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A. V. Kunjambu

2026-05-08T10:16:45Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A.V. Kunjambu
| image =
| alt =
| caption = A V Kunjambu
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1908|04|10}}
| birth_place = [[Karivellur]], [[Kannur]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1980|06|08|1908|04|10}}
| death_place = [[Kannur]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| spouse = K. Devayani
| children = Radha, [[Karivellur Murali]], Jayadevan Balachandran, Adv Vijayakumar, Malathi, Bhasura
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''A. V. Kunjambu''' (1908-1980) was an Indian politician who took part in the Karivellur agitation and played an important role in the formation of the Communist Party in Travancore.<ref name="ezhimala">{{Cite book|last=കെ. ബാലകൃഷ്ണൻ|title=ഏഴിമല|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി ബുക്സ്|isbn=978-81-8264-519-6|edition=ഒന്നാമത്തെ എഡിഷൻ|pages=17–18|language=ml|chapter=കരിവെള്ളൂരിന്റെ ഇതിഹാസം|year=2007}}</ref> He worked for the welfare of the working class till the end of his life.

A.V. Kunjambu could not complete his education, due to the personal struggles. He joined the national movement at an early age. As a member of the Congress Party he engaged in various struggles and got imprisoned several times. Disillusioned with the working style and policies of the Congress, Kunjambu later took interest in revolutionary ideas. His acquaintance with [[P. Krishna Pillai|P.Krishna Pillai]] opened the way for socialist thoughts, and he willingly came forward to organize the peasants in Malabar. He was one of the founding members of Communist Party in Kerala. When the Communist Party got split in 1964, he sided with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

He has been a member of the CPI(M) state committee since its inception. He was also the District Secretary of Kannur for a long time. In the Third [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and the Fourth Kerala Legislative Assembly, he represented Payyannur constituency.<ref name=":0" /> Further, he was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1957 to 1958.<ref name="kla12">{{cite web|title=കേരളത്തിലെ നിയമസഭാ സാമാജികർ|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m330.htm|publisher=കേരള നിയമസഭ|accessdate=13 September 2013|quote=എ.വി.കുഞ്ഞമ്പു|archive-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913051537/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m330.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> He married Communist leader and freedom fighter, K. Devyani.<ref name="hindu12">{{cite news|title=മെമ്മോയേഴ്സ് ഓഫ് എ റെവല്യൂഷണറി ലീഡർ|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/memoirs-of-a-revolutionary-leader/article2080613.ece|last=സ്റ്റാഫ്|first=റിപ്പോർട്ടർ|publisher=ദ ഹിന്ദു ദിനപത്രം|accessdate=6 June 2011|quote=ദേവയാനിയുടെ ആത്മകഥ വി.എസ്.അച്യുതാനന്ദൻ പ്രകാശനം ചെയ്യുന്നു|archive-date=13 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913051808/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/memoirs-of-a-revolutionary-leader/article2080613.ece|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> He has six children, including the famous poet Karivellur Murali. His eldest daughter Radha has passed away.

== Early life ==
He was born on 10 April 1908 in Acham House, Karivellur to Uchiramma and Thoton Raman Nair of Cheruvathur Kuttam. Kunjambu lived with his mother at his uncle's house as a child, as the police deported his father Raman Nair to the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] for organizing against British colonialism. His father died when he was one year old and his mother left him when he was six years old. He later grew up under the care of his uncle. He could not study beyond the fifth class due to his difficult family situations. After that he went to work at the house of a distant relative who was also a landlord, but did not stay there for long due to excessive exploitation of his labour.<ref name="kcpap83">{{Cite book|last=സി.|first=ഭാസ്കരൻ|title=കേരളത്തിലെ കമ്മ്യൂണിസ്റ്റ് പ്രസ്ഥാനം ആദ്യപഥികർ|publisher=ചിന്ത പബ്ലിഷേഴ്സ്|year=2010|isbn=978-81-262-0482-3|page=83|quote=എ.വി.കുഞ്ഞമ്പു - ആദ്യകാല ജീവിതം}}</ref> He came back and helped his uncle with the stone cutting work. He used to go to many houses to read Ramayana and Krishna songs. As a child, Kunjambu was profoundly aware of the changes in national politics during his time.

== Politics ==
He entered politics by participating in a march of freedom fighters in Payyanur. In 1930, while visiting the festival at the Trichambaram Sri Krishna Temple, he came across [[K. Kelappan]] and listened to his speech, which helped him to anchor his political consciousness. After this, Kunjambu left home to join the Congress party. He was imprisoned in Kadakat in 1932 for violating the Forest Act. He also participated in toddy shop picketing, salt satyagraha and foreign clothing shops picketing. He was imprisoned several times. In prison he had the opportunity to interact closely with the national revolutionaries. The prison life moulded Kunjambu's revolutionary consciousness. Following this, on 13 April 1934, the Abhinava Bharat Yuvak Sangh was formed at Karivellur on the model of the Navajavan Party formed by [[Bhagat Singh]]. He was the founder and main activist of this group. Abhinava Bharat Yuvak Sangham has done a lot of public work to attract people to its activities. At the same time, he did not break his relations with the Congress party. Vagbhatanandan, the great poet Kuttamath, K. Kelappan, [[T. Subrahmanian Thirumump|T.S. Thirumump]] and others came to Karivellur and worked with him.<ref name="kcpap83" />

== Communist Politics ==
P Krishna Pillai led A.V. Kunjambu to the [[Congress Socialist Party]] and later to the Communist Party. His acquaintance with Krishnapillai inspired Kunhambu to join the socialist thinking. Kunjambu went on to become the leader of the Congress Socialist Party. Before the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha, Kunjambu had tried to organize farmers of Karivellur for building a radical [[peasant movement]]. His leadership in struggles forced the landlords of the area to give up violence and feudal levies.<ref name="kcpap83" />

At a [[Pinarayi Conference|meeting held at Parappuram]] in Pinarayi, the members of the Congress Socialist Party had become communists. The Communist Party was banned for its anti-war activities, and orders were released to arrest them. Subsequently, in 1942, Travancore became the area of operation of A.V. Kunjambu. He played an important role in laying the foundation of the Communist Party in Travancore. He assumed the post of Secretary of the Party in Travancore. From 1942 to 1944 he served as the Travancore State Secretary of the party. When he was released from jail in the Karivellur case, he again went into hiding because of ban on the Communist Party. In 1964, he resigned from the National Council of CPI and stood by the CPI (M) when it was formed. He was imprisoned again along with other leaders, he later served as a Rajya Sabha member and MLA.<ref name="kcpap83" />

He died on 8 June 1980.

== Positions held ==

* Organising Secretary and President Akhila Bharatha Youvajana Sanghom.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m330.htm|access-date=2021-05-24|website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>
* Secretary of CPI Travancore State Committee, CPI Malabar Committee.<ref name=":0" />
* Secretary of CPI (M) Cannanore District Committee.<ref name=":0" />
* Working Committee Member and Treasurer, All India Kissan Sabha.<ref name=":0" />
* Member, CPI State Secretariat and National Council.<ref name=":0" />
* CPI (M) State Committee Member.<ref name=":0" />
*Member of Legislative Assembly in third and fourth Kerala Legislative Assembly from [[Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)|Payyannur]] constituency.<ref name=":0" />
*Member, Rajya Sabha (1957–58).<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunjambu, A.V.}}
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Kerala]]

Recognition of same-sex unions in Odisha

2026-05-05T08:00:27Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{SSM|minimal}}

[[Odisha]] does not recognise [[same-sex marriage]]s or [[civil union]]s. However, [[Cohabitation|live-in relationships]] are not unlawful in Odisha. The [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, and that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together. The [[Orissa High Court]] upheld this constitutional right in ''[[Chinmayee Jena v. State of Odisha]]'' in August 2020. Citing Supreme Court precedent, the High Court held that same-sex live-in relationships are permissible under equality rights guaranteed by [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|Article 21 of the Constitution]]. Further, it ruled that women in live-in relationships are protected from [[domestic violence]].

==Legal history==
===Background===
[[Marriage]] in [[India]] is governed under several federal laws. These laws allow for the solemnisation of marriages according to different religions, notably [[Hinduism in Odisha|Hinduism]], [[Christianity in Odisha|Christianity]], and [[Odia Muslims|Islam]]. Every citizen has the right to choose which law will apply to them based on their community or religion. These laws are the ''[[Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bokakhat.gov.in/pdf/The_hindu_marriage_act.pdf|title=Hindu Marriage Act, 1955|work=bokakhat|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> which governs matters of marriage, separation and divorce for Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Sikhs, the ''[[The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872|Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872 |url=https://lawyerslaw.org/the-indian-christian-marriage-act-1872/ |website=lawyerslaw.org |access-date=4 June 2018}}</ref> and the ''[[Muslim personal law in India|Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1937-26.pdf|title= Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937|accessdate=September 6, 2022|work=legislative.gov.in}}</ref> In addition, the ''Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936'' and the ''Anand Marriage Act, 1909'' regulate the marriages of Parsis and Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2476/1/a1936_____3.pdf|title=Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936|work=www.indiacode.nic.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1909-07.pdf|title=Anand Marriage Act, 1909|work=legislative.gov.in|accessdate=September 6, 2022}}</ref> The ''[[Special Marriage Act, 1954]]'' (SMA) allows all Indian citizens to marry regardless of the religion of either party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://voiceofvictims.co.in/divorce-provision-in-hindu-marriage-act/|title=ହିନ୍ଦୁ ବିବାହ ଆଇନରେ ଛାଡ଼ପତ୍ର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା|work=Voice of Victims|date=13 February 2024|language=or}}</ref> Marriage officers appointed by the government may solemnize and register marriages contracted under the SMA, which are registered with the state as a civil contract. The act is particularly popular among [[Interfaith marriage|interfaith couples]], [[Inter-caste marriage|inter-caste couples]], and spouses with [[Atheism|no religious beliefs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1954-43_1.pdf|title=The Special Marriage Act, 1954|work=legislative.gov|accessdate=September 5, 2022}}</ref> None of these acts explicitly bans [[same-sex marriage]].

On 14 February 2006, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in ''Smt. Seema v. Ashwani Kumar'' that the [[States and union territories of India|states and union territories]] are obliged to register all marriages performed under the federal laws. The court's ruling was expected to reduce instances of [[child marriage]]s, [[bigamy]], [[domestic violence]] and unlawful abandonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legal-wires.com/case-study/case-study-smt-seema-v-ashwin-kumar-case/|title= Case Study: Smt Seema v. Ashwin Kumar|date=21 October 2022|work=Legal Wires}}</ref> Unlike other states and union territories, Odisha has not passed a uniform compulsory marriage registration law. Instead, it has enacted religion-specific registration rules, including the ''Orissa Hindu Marriages Registration Rules, 1960'' and the ''Orissa Muhammedan Marriages & Divorces Registration Rules, 1976'', both of which were amended in 2006 to bring their wording into line with the Supreme Court ruling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/669518/1/IQ_241_25112016_U1231_p238_p244.pdf|title=Central law for compulsory registration of marriages|access-date=19 December 2025|work=Rajya Sabha Debates}}</ref> These measures created local registrars, which shall issue [[Marriage license|marriage certificates]] upon reception of memorandums of marriage filed by the spouses. The registrar may refuse to issue the license if the parties fail to meet the requirements to marry under the national law of their religion or community. Although they do not explicitly forbid same-sex marriages, both regulations generally refer to married spouses as "man" and "woman".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestlaws.com/bare-acts/state-acts-rules/odisha-state-laws/orissa-hindu-marriages-registration-rules-1960/|title=Orissa Hindu Marriages Registration Rules, 1960|work=LatestLaws.com|access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legitquest.com/act/the-orissa-muhammedan-marriages-and-divorces-registration-rules-1976/D8A4|title=Orissa Muhammedan Marriages & Divorces Registration Rules, 1976|work=Legit Quest|access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>

Most marriages ({{langx|or|ବିବାହ}}, {{transliteration|or|bibāha}}, {{IPA|or|ˈbibahɔ|pron}}; {{langx|sat|ᱵᱟᱯᱞᱟ}},<ref name="santali"/> {{transliteration|sat|bapla}}; {{langx|hoc|𑣁𑣁𑣓𑣔𑣂}},<ref name="ho"/> {{transliteration|hoc|aandi}}; {{langx|unr|𞓓𞓤𞓧𞓤𞓝}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.webonary.org/mundari?s=marriage|work=Webonary|title=Mundari Dictionary|access-date=5 May 2026}}</ref> {{transliteration|unr|yemet}}; {{langx|uki|ଡ଼ାଞ୍ଜ}},<ref name="kui"/> {{transliteration|uki|ṛānja}}) in Odisha are [[Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent|arranged]]. Arranged marriage remains the prevailing norm across India, accounting for the vast majority of unions, and often placing pressure on LGBT individuals to marry partners of the opposite sex. Nevertheless, some same-sex couples have participated in traditional marriage ceremonies, although these unions lack legal recognition in Odisha. In November 2006, two [[Khonds|Khond]] women, Bateka Palang and Maleka Nilsa, were married "in a traditional ceremony, in the presence of family" in a rural town in the [[Koraput district]]. Following the traditional custom of [[bride price]], the {{transliteration|uki|gāṭi muḍa}} ({{langx|uki|ଗାଟି ମୁଡ|label=[[Kui language (India)|Kui]]}}), traditionally paid by the groom to the parents of the bride,<ref name="kui"/> Bateka's family gave a cow and wine to Maleka's family. Bateka's mother was quoted as saying, "We resisted their marriage because it was against our tradition. But they were in no mood to listen and eloped. Finally, we were compelled to get them married according to our tradition. I have accepted Maleka as my daughter-in-law."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-orissa-women-defy-norms-get-married/articleshow/312647.cms|title= Two Orissa women defy norms, get married|work=The Times of India|date=4 November 2006}}</ref> Two women were also married in a temple in [[Talcher]] in July 2018 "causing outrage among the villagers and ostracisation of their own families".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/jul/13/odisha-two-girls-who-married-each-other-back-with-relatives-after-police-intervention-1842475.html|title= Odisha: Two girls who married each other, back with relatives after police intervention|work=The Nw Indian Express|date=13 July 2018}}</ref> A lesbian couple, Sabitri Parida and Monalisa Nayak, were married in a traditional Hindu ceremony in [[Kendrapara]] in January 2019. The parents of the brides were not supportive of their relationship, and Noyak's father issued a statement alleging that "his daughter is innocent and is under a spell of black magic", urging police to separate the couple.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.edexlive.com/news/2019/jan/14/odisha-registers-first-lesbian-marriage-brides-father-blames-black-magic-5031.html|title= Odisha registers first lesbian marriage, bride's father blames black magic|work=edexlive.com|date=14 January 2019}}</ref> The couple left to [[Bhubaneswar]] to avoid family harassment.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/harassed-by-family-odisha-gay-couple-threatens-to-commit-suicide-1431912-2019-01-16|title= Harassed by family, Odisha gay couple threatens to commit suicide|work=India Today|date=16 January 2019}}</ref>

===Live-in relationships===
{{Infobox subdivision type
|name=[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
|map={{Same-sex marriage in India|width=300}}
}}

[[Cohabitation|Live-in relationships]] ({{langx|or|ସହବାସ ସମ୍ପର୍କ}}, {{transliteration|or|sahabāsa samparka}}, {{IPA|or|ˈsɔhɔbasɔ ˈsɔmpɔɾkɔ|pron}}, or {{lang|or|ଲିଭ୍-ଇନ୍ ସମ୍ପର୍କ}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dharitri.com/live-in-relationships-are-personal-freedom/|language=or|title=ଲିଭ୍‌-ଇନ୍‌ ସମ୍ପର୍କ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ସ୍ବାଧୀନତା|date=30 October 2021|work=Dharitri}}</ref> {{transliteration|or|libh-in samparka}}; {{langx|sat|ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱥᱳᱢᱵᱳᱱᱫ}}, {{transliteration|sat|saw̃te tahen sombond}}, or {{lang|sat|ᱞᱤᱵ-ᱤᱱ ᱥᱳᱢᱵᱳᱱᱫ}}, {{transliteration|sat|liv-in sombond}}) are not illegal in Odisha. The Indian Supreme Court has held that adults have a constitutional right to live together without being married, that police cannot interfere with consenting adults living together, and that live-in relationships are not unlawful. The [[Orissa High Court]] upheld this constitutional right in a notable judgment in August 2020, and further ruled that if a couple faces threats from family or the community they may request police protection. However, live-in relationships do not confer all the legal rights and benefits of marriage.

In August 2020, the High Court ruled in ''[[Chinmayee Jena v. State of Odisha]]'' that same-sex live-in relationships are recognised under the constitutional right to life and equality. The court heard a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' plea filed by Sonu Krishna Jena, a transgender man, whose partner had been kidnapped by her family and [[Forced marriage|forced into marriage]] with another man. The family argued that their daughter would eventually "envision a change of heart" and had "taken a path that diverges from societal norms". Citing the Supreme Court's ruling in ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'', which affirmed fundamental rights for transgender individuals, and ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]'', which decriminalised [[homosexuality]] in India, the Orissa High Court ruled that the couple had the right to live together and continue their relationship, regardless of gender. It held that their relationship was permissible under the fundamental rights to life, equality and equal protection guaranteed by [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|Article 21 of the Constitution]]. The court also held that women in live-in relationships are protected under the ''[[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005]]'', similarly to different-sex cohabiting couples. Further, the court ordered police protection and state support for the couple's rights under the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="odishalivein">{{cite web|url=https://theleaflet.in/orissa-hc-green-signals-same-sex-live-in-relationships/#|title=Orissa HC green signals same sex live-in relationships|website=The Leaflet|date=26 August 2020}}</ref> ''Chinmayee Jena'' was one of the first high court decisions in India recognising the rights of same-sex live-in relationships.

===Transgender and intersex issues===
Like most of [[South Asia]], Odisha recognizes a traditional [[third gender]] community known as ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]'' ({{lang|or|ହିନ୍ଜଡା}}, {{transliteration|or|hinjaḍā}}), historically holding respected community roles, and known for their distinct culture, communities led by [[gurus]], and traditional roles as performers. There are terms for [[eunuch]]s or [[transgender]] individuals in the languages of the various [[List of Scheduled Tribes in Odisha|Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]], namely {{transliteration|uki|meluṛa}} ({{lang|uki|ମେଲୁଡ଼}}) in [[Kui language (India)|Kui]],<ref name="kui">{{cite book|title=A Vocabulary Of The Kui Language|publisher=Asiatic society of Bengal|date=1929|first=W. W.|last=Winfield}}</ref> {{transliteration|sat|cakra}} ({{lang|sat|ᱪᱟᱠᱨᱟ}}) in [[Santali language|Santali]],<ref name="santali">{{cite book|title=English-Santali dictionary|date=1850|page=58|publisher=Bavarian State Library}}</ref> and {{transliteration|hoc|kā pē'jani'i}} ({{lang|hoc|𑣌𑣁𑣁 𑣘𑣈𑣈𑣄𑣎𑣁𑣐𑣓𑣄𑣓}}) in [[Ho language|Ho]];<ref name="ho">{{cite web|url=https://ho.swarthmore.edu/?fields=all&semantic_ids=&q=eunuch|title=Ho Talking Dictionary|access-date=3 June 2024|work=ho.swarthmore.edu}}</ref> however, this does not in itself demonstrate that a third gender category existed in their cultures or that there were ritual or kinship roles for such individuals. The Supreme Court's 2023 ruling in ''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]'' held that the Indian Constitution does not require the legalisation of same-sex marriages but affirmed that transgender people may marry opposite-sex partners. Such a marriage had already occurred in [[Narla]] in September 2022 between a man and a transgender woman. However, the marriage lacked legal recognition because the man was already married to a third party, who reportedly approved of the bigamous marriage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/perfect-union-man-marries-transwoman-wife-s-consent-odisha-1999807-2022-09-13|title=Man marries transwoman in Odisha with wife's 'consent'|work=India Today|date=13 September 2022|first=Mohammad|last=Suffian}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[LGBT rights in India]]
*[[Recognition of same-sex unions in India]]
*''[[Supriyo v. Union of India]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}

[[Category:Recognition of same-sex unions in India by state|Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]

Australia women's cricket team in India in 2025–26

2026-05-05T00:09:21Z

Krishna57edits: Bio...

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Australia women's cricket team in India in 2025–26
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of Australia.svg
| team2_name = Australia
| from_date = 14
| to_date = 20 September 2025
| team1_captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
| team2_captain = [[Alyssa Healy]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 1
| team2_ODIs_won = 2
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (300)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Beth Mooney]] (233)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Kranti Goud]] (5)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Megan Schutt]] (5)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind)
}}

The [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia women's cricket team]] toured India in September 2025 to play the [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/134488/australia-women-to-tour-india-for-odi-series-in-september |title=Australia women to tour India for ODI series in September |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-vs-australia-women-wodi-series-schedule-dates-venue-womens-cricket-world-cup-2025-news/article69632569.ece |title=Australia women set for three-match ODI series in India: Dates revealed |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref> The tour consisted of three [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-host-australia-for-three-odis-ahead-of-womens-world-cup-1488115 |title=India to host Australia for three ODIs ahead of women's World Cup |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref> The series formed part of both teams' preparation ahead of the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/india-to-host-australia-in-odis-before-women-s-world-cup |title=India to host Australia in ODIs before Women’s World Cup |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/67779-schedule-announced-australia-women-to-tour-india-in-september-2025-for-3-odis.html |title=Schedule Announced: Australia Women to tour India in September 2025 for 3 ODIs |work=Female Cricket |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref> In May 2025, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces fixtures for Australia Women's, Australia Men's A and South Africa Men's A team tours of India |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/42BP2q6u |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/bcci-announces-schedule-for-australia-s-tour-of-india-three-odis-to-be-played-just-before-women-s-world-cup-2025-05-29-992401 |title=BCCI announces schedule for Australia's tour of India, three ODIs to be played just before Women's World Cup |work=[[India TV]] |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

The venue for the 1st and 2nd ODI was updated to [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium|New Chandigarh]] and for the 3rd ODI was updated to [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|New Delhi]] from [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] in June 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=BCCI announces updated venues for Team India (Int'l home season) & South Africa A Tour of India |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2025/news/55556221/bcci-announces-updated-venues-for-team-india-int-l-home-season-south-africa-a-tour-of-india |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=9 June 2025}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!{{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/w4gLi20Z |title=India's squad for ICC Women’s Cricket World Cup and ODI series against Australia announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>
!{{crw|AUS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4356282/australia-womens-odi-cricket-world-cup-squad-2025-india-sri-lanka-molineux-wareham-knott-healy-voll |title=Molineux returns as Australia reveal squad for World Cup defence |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* <s>[[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])</s>
* [[Shree Charani]]
* [[Uma Chetry]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harleen Deol]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kranti Goud]]
* [[Tejal Hasabnis]]
* [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
* [[Pratika Rawal]]
* [[Arundhati Reddy]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Sayali Satghare]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Renuka Singh Thakur]]
* [[Radha Yadav]]
|
* [[Alyssa Healy]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tahlia McGrath]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Darcie Brown]]
* [[Nicole Faltum]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ashleigh Gardner]]
* [[Kim Garth]]
* [[Grace Harris]]
* [[Alana King]]
* [[Charli Knott]]
* [[Phoebe Litchfield]]
* [[Sophie Molineux]]
* [[Beth Mooney]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ellyse Perry]]
* [[Megan Schutt]]
* [[Annabel Sutherland]]
* [[Georgia Voll]]
* [[Georgia Wareham]]
|}

On 4 September, [[Yastika Bhatia]] was ruled out of the series due to a left knee injury and was replaced by [[Uma Chetry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/VAbarBVt |title=Squad Update: Uma Chetry named replacement for Yastika Bhatia |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135493/yastika-bhatia-ruled-out-of-australia-odis-and-world-cup |title=Yastika Bhatia ruled out of Australia ODIs and World Cup |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> On 17 September, [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] was ruled out of the remainder of the series due to a viral fever, and she was replaced by [[Tejal Hasabnis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/BDoc2KrX |title=Tejal Hasabnis named as a replacement for Jemimah Rodrigues |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jemimah-rodrigues-out-of-remainder-of-australia-odi-series-with-viral-fever-1503270 |title=Rodrigues out of remainder of Australia ODI series with viral fever |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

== ODI series ==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 September 2025
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|AUS}}
| score1 = 281/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pratika Rawal]] 64 (96)
| wickets1 = [[Megan Schutt]] 2/45 (7 overs)
| score2 = 282/2 (44.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Phoebe Litchfield]] 88 (80)
| wickets2 = [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] 1/51 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1488248.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[New Chandigarh]]
| umpires = [[Lauren Agenbag]] (SA) and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Phoebe Litchfield]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This was the first women's ODI [[List of women's One Day International cricket grounds|to be played at this venue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/international-cricket-to-debut-at-new-chandigarh-stadium-with-ind-vs-aus-women-series-in-sept-101749501030700.html |title=International cricket to debut at New Chandigarh stadium with Ind vs Aus women series in Sept |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/chandigarh/news/mullanpur-stadium-to-host-international-matches-india-australia-women-to-play-2-odis-india-vs-south-africa-135205269.html |title=Mullanpur Stadium to host international matches: India-Australia women's teams to play 2 ODIs; India to face South Africa in 1 match |work=Bhaskar English |access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref>
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind) played in her 150th ODI match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://revsportz.in/renuka-singh-thakur-back-from-a-stress-fracture-and-harmanpreet-kaurs-150-game-landmark/ |title=Renuka’s Return, Harmanpreet’s 150-Game Landmark and India’s Mountain to Climb Against Australia |work=Revsportz |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/73648-harmanpreet-kaur-reaches-150-odis-matches-legends-mithali-raj-and-jhulan-goswami.html |title=Harmanpreet Kaur Reaches 150 ODIs, Matches Legends Mithali Raj and Jhulan Goswami |work=Female Cricket |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
* [[Megan Schutt]] (Aus) played in her 100th ODI match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4362588/australia-india-first-odi-one-dayer-new-chandigarh-report-scores-healy-schutt-smriti-harmanpreet |title=Schutt joins elite club as Aussies bowl first in opening ODI |work=[[Cricket Australia]] |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/73654-megan-schutt-celebrates-landmark-100th-odi-during-australias-tour-of-india-2025.html |title=Megan Schutt Celebrates Landmark 100th ODI During Australia’s Tour of India 2025 |work=Female Cricket |access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref>
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 September 2025
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|AUS}}
| score1 = 292 (49.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 117 (91)
| wickets1 = [[Darcie Brown]] 3/42 (8 overs)
| score2 = 190 (40.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Annabel Sutherland]] 45 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Kranti Goud]] 3/28 (9.5 overs)
| result = India won by 102 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1488249.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharaja Yadavindra Singh International Cricket Stadium]], [[New Chandigarh]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = India recorded their highest total against Australia in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-registers-its-highest-total-against-australia-womens-odis-stats-records-ind-w-vs-aus-w-news/article70061057.ece |title=India registers its highest total against Australia in women’s ODIs |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
* This was India's first ODI win against Australia at home [[2006–07 ICC Women's Quadrangular Series|after 18 years]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-in-india-2025-26-1488246/india-women-vs-australia-women-2nd-odi-1488249/match-report |title=Mandhana ton hands India first win at home against Australia since 2007 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
* This was Australia's biggest defeat (in terms of runs) in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4364321/australia-india-second-odi-one-dayer-new-chandigarh-report-scores-healy-mandhana-voll-brown-harmanpreet |title=Australia crumble to record defeat, India run rampant in second ODI |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/ind-w-vs-aus-w-2nd-odi-score-report-highlights-smriti-century-radha-catch-india-v-australia-biggest-loss-fielding/article70062497.ece |title=IND-W vs AUS-W, 2nd ODI: India’s all-round effort hands Australia its heaviest defeat to level series 1-1 |work=Sportstar |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 September 2025
| time = 13:30
| daynight = Y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 412 (47.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Beth Mooney]] 138 (75)
| wickets1 = [[Arundhati Reddy]] 3/86 (8.5 overs)
| score2 = 369 (47 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 125 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Kim Garth]] 3/69 (9 overs)
| result = Australia won by 43 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1488250.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Lauren Agenbag]] (SA) and [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Beth Mooney]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Radha Yadav]] (Ind) played in her 100th international match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/74122-radha-yadav-completes-100th-international-appearance-for-india.html |title=Radha Yadav Completes 100th International Appearance for India |work=Female Cricket |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] scored fastest century for India, across the men's and women's, in the terms of balls (50) and scored second-fastest century in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/smriti-mandhana-gears-up-for-world-cup-with-fastest-odi-century-by-an-indian-list-of-records-broken-in-ind-w-vs-ausw-11758375279790.html |title=Smriti Mandhana gears up for World Cup with fastest ODI century by an Indian - List of records broken in IND-W vs AUS-W |work=Mint |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-w-vs-australia-w-smriti-mandhana-fastest-hundred-odi-history-2790618-2025-09-20 |title=IND vs AUS: Smriti Mandhana breaks Virat Kohli's record for fastest Indian century in ODIs |work=India Today |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/smriti-mandhana-second-fastest-century-womens-odis-records-stats-india-w-vs-australia-w-3rd-odi-news/article70074042.ece |title=Smriti Mandhana smashes second-fastest century in women’s ODIs |work=Sportstar |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind) scored her 8,000th run in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/74156-harmanpreet-kaur-scripts-history-becomes-only-the-3rd-indian-to-surpass-8000-international-runs.html |title=Harmanpreet Kaur Scripts History, Becomes Only The 3rd Indian to Surpass 8,000 International Runs |work=Female Cricket |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
* [[Megan Schutt]] (Aus) took her 300th wickets in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/women-cricket-news/74227-megan-schutt-completes-300-international-wickets-only-2nd-australian-after-ellyse-perry.html |title=Megan Schutt Completes 300 International Wickets, only 2nd Australian After Ellyse Perry |work=Female Cricket |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref>
* This match recorded the [[List of women's One Day International cricket records#Highest aggregate runs in a single match|highest aggregate runs in a women's ODIs]] (781), surpassing the previous record of 678 set by [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|England and South Africa in 2017]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-match-aggregates-283148 |title=Highest match aggregates in WODIs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-vs-australia-3rd-match-highest-match-aggregate-in-womens-odis-list-stats-records/article70074815.ece |title=India, Australia register highest match aggregate in women’s ODIs |work=Sportstar |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
* India recorded their highest total against Australia and became the first team to score 300+ runs against Australia in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/ind-w-vs-aus-w-3rd-odi-smriti-fastest-century-record-broken-milestones-list-stats-india-women-v-australia/article70074576.ece |title=Smriti’s fastest century, Australia’s highest total — All records broken, milestones achieved during IND vs AUS 3rd WODI |work=Sportstar |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricket/indian-womens-cricket-team-create-history-become-first-side-in-the-world-to-ws-l-9586244.html |title=Indian Women's Cricket Team Create History, Become First Side In The World To... |work=News18 |access-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-in-india-2025-26-1488246 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2025–26}}
{{International women's cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Australia women's cricket team in India in 2025-26}}
[[Category:2025 in Australian cricket|India]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2025–26]]
[[Category:Australian cricket tours of India|2025-26]]
[[Category:Women's cricket in Australia]]
[[Category:Women's cricket in India]]

Coolie

2026-05-02T19:35:58Z

Krishna57edits: Made New Post - done

{{short description|Offensive term for a labourer from Asia}}
{{About||the landform|Coulee|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Coolly|the dictionary definition|wikt:coolly|other uses|Cool (disambiguation){{!}}Cool}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
[[File:East Indian Women, Men and Children (13227675614).jpg|250px|thumb|Indian labourers in British [[Trinidad and Tobago]]; around 1890s]]
{{Slavery}}
'''''Coolie''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|uː|l|i}}){{Efn|also spelled koelie, kouli, khuli, khulie, kuli, cooli, cooly, or quli}} is a term historically used for low-wage [[labourers]], typically those of [[Indian people|Indian]] or [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] descent.<ref name="MerriamWebster">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Coolie Definition & Meaning – Merriam-Webster |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coolie |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104142907/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coolie |archive-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2022 |title=COOLIE {{!}} Meaning & Definition for UK English {{!}} Lexico.com |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/coolie |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203072300/https://www.lexico.com/definition/coolie |archive-date=3 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2023 |title=Coolie Definition & Meaning {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/coolie |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104143943/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/coolie |archive-date=4 January 2023 }}</ref> The term was first used in the 16th century by European traders across Asia. In the 18th century, it more commonly referred to migrant [[Indian indenture system|Indian indentured labourers]]. In the 19th century, during the [[Colonial India|British colonial era]], the term was adopted for the transportation and employment of Asian labourers via [[employment contract]]s on [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugar plantation]]s formerly worked by African slaves.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Jung|first=Moon Ho|title=Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2006|location=Baltimore|pages=16}}</ref>

The word has had a variety of negative connotations. In modern-day English, it is usually regarded as offensive.<ref name="MerriamWebster" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> In the 21st century, ''coolie'' is generally considered a [[racial slur]] for Asians in [[Oceania]], Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Americas (particularly in the [[Caribbean]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Lakshmi |date=25 November 2013 |title=A History Of Indentured Labor Gives 'Coolie' Its Sting |website=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/11/25/247166284/a-history-of-indentured-labor-gives-coolie-its-sting}}</ref>

The word originated in the 17th-century [[Indian subcontinent]] and meant "day labourer"; starting in the 20th century, the word was used in [[British Raj|British Raj India]] to refer to [[Porter (carrier)|porters]] at railway stations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaurav |first1=Kumar |last2=Singhal |first2=Mayank |title=Licensing and Livelihood: Railway Coolies |publisher=Centre for Civil Society (CCS), India |url=http://ccs.in/internship_papers/2003/chap22.pdf |access-date=6 April 2015 |archive-date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411104953/http://ccs.in/internship_papers/2003/chap22.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The term differs from the word "[[Dougla]]", which refers to people of mixed African and Indian ancestry. ''Coolie'' is instead used to refer to people of fully-blooded Asian (e.g. Indian) descent whose ancestors migrated to the British and Dutch (as ''koelie'') former colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. This is particularly so in [[South Africa]], [[Eastern Africa]]n countries, [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Jamaica]], other parts of the [[Caribbean]], [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], and the [[Malay Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Malema-under-fire-over-slur-on-Indians-20111020 |title = Malema under fire over slur on Indians |date = 20 October 2011 |publisher = [[News24 (website)|News 24]] |access-date = 24 January 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Ppudaact" />

In modern Indian popular culture, coolies have often been portrayed as working-class heroes or anti-heroes. [[Indian films]] celebrating coolies include ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), ''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'' (1983), ''[[Coolie (1995 film)|Coolie]]'' (1995), ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' (2025) and several films titled ''Coolie No. 1'' (released in [[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|1991]], [[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|1995]], and [[Coolie No. 1 (2020 film)|2020]]).

==Etymology==
The term ''coolie'' is widely believed to have originated from the Tamil word '''[[wikt:கூலி|kūli]]''', meaning "hire" or "wages".<ref name="OEDRef">{{Cite web |title=Coolie |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/coolie |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=2025-08-03}}</ref><ref name="Ref3">{{Cite book |last=Khubchandani |first=L. M. |title=Language and Nationhood |publisher=Centre for Communication Studies |year=1983 |page=89}}</ref> The word appears in classical Tamil literature, including the ''Thirukkural'' (Kural 619), where it refers to the wage or reward earned through laborious effort: 
''"தெய்வத்தான் ஆகா தெனினும் முயற்சிதன் மெய்வருத்தக் கூலி தரும்."''<ref name="Ref16">{{Cite book |last=Tiruvalluvar |title=Thirukkural |translator=G. U. Pope |year=1886 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=Though fate diverts, effort yields reward; it pays the wage of pain endured.}}</ref> The word is still commonly used in Tamil with the same meaning. During British colonial rule, Tamil-speaking laborers were among the first to be sent abroad as indentured workers, and the word spread to English and other Indian languages through colonial usage.

