 petitions related to alleged fake encounters, rape, and loot by the Indian security forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title='If Institutions Are Captured, We Are Not Independent': Observations from Tribunal on SC Judgments |url=https://thewire.in/law/tribunal-on-supreme-court-judgments-zakia-jafri-himanshu-kumar |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeelani |first=Mehboob |date=2016-02-16 |title=Himanshu Kumar - a rights activist on the run |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himanshu-kumar-a-rights-activist-on-the-run/article8245595.ece |access-date=2022-10-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Chhattisgarh tribals killing case ==
In 2009, Kumar, along with 12 tribals,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC Fines Activist Rs 5 Lakh for 'False Charges' in Chhattisgarh Tribals' Killing Case |url=https://thewire.in/law/sc-fines-activist-rs-5-lakh-for-false-charges-in-chhattisgarh-tribals-killing-case |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sahay |first=Shalini |date=2022-07-22 |title=Gandhian and peace activist Himanshu Kumar refuses to pay fine imposed by Supreme Court |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/gandhian-and-peace-activist-himanshu-kumar-refuses-to-pay-fine-imposed-by-supreme-court |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=SC dismisses plea seeking probe into alleged killing of 17 Adivasis by security forces in 2009 |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1028241/sc-dismisses-plea-seeking-probe-into-alleged-killing-of-17-adivasis-by-security-forces-in-2009 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> with the Supreme Court of India to investigate the alleged killing of 17 tribals from the Dantewada district (now Sukma district) by [[Chhattisgarh Police]] as a part of [[Operation Green Hunt]] in September and October 2009.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> The petition sought an independent inquiry into the killings while also asking the court to direct the government to provide compensation to the kin of the deceased.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=As SC Imposes Fine on Chhattisgarh Activist, Legal Experts Rue ‘Vengeful Attitude' |url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-chhattisgarh-tribals-killing-himanshu-kumar-fine-vengeful-attitude |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

On 14 July 2022, the Supreme Court dismissed the petition and imposed a fine of Rs 5 lakh on Kumar.<ref name=":1" /> The court cited the [[first information report]]s and the chargesheets filed in the case and noted that the tribals were killed by Maoists.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Dhananjay Mahapatra|date=July 15, 2022 |title=SC nails activist Himanshu Kumar for implicating security forces in Dantewada tribal killings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sc-penalises-activist-who-linked-security-forces-to-tribals-killings/articleshow/92886403.cms |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Kumar refused to pay the fine<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-23 |title=Activist Says Won’t Pay SC Fine for Seeking Justice for Adivasis, Civil Society Calls Order a ‘Farce’ |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Activist-Says-Won%E2%80%99t-Pay-SC-Fine-Seeking-Justice-Adivasis-Civil-Society-Calls-Order-Farce |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref> and said "I will not pay the fine as I have not done anything wrong."<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Himanshu}}
[[Category:Indian activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Louise Nicholson

2024-12-18T03:31:17Z

Krishnakumarsinhji Gohil: further updated layout per standard format

{{Short description|British historian and journalist}}
{{for|the New Zealand neuroscientist|Louise Nicholson (academic)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name =Louise Nicholson
| image =
| birthname =
| age =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education =MA Honours Degree
| alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]]
| occupation =Journalist, author, lecturer
| alias =
| status =
| family =
| spouse = Nicholas Wapshott
| children =
| relatives =
| ethnicity =
| religion =
| salary =
| networth =
| agent =
| URL =[http://www.louisesindia.com Louise's India] & [http://www.saveachildsponsoring.org Save a Child]
}}
'''Louise Nicholson''' (born 1 May 1954) is a British arts journalist, author, and lecturer who focuses on the [[Culture of India|art and culture of India]] and [[London]]. Her many books are mainly about India and London.

Nicholson is the chair of the charity Save a Child.<ref>{{EW charity |num=328218 |name=Save A Child}}</ref> She and her husband [[Nicholas Wapshott]] live in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicholas Wapshott |url=https://fedsoc.org/contributors/nicholas-wapshott |website=fedsoc.org |date=7 February 2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
She is the daughter of Royden Joseph Nicholson.<ref>{{cite book |title=Debrett's People of Today 2000 |date=December 1999 |publisher=Debrett's Peerage Limited |isbn=978-1-870520-49-2 |page=2029 |language=en}}</ref> She graduated with an MA honours degree from the [[University of Edinburgh]] in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=EdiT|volume=3|issue=2|page=28|date=2003 |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/sites/default/files/atoms/files/edit-summer-2003.pdf |website=ed.ac.uk |publisher=Edinburgh University}}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP sources section|date=August 2023}}
Nicholson wrote for ''[[The Scotsman]]'' from 1973 to 1976, and for ''[[The Times]]'' from 1976 to 1983.<ref name="PT2006">{{cite book |title=People of Today |date=2006 |publisher=Debrett's Peerage Limited |isbn=978-1-870520-32-4 |page=1686 |language=en}}</ref> She started working in 1976 at the [[Victorian Society]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suraiya |first1=Jug |last2=Mathur |first2=Anurag |title=A Portable India |date=1994 |publisher=Indus |location=150 |isbn=978-81-7223-089-0 |language=en}}</ref> She later co-founded the [[Twentieth Century Society]] (at first named The Thirties Society) with [[Clive Aslet]], [[Gavin Stamp]] and [[Bevis Hillier]] in 1978. She contributed to Aslet's ''The Best Buildings in Britain'' project (1980), searching the [[Church Commissioners]]' records for Grade A churches in England.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Best Buildings in Britain: A Catalogue of Grade 1 Buildings and Grade A Churches in England, Category A Buildings in Scotland and Western Isles, Grade 1 Buildings and Grade A Churches in Wales |date=1980 |publisher=Save Britain's Heritage |page=iv |language=en}}</ref>