The term also appears in other Indian languages, such as Hindi and Telugu ''[[wikt:क़ुली#Hindi|kulī]]'', meaning "day-labourer".<ref name="Ref9">{{Cite book |last1=Dirks |first1=Nicholas B. |title=Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2001 |page=211}}</ref> It is also associated with the Urdu word ''[[wikt:قلی#Urdu|qulī]]'', meaning "slave".<ref name="Ref2">{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=David |title=The Colonial Prison: Power, Knowledge and Penology in Nineteenth-Century India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2020 |page=150}}</ref><ref name="Ref9" /> The slave meaning is derived from Chagatai [[wikt:قل#Chagatai|quli]], ultimately from Proto Turkic *[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kul|kul]] "servant, slave". However, some scholars believe the Urdu usage may also have been influenced by Tamil.<ref name="Ref3" />

The Dravidian root word ''[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=kūli&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact kūli]'', meaning "wages", is found across most Dravidian languages except the North Dravidian branch.<ref name="Ref10">{{Cite book |last=Krishnamurti |first=Bhadriraju |title=The Dravidian Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 |page=468}}</ref>

Another theory suggests that the Hindi word ''quli'' could have originated from the name of a tribal or caste group in Gujarat.<ref name="Ref11">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |page=119}}</ref><ref name="Ref12">{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |title=Historiography, Religion, and State in Medieval India |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1996 |page=55}}</ref>

In Chinese, the word ''kǔlì'' (苦力), which literally means "bitter strength", is an example of [[phono-semantic matching]]. Although unrelated etymologically, the term came to be used similarly by colonial powers to describe Chinese manual laborers.<ref name="Ref13">{{Cite book |last=Yule |first=Henry |title=Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary |publisher=John Murray |year=1903 |page=235}}</ref>

The word ''coolies'' was recorded in English as early as 1727, when [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] described dock workers unloading Dutch merchant ships in Nagasaki, Japan.<ref name="Ref14">{{Cite book |last=Kaempfer |first=Engelbert |title=The History of Japan |publisher=Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons |year=1906 |volume=1 |page=194}}</ref><ref name="Ref15">{{Cite book |last=Browne |first=Edward G. |title=A Year Amongst the Persians |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1926 |page=403}}</ref>

==History of the coolie trade==

=== Abolition of slavery and rise of the coolie trade ===
The importation of Asian labourers into [[History of colonialism|European colonies]] occurred as early as the 17th century.<ref name="Yun 2008 6">{{Cite book|last=Yun|first=Lisa|title=The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2008|location=Philadelphia|page=6}}</ref> However, in the 19th century, a far more robust system of trade involving coolies occurred, in direct response to the gradual abolition of both the [[Atlantic slave trade]] and [[slavery]] itself, which for centuries had served as the preferred mode of labour in [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonies in the Americas]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Hu-Dehart|first=Evelyn|date=1994|title=Chinese Coolie Labor in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labor of Neoslavery|journal=Contributions in Black Studies|volume=12|page=39}}</ref> The British were the first to experiment with coolie labour when, in 1806, two hundred Chinese labourers were transported to the colony of Trinidad to work on the [[plantation]]s there.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hu-Dehart|first=Evelyn|date=1994|title=Chinese Coolie Labor in Cuba in the Nineteenth Century: Free Labor of Neoslavery|journal=Contributions in Black Studies|volume=12|page=38}}</ref> The "Trinidad experiment" was not a success, with only twenty to thirty labourers remaining in Trinidad by the 1820s.<ref name="Yun 2008 6"/> However, such efforts inspired [[Sir John Gladstone, 1st Baronet|Sir John Gladstone]], one of the earliest proponents of coolie labour, to seek out coolies for his [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|sugar plantations]] in [[British Guiana]] in the hopes of replacing his Afro-Caribbean labour force after the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|abolition of slavery there in 1833]].<ref name=Jung>{{Cite book|last=Jung|first=Moon Ho|title=Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation|publisher=Johns Hopkins University press|year=2006|location=Baltimore|pages=14}}</ref>

Social and political pressure led to the abolition of slavery throughout the [[British Empire]] in 1833, with other European nations eventually following suit. Labour-intensive work in European colonies, such as those involving plantations and mines, were left without a cheap source of manpower.<ref name="ChineseCoolies5">{{cite web|author=Eloisa Gomez Borah |title=Chronology of Filipinos in America Pre-1989|url=http://personal.anderson.ucla.edu/eloisa.borah/chronology.pdf|access-date=25 February 2012|work=Anderson School of Management|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525225003/http://personal.anderson.ucla.edu/eloisa.borah/chronology.pdf |archive-date= 25 May 2012 }}</ref> As a consequence, a large-scale trade of primarily Indian and Chinese [[Indentured servitude|indentured labourers]] began in the 1820s to fill this need. In 1838, 396 South Asian workers arrived in British Guiana, and such a stream of migrant labour would continue until the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref name=Jung /> Other European nations, especially colonial powers such as France, Spain, and Portugal, soon followed suit, especially as Britain, through several treaties such as [[Strangford Treaty]] and the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris of 1814]], also pressured other nations to abolish their involvement in the Atlantic slave trade.<ref name=":4"/> In most European colonies, the importation of Asian labourers began in earnest after the abolition of slavery. However, in some colonies, such as [[Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba]], slavery would not end until 1886, about forty years after coolies were introduced.<ref name=":5" />

A number of contemporary and modern historians noted the influence of the old form of colonial slavery on the coolie system.<ref name="Lowe 2015 196">{{Cite book|last=Lowe|first=Lisa|title=The Four Intimacies of Continents|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8223-7564-7|page=196}}</ref> The coolie trade, much like the slave trade, was intended to provide a labour force for colonial plantations in the Americas and the Pacific whose [[cash crop]]s were in high demand across the [[Atlantic World]].<ref>{{Citation |title = Coolie Trade in the 19th Century |url = http://blog.lib.umn.edu/globerem/main/2002/05/coolie-trade-in-the-19th-centu.html |access-date = 29 May 2013 |archive-date = 6 October 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131006175948/http://blog.lib.umn.edu/globerem/main/2002/05/coolie-trade-in-the-19th-centu.html |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=New System of Slavery |author=Hugh Tinker |year=1993 |isbn = 978-1-870518-18-5 |publisher=Hansib Publishing, London }}</ref><ref name="CoolieLabor18">{{cite web |url = http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=cibs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dchinese%2520coolies%2520cuba%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D10%26cad%3Drja%26ved%3D0CFcQFjAJ%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fscholarworks.umass.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1081%2526context%253Dcibs%26ei%3DmM26UcqwMYS0yAHo3ICwCg%26usg%3DAFQjCNHvuI6ERx2y7vvOV56zTN3MktJVNg%26bvm%3Dbv.47883778%2Cd.aWc#search=%22chinese%20coolies%20cuba%22 |title = Coolie Labor |author = Evelyn Hu-DeHart |publisher = University of Colorado |access-date = 14 June 2013 }}</ref> Coolies frequently worked on [[slave plantation]]s which had been previously worked by African slaves, and similarly brutal treatment could be meted out by plantation overseers in response to real or perceived offences.<ref name="Lowe 2015 196"/> On some Caribbean plantations, the numbers of coolies present could reach up to six hundred. In 1878, historian W. L. Distant wrote an article for the ''[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]]'', detailing his time spent on West Indian plantations observing the work ethic and behaviours of coolies, and noted that many overseers believed that Asian coolies, much like African slaves, held an affinity for intensive outdoor labour work.<ref name=":0" /> The views of overseers towards coolies differed based on ethnicity: Chinese and Japanese coolies were perceived to be harder working, more unified as a labour force, and maintained better hygiene habits in comparison to Indian labourers, who were viewed as being lower in status and treated as children who required constant supervision.<ref name=":0" />

=== Debates over coolie labour ===
Unlike slavery, coolie labour was (in theory) under contract, consensual, paid, and temporary, with the coolie able to regain complete freedom after their term of service.<ref name=":4" /> Regulations were put in place as early as 1837 by the [[Company rule in India|British authorities in India]] to safeguard these principles of voluntary, contractual work and safe, sanitary transportation. The [[Government of the Qing Dynasty|Chinese government]] also made efforts to secure the well-being of their nation's workers, with representatives being sent to relevant governments around the world. Some Western abolitionists saw coolie labour as paving the way towards [[Abolitionism|abolition]], to gradually and peacefully replace African slave labour without loss of profit.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jung|first=Moon Ho|title=Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|year=2006|location=Baltimore|page=18}}</ref> However, other abolitionist groups and individuals – such as the British [[Anti-Slavery Society (1823–1838)|Anti-Slavery Society]] and the [[Anti-Slavery International|British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society]], along with American abolitionist [[William Lloyd Garrison]] – were highly critical of coolie labour. [[Proslavery]] advocates, particularly in the [[Southern United States]], condemned coolie labour but used it to argue against the abolition of [[Slavery in the United States|American slavery]], claiming the latter was more "humane" than the former.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jung|first=Moon Ho|title=Coolies and Cane: Race, Labor, and Sugar in the Age of Emancipation|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2006|location=Baltimore|pages=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dal Lago|first=Enrico|title=William Lloyd Garrison and Giuseppe Mazzini: Abolition, Democracy, and Radical Reform|location=Baton Rouge, Louisiana|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780807152065}}{{page needed|date=December 2024}}</ref>

In practice, however, as many opponents of the system argued, abuse and violence in the coolie trade was rampant. Some of these labourers signed employment contracts based on misleading promises, while others were kidnapped and sold into servitude; some were victims of [[Ethnic violence|clan violence]] whose captors sold them to coolie merchants, while others sold themselves to pay off gambling debts.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joaquin |last=Gonzalez |title=Filipino American Faith in Action: Immigration, Religion, and Civic Engagement |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vxdJXdqPuuEC&q=filipino%20landing%20morro%20bay&pg=PA20 |year=2009 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn = 9780814732977 |pages=21–22 }} {{cite book |editor1-first=Yo |editor1-last=Jackson |title = Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_hcurFqnQioC&pg=PA216 |year=2006 |publisher=SAGE |isbn = 9781412909488 |page=216 }} {{cite book |first=E. San Jr. |last=Juan |chapter=Emergency Signals from the Shipwreck |series=SUNY series in global modernity |title = Toward Filipino Self-Determination |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Cprm26URewC&q=filipino%20morro%20bay&pg=PA101 |year=2009 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn = 9781438427379 |pages = 101–102 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/upload/African%20Americans%20on%20Jamestown%20Island.pdf |title = A Study of the Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619–1803 |author=Martha W. McCartney |author2=Lorena S. Walsh |author3=Ywone Edwards-Ingram |author4=Andrew J. Butts |author5=Beresford Callum |year=2003 |work=Historic Jamestowne |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=11 May 2013 }} {{cite web |url = http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2007/05/16/indian-slaves-in-colonial-america |title = Indian Slaves in Colonial America |author=Francis C.Assisi |date = 16 May 2007 |publisher=India Currents |access-date = 11 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121127200048/http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2007/05/16/indian-slaves-in-colonial-america |archive-date = 27 November 2012 }}</ref> Those who did sign on voluntarily generally had contracts of two to five years. In addition to having their passage paid for, coolies were also paid under twenty cents per day on average. However, in certain regions, roughly a dollar would be taken from coolies every month in order to pay off their debts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Distant |first=W.L |year = 1874 |title = Eastern Coolie Labour |journal = The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=3 |page = 145 |doi=10.2307/2841301 |jstor=2841301 }}</ref>

=== Chinese coolies ===

==== In European colonies ====
Workers from China were mainly transported to work in [[Peru]] and [[Cuba]]. However, many Chinese labourers worked in British colonies such as [[Singapore]], [[New South Wales]], [[Jamaica]], [[British Guiana]] (now [[Guyana]]), [[British Malaya]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[British Honduras]] (now [[Belize]]), as well as in the Dutch colonies within the [[Dutch East Indies]] and [[Suriname]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Look Lai |first=Walton |title = The Chinese in the West Indies: a documentary history, 1806–1995 |year=1998 |publisher=[[University of the West Indies Press|The Press University of the West Indies]] |isbn = 976-640-021-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Li |first=Anshan |page=44 |chapter=Survival, Adaptation, and Integration: Origins and Development of the Chinese Community in Jamaica |title=The Chinese in the Caribbean |editor-first=Andrew R. |editor-last=Wilson |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-55876-315-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=St. John |last=Robinson |chapter=The Chinese of Central America: Diverse Beginnings, Common Achievements |editor-first=Walton |editor-last=Look Lai |editor2-first=Chee Beng |editor2-last=Tan |title=The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean |year=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004182134 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGShVU6VrgC&pg=PA108 108]}}</ref> The first shipment of Chinese labourers was to the British colony of [[Trinidad]] in 1806 "in an attempt to establish a settlement of free peasant cultivators and labourers". On many of the voyages, the labourers were transported on the same vessels that had been used to transport African slaves in previous years.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lowe|first=Lisa|title=The Intimacies of the Four Continents|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-8223-7564-7|page=194}}</ref>

The coolie slave trade run by American captains and local agents, mainly consisting of [[debt slavery]], was called the 'pig trade' as the living conditions were not dissimilar to that of livestock; on some vessels as many as 40 per cent of the coolies died en route.<ref name=agnew/> As many as 500 were crammed into a single ship hold, leaving no room to move.<ref name=agnew>{{cite book |last1=Agnew |first1=Jeremy |title=Alcohol and Opium in the Old West: Use, Abuse and Influence |date=2013 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0786476299 |pages=82, 85}}</ref> The coolies were also stamped on their backs like livestock. Foreign merchants took advantage of the [[Unequal treaty|unequal treaties]] negotiated between the Qing government and Western powers after the [[Opium Wars]], as well as the resulting political and economic instability, to broker deals for "contracted" workers. Anglophone capitalists referred to the opium trade and captive Chinese labour as "poison and pigs".<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Driscoll |first=Mark W. |title=The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection |date=2020 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4780-1121-7 |location=Durham}}</ref>{{Rp|page=5}}

[[Portuguese Macau|Portuguese Macao]] was the center of coolie slavery: it was described as "the only real business" in Macao from 1848 to 1873, generating enormous profits for the Portuguese until it was banned due to pressure from the British government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Christina Miu Bing Cheng |title=Macau: A Cultural Janus |date=1999 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=9622094864 |pages=31–32}}</ref> Between 1851 and 1874 approximately 215,000 Chinese were shipped from Macau overseas, primarily to Cuba and Peru, with some being shipped to Guiana, Suriname, and [[Costa Rica]].<ref name=":1322">{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Tim |title=Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution |date=2023 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn=978-1-5179-0031-1 |series=Globalization and Community series |location=Minneapolis}}</ref>{{Rp|page=82}} These coolies were obtained via a variety of sources, including some who were entrapped by brokers in Macau through loans for gambling, and others who were kidnapped or coerced.<ref name=":1322"/>{{Rp|page=82}}

In 1847, two ships from Cuba transported workers to [[Havana]] to work in the sugar cane fields from the port of [[Xiamen|Amoy]] (Xiamen), one of the five Chinese [[treaty port]]s opened to the British by the [[Treaty of Nanking]] in 1842. The trade soon spread to other ports in [[Guangdong]], and demand became particularly strong in Peru for workers in the [[silver mine]]s and the [[guano]] collecting industry.<ref>{{Citation |title = Asia-Canada: Chinese Coolies |url = http://asia-canada.ca/changing-perspectives/chinese/chinese-labour-builds-cpr |access-date = 14 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130507045115/http://asia-canada.ca/changing-perspectives/chinese/chinese-labour-builds-cpr |archive-date = 7 May 2013 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title = American Involvement in the Coolie Trade |url = https://www.ea.sinica.edu.tw/eu_file/12011679494.pdf |access-date = 14 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title = Chinese Coolies in Cuba |url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1876/07/16/81694895.pdf |access-date=14 June 2013 |work = The New York Times |date=16 July 1876 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Chinese Indentured Labour in Peru |url = https://www.historytoday.com/lawrence-clayton/chinese-indentured-labour-peru |access-date = 14 June 2013 }}</ref> Australia began importing workers in 1848. These workers were deceived about their terms of employment to a much greater extent than their Indian counterparts, and consequently, there was a much higher level of Chinese emigration during this period.

[[File:Amoy, from Kulangseu.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the [[Xiamen|port of Amoy]], where many Chinese labourers were shipped to foreign lands.]]
The trade flourished from 1847 to 1854 without incident, until reports began to surface of the mistreatment of the workers in Cuba and Peru. As the British government had political and legal responsibility for many of the ports involved – including [[Amoy]] – such ports were immediately closed. Despite these closures, the trade simply shifted to the more accommodating port within the Portuguese enclave of [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]].<ref name="whkmla" />

Many coolies were first deceived or kidnapped, and then kept in [[barracoon]]s (detention centres) or loading vessels in the ports of departure, as were [[Slavery in Africa|African slaves]]. Their voyages, which are sometimes called the Pacific Passage, were as inhumane and dangerous as the notorious [[Middle Passage]] of the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref name=britain1>{{cite web |title=Forced Labour|year=2010|publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom |url = https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm}}</ref><ref name=Trade2>{{Citation |title=Slave Trade:Coolie Trade |url=http://facweb.northseattle.edu/cadler/Global_Dialogues/Readings/Monkey_Hunting_Readings/Slave%20Trade%20Coolie%20Trade.pdf |access-date=29 May 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213151859/http://facweb.northseattle.edu/cadler/Global_Dialogues/Readings/Monkey_Hunting_Readings/Slave%20Trade%20Coolie%20Trade.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mortality was very high; it is estimated that from 1847 to 1859, the average mortality rate for coolies aboard ships to Cuba was 15.2%, and losses among ships to Peru were as high as 40% in the 1850s, and 30.4% from 1860 to 1863.<ref name=Trade2/>

Coolies were sold and taken to work in plantations or mines with very bad living and working conditions. The duration of a contract was typically five to eight years, but many coolies did not live out their term of service due to hard labour and mistreatment. Survivors were often forced to remain in servitude beyond the contracted period. The ''1860 Reglamento para la introducción de trabajadores chinos a la isla de Cuba'' (Regulation for the Introduction of Chinese Workers to the Island of Cuba) passed in Cuba. This regulation stipulated that the Coolie workers must recontract with their previous employer or another employer or they must leave Cuba at their own expense within 2 months after the end of their contract. Coolies were usually unable to afford to leave Cuba and were forced to recontract. This regulation blurred the distinction between indentured servitude and slavery. It allowed for the Coolies to serve as a source of semi-captive labour given the intentional difficulty of returning home.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Hu-DeHart |first=Evelyn |date=2017 |title=From Slavery to Freedom: Chinese Coolies on the Sugar Plantations of Nineteenth Century Cuba |url=https://wfu.ares.atlas-sys.com/ares/ares.dll?SessionID=F062901518S&Action=10&Type=10&Value=65351 |journal=Labour History }}</ref>

The coolies who worked on the sugar plantations in Cuba and in the guano beds of the [[Chincha Islands]] ('the islands of Hell') of Peru were treated brutally. 75% of the Chinese coolies in Cuba died before fulfilling their contracts. More than two-thirds of the Chinese coolies who arrived in Peru between 1849 and 1874 died within the contract period. In 1860, it was calculated that of the 4,000 coolies brought to the Chinchas since the trade began, not one had survived.<ref>{{cite book |title = Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th edition |article=Coolie |year=1877 |publisher=Adam and Charles Black }}</ref>

Because of these unbearable conditions, Chinese coolies often revolted against their Chinese bosses and foreign company bosses at ports of departure, on ships, and in foreign lands. The coolies were put in the same neighbourhoods as Africans and, since most were unable to return to their homeland or have their wives come to the New World, many married African women. The coolies' interracial relationships and marriages with Africans, Europeans, and [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous peoples]], formed some of the modern world's [[Afro-Asians|Afro-Asian]] and [[Asian Latin Americans|Asian Latin American]] populations.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://taste-of-peru.com/peruvian_culture/chinese.php |title = Taste of Peru |publisher = Taste of Peru |access-date = 16 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130927041027/http://taste-of-peru.com/peruvian_culture/chinese.php |archive-date = 27 September 2013 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Influência da aculturação na autopercepção dos idosos quanto à saúde bucal em uma população de origem japonesa|first1=Daniel Afonso|last1=Hiramatsu|first2=Laércio Joel|last2=Franco|first3=Nilce Emy|last3=Tomita|date=20 November 2006|journal=Cadernos de Saúde Pública|volume=22|issue=11|pages=2441–2448|pmid=17091181|doi=10.1590/S0102-311X2006001100018|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.upf.edu/mon/assig/xialmo/mat/dorsey_4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220035052/http://www.upf.edu/mon/assig/xialmo/mat/dorsey_4.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Identity, Rebellion, and Social Justice Among Chinese Contract Workers in Nineteenth-Century Cuba|archive-date=20 February 2012|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260118170254/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ CIA – The World Factbook]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 9 May 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid = 22576450 |doi = 10.1002/ajpa.22090 |volume = 148 |issue = 4 |title = Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow. |date = August 2012 |journal = Am J Phys Anthropol |pages = 618–631 | last1 = Simms | first1 = TM | last2 = Wright | first2 = MR | last3 = Hernandez | first3 = M | last4 = Perez | first4 = OA | last5 = Ramirez | first5 = EC | last6 = Martinez | first6 = E | last7 = Herrera | first7 = RJ}}</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20121202044626/http://ancestry24.com/living-history-project-results/ DNA study from ancestry24]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmc = 2850426 |pmid = 20346436 |doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.014 |volume = 86 |issue = 4 |title = Strong maternal Khoisan contribution to the South African coloured population: a case of gender-biased admixture |year = 2010 | journal = Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages = 611–620 | last1 = Quintana-Murci | first1 = L | last2 = Harmant | first2 = C | last3 = Quach | first3 = H | last4 = Balanovsky | first4 = O | last5 = Zaporozhchenko | first5 = V | last6 = Bormans | first6 = C | last7 = van Helden | first7 = PD | last8 = Hoal | first8 = EG | last9 = Behar | first9 = DM }}</ref>

In Spanish, coolies were referred to as {{Langx|es|colonos asiáticos|label=none}} ('Asian colonists').<ref name="Narvaez, Benjamin N 1886">Narvaez, Benjamin N. "Chinese Coolies in Cuba and Peru: Race, Labor, and Immigration, 1839–1886." (2010): 1–524. Print.</ref> The [[Captaincy General of Cuba|Spanish colony of Cuba]] feared [[slave uprisings]] such as those that [[Haitian Revolution|took place in Haiti]], and used coolies as a transition between slaves and free labour. They were neither free nor slaves. Indentured Chinese servants also laboured in the [[sugarcane]] fields of Cuba well after the 1884 abolition of slavery in the country. Two scholars of Chinese labour in Cuba, Juan Pastrana and [[Juan Pérez de la Riva]], substantiated horrific conditions of Chinese coolies in Cuba<ref name="CubanCoolies7">{{Citation|title=Significance of Chinese Coolies to Cuba|doi=10.1353/jaas.2001.0022|s2cid=144069384|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jaas/summary/v004/4.2yun.html|access-date=14 June 2013|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and stated that coolies were slaves in all but name.<ref name="CubanCoolies7" /> Researcher Denise Helly believes that despite their slave-like treatment, the free and legal status of the Asian labourers in Cuba separated them from slaves. According to Rodriguez Pastor and Trazegnies Granda, the coolies could challenge their superiors, run away, petition government officials, and rebel.<ref>Helly, "Idéologie et ethnicité"; Rodríguez Pastor, "Hijos del Celeste Imperio"; Trazegnies Granda, "En el país de las colinas de arena", Tomo II</ref>

By 1870, labour contractors called enganchadores were used to manage and negotiate the contracts for Chinese Coolies in organised labour squads called Cuadrillas. "The enganchador negotiated all terms of work for his squad and handled all aspects of employment for the workers, including obtaining advances from the planters for salaries, distributing tools, arranging housing and food, and assuming responsibility for discipline, control, and supervision." (Hu-DeHart). The enganchador had flexibility in the length of the Coolies' recontract. The Coolie was also able to negotiate their wages and often had the upper hand as the employer had to yield to market forces. "Recontracting terms varied considerably. A batch of recontracts from the period 1863 to 1877 reveals great variation in the terms of the new contracts, diverging not only from the original ones, but from each other. First, most coolies signed up for only one year, at most two years, and some for as few as three and six months – all far short of another eight years. Second, the monthly wages not only varied, but were always greater than the 4 pesos in the original contracts, in some cases significantly greater. Many specified payment in "peso fuerte," that is, hard currency, not vouchers, which was often used during the eight year original indenture." (Hu-DeHart).<ref name=":8" />

Once they had fulfilled their contracts, ''{{Langx|es|colonos asiáticos|label=none}}'' integrated into the countries of Peru, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. They adopted cultural traditions from the natives and welcomed non-Chinese to experience and participate in their traditions.<ref name="Narvaez, Benjamin N 1886" /> Before the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, [[Havana]] had Latin America's largest [[Chinatown]].

[[File:Real Cédula de Gracia.jpg|thumb|The [[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]], a legal order approved by the [[Spanish Crown]] to encourage foreign settlement of the colonies of [[Captaincy General of Cuba|Cuba]] and [[Captaincy General of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]]]

From {{Circa|1902–1910}}, the [[Chinese Engineering and Mining Company]]{{Notetag|[[Herbert Hoover]] was a company director before becoming U.S. President.}} was instrumental in supplying Chinese coolie labour to South African mines at the request of mine owners, who considered such labour cheaper than native African and white labour.<ref name="Liggett 1930">[[Walter Liggett]], The Rise of Herbert Hoover (New York, 1932)</ref> The horrendous conditions suffered by Indian coolie labourers in South Africa led some politicians in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] to question the coolie system.<ref>{{Citation|title=Indian South Africans:Coolie commission 1872|date=3 April 2011 |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/report-coolie-commission-1872|access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref>

In 1866, the British, French and Chinese governments agreed to mitigate the abuse by requiring all traders to pay for the return of all workers after their contract ended. The employers in the [[British West Indies]] declined these conditions, bringing the trade there to an end. Until the trade was finally abolished in 1875, over 150,000 coolies had been sold to Cuba alone, the majority having been shipped from Macau. These labourers endured conditions far worse than those experienced by their Indian counterparts. Even after the 1866 reforms, the scale of abuse and conditions of near slavery did not get any better – if anything they deteriorated. In the early 1870s, an increased media exposure of the trade led to a public outcry, and the British, as well as the Chinese government, put pressure on the Portuguese colonial authorities in Macau to bring the trade there to an end; this was ultimately achieved in 1874.<ref name="whkmla" /> By that time, a total of up to half a million Chinese workers had been exported.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meagher|first=Arnold J.|title=The Coolie Trade: The Traffic in Chinese Laborers to Latin America 1847–1874 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqyNAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Arnold J. |year=2008 |isbn=9781436309431 |access-date=7 February 2013}}</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2024}} However, by 1890, there were still newspaper reports of coolie labour being used in Madagascar.<ref>"London, Tuesday, August 12, 1890." ''Times'', 12 August 1890, p. 7. ''The Times Digital Archive'', link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS117756684/TTDA?u=tall85761&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=60955784. Accessed 27 April 2023.</ref>

The term ''coolie'' was also applied to Chinese workers recruited for contracts on [[cacao plantation]]s in [[German Samoa]]. German planters went to great lengths to secure access to their coolie labour supply from China. In 1908, a Chinese commissioner, Lin Shu Fen, reported on the cruel treatment of coolie workers on German plantations in the western Samoan Islands. The trade began largely after the establishment of colonial German Samoa in 1900 and lasted until the arrival of New Zealand forces in 1914. More than 2,000 Chinese coolies were present in the islands in 1914 and most were eventually repatriated by the New Zealand administration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Droessler |first1=Holger |title=How Chinese Migrant Workers Resisted Coconut Colonialism in Samoa |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |date=15 October 2022 |volume=20 |issue=17 |url=https://apjjf.org/2022/17/Droessler.html}}</ref>

==== In the United States ====
[[File:Chinese railroad workers in snow.jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Chinese Railroad Workers|Chinese immigrant workers]] building the [[first transcontinental railroad]] in the US]]

Debates over coolie labour and slavery was key in shaping the history of Chinese immigrants in the U.S. In February 1862, "An Act to Prohibit the 'Coolie Trade' by American Citizens in American vessels", also known as the [[Anti-Coolie Act]], was signed into law by Abraham Lincoln, which prohibited any U.S. citizens and residents from trading in Chinese subjects, known as "coolies".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kenny |first1=Kevin |title=The Antislavery Origins of Immigration Policy |journal=The Problem of Immigration in a Slaveholding Republic |date=25 July 2023 |pages=141–C5P47 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197580080.003.0006 |isbn=978-0197580080 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/46057/chapter-abstract/404537072|url-access=subscription }}</ref> {{Disputed inline|date=August 2023|Lincoln or Leland Stanford?}} In one aspect, the Anti-Coolie Act was the last of the U.S. slave trade laws, as well as the beginning of the end of slavery; in September of that year, Lincoln would also issue the [[Emancipation Proclamation]]. In another aspect, it was the beginning of Chinese exclusion in the U.S. and the beginning of federal immigration restriction. Within a decade, significant levels of anti-Chinese sentiment had built up, stoked by populists such as [[Denis Kearney]] with racist slogans – "To an American, death is preferable to life on a par with the Chinese."<ref>[http://dailyheadlines.uark.edu/3437.htm University of Arkansas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029040736/http://dailyheadlines.uark.edu/3437.htm|date=29 October 2006}}</ref>

In 1868, the [[Burlingame Treaty]] would ensure certain protections for Chinese immigrants in the U.S. and emphasise that any Chinese immigration to the U.S. must be free and voluntary, reaffirming that "coolies", being unfree, were unwelcome and prohibited from entering the U.S. In 1875, Congress passed the [[Page Act of 1875|Page Act]], which prohibited the bringing of any Chinese subjects without their consent in order to hold them for a term of service. In 1882, the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] barred the entry of any Chinese labourer to the U.S.

Despite attempts to restrict the influx of cheap labour from China, beginning in the 1870s Chinese workers helped construct a vast network of [[levee]]s in the [[Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta]]. These levees made thousands of acres of fertile [[marsh]]lands available for agricultural production. Although [[History of Chinese Americans#Transcontinental railroad|Chinese workers]] contributed to the building of the [[first transcontinental railroad]] in the United States and of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] in western Canada, Chinese settlement was discouraged after completion of the construction. State legislation, such as California's [[Foreign Miners' Tax Act of 1850|Foreign Miners' Tax Act]] of 1850 and 1852, would target Chinese immigrants in the U.S. The 1879 [[Constitution of California]] declared that "Asiatic coolieism is a form of human slavery, and is forever prohibited in this State, and all contracts for coolie labour shall be void."<ref name="calcon">[http://www.stcl.edu/faculty_pages/faculty_folders/steiner/aal/thechineseincalifornia_files/frame.htm#slide0019.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927160736/http://www.stcl.edu/faculty_pages/faculty_folders/steiner/aal/thechineseincalifornia_files/frame.htm#slide0019.htm|date=27 September 2007}} The Chinese in California, 1850–1879</ref>

In 1938, U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] used the term in one of his [[fireside chats]] (Number 13, 24 July 1938) while telling a story about "two Chinese coolies" arguing in a crowd.

==== In South America ====
In South America, Chinese indentured labourers worked in Peru's silver mines and coastal industries (i.e., [[guano]], sugar, and cotton) from the early 1850s to the mid-1870s; about 100,000 people immigrated as [[Indentured servitude|indentured]] workers. They participated in the [[War of the Pacific]], looting and burning down the [[hacienda]]s where they worked after the [[Occupation of Lima|capture of Lima]] by the invading Chilean army in January 1880. Some 2,000 coolies even joined the Chilean Army in Peru, taking care of the wounded and burying the dead. Others were sent by Chileans to work in the newly conquered [[Tarapacá Region|nitrate fields]].<ref name="bonilla">Bonilla, Heraclio. 1978. The National and Colonial Problem in Peru. ''[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]]''.</ref>

===Indian coolies===
{{see also | Girmityas | Indian diaspora | Colonial India }}

[[File:Fete des travailleurs indiens.jpg|thumb|[[Hindu]] festival for the indentured Indian workers, on the French colony [[Réunion]] (19th century).]]
[[File:East Indian Coolies in Trinidad - Project Gutenberg eText 16035.jpg|thumb|Indentured [[Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] singing and dancing on an estate in [[Trinidad and Tobago]].]]

By the 1820s, many Indians were voluntarily enlisting to go abroad for work, in the hopes of a better life. European merchants and businessmen quickly took advantage of this and began recruiting them for work as a cheap source of labour.<ref>{{Citation |title = Coolie (Asian labourers) |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Britannica |url = https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/136194/coolie |access-date=29 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Chinese American Experience:1857–1892 |url = https://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/2KeyIssues/CoolieLabor.htm |access-date = 29 May 2013 }}</ref> British merchants began transporting Indians to colonies around the world, including [[British Mauritius|Mauritius]], [[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]], [[New South Wales]], [[Colony of Natal|Natal]], [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]], [[Tanganyika Territory|Tanganyika]], [[British Somaliland|Somaliland]], [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland]], [[History of Seychelles#British rule|Seychelles]], [[Protectorate of Uganda|Uganda]], [[Northern Rhodesia]], [[Southern Rhodesia]], [[Nyasaland]], [[British Guiana]], [[History of Trinidad and Tobago#British period|Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]], [[Saint Lucia#18th and 19th centuries|Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines#British colonial period and the Second Kalinago War|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Grenada#British colonial period|Grenada]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis#British colonial period|Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[British Honduras]], [[History of Barbados#Colonial history|Barbados]], the rest of the [[British West Indies]], and [[British Malaya]]. The Dutch shipped workers to labour on the plantations on [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Surinam]], the [[Netherlands Antilles]], and the [[Dutch East Indies]]. The [[French colonial empire|French]] shipped labourers to [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[French Guiana]], the rest of the [[French West Indies]], and [[Réunion]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gillion|first=Kenneth|title=Fiji's Indian migrants : a history of the end of indenture in 1920|year=1962|publisher=Oxford U.P.|location=Melbourne}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|url=https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/the-pacific-islands-an-encyclopedia/|title=The Pacific Islands : an encyclopedia|year=2000|publisher=[[University of Hawai'i Press]]|location=Honolulu|isbn=082482265X|pages=110–111|edition=[Repr.].|editor=[[Brij Lal (historian)|Brij V. Lal]] and Kate Fortune|chapter=Girmitiya}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lal|first=Brij V.|title=Girmitiyas : the origins of the Fiji Indians|year=2004|publisher=Fiji Institute of Applied Studies|location=Lautoka, Fiji|pages=|isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1}}</ref><ref>Gaiutra Bahadur (2014). ''[[Coolie Woman]]: The Odyssey of Indenture''. The University of Chicago. {{ISBN|978-0-226-21138-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Carter|first1=Marina|url=https://anthempress.com/coolitude-pb|title=Coolitude : an anthology of the Indian labour diaspora|last2=Torabully|first2=Khal|date=2002|publisher=Anthem|isbn=1843310031|location=London|pages=}}</ref><ref>Praveen Kumar Jha (2019). ''[https://www.vaniprakashan.in/details.php?prod_id=8762 Coolie Lines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118100317/http://www.vaniprakashan.in/details.php?prod_id=8762 |date=18 January 2022 }}''. New Delhi: Vani Prakashan. {{ISBN|978-93-88684-04-0|}}</ref>

A system of agents was used to infiltrate the rural villages of India and recruit labourers. They would often deceive the credulous workers about the great opportunities that awaited them for their own material betterment abroad. The Indians primarily came from the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], but also from [[Tamil Nadu]] and other areas to the south of the country.<ref name="whkmla">{{Cite web |title=History of Indian and Chinese Coolies and their Descendants |url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0910/lse/lse2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017121832/http://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0910/lse/lse2.html |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=17 December 2013 |website=WHKMLA}}</ref> Indians had faced a great number of social and economic disasters, causing them to be more eager than other groups to leave India. In the last part of the nineteenth century alone, there were 24 famines.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture |last=Gaiutra |first=Bahadur |publisher=Chicago University Press |year=2014 |location=Chicago |page = 25 }}</ref>

Without permission from the [[British Raj|British colonial authorities]], the French transported Indian workers to their Pacific colony, Réunion, from as early as 1826. By 1830, over 3,000 labourers had been transported. After this trade was discovered, the French successfully negotiated with the British in 1860 for permission to transport over 6,000 workers annually, on condition that the trade would be suspended if abuses were discovered to be taking place.<ref name=CoolieLabor18/><ref>{{cite web|title=St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day|year=2009|publisher=Caribbean Repeating Islands|url=http://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/07/st-lucia's-indian-arrival-day/}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

The British began to transport Indians to [[Mauritius]] starting in 1829. Slavery was abolished there in 1833, with Mauritian planters receiving two million pounds sterling in compensation for the loss of their slaves. The planters turned to bringing in a large number of [[Indentured servitude|indentured labourers]] from India to work in the sugar cane fields. Between 1834 and 1921, around half a million indentured labourers were present on the island. They worked on sugar estates, factories, in transport, and on construction sites.<ref name=SouthAsianLabourers4>{{cite web |title=Indian indentured labourers |publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom |year=2010 |url = http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm}}</ref>

In 1837, the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] issued a set of regulations for the trade. The rules provided for each labourer to be personally authorised for transportation by an officer designated by the company, limited the length of service to five years subject to voluntary renewal, made the contractor responsible for returning the worker after the contract elapsed, and required the vessels to conform to basic [[Occupational safety and health|health standards]].<ref name="whkmla" />

[[File:Newly arrived coolies in Trinidad.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Newly arrived Indian labourers in [[Trinidad]].]]

Despite this, conditions on the ships were often extremely crowded, with rampant disease and [[malnutrition]]. Coolies were also not informed about the length of the trip or about the island that they would be going to.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Erickson|first=Edgar|date=June 1934|title=The Introduction of East Indian Coolies into the British West Indies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1934-06_6_2/page/128|journal=The Journal of Modern History|volume=6|issue=2|page=128|doi=10.1086/236112|s2cid=144403568}}</ref> The workers were paid a pittance for their labour, and were expected to work in often awful and harsh conditions. Although there were no large-scale scandals involving coolie abuse in British colonies, workers often ended up being forced to work, and manipulated in such a way that they became dependent on the plantation owners so that in practice they remained there long after their contracts expired; possibly as little as 10% of the coolies actually returned to their original country of origin. Colonial legislation was also passed to severely limit their freedoms; in Mauritius, a compulsory [[Internal passport|pass system]] was instituted to enable their movements to be easily tracked. Conditions were much worse in the French colonies of Réunion, Guadeloupe, and Martinique, where workers were 'systematically overworked' and abnormally high [[mortality rate]]s were recorded for those working in the mines.<ref name="whkmla" /> Generally, Indian coolies were noted to have higher mortality rates as a whole, and were less likely to be able to return home.<ref name=":0" /> Companies would often promise good food, durable clothing, adequate housing, safe passage, and schools. However, these promises were rarely kept, leading to the higher mortality rate and image of Indian coolies being "dirty".<ref name=":1" />

The voyage itself was often a highly dangerous venture, especially for coolie women. Though some ships had made attempts to prevent assault, rape, and general mistreatment in sailor contracts, these crimes were still common. Even with punishments in place, on ship and land, men who assaulted women and children were rarely punished, leaving women in an even more vulnerable position.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture|last=Bahadur|first=Gaiutra|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2014|location=Chicago|pages=51–56}}{{ISBN?}}</ref>

However, there were also attempts by the British authorities to regulate and mitigate the worst abuses. Workers were regularly checked up on by [[health inspector]]s, and they were vetted before transportation to ensure that they were suitably healthy and fit to be able to endure the rigours of labour. Children under the age of 15 were not allowed to be transported from their parents under any circumstances.<ref name="whkmla" />

The first campaign in England against the coolie trade likened the system of indentured labour to the slavery of the past. The campaign against coolie emigration was led by [[Joseph Sturge]], with the Society of Friends. Petitions from Sturge, the Society of Friends, various other humanitarian groups, and from citizens of entire cities were routinely sent to the Colonial Offices.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Erickson |first=Edgar |date=June 1934 |title=The Introduction of East Indian Coolies into the British West Indies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1934-06_6_2/page/132 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=6 |issue=2 |page = 132 |doi=10.1086/236112|s2cid=144403568 }}</ref> In response to this pressure, the labour export was temporarily stopped in 1839 by the authorities when the scale of the abuses became known, but it was soon renewed due to its growing economic importance. A more rigorous regulatory framework was put into place and [[Fine (penalty)|severe penalties]] were imposed for infractions in 1842. In that year, almost 35,000 people were shipped to Mauritius.<ref name="whkmla" />

In 1844, the trade was expanded to the colonies in the [[West Indies]], including Jamaica, Trinidad, and [[Demerara]], where the Asian population was soon a major component of the island demographic.

[[File:The Chinese Labour Corps on the Western Front, 1914-1918 Q9862.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[Chinese Labour Corps]] carry out riveting work at the Central Workshops of the [[Royal Tank Regiment]].]]

Starting in 1879, many Indians were transported to Fiji to work on the [[sugarcane]] plantations. Many of them [[Indians in Fiji|chose to stay]] after their term of indenture elapsed, and today their descendants account for about 40% of the total population. Indian workers were also imported into the Dutch colony of Surinam after the Dutch [[Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870–1871|signed a treaty with the United Kingdom on the recruitment of contract workers]] in 1870. In Mauritius, the Indian population is now demographically dominant, with Indian festivals being celebrated as [[Culture of Mauritius#Public holidays and festivals|national holidays]].<ref name="whkmla" />

This system prevailed until the early twentieth century. Increasing focus on the brutalities and abuses of the trade by the [[Sensationalism|sensationalist]] media of the time incited public outrage and led to the official ending of the coolie trade in 1916 by the British government. By that time, tens of thousands of Chinese workers were being used along the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] by the [[Triple Entente|allied forces]] (see [[Chinese Labour Corps]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/|title=The Long, Long Trail – Researching soldiers of the British Army in the Great War of 1914–1919|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref>

===Sex ratios and intermarriage among coolies===

A major difference between the Chinese and Indian coolie trades was that women and children were brought from India, along with men, while Chinese coolies were 99% male.<ref name=":5">{{cite book|author=Lisa Yun|url=https://archive.org/details/cooliespeakschin0000yunl|title=The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1592135837|location=Philadelphia|page=6|access-date=17 May 2014|url-access=registration}}</ref> Although there are reports of ships (so called 'coolie ships')<ref>http://guyanachronicle.com/2009/05/05/the-coolie-ships Guyan Chronicle</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wajid |first=Sara |date=19 November 2013 |title=Journey of the 'coolie' women in the history of the British empire |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/womens-blog/2013/nov/19/journey-coolie-women-history-british-empire-indentured-labourers |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> for Asian coolies carrying women and children, the great majority of them carried men. This led to a high rate of Chinese men marrying women of other ethnicities, such as Indian women and mixed-race Creole women.

The contrast in the female-to-male ratio between Indian and Chinese immigrants has been compared by historians.<ref>{{cite book|page=46|edition=illustrated|year=1993|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|author=Walton Look Lai|title=Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918|series=Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJCxAAAAIAAJ&q=walton+look+lie+carribean+chinese+indian+women|isbn=0801844657}}</ref> In Sumatra in the Dutch East Indies, just 18,731 Chinese women and 92,985 Chinese men served as coolies on plantations.<ref>{{cite book|page=204|year=1992|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian|volume=2 |series=Data paper series|issue=Issue 2 of Data paper series: Sources for the economic history of Southeast Asia|author=M. R. Fernando|editor1=M. R. Fernando|editor2=David Bulbeck|others=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|title=Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGsMYLKuezgC&q=indian+coolie+woman+chinese+men&pg=PA204|isbn=9813016213}}</ref> Chinese women migrated less than Javanese and Indian women as indentured coolies.<ref>{{cite book|page=21|edition=reprint, revised|year=2012|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Routledge|author=Perisa Campbell|title=Chinese Coolie Emigration to Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-j4sBgAAQBAJ&q=indian+coolie+woman+chinese+men&pg=PA21|isbn=978-1136261527}}</ref> The number of Chinese women as coolies was "very small" while Chinese men were easily taken into the coolie trade.<ref>{{cite book|page=291|edition=illustrated|year=2012|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|author=Eric Jay Dolin|title=When America First Met China: An Exotic History of Tea, Drugs, and Money in the Age of Sail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k2e57zbjbYC&q=indian+coolie+woman+chinese+men&pg=PA291|isbn=978-0871404336}}</ref> In Cuba, men made up the vast majority of Chinese indentured servants on sugar plantations; in Peru, the male Chinese coolies intermarried with local non-Chinese women due to the lack of Chinese women.<ref>{{cite book|edition=illustrated|year=2011|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|volume= 4 |series= Wiley Blackwell Concise History of the Modern World|author=Teresa A. Meade|author-link=Teresa Meade |title=A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4oyihfIfh0C&q=chinese+guyana+marry+east+indian+women&pg=PT148|isbn=978-1444358117}}</ref> Due to the severe shortage of women compared to men among the Indian coolies, some of the women engaged in [[Polyandry]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Distant|first=W.L.|date=1874|title=Eastern Coolie LAbour |journal=The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=3 |page=140 |doi=10.2307/2841301|jstor=2841301}}</ref> Between 1845 and 1917, twenty-five per cent of all Indians brought to the Caribbean were women. With women as a severe minority, their morality was questioned and the actions of men as a result of having so few women was blamed on the women. Between 1858 and 1859, laws were put into place stating that the ratio of men to women could not exceed 2:1, whereas before it was 3:1. However, there continued to be a severe shortage of women. This gave women a new sense of power when it came to choosing a partner. With a shortage of women, it became the responsibility of the male suitor to provide a hefty dowry to a woman's father, regardless of what caste she came from.<ref name=":2">Patricia Mohammd, "Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad, 917–1947," in ''The Caribbean History Reader'', ed. Nicola Foote (New York: Routledge, 2013), pp. 192–194.</ref> Unfortunately, this also put women in a very vulnerable position, especially when alone. Rape was a common occurrence, and there were accounts of women being bound and gagged in their own homes by men. Between 1872 and 1900, it was reported that 87 women were murdered, with 65 of those being married women who were accused of being unfaithful.<ref name=":2" />

The scarcity of Indian women in the Caribbean may not have been completely due to the women's inability to perform the work required of them. Many coolie women saw the chance to leave for the Caribbean as a way to escape abusive husbands, to hide pregnancy, to escape shame, or to simply find a better life. The 1883 Indian Immigration Act aimed to stop women from escaping their abusive husbands, which in turn made it much more difficult for women to emigrate, partially because an agent was usually needed to travel to the woman's village to verify her identity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture|last=Bahadur|first=Gaiutra|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2014|location=Chicago|pages=26–28}}</ref>

Chinese women were scarce in every place where Chinese indentured labourers were brought; the migration was dominated by Chinese men.<ref>{{cite book|page=69|year=2010|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Brill|author=Isabelle Lausent-Herrera|editor1=Walton Look Lai|editor2=Chee Beng Tan|title=The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean|series=Brill ebook titles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGShVU6VrgC&q=walton+look+lie+carribean+chinese+indian+women&pg=PA69|isbn=978-9004182134}}</ref> Up to the 1940s, men made up the vast majority of the Costa Rican Chinese community.<ref>{{cite book|page=116|year=2010|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Brill|author=Isabelle Lausent-Herrera|editor1=Walton Look Lai|editor2=Chee Beng Tan|title=The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean|series=Brill ebook titles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGShVU6VrgC&pg=PA116|isbn=978-9004182134}}</ref> Similarly, males made up the majority of the original Chinese community in Mexico, and they often married Mexican women.<ref>{{cite book|page=68|year=2010|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=Brill|author=Isabelle Lausent-Herrera|editor1=Walton Look Lai|editor2=Chee Beng Tan|title=The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean|series=Brill ebook titles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrGShVU6VrgC&pg=PA68|isbn=978-9004182134}}</ref>

One stark difference between Indian and Chinese coolies was the treatment of women, despite both groups having a severe shortage. Crimes against women (including murder) were far more frequent among Indian coolies. This was simply because there were so few Chinese women. However, it became common for people to instead believe that Indians murder their women while Chinese women stay alive because, unlike their Indian counterparts, they are chaste.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture|last=Bahadur|first=Gaiutra|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2014|location=Chicago|pages=216–217}}</ref>

In the early 1900s, the Chinese communities in Manila, Singapore, Mauritius, New Zealand, Victoria in Australia, the United States, and Victoria in British Columbia in Canada were all male dominated.<ref>{{cite book|page=348|year=1995|access-date=1 June 2015|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|volume= 22 |series= McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history|issn=0846-8869|edition=illustrated|author=Brian L. Moore|title=Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx_9-X_-smoC&q=walton+look+lai+caribbean+chinese+indian+women&pg=PA348|isbn=077351354X}}</ref> Though the lack of women became a problem in later years, initially women were not a high priority during coolie recruitment. Generally, it was believed that women were unwilling to perform the hard outdoor labour. Those willing to perform it were still seen as not as good as men.<ref>Patricia Mohammd, "Gender Negotiations Among Indians in Trinidad, 9171947," in ''The Caribbean History Reader'', ed. Nicola Foote (New York: Routledge, 2013), 193.</ref>

Some Chinese coolies managed to avoid racial discrimination laws in Cuba and marry white women. This could be done by being listed as 'white' on their baptism certificates, as the agency that recruited them was meant for settling white people in Cuba.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Chee-Beng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQtV9jHfzD0C&pg=PA96 |title=Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-60056-9 |page=96 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=López |first=Kathleen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNo3H53lW0gC&pg=PA91 |title=Chinese Cubans: A Transnational History |date=2013 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1-4696-0714-6 |page=91 |language=en}}</ref> A Chinese coolie in Cuba also mentioned a white female master in a deposition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yun |first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWSC2ynmdgAC&pg=PA158 |title=The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba |year= 2008 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=978-1-59213-583-7 |page=158 |language=en}}</ref>

===Legislation===
In 2000, the parliament of [[South Africa]] enacted the [[Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000]]. Section 10 covers the prohibition of [[hate speech]] terms, such as 'coolie' (koelie). The main objectives of the Act were:

{{blockquote|
* To promote equality
* To prohibit and prevent unfair discrimination (either on the basis of age, race, sex, disability, language, religion, culture, etc.)
* To prevent hate speech (e.g. calling people names such as [[Kaffir (racial term)|kaffir]], koelies, hotnot, etc.)
* To prevent harassment.<ref name="Ppudaact">{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov.za/m_statements/2004/2004_11_27_equality.pdf|title=Press Statement: Public awareness campaign on Equality Courts|date=2004-11-27|publisher=Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, Republic of South Africa|access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311150842/http://www.justice.gov.za/m_statements/2004/2004_11_27_equality.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

==Modern use==
{{Multiple issues|{{Update|section|date=January 2023}}
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2023}}|section=y}}
* In [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], ''kuli'' is most commonly for unskilled workers relying on their physical strength for transporting goods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring |url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/kuli |access-date=20 May 2023 |website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id}}</ref> It was previously used to refer to Indian or Chinese labourers, with a pejorative connotation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=coolie {{!}} Indonesian translation |website= Cambridge Dictionary |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-indonesian/coolie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503101221/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-indonesian/coolie |archive-date= 3 May 2022 }}</ref>
* In India, the [[Hindi language|Hindi]] word ''qūlī'' is now commonly used to refer to luggage [[porter (carrier)|porters]] at hotel lobbies and railway and bus stations. Nevertheless, the use of such (especially by foreigners) may still be regarded as a slur by some.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hum Coolie – dedicated to the 'coolies' of India |url=http://www.hum-coolie.com/ |access-date=20 December 2019 |website=hum-coolie.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205090842/http://www.hum-coolie.com/ |archive-date= 5 December 2022 }}</ref> The phrase 'brown coolie' is a term used for an Indian citizen who is posturing as a representative to a foreign institute.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=23 February 2023 |title='Brown' is out of my comfort zone: Karisma Kapoor |url=https://theprint.in/features/brown-is-out-of-my-comfort-zone-karisma-kapoor-2/1393745/ |access-date=1 March 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In [[Malaysia]], ''kuli'' is a term for manual labourers, with somewhat negative connotations.
* In [[Thai language|Thai]], ''kuli'' (กุลี) still retains its original meaning as manual labourers, but is considered to be offensive.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} In September 2005, Prime Minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] of Thailand used this term when referring to the labourers who built the new international airport. He thanked them for their hard work. Reuters, a news source from Bangkok, reported that Thai labour groups were angered by his use of the term.<ref>"Thai Unions Hot under Collar at PM "coolie" Slur." ''The Star Online''. 30 September 2005. Web. 29 January 2011.</ref>
* In South Africa, the term ''coolie'' referred to indentured workers from India. It is no longer an accepted term, and both it and its [[Zulu language|Zulu]] version, ''amakhula'', are considered extremely derogatory for people of [[Indians in South Africa|Indian]] descent.
* In Ethiopia, ''cooli'' are those who carry heavy loads for someone. However, the word is not a slur. It refers to Arab day-labourers who migrated to Ethiopia for labour work.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
* The [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word ''koelie'' refers to a worker who performs very hard, exacting labour. The word generally has no particular ethnic connotations among the [[Dutch (ethnic group)|Dutch]], but it is a racial slur among [[Indo-Surinamese|Surinamese of Indian heritage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.straattaalwoordenboek.nl/woorden/koelie/ |title=Betekenis Koelie |publisher=Straattaalwoordenboek.nl |access-date=30 November 2025}}</ref>
* In Vietnamese, since the [[French Indochina]] era, "cu li" or "culi", as a Vietnamese pronunciation for coolie, is still used with the offensive mearning for low-paid labourer.
* In Finland, when freshmen of a [[Tampere University of Technology|technical university]] take care of student union club tasks (usually arranging a party or such activity), they are referred as "kuli" or performing a "kuli duty".{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}
* In [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Suriname]], [[Jamaica]], [[Belize]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]], [[Grenada]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Barbados]], [[Virgin Islands]], other parts of the [[Caribbean]], [[Mauritius]], [[South Africa]], [[Seychelles]], other parts of [[Southeast Africa]], [[Fiji]], [[Singapore]], and [[Malaysia]], ''coolie'' was used loosely to refer to anyone of Indian and [[South Asian]] descent and is considered an offensive pejorative.
* In some English-speaking countries, the [[Asian conical hat|conical hat worn by many Asians]], to protect themselves from the sun, is sometimes called a "coolie hat".
* In the information technology industry, offshore workers are sometimes referred to as coolies because of their lower wages.
* The term ''coolie'' appears in the [[Eddy Howard]] song, "The Rickety Rickshaw Man".
* In Hungarian, ''kulimunka'' ({{Lit|coolie work}}) refers to back-breaking, repetitive work.
* In Sri Lanka, ''kuliwada'' is the [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] term for manual labour. Also, ''kuli'' (e.g. ''kuliyata'') means working for a fee, notably instant (cash) payment (and not salaried). It is used in a derogatory or jesting manner to signify biased action or support (e.g. "Kuliyata andanawa" means "Crying for a fee", since in colonial times people would be paid to cry at funerals). Taxis are known as ''kuli-ratha''.
* In [[Pangasinan language|Filipino]], ''makuli'' translates to "industrious", which carries connotations of slavishness.
* In [[Greek language|Greek]], ''κούλης'' is used as a neutral word to mean "ship worker of Asian origin" by the Greek poet [[Nikos Kavvadias]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Καββαδίας |first=Νίκος |date=2010 |title=Πούσι |location=Athens |publisher=ΑΓΡΑ |isbn=9789603250388}}</ref>

==In art, entertainment, and media==
===Films===

''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975) is an Indian [[crime drama]] written by [[Salim–Javed]] about a dockyard coolie, Vijay Verma ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]), who turns to a life of crime and becomes a [[Bombay underworld]] smuggler, inspired by the real-life [[Indian mafia]] don [[Haji Mastan]].<ref name="ejumpcut">Virdi, Jyotika. "[https://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/onlinessays/JC38folder/Deewar.html Deewaar: the fiction of film and the fact of politics.]" ''Jump Cut'', No. 38, June 1993:26–32.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amitabh Bachchan's Deewar is 40: 9 Things You Didn't Know About the Angry Young Man – NDTV Movies|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/amitabh-bachchans-deewar-is-40-9-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-angry-young-man-730775|work=[[NDTV]]|date=22 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'' (1983) is an Indian [[Bollywood]] film about a coolie, Iqbal Aslam Khan (Amitabh Bachchan), who works at a railway station; the film gained notoriety for the fact that during filming, Bachchan suffered a near-fatal injury during a fight sequence. Additional [[Indian films]] about coolies include ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1991 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' (1991), ''[[Coolie (1995 film)|Coolie]]'' (1995), ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' (1995), ''[[Coolie (2004 film)|Coolie]]'' (2004), ''[[Coolie No. 1 (2019 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' (2019), ''[[Coolie No. 1 (2020 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' (2020) and, ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'' (2025)

===Music===
The 2014 [[Chutney music|chutney]] song titled "Coolie Bai Dance" by the [[Indo-Guyanese]] singer Romeo "Mystic" Nermal is about the lifestyle of the traditional "coolie" ([[Indo-Caribbean]]) villagers in [[Guyana]] and the rest of the [[Caribbean]].

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|India|China|Guyana|Trinidad and Tobago|Jamaica|Suriname|South Africa|Malaysia|Singapore}}
* [[Coolie-Begar movement]]
* [[Blackbirding]]
* [[Chink]]
* [[Dasa]]
* [[Dougla]]
* [[Navvy]]
* [[Veth (India)|Veth]]
* [[List of ethnic slurs]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Bahadur |first=Gaiutra |title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eTYPAQAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn = 978-1-84904-277-2 }}
* {{Cite book
|publisher = Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd.
|isbn = 9780851741116
|last = Lubbock
|first = Basil
|title = The Coolie Ships and Oil Sailers
|year = 1981
}}
* {{cite book
|publisher = De Gruyter Oldenbourg
|isbn = 978-3-11-046115-2
|last = Varma
|first = Nitin
|title = Coolies of Capitalism: Assam Tea and the Making of Coolie Labour
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tMryjgEACAAJ&q=coolies+of+capitalism
|year = 2016
}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Eric Eustace |title=History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rLJwuQAACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Andre Deutsch |location=London |isbn = 978-1-61759-010-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Yule|first1=Henry |last2=Burnell|first2=Arthur Coke |title=Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC |year=1995 |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |isbn = 978-1-85326-363-7 }}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{integrate section|date=August 2012}}
{{EB1911 poster|Coolie}}
* [http://www.indiana.edu/~librcsd/etext/scoble Hill Coolies]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031219131042/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/coolies.shtml BBC documentary: ''Coolies: The Story of Indian Slavery'']
* [https://www.india-seminar.com/2004/538/538%20vinay%20lal.htm "Labour and longing"] by Vinay Lal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010212151154/http://www.nps.gov/gosp/research/pappy_clay11.html Personal Life of a Chinese Coolie 1868–1899]
* [http://www.uglychinese.org/coolie.htm Chinese Coolie treated worse than slaves]
* {{Cite web |title=Hum Coolie – dedicated to the "coolies" of India |url=http://www.hum-coolie.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205090842/http://www.hum-coolie.com/ |archive-date= 5 December 2022 }}
* {{Cite web |last=Varupi |first=Jain |date=1 February 2004 |title=A burdensome livelihood |url=https://www.indiatogether.org/2004/feb/eco-coolies.htm |website=India Together}}
* {{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029040736/http://dailyheadlines.uark.edu/3437.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 |url=http://dailyheadlines.uark.edu/3437.htm |title=The history of eunuchs, explorers, and Chinese immigration to America |date=25 March 2003 |website=University of Arkansas Daily Headlines}}
* Ramya Sivaraj, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071028164417/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2007/04/29/stories/2007042900050100.htm "A necessary exile"], ''The Hindu'' (29 April 2007)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221529/http://www.lexpress.mu/display_article.php?news_id=96848 Commemoration of indentured], Aapravasi ghat 2 November 2007.
* [https://archive.org/details/anamericanmerch00traigoog/page/n93  Description of conditions aboard clipper ships transporting coolies from Swatow, China, to Peru], by [[George Francis Train]]

{{Anti-Chinese sentiment}}
{{Ethnic slurs}}
{{Poverty}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment]]
[[Category:Asian-American issues]]
[[Category:Chinese-American history]]
[[Category:History of immigration to the United States]]
[[Category:Agricultural labor]]
[[Category:Labor history]]
[[Category:Labor relations]]
[[Category:Personal care and service occupations]]
[[Category:Stereotypes of the working class]]
[[Category:History of slavery]]
[[Category:Coolie trade]]
[[Category:Anti–South Asian slurs]]
[[Category:Anti–East Asian slurs]]
[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:19th century in China]]
[[Category:Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States]]
[[Category:Class-related slurs]]
[[Category:Asian-Australian issues]]

Soma Banerjee

2026-05-02T06:17:03Z

Krishna57edits: Started

{{short description|Bengali film and television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soma Banerjee
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Kolkata
| citizenship = Indian
| known_for =
| notable_works = [[Aparajita Apu]] [[Uma (TV series)|Uma]] [[Mittir Bari]]
| occupation = Actress
}}
'''Soma Banerjee''' is an Indian film and television actress, who predominantly works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] cinema and serials.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/soma-banerjee|title=Soma Banerjee: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> She made her debut in DD Bangla's serial Janmobhumi and became popular with the role of Heera Amma in [[Star Jalsha]]'s [[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]] serial. She has acted in many serials including Bhojo Gobindho, Aparajita Apu and [[Uma (TV series)|Uma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://newsfront.co/exclusive-interview-of-soma-banerjee/|
title=এক্সক্লুসিভ ইন্টারভিউঃ পঁচিশ বছর আগে 'নেপোটিজম' শব্দটা জানলে অনেক কথা বলার ছিলঃ সোমা ব্যানার্জি|website=News Front|language=bn|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

After 30 years of acting in a supporting roles, negative roles, she made her debut as a lead in 2026 in [[Zee Bangla]]'s Annapurnar Lokkhira as Annapurna<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/entertainment/soma-banerjee-to-lead-zee-bangla-s-new-show-annapurnar-lakshmira-cast-and-plot-revealed-395466|title=ভাতের হোটেলকে কেন্দ্র করে জীবনযুদ্ধের জয়গান! কার পরিচালনায় কবে থেকে কোথায় দেখা দেবেন ‘অন্নপূর্ণা’?}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://tollytales.com/entertainment/tollywood/annapurnar-lokkhira-bengali-serial-story-change-soma-bandyopadhyay-reaction-52228|title=“পার্শ্বচরিত্রেই অভ্যস্ত ছিলাম, ভাবিনি এমন চরিত্র পাব” পাল্টাচ্ছে ধারাবাহিকের গল্প, ছোটপর্দায়ও বদলের হাওয়া! খলনায়িকা থেকে এবার মুখ্য ভূমিকায় সোমা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, ‘অন্নপূর্ণার লক্ষ্মীরা’য়ও কি চরিত্র নেতিবাচক? কী বললেন অভিনেত্রী?}}</ref>
==Works==
===Films===
*
*
*
*
* ''[[Bandhu (2007 film)|Bandhu]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Nobel Chor]]'' (2012)
* [[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar 2|''Chirodini Tumi Je Amar'' ''2'']] (2014) as Jyoti's mother
* ''[[Bindaas (2014 film)|Bindaas]]'' (2014) as Sukhdeb's wife
* ''[[Arundhati (2014 film)|Arundhati]]'' (2014) as Annada Maa
* ''[[Naqaab (2018 film)|Naqaab]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti|Bramha Janen Gopon Kommoti]]''as Amrabati<ref>{{Cite web |title='আমার মেয়েদের বলেছি পিরিয়ডের সময়েও পুজো করতে' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-of-actress-soma-banerjee-on-her-upcoming-movie-dgtlx-1.1111918 |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=Anandabazar |language=bn}}</ref> (2020)

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Language
! Channel
|-
| 1996–2002
| ''Janmobhumi''
| Pori
| rowspan="32" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| DD Bangla
|-
| 2000–2005
| ''[[Ek Akasher Niche]]''
| Manashi
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2009–2014
| ''[[Maa....Tomay Chara Ghum Ashena]]''
| Heera Amma <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/video/interview-of-soma-banerjee?q|title=Catch 'Heera Amma' On Jiyo Bangla!|website=Jiyo Bangla|date=January 1970 |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Kanakanjali]]''
|Purobi
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2011–2013
| ''[[Keya Patar Nouko]]''
| Firoza
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Checkmate (Bengali TV series)|Checkmate]]''
| Anjalimashi
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2014–2016
| ''Chokher Tara Tui''
| Rajlakshmi
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Kojagori]]''
| Noori
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Punyi Pukur]]''
| Hoimonti Mukherjee
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''Bhalobasha Bhalobasha''
| Manda
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| ''[[Jhanjh Lobongo Phool]]''
| Brihospoti
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Bhootu]]''
| Guruma
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2016-2017

| ''[[Jarowar Jhumko]]''
| Beeru's mother
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Bhojo Gobindo]]''
| Sandya Sen, Gobindo's mother
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2018-2020
| ''[[Hriday Haran B.A. Pass]]''
| Sid's mother <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.blueskol.in/tvshows/hridoy-haran-b-a-pass/|title= Hridoy Haran BA Pass|website= Blueskol.in|access-date= 9 August 2022|archive-date= 9 August 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220809133034/http://www.blueskol.in/tvshows/hridoy-haran-b-a-pass/|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''Koler Bou''
| Deep's mother <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blueskol.in/tvshows/kauler-bou/|title=Koler Bou|website=Blueskol.in|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809133034/http://www.blueskol.in/tvshows/kauler-bou/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Kanak Kakon]]''
| Akash's mother <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blueskol.in/tvshows/kanak-kakon/|title=Kanak Kakon|website=Blueskol.in|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809133034/http://www.blueskol.in/tvshows/kanak-kakon/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Alo Chhaya]]''
| Sashikala Devi
| rowspan="3" | [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| 2020–2022
| ''[[Aparajita Apu]]''
| Abala Mukherjee<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hoophaap.com/article/tag/soma-banerjee|title= Soma Banerjee|website=Hoophaap|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Uma (TV series)|Uma]]''
| Sutapa Das
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Indrani (TV series)|Indrani]]''
| Mitali, Indrani's mother-in-law <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/entertainment/movie/soma-banerjee-shares-her-thoughts-on-new-serial-indrani/wb20220713204046325325995|title=Soma Banerjee on Indrani: শাশুড়িদের জন্য মানবিক টিপস অভিনেত্রী সোমা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের|website=ETV Bharat|date=13 July 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022|language=bn}}</ref>
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|-
| 2022–2025
| ''[[Horogouri Pice Hotel]]''
| Mitali's mother
| [[Star Jalsha]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023–2024
|''[[Icche Putul]]''
| Madhumita
| rowspan="3" | [[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| ''[[Kar Kachhe Koi Moner Kotha]]''
| Bipasha's mother-in-law
|-
|''[[Mili (Bengali TV series)|Mili]]''
|Mili's care-taker, Sabitri aka Boya
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Mongolmoyee Maa Shitala''
|Daima
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|-
|''Tumi Ashe Pashe Thakle''
|Shaborni
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|-
|2024–2025
|''Malabodol''
|Kabyo's mother
| rowspan="4" |[[Zee Bangla]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''Mittir Bari''
|Minu
|-
|''[[Phulki (TV series)|Phulki]]''
|Damayanti Kar aka Taiji
|-
|2025
|''[[Amader Dadamoni]]''
|Kalyani
|-
|2025–2026
|''Brindaban Bilashini''
|Mohini Maa
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|-
|}

== Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Character !! Serial
|-
| 2022
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Award 2022
| Priyo Sashuri
| Abala Mukherjee
| [[Aparajita Apu]]
|-
| 2026
|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Award 2026
| Sonar Somporko
| Annapurna
| Annapurnar Lokkhira
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5815464}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Soma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Sanguem Assembly constituency

2026-05-02T05:50:29Z

Krishna57edits:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Goa State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sanguem
| mla = [[Subhash Phal Desai]]
| state = [[Goa]]
| district = [[South Goa district|South Goa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Goa]]
| established = 1963
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:26659}}<ref name=results2022/>{{update after|2027|5}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| type= SLA
| constituency_no =39
| map_image = File:Sanguem constitution.svg
}}

'''Sanguem Assembly constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the state of [[Goa]] in southern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |pp=110–114 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Sanguem is also one of the 20 constituencies falling under [[South Goa Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Goa Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1963]]
| [[Tony Fernandes (politician)|Tony Fernandes]]<ref name=result1963>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |title=Assembly Election - 1963 |publisher=Chief Election Commissioner of Goa |access-date=27 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1967 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=results1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3842-goa-1967/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Vasudev Morajkar]]
|-
|[[1972 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=results1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3843-goa-1972/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Sadashiv Marathe]]<ref name=results1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3844-goa-1977/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[1980 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Gurudas Naik Tari]]<ref name=results1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3845-goa-1980/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)}}
|-
|[[1984 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[Pandu Naik]]<ref name=election1984>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3847-goa-1984/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1984 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 29 November 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Ranu Prabhu Desai]]<ref name=results1989>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3849-goa-1989/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1989 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}}
|-
|[[1994 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|Pandu Naik<ref name=results1994>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3850-goa-1994/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1994 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Goa Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|[[Prabhakar Gaonkar]]<ref name=results1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3852-goa-1999/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 1999 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2002 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name=results2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3853-goa-2002/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Vasudev Gaonkar]]
|-
|[[2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=results2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3855-goa-2007/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 31 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="Goa Election Results 2012: Full list of winners of all constituencies in assembly elections of Goa and how it can change in 2017">{{cite news|last1=The Indian Express|title=Goa Election Results 2012: Full list of winners of all constituencies in assembly elections of Goa and how it can change in 2017|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/goa-assembly-elections-2017/goa-election-results-2012-full-list-of-winners-of-all-constituencies-in-assembly-elections-of-goa-and-how-it-can-change-in-2017-4560713/|accessdate=20 December 2023|date=8 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220144615/https://indianexpress.com/elections/goa-assembly-elections-2017/goa-election-results-2012-full-list-of-winners-of-all-constituencies-in-assembly-elections-of-goa-and-how-it-can-change-in-2017-4560713/|archivedate=20 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="results2012">{{cite web |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2012 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3856-goa-2012/ |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Subhash Phal Desai]]
|-
|[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="Goa elections result 2017: Full list of constituencies and their winners">{{cite news|last1=The Indian Express|title=Goa elections result 2017: Full list of constituencies and their winners|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/goa-assembly-elections-2017/goa-election-results-full-list-of-constituencies-and-candidates-winner-list-4562578/|accessdate=20 December 2023|date=9 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220144445/https://indianexpress.com/elections/goa-assembly-elections-2017/goa-election-results-full-list-of-constituencies-and-candidates-winner-list-4562578/|archivedate=20 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| [[Prasad Gaonkar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="Goa Election Result: Full list of winning candidates">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Goa Election Result: Full list of winning candidates|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/goa-assembly-polls-2022/story/goa-election-2022-latest-result-full-list-leading-candidates-winners-party-wise-1922756-2022-03-10|accessdate=20 December 2023|date=10 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220144210/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/goa-assembly-polls-2022/story/goa-election-2022-latest-result-full-list-leading-candidates-winners-party-wise-1922756-2022-03-10|archivedate=20 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Goa election result 2022: Full list of winners">{{cite news|last1=Hindustan Times|title=Goa election result 2022: Full list of winners|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/goa-assembly-election/goa-assembly-polls-2022-winners-list-bjp-vs-congress-vs-aap-full-list-of-leading-candidates-101646882087437.html|accessdate=20 December 2023|date=10 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220144333/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/goa-assembly-election/goa-assembly-polls-2022-winners-list-bjp-vs-congress-vs-aap-full-list-of-leading-candidates-101646882087437.html|archivedate=20 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|Subhash Phal Desai<ref name=results2022/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanguem<ref name=results2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14168-goa-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 17 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subhash Phal Desai]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 8,724
|percentage = 36.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Savitri Chandrakant Kavlekar|party=Independent politician|votes=7,295|percentage=30.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Prasad Gaonkar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,644|percentage=19.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sunil Gaonkar|party=Revolutionary Goans Party|votes=1,500|percentage=6.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abhijeet Desai<ref name="AAP Goa list">{{cite news |title=Goa Assembly Election 2022: Full list of AAP candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/goa-assembly-election-2022-full-list-of-aap-candidates-and-their-constituencies/2405089/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=894|percentage=3.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=241|percentage=1.01|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rakhi Prabhudesai Naik|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=185|percentage=0.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Domacio Barreto|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=174|percentage=0.73|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramesh Gopal Velinkar|party=Independent politician|votes=94|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=23,751|percentage=86.19%|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election]]: Sanguem<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3862-goa-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Goa General Legislative Election 2017 |access-date= 7 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Prasad Gaonkar]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,636
|percentage = 33.98%
|change = +7.30%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Subhash Phal Desai]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,699
|percentage = 29.81%
|change = -4.17%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Savitri Kavlekar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,736
|percentage = 25.52%
|change = +25.52%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Dattaprasad Savardekar]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 989
|percentage = 4.4%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Ravindra Arjun Velip]]
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 659
|percentage = 2.93%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vasudev Gaonkar]]
|party = Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party
|votes = 484
|percentage = 2.15%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 208
|percentage = 0.93%
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Sudesh Gaunkar]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 148
|percentage = 0.66%
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rakhi Naik]]
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 125
|percentage = 0.56%
|change = -31.86%
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 937
|percentage = 4.18%
|change = +1.93%
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 22,683
|percentage = 88.02%
|change = +0.14%
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
* [[South Goa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Goa Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/71-goa/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Goa}}

{{coord|15.23|74.15|display=title}}

[[Category:South Goa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Goa]]
[[Category:Politics of Goa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]

Sanket Bhosale

2026-05-01T15:06:04Z

Krishna57edits: Started...

{{Short description|Indian comedian, actor, doctor and television presenter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sanket Bhosale
| image = Dr. Sanket Bhosale attend the press conference of the show The Drama Company.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|5|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Physician, Comedian, Mimicry artist, Actor.
| years_active = 2012 – present
| known for = Mimicry of [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Sonu Nigam]] and others
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sugandha Mishra]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Kapil Sharma Show's Sugandha Mishra gets married to Sanket Bhosale in Ludhiana|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-kapil-sharma-shows-sugandha-mishra-gets-married-to-sanket-bhosale-in-ludhiana-9570391.html|access-date=27 April 2021|work=Firstpost|date=27 April 2021}}</ref>|2021}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Sanket Bhosale'''<ref>[http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/movie-actor/dr-sanket-bhosale Sanket Bhosale got famous for being a Doctor]</ref> (born 9 May 1988) is an Indian comedian, actor, doctor and television presenter known for his work predominantly in Hindi television. He is known for mimicking the voices of many Bollywood celebrities, notably Salman Khan and Sanjay Dutt. Apart from his artistry, Bhosale is also a trained physician. He made his mimicry debut with the 2012 ''[[Laugh India Laugh]]'', where he was among the top 10 finalists. He also worked at [[92.7 Big FM]] in 2013.

==Personal life==
Born in a Marathi family, he was inspired to become a doctor after watching [[Sanjay Dutt]] in ''[[Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.]]'', and has been a vocal fan of the actor, whom he has popularly mimicked. He is married to fellow comedian, actress, singer and mimicry artist [[Sugandha Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sugandha Mishra ties the knot with Sanket Bhosale, first picture of newlyweds shared by Preeti Simoes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/sugandha-mishra-ties-the-knot-with-sanket-bhosale-first-picture-of-newlyweds-shared-by-preeti-simoes-101619498262770.html|access-date=27 April 2021|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 April 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The Kapil Sharma Show fame Sugandha Mishra and Sanket Bhosale get married; see photo of the newlywed couple|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-kapil-sharma-show-fame-sugandha-mishra-and-dr-sanket-bhosale-get-married-see-photo-of-the-newlywed-couple/articleshow/82268361.cms|access-date=27 April 2021|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2016-2020
|''Baba Ki Chowki''
| Host
|
|-
|2016-17
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
| rowspan="3"| Baba
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Super Night with Tubelight]]''
|
|-
|2017-18
|''[[The Drama Company]]''
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Gangs of Filmistan]]''
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Zee Comedy Show]]''
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Case Toh Banta Hai]]''
|[[Witness]]
|[[Amazon miniTV]] series
|-
|2025–Present
|''[[The Great Indian Kapil Show]]-Season 3''
|Baba
|[[Netflix]] series
|-
|2026
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|Sanket Gokhale
|[[Guest appearance]]
|}

==Mimicry==
Actors that he highly mimicked include: [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Salman Khan]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Kailash Kher]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Farhan Akhtar]], [[Javed Akhtar]], and [[Pankaj Tripathi]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

Through his mimicry, he has also influenced and assisted Ranbir Kapoor to help capture the mannerisms of Sanjay Dutt for [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s 2018 biographical film [[Sanju]], which is based on Dutt's personal life.<ref name="sanju">{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ranbir-kapoor-took-help-of-comedian-sanket-bhosale-to-play-sanjay-dutt-in-rajkumar-hirani-s-sanju-dunki-3071816 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217075724/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-ranbir-kapoor-took-help-of-comedian-sanket-bhosale-to-play-sanjay-dutt-in-rajkumar-hirani-s-sanju-dunki-3071816 |title=Ranbir Kapoor took help of this famous comedian to play Sanjay Dutt in Rajkumar Hirani's Sanju |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) |date=December 16, 2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhosale, Sanket}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian television personalities]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Gooty Assembly constituency

2026-04-29T15:51:06Z

Krishna57edits: Made New Article - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh}}
'''Gooty Assembly constituency''' is a former constituency in [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elected representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]]. It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Anantapur Lok Sabha constituency]]. It was abolished in the 2008 delimitation exercise based on the recommendations of the Delimitation Commission of India constituted in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-15 |title=A constituency where no party holds complete sway |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2009/Apr/19/a-constituency-where-no-party-holds-complete-sway-42337.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2008, the constituency was merged in Guntakal Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-28 |title=Profile of N. Neelavathi – Anantapur District – hello ap |url=https://helloap.com/profile-of-n-neelavathi-anantapur-district/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1955, there were 29 two-member constituencies and 138 single-member constituencies.<ref name="APECI1955">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1955 : To the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1955/StatRep_AP_1955.pdf |access-date=2014-11-17 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Political party
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
|Rajaram
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Sanda Narayanappa
|-
|[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|V. K. Adinarayana Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|1972<ref>{{Cite web|title=1972 AP Assembly Election Results|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/|access-date=28 June 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="జిల్లాలో హైట్రిక్‌ వీరులు..">{{cite news|url=https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/assembly-and-lok-sabha-elections-ihe-history-elections-three-consecutive-terms|title=జిల్లాలో హైట్రిక్‌ వీరులు..|last1=Sakshi|date=15 March 2019|work=Sakshi|accessdate=12 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612140607/https://m.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/assembly-and-lok-sabha-elections-ihe-history-elections-three-consecutive-terms|archivedate=12 June 2022|language=te}}</ref>
|Duddekunta Venkata Reddy
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1978<ref>{{Cite web|title=1978 AP Assembly Election Results|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/|access-date=28 June 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref>
|K Venkataramaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|1983<ref>{{Cite web|title=1983 AP Assembly Election Results|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/|access-date=28 June 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref>
|Pati Rajagopala
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1985<ref>{{Cite web|title=1985 AP Assembly Election Results|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/|access-date=28 June 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref>
|N. Gade Lingappa
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|1989<ref>{{Cite web|title=1989 AP Assembly Election Results|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/|access-date=28 June 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref>
|Arikeri Jagadish
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1994<ref>{{Cite web|title=1994 AP Assembly Election Results|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/|access-date=28 June 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref>
|N. Gade Lingappa
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1999<ref>{{Cite web|title=1999 AP Assembly Election Results|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/|access-date=28 June 2024|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref>
|R Sainath Goud
|-
|2004<ref name="election2004">{{cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/|access-date=28 June 2024|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[N. Neelavathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Elections ==

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]

Banni Chow Home Delivery

2026-04-29T13:09:15Z

Krishna57edits: Made...