==Save a Child==
Nicholson is the chair of the US chapter of Save a Child: Save a Child (America) Inc., a non-profit under the legal and regulatory framework of [[New York State]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Save a Child UnauSave a Child Unaudited Financial Statements 5 April 2021 |url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search?p_p_id=uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet&p_p_lifecycle=2&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&p_p_resource_id=%2Faccounts-resource&p_p_cacheability=cacheLevelPage&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_objectiveId=A11558606&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_priv_r_p_mvcRenderCommandName=%2Ffull-print&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_priv_r_p_organisationNumber=328218 |website=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk|page=2}}</ref> Save a Child, UK and US, are sponsors of the [[All Bengal Women's Union]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Who We Are |url=http://www.abwu.org.in/who_we_are |website=abwu.org.in}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
Nicholson is a prolific travel author. In 1985 her guide to India was published; her guide to London followed in 1988. She has published over 25 books, and her National Geographic Guides to India and London are in their 3rd and 4th editions, respectively.

* Nicholson, Louise. "National Geographic Traveler: London 5th Ed." National Geographic (2011). {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0821-8}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "National Geographic Traveler: India 3rd Ed." National Geographic (2010). {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0595-8}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "National Geographic Traveler: India 1st Ed." National Geographic (1999). {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0023-6}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Illustrated Guide to Delhi, Agra & Jaipur" Guidebook Inc (1998). {{ISBN|978-962-217-491-7}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Illustrated Guide to Goa" Guidebook & Odyssey (1998). {{ISBN|978-962-217-415-3}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "London Rediscovered" Frances Lincoln Publishers Ltd (1998). {{ISBN|978-0-7112-1187-2}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "London (AA Citypack)" AA Publishers (1996). {{ISBN|978-0-7495-1175-3}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Louise Nicholson's India Companion: with a new section on Pakistan" Headline Book Pub Ltd (1996). {{ISBN|978-0-7472-7757-6}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Look Out London!" Riverswift (1995). The Bodley Head Ltd {{ISBN|978-1-898304-84-5}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "The Festive Food of India and Pakistan" Trafalgar Square (1994). {{ISBN|978-1-85626-051-0}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Louise Nicholson's India Companion: with a new section on Pakistan" Vermilion (1994). {{ISBN|978-0-09-178315-0}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Fodor's London Companion" Fodor (1993). {{ISBN|978-0-679-02457-6}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Illustrated Guide to Delhi, Agra & Jaipur" Guidebook (1993). {{ISBN|978-962-217-297-5}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Illustrated Guide to Delhi, Agra & Jaipur" Odyssey Publications (1991). {{ISBN|978-962-217-179-4}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Louise Nicholson's India Companion" Century (1991). {{ISBN|978-0-7126-4794-6}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Louise Nicholson's India Companion: with a new section on Pakistan" (1991). {{ISBN|978-0-7126-4795-3}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Babies' Names" Conran Octopus (1990). {{ISBN|978-1-85029-111-4}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "London: Louise Nicholson's Definitive Guide" The Bodley Head Ltd (1990). {{ISBN|978-0-370-31453-2}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "Collins Illustrated Guide to Delhi, Agra and Jaipur" Collins (1989). {{ISBN|978-0-00-215222-8}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "India in Luxury" Century (1989). {{ISBN|978-0-7126-1643-0}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "The Red Fort, Delhi (Travel to Landmarks Series)" I. B. Tauris & Company (1989). {{ISBN|978-1-85043-173-2}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "London: Louise Nicholson's Definitive Guide" The Bodley Head Ltd (1988). {{ISBN|978-0-370-31032-9}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "India in Luxury" Century (1987). {{ISBN|978-0-7126-2099-4}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "India in Luxury: A Practical Guide for the Discerning Traveller" Century (1986). {{ISBN|978-0-7126-1239-5}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "The Baby Name Book" (1985). Thorsons {{ISBN|978-0-7225-1193-0}}
* Nicholson, Louise. "India in Luxury: A Practical Guide for the Discerning Traveller" Century (1985). {{ISBN|978-0-7126-0857-2}}

==Family==
In 1980 Nicholson married the journalist, author and broadcaster [[Nicholas Wapshott]].<ref>{{Who's Who|title=Wapshott, Nicholas Henry|id=U38817|access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> They have two sons: William Henry Joseph Nicholson (born 1988), and Oliver Evelyn Samuel Nicholson (born 1990).<ref name="PT2006"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nicholson, Louise}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British journalists]]
[[Category:British historians]]
[[Category:British women historians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]