{{short description|Indian television series by Shashi Sumeet Productions}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Banni Chow Home Delivery.jpeg
| num_seasons = 1
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| camera = Multi-camera
| num_episodes = 202
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| creative_director = Imran Mir Naveen Mirja
| screenplay = Mallika Dutt Ritu Goel Rachel Navare
| story = Mallika Dutt Shashwati D Mishra
| writer = Raghuvir Shekhawat
| creator = Snehashis Chakraborty
| starring = [[Ulka Gupta]] [[Pravisht Mishra]]
| producer = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal Jitendra Singla
| director = Jaladh K. Sharma
| editor = Jay B Ghadiali Saurabh Raj Khanna
| opentheme =
| genre = {{plainlist|
*Psychological
*Mystery
*Drama
*Romance}}
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|05|30|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|01|03|df=yes}}
| composer =
| cinematography = Ajay Lalta Gupta Vipul Virendra Singh
}}
'''''Banni Chow Home Delivery''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television drama series that premiered on 30 May 2022 on [[StarPlus]]. It streams digitally on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. Produced by Shashi Mittal and Sumeet Mittal under [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]] it stars [[Ulka Gupta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ulka-gupta-roped-in-for-new-show-banni-chow-home-delivery/articleshow/91769504.cms|title=Ulka Gupta roped in for new show Banni Chow Home Delivery|website=Times Of India|date=24 May 2022 }}</ref> and [[Pravisht Mishra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=Exclusive! Young sensation Anushka Merchande is excited about her negative role in upcoming show Banni Chow Home Delivery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-young-sensation-anushka-merchande-is-excited-about-her-negative-role-in-upcoming-show-banni-chow-home-delivery/articleshow/91642751.cms |website=The Times Of India}}</ref> It is a remake of [[Star Jalsha]]'s Bengali series ''[[Khukumoni Home Delivery]].''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-27 |title=Rahul Mazumdar and Dipanwita Rakshit starrer Khukumoni Home Delivery gets a Hindi remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rahul-mazumdar-dipanwita-rakshit-starrer-khukumoni-home-delivery-gets-a-hindi-remake/articleshow/89869869.cms |website=The Times Of India}}</ref>

==Premise==
{{expand section|date=January 2026}}
{{More plot|date=January 2026}}Banni has a catering and door-to-door food delivery business. She soon crosses paths with Yuvan, a mentally disabled man whom she eventually marries as a compromise. The show follows how Banni protects Yuvan from her in-laws, who mentally and physically abused him, and she explores his musical talent and decides to make him a rockstar despite his mental illness.

Agastya, a rockstar, enters their lives initially as a storm, but later ends up falling for Banni. Yuvan's childhood friend, Tulika also returns, who loves and is loved, by Kabir, Yuvan's split personality.

With Yuvan suffering from split personality disorder, the three of them aim to cure him, holding back their emotions just for Yuvan and Banni's happiness and union.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Ulka Gupta]] as Banni Singh Rathod: A home delivery agent; Yuvan's wife; Agastya's love interest; Atharva's step-mother (2022–2023)
*[[Pravisht Mishra]] in [[dual roles]] as
**Yuvan Singh Rathod: A singer and musician with special needs; Hemant and Vandana's son; Manini's step-son; Palak and Myra's half-brother; Banni's husband; Atharva's father (2022–2023)
**Kabir Singh Rathore: Yuvan's split personality; Manini's step-son; Palak and Myra's half-brother; Tulika's husband; Atharva's father

===Recurring===
*[[Riya Sharma]] as Dr. Tulika Anand: Yuvan's childhood friend Bunty; Kabir's wife; Atharva's mother; Agastya's friend (2022)
*[[Arjit Taneja]] as Agastya Kapoor: Yuvan's mentor and judge; Param's son; Banni's one-sided lover (2022)
*[[Rajendra Chawla]] as Devraj Singh Rathod: Sulekha's brother; Hemant and Veer's father (2022–2023)
*[[Parvati Sehgal]] as Manini Rathod: An [[entrepreneur]]; Prateek's sister; Hemant's second wife; Palak and Myra's mother; Yuvan's step-mother (2022)
*Vishal Puri as Hemant Singh Rathod: Devraj's estranged elder son; Veer's estranged brother; Vandana's widower and murderer; Manini's husband; Yuvan, Palak and Myra's estranged father (2022)
*Harsh Vashisht as Veer Singh Rathod: Devraj's younger son; Hemant's estranged brother; Vrinda's husband; Viraj's father (2022–2023)
*Preeti Arora Sharma as Vrinda Rathod: Veer's wife; Viraj's mother (2022–2023)
*[[Ayush Anand]] as Viraj Singh Rathod: Veer and Vrinda's son; Charmie's husband (2022-2023)
*[[Nikhat Khan|Nikhat Khan Hegde]] as Sulekha: Devraj's sister; Alpana and Anchal's mother (2022–2023)
*Anushka Merchande as Palak Rathod: Manini and Hemant's elder daughter; Myra's sister; Yuvan's half-sister (2022)
*Palak Agarwal as Myra Rathod: Manini and Hemant's younger daughter; Palak's sister; Yuvan's half-sister (2022–2023)
*[[Payal Gupta]] as Charmie Rathod: Viraj's wife (2022–2023)
*Manasi Sengupta as Anchal: Sulekha's elder daughter; Alpana's sister (2022–2023)
*[[Pooja Singh]] as Alpana: Sulekha's younger daughter; Anchal's sister (2022–2023)
*Alpesh Dixit as Suresh: Banni's uncle; Vishnu's father; a drunkard and a gambler (2022–2023)
*Neelam Gupta as Banni's maternal aunt: Suresh's wife; Vishnu's mother (2022-2023)
*Ansh Pandey as Vishnu: Suresh's son (2022–2023)
*[[Vaishnavi Mahant]] as Vandana Rathod: Hemant's first wife; Yuvan's mother (2022)
*[[Nirbhay Wadhwa]] as SP Amarjeet Singh Brar; IPS Officer Banni and Yuvan's helper (2022)
*[[Manish Khanna]] as Param Kapoor: Agastya's father (2022)
*[[Neha Rana]] as Niyati (2022)
*Unknown as Atharva Singh Rathore: Tulika and Yuvan's son; Banni's step-son

===Guest===
*Celesti Bairagey as Rajjo to promote ''[[Rajjo (TV series)|Rajjo]]''

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Ulka Gupta]] was cast as Banni Chow. This show also marks her return after a six-year hiatus. Talking about her comeback on the small screen, Ulka says, "It was a completely natural process that I let myself flow with. After doing a couple of movies in Bollywood and down south, 'Banni Chow Home Delivery' was one of the right opportunities I decided to make my comeback with."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-02 |title=Banni Chow Home Delivery: Rajendra Chawla roped in to play a pivotal role in Ulka Gupta's show |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/banni-chow-home-delivery-rajendra-chawla-roped-play-pivotal-role-ulka-guptas-show-1135120 |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609121517/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/banni-chow-home-delivery-rajendra-chawla-roped-play-pivotal-role-ulka-guptas-show-1135120 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Ayush Anand]] was roped in for a pivotal role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=Ayush Anand roped in for Banni Chow Home Delivery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tujhse-hai-raabtas-ayush-anand-roped-in-for-banni-chow-home-delivery/articleshow/90016564.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> [[Aamir Khan]]’s sister, [[Nikhat Khan]] also made her television debut through the same.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aamir-khans-sister-nikhat-khan-opens-up-on-banni-chow-home-delivery/articleshow/91861165.cms|title=Aamir Khan's sister Nikhat Khan opens up on Banni Chow Home Delivery|website=The Times Of India|date=29 May 2022 }}</ref>

[[Arjit Taneja]] was roped in to play Rockstar Agastya Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Ulka Gupta on working with Arjit Taneja in Banni Chow Home Delivery: 'We finally found Agastya Kapoor; he was exactly what we were looking for' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ulka-gupta-on-working-with-arjit-taneja-in-banni-chow-home-delivery-we-finally-found-agastya-kapoor-he-was-exactly-what-we-were-looking-for/articleshow/94351597.cms |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Times of India |date=21 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Speaking on the same, he said, "''I was looking for something that could challenge me as an actor and the Banni Chow offer came at the right time. I will have a grand entry as a rockstar and it will bring along a lot of mystery and suspense.''"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! I will make a grand entry as a rockstar in Banni Chow Home Delivery: Arjit Taneja - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-i-will-make-a-grand-entry-as-a-rockstar-in-banni-chow-home-delivery-arjit-taneja/articleshow/94172590.cms |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Times of India |date=13 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Riya Sharma]] was cast to play Dr. Tulika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's not a cameo, I'm doing a full-fledged role in Banni Chow Home Delivery: Riya Sharma - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/its-not-a-cameo-im-doing-a-full-fledged-role-in-banni-chow-home-delivery-riya-sharma/articleshow/94643127.cms |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=The Times of India |date=4 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> On her entrance, she said, "''I am very excited to be a part of the show as well as a bit nervous as Banni and Yuvan have great chemistry. And I am enjoying it as much as the audience does. I know people will go crazy seeing me between these two lovely love birds and wonder who is coming between them and why is she coming, but the story goes on for the audience.''"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Riya Sharma all set to create love trouble in 'Banni Chow Home Delivery' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/riya-sharma-all-set-to-create-love-trouble-in-banni-chow-home-delivery/articleshow/94959367.cms |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=The Times of India |date=19 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Broadcast===
The show suffered a change in time slot from 9pm to 6:30pm from 2 November 2022 onward. Speaking on this the producer, Sumeet Mittal, said, "Honestly, we are not disappointed. We agree that there were higher expectations in terms of ratings from a show that aired at 9pm. We are now working towards getting a good viewership in the new time slot."<ref>{{Cite news |title=TV show Banni Chow Home Delivery moves to an early evening time slot - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-banni-chow-home-delivery-moves-to-an-early-evening-time-slot/articleshow/94917275.cms |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=The Times of India |date=17 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was unveiled in February 2022 starring [[Ulka Gupta]] as Banni.

==Television special==
===''Ravivaar With Star Parivaar'' (2022)===
{{Main|Ravivaar With Star Parivaar}}

The cast of ''Banni Chow Home Delivery'' participated in ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]'', a musical competition wherein eight [[StarPlus]] shows competed against each other to win the title of "''Best Parivaar''".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Families of 4 top TV soaps to appear in 'Banni Chow' wedding sequence - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/families-of-4-top-tv-soaps-to-appear-in-banni-chow-wedding-sequence/articleshow/93429525.cms |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=The Times of India |date=8 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-07-16 |title=Banni vs Dhara: Pandya family compete with Banni and Rathod family in this week's Ravivaar With Star Parivar : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/banni-vs-dhara-pandya-family-compete-banni-rathod-family-weeks-ravivaar-star-parivar/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |language=en}}</ref> ''Banni Chow Home Delivery'' emerged as the 5th runner-up of the show.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/banni-chow-home-delivery/1260103000 ''Banni Chow Home Delivery''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]

Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh

2026-04-29T06:46:45Z

Krishna57edits: Made...

{{Short description|British Islamist (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1973|12|23}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England, UK
| other_names =
| education = [[Forest School, Walthamstow|Forest School]]
| alma_mater = [[London School of Economics]] (dropped out)
| occupation =
| years_active =
| employer =
| organization = {{ubl|[[Harkat-ul-Ansar]]|[[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]|[[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]}}
| known_for = {{ubl|[[1994 kidnappings of Western tourists in India]]|Kidnapping and murder of [[Daniel Pearl]]}}
| notable_works =
| style =
| television =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| criminal_charges = Kidnapping, murder
| criminal_penalty = {{ubl|7 years imprisonment (for kidnapping)|Death (for murder), overturned}}
| criminal_status = Imprisoned at [[Kot Lakhpat Jail]]
| spouse = Saadia Rauf (m. 2000–present)
| partner =
| children = 1 (son)
| parents =
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'''Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh''' ({{langx|ur|احمد عمر سعید شیخ}}; sometimes known as '''Umar Sheikh''', '''Sheikh Omar''',<ref group="notes" name="Alternate use">Note that this term is more commonly used in reference to Sheik [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]]</ref> '''Sheik Syed''' or by the alias '''Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad''';<ref name="suspected">''CNN.com'' 6 October 2001. {{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/10/05/inv.terror.investigation/|title=Suspected hijack bankroller freed by India in '99|access-date=22 September 2006|publisher=CNN|date=6 October 2001|archive-date=7 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407004303/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/10/05/inv.terror.investigation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> born 23 December 1973) is a [[British Pakistanis|British Pakistani]] terrorist. He became a member of the [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[Jihadism|jihadist]] group [[Harkat ul-Ansar|Harkat-ul-Ansar]] or [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] in the 1990s, and later of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and was closely associated with [[Al-Qaeda]].{{Efn|Harkat-ul-Ansar was the merger of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami]] and [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] in 1993. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen had split from Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami 1985 but re-united, they split again 1998. [[Jaish-e-Muhammad]] was formed as a splinter group of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen by [[Masood Azhar]] in 2000.<ref>[https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/harakat-ul-mujahedeen Harakat-ul-Mujahedeen]. [[Center for International Security and Cooperation]]. [[Foreign Service Institute]]. [[Stanford University]].</ref>|name=groups}}{{Efn|All of these groups played a role in the kidnapping and murder of American journalist [[Daniel Pearl]] to varying degrees. (see [[#Daniel Pearl kidnapping]]).}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh |url=https://www.counterextremism.com/extremists/ahmed-omar-saeed-sheikh |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[Counter Extremism Project]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

He was arrested-in-action during the [[1994 kidnappings of Westerners in India|1994 kidnappings of Western tourists in India]] and served time in Indian prisons. He was released in 1999 and was provided safe passage into Afghanistan with the support of the [[Taliban]] in exchange for passengers aboard the hijacked [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]]. He is best-known for his role in the kidnapping and subsequent murder of ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]'' reporter [[Daniel Pearl]] in 2002.<ref name="MasoodNYT">{{cite news|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|title=Pakistani Court Overturns Conviction in 2002 Killing of Daniel Pearl|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/pakistan-daniel-pearl.html|work=The New York Times|date=2 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515181343/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/pakistan-daniel-pearl.html|archive-date=15 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/pakistani-court-overturns-murder-conviction-in-killing-ofwall-street-journal-reporter-11585805394|title=Pakistani Court Overturns Murder Conviction in Killing of Wall Street Journal Reporter Daniel Pearl|first=Saeed|last=Shah|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=3 April 2020|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref>

Sheikh was arrested by Pakistani police on 12 February 2002, in [[Lahore]], in connection with the Pearl kidnapping and was sentenced to death on 15 July 2002 by a special judge of an [[Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan|anti terrorism court]] for murdering Pearl.<ref name="transcripts.cnn.com">''CNN Transcript'' {{cite news |date=7 February 2001 |title=Suspected Mastermind of Pearl Killing Arrested |publisher=CNN |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0202/12/bn.02.html |access-date=29 June 2006}} 12 February 2002.</ref><ref name="newsline">Ansari, Massoud. {{cite web |title=The Mystery Thickens. |url=http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsApr2005/newsp1apr2005.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207035732/http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsApr2005/newsp1apr2005.htm |archive-date=7 February 2006 |access-date=29 June 2006}} ''Newsline'' April 2005.</ref> His complicity in the murder and the reasons behind it are in dispute. At his initial court appearance, he stated, "I don't want to defend this case. I did this{{nbsp}}... Right or wrong, I had my reasons. I think that our country shouldn't be catering to America's needs",<ref name="Irish">{{cite web|url=http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2002/02/15/story23151.asp|title=Kidnap journalist is dead, claims militant|access-date=29 June 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929153728/http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2002/02/15/story23151.asp|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> but he subsequently appealed his conviction for murder, only admitting his role in the kidnapping of Pearl. Saeed's lawyer has stated he will base his client's appeal on the admission of [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], made public in 2007, that he is the killer of [[Daniel Pearl]].<ref name="WashingtonPost1">{{cite news|title=Lawyer to Appeal Pearl Case Conviction |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 March 2007 |author=Sadaqat Jan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/03/18/AR2007031800413.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Daniel Pearl's murder: Omar to utilise Khalids claim |work=Daily Times |date=19 March 2007 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C19%5Cstory_19-3-2007_pg7_5}}</ref><ref name="LawfareDidKsmKillPearl" /><ref name="PearlAnalysis" /><ref name="WashingtonPost2011-01-20" /><ref name="TheTelegraphUK2011-01-20" /> Sheikh's murder conviction was overturned (along with that of his accomplices Fahad Nasim Ahmed, Syed Salman Saqib and Sheikh Mohammad Adil) by Pakistan's [[Sindh High Court]] on 2 April 2020, and his seven-year sentence for kidnapping was considered as time-served.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iqbal |first=Nasir |date=27 March 2021 |title=Prosecution failed to prove guilt of main accused in Daniel Pearl case: SC |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1614840 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Dawn.com]] |language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2021|March}}, he is imprisoned at the [[Kot Lakhpat Jail]], Lahore (where he had been moved to from [[Central Prison Karachi]]) but has been moved out of [[death row]] while his acquittal for Pearl's murder is in appeal at the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatti |first=Haseeb |date=25 March 2021 |title=Daniel Pearl murder case: SC allows Omar Saeed Sheikh to be moved to Lahore's Kot Lakhpat jail |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1614544 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=Dawn.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ahmed Omar Sheikh was born in London, England on 23 December 1973 to [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] [[Muslim]] parents, Saeed and Qaissra Sheikh, who had emigrated from Pakistan to the UK in 1968 and ran a prosperous clothing business.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/world/daniel-pearl-ahmed-omar-saeed-sheikh-profile-rajkummar-rao-omerta|title=Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, the Man Rajkummar Rao Plays in 'Omerta'|first=Suktara|last=Ghosh|date=20 February 2018|website=TheQuint}}</ref> He was the eldest of three siblings and in his youth he attended [[Forest School, Walthamstow|Forest School]], an [[Private schools in the United Kingdom|independent school]] in [[Walthamstow]], a [[town]] in the [[Waltham Forest]] borough of [[List of sub-regions used in the London Plan|North-East London]], whose alumni include British [[cricket]] captain [[Nasser Hussain]], filmmaker [[Peter Greenaway]] and singer Suzana Ansar.

Between the ages of 14 and 16, Sheikh attended [[Aitchison College]], the most exclusive boys boarding school in Pakistan, where his family had temporarily relocated. He later returned to the United Kingdom to continue at Forest School.<ref name="McGinty">McGinty, Stephen. ''The Scotsman'', 16 July 2002. {{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1204&id=763812002|title=The English Islamic Terrorist.|access-date=22 September 2006 | location=Edinburgh|work=The Scotsman|date=16 July 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050919151256/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1204&id=763812002|archive-date=19 September 2005|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' journalist Daniel Flynn, who was a childhood friend, says that he was already an admirer of Pakistan's [[Islamist]] dictator [[General Zia-ul-Haq]] and returned to London as "a junior boxing champion and full of stories of contacts with organised crime, gun battles in the ghettos of [[Lahore]], visits to [[brothel]]s."<ref>Daniel Flynn (25 September 2008), [https://web.archive.org/web/20080926205257/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/09/25/omar-sheikh-a-childhood-friend-turned-pakistani-militant/ "Omar Sheikh, a childhood friend turned Pakistani militant"], ''Reuters''. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</ref>

Later, Sheikh attended the [[London School of Economics]]<ref name="HH">Hendrik Hertzberg, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2002/02/18/020218ta_talk_hertzberg Kidnapped]." ''[[The New Yorker]]''. 18 February 2002. Retrieved 26 April 2011.</ref> to study [[applied mathematics]], [[statistics]], [[economics]] and [[social psychology]],<ref>Rohan Gunaratna, Khuram Iqbal, ''Pakistan: Terrorism Ground Zero'', Reaktion Books, 2012, p. 200</ref> but dropped out during his first year.<ref name="BBC News 16 July 2002">{{cite web|author=|title= Profile: Omar Saeed Sheikh|url= https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1804710.stm| date=16 July 2002| work= BBC News |access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that a fellow student of Sheikh's at both the [[Forest School (Walthamstow)|Forest School]] and the LSE, Syed Ali Hasan, had described him in 2002 as "bright but rather dysfunctional" and said that he had been suspended from school on several occasions because of his violent behavior. He was known for his violence since his childhood, having punched and thrown to the floor a teacher when he was eight years old, and grew up to be a bully.<ref>Suktara Ghosh (15 March 2018), [https://www.thequint.com/news/world/daniel-pearl-ahmed-omar-saeed-sheikh-profile-rajkummar-rao-omerta "Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, the Man Rajkummar Rao Plays in ‘Omerta’"], ''The Quint''. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</ref> Becoming an adult, a "burly-chested six feet two inches" as per journalist [[Robert Sam Anson]],<ref>Robert Sam Anson (August 2002), "The Journalist and The Terrorist", ''Vanity Fair''. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</ref> he would eventually translate this violence into a love for martial arts and sports, participating in the 1992 [[World Armwrestling Championship]] in [[Geneva]], while also being a chess champion during his days at the LSE.<ref>Josy Joseph (6 February 2002), [https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/feb/06josy.htm "Omar Sheikh: A deadly whirlpool of terror"], ''Rediff''. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</ref> Noted for his academic abilities, he was also a polyglot who could speak five languages.<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0110/28/sm.04.html "Saeed Sheikh Believed to Have Abetted Terrorists"], transcript from the ''CNN''</ref> ''The Guardian'' reported that Sheikh came into contact with radical Islamists at the LSE, quoting Hasan as saying "[he] told us he was going to [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]] driving aid convoys, and he never came back to university".<ref name="The Guardian 15 July 2002">{{cite news| last= Jeffery |first= Simon| title= Omar Sheikh: The path from public school in London to Pakistan's death row|url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/15/pakistan.simonjeffery| date=15 July 2002| newspaper= The Guardian| location= London | access-date=19 January 2015}}</ref>

Former Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]], in his book ''[[In the Line of Fire (book)|In the Line of Fire]]'', stated that Sheikh was originally recruited by British intelligence agency [[MI6]] while studying at the [[London School of Economics]]. He alleges Sheikh was sent to the Balkans by MI6 to engage in operations. Musharraf later says, "At some point, he probably became a rogue or [[double agent]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=McGrory |first=Daniel |date=26 September 2006 |title=CIA paid Pakistan for terror suspects |work=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/cia-paid-pakistan-for-terror-suspects/story-e6frg6so-1111112268186}}</ref>

Omar Sheikh married Saadia Rauf (who holds an MA degree in English)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/shaky-evidence/214668|title=Shaky Evidence | |website=magazine.outlookindia.com/}}</ref> in [[Lahore]] in December 2000 and became a father in November 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/23/alqaida.usa|title='The toughest boy in school'|date=23 February 2005|website=the Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-daniel-pearl-case-questions-and-answers/214609|title=The Daniel Pearl Case: Questions And Answers|website=www.outlookindia.com/|date=18 February 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/omar-sheikh-made-the-hoax-call-to-zardari/670109|title=Omar Sheikh Made the Hoax Call to Zardari|website=www.outlookindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1092205/daniel-pearl-case-shc-judge-declines-to-hear-omar-saeed-sheikhs-appeal|title=Daniel Pearl case: SHC judge declines to hear Omar Saeed Sheikh's appeal|date=26 April 2016|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

In an interview with Massoud Ansari from [[Newsline (magazine)|Newsline]] dated April 2005, Omar Shaikh stated that "You can obtain details of my background from the book ''Who Killed Daniel Pearl?'' by [[Bernard-Henri Lévy]]. In this book, Levy traces my entire life story; the references are usually negative but he has done a lot of research."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ansari |first=Massoud |date=April 2005 |title="I'm committed to Mulla Omar as the leader of all mujahideen today" |work=[[Newsline (magazine)|Newsline]] |pages=42–44}}</ref>

==Kidnapping of American and British nationals, 1994==
{{main|1994 kidnappings of Westerners in India}}
He travelled to Bosnia in 1993 during the [[Bosnian War]] and met other Pakistani Islamist militants with whom he went to an [[Afghan training camp]] and joined the anti-Indian terrorist group [[Harkat ul-Ansar|Harkat-ul-Ansar]].{{Efn|name=groups}}<ref name=":0" /> He served five years in prison including the Delhi [[Tihar Jail]] in the 1990s in connection with the [[1994 kidnappings of Westerners in India]] perpetrated by the Harkat-ul-Ansar (under the pseudonym of Al-Hadid), during which he had been caught.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Saroj Kumar |date=2020 |title=Ilyas Kashmiri through the Prism of HuJI, HuA, HuM, JeM, Brigade 313 and al Qaeda |url=https://www.academia.edu/44824474 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3704948 |s2cid=240721894 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> The abductees included three British citizens, Myles Croston, Paul Rideout, and Rhys Partridge, and one American, Béla Nuss; all of them were rescued unharmed.<ref name="McGinty" /><ref>{{cite news | first=Celia W. | last=Dugger | author-link= Celia W. Dugger | title=A NATION CHALLENGED: A SUSPECT; Confession in 1994 Case Evokes Pearl Abduction | date=8 February 2002 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/08/world/a-nation-challenged-a-suspect-confession-in-1994-case-evokes-pearl-abduction.html?sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | work =The New York Times | access-date = 27 April 2010}}</ref>

During his jail years, where he moved from jail to jail in different cities (e.g. New Delhi, Meerut, etc.), he was noted as wanting to read biographies of [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Stalin]] and described "as a tough, militant youth with a sharp, calculating brain well capable of planning and executing terror acts with precision", while his counsel in Meerut, O.P. Sharma, remembers him as a "fanatic to the core" who "believed every non-Muslim is a kafir and must perish", that "there was no concept of democracy in Islam" and even that "at times he turned very violent and behaved like a mentally-challenged person" for instance when "he once beat up one of the deputy jailors at Meerut jail."<ref>Ranjit Bhushan (22 October 2001), [https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/an-alley-cats-footprints/213495 "An Alley-Cat's Footprints"], ''Outlook India''. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref>

==Hijacking and release from prison==
{{Main|Indian Airlines flight 814 hijacking}}
In 1999, [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] was hijacked by five Pakistani militants belonging to the [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] (formerly [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]]){{Efn|name=groups}} while on the way from [[Kathmandu]], Nepal to [[New Delhi]], India. The hijackers demanded the release of fellow Harkat-ul-Mujahideen members Sheikh and [[Masood Azhar]] (who went on to found [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] which Sheikh later joined)<ref name=":1" /> and [[Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar]], leader of another Pakistan-based anti-India terror organization. The plane landed in [[Kandahar]] and [[Taliban]] militia surrounded the plane, pre-empting any Indian commando operation. After negotiations between the Indian government and the hijackers, the hostages were freed eight days after the hijacking occurred, although a passenger, Rupin Katyal, was stabbed to death by one of the hijackers. The three prisoners were released in exchange for the hostages, including Sheikh who was imprisoned at the [[Tihar Jail]] in Delhi.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1204&id=763812002|title=The English Islamic Terrorist.|access-date=22 September 2006 | location=Edinburgh|work=The Scotsman|date=16 July 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050919151256/http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=1204&id=763812002|archive-date=19 September 2005|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sheikh also had financial connections with Aftab Ansari, perpetrator of the [[Khadim's case|kidnapping of Partha Pratim Roy Burman]] and the [[2002 attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Sayantan |date=25 February 2002 |title=Omar Sheikh and Aftab Ansari: The masterminds of a nexus between the underworld and jehad |language=en |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20020225-omar-sheikh-and-aftab-ansari-the-masterminds-of-a-nexus-between-the-underworld-and-jehad-795990-2002-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2002 |title=Briton linked to al-Qa'ida 'behind Calcutta killings' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/briton-linked-to-alqa-ida-behind-calcutta-killings-9137758.html |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

==Media descriptions==
''[[The Times]]'' has described Sheikh as "no ordinary terrorist but a man who has connections that reach high into Pakistan's military and intelligence elite and into the innermost circles of Osama Bin Laden and the al-Qaeda organisation." According to [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], Sheikh began working for Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) in 1993. By 1994, he was operating training camps in [[Afghanistan]] and had earned the title of bin Laden's "special son".<ref name=commons>{{Cite web|url=https://formspal.com/cooperativeresearch/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207213257/http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/essay.jsp?article=essaysaeed|url-status=dead|title=Center for Cooperative Research|archive-date=7 February 2005|website=FormsPal}}</ref>

In May 2002, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' quoted an unnamed Pakistani source as saying that the ISI paid Sheikh's legal fees during his 1994 trial in India on charges of kidnapping.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080511173128/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A24467-2002May2 Pearl Trial Moving to New Site After Threats] ''The Washington Post''.</ref>

==Possible connection with 9/11 hijackers==
On 6 October 2001, a senior-level US government official, told [[CNN]] that US investigators had discovered Sheikh (Sheik Syed), using the alias "[[Mustafa Muhammad Ahmad]]" had sent about $100,000 from the [[United Arab Emirates]] to [[Mohamed Atta]]. Investigators said "Atta then distributed the funds to conspirators in Florida in the weeks before the deadliest act of terrorism on U.S. soil that destroyed the World Trade Center, heavily damaged the Pentagon and left thousands dead. In addition, sources have said Atta sent thousands of dollars – believed to be excess funds from the operation – back to Syed in the United Arab Emirates in the days before September 11."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/10/05/inv.terror.investigation/|title=CNN.com - Suspected hijack bankroller freed by India in '99 - October 6, 2001|website=CNN}}</ref> CNN later confirmed this.<ref>{{cite news|title=India wants terror spotlight on Kashmir|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/10/08/india.ressa|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050919151422/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/south/10/08/india.ressa|archive-date=19 September 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[9/11 Commission Report|9/11 Commission's Final Report]] states that the source of the funds "remains unknown."

More than a month after the money transfer was discovered, the head of ISI, General [[Mahmud Ahmed]] resigned from his position. It was reported that the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) was investigating the possibility that Gen. Ahmed ordered Sheikh to send the $100,000 to Atta.<ref name=commons/>

''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' was one of the only Western news organisations to follow up on the story, citing the ''[[Times of India]]'': "US authorities sought General Mahmud Ahmed's removal after confirming that $100,000 was wired to WTC hijacker Mohamed Atta from Pakistan by Ahmad Umar Sheikh at the insistence of General Mahmud."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.opinionjournal.com/best/?id=95001298|title=Opinion & Reviews - Wall Street Journal|website=WSJ}}</ref> Another Indian newspaper, the ''[[Daily Excelsior]]'', quoting FBI sources, reported that the "FBI's examination of the hard disk of the cellphone company Sheikh had subscribed to led to the discovery of the "link" between him and the deposed chief of the Pakistani ISI, Mahmud Ahmed. And as the FBI investigators delved deep, reports surfaced with regard to the transfer of $100,000 to Mohamed Atta, one of the ringleaders of the 11 September attacks, who flew the hijacked [[American Airlines Flight 11]] [[Boeing 767|Boeing 767-223ER]] commercial airliner into the North Tower of World Trade Center. General Mahmud Ahmed, the FBI investigators found, fully knew about the transfer of money to Atta."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01oct18/news.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212194311/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01oct18/news.htm|url-status=dead|title=FBI, CIA benefit from RAW's inputs – ''The Daily Excelsior''|archive-date=12 December 2005}}</ref>

The ''Pittsburgh Tribune'' notes that there "are many in Musharraf's government who believe that Saeed Sheikh's power comes not from the ISI, but from his connections with our own [[CIA]]."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/tribune-review/opinion/datelinedc/s_20141.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215173616/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/tribune-review/opinion/datelinedc/s_20141.html|url-status=dead|title=Did Pearl die because Pakistan deceived CIA? – ''The Pittsburgh Tribune''|archive-date=15 February 2006}}</ref>

Sheikh rose to prominence with the 2002 killing of ''Wall Street Journal'' reporter [[Daniel Pearl]], who at the time was in Pakistan investigating connections between the ISI and Islamic militant groups. In Pakistan, Sheikh was sentenced to death for killing Pearl, however his complicity in Pearl's execution and the reasons behind it are in dispute. Further adding to the confusion surrounding the issue is that [[Khalid Sheikh Muhammad]] personally claimed to have been Pearl's killer.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/03/15/guantanamo.mohammed/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Khalid Sheikh Mohammed: I beheaded American reporter - CNN}}</ref>

Saeed was seemingly implicated by [[Benazir Bhutto]] just before her own death in a hypothetical murder of [[Osama bin Laden]] (which must have occurred in late 2001 or 2002).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5F1dSY4d5b8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5F1dSY4d5b8 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Benazir Bhutto, David Frost, and Osama Bin Laden (Al Jazeera English – 'Frost Over The World")|last=justamused|date=1 May 2011|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Several commentators have noted that, as she had previously been speaking about one of the sons of bin Laden during the interview, in all likelihood, Bhutto simply misspoke and had intended to say, "Omar Sheikh, the man who murdered ''Daniel Pearl''," rather than "the man who murdered bin Laden" – such an important revelation about bin Laden's fate would certainly not have been stated so casually. Additionally, in subsequent interviews, Bhutto spoke about bin Laden in the context of him being alive.<ref name=Griffin>{{cite book |title=Osama bin Laden : dead or alive?|year=2009|publisher=Olive Branch Press|location=Northampton, Mass.|isbn=978-1566567831|page=[https://archive.org/details/osamabinladendea00grif/page/87 87]|url=https://archive.org/details/osamabinladendea00grif|url-access=registration|quote=Benazir Bhutto bin laden murdered misspoke.|author=David Ray Griffin|author-link=David Ray Griffin}}</ref>

==Daniel Pearl kidnapping==
The kidnapping (on 23 January 2002) and subsequent murder (on 1 February 2002) of American [[The Wall Street Journal|''Wall Street Journal'']] reporter [[Daniel Pearl]] in [[Karachi]], who was following an investigative lead while working in post-9/11 Pakistan, was committed by several Islamist jihadist groups working in collaboration.{{Efn|On 23 January 2002, Pearl was on his way to what he thought was an interview with [[Mubarak Ali Gilani]] at the Village Restaurant in downtown Karachi about terrorist [[Richard Reid]]'s alleged training at one of Gilani's camps in Pakistan. The interview was a set-up by Sheikh and Pearl was kidnapped near the Metropole Hotel at 7:00 p.m. The two had come in contact through [[Khalid Khawaja]], a retired [[Pakistan Air Force]] officer.<ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/74763/ditch In a Ditch]. 3 May 2010. ''[[The New Republic]]''.</ref>}} Sheikh, a member of the [[Harkat ul-Ansar]]/[[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]] and later [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]],{{Efn|name=groups}}<ref name=":1" /> has admitted to planning and committing the kidnapping but denied being involved in Pearl's murder. The [[beheading video]] of Pearl was released by Jaish-e-Mohammed, under the pseudonym of "National Movement for the Restoration of Pakistani Sovereignty" and Jaish member [[Amjad Farooqi]] was reportedly involved in the kidnapping and murder.<ref>{{cite web |title=UNCLASSIFIED - Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) |url=https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=pjcis/six%20terrorist/jem.pdf |website=[[Australian Parliament House]] |publisher=[[Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2002 |title=Reporter Daniel Pearl Is Dead, Killed by His Captors in Pakistan |url=https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/pearl-022102.htm |website=[[Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="AsiaTimes2004-09-30">{{cite news |author=[[B. Raman]] |date=30 September 2004 |title=Why Amjad Farooqi had to die |publisher=[[Asia Times]] |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FI30Df05.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122055818/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FI30Df05.html |archive-date=22 November 2010 |quote=All accounts from Nawabshah indicate that if the Pakistani authorities had wanted they could have caught him alive and questioned him about the role of Pakistani civilian and military officials in various terrorist incidents of the past three years, including the kidnapping and murder of US journalist Daniel Pearl, the attempts to kill Musharraf himself and Shaukat Aziz, the prime minister, and the attacks directed against US and French targets in Pakistan. But they did not want him alive.}}</ref> In a January 2011 report prepared by the [[Center for Public Integrity]] (CPI) and the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] (ICIJ), members of other Pakistani terrorist groups such as [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] and [[Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan]] were also stated to be involved in Pearl's kidnapping and murder.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=New investigation into murder of Daniel Pearl released |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2011/01/new_investigation_in.php |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[Long War Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The lead author of the report was Pearl's friend and colleague, journalist [[Asra Nomani]].<ref name="WashingtonPost2011-01-20" /> All of the aforementioned groups were operating under the [[Lashkar-e-Omar]] umbrella.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lashkar-e-Omar |url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/LeO.htm |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref> [[Al-Qaeda]] leaders were also involved in the kidnapping and murder of Pearl, with [[Saif al-Adel]] playing a role in organizing the kidnapping and [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] was personally identified in investigative reports as the one who killed Pearl.<ref name="Reuters2011-05-232">{{cite news |author=Augustine Anthony |date=23 May 2011 |title=Study ties new al Qaeda chief to murder of journalist Pearl |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-alqaeda-pearl-idUSTRE74M27020110523 |url-status=live |access-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208103559/https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/23/us-pakistan-alqaeda-pearl-idUSTRE74M27020110523 |archive-date=8 December 2014 |quote='KSM told the FBI that he was pulled into the kidnapping by a high-level leader in al Qaeda circles, an Egyptian named Saif al-Adel, who told him to make the kidnapping an al Qaeda operation,' said the investigators in their report which was published in January.}}</ref> Pearl was detained and later killed at an [[Al-Qaeda safe houses, Karachi|Al-Qaeda safe house in Karachi]] owned by Pakistani businessman [[Saud Memon]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=CIA Torture Unredacted |url=https://www.therenditionproject.org.uk/documents/RDI/190710-TRP-TBIJ-CIA-Torture-Unredacted-Full.pdf#page=264 |website=[[University of Kent|The Rendition Project]] |publisher=[[The Bureau of Investigative Journalism]] |page=264 |format=PDF}}</ref> [[Matiur Rehman]], another al-Qaeda leader has been identified as being involved in the kidnapping.<ref>Feinman Todd, Barbara and Nomani, Asra. [http://treesaver.publicintegrity.org/node/59%20 "The Truth Left Behind: Inside the Kidnapping and Murder of Daniel Pearl."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204222227/http://treesaver.publicintegrity.org/node/59|date=4 February 2013}} (Washington, D.C.: Center for Public Integrity, 2011).</ref>

Sheikh was arrested by Pakistani police on 12 February 2002, in [[Lahore]], in connection with the kidnapping of Pearl. Pearl after being kidnapped, had his throat slit, and then was beheaded on 1 February 2002.<ref name="transcripts.cnn.com" /> Sheikh told the Pakistani court, however, that he had surrendered to the [[Inter-Services Intelligence]]'s [[Ijaz Shah]] a week earlier on 5 February.<ref name="cpj">Wright, Abi. ''Committee to Protect Journalists'', May 2006. {{cite web|title=Heading into Danger.|url=http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2006/DA_spring_06/pearl/pearl_DA.html|access-date=29 June 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060629103102/http://www.cpj.org/Briefings/2006/DA_spring_06/pearl/pearl_DA.html| archive-date= 29 June 2006| url-status= live}}</ref>

Sheikh's lawyer Abdul Waheed Katpar claims Sheikh was arrested on 5 February 2002 and not on 12 February, and that evidence against the four suspects was fabricated by Pakistani police while the suspects were held in secret for a week. He also claims confessions were obtained under duress of torture and solitary confinement. However, Sheikh also told Pakistani officials in court in February 2002 that "as far as I know" Pearl had been killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/22/kidnapped.reporter/?related|title=CNN.com - Investigators vow relentless search for Pearl's killers - February 22, 2002|website=www.cnn.com}}</ref>

The CPI and ICIJ report concluded Omar Sheikh was the mastermind of the plot to kidnap Pearl, leading to his subsequent murder. The report also confirmed the role of three codefendants convicted with Sheikh in Pearl's case. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a former [[CIA]] captive, who had been tortured in 2003 in the CIA's archipelago of [[CIA black sites|black sites]], had confessed to the murder, and the report concluded his confession was credible. The report noted that FBI forensic experts had confirmed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's confession through "[[vein matching]]", identifying the pattern of the veins in the killer's hands in the video.<ref name=LawfareDidKsmKillPearl/><ref name="TheTelegraphUK2011-01-20"/>

In February 2014, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that Saeed had attempted suicide at the [[Central Prison Karachi]] (where he was being held at the time) but had been discovered in time by prison guards and was in a stable condition. The newspaper quoted a senior prison official as saying: "He is kept in a separate cell and section of the jail as he is no ordinary criminal. […] We have filed a case against him for attempted suicide and he can face additional punishment now". A second prison official said: "He is a very intelligent, strong and sharp criminal with dangerous designs. So his attempt to commit suicide comes as a surprise".<ref name="The Times of India 16 February 20142">{{cite news |author= |date=16 February 2014 |title=Omar Sheikh attempts suicide in Pak jail |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Omar-Sheikh-attempts-suicide-in-Pak-jail/articleshow/30480025.cms |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 August 2013 |title=Karachi Jail beefs up security to prevent breach |publisher=Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/586209/hyderabad-central-jail-beefs-up-security-to-prevent-breach/}}</ref>

==Hoax calls==
In the aftermath of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], when Pakistani terrorists carried out mass shootings and bombings on Indian soil; tensions increased dramatically between India and Pakistan. On 28 November, a hoax caller pretending to be then Indian Foreign Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] threatened Pakistan President [[Asif Ali Zardari|Zardari]] with war, leading to the Pakistan military being put on high alert. Military aircraft with live ammunition were scrambled to patrol above Islamabad and Rawalpindi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/pakistan-on-full-military-alert-after-hoax-call-1055705.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208001938/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/pakistan-on-full-military-alert-after-hoax-call-1055705.html |archive-date=8 December 2008 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Pakistan on full military alert after hoax call|website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=7 December 2008}}</ref> The same caller tried to get in touch with the real Pranab Mukherjee and US Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]], claiming he was President Zardari but was unable to get through to either.<ref name=dawn>[https://www.dawn.com/archives/39032 Jailed militant’s hoax calls drove India, Pakistan to brink of war ] ''Dawn'', Pakistan.</ref>

A year after the Mumbai attacks, Pakistan's ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' newspaper revealed that the hoax caller had been Sheikh. Using a mobile phone smuggled into his prison cell, Sheikh made the calls using a British [[SIM card]].<ref name=dawn/> After the source of the hoax calls became known, intelligence agents confiscated Sheikh's illegal phones and SIM cards and he was placed in [[solitary confinement]].<ref name="The Times of India 16 February 2014">{{cite news| title= Omar Sheikh attempts suicide in Pak jail|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/pakistan/Omar-Sheikh-attempts-suicide-in-Pak-jail/articleshow/30480025.cms| author= |date=16 February 2014| newspaper= The Times of India| location= Mumbai | access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=dawn/>

==In popular culture==
''The Journalist and the Jihadi: The Murder of Daniel Pearl'' (2006) a television documentary by Indian directors Ahmed Alauddin Jamal and Ramesh Sharma which aired on [[HBO]] compares the contrasting lives of Sheikh and Danel Pearl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Journalist and the Jihadi: The Murder of Daniel Pearl |url=https://iop.harvard.edu/forum/journalist-and-jihadi-murder-daniel-pearl |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=[[Harvard Institute of Politics]] |language=en}}</ref>

Hollywood film [[A Mighty Heart (film)|''A Mighty Heart'']] (2007) is based on the life of slain journalist [[Daniel Pearl]]. [[Alyy Khan]] portrayed Sheikh in the film. The film's plot circulates around [[A Mighty Heart|the memoir]] by Pearl's wife [[Mariane Pearl]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Mighty Heart streaming: where to watch online? |url=https://www.justwatch.com/us/movie/a-mighty-heart |access-date=6 September 2022 |website=JustWatch |language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, [[National Geographic Adventure]]'s docudrama show [[Banged Up Abroad|Locked up Abroad]] broadcast the episode "India: Hostage to Terror" about Sheikh's [[1994 kidnappings of Westerners in India]].<ref>{{IMDb title|1248284|Banged Up Abroad: India: Hostage to Terror}}</ref>

In 2017, an Indian biographical film [[Omerta (2017 film)|''Omerta'']] based on the life of Sheikh was released. [[Rajkummar Rao]] portrays Sheikh and the film covers his initial radicalization, role in the 1994 kidnappings of Westerners in India, his release in exchange for hostages of the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|Indian Airlines flight 814]], and his role in the kidnapping and murder of Daniel Pearl.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Omerta |url=https://www.zee5.com/global/movies/details/omerta/0-0-189437 |access-date=23 August 2022 |website=[[ZEE5]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3|refs=
<ref name=LawfareDidKsmKillPearl>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.lawfaremedia.org/2011/01/so-ksm-really-did-kill-daniel-pearl/
| title = So KSM Really Did Kill Daniel Pearl
| publisher = [[Lawfare (website)|Lawfare]]
| author = Benjamin Wittes
| author-link = Benjamin Wittes
| date = 20 January 2011
| access-date = 10 October 2013
| quote = The investigation produced a lengthy report concluding, among other things, that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was telling the truth when he boasted at his CSRT hearing of "decapitat[ing] with my blessed right hand the head of the American Jew, Daniel Pearl."
}}
</ref>
<ref name=PearlAnalysis>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26296-pearl-project-diagram.html
| title = The Pearl Project
| publisher = [[The Center for Public Integrity]]
| author = Asra Q. Nomani
| author-link = Asra Q. Nomani
| date = 20 January 2011
| access-date = 10 October 2013
|display-authors=etal}}
</ref>
<ref name="WashingtonPost2011-01-20">
{{cite news
| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/20/AR2011012000057.html?hpid=topnews
| title = Khalid Sheik Mohammed killed U.S. journalist Daniel Pearl, report finds
| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]
| author = Peter Finn
| author-link = Peter Finn (journalist)
| date = 20 January 2011
| access-date = 10 October 2013
| quote = A recently completed investigation of the killing of Daniel Pearl in Pakistan nine years ago makes public new evidence that a senior al-Qaeda operative executed the Wall Street Journal reporter.
}}
</ref>
<ref name="TheTelegraphUK2011-01-20">
{{cite news
| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/8271845/Daniel-Pearl-was-beheaded-by-911-mastermind.html
| title = Daniel Pearl was beheaded by 9/11 mastermind
| work=[[The Telegraph (UK)|The Telegraph]]
| author = Ben Farmer
| date = 20 January 2011
| location = London
| access-date = 10 October 2013
| quote = The photographs were shared with CIA colleagues holding Mohammed, who used a forensic technique called "vein matching" to determine the hands belonged to the same man.
}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Pakistan|England|Biography}}
* {{IMDb name|5280032}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315213307/http://members.fortunecity.com/terrorgate/profile-sheikh.htm Profiles in Terror: Omar Sayeed Sheikh]. ''Terrorgate''.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/alqaida/story/0,,1423125,00.html Al-Qaida - The toughest boy in the school]. ''[[The Guardian]]''.
* [https://www.scotsman.com/news/english-islamic-terrorist-2511373 The English Islamic terrorist]. ''[[The Scotsman]]''.
* [http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/10/05/inv.terror.investigation/ Suspected hijack bankroller freed by India in '99]. 6 October 2001. ''[[CNN]]''.
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-helped-FBI-trace-ISI-terrorist-links/articleshow/1454238160.cms India helped FBI trace ISI-terrorist links]. ''[[Times of India]]''.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saeed Sheikh, Ahmed Omar}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:20th-century British criminals]]
[[Category:21st-century British criminals]]
[[Category:Al-Qaeda]]
[[Category:British people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:British people imprisoned abroad]]
[[Category:British prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Criminals from London]]
[[Category:English Islamists]]
[[Category:English people of Pakistani descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Forest School, Walthamstow]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamists]]
[[Category:People from Walthamstow]]
[[Category:British people convicted of kidnapping]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by Pakistan]]
[[Category:Foreign nationals imprisoned in Pakistan]]
[[Category:People of the Bosnian War]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:British expatriates in India]]
[[Category:British emigrants to Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani expatriates in India]]
[[Category:Aitchison College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani al-Qaeda members]]
[[Category:British al-Qaeda members]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by Pakistan]]
[[Category:British kidnappers]]
[[Category:Pakistani kidnappers]]
[[Category:Pakistani people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Pakistani prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Pakistani Islamists]]
[[Category:People of the Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:Overturned convictions in Pakistan]]
[[Category:2000 millennium attack plots]]

Owais Yaqoob

2026-04-27T15:40:33Z

Krishna57edits: put up new article.

{{Short description|Indian mixed martial artist (born 1998)}}
{{Infobox martial artist
| name = Owais Yaqoob
| image =HJPG1298.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1998}}
| birth_place = Murran, [[Pulwama district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| nationality = Indian
| height = {{convert|5|ft|7|in|m|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|155|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| weight_class = [[Lightweight (MMA)|Lightweight]]
| reach = {{convert|69.7|in|cm|abbr=on}}
| stance =
| fighting_out_of = Kashmir, India
| team = [[American Kickboxing Academy]] Team Khabib
| trainer = [[Khabib Nurmagomedov]] [[Javier Mendez (mixed martial arts trainer)|Javier Mendez]]
| years_active = 2023–present
| mma_kowin = 2
| mma_subwin = 0
| mma_decwin = 2
| mma_koloss = 0
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 0
| mma_draw = 0
| mma_nc = 0
| sherdog = 421999
| updated = 14 November 2025
}}
'''Owais Yaqoob''' (born 1998) is an Indian [[mixed martial artist|professional mixed martial artist]] who competes in the [[lightweight (MMA)|lightweight]] division. He is the first professional MMA fighter from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and trains at the [[American Kickboxing Academy]] (AKA) under [[Khabib Nurmagomedov]] and Javier Mendez.<ref name="sherdog">{{cite web |url=https://www.sherdog.com/fighter/Owais-Yaqoob-421999 |title=Owais Yaqoob MMA Stats, Pictures, News, Videos, Biography |publisher=Sherdog |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref> In October 2025, Nurmagomedov publicly praised Yaqoob's progress during training.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Khabib-Nurmagomedov-Praises-Indian-MMA-Fighter-198798 |title=Khabib Nurmagomedov Praises Indian MMA Fighter |publisher=Sherdog |date=22 October 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Owais Yaqoob was born in 1998 in Murran village, [[Pulwama district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. He began training in martial arts in 2013, starting with [[taekwondo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bravecf.com/news/brave-cf-98-serves-as-historic-stage-for-kashmir-s-owais-yaqoob |title=BRAVE CF 98 Serves As Historic Stage For Kashmir's Owais Yaqoob |publisher=BRAVE CF |date=10 September 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="The Free Press Journal-2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/who-is-owais-yaqoob-mma-star-from-kashmir-knocks-out-opponent-in-first-round-in-brave-cf |title=Who Is Owais Yaqoob? MMA Star From Jammu & Kashmir Makes History With First-Round Knockout At BRAVE CF |publisher=The Free Press Journal |date=20 September 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref> Over the following decade, Yaqoob competed in national taekwondo competitions, winning 11 gold medals and six silver medals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/sports-news/kashmiri-mma-fighter-owais-yaqoob-wins-international-championship-41762.html |title=Kashmiri MMA fighter Owais Yaqoob wins international championship |publisher=Awaz The Voice |date=21 September 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>
== Professional career ==
Prior to turning professional, Yaqoob won three national amateur MMA titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mmaindia.com/matrix-fight-night-11-owais-yaqoob-predicts-a-finish/ |title=Matrix Fight Night 11: Owais Yaqoob predicts a finish |publisher=MMA India |date=31 March 2023 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/jks-first-mma-fighter-to-enter-ufc-to-receiving-training-at-nurmegomadov-school-russia/ |title=J&K's first MMA fighter to enter UFC; to receive training at Nurmegomadov School, Russia |publisher=The Kashmir Monitor |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> To prepare for his professional debut, he trained in grappling and wrestling in Chandigarh under coach Gurkaran Singh, striking and footwork at Sumo Fight Club in Bali, Indonesia, and spent two months at the Abdulmanap Nurmagomedov School in Dagestan, Russia, under Islam Makhachev.<ref name="mma-india">{{cite web |url=https://www.mmaindia.com/matrix-fight-night-11-owais-yaqoob-predicts-a-finish/ |title=Matrix Fight Night 11: Owais Yaqoob predicts a finish |publisher=MMA India |date=31 March 2023 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/makhachev-khabib-nurmagomedov-to-train-pulwama-boy-in-mma/ |title=Makhachev, Khabib Nurmagomedov to train Pulwama boy in MMA |publisher=The Kashmir Monitor |date=28 July 2023 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

Yaqoob made his professional MMA debut on 31 March 2023 at [[Matrix Fight Night]] 11 in New Delhi, where he lost to Neeraj Panghal via third-round submission (guillotine choke).<ref name="sherdog" /><ref name="tales">{{cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Muneer |title=Owais Yaqoob: Kashmir's Warrior in the World of MMA |website=Tales of Kashmir |date=27 September 2025 |url=https://www.talesofkashmir.com/2025/09/owais-yaqoob-kashmirs-warrior-in-world.html?m=1 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

He secured his first professional win on 9 March 2024 against Azim Mokhlis at Matrix Fight Night 14 by unanimous decision.<ref name="sherdog"/> On 21 December 2024, Yaqoob defeated Amanzhol Khaisa via unanimous decision at [[Naiza FC]] 70 in Semey, Kazakhstan.<ref name="sherdog"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian MMA Fighter Owais Yaqoob Triumphs at NAIZA 70 |website=lockerroom.in |date=30 December 2024 |url=https://lockerroom.in/blog/view/indian-mma-fighter-owais-yaqoob-triumphs-naiza-70 |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pulwama's Owais Yaqoob Wins MMA Fight In Kazakhstan |website=Kashmir Observer |date=27 December 2024 |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/12/27/pulwamas-owais-yaqoob-wins-mma-fight-in-kazakhstan/ |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

Yaqoob earned back-to-back knockout victories in 2025. On 19 April 2025, he stopped Shetty Pratik Sadashiv via second-round TKO (punches) at Veswa Fight Championship 4 in Panchkula, Haryana.<ref name="sherdog"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/1004868-veswa-fighting-championship-4-owais-yaqoob-vs-shetty-pratik-sadashiv |title=Owais Yaqoob vs. Shetty Pratik Sadashiv, Veswa Fighting Championship 4 |publisher=Tapology |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> His most recent fight, on 19 September 2025, saw him make his debut for [[Brave Combat Federation]] at BRAVE CF 98 in Zhengzhou, China, where he defeated Ian Paul Lora via first-round TKO (punches).<ref name="sherdog"/> This victory marked the first win for a fighter from Jammu and Kashmir in BRAVE CF.<ref name="The Free Press Journal-2025"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmiri MMA fighter Owais Yaqoob wins international bout in China |website=Greater Kashmir |date=20 September 2025 |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/kashmiri-mma-fighter-owais-yaqoob-wins-international-bout-in-china/ |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

In October 2023, Yaqoob was signed as a brand ambassador for Cemtac Cements, a Kashmir-based company.<ref name="greaterkashmir">{{cite news |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/cemtac-cements-signs-kashmiri-mma-fighter-owais-yaqoob-as-brand-ambassador/ |title=Cemtac Cements signs Kashmiri MMA fighter Owais Yaqoob as brand ambassador |publisher=Greater Kashmir |date=2023-10-23 |access-date=2025-11-15}}</ref>

Yaqoob founded Lion's Den Martial Arts Academy in Pulwama in 2015, where he has trained over 200 youths in martial arts; several of his students have represented Jammu and Kashmir at the national level and won medals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulwama's Owais Yaqoob Wins MMA Fight In Kazakhstan |website=Kashmir Observer |date=27 December 2024 |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2024/12/27/pulwamas-owais-yaqoob-wins-mma-fight-in-kazakhstan/ |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pulwama MMA star Owais Yaqoob secures second international win in Kazakhstan |website=Rising Kashmir |date=23 December 2024 |url=https://risingkashmir.com/pulwama-mma-star-owais-yaqoob-secures-second-international-win-in-kazakhstan/ |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Owais Yaqoob: Second best mixed martial art player in India |website=The Voice of Kashmir |date=3 March 2021 |url=https://thevoiceofkashmir.in/meet-owais-yaqoob-second-best-mixed-martial-art-player-in-india/ |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

As of November 2025, Yaqoob holds a professional record of 4–1 and is ranked 11th among professional men's lightweights in South Asia by Tapology.<ref name="tapology">{{cite web |url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/372567-owais-yakoob |title=Owais Yaqoob {{!}} MMA Fighter Page |publisher=Tapology |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref> He has expressed his goal of competing in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulwama MMA star Owais Yaqoob secures second international win in Kazakhstan |website=Rising Kashmir |date=23 December 2024 |url=https://risingkashmir.com/pulwama-mma-star-owais-yaqoob-secures-second-international-win-in-kazakhstan/ |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

== Mixed martial arts record ==
{{MMArecordbox
|draws=
|nc=
|ko-wins=3
|sub-wins=0
|dec-wins=2
|ko-losses=0
|sub-losses=1
|dec-losses=0
|dq-wins=
|dq-losses=
|other-wins=
|other-losses=
}}
{{MMA record start}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|5–1
|Mehmet Can Tasdoven
|TKO (knee and punches)
|[[2025 in Brave Combat Federation#Brave CF 103|Brave CF 103]]
|{{dts|2025|December|23}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:24
|[[Bukhara]], Uzbekistan
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|4–1
|Ian Paul Lora
|TKO (submission to punches)
|[[2025 in Brave Combat Federation#Brave CF 98|Brave CF 98]]
|{{dts|2025|September|19}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:54
|[[Zhengzhou]], China
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|3–1
|Shetty Pratik Sadashiv
|TKO (punches)
|Veswa FC 4
|{{dts|2025|April|19}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:45
|[[Panchkula]], India
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–1
|Amanzhol Khaisa
|Decision (unanimous)
|Naiza FC 70
|{{dts|2024|December|21}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Semey]], Kazakhstan
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–1
|Mohammad Azim Mokhlis
|Decision (unanimous)
|Matrix Fight Night 14
|{{dts|2024|March|9}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Noida]], India
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|0–1
|Neeraj Panghal
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Matrix Fight Night 11
|{{dts|2023|March|31}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|1:24
|[[New Delhi]], India
|{{small|Lightweight debut.}}
|-
{{end}}
<ref name="sherdog"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yaqoob, Owais}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male mixed martial artists]]
[[Category:Lightweight mixed martial artists]]

Hingora

2026-04-25T03:04:21Z

Krishna57edits:

{{short description|Sindhi Sammat tribe in Pakistan and India}}
{{refimprove |date=October 2017}}
The '''Hingora''' or '''Hingoro''' ({{Langx|sd|هنگورو}}) is a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] [[Sindhi Sammat|Sammat]] tribe found in the [[Sindh]] province of Pakistan<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZettAAAAMAAJ&q=Hingora |title=Sind Quarterly |date=1994 |publisher=Shah Abdul Latif Cultural Society |language=en |quote=Some Sindh tribes Sameja, Hingora, Juneja, Unars...}}</ref> and in Indian states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] that border Pakistan's Sindh province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khare |first=Randhir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tTpuAAAAMAAJ&q=raisipotra |title=Kutch, Triumph of the Spirit |date=2004 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0306-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Rānā Muḥammad Sarvar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IARuAAAAMAAJ&q=Hingora+tribe |title=The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility |date=2005 |publisher=Rana Muhammad Sarwar Khan |language=en}}</ref> They are descended from [[Samma (tribe)|Samma]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |pages=505 |language=en}}</ref> They are one of a number of communities of [[Maldhari]] pastoral nomads found in the [[Banni Grasslands Reserve|Banni]] region of [[Kutch]].

==See also==
*[[Halaypotra]]
*[[Hingorja (tribe)|Hingorja]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

{{Sindhi tribes}}{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}
[[Category:Sindhi tribes in India]]
[[Category:Samma tribes]]

B.T.M Layout Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:23:31Z

Krishna57edits: Made

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka state, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = B.T.M. Layout
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 172
| map_image = 172-B.T.M Layout constituency.svg
| mla = [[Ramalinga Reddy]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:275067}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''BTM Layout Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]] a south state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 9, 2017}}</ref> It is in [[Bangalore Urban district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="4" | [[Ramalinga Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : B.T.M Layout }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramalinga Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,557 |percentage = 50.70% |change = {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Sridhara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,335 |percentage = 43.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Venkatesha |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,841 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasa Reddy. M |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,055 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagendrarao |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 976 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,785 |percentage = 1.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,222 |percentage = 6.82% |change = {{decrease}}8.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,231 |percentage = 49.16% |change = {{decrease}}1.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,231}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,067 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : B.T.M Layout }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramalinga Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,085 |percentage = 49.35% |change = {{decrease}}23.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lallesh Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,607 |percentage = 34.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K Devadas |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 17,307 |percentage = 12.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,365 |percentage = 1.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,478 |percentage = 15.06% |change = {{decrease}}36.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,939 |percentage = 50.25% |change = {{decrease}}3.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,932}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 270,500 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : B.T.M Layout <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramalinga Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,712 |percentage = 72.95% |change = {{increase}}26.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Sudhakar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 20,664 |percentage = 21.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. Ramesh Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,346 |percentage = 8.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravi Krishna Reddy |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 6,596 |percentage = 6.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivasa |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,902 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Ravindrakumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,324 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hariram. A |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,311 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,048 |percentage = 51.32% |change = {{increase}}49.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 110,589 |percentage = 53.43% |change = {{increase}}6.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,565}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 206,974 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}26.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : B.T.M Layout <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramalinga Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,811 |percentage = 46.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Prasad Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 44,954 |percentage = 44.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan. B |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,031 |percentage = 5.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Papanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,043 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramalinga Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 783 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,857 |percentage = 1.84% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,184 |percentage = 46.76% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,182}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 216,392 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore Urban district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|12.92|77.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Wak Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T01:01:08Z

Krishna57edits: New...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Wak
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 6,956
| mla = Chandra Bahadur Karki
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Wak Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Garjaman Gurung || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Prajatantra Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Bedu Singh Chettri || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || [[Bedu Singh Panth]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=2 | [[Kedar Nath Rai]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Chandra Bahadur Karki
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Wak<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Chandra Bahadur Karki |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,956 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Wak<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kedar Nath Rai]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,284 |percentage=65.79% |change={{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,683 |percentage=33.71% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,601 |percentage=32.07% |change= {{increase}}12.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,992 |percentage=82.37% |change= {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,142 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Wak<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kedar Nath Rai]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,301 |percentage=53.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bedu Singh Panth |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,469 |percentage=33.85% |change={{decrease}}54.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Lal Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=495 |percentage=11.41% |change={{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=66 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=832 |percentage=19.17% |change= {{decrease}}62.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,340 |percentage=82.88% |change= {{increase}}17.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,369 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}35.61 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Wak<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bedu Singh Panth |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,930 |percentage=88.63% |change={{increase}}19.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suk Bahadur Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=231 |percentage=6.99% |change={{decrease}}18.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kul Bahadur Rai |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=145 |percentage=4.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,699 |percentage=81.64% |change= {{increase}}38.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,306 |percentage=65.07% |change= {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,253 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Wak<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bedu Singh Chettri |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,704 |percentage=69.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Das Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=638 |percentage=25.87% |change={{increase}}22.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Pintso Takapa |party=Independent politician |votes=78 |percentage=3.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=19 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharka Bahadur Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=15 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,066 |percentage=43.23% |change= {{increase}}36.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,466 |percentage=63.19% |change= {{increase}}8.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,996 |ref = |change= {{increase}}44.26 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |swing= {{increase}}34.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Wak<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Garjaman Gurung |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=504 |percentage=34.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Prasad Rajalim |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=408 |percentage=27.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pandu Ram Rai |party=Janata Party |votes=175 |percentage=11.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Passang Sherpu |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=147 |percentage=10.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tobden Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=116 |percentage=7.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Kumar Khartam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47 |percentage=3.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nimu Tenzing Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=29 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gyampo Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=17 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dojee Dazom Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=14 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Norden Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=9 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=96 |percentage=6.55% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,466 |percentage=59.68% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,770 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.21|88.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Lokottaravāda

2026-04-08T18:44:52Z

Krishna57edits: Created A Entry.

{{Short description|Early Buddhist school}}
[[Image:Bodhi Ajanta.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The Lokottaravāda held there were innumerable [[Pure Land]]s of [[buddhahood|buddha]]s and [[bodhisattva]]s.]]
{{EarlyBuddhism}}
The '''Lokottaravāda''' ({{Langx|sa|लोकोत्तरवाद}}; {{CJKV|t=說出世部|p=Shuō Chūshì Bù|v=Xuất thế thuyết bộ}}) was one of the [[early Buddhist schools]] according to [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] doxological sources compiled by [[Bhāviveka]], [[Early Buddhist schools#According to Vinitadeva|Vinitadeva]] and others, and was a subgroup which emerged from the [[Mahāsāṃghika]].

==Etymology==
The name ''Lokottaravāda'' means those who follow the supramundane (Skt. ''lokottara''), or transcendent, teachings. Despite bearing this name, all sub-sects of the Mahāsāṃghikas seem to have accepted forms of supramundane or transcendent teachings.{{sfn|Williams|2008|p=20}}

==Early history==
The ''Śāriputraparipṛcchā'' and the ''Samayabhedoparacanaćakra'' both suggest that the Lokottaravāda had their origins with the [[Ekavyāvahārika]]s and the [[Kukkuṭika]]s. While the Mahāsāṃghikas initially flourished in the region around [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], the Lokottaravādins are known to have flourished in the [[Northwest India]].{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=47}}

The 6th century CE Indian monk [[Paramartha|Paramārtha]] wrote that 200 years after the [[parinirvana|{{IAST|parinirvāṇa}}]] of the Buddha, much of the {{IAST|Mahāsāṃghika}} school moved north of [[Rajgir|Rājagṛha]], and were divided over whether the Mahāyāna teachings should be incorporated formally into their Tripiṭaka.{{sfn|Walser|2013|pp=50-51}} According to this account, they split into three groups based upon the relative manner and degree to which they accepted the authority of these Mahāyāna texts.{{sfn|Walser|2013|p=51}} According to Paramārtha, the Lokottaravādins accepted the [[Mahāyāna sūtras]] as the words of the Buddha (''[[buddhavacana]]'').{{sfn|Padma|2008|p=68}}

==Texts==
===''Mahāvastu''===
Lokottaravādin views are known from the ''[[Mahāvastu]]'', which is a rare surviving Mahāsāṃghika text in Sanskrit. The ''Mahāvastu'' is a biography of the Buddha which attributes itself to the Lokottaravādins, and appears to have been an extended section of their Vinaya recension. The Sanskrit text of the ''Mahāvastu'' was preserved in the libraries of the Mahāyāna [[Buddhism in Nepal|Buddhists of Nepal]].{{sfn|Warder|2015|p=266}}

===''Sukhāvatīvyūha'' influences===
Some scholars believe that the Mahāyāna ''[[Infinite Life Sutra|Infinite Life Sūtra]]'' was compiled in the era of the [[Kushan Empire]], the first and second centuries CE, by an order of [[Mahīśāsaka]] monastics that flourished in [[Gandhara|Gandhāra]].{{sfn|Nakamura|1999|p=205}}{{sfn|Williams|2008|p=239}} However, it is likely that the longer ''Infinite Life Sūtra'' owes greatly to the Lokottaravādins as well for its compilation: in this sūtra, there are many elements in common with the ''[[Mahāvastu]]''.{{sfn|Nakamura|1999|p=205}} The earliest of these translations show traces of having been translated from the [[Gandhari language|Gāndhārī]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|1996|p=15}}

===Bamiyan monastery collection===
The Chinese Buddhist monk [[Xuanzang]] visited a Lokottaravāda [[vihara]] in the 7th century at [[Bamyan]] (modern Afghanistan); this monastery site has since been rediscovered by archaeologists.<ref name="Schøyen Collection: Buddhism">{{cite web|url=http://www.schoyencollection.com/buddhism.html|title=Schøyen Collection: Buddhism|access-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> [[Birch bark]] and [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s of texts in this monastery's collection, including Mahāyāna sūtras, have been discovered at the site, and these are now located in the [[Schøyen Collection]]. Some manuscripts are in Gāndhārī and written in [[Kharosthi]], while others are in Sanskrit written in [[Gupta script]]s. Manuscripts and fragments that have survived from this monastery's collection include the following source texts:<ref name="Schøyen Collection: Buddhism"/>

* ''[[Prātimokṣa]] Vibhaṅga'' of the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda (MS 2382/269)
* ''[[Mahaparinibbana Sutta|Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra]]'', a sūtra from the [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]] (MS 2179/44)
* ''Caṃkī Sūtra'', a sūtra from the Āgamas (MS 2376) (The [[Tittha Sutta|Caṅkī Sutta]] is the version in the [[Pali Canon]].)
* ''[[Diamond Sutra|Diamond Sūtra]]'', a Mahāyāna sūtra (MS 2385)
* ''[[Bhaisajyaguru|Bhaiṣajyaguru Sūtra]]'', a Mahāyāna sūtra (MS 2385)
* ''[[Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra]]'', a Mahāyāna sūtra (MS 2378)
* ''Pravāraṇa Sūtra'', a Mahāyāna sūtra (MS 2378)
* ''Sarvadharmapravṛttinirdeśa Sūtra'', a Mahāyāna sūtra (MS 2378)
* ''Ajātaśatrukaukṛtyavinodana Sūtra'', a Mahāyāna sūtra (MS 2378)
* ''[[Śāriputrābhidharma|Śāriputrābhidharma Śāstra]]'' (MS 2375/08)

==Doctrines==
[[File:Bodhisattva Ghorband Musée Guimet 2418.jpg|thumb|[[Bodhisattva]] statue from a Buddhist monastery in [[Afghanistan]], a region where the Lokottaravāda were known to be prominent.]]

===Overview===
It is likely that the Lokottaravādins had no major doctrinal distinctions to distinguish them as different from Mahāsāṃghika, but that the difference was instead a geographic one.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=47}} [[Taranatha|Tāranātha]] viewed the Ekavyāvahārikas, Lokottaravādins, and Gokulikas as being essentially the same.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=48}} He even viewed Ekavyāvahārika as being a general term for the Mahāsaṃghikas.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=19}} The earlier ''Samayabhedoparacanaćakra'' of Vasumitra also regards the Ekavyāvahārikas, Gokulikas, and Lokottaravādins as being doctrinally indistinguishable.{{sfn|Walser|2013|p=214}}

===Emptiness===
The Lokottaravādins asserted that there are no real things in the world except two kinds of emptiness (Skt. ''[[śūnyatā]]''), that is, the emptiness of a self (Skt. {{Lang|sa-Latn|pudgalaśūnyatā}}) and the emptiness of phenomena (Skt. {{Lang|sa-Latn|dharmaśūnyatā}}). This two-fold view of emptiness is also a distinguishing characteristic of Mahāyāna.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=461}}

===Buddhas and bodhisattvas===
According to Vasumitra, 48 theses were held in common by these three Mahāsāṃghika sects.{{sfn|Walser|2013|p=214}} Of the 48 special theses attributed by the ''Samayabhedoparacanaćakra'' to these sects, 20 points concern the supramundane nature of [[buddhahood|buddha]]s and [[bodhisattva]]s.{{sfn|Padma|2008|p=56}} According to the ''Samayabhedoparacanaćakra'', these four groups held that the Buddha is able to know all ''[[Dharma (Buddhism)|dharma]]s'' in a single moment of the mind.
{{blockquote|In their view, the Buddha is equipped with the following supernatural qualities: transcendence (''lokottara''), lack of defilements, all of his utterances [[dharmachakra|preaching his teaching]], expounding all his teachings in a single utterance, all of his sayings being true, his physical body being limitless, his power (''prabhāva'') being limitless, the length of his life being limitless, never tiring of enlightening sentient beings and awakening pure faith in them, having no sleep or dreams, no pause in answering a question, and always in meditation (''[[Samadhi|samādhi]]'').{{sfn|Yao|2012|p=11}}}}
The [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] is viewed as transcendent (Skt. ''lokottara'') and his life and physical manifestation are mere appearance.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=446}} The Lokottaravāda school upheld the Mahāsāṃghika view of the supramundane nature of the buddhas and bodhisattvas, and the imperfection and fallibility of [[arhat]]s.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=446}}

===Bodhisattva Path===
The Lokottaravādin ''Mahāvastu'' speaks of Buddhism as consisting of the ''Three Vehicles'', and includes specific instructions regarding the Bodhisattva Path and the practices of bodhisattvas.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=462}} From the ''Mahāvastu'', we know that the Lokottaravādins had a conception of a bodhisattva's progress toward enlightenment as consisting of ten grounds, or [[Bhūmi (Buddhism)|''bhūmis'']], as required for Mahāyāna bodhisattvas.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=459}} These bhūmis described in the ''Mahāvastu'' are similar to those in the Mahāyāna ''[[Ten Stages Sutra|Ten Stages Sūtra]]'', but the names of these stages seem to differ somewhat.{{sfn|Baruah|2000|p=463}}{{sfn|Williams|2005|p=182}}

[[File:'Amitabha in Sukhavati Paradise', Tibetan, circa 1700, San Antonio Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|Tibetan painting of [[Amitābha]] in his [[Pure Land]], [[Sukhavati|Sukhāvatī]]]]

===Buddha-fields===
From the ''Mahāvastu'', it is evident that the Lokottaravādins also held that there were innumerable [[Pure Land]]s (Skt. ''{{IAST|buddhakṣetra}}'' "buddha-fields"), throughout which there are innumerable buddhas and innumerable tenth-ground bodhisattvas who will become buddhas. Each is said to lead limitless sentient beings to liberation, yet the number of sentient beings remains essentially infinite.{{sfn|Williams|2008|p=215}}

===Equality of buddhas===
In the ''Mahāvastu'', there are some Lokottaravādin accounts of the nature of buddhas which have strong parallels to those in Mahāyāna sūtras. In one section, a multitude of [[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s are described as putting up sunshades in honor of the Buddha, who in turn shows himself sitting beneath each and every one. Each deva believes himself to be particularly honored, unaware of the fictitious character of his own buddha, who is no different from the others he sees.{{sfn|Pye|2004|p=68}} This has a parallel with an account in the ''[[Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra]]''.{{sfn|Pye|2004|p=68}} In this text, the Buddha appears simultaneously on a vast number of lion-thrones prepared by various [[deva (Buddhism)|deva]]s, but each deva sees only the Buddha that is sitting on his own throne. At the appropriate moment, all the buddhas are revealed to the devas, and one asks which is real – his own Buddha, or all the others. In the ''Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra'', the Buddha's answer is ultimately that they are all equal, because the nature of buddhas is not apart from all phenomena.{{sfn|Pye|2004|p=68}}

===Future buddhas===
In the ''Mahāvastu'', the future buddha [[Maitreya]] is mentioned a number of times, and the text states that he will be just one of the one thousand buddhas who are destined to appear in the future following Gautama Buddha. The Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda view is contrasted with that of the [[Theravada|Theravāda]], which holds that five buddhas are destined to follow Gautama.{{sfn|Sponberg|Hardacre|1988|p=62}}

==See also==
* [[Buddhism in Afghanistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Baruah|first=Bibhuti|title=Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s1PZAMD13SMC|date=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-152-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Bratindra Nath|title=India in Early Central Asia: A Survey of Indian Scripts, Languages, and Literatures in Central Asia of the First Millennium A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HltjAAAAMAAJ|date=1996|publisher=Harman Publishing House|isbn=978-81-85151-98-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Nakamura|first=Hajime|authorlink1=Hajime Nakamura|title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0272-8}}
* {{cite book|last1=Nakamura |first1=Hajime |title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book|last=Padma|first=Sree|title=Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8H5VwQUbIMIC&pg=PA1|date=2008|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7814-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Pye|first=Michael|title=Skilful Means: A Concept in Mahayana Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-38063-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sponberg|first1=Alan|last2=Hardacre|first2=Helen|authorlink2=Helen Hardacre|title=Maitreya, the Future Buddha: Edited by Alan Sponberg and Helen Hardacre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzQ9AAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-34344-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Walser|first=Joseph|title=Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PUmrdqQ8Vz8C&pg=PT476|date=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-50623-6|page=476}}
* {{cite book |last1=Warder |first1=A. K. |title=Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0818-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GBgxEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Paul |title=Buddhism: The origins and nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism; Some Mahāyāna religious topics |date=2005 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-33229-3 |author-link=Paul Williams (Buddhist studies scholar) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwSRqVKQ46MC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Paul |title=Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GMN-AgAAQBAJ |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-25056-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Yao|first=Zhihua|title=The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uYR4sSsoSIC|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-28745-1}}

==External links==
* J. J. Jones (1949). [https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-mahavastu The Mahavastu (English translation)], including footnotes and glossary.

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Nikaya schools]]
[[Category:Mahāsāṃghika]]
[[Category:Early Buddhist schools]]

Avinash Gehlot

2026-04-08T05:01:08Z

Krishna57edits: Made...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1981)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Avinash Gehlot
| image = Avinash gehlot png.png
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|12|09}}
| birth_place = [[Jaitaran]], [[Pali District]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| office = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 30 December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Tika Ram Jully]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list| Social Justice & Empowerment}}
| governor = [[Kalraj Mishra]] [[Haribhau Bagade]]
| office1 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Jaitaran Assembly constituency|Jaitaran]]
| predecessor1 = Surendra Goyal
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2018
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents =
| children = 2
| spouse = Meera Gehlot
| education = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[Bachelor of Physical Education|B.P.Ed.]] & [[Bachelor of Law|L.L.B]]
| profession = [[advocate]]
}}

'''Avinash Gehlot''' (born 9 December 1981) is an Indian politician<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/rajasthan-cabinet-expansion-22-bjp-mlas-take-oath-at-raj-bhavan/article67689782.ece|title=Rajasthan Cabinet formed with swearing-in of 22 Ministers at Raj Bhavan|website=The Hindu|date=30 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> currently serving as the [[Cabinet Minister]] of Social Justice & Empowerment Department in [[Government of Rajasthan]]. He is a member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|15th and 16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jaitaran Assembly constituency|Jaitaran]].
He is a member of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jaipur-news/rajasthan-cabinet-news-live-updates-ministries-full-list-bhajan-lal-diya-kumari-prem-chand-bairwa-news-dec-30-101703920696442.html|title=Rajasthan cabinet news highlights: 22 ministers take oath, 17 of them first-timers|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/jaitaran-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470731-2023-12-03|website=indiatoday.in|title=Jaitaran Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Avinash Gehlot wins Jaitaran with 66277 votes |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Gehlot hails from [[Jaitaran Assembly constituency|Jaitaran]], Pali. His father is Nathu Ram Gehlot. He belongs to [[Mali (caste)|सैनिक क्षत्रिय]].<ref name="abplive"/> According to the educational qualification mentioned in his election affidavit, he has gained his BA degree from [[Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University|Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University, Ajmer]] (Raj.) and LL.B from [[Maharaja Ganga Singh University]], Bikaner (Raj.).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=220|title=Avinash Gehlot|website=My neta}}</ref>
He initially engaged in the [[Ready-made garment|readymade garments]] business. Subsequently, he became associated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]. In 2010, he entered the Municipality elections, vying for the position of [[Chairperson|chairman]]. Although he faced defeat, his political involvement intensified thereafter. In 2018, he was nominated as the candidate from the Jaitaran constituency. He emerged victorious in both the 2018 and 2023 elections in the same constituency.

==Political career==
He contested the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan legislative assembly]] elections in 2018 from [[Jaitaran Assembly constituency|Jaitaran, Pali]] on a ticket of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] (BJP) and won.<ref name="timesnownews">{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/rajasthan-election/article/jaitaran-assembly-constituency-election-2018-polls-rajasthan-vasundhara-raje-bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-congress-sachin-pilot-avinash-gehlot-dilip/320668|website=timesnownews.com|title=Jaitaran Assembly Election Results 2018: BJP Avinash Gehlot wins over Congress Dilip Chaudhary by 12188 votes|date=11 December 2018 |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> He won the election from the same constituency for the second time in [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election]] with a huge margin of
votes.<ref name="bhaskar">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/raipur/news/election-results-2023-update-avinash-gehlot-bjp-vs-surendra-goyal-congress-132229108.html|title=Election Results 2023 Update; Avinash Gehlot (BJP) v/s Surendra Goyal (Congress) {{pipe}} जैतारण विधानसभा सीट पर अविनाश गहलोत जीते: 13,995 वोट से कांग्रेस के सुरेंद्र गोयल को हराया, 66277 वोट मिले - Dainik Bhaskar|website=bhaskar.com|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> On 30 December 2023, he took oath as a [[Cabinet Minister]] of the [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref name="abplive">{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-cm-bhajan-lal-sharma-cabinet-expansion-avinash-gehlot-becomes-cabinet-minister-from-beawar-ann-2573727|title=Rajasthan CM Bhajan Lal Sharma Cabinet Expansion Avinash Gehlot Becomes Cabinet Minister From Beawar ANN {{pipe}} Rajasthan Cabinet Expansion: ब्यावर को CM भजनलाल की बड़ी सौगात, माली समाज के प्रमुख चेहरे अविनाश गहलोत को बनाया कैबिनेट मंत्री|website=abplive.com|date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="patrika">{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/gehlot-also-became-minister-in-rajasthan-bjp-government-avinash-gehlot-took-oath-rajasthan-cabinet-expansion-8659189/|title=राजस्थान की बीजेपी सरकार में 'गहलोत' भी बने मंत्री, जानें पूरा मामला {{pipe}}Gehlot Also Became Minister In Rajasthan BJP Government, Avinash Gehlot Took Oath Rajasthan Cabinet Expansion {{pipe}} Patrika News|website=patrika.com|date=30 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="bhaskar2">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/pali/news/jaitaran-mla-avinash-gehlot-protested-at-palis-bar-police-station-131361445.html|title=Jaitaran MLA Avinash Gehlot protested at Pali's Bar police station {{pipe}} जैतारण MLA ने बर थाने में बिताई रात: कार्यकर्ता के खिलाफ कार्रवाई को बताया गलत, हेड कांस्टेबल के खिलाफ कार्रवाई पर माने - Dainik Bhaskar|website=bhaskar.com|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान के मंत्री अविनाश गहलोत के बयान पर विवाद |url=https://www.aajtak.in/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-minister-avinash-gehlot-over-parchi-se-chalti-hai-sarkar-bhajan-lal-sharma-ntc-rpti-2157921-2025-02-03 |website=आज तक |date=3 February 2025 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gehlot, Avinash}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University alumni]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]

Ajai Lall

2026-04-05T21:47:54Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
'''Ajai Lall''' is a [[Christians|Christian]] [[preacher]] and [[missionary]] in [[India]]. He is the founder and first Executive Director of [[Central India Christian Mission]]. Lall is associated with the [[Christian churches and churches of Christ]], which is part of the [[Restoration Movement]].<ref name="christianstandard1">http://www.christianstandard.com/articledisplay.asp?id=610{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ajai Lall was born and raised in [[India]]. Before coming to the [[United States]], Lall had earned a degree in criminal law from the [[University of Sagar]] with the intention of becoming a lawyer.<ref name="christianstandard2">{{cite web|url=http://www.christianstandard.com/interview.asp?id=362 |title=Christian Standard Interview |accessdate=23 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730210527/http://www.christianstandard.com/interview.asp?id=362 |archivedate=30 July 2010 }}</ref> He was influenced by his father, Vijai Lall, and sensed the call from God to serve the humanity, that led him to become a [[preacher]] instead.<ref name="christianstandard2"/> He graduated from [[Mid-Atlantic Christian University]], in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snowscutmonthly.com/200610/angel.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217124721/http://www.snowscutmonthly.com/200610/angel.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2020 |title=Web hosting provider - Bluehost.com - domain hosting - PHP Hosting - cheap web hosting - Frontpage Hosting E-Commerce Web Hosting Bluehost |publisher=Snowscutmonthly.com |accessdate=24 January 2011 }}</ref> He then returned to India and earned a MA in Humanities and a PhD in Public Administration from the University of Sagar.<ref name="milligan1">{{cite web |url=http://www.milligan.edu/news/spring06/indiapma.htm |title=Milligan College: News and Events |publisher=Milligan.edu |date=15 February 2006 |accessdate=24 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220094715/http://milligan.edu/news/spring06/indiapma.htm |archivedate=20 December 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In addition, he has studied at Dallas Christian College and Cincinnati Christian University.<ref name="milligan1"/>

==Central India Christian Mission==
Lall and his wife, [[Indu Lall|Indu]], founded [[Central India Christian Mission]] in 1982, with Lall serving as its executive director. As of 2009, Central India Christian Mission had over 800 employees, and had started a 140-bed hospital, a nursing college, a publication ministry, Children's ministry, and Bible Colleges, mostly in [[India]].<ref name="christianstandard1"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailyadvance.com/news/15-earn-degrees-macu-family-22484 |title=The Daily Advance |access-date=23 May 2010 |archive-date=11 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511143110/http://www.dailyadvance.com/news/15-earn-degrees-macu-family-22484 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lall makes frequently visits the United States for speaking in conferences, conventions, universities and churches. He founded The Atma Vikas Sanstha to train thousands of people for various trades in order to become self-supporting.

<ref name="dispatchpolitics1">{{cite web |last=Rowland |first=Darrel |url=http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/faith_values/stories/2008/07/11/OBAMA_LALL_COLUMN.ART_ART_07-11-08_B7_K7AN2L0.html?sid=101 |title=Darrel Rowland: Missionary calls for Christian extremism of a different sort | Columbus Dispatch Politics |date=11 July 2008 |accessdate=24 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721164907/http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/faith_values/stories/2008/07/11/OBAMA_LALL_COLUMN.ART_ART_07-11-08_B7_K7AN2L0.html?sid=101 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianaggression.org/item_display.php?type=NEWS&id=1130561924 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123030412/http://www.christianaggression.org/item_display.php?type=NEWS&id=1130561924 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-11-23 |title=US Supreme Court Nominee Supports Conversion of Hindus in India |publisher=Christian Aggression |date=29 October 2005 |accessdate=24 January 2011 }}</ref>

==Other activities==
Lall gave the keynote address at the 2008 [[North American Christian Convention]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.christianstandard.com/interview.asp?id=589 |title=Christian Standard Interview |access-date=24 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730205553/http://www.christianstandard.com/interview.asp?id=589 |archive-date=30 July 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>http://www.christianstandard.com/articledisplay.asp?id=824{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lall was also appointed by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of [[India]] to its National Youth Council and has authored four books in [[Hindi]].<ref name="milligan1"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gotonacc.org/past-events/2008-convention/highlights/main-sessions/wednesday-evening |title=Wednesday Evening | Goto NACC |access-date=24 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221060106/http://www.gotonacc.org/past-events/2008-convention/highlights/main-sessions/wednesday-evening/ |archive-date=21 February 2010 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He currently is President of the [[World Convention of Churches of Christ]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldconvention.org/ |title=Home |website=worldconvention.org |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907180512/https://www.worldconvention.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|
title=[[Central India Christian Mission|Executive Director of Central India Christian Mission]] |
before=''None'' |
after=''Incumbent'' |
years=1982–current | }}
{{S-end}}

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lall, Ajai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Mid-Atlantic Christian University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Members of the Christian churches and churches of Christ]]
[[Category:Indian Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]

2025–26 Punjab FC season

2026-04-04T14:58:36Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}

{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Punjab FC]]
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| owner = RoundGlass Sports Pvt. Ltd.
| manager = {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Dilberis|Panagiotis Dilmperis]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]]
| league result = ''Pre-season''
| cup1 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup1 result = [[2025 Durand Cup|Group stage]]
| cup2 = [[AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]
| cup2 result = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Semi-final|Semi-final]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| chrtitle = Director of Football
| chairman = {{flagicon|GRE}} Nikolaos Topoliatis
| largest win = 3–0 [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] (27 October 2025, [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]) 3–0 [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] (1 November 2025, Super Cup)
| largest loss = 1–3 [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (4 December 2025, Super Cup)
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2024–25 Punjab FC season|2024–25]]
| nextseason = [[2026–27 Punjab FC season|2026–27]]

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The 2025–26 season is the sixth season in [[Punjab FC]]'s existence, the club's third consecutive season in Indian football's top-flight, and fifth overall. In addition to the league, the club will also take part in the [[2025 Durand Cup]] and the [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|2025–26 Super Cup]].

== Background ==
{{See also|2024–25 Punjab FC season}}Punjab finished eighth in the [[2024–25 Indian Super League]]. After the completion of the [[2024–25 Punjab FC season|2024–25 season]], the club chose not to renew the contracts of any of their foreign players and opted for an overhaul in the foreign contingent. The club became active right after the end of the previous season, roping in [[Muhammad Uvais]] from [[Jamshedpur FC]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2025 |title=ISL Transfers: Punjab FC Announces the Signing of Defender Muhammed Uvais |url=https://thebridge.in/football/punjab-fc-sign-defender-muhammed-uvais-53545 |work=The Bridge}}</ref> and [[Bijoy Varghese]] from [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2025 |title=Punjab FC sign defender Bijoy Varghese |url=https://theprint.in/sport/punjab-fc-sign-defender-bijoy-varghese/2690886/ |work=The Print}}</ref> to strengthen the defence after departures of [[Abhishek Singh Tekcham]], Melroy Assisi and the Croatian centre-back [[Ivan Novoselec]]. Punjab also renewed the contract of head coach [[Panagiotis Dilberis|Panagiotis Dilmperis]] for one more season keeping him at the club till the end of the 2026–27 season.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2025 |title=Punjab FC extends contract of head coach Panagiotis Dilmperis |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/india-sports-news-today-june-10-scores-highlights-results-updates/article69678646.ece |work=Sportstar}}</ref> The main highlight of the window for Punjab FC was the sale of fullback [[Abhishek Singh Tekcham]] to [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] in a multi-crore rupees deal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISL champions Mohun Bagan set to sign Tekcham Abhishek Singh in ₹8 Crore+ deal |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-tekcham-abhishek-singh-tekcham-mohun-bagan}}</ref> Punjab bolstered their squad with the signing of 3 foreigners - [[Dani Ramírez]], [[Samir Zeljković]] and [[Effiong Nsungusi]]. All three players have completed their medicals, penning one-year contracts after arriving on free transfers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Neeladri |date=6 October 2025 |title=Punjab FC strengthens overseas roster before Super Cup, signs Zeljkovic, Ramirez and Effiong |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/punjab-fc-new-signings-isl-2025-foreign-players-super-cup-indian-super-league-transfer-news/article70131828.ece |work=Sportstar}}</ref>

On 31 July, Punjab FC unveiled their new club crest, a face of a lion from front with the words "Punjab FC" below it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fans react to Punjab FC's new logo |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-fans-react-to-punjab-fcs-new-logo-202507}}</ref> [[Nikhil Prabhu]] was appointed team captain before the start of the Durand Cup.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Punjab FC appoint Nikhil Prabhu as captain for Durand Cup |url=https://www.newkerala.com/news/o/punjab-fc-appoint-nikhil-prabhu-captain-durand-cup-949 |work=NewKerala}}</ref>

== Squad ==

=== First team ===

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Muhammad Uvais]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Bijoy Varghese]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nikhil Prabhu]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ricky Shabong]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=Bosnia|pos=MF|name=[[Samir Zeljković]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=Nigeria|pos=FW|name=[[Effiong Nsungusi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Dani Ramírez]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|Vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Princeton Rebello]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Khaiminthang Lhungdim|other=[[Captain (association football)|fourth captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Arshdeep Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Arshdeep Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Vishal Yadav}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Vinit Rai]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Muhammad Suhail F|other=[[Captain (association football)|third captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Manglenthang Kipgen}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Omang Dodum}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Singamayum Shami]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Manav Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ashish Pradhan|Ashis Pradhan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ranjeet Pandre]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=Brazil|pos=DF|name=[[Pablo Santos (footballer)|Pablo Santos]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rishikanta Meitei}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Usham Thoungamba Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Leon Augustine]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sanathoi Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Pramveer}}
{{Fs player|no=37|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Ayush Deshwal}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=Nigeria|pos=FW|name=[[Bede Osuji]]}}
{{Fs player|no=74|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Suresh Meitei Nongmeikapam|Suresh Meitei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=78|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Muheet Shabir]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Rakesh Meitei Likmabam]]|other=on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Bikash Singh Sagolsem]]}}

{{Fs end}}

== Transfers ==

=== In ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:120px;" |Date
! style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Player
! style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Position
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:200px;" |From
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:86px;" |Transfer Fee
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Ref.
|-
|15 June 2025
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Muhammad Uvais]]
|DF
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Jamshedpur FC]]
|Free transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muhammad Uvais joins the Shers |url=https://x.com/RGPunjabFC/status/1934196726228729865}}</ref>
|-
|15 July 2025
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Bijoy Varghese]]
|DF
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Inter Kashi FC]]
|Free transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab FC announces signing of defender Bijoy Varghese |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/punjab-fc-announces-signing-of-defender-bijoy-varghese20250716202748/}}</ref>
|-
|6 October 2025
|{{Flag icon|ESP}} [[Dani Ramírez]]
|MF
|{{Flag icon|Turkey}} [[Manisa F.K.]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|6 October 2025
|{{Flag icon|Bosnia}} [[Samir Zeljković]]
|MF
|{{Flag icon|SRB}} [[FK Radnički 1923]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|6 October 2025
|{{Flag icon|Nigeria}} [[Effiong Nsungusi]]
|FW
|{{Flag icon|Romania}} [[FC UTA Arad]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|21 October 2025
|{{Flag icon|Brazil}} [[Pablo Santos (footballer)|Pablo Santos]]
|DF
|{{Flag icon|Armenia}} [[FC Noah]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|24 October 2025
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Bikash Singh Sagolsem]]
|DF
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|24 October 2025
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Arshdeep Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Arshdeep Singh]]
|GK
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|25 November 2025
|{{Flag icon|Nigeria}} [[Bede Osuji|Bede Osuji Amarachi]]
|FW
|{{Flag icon|TUR}} [[Manisa F.K.]]
|Free transfer
|
|}

=== Out ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
! style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:120px;" |Date
! style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:180px;" |Player
! style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Position
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:200px;" |To
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:86px;" |Transfer Fee
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Ref.
|-
|5 June 2025
|{{Flag icon|Greece}} [[Petros Giakoumakis]]
|FW
|{{Flag icon|Greece}} [[Niki Volos F.C.]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|6 June 2025
|{{Flag icon|Croatia}} [[Filip Mrzljak]]
|MF
|{{Flag icon|Russia}} [[FC Ufa]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|7 June 2025
|{{Flag icon|Croatia}} [[Ivan Novoselec]]
|DF
|{{Flag icon|Iraq}} [[Duhok SC]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|8 June 2025
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Yendrembam Denechandra Meitei|Denechandra Meitei]]
|DF
|
|Free transfer
|
|-
|17 June 2025
|{{Flag icon|Hungary}}{{Flag icon|Bosnia}} [[Asmir Suljić]]
|MF
|{{Flag icon|HUN}} [[Szeged-Csanád Grosics Akadémia|Szeged-Csanád GA]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|19 June 2025
|{{Flag icon|Slovenia}} [[Luka Majcen]]
|FW
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Diamond Harbour FC]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|20 June 2025
|{{Flag icon|India}} Melroy Assisi
|DF
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Diamond Harbour FC]]
|
|
|-
|9 July 2025
|{{Flag icon|ARG}} [[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Ezequiel Pulga Vidal]]
|FW
|{{Flag icon|IDN}} [[PSIM Yogyakarta]]
|Free transfer
|
|-
|24 July 2025
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Abhishek Singh Tekcham]]
|DF
|{{Flag icon|India}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohun Bagan announces signing Abhishek Tekcham from Punjab FC till 2029 |date=24 July 2025 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-super-giant-signs-abhishek-singh-tekcham-from-punjab-fc-mbsg-transfer-news/article69849801.ece}}</ref>
|-
|11 November 2025
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Samuel Kynshi]]
|MF
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|
|-
|11 November 2025
|{{Flag icon|IND}} Tejas Krishna
|DF
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Thrissur Magic FC]]
|
|-
|4 February 2026
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]
|GK
|{{Flag icon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC]]
|Free transfer
|-
|}

==Preseason and Friendlies==
[[Punjab FC|Punjab]] played 2 friendly matches – against [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]] and [[SC Delhi|Delhi]] on 5 October and 19 October respectively. Punjab won both the matches comfortably by 2–1 and 4–1. [[Suresh Meitei Nongmeikapam|Suresh Meitei]] and [[Manglenthang Kipgen|Kipgen]] scored for Punjab in the 2–1 victory against Namdhari. [[Manglenthang Kipgen|Kipgen]], [[Ninthoinganba Meetei|Ninthoi]], [[Nikhil Prabhu]] and Omang scored for Punjab in the 4–1 victory against Delhi. In January the team played two more friendlies against the same opponents as the start of the league season was delayed.
=== Matches ===

{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date = 5 October 2025
|round = Friendly
|time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Punjab
|score = 2–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|goals1 = * [[Suresh Meitei Nongmeikapam|Suresh]] {{goal|79|pen.}}
* [[Manglenthang Kipgen|Kipgen]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2 = * Guilherme {{goal|65}}
|location = [[Sri Bhaini Sahib]]
|stadium = Namdhari Football Ground
|attendance = 0{{efn-ua|name=CD|Closed door friendly match.}}
|result = W
|motm =
|referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|id=
|date = 19 October 2025
|round = Friendly
|time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Punjab
|score = 4–1
|report =
|team2 = [[SC Delhi]]
|goals1 = * [[Manglenthang Kipgen|Kipgen]] {{goal|36}}
* [[Ninthoinganba Meetei|Ninthoi]] {{goal|42}}
* [[Nikhil Prabhu|Nikhil]] {{goal|50}}
* Omang {{goal|85}}
|goals2 = * [[Alex Saji|Saji]] {{goal|54}}
|location = [[Delhi]]
|stadium =
|attendance = 0{{efn-ua|name=CD|Closed door friendly match.}}
|result = W
|motm =
|referee =
}}{{Football box collapsible|date=10/11 January 2026|round=Friendly|score=7-1|report=|team1=Punjab FC|team2=[[Namdhari FC]]|attendance=0|result=W}}{{Football box collapsible|date=19 January 2026|round=Friendly|score=2–0|report=|team1=Punjab FC|team2=[[SC Delhi]]|result=W}}

== Competitions ==
=== Overall record ===
{{Fb overview2
|c=3

|c1=[[Durand Cup]] |fm1=3 August 2025 |lm1=9 August 2025 |sr1=[[2025 Durand Cup|Group stage]] |fp1=[[2025 Durand Cup|Group stage]] |w1=1 |d1=1 |l1=1 |f1=2 |a1=2

|c2=[[AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] |fm2=27 October 2025 |lm2=4 December 2025 |sr2=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage|Group stage]] |fp2=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Semi-final|Semi-final]] |w2=2 |d2=1 |l2=1 |f2=7 |a2=3

|c3=[[Indian Super League]] |fm3= |lm3= |sr3= |fp3= |w3=0 |d3=0 |l3=0 |f3=0 |a3=0

|c4=[[Punjab State Super League]]{{efn-ua|Punjab FC fielded mostly their [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Reserve]] team for the tournament.}} |fm4=1 August 2025 |lm4=30 October 2025 |sr4=Matchday 1
|fp4=Champions
|w4=12 |d4=3 |l4=3 |f4=32 |a4=13

|u=4 December 2025
|s=[https://www.soccerway.com/team/minerva-punjab/IVnnqpTS/ Soccerway]
}}

=== Durand Cup ===
{{Main|2025 Durand Cup}}
==== Table ====
{{:2025 Durand Cup group stage|section=Group D|showteam=PUN}}
==== Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible
|date=3 August 2025
|time=16:00 IST
|round=[[2025 Durand Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|score=1–2
|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53908
|team1=[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Morning Star]]
|goals1=*[[Joseph Olaleye|Olaleye]] {{goal|69}}
|team2=Punjab FC
|goals2=*[[Pramveer Singh|Pramveer]] {{goal|73}}
*Sanathoi {{goal|90+2}}
|stadium=SAI Stadium|location=[[Kokrajhar]], [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]], [[Assam]]
|referee = Harish Kundu
|motm = [[Pramveer Singh]] (Punjab)
|attendance = 3,500
|result=W}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date=6 August 2025
|time=16:00 IST
|round=[[2025 Durand Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|score=0–0
|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53913
|team1=[[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP FT]]
|team2=Punjab FC
|stadium=SAI Stadium
|location=[[Kokrajhar]], [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]], [[Assam]]
|referee = Jarvish Macwan
|motm = Donborlang Nongkynrih (ITBP)
|attendance = 1,400
|result=D}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date=9 August 2025
|time=16:00 IST
|round=[[2025 Durand Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|score=0–1
|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=53919
|team1=Punjab FC
|team2=[[Bodoland FC|Bodoland]]
|goals2=*Blandon {{goal|69}}
|stadium=SAI Stadium
|location=[[Kokrajhar]], [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]], [[Assam]]
|referee = Surojit Das
|motm = Robinson Blandon (Bodoland)
|attendance = 12,545
|result=L}}

===Super Cup===
{{Main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup}}

Punjab will participate in the Super Cup and was grouped into Group C alongside [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]], [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] and [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]].<ref name=SuperCup2025Draw>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|title=Group stage draw for Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 conducted|website=the-aiff.com|access-date=|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111164127/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/group-stage-draw-for-kalinga-super-cup-2023-24-conducted|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Group stage====
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group C|showteam=PFC}}
====Bracket====
{{:2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|transcludesection=bracket}}
==== Matches ====
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{Start date|2025|10|27|df=y}}
|round=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Punjab
|score=3–0
|report=[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57395 Report]
|team2=[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|goals1=
*[[Muhammad Suhail F|Suhail]] {{goal|2}}
*[[Nikhil Prabhu|Prabhu]] {{goal|10}}
*[[Princeton Rebello|Princeton]] {{goal|43}}
|goals2=
|location=[[Bambolim]]
|stadium=[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|referee=K Ramdasan
|motm=
|attendance=189
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=1 November 2025
|round=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|score=0–3
|report=[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57397 Report]
|team2=Punjab
|goals1=
|goals2=
*[[Ninthoinganba Meetei|Ninthoi]] {{goal|27}}
*[[Samir Zeljković|Zeljković]] {{goal|43}}
*[[Manglenthang Kipgen|Kipgen]] {{goal|73}}
|location=[[Bambolim]]
|stadium=[[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
|referee=Tejas Nagvenkar
|motm=
|attendance=123
|result=W
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=5 November 2025
|round=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score=0–0
|report=[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57399 Report]
|team2=Punjab
|penalties1 =
*[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Wangjam]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Braian Sánchez|Sánchez]] {{pengoal}}
|penaltyscore = 4–5
|penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} [[Effiong Nsungusi|Nsungusi]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Princeton Rebello|Rebello]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Samir Zeljković|Zeljković]]
*{{nobr|{{pengoal}} [[Leon Augustine|Augustine]]}}
*{{pengoal}} [[Vinit Rai|V. Rai]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|location=[[Fatorda]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
|referee=Ashwin
|motm=[[Muheet Shabir]] (Punjab)
|attendance=100
|result=D
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date=4 December 2025
|round=[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Semi-finals|Semi-final]]
|time=16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|score=3–1
|report=[https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=58108 Report]
|team2=Punjab
|goals1=
*[[Mohammed Rashid|Rashid]] {{goal|12}}
*[[Kevin Sibille|Kevin]] {{goal|45+3}}
*[[Saúl Crespo|Saúl]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2=
*[[Dani Ramírez|Ramírez]] {{goal|34|pen.}}
|location=[[Fatorda]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
|referee= Ashwin
|motm=
|attendance= 300
|result= L
}}

===Punjab State Super League===
{{Main|2025–26 Punjab State Super League}}

{{:2025–26 Punjab State Super League|showteam=RGP}}

=== Indian Super League ===
{{Main|2025–26 Indian Super League}}

==== Table ====
{{2025–26 Indian Super League points table|showteam=PJB}}

==== Matches ====
{{Football box collapsible|date=16 February 2026|time=5:00 PM IST|round=1|score= Postponed|report=|team1=[[Odisha FC]]|team2=Punjab FC|note=The match was postponed due to Odisha FC not having finalised a home venue for the season.|result=P}}{{Football box collapsible|date=21 February 2026|time=7:30 PM IST|round=2|score=1–0|report=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/101211|team1=[[Jamshedpur FC]]|goals1=*[[Vincy Barretto|Barretto]] {{goal|78}}

*[[Pronay Halder|Halder]] {{yellow card|50}}
*[[Mark Zothanpuia|Mark Zo]] {{yellow card|87}}|team2=Punjab FC|goals2=*[[Bijoy Varghese|Varghese]] {{yellow card|81}}|stadium=[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]|location=[[Jamshedpur]]|attendance=7,230|referee=Surojit Das|result=L}}{{Football box collapsible|date=27 Februaru 2026|time=7:30 PM IST|round=3|score=0–2|report=https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/punjab-fc-bengaluru-fc/vyXslnRb|team1=[[Bengaluru FC]]|goals1=*[[Ryan Williams (footballer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{yellow card|53}}
*[[Roshan Singh Naorem|Roshan]] {{yellow card|90+4}}|team2=Punjab FC|goals2=*[[Effiong Nsungusi|Effiong]] {{goal|20}} {{goal|32}}

*[[Ricky Shabong|Shabong]] {{yellow card|72}}
*[[Samir Zeljković|Zeljković]] {{yellow card|79}}|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]|location=[[Bengaluru]]|attendance=9,614|referee=Ramachandran Venkatesh|result=W}}{{Football box collapsible|date=9 March 2026|time=7:30 PM IST|round=4|score=1–1|report=https://www.sofascore.com/football/match/punjab-fc-northeast-united-fc/cRubslnRb#id:15508320|team1=Punjab FC|goals1=*[[Effiong Nsungusi|Effiong]] {{goal|63}}
*[[Bijoy Varghese|Varghese]] {{yellow card|59}}|team2=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]|goals2=*[[Parthib Gogoi|Gogoi]] {{goal|60}}
*[[Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia|Rinzuala]] {{yellow card|57}}
*[[Mayakkannan]] {{yellow card|84}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|attendance=3,897|referee=Harish Kundu|result=D}}{{Football box collapsible|date=16 March 2026|time=7:30 PM IST|round=5|score=1–1|report=https://www.flashscore.com/match/football/fc-goa-bmsNPY6c/minerva-punjab-IVnnqpTS/?mid=UaomOw7s|team1=Punjab FC|goals1=*[[Effiong Nsungusi|Effiong]] {{goal|27}} {{sent off|0|48}}|team2=[[FC Goa]]|goals2=*[[Ayush Chhetri]] {{yellow card|39}}
*[[Dejan Dražić|Dražić]] {{goal|53}}
*[[Sahil Tavora|Tavora]] {{yellow card|85}}
*[[Raynier Fernandes]] {{yellow card|90+6}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|referee=Crystal John|result=D}}{{Football box collapsible|date=21 March 2026|time=7:30 PM IST|round=6|score=1–3|report=https://www.flashscore.com/match/football/kerala-blasters-hAtROhM3/minerva-punjab-IVnnqpTS/?mid=6svSzHjm|team1=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]|goals1=*Arsh Shaikh {{yellow card|4}}
*[[Marlon Roos-Trujillo|Roos-Trujillo]] {{yellow card|56}} {{sent off|1|90+3}}
*[[Fallou Ndiaye|Ndiaye]] {{goal|65}}
*[[Huidrom Naocha Singh|Naocha]] {{yellow card|75}}
*[[Soraisham Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{yellow card|82}}
*[[Hormipam Ruivah|Ruivah]] {{yellow card|86}}|team2=Punjab FC|goals2=*[[Samir Zeljković]] {{goal|7}}
*[[Bede Osuji]] {{goal|17}}
*[[Bijoy Varghese]] {{yellow card|21}}
*[[Dani Ramírez]] {{goal|38}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Kaloor Stadium]]|location=[[Kochi]]|referee=Ashwin|result=W}}{{Football box collapsible|date=3 April 2026|time=7:30 PM IST|round=7|score=2–1|report=https://www.flashscore.com/match/football/minerva-punjab-IVnnqpTS/mohammedan-4WuwGxXs/?mid=hIrjVCKO|team1=Punjab FC|goals1=*[[Effiong Nsungusi]] {{goal|47}}
*[[Dani Ramírez]] {{goal|52}}
*Lhungdim {{yellow card|69}}
*[[Bede Osuji]] {{yellow card|72}}|team2=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]|goals2=*[[Lalremsanga Fanai|Lalremsanga]] {{goal|29}}
*Yash Chickro {{yellow card|48}}
*[[Gaurav Bora]] {{yellow card|48}}|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|referee=Jamal Mohamed|result=W}}

== Summary ==

=== August 2025 ===
Punjab FC started their Durand Cup campaign on 3 August against [[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]] in Kokrajhar, Assam with an all-domestic lineup. The match ended in a 2-1 win for Punjab, courtesy goals by Pramveer and Sanathoi.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Durandfootball |date=3 August 2025 |title=Punjab FC start their Durand Cup campaign with late win over Karbi Anglong |url=https://durandcup.in/punjab-fc-start-their-durand-cup-campaign-with-late-win-over-karbi-anglong/ |work=Durand Cup}}</ref> Punjab then played against [[ITBP|ITBP FT]] and were held to a goalless draw.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2025 |title=ITBP holds Punjab FC to goalless draw |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-2025-results-east-bengal-vs-namdhari-score-punjab-fc-vs-itbp-highlights-august-6-news/article69901584.ece |work=Sportstar}}</ref> In the third match on 9 August, Punjab faced resilient [[Bodoland FC]] and were handed a tough loss by them which brought an end to Punjab's Durand Cup campaign.

=== October-November 2025 ===
The AIFF decided to organise the [[2025 Super Cup (India, October)|2025-26 Super Cup]] before the Indian Super League due to administrative problems between the federation and their commercial partners.

== Statistics ==

=== Squad appearances and goals ===

=== Most Goals ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
|+
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Sl. No.
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:80px;" |Player
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |Durand Cup
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |Super Cup
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |League
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |Total goals
|-
|1
|[[Effiong Nsungusi]]
|0
|0
|5
|5
|-
|2
|[[Dani Ramírez]]
|0
|1
|2
|3
|-
|3
|[[Samir Zeljković]]
|0
|1
|1
|2
|-
| rowspan="8" |4
|[[Pramveer Singh]]
|1
|0
|0
| rowspan="8" |1
|-
|Konsam Sanathoi Singh
|1
|0
|0
|-
|[[Muhammad Suhail F]]
|0
|1
|0
|-
|[[Nikhil Prabhu]]
|0
|1
|0
|-
|[[Princeton Rebello]]
|0
|1
|0
|-
|[[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]
|0
|1
|0
|-
|Manglenthang Kipgen
|0
|1
|0
|-
|[[Bede Osuji]]
|0
|0
|1
|}

=== Most Assists ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
|+
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Sl. No.
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:80px;" |Player
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |Durand Cup
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |Super Cup
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |League
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |Total assists
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
|[[Manglenthang Kipgen]]
|0
|0
|3
| rowspan="2" |3
|-
|[[Muhammad Suhail F|Muhammad Suhail]]
|0
|2
|1
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
|[[Dani Ramírez]]
|0
|1
|1
| rowspan="2" |2
|-
|[[Samir Zeljković]]
|0
|0
|2
|-
| rowspan="7" |3
|Singamayum Shami
|1
|0
|0
| rowspan="7" |1
|-
|[[Muhammad Uvais]]
|1
|0
|0
|-
|[[Princeton Rebello]]
|0
|1
|0
|-
|[[Ninthoinganba Meetei]]
|0
|1
|0
|-
|[[Leon Augustine]]
|0
|1
|0
|-
|Khaiminthang Lhungdim
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Bede Osuji]]
|0
|0
|1
|}
=== Cleansheets ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;"
|+
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:20px;" |Sl. No.
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:80px;" |Player
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |Matches played
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |Cleansheets kept
!style="background:#ff5c00; color:#000000; text-align:center; width:60px;" |Cleansheet %
|-
|1
|[[Muheet Shabir]]
|4
|3
|75
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
|[[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]
|3
|1
|33.3
|-
|[[Arshdeep Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Arshdeep Singh]]
|6
|1
|16.2
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Punjab FC season}}
[[Category:Punjab FC seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 Indian Super League season by team|Punjab]]

V. G. Raajendran

2026-03-31T06:47:17Z

Krishna57edits: New...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. G. Raajendran
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 16 May 2016
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1967|6|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]]
| occupation = Managing Director, Indira Foundation (P) Ltd.
Chairman, Indira Medical College and Hospital
| spouse = R. Indira
| children = R. Vasisht Adavaith (son)
R. Priyadarshni (daughter)
}}
'''V. G. Raajendran''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222064512/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC004.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC004.pdf|access-date= 27 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tiruvallur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a004|access-date= 27 Apr 2022}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] 
|rowspan="2" |[[Thiruvallur Assembly constituency|Thiruvallur]]
|{{Won}}
|107,709
|50.27%
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|{{Won}}
|80,473
|39.02%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raajendran, V. G}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1967 births]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Saka–Satavahana Wars

2026-03-30T06:24:43Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Saka–Satavahana Wars
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = 15 CE–2nd century CE{{cn|date=April 2025}}
| place = [[Central India]] and the [[Deccan]]
| result = [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] victory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.10819/mode/1up |title=Ancient India |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |year=1952 |pages=135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=R.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giwpDwAAQBAJ&dq=yajna+sri+satakarni&pg=PT210|title=India's Ancient Past|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908786-0 }}</ref>
| territory = *''[[Status quo ante bellum]]'' (short-term change)
*[[Satavahana dynasty|Satvahanas]] split into smaller kingdoms (long-term change)
| combatant1 = [[Satavahana dynasty]]
| combatant2 = [[Western Satraps]] '''Supported by''' [[Kushan Empire]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |url=https://archive.org/details/the-history-and-inscriptions-of-the-satavahanas-and-the-western-kshatrapas |title=The History And Inscriptions Of The Sātavāhanas And The Western Kshatrapas |date=1981 |pages=31}}</ref>
| commander1 = *Sundara Satkarni<ref name="ancient">{{cite book |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |first=Sailendra Nath |last=Sen |publisher=New Age International, 1999 |year=1999 |isbn=978-8-12241-198-0 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA170}}</ref>
* Chakara Satkarni<ref name="ancient"/>
*[[Sivasvati]]
*[[Gautamiputra Satkarni]]
*[[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]]{{POW}}
*[[Sri Yajna Sātakarni]]
| commander2 = *[[Nahapana]]{{KIA}}?
*[[Ushavadata]]{{KIA}}/{{POW}}
*[[Rudradaman I]]
*[[Rudrasimha I]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}{{Campaignbox Iranian-Indian Wars and Conflicts}}
The '''Saka—Satavahana wars''' were a series of conflicts between the [[Western Satraps]] and the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] in the first and second century CE. Both sides achieved success at varying points during the conflicts, but in the end, the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]] prevailed. However, constant wars with the Sakas severely weakened them and was a major contributor in their fall.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

==History==

===Wars===

====First phase====
The Saka ruler [[Bhumaka]] was succeeded by his son [[Nahapana]] who became a very powerful ruler. During 15-40 CE, he occupied portions of the Satavahana empire in western and central India. He is known to have ruled the former Satavahana territory, as attested by the inscriptions of his governor and son-in-law, [[Rishabhadatta]].{{sfn|R.C.C. Fynes|1995|p=44}} [[Nahapana]] Nahapana held sway over [[Malwa]], Southern [[Gujarat]], and Northern [[Konkan]], from [[Bharuch]] to [[Sopara]] and the [[Nasik]] and [[Poona]] districts.<ref>"The Satavahanas did not hold the western Deccan for long. They were gradually pushed out of the west by the Sakas (Western Khatrapas). The Kshaharata Nahapana's coins in the Nasik area indicate the Western Kshatrapas controlled this region by the 1st century CE. By becoming master of wide regions including Malwa, Southern Gujarat, and Northern Konkan, from Broach to Sopara and the Nasik and Poona districts, Nahapana rose from the status of a mere Kshatrapa in the year 41 (58 AD) to that of Mahakshatrapa in the year 46 (63 AD)." in "History of the Andhras"</ref>

It was probably during the reign of [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana king]] [[Sivasvati]] that the [[Western Satraps|Kshaharatas]] invaded Northern [[Maharastra]] and [[Vidarbha]] and occupied the districts of [[Pune]] and [[Nashik]], forcing the Satavahanas to abandon their capital [[Junnar]] and to move to Prastisthana (modern [[Paithan]]) in the vicinity of [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]].<ref name="Choubey">Tripurī, history and culture - M. C. Choubey - 2006 page 168</ref><ref>Coinage of the Satavahana Empire - Inguva Karthikeya Sarma - 1980 page 132</ref>

====Second phase====
[[File:Gautamiputra Sri Satakarni overstruck on a coin of Nahapana.jpg|thumb|A coin of [[Nahapana]] restruck by the [[Satavahana]] king [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]. Nahapana's profile and coin legend are still clearly visible.]]
[[File:Saka-Yavana-Pahlava inscription in the Nasik cave 3 inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri.jpg|thumb|The defeated "[[Western Satraps|Saka]]-[[Indo-Greeks|Yavana]]-[[Indo-Parthians|Palhava]]" ([[Brahmi script]]: '''{{script|Brah|𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀯𑀦 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀯)}}''' mentioned in the [[Nasik Caves|Nasik cave 3]] inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (end of line 5 of the inscription).<ref name="EI60">{{cite book |last1=Hultzsch |first1=E. |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol.8 |date=1906 |page=60 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654#page/n75/mode/2up}}</ref>]]

The Satavahana power was revived by [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]], who is considered the greatest of the Satavahana rulers.{{sfn|Charles Higham|2009|p=299}} The king defeated by him appears to have been the Western Kshatrapa ruler [[Nahapana]], as suggested by Nahapana's coins overstruck with names and titles of Gautamiputra.{{sfn|R.C.C. Fynes|1995|p=44}} The [[Nashik]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription of Gautamiputra's mother Gautami Balashri, dated to the 20th year after his death, records his achievements. The ''Nashik prashasti'' inscription states that Gautamiputra uprooted the [[Kshaharata]] (or Khagarata) family, to which Nahapana belonged. The Nashik inscription dated to the 18th year of Gautamiputra's reign states that he reaffirmed a grant of land to Buddhist monks living at the Triraśmi peak. This land was earlier in the possession of Nahapana's son-in-law [[Rishabhadatta]] (also known as [[Ushavadata]]), who had donated it to the monks.{{sfn|Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya|1974|p=77}} He ([[Gautamiputra Satkarni]]) claimed victory on them in an inscription at [[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No.3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (circa 150 CE)|Cave No. 3]] of the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik]]:

{{quote|[[Gautamiputra Satkarni|Gautamiputra Satakarni]] (…) who crushed down the pride and conceit of the [[Kshatriyas]]; who destroyed the [[Saka]]s (Western Satraps), [[Yavana]]s ([[Indo-Greek]]s) and [[Pahlava]]s ([[Indo-Parthians]]),<ref>{{cite book |last1=V.D |first1=Mahajan |title=Ancient India |date=2016 |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=9789352531325 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA315 |language=en}}</ref> who rooted out the Khakharata family (the Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race.|Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at [[Pandavleni Caves#Cave No. 3, "Gautamiputra vihara" (2nd century CE)|Cave No. 3]] of the [[Pandavleni Caves]] in [[Nashik]].}}

====Third phase====
A ''satrap'' named [[Chastana]] founded the Kardamaka dynasty after [[Nahapana]]'s death. His successor was probably his grandson, [[Rudradaman I]]. The Satavahanas were the aggressors of the next war. The conflict between [[Rudradaman I]] and Satavahanas became so gruelling, that in order to contain the conflict, a matrimonial relationship was concluded by giving Rudradaman's daughter to the Satavahana king [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]]. The inscription relating the marriage between Rudradaman's daughter and [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]] appears in a cave at [[Kanheri]]:

{{quote|Of the queen ... of the illustrious [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni|Satakarni Vasishthiputra]], descended from the race of Karddamaka kings, (and) daughter of the Mahakshatrapa Ru(dra)....... .........of the confidential minister Sateraka, a water-cistern, the meritorious gift.|Kanheri inscription of Rudradaman I's daughter.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burgess|first1=James|last2=Bühler|first2=Georg|title=Report on the Elura cave temples and the Brahmanical and Jaina caves in western India; completing the results of the fifth, sixth, and seventh seasons' operations of the Archaeological survey, 1877-78, 1878-79, 1879-80. Supplementary to the volume on "The cave temples of India."|date=1883|publisher=London, Trübner & Co.|page=78|url=https://archive.org/stream/reportoneluraca00bhgoog}}</ref>}}

The Satavahanas and the Western Satraps remained at war however, and [[Rudradaman I]] defeated the Satavahanas twice in these conflicts, only sparing the life of Vashishtiputra Satakarni due to their family alliance:

{{quote|Rudradaman (...) who obtained good report because he, in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated Satakarni, the lord of [[Dakshinapatha]], on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him.|[[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]]<ref name="projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu">[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm Source] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223182107/http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/JunagadhRockInscription.htm |date=23 February 2009 }}</ref>}}

Rudradaman regained all the previous territories held by Nahapana, probably with the exception of the southern areas of [[Poona]] and [[Nasik]] (epigraphical remains in these two areas at that time are exclusively Satavahana):<ref name="Sircar">{{cite book|last1=Sircar|first1=D. C.|title=Studies in Indian Coins|date=2005|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120829732|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA118|language=en}}</ref>

====Fourth (last phase)====
In later years, [[Yajna Sri Satakarni]] of the [[Satavahana dynasty|Šātavāhana dynasty]] emerged as a formidable figure, extending his influence over the southern territories of the Western Satraps. His coinage, adorned with images of ships, hints at the maritime prowess of the Andhra region under his rule. Beyond just [[Aparanta]] and the expansive [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan region]], there are indications that his authority may have stretched into the eastern reaches of the Central Provinces. Regarded as the culminating figure of the Satavahana lineage, his reign marked the pinnacle of their power. However, following his demise, the vast realm underwent fragmentation, giving rise to numerous independent principalities, likely still under the sway of the Šātavāhana legacy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.10819/mode/1up |title=Ancient India |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |year=1952 |pages=135}}</ref>
[[File:Gautamiputra Rajni Shri Satakarni.jpg|thumb|A coin of [[Yajna Sri Satakarni|Gautmiputra Rajni Sri Satkarni]] (Yajna Sri Satkarni)]]

The wars exhausted the resources of both kingdoms, especially the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahanas]], which was a major factor in their decline. On the other hand, the [[Western Satraps|Saka ''satraps'']] would continue to prosper for the next two centuries, until their extinction by the [[Gupta Empire]].{{cn|date=February 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Satavahana Empire]]
* [[Western Satraps]]
* [[Nahapana]]
* [[Rudradaman I]]
* [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]]
* [[Sri Yajna Sātakarni]]
* [[List of wars involving India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya |title=Some Early Dynasties of South India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&pg=PA77 |year=1974 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2941-1 }}
* {{cite journal |author=R.C.C. Fynes |title=The Religious Patronage of the Satavahana Dynasty |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=1995 |pages= 43–50 |doi=10.1080/02666030.1995.9628494 }}
* {{cite book |author=Charles Higham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA299 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |publisher=Infobase |year=2009 |isbn=9781438109961 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:1st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:2nd-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Wars involving ancient India]]
[[Category:Satavahana dynasty]]
[[Category:Battles involving Satavahana dynasty]]

Indane (LPG)

2026-03-27T06:40:37Z

Krishna57edits: expanded content

{{About|an Indian-based company|the hydrocarbon|Indane|other uses|Indane (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Household name in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{infobox brand
| name = Indane
| logo = Indane_Logo.JPG
| image =
| caption = Indane Logo
| type = [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/man-detained-for-stealing-truck-carrying-lpg-cylinders/articleshow/60383749.cms|title=Man detained for stealing truck carrying LPG cylinders - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-15}}</ref>
| currentowner = [[Indian Oil Corporation]], [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]], [[Government of India]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/indian-oil-corporation-launches-450-kg-jumbo-cylinder-in-coimbatore-4733675/|title=Indian Oil Corporation launches 450-kg jumbo cylinder in Coimbatore|date=2017-07-03|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-09-15|language=en-US}}</ref>
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = 1965
| discontinued =
| related =
| markets = India
| previousowners =
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline = Safe. Reliable. Convenient.
| website = [https://cx.indianoil.in/ Indane website]
}}

'''Indane'''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/uttarakhand/story/multiple-gas-cylinder-explosions-rishikesh-badrinath-highway-char-dham-yatra-984242-2017-06-23|title=Watch: Multiple gas cylinder explosions on Rishikesh-Badrinath highway|access-date=2017-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/consumers-end-up-paying-more-to-avail-rs-5-lpg-discount-in-hubballi/articleshow/56492365.cms|title=Consumers end up paying more to avail Rs 5 LPG discount in Hubballi - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> is a [[subsidiary]] of [[Indian Oil Corporation]] which is under the ownership of [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]] of the [[government of India]]. It is the world's second largest government-owned subsidiary responsible for manufacturing '''LPG'''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oil-gas/west-bengal-northeast-to-have-iocs-jumbo-450-kg-lpg-pack-this-financial-year/articleshow/60110005.cms|title=West Bengal, northeast to have IOC's jumbo 450 kg LPG pack this financial year|last=Sarkar|first=Debasis|date=2017-08-18|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> The brand was conceived in 1964 to bring modern cooking to Indian kitchens. The first Indane LPG connection was released on 22 October 1965 at [[Kolkata]]. Indane serves more than 130 million families through a network of 12,500 distributors. 27% of its customers reside in semi-urban or rural markets and every second LPG cooking gas connection in India is that of Indane. The sales network is backed by 47 Indane area offices. The brand has been awarded the title of "Superbrand" by [[Superbrands|Superbrand India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Indane-A-Superbrand-after-50-years-that-now-lights-fire-in-9-crore-kitchens/articleshow/49306933.cms|title=Indane: A Superbrand after 50 years that now lights fire in 9 crore kitchens - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-09-15}}</ref>

==History==

The marketing operations for LPG commenced in [[India]] in 1955 at [[Mumbai]], under the [[Burmah Oil|Burmah Shell Oil Company]]. It was not until Indian Oil took charge that it actually became a flourishing and recognizable industry. Brand Indane was conceived in 1964 and had very modest beginnings. The first Indane LPG connection was released on 22 October 1965 at Kolkata. Indane began operations in October 1965, with two dealerships in Kolkata and [[Patna]], and a consumer base of around 2,000.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianegas.in/news/indane-light-9-crore-kitchens-after-50-years.html|title=Indane Light 9 Crore Kitchens After 50 Years - Indane Gas|date=2015-10-19|work=Indane Gas|access-date=2017-09-16|language=en-US}}</ref> At that time the concept of a cooking gas was new to the customers and they were apprehensive of keeping a gas cylinder in their kitchens, perceiving it as unsafe and a potential hazard.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.superbrandsindia.com/images/brand_pdf/consumer_3rd_edition/Indane.pdf |title=Superbrands - Indane |access-date=16 September 2017 |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417050201/http://www.superbrandsindia.com/images/brand_pdf/consumer_3rd_edition/Indane.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

More than 50 years later, Indane now has a customer base of more than 130 million and its distribution network delivers more than 2 million LPG cylinders in a day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ioc-launches-450-kg-jumbo-lpg-cylinder-in-coimbatore/431131.html|title=IOC launches 450-kg jumbo LPG cylinder in Coimbatore|date=3 July 2017|access-date=16 September 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916225409/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ioc-launches-450-kg-jumbo-lpg-cylinder-in-coimbatore/431131.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plants and Distribution Network==

Bulk LPG is packed in LPG cylinders in bottling plants. IOCL currently has 91 bottling plants in the country to do such bottling. In a bottling plant, bulk LPG is received from the sources through pipelines, by road or by rail. This is then stored in the vessels and then filled in cylinders using sophisticated filling machines called Carousals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indane.co.in/bottling.php|title=Indane Online : Online Gas Booking and Services|website=indane.co.in|language=en|access-date=2017-09-15|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032127/https://indane.co.in/bottling.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The world's highest LPG bottling plant – situated 3500 metres above sea level – is the Indane plant at [[Leh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/world-lpg-body-lauds-modi-governments-cooking-gas-coverage-efforts/57021653|title=World LPG body lauds Modi government's cooking gas coverage efforts - ET EnergyWorld|last=www.ETEnergyworld.com|website=ETEnergyworld.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref>

Indane has a network of more than 12,500 distributors across India with presence in more than 6,250 towns.<ref>[https://iocl.com/download/IOC-APC-2016.pdf IOCL Annual Press Conference - 2016]</ref> The sales network is backed by 45 Indane area offices.

== See More ==
* [[Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Energy companies and organisations in India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Oil and gas companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:1965 introductions]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]

Madhava of Sangamagrama

2026-03-24T09:19:17Z

Krishna57edits: quick update

{{Short description|Indian mathematician and astronomer (1340–1425)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox person
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| name = Mādhava of Sangamagrāma
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{circa|1340}}<ref name=rajag78/><ref name="Roy1990">{{cite journal| first=Ranjan| last=Roy| year=1990| title=The Discovery of the Series Formula for {{pi}} by Leibniz, Gregory and Nilakantha| journal=Mathematics Magazine| volume=63| issue=5| pages=291–306| url=http://mathdl.maa.org/images/upload_library/22/Allendoerfer/1991/0025570x.di021167.02p0073q.pdf| doi=10.2307/2690896| jstor=2690896| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224013439/http://mathdl.maa.org/images/upload_library/22/Allendoerfer/1991/0025570x.di021167.02p0073q.pdf| archive-date=24 February 2012| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Pearce>Ian G. Pearce (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030430190329/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch9_3.html Madhava of Sangamagramma]. ''[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]''. [[University of St Andrews]].</ref>
| birth_place = [[Sangamagrama]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (modern day [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{circa|1425}} (aged 75–85)
| death_place = [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (modern day [[Kerala]], [[India]])
| body_discovered =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship =
| known_for = Discovery of [[power series]] Expansions of trigonometric [[Sine]], [[Cosine]] and [[Arctangent]] functions [[Infinite series]] summation formulae for {{pi}}
| education =
| alma_mater =
| employer =
| notable works = ''Golavāda'', ''Madhyāmanayanaprakāra'', ''[[Venvaroha|Veṇvāroha]]'', ''[[Sphuṭacandrāpti]]''
| occupation = [[Astronomer]]-[[mathematician]]
| years_active =
| height =
| title = ''Golavid'' (Master of Spherics)
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| opponents =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relations =
| callsign =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mādhava of Sangamagrāma''' ('''Mādhavan''')<ref name="KVS1">{{cite book |last1=K. V. Sarma |title=[[A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy]] (in perspective) |date=1972 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Institute of Sanskrit & Indological Studies, [[Panjab University]] |location=Hoshiarpur |page=51 |bibcode=1972hksh.book.....S |ref=KVS}} Available [https://archive.org/download/KeralaSchoolOfAstronomy/Kerala%20School%20of%20Astronomy.pdf]</ref> ({{Circa|1340|1425}}) was an Indian [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]] who is considered to be the founder of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] in the [[Medieval India|Late Middle Ages]]. Madhava made pioneering contributions to the study of [[Series (mathematics)|infinite series]], [[trigonometry]], [[geometry]] and [[algebra]].<ref name="mact-biog" />He was the first to use infinite series approximations for a range of trigonometric functions, which has been called the "decisive step onward from the finite procedures of ancient mathematics to treat their [[Limit (mathematics)|limit]]-passage to [[infinity]]".<ref name="rajag78">{{cite journal |last1=C. T. Rajagopal & M.S.Rangachari |title=On an Untapped Source of Medieval Keralese Mathematics |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |date=1978 |volume=18 |issue=2 |page=101|doi=10.1007/BF00348142 |s2cid=51861422 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Little is known about Madhava's life with certainty. However, from scattered references to Madhava found in diverse manuscripts, historians of Kerala school have pieced together information about the mathematician. In a manuscript preserved in the Oriental Institute, Baroda, Madhava has been referred to as ''Mādhavan vēṇvārōhādīnām karttā ... Mādhavan Ilaññippaḷḷi Emprān''.<ref name ="KVS1"/> It has been noted that the epithet 'Emprān' refers to the [[Embranthiri|Emprāntiri]] community, to which Madhava might have belonged.<ref name="PPD"/>

The term "Ilaññippaḷḷi" has been identified as a reference to the residence of Madhava. This is corroborated by Madhava himself. In his short work on the moon's positions titled ''[[Venvaroha|Veṇvāroha]]'', Madhava says that he was born in a house named ''bakuḷādhiṣṭhita . . . vihāra''.<ref name="Sphuta">{{cite book |last1=K. V. Sarma |title=Computation of the True Moon by Madhava of sangamagrama |date=1973 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University |location=Hoshiarpur |page=12}} Available: [https://archive.org/download/SphutaChandrapti/Sphuta-Chandrapti.pdf] (Accessed on 1 January 2023)</ref> This is clearly Sanskrit for ''Ilaññippaḷḷi''. ''Ilaññi'' is the Malayalam name of the evergreen tree ''[[Mimusops elengi]]'' and the Sanskrit name for the same is ''Bakuḷa''. Palli is a term for village. The Sanskrit house name ''bakuḷādhiṣṭhita . . . vihāra'' has also been interpreted as a reference to the Malayalam house name ''Iraññi ninna ppaḷḷi'' and some historians have tried to identify it with one of two currently existing houses with names ''Iriññanavaḷḷi'' and ''Iriññārapaḷḷi'' both of which are located near [[Irinjalakuda]] town in central Kerala.<ref name="Sphuta"/> This identification is far fetched because both names have neither phonetic similarity nor semantic equivalence to the word "Ilaññippaḷḷi".<ref name="PPD">{{cite book |last1=P. P. Divakaran |title=The Mathematics of India: Concepts, Methods, Connections |date=2018 |publisher=Springer - Hindustan Book Agency |location=Cochin |isbn=978-981-13-1773-6 |pages=282–290}}</ref>

Most of the writers of astronomical and mathematical works who lived after Madhava's period have referred to Madhava as "Sangamagrama Madhava" and as such it is important that the real import of the word "Sangamagrama" be made clear. The general view among many scholars is that Sangamagrama is the town of [[Irinjalakuda]] some 70 kilometers south of the Nila river and about 70 kilometers north of [[Cochin]].<ref name="PPD"/> It seems that there is not much concrete ground for this belief except perhaps the fact that the presiding deity of an early medieval temple in the town, the [[Koodalmanikyam Temple]], is worshiped as Sangameswara meaning the Lord of the Samgama and so Samgamagrama can be interpreted as the village of Samgameswara. But there are several places in [[Karnataka]] with ''samgama'' or its equivalent ''kūḍala'' in their names and with a temple dedicated to Samgamḗsvara, the lord of the confluence. ([[Kudalasangama]] in [[Bagalkot district]] is one such place with a celebrated temple dedicated to the Lord of the Samgama.)<ref name="PPD"/>

There is a small town on the southern banks of the Nila river, around 10 kilometers upstream from [[Tirunavaya]], called Kūḍallūr. The exact literal Sanskrit translation of this place name is Samgamagram: ''kūṭal'' in Malayalam means a confluence (which in Sanskrit is ''samgama'') and ''ūr'' means a village (which in Sanskrit is ''grama''). Also the place is at the confluence of the Nila river and its most important tributary, namely, the Kunti River. (There is no confluence of rivers near Irinjalakuada.) Incidentally, there is a [[Nambudiri]] (Malayali Brahmin) family by name ''Kūtallūr Mana,'' a few kilometers from the Kudallur village. The family has its origins in Kudallur village itself. For many generations this family hosted a great ''[[Gurukulam]]'' specialising in [[Vedanga]].<ref name="PPD"/> That the only available manuscript of ''[[Sphuṭacandrāpti]]'', a book authored by Madhava, was obtained from the manuscript collection of ''Kūtallūr Mana'' might strengthen the conjecture that Madhava might have had some association with ''Kūtallūr Mana''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=K. V. Sarma |title=Sputachandrapti: Computation of the True Moon by Madhava of Sangamagrama |date=1973 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University |location=Hoshiarpur, Punjab |page=8}}</ref> Thus the most plausible possibility is that the forefathers of Madhava migrated from the Tulu land or thereabouts to settle in Kudallur village, which is situated on the southern banks of the Nila river not far from Tirunnavaya, a generation or two before his birth and lived in a house known as ''Ilaññippaḷḷi'' whose present identity is unknown.<ref name="PPD"/>

===Date===
There are also no definite evidence to pinpoint the period during which Madhava flourished. In his Venvaroha, Madhava gives a date in 1400 CE as the epoch. Madhava's pupil [[Parameshvara Nambudiri]], the only known direct pupil of Madhava, is known to have completed his seminal work [[Drigganita]] in 1430 and the Paramesvara's date has been determined as {{Circa|1360}}-1455. From such circumstantial evidences historians have assigned the date {{Circa|1340|1425}} to Madhava.

== Historiography ==
Although there is some evidence of mathematical work in Kerala prior to Madhava (''e.g.'', ''Sadratnamala'' {{which|date=December 2020}} c. 1300, a set of fragmentary results<ref name=whish/>), it is clear from citations that Madhava provided the creative impulse for the development of a rich mathematical tradition in medieval Kerala. However, except for a couple, most of Madhava's original works have been lost. He is referred to in the work of subsequent Kerala mathematicians, particularly in [[Nilakantha Somayaji]]'s ''Tantrasangraha'' (c. 1500), as the source for several infinite series expansions, including sin ''θ'' and arctan ''θ''. The 16th-century text ''Mahajyānayana prakāra'' (Method of Computing Great Sines) cites Madhava as the source for several series derivations for {{pi}}. In [[Jyeṣṭhadeva]]'s ''[[Yuktibhāṣā]]'' (c. 1530),<ref name="sarma">
{{cite web
| editor=K. V. Sarma
| editor-link=K. V. Sarma
| editor2=S. Hariharan
| work=Yuktibhāṣā of Jyeṣṭhadeva
| url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/insa/INSA_1/20005ac0_185.pdf
| title=A book on rationales in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy—An analytic appraisal
| access-date=2006-07-09
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060928203221/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/insa/INSA_1/20005ac0_185.pdf  |archive-date = 28 September 2006}}
</ref> written in [[Malayalam]], these series are presented with proofs in terms of the [[Taylor series]] expansions for polynomials like 1/(1+''x''2), with ''x'' = tan ''θ'', etc.

Thus, what is explicitly Madhava's work is a source of some debate. The ''Yukti-dipika'' (also called the ''Tantrasangraha-vyakhya''), possibly composed by [[Sankara Variar]], a student of Jyeṣṭhadeva, presents several versions of the series expansions for sin ''θ'', cos ''θ'', and arctan ''θ'', as well as some products with radius and arclength, most versions of which appear in Yuktibhāṣā. For those that do not, Rajagopal and Rangachari have argued, quoting extensively from the original Sanskrit,<ref name=rajag78/> that since some of these have been attributed by Nilakantha to Madhava, some of the other forms might also be the work of Madhava.

Others have speculated that the early text ''[[Karanapaddhati]]'' (c. 1375–1475), or the ''Mahajyānayana prakāra'' was written by Madhava, but this is unlikely.<ref name="mact-biog" />

''Karanapaddhati'', along with the even earlier Keralite mathematics text ''Sadratnamala'', as well as the ''Tantrasangraha'' and ''Yuktibhāṣā'', were considered in an 1834 article by [[C. M. Whish]], which was the first to draw attention to their priority over Newton in discovering the [[Method of Fluxions|Fluxion]] (Newton's name for differentials).<ref name=whish>{{Cite journal
| author = Charles Whish
| year = 1834
| title = On the Hindu Quadrature of the circle and the infinite series of the proportion of the circumference to the diameter exhibited in the four Sastras, the Tantra Sahgraham, Yucti Bhasha, Carana Padhati and Sadratnamala
| journal = Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
| publisher = [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| doi = 10.1017/S0950473700001221
| volume = 3
| issue = 3
| pages = 509–523
| jstor = 25581775
| url = https://zenodo.org/record/2223599
}}
</ref> In the mid-20th century, the Russian scholar Jushkevich revisited the legacy of Madhava,<ref>{{cite book
| title = ''Geschichte der Mathematik im Mittelalter'' (German translation, Leipzig, 1964, of the Russian original, Moscow, 1961).
| author = A.P. Jushkevich
| year = 1961
| place = Moscow
}}</ref> and a comprehensive look at the Kerala school was provided by Sarma in 1972.<ref name=sarma1972>{{cite book
| title = A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy
| author = K V Sarma
| author-link = K V Sarma
| year = 1972
| location = Hoshiarpur
| title-link = A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy
}}</ref>

== Lagnapradaranam ==
Palm leaf scripture Lagnapradaranam, 4th of the 8 works of Sangamagrama Madhavan was recently digitalised confirming to [[British Standards]] for catalogue of this Sanskrit script. Manuscript Research & Presevation Section (MRPC) section of Saint Joseph College, Irijalakuda under guidance of [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Litty-Chacko Professor Litty Chacko] completed this process of digitalisation. They also ensured preserving the original palm leaf script by dusting and application of eucalyptus oil to prevent further damage and ensure posterity
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0cr4sH88RG4]]

=== Lineage ===
[[Image:Yuktibhasa.svg|200px|thumb|Proof of the [[Pythagorean theorem]] in ''[[Yuktibhāṣā]]'']]

There are several known astronomers who preceded Madhava, including Kǖṭalur Kizhār (2nd century),<ref>Purananuru 229</ref> [[Vararuci#Vararuci.2C the astronomer|Vararuci (4th century)]], and [[Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa]] (866 AD). It is possible that other unknown figures preceded him. However, we have a clearer record of the tradition after Madhava. [[Parameshvara]] was a direct disciple. According to a [[Palm-leaf manuscript|palm leaf manuscript]] of a Malayalam commentary on the [[Surya Siddhanta]], Parameswara's son Damodara (c. 1400–1500) had Nilakantha Somayaji as one of his disciples. Jyeshtadeva was a disciple of Nilakantha. [[Achyutha Pisharadi]] of Trikkantiyur is mentioned as a disciple of Jyeṣṭhadeva, and the grammarian [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] as his disciple.<ref name=sarma/>

==Contributions==

If we consider mathematics as a progression from finite processes of algebra to considerations of the infinite, then the first steps towards this transition typically come with infinite series expansions. It is this transition to the infinite series that is attributed to Madhava. In Europe, the first such series were developed by [[James Gregory (mathematician)|James Gregory]] in 1667. Madhava's work is notable for the series, but what is truly remarkable is his estimate of an error term (or correction term).<ref name=rajag86>Madhava extended Archimedes' work on the geometric Method of Exhaustion to measure areas and numbers such as {{pi}}, with arbitrary accuracy and error ''limits'', to an algebraic infinite series with a completely separate error ''term''.
{{cite journal
| title = On medieval Keralese mathematics
| author = C T Rajagopal and M S Rangachari
| journal = Archive for History of Exact Sciences
| volume = 35
| issue = 2
| year = 1986
| pages = 91–99
| doi = 10.1007/BF00357622
| s2cid = 121678430
}}</ref> This implies that he understood very well the limit nature of the infinite series. Thus, Madhava may have invented the ideas underlying [[infinite series]] expansions of functions, [[power series]], [[trigonometric series]], and rational approximations of infinite series.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal | last = Bressoud | first = David | author-link = David Bressoud | title = Was Calculus Invented in India? | journal = College Mathematics Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–13 | year = 2002 | doi=10.2307/1558972| jstor = 1558972 }}</ref>

However, as stated above, which results are precisely Madhava's and which are those of his successors is difficult to determine. The following presents a summary of results that have been attributed to Madhava by various scholars.

===Infinite series===
{{main|Madhava series}}

Among his many contributions, he discovered infinite series for the [[trigonometric function]]s of [[sine]], [[cosine]], [[arctangent]], and many methods for calculating the [[circumference]] of a [[circle]]. One of Madhava's series is known from the text ''[[Yuktibhāṣā]]'', which contains the derivation and proof of the [[power series]] for [[Inverse trigonometric function|inverse tangent]], discovered by Madhava.<ref name="Glen">{{cite book|author=Glen van Brummelen|title=The mathematics of the heavens and the earth: The early history of trigonometry|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|date=2009|pages=128–129|isbn=9780691129730|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8956.html}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In the text, [[Jyeṣṭhadeva]] describes the series in the following manner:
{{cquote|The first term is the product of the given sine and radius of the desired arc divided by the cosine of the arc. The succeeding terms are obtained by a process of iteration when the first term is repeatedly multiplied by the square of the sine and divided by the square of the cosine. All the terms are then divided by the odd numbers 1, 3, 5, .... The arc is obtained by adding and subtracting respectively the terms of odd rank and those of even rank. It is laid down that the sine of the arc or that of its complement whichever is the smaller should be taken here as the given sine. Otherwise the terms obtained by this above iteration will not tend to the vanishing magnitude.<ref name=Gupta>
{{cite journal
| author = R C Gupta
| title = The Madhava-Gregory series
| journal = Math. Education
| volume = 7
| year = 1973
| pages = B67–B70
}}</ref>}}
This yields:
:<math> r\theta={\frac {r\sin \theta }{\cos \theta
}}-(1/3)\,r\,{\frac { \left(\sin \theta \right) ^
{3}}{ \left(\cos \theta \right) ^{3}}}+(1/5)\,r\,{\frac {
\left(\sin \theta \right) ^{5}}{ \left(\cos
\theta \right) ^{5}}}-(1/7)\,r\,{\frac { \left(\sin \theta
\right) ^{7}}{ \left(\cos \theta \right) ^{
7}}} + \cdots</math>
or equivalently:
:<math>\theta = \tan \theta - \frac{\tan^3 \theta}{3} + \frac{\tan^5 \theta}{5} - \frac{\tan^7 \theta}{7} + \cdots</math>

This series is [[Gregory's series]] (named after [[James Gregory (mathematician)|James Gregory]], who rediscovered it three centuries after Madhava). Even if we consider this particular series as the work of [[Jyeṣṭhadeva]], it would pre-date Gregory by a century, and certainly other infinite series of a similar nature had been worked out by Madhava. Today, it is referred to as the [[Gregory's series|Madhava-Gregory-Leibniz series]].<ref name=Gupta/>
<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Rajagopal | first1 = C. | last2 = Rangachari | first2 = M. S. | year = 1951 | title = On the Hindu proof of Gregory's series | journal = [[Scripta Mathematica]] | volume = 17 | pages = 65–74 | postscript = . }}</ref>

===Trigonometry===

{{main|Madhava's sine table}}

Madhava composed an accurate table of sines. Madhava's values are accurate to the seventh decimal place. Marking a quarter circle at twenty-four equal intervals, he gave the lengths of the half-chord (sines) corresponding to each of them. It is believed that he may have computed these values based on the series expansions:<ref name="mact-biog">{{cite web
|publisher =
|title = Madhava of Sangamagramma
|author = J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson
|year = 2000
|url = https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Madhava/
|archive-url =
|url-status =
|archive-date =
|work =
|access-date =
}}</ref>

: sin ''q'' = ''q'' − ''q''3/3! + ''q''5/5! − ''q''7/7! + ...
: cos ''q'' = 1 − ''q''2/2! + ''q''4/4! − ''q''6/6! + ...

===The value of {{pi}} (pi)===
{{main|Madhava's correction term}}

Madhava's work on the value of the mathematical [[Pi|constant Pi]] is cited in the ''Mahajyānayana prakāra'' ("Methods for the great sines").{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} While some scholars such as Sarma<ref name=sarma/> feel that this book may have been composed by Madhava himself, it is more likely the work of a 16th-century successor.<ref name=mact-biog/> This text attributes most of the expansions to Madhava, and gives the following [[Series (mathematics)|infinite series]] expansion of [[Pi|{{pi}}]], now known as the [[Leibniz formula for π|Madhava-Leibniz series]]:<ref>{{Cite book |title=Special Functions |url=https://archive.org/details/specialfunctions00andr_631 |url-access=limited |last=George E. Andrews, Richard Askey |first=Ranjan Roy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-521-78988-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/specialfunctions00andr_631/page/n74 58]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |first=R. C. |last=Gupta |title=On the remainder term in the Madhava-Leibniz's series |journal=Ganita Bharati |volume=14 |issue=1–4 |year=1992 |pages=68–71}}</ref>

: <math>\frac{\pi}{4} = 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7} + \cdots = \sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{2n - 1},</math>

which he obtained from the power-series expansion of the arc-tangent function. However, what is most impressive is that he also gave a correction term ''Rn'' for the error after computing the sum up to ''n'' terms,<ref name=mact-biog/> namely:

: ''Rn'' = (−1)''n'' / (4''n''), or
: ''Rn'' = (−1)''n''⋅''n'' / (4''n''2 + 1), or
: ''Rn'' = (−1)''n''⋅(''n''2 + 1) / (4''n''3 + 5''n''),

where the third correction leads to highly accurate computations of {{pi}}.

It has long been speculated how Madhava found these correction terms.<ref>T. Hayashi, T. Kusuba and M. Yano. "The correction of the Madhava series for the circumference of a circle", ''[[Centaurus (journal)|Centaurus]]'' '''33''' (pages 149–174). 1990.</ref> They are the first three convergents of a finite continued fraction, which, when combined with the original Madhava's series evaluated to ''n'' terms, yields about 3''n''/2 correct digits:

: <math>\frac{\pi}{4} \approx 1 - \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{5} - \frac{1}{7} + \cdots + \frac{(-1)^{n-1}}{2n - 1} + \cfrac{(-1)^n}{4n + \cfrac{1^2}{n + \cfrac{2^2}{4n + \cfrac{3^2}{n + \cfrac{4^2}{\dots + \cfrac{\dots}{\dots + \cfrac{n^2}{n[4 - 3(n \bmod 2)]}}}}}}}.
</math>

The absolute value of the correction term in next higher order is

: |''Rn''| = (4''n''3 + 13''n'') / (16''n''4 + 56''n''2 + 9).

He also gave a more rapidly converging series by transforming the original infinite series of {{pi}}, obtaining the infinite series

: <math>\pi = \sqrt{12}\left(1 - \frac{1}{3 \cdot 3} + \frac{1}{5 \cdot 3^2} - \frac{1}{7 \cdot 3^3} + \cdots\right).</math>

By using the first 21 terms to compute an approximation of {{pi}}, he obtains a value correct to 11 decimal places (3.14159265359).<ref name=gupta-pi>
{{cite journal
| author = R. C. Gupta
| title = Madhava's and other medieval Indian values of pi
| journal = Math. Education
| volume = 9 | issue = 3
| year = 1975
| pages = B45–B48
}}</ref>
The value of 3.1415926535898, correct to 13 decimals, is sometimes attributed to Madhava,<ref>The 13-digit accurate value of {{pi}}, 3.1415926535898, can be reached using the infinite series expansion of {{pi}}/4 (the first sequence) by going up to n = 76.</ref> but may be due to one of his followers. These were the most accurate approximations of {{pi}} given since the 5th century (see [[Approximations of π#Middle Ages|History of numerical approximations of {{pi}}]]).

The text ''Sadratnamala'' appears to give the astonishingly accurate value of {{pi}} = 3.14159265358979324 (correct to 17 decimal places). Based on this, R. Gupta has suggested that this text was also composed by Madhava.<ref name="mact-biog" /><ref name=gupta-pi/>

Madhava also carried out investigations into other series for arc lengths and the associated approximations to rational fractions of {{pi}}.<ref name="mact-biog" />

===Calculus===
Madhava developed the [[power series]] expansion for some trigonometry functions which were further developed by his successors at the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Indian mathematics |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_mathematics/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref> (Certain ideas of calculus were known to [[History of calculus|earlier mathematicians]].) Madhava also extended some results found in earlier works, including those of [[Bhāskara II]].<ref name=":1" />However, they did not combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral, show the connection between the two, or turn calculus into the powerful problem-solving tool we have today.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Katz |first=Victor J. |date=1995-06-01 |title=Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0025570X.1995.11996307 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=163–174 |doi=10.1080/0025570X.1995.11996307 |issn=0025-570X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Madhava's works==
[[K. V. Sarma]] has identified Madhava as the author of the following works:<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarma |first=K. V. |title=Contributions to the study of Kerala school of Hindu astronomy and mathematics |publisher=V V R I |location=Hoshiarpur |year=1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=David Edwin Pingree |title=Census of the exact sciences in Sanskrit |publisher=American Philosophical Society |location=Philadelphia |year=1981 |volume=4 |pages=414–415}}</ref>

# ''Golavada''
# ''Madhyamanayanaprakara''
# ''Mahajyanayanaprakara'' (Method of Computing Great Sines)
# ''Lagnaprakarana'' ({{lang|sa|लग्नप्रकरण}})
# ''[[Venvaroha]]'' ({{lang|sa|वेण्वारोह}})<ref>{{cite journal |last=K. Chandra Hari |year=2003 |title=Computation of the true moon by Madhva of Sangamagrama |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=231–253 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14648892/Venvaroha-Computation-of-Moon-Madhava-of-a |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref>
# ''[[Sphuṭacandrāpti]]'' ({{lang|sa|स्फुटचन्द्राप्ति}})
# ''Aganita-grahacara'' ({{lang|sa|अगणित-ग्रहचार}})
# ''[[Chandravakyas|Chandravakyani]]'' ({{lang|sa|चन्द्रवाक्यानि}}) (Table of Moon-mnemonics)

==Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics==
{{Main|Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics}}
The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics, founded by Madhava, flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries, and included among its members [[Parameshvara]], [[Neelakanta Somayaji]], [[Jyeshtadeva]], [[Achyuta Pisharati]], [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]] and Achyuta Panikkar. The group is known for series expansion of three trigonometric functions of sine, cosine and arctan and proofs of their results where later given in the ''[[Yuktibhasa]]''.<ref name=whish/><ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Madhava - Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Madhava/ |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Maths History |language=en}}</ref>The group also did much other work in astronomy: more pages are devoted to astronomical computations than purely mathematical results.<ref name=sarma/>

The Kerala school also contributed to linguistics (the relation between language and mathematics is an ancient Indian tradition, see [[Kātyāyana]]). The [[Ayurveda|ayurvedic]] and poetic traditions of [[Kerala]] can be traced back to this school. The famous poem, [[Narayaniyam]], was composed by [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri|Narayana Bhattathiri]].

==Influence==

Madhava has been called "the greatest mathematician-astronomer of medieval India",<ref name="mact-biog" /> some of his discoveries in this field show him to have possessed extraordinary intuition".<ref name=jos>{{Cite book |last=Joseph |first=George Gheverghese |orig-year=1991 |date=October 2010 |title=The Crest of the Peacock: Non-European Roots of Mathematics |edition=3rd |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13526-7 |url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9308.html}}</ref> O'Connor and Robertson state that a fair assessment of Madhava is that
he took the decisive step towards modern classical analysis.<ref name=mact-biog/>

===Possible propagation to Europe===

The Kerala school was well known in the 15th and 16th centuries, in the period of the first contact with European navigators in the [[Malabar Coast]]. At the time, the port of [[Muziris]], near [[Sangamagrama]], was a major center for maritime trade, and a number of [[Jesuit]] missionaries and traders were active in this region. Given the fame of the Kerala school, and the interest shown by some of the Jesuit groups during this period in local scholarship, some scholars, including G. Joseph of the U. Manchester have suggested<ref name=predated>
{{cite news
|title = Indians predated Newton 'discovery' by 250 years
|publisher = press release, University of Manchester
|url = http://www.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=121685
|date = 13 August 2007
|access-date = 2007-09-05
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080321094302/http://www.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/aboutus/news/display/?id=121685
|archive-date = 21 March 2008
}}</ref> that the writings of the Kerala school may have also been transmitted to Europe around this time, which was still about a century before Newton.<ref name=almeida>{{cite journal
|author = D F Almeida, J K John and A Zadorozhnyy
|title = Keralese mathematics: its possible transmission to Europe and the consequential educational implications
|journal = Journal of Natural Geometry
|volume= 20
|year =2001
|pages=77–104
|issue=1
}}</ref> However, there is no direct evidence by way of relevant manuscripts that such a transmission actually took place.<ref name="almeida" /> According to [[David Bressoud]], "there is no evidence that the Indian work of series was known beyond India, or even outside of Kerala, until the nineteenth century."<ref name=gold>{{Citation | last1 = Gold | first1 = D. | last2 = Pingree | first2 = D. | year = 1991 | title = A hitherto unknown Sanskrit work concerning Madhava's derivation of the power series for sine and cosine | journal = Historia Scientiarum | volume = 42 | pages = 49–65 | postscript = . }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Madhava Observatory]]
*[[Madhava's sine table]]
*[[Madhava series]]
*[[Madhava's correction term]]
*[[Venvaroha]]
*[[Yuktibhāṣā]]
*[[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]
*[[List of astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala school]]
*[[List of Indian mathematicians]]
*[[Indian mathematics]]
*[[History of calculus]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Madhava.html Biography on MacTutor]

{{Kerala School}}
{{Indian mathematics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhava of Sangamagrama}}
[[Category:1340s births]]
[[Category:1420s deaths]]
[[Category:History of calculus]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Scientists of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:People from Irinjalakuda]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:Series (mathematics)]]

South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut

2026-03-24T03:19:50Z

Krishna57edits: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|1999 adult animated musical black comedy film directed by Trey Parker}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut
| image = SouthParkbiggerlongeruncut.jpg
| alt = The four main characters at the forefront with the ensemble cast on surrounding sides, an American flag behind them, and the eyes and horns of Satan in the background.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Trey Parker]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Trey Parker
* [[Matt Stone]]
* [[Pam Brady]]
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[South Park]]''|Trey Parker|Matt Stone}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Trey Parker
* Matt Stone
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Trey Parker
* Matt Stone
* [[Mary Kay Bergman]]
* [[Isaac Hayes]]
}}
| editing = [[John Venzon]]
| music = [[Marc Shaiman]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Comedy Central Films]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/61708|title=South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999)|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|accessdate=December 10, 2022|archive-date=December 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211032504/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/61708|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Scott Rudin Productions]]
* [[Braniff Productions]]
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Paramount Pictures]]<ref name=afi/> (United States and Canada)
* [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]<ref name=afi/> (International)
}}
| released = {{Film date|1999|06|23|[[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]]|1999|06|30|United States}}
| runtime = 81 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{cite web | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/BVF157801 | title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' (15) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=February 11, 2016 | archive-date=March 20, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320234416/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut-1999 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $21 million<ref name="boxofficemojo.com">{{cite Box Office Mojo |id=0158983 |title=South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut |access-date=March 1, 2021 }}</ref>{{efn|''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reported that $21 million was only the [[negative cost]] of making the film, excluding any distribution or promotional costs.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 6, 1999 |last=Hindes |first=Andrew |title='West' best but 'Daddy' natty |url=https://variety.com/1999/film/news/west-best-but-daddy-natty-1117503741/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |quote=its reported negative cost of $21 million. |access-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-date=October 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015214011/https://variety.com/1999/film/news/west-best-but-daddy-natty-1117503741/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| gross = $83.1 million<ref name="boxofficemojo.com"/>
}}

'''''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut''''' is a 1999 American [[adult animation|adult animated]] [[Musical film|musical]] [[black comedy]] film based on the [[animated sitcom]] ''[[South Park]]''. The film was directed by series creator [[Trey Parker]], who co-wrote with series co-creator [[Matt Stone]] and [[Pam Brady]]. It stars Parker, Stone, [[Mary Kay Bergman]], and [[Isaac Hayes]], all of whom reprise their roles from the series, with [[George Clooney]], [[Eric Idle]], and [[Mike Judge]] in supporting roles. The plot follows [[Stan Marsh]], [[Kyle Broflovski]], [[Eric Cartman]], and [[Kenny McCormick]] as they sneak into an [[Motion Picture Association film rating system#Ratings|R-rated]] film starring the Canadian comedy duo [[List of supporting characters on South Park#Terrance and Phillip|Terrance and Phillip]], after which they begin [[profanity|swearing]]. When the consequent [[moral panic]] culminates in the United States declaring war on Canada, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman take it upon themselves to save Terrance and Phillip from execution, while Kenny tries to prevent a [[prophecy]] involving [[Satan (South Park)|Satan]] and [[Saddam Hussein (South Park)|Saddam Hussein]]'s intent to conquer the world.

Primarily centered on themes of censorship and scapegoating, the film also parodies and satirizes the animated films of the [[Disney Renaissance]], musicals such as ''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]'', and [[South Park controversies|controversies]] surrounding the series itself. The film also heavily satirizes the [[Motion Picture Association|Motion Picture Association of America]]; during production, Parker and Stone disputed with the MPAA, which returned the film multiple times with an NC-17 rating due to its frequent use of profanity. The film's songs were written by Parker and [[Marc Shaiman]], the latter of whom composed the [[Film score|score]].

''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' premiered at [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] on June 23, 1999, and was released in the United States on June 30, by [[Paramount Pictures]]. It received generally positive reviews from critics. Produced on a $21 million budget, it grossed $83 million, becoming the [[List of highest-grossing R-rated films|highest-grossing R-rated animated film at the time]]. At the [[72nd Academy Awards]], the song "[[Blame Canada]]" was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]. The film has since been considered one of the greatest animated films of all time.<ref name="complex.com">{{Cite web|title=The Best Animated Movies of All Time|url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/best-animated-movies-of-all-time/|access-date=June 8, 2021|website=Complex|language=en|archive-date=May 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520111430/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/best-animated-movies-of-all-time/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="timelist" /><ref name="ign.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/06/25/top-25-animated-movies-of-all-time?page=4|title=IGN – Top 25 Animated Movies of All Time|publisher=IGN|date=June 25, 2010|access-date=August 12, 2020|archive-date=February 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214235223/https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/06/25/top-25-animated-movies-of-all-time?page=4|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
In South Park, [[Colorado]], [[Stan Marsh]], [[Kyle Broflovski]] and his adopted brother [[Ike Broflovski|Ike]], [[Eric Cartman]], and [[Kenny McCormick]] visit the movie theater to see [[Terrance and Phillip]]'s [[Motion Picture Association film rating system#MPA film ratings|R-rated]] film, ''Asses of Fire'', bribing a homeless man to accompany them so that they can be allowed in. As a result of the rampant [[profanity]] in the film, the boys begin swearing constantly and their classmates also go to see it, except for Stan's girlfriend [[Wendy Testaburger]], who becomes close with transfer student Gregory, to Stan's chagrin. The boys are sent to [[Mr. Mackey]]'s office for swearing and are forbidden from seeing the film again by their parents, but still watch it again later. Kenny attempts to imitate one of the scenes from the film by lighting his fart on fire, causing him to immolate himself; Kenny is then rushed to the hospital and dies from a botched heart transplant and the rest of boys get grounded for disobeying their mother's orders about not going to see the Terrence and Phillip movie again.

Kenny descends into Hell and encounters [[Satan]] and his abusive partner [[Saddam Hussein]]. With ''Asses of Fire'' becoming popular with children nationwide, the parents of South Park blame Terrance and Phillip's home country, Canada, for their behavior. Kyle's mother, [[Gerald and Sheila Broflovski|Sheila]], forms the Mothers Against Canada (M.A.C.) movement with other parents and has Cartman installed with a V-chip, a device that administers him with an [[Shock collar|electric shock]] any time he attempts to curse. When the group arrests the comedians, Canada bombs the [[Baldwin family]] in retaliation. President [[Bill Clinton]] announces that in two days at a USO show, Terrance and Phillip will be executed to signal an American invasion of Canada. In Hell, Kenny witnesses Satan tell Saddam that the deaths of Terrance and Phillip are the last sign of a prophecy of a time he will be able to invade and conquer Earth. After failing to persuade Satan to abandon Saddam, Kenny's ghost visits Cartman to warn him. Unable to reason with their mothers, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman form a resistance movement with their classmates to rescue Terrance and Phillip, recruiting the French-accented, [[misotheism|misotheistic]] Cristophe, nicknamed "the Mole".

The boys infiltrate the USO show, and Stan and Kyle attempt to stall the execution while Cartman attempts to deactivate the alarm and the Mole prepares to free Terrance and Phillip. However, Kenny's ghost reappears before Cartman, who runs away in fear before shutting down the alarm, and the Mole is fatally mauled by guard dogs. The remaining boys tried to warn their mothers about Satan's prophecy but are ignored, and Sheila orders the execution. This is interrupted when the [[Canadian Army]] launches a surprise attack, resulting in a massive battle between the two armies. Cartman deactivates the electrical switch, allowing Terrance and Phillip to escape; the shock from the switch causes his V-chip to malfunction. Horrified at what they have incited, all of the M.A.C. members except for Sheila decide to abandon their cause and search for their children. The children form a human shield to protect Terrance and Phillip from the [[United States Army]] and Kyle tries to reason with Sheila. While the army troops begin to back down, Sheila refuses and shoots Terrance and Phillip dead.

Satan's prophecy is fulfilled, and he and Saddam rise to Earth, but Saddam orders the soldiers of both armies to bow to him and browbeats Satan into letting him have power. Cartman curses at Saddam and his malfunctioning V-chip produces an electric shock he directs at Saddam, and the boys urge Cartman to continue swearing to electrocute him. Saddam demands Satan assist him while insulting him, eventually causing him to snap and throw Saddam back into Hell, where he is impaled on a [[stalagmite]]. Grateful for Kenny's support, Satan grants him one wish, and Kenny wishes for everything to return to a pre-war state, though doing so means that he will remain in Hell. Kenny bids farewell to his friends and all of those killed in the battle are returned to life, including Terrance and Phillip. As the Americans and Canadians make peace, Sheila reconciles with Kyle, as does Wendy with Stan. For his sacrifice, Kenny is allowed to enter Heaven.

== Cast ==
{{multiple image |total_width=500
| align =
| image1 = George Clooney 2016.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[George Clooney]] voices Dr. Gouache.
| image2 = Brent Spiner San Diego Comic Con 2019.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Brent Spiner]] voices [[Conan O'Brien]].
| image3 = Eric Idle 2012.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = [[Eric Idle]] voices Dr. Vosknocker.
| image4 = Mike judge.jpg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = [[Mike Judge]] voices [[Kenny McCormick|Kenny]].
| footer =
}}

{{Main|List of South Park characters}}
* [[Trey Parker]] as [[Stan Marsh]] / [[Eric Cartman]] / Gregory / [[Satan]] / [[Mr. Herbert Garrison|Mr. Garrison]] / Mr. Hat / Phillip Niles Argyle / [[Randy Marsh (South Park)|Randy Marsh]] / [[Clyde Donovan]] / Tom – News Reporter / Midget in a Bikini / [[Bill Clinton]] / Canadian Ambassador / Bombardiers / [[Mr. Mackey]] / Army General / Ned Gerblansky / Bill Allen / Fosse McDonald / Christophe – Ze Mole (or The Mole) / Big Gay Al (singing voice) / [[Adolf Hitler]] / additional voices
* [[Matt Stone]] as [[Kyle Broflovski]] / [[Kenny McCormick]] (Hooded) / [[Saddam Hussein]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Saddam Hussein |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/South-Park/Saddam-Hussein/ |website=Behind the Voice Actors |access-date=December 29, 2018 |archive-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514165536/https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/characters/South-Park/Saddam-Hussein/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (credited to "Himself") / Terrance Henry Stoot / Big Gay Al (speaking voice) / Ticket Taker / Stuart McCormick / Jimbo Kearn / [[Gerald and Sheila Broflovski|Gerald Broflovski]] / [[Butters Stotch]] / American Ambassador / additional voices
* [[Mary Kay Bergman]] as [[Gerald and Sheila Broflovski|Sheila Broflovski]] / [[Liane Cartman]] / [[Sharon Marsh]] / Carol McCormick / [[Wendy Testaburger]] / Clitoris / additional voices
* [[Isaac Hayes]] as [[Chef (South Park)|Chef Jerome McElroy]]
* Jesse Howell, Anthony Cross-Thomas and Franchesca Clifford as [[Ike Broflovski]] (Franchesca Clifford was credited as "Francesca Clifford")
* Bruce Howell as Man in Theatre
* [[Deb Adair]] as Woman in Theatre
* [[Jennifer Howell]] as Bebe Stevens
* [[George Clooney]] as Dr. Gouache ("Dr. Doctor" on screen)
* [[Brent Spiner]] as [[Conan O'Brien]]
* [[Minnie Driver]] as [[Brooke Shields]]
* [[Dave Foley]] as the [[Baldwin brothers]]
* [[Eric Idle]] as Dr. Vosknocker
* [[Nick Rhodes]] as Canadian Fighter Pilot
* [[Toddy Walters|Toddy E. Walters]] as [[Winona Ryder]]
* [[Stewart Copeland]] as American Soldier #1
* Stanley G. Sawicki as American Soldier #2
* [[Mike Judge]] as Kenny's Goodbye

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Image:Trey Parker Matt Stone 2007.jpg|thumb|right|''South Park'' co-creators [[Trey Parker]] and [[Matt Stone]] co-wrote ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'', while Parker directed the film.]]
Development for the film began during production of ''South Park''{{'}}s [[South Park (season 1)|first season]] in January 1998.<ref name="nydailynews"/> Co-creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone signed a deal with [[Comedy Central]] that April which contracted the duo to produce episodes until 1999, as well as an unspecified amount to produce a film based on the series.<ref name="charlotte">{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CO&s_site=charlotte&p_multi=CO&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB6D55F54B73880&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Sweet! Creators Sign to Do ''South Park'' Movie|author=''The Charlotte Observer'' staff|date=May 2, 1998|newspaper=[[The Charlotte Observer]]|access-date=March 6, 2011|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010459/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CO&s_site=charlotte&p_multi=CO&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB6D55F54B73880&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=live}}</ref> Part of Parker and Stone's conditions were that the film must at least receive an [[Motion Picture Association film rating system|R rating]], keeping it in line with the series' humor and its predecessor short films both titled ''[[The Spirit of Christmas (short films)|The Spirit of Christmas]]''. Parker stated that their desire was to approach the film from a more creative perspective and do more than a simple [[feature film|feature length]] episode.<ref name="nydailynews">{{cite news|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/god-thinking-making-south-park-film-article-1.799450 |title=Oh My God, They're Thinking of Making a ''South Park'' film |author=''Daily News'' staff |date=January 22, 1998 |newspaper=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |access-date=March 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526135025/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/god-thinking-making-south-park-film-article-1.799450 |archive-date=May 26, 2014 }}</ref> Despite alleged pressure from studio executives to tone down the film, Parker and Stone's conditions were ultimately honored by [[Paramount Pictures]].

"They really wanted to be able to go beyond the ''South Park'' television show", Comedy Central spokesman Tony Fox reported to ''[[TV Guide]]''. "They really fought hard for and won the right to make an R-rated movie".<ref name="e">{{cite news|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/36304/south_park_creators_win_r-rated_battle|title=''South Park'' Creators Win R-Rated Battle|author=Daniel Frankel|date=April 23, 1998|publisher=[[E!|E! Entertainment Television]]|access-date=March 6, 2011|archive-date=September 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904220308/https://www.eonline.com/news/36304/south_park_creators_win_r-rated_battle|url-status=live}}</ref> Paramount executives went as far as preparing graphs displaying how much more revenue a PG-13-rated ''South Park'' film would potentially generate.<ref name="ew">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/04/19/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut/|title=Movie preview: ''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut''|date=April 19, 1999|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=March 6, 2011|archive-date=July 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703074416/https://ew.com/article/1999/04/19/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[William Morris Endeavor|William Morris Agency]], which represented Parker and Stone, pushed for the film's production to begin as soon as possible, while public interest was still high, instead of several years into its run, as was the case with ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head Do America]]'' (1996).<ref name="pittsburgh">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gbRRAAAAIBAJ&pg=6826,6040839&dq=south+park+movie&hl=en|title=Controversial cartoon ''South Park'' is evolving into big business|author=Wire and ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'' staff reports|date=April 28, 1998|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|access-date=March 6, 2011|archive-date=January 30, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130012404/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gbRRAAAAIBAJ&pg=6826%2C6040839&dq=south+park+movie&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
As in the television series, most of the characters are voiced by Parker, Stone, and [[Mary Kay Bergman]]. [[Isaac Hayes]] reprised his role as [[Chef (South Park)|Chef]], and audio samples of staff children Jesse Howell, Anthony Cross-Thomas and Franchesca Clifford were used for the voice of [[Ike Broflovski]]. [[Guest appearance|Guest voices]] for the film include [[George Clooney]] as Dr. Gouache, [[Brent Spiner]] as [[Conan O'Brien]], [[Minnie Driver]] as [[Brooke Shields]], [[Eric Idle]] as Dr. Vosnocker, and [[Dave Foley]] as [[Baldwin family|brothers]] [[Alec Baldwin|Alec]], [[William Baldwin|Billy]], [[Daniel Baldwin|Daniel]] and [[Stephen Baldwin]].<ref name="ew"/>

[[Michael McDonald (singer)|Michael McDonald]], who performs the closing track "Eyes of a Child", performs Satan's high notes in "Up There", and [[Howard McGillin]] provides Gregory's singing voice in "La Résistance (Medley)". Former [[The Police]] drummer [[Stewart Copeland]] voices a [[United States Army]] soldier. [[Mike Judge]], creator of ''[[Beavis and Butt-Head]]'' and ''[[King of the Hill]]'', provides Kenny's voice in his sole speaking appearance at the end of the film.<ref name="ew"/> Although initially denied by Paramount, [[Metallica]] vocalist [[James Hetfield]] performs the track "Hell Isn't Good", which was confirmed by Parker in the 2009 Blu-ray commentary.<ref name="Commentary" />

=== Writing ===
The [[South Park (season 1)|first season]] episode "[[Death (South Park)|Death]]" heavily influenced the film's screenplay; both plots center on the parents of South Park protesting ''Terrance and Phillip'' due to the perceived negative influence it has over their children. Parker stated, "After about the first year of ''South Park'', Paramount already wanted to make a ''South Park'' movie, and we sort of thought this episode would make the best model just because we liked the sort of pointing at ourselves kind of thing."<ref name="ParkerComm">{{Cite video|people=[[Trey Parker]]|date=2003|title=South Park: The Complete First Season: "Death"|format=Audio commentary|medium=CD|publisher=Comedy Central|url=https://www.amazon.com/South-Park-Complete-First-Season/dp/B00006FDCR|access-date=May 3, 2020|archive-date=January 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118165140/https://www.amazon.com/South-Park-Complete-First-Season/dp/B00006FDCR|url-status=live}}</ref> During this time, the team was also busy with the [[South Park (season 2)|second]] and [[South Park (season 3)|third]] seasons of the series, the former of which Parker and Stone later described as "disastrous". As such, perceiving that the initial fervor would wane, they decided to write the film as a personal, fully committed musical.<ref name="blureview3"/>

=== Animation ===
The film was animated using [[Alias Systems Corporation|Alias Wavefront]] [[PowerAnimator]], running on [[Silicon Graphics|SGI]] [[SGI O2|O2]] and [[SGI Octane|Octane]] workstations. Characters and individual scene elements were designed with [[texture mapping]] and shading that, when rendered, resemble the [[cutout animation]] of the short films and the series' first episode, "[[Cartman Gets an Anal Probe]]".<ref name="animation">{{cite news|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/news-releases-list/?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/07-08-1999/0000977792&EDATE= |title=SGI Helps Bring ''South Park: Bigger, Longer, Uncut'' to the Big Screen |author=Pr Newswire |date=July 8, 1999 |publisher=[[PR Newswire]] |access-date=March 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715114218/http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F07-08-1999%2F0000977792&EDATE= |archive-date=July 15, 2011 }}</ref> The animation crew used a multiprocessor [[SGI Origin 2000]] and 31 multiprocessor [[SGI Origin 200|Origin 200]] servers for both rendering and asset management. Backgrounds, characters and other items could be saved separately or as fully composited scenes, with convenient access at later points.<ref name="animation"/> "By creating flat characters and backgrounds in a 3D environment, we are able to add textures and lighting effects that give the film a cut-out construction paper stop-motion style which would have taken many more months if done traditionally," stated line producer [[Gina Shay]].<ref name="animation"/> By the [[South Park (season 5)|fifth season]], the series transitioned to [[Autodesk Maya|Maya]].<ref name="faq-14may2001">{{cite web |url = https://southpark.cc.com/fans/faq/archives.php?month=5&year=2001 |title = FAQ: May 2001 |access-date = December 19, 2008 |date = May 14, 2001 |publisher = SouthParkStudios.com |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410145519/http://www.southparkstudios.com/fans/faq/archives.php?month=5&year=2001 |archive-date = April 10, 2009 }}</ref> The studio now runs a 120-processor render farm that can produce 30 or more shots per hour.<ref name="apple">{{cite news|url=https://www.apple.com/pro/profiles/southpark/index.html |title=South Park Studios: No Walk in the Park |author=Dustin Driver |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]] |access-date=March 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816021453/http://www.apple.com/pro/profiles/southpark/index.html |archive-date=August 16, 2011 }}</ref> The animation of ''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut'' is therefore seen as an example of how ''South Park''{{'}}s visual quality has improved in recent seasons.<ref name="growsup2">{{cite magazine|author=Jaime J. Weinman |title=''South Park'' grows up |magazine=Maclean's |date=March 12, 2008 |url=https://www.macleans.ca/culture/entertainment/article.jsp?content=20080312_115131_115131 |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321172805/http://www.macleans.ca/culture/entertainment/article.jsp?content=20080312_115131_115131 |archive-date=March 21, 2008 }}</ref> In the [[audio commentary]] on the 2009 [[Blu-ray]] release, Stone and Parker criticize how "bad and time consuming" the animation was during that time.<ref name="Commentary">{{cite AV media |people=[[Trey Parker]] and [[Matt Stone]]|year=2009 |title=South Park: Bigger Longer & Uncut ''(commentary)'' |medium=Motion picture | publisher=[[Paramount Pictures]]}}</ref> [[IGN]] described the animation as "fall[ing] somewhere within the middle ground—not quite cardboard cutouts, but not quite fully computerized either."<ref name="blureview1">{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/10/16/south-park-bigger-longer-and-uncut-blu-ray-review|title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut'' [Blu-ray] – Review|author=Scott Lowe|date=October 16, 2009|website=IGN|access-date=March 9, 2011|archive-date=February 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210092019/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/10/16/south-park-bigger-longer-and-uncut-blu-ray-review|url-status=live}}</ref> Nate Boss, in a review for High-Def Digest, commented, "There is no comparing the two, as the movie has a classic (for ''South Park'', at least) animated feel, so full of the cut-outs we have grown to love, while the newer seasons sport a more computer processed feel."<ref name="blureview2">{{cite news|url=https://bluray.highdefdigest.com/2566/southparkbiggerlongeruncut.html |title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut'' [Blu-ray] – Review |author=Nate Boss |date=October 19, 2009 |publisher=High-Def Digest |access-date=March 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711171005/http://bluray.highdefdigest.com/2566/southparkbiggerlongeruncut.html |archive-date=July 11, 2011 }}</ref> The film, compared to the series at the time of its production, was animated in [[widescreen]] ([[Aspect ratio (image)|1.66:1]]).<ref name="blureview3">{{cite news|url=https://collider.com/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut-blu-ray-review/|title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut'' [Blu-ray] – Review|author=Andre Dellamorte|date=October 22, 2009|publisher=Collider.com|access-date=March 9, 2011|archive-date=February 4, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204220003/http://collider.com/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut-blu-ray-review/9696/|url-status=live}}</ref> "Although the 'primitive' animation of ''South Park'' is supposedly a joke, it's really a secret weapon," wrote [[Stephanie Zacharek]] of [[Salon.com|Salon]]. "The simplicity of Parker and Stone's technique is what makes it so effective".<ref name="salon">{{cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/entertainment/movies/review/1999/07/02/southpark_uncut |title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut'' – Review |author=Stephanie Zacharek |date=July 2, 1999 |work=[[Salon.com|Salon]] |access-date=March 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121204/http://www.salon.com/entertainment/movies/review/1999/07/02/southpark_uncut |archive-date=June 29, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
The crew alternated between the film and the series, pushing both to scheduling extremes; changes to the film were made as late as two weeks before its release as the crew continually disputed with Paramount:<ref name="rating2"/> "They wanted a [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] kind of trailer. We said no. They put together a totally un-''South Park'' MTV video for the song 'What Would [[Brian Boitano]] Do?'. We had to go make our own version."<ref name="rating2"/> Paramount's first trailer for the film advertised it, according to Parker, as "the laughiest movie of the summer", and promoted it in a way that ''South Park'' "was completely against". Parker and Stone told the studio of their dissatisfaction with the trailer, and upon the creation of a second trailer with minimal changes, the two broke the [[videocassette]] in half before returning it to the studio. "It was war," said Stone in 2000. "They were saying, 'Are you telling us how to do our job?' And I was going, 'Yes, because you're fucking stupid and you don't know what you're doing.{{'"}}<ref name="Playboy">{{Cite journal |first=Steve |last=Pond |date=June 2000 |url=https://www.playboy.com/magazine/articles/2000/06/playboy-interview-parker-stone |title=Interview: Trey Parker and Matt Stone |journal=[[Playboy]] |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=65–80 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In another instance, Paramount used the film's songs to create a [[music video]] for [[MTV]]. In accordance with broadcast standards, various parts were edited out; Parker described the final result as a "horrible little medley with all humor absent". The studio sent the original tape to Parker and Stone over the weekend with plans to send it to MTV on Monday to prepare it for a Wednesday airdate. Instead, Stone took the tape home, and Paramount threatened to sue Parker and Stone in response.<ref name="Playboy"/> Parker also noted that the title is an [[innuendo]], and that "they (the [[Motion Picture Association|MPAA]]) just didn't get it". The film was originally titled ''South Park: All Hell Breaks Loose'', but was changed when the MPAA objected to the use of the word ''hell''. Parker later revealed that the final title, which he personally considered worse, doubles as a reference to an uncircumcised penis.<ref name="HistorySP">{{cite news|url=http://www.spscriptorium.com/SPinfo/SPBLU.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105083817/http://www.spscriptorium.com/SPinfo/SPBLU.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 5, 2013|title=The History of South Park|website=Spscriptorium.com|access-date=May 4, 2014}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (soundtrack)}}

{{Listen|filename=Mountain Town - South Park sample.ogg|title="Mountain Town" (sample)|description="Mountain Town"; the opening number for the film, has been compared to musicals such as ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' and ''[[Oklahoma!]]'' as it described the setting of the film.|format=[[Ogg]]}}
The film's songs were written by Parker and the film's score composer [[Marc Shaiman]]. The fourteen songs in the film recall various [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musicals.<ref name="timemag">{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,991416,00.html|title=Cinema: Sick and Inspired|author=Richard Corliss|date=July 6, 1998|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=March 6, 2011|archive-date=February 21, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221045117/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,991416,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The soundtrack also [[Parody|parodies]] many familiar Disney conventions, with several songs spoofing such films as ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]'' and ''[[The Little Mermaid (1989 film)|The Little Mermaid]]''.<ref name="reviewmusic"/> "Mountain Town" has been compared to ''[[Oklahoma!]]'' and ''Beauty and the Beast''{{'}}s "[[Belle (Disney song)|Belle]]", while "La Résistance (Medley)" was favorably compared to ''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]''.<ref name="reviewmusic1">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/43589215.html?dids=43589215%3A43589215&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Aug+01%2C+1999&author=Richard+Harrington&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=%27South+Park%2C%27+Getting+Down+And+Dirty%3B+Unsavory+CD+Passes+the+Distaste+Test&pqatl=google|title=''South Park'', Getting Down And Dirty; Unsavory CD Passes the Distaste Test|author=Richard Harrington|date=August 1, 1999|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 8, 2011|archive-date=November 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132425/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/43589215.html?dids=43589215%3A43589215&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Aug+01%2C+1999&author=Richard+Harrington&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=%27South+Park%2C%27+Getting+Down+And+Dirty%3B+Unsavory+CD+Passes+the+Distaste+Test&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> "I'm Super" recalls "[[Be Our Guest]]" and ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]''{{'}}s "Honey Bun", and "Kyle's Mom's a Bitch" echoes ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]''; "Up There", "I Can Change" and the "Mountain Town (Reprise)" recall ''The Little Mermaid''{{'}}s "[[Part of Your World]]", "[[Poor Unfortunate Souls]]" and "Part of Your World (Finale)"; and "Uncle Fucka" also drew comparisons to ''Oklahoma!'', particularly in its coda.<ref name="timelist"/> "Hell Isn't Good", which accompanies Kenny's descent to Hell, was sung by an uncredited [[James Hetfield]].<ref name="Commentary" />

The soundtrack received critical acclaim, with ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' describing it as "a cast album that gleefully sends up all the Hollywood musical conventions we're being deprived of".<ref name="reviewmusic">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/08/09/music-and-inspired-south-park-bigger-longer-uncut/|title=''Music From and Inspired by South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' – Review|author=Chris Willman|date=August 9, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=March 6, 2011|archive-date=June 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612060213/http://www.ew.com/article/1999/08/09/music-and-inspired-south-park-bigger-longer-uncut|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack was released June 15, 1999, by [[Atlantic Records]]. "[[Blame Canada]]" was frequently highlighted as one of the best songs in the album and was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]]. "I was like, 'We're going to get nominated for an Academy Award for this.' I really was," Parker said. "I even told him [Shaiman]."<ref name="blame">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/23/blame.canada/|title='Blame Canada'?|author=Dennis Michael|date=March 23, 2000|publisher=CNN|access-date=March 8, 2011|archive-date=June 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203125/http://edition.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Movies/03/23/blame.canada/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shaiman spoke of the song, "We're making fun of people who pick ridiculous targets to blame anything about what's going on in their lives, so Canada was just the perfect, ridiculous, innocuous choice for a target."<ref name="blame"/> In 2011, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' called the soundtrack the "finest, sassiest full-movie musical score since the disbanding of the [[Arthur Freed|Freed]] unit at [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]."<ref name="timelist">{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/4609386/best-animated-films/|title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut: The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films''|author=Richard Corliss|date=June 21, 2011|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=April 26, 2014|archive-date=October 22, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022161020/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/06/23/the-25-all-time-best-animated-films/slide/the-lion-king-1994/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Release ==
[[File:RATED R.svg|right|thumb|The film's rating was lowered to [[Motion Picture Association film rating system#MPA film ratings|R]] from an initial NC-17 following multiple appeals; some theaters stationed their ushers in front of their entrances to prevent underage patrons from sneaking into the film.]]

Paramount Pictures and [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]] (whose respective parent companies [[Viacom (1952–2005)|Viacom]] and [[Time Warner Entertainment]] via [[HBO]] formerly jointly owned Comedy Central) collaborated in distributing the film; Paramount released the film in the United States, while Warner Bros. distributed the film internationally.<ref name=afi/>

The film was rated [[Motion Picture Association film rating system#MPA film ratings|R]] for "pervasive vulgar language and crude sexual humor, and for some violent images" by the [[Motion Picture Association|Motion Picture Association of America]].<ref name="pittsburgh"/> The board's objections to the film were described in highly specific terms in private memos by Paramount executives. The MPAA initially insisted on the more prohibitive NC-17 rating.<ref name="rating">{{cite news |date=June 29, 1999 |author=Bernard Weinraub |author-link=Bernard Weinraub |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/062999southpark-film-rating.html |title=Loosening a Strict Film Rating for ''South Park'' |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 7, 2021 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022233808/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/062999southpark-film-rating.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the six times the film was screened to the MPAA, it was designated NC-17 after five screenings,<ref name="rating2">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/07/09/putting-r-south-park/|title=Putting the 'R' in ''South Park''|author=David Hochman|date=July 9, 1999|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=March 8, 2011|archive-date=February 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204075638/http://www.ew.com/article/1999/07/09/putting-r-south-park|url-status=live}}</ref> the last of which was two weeks before its scheduled release. A marketing agent from Paramount called Parker and Stone and explained that the studio "needed" an R. In response, Stone contacted executive producer [[Scott Rudin]], who in turn called a Paramount executive and, in Stone's words, "freaked out on them". The film's rating was lowered to R the following day, with the original film intact.<ref name="Playboy"/> "The ratings board only cared about the dirty words; they're so confused and arbitrary," said Parker to ''[[The New York Times]]''. "They didn't blink twice because of violence."<ref name="rating"/> During production of the film's trailer, the MPAA objected to certain words but found no issue with a scene in which soldiers are shot dead. "They had a problem with words, not bullets," he said.<ref name="rating"/> The MPAA gave Paramount specific notes for the film; in contrast, Parker and Stone's NC-17-rated ''[[Orgazmo]]'', released in 1998 by [[Rogue Pictures]], was not given any specifications on how to be acceptable for an R rating.<ref name="Playboy"/> One of these notes stated that if the script exceeded 400 swear words, the movie would be given an NC-17 rating. Parker and Stone responded to this by using 399. The duo attributed the R rating to the fact that Paramount and Warner Bros. are both members of the MPAA; the former denied these claims.<ref name="rating1">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c8dEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1405,19196&dq=south+park+bigger+longer+and+uncut&hl=en|title=''South Park'' rating sends mixed message for parents|author=Staff reports|date=July 1, 1999|newspaper=[[The Albany Herald]]|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-date=August 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831200648/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c8dEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1405,19196&dq=south+park+bigger+longer+and+uncut&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the film was given a [[15 (British Board of Film Classification)|15 certificate]] by the [[British Board of Film Classification]] for "frequent coarse language and crude sexual references" with no edits made.<ref name="BBFC" /> In [[Australia]], it was rated MA15+ (Mature accompanied for those under 15) by the [[Australian Classification Board]]. In Canada, the film received [[Canadian motion picture rating system|18A]] and [[Canadian motion picture rating system|14A]] certificates in most provinces, and a 13+ certificate in [[Quebec]].

As predicted through the characters' actions in the film, there were numerous news reports of underage patrons unsuccessfully attempting to sneak into the film.<ref name="rating1"/> There were also reports of adolescents seeing the film under the pretense of purchasing tickets to Warner Bros.' ''[[Wild Wild West]]'', which was released on the same date.<ref name="wild">{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED0296CCFB1D99F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Boy sidelined from ''South Park'': Theaters follow through on Clinton pact, enforce R rating|author=Sandra Del Re|date=July 2, 1999|newspaper=Daily Herald|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010517/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED0296CCFB1D99F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=live}}</ref> This was a result of an industry-wide crackdown on such attempts, as proposed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]] in response to the [[moral panic]] generated by the [[Columbine High School massacre]] two months before the film's release.<ref name="crackdown">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/43191858.html?dids=43191858:43191858&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+15,+1999&author=Karen+Thomas&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Oh,+my+God!+Parents+shocked+seeing+'Park'&pqatl=google|title=Oh, my God! Parents shocked seeing ''Park''|author=Karen Thomas|date=July 15, 1999|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-date=November 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132455/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/43191858.html?dids=43191858%3A43191858&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Jul+15%2C+1999&author=Karen+Thomas&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Oh%2C+my+God%21+Parents+shocked+seeing+%27Park%27&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was cited, along with ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'', as an explicit film released in the summer of 1999 tempting underage youth to sneak into theaters.<ref name="tempters">{{cite news|url=http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1999/07/30/loc_summers_r-rated.html|title=Summer's R-rated films tempt teens|author=Cindy Kranz|date=July 30, 1999|newspaper=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-date=January 22, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122051714/http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1999/07/30/loc_summers_r-rated.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There were similar reports of the film attracting an underage crowd when the film was released in the United Kingdom in August 1999.<ref name="tempters1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/aug/29/uk.news|title=Crude ''South Park'' draws the underage crowd|author=Vanessa Thorpe|date=August 29, 1999|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 8, 2011|location=London|archive-date=August 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824011542/http://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/aug/29/uk.news|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the aftermath of Columbine in relation to the film's release, Parker was questioned whether he felt "youth culture [was] under fire", to which he commented: "[I]t's amazingly strange, because that climate is what the movie is all about, and we wrote it more than a year ago. So when [Columbine] happened, we were like, 'Wow.' What we wrote about in this movie came true in terms of people's attitudes. The movie is also about war, and then that happened, too."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-features/south-park-under-attack-167228/|title=South Park Under Attack|first=David|last=Wild|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=July 8, 1999|access-date=May 3, 2020|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627044838/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-features/south-park-under-attack-167228/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hayes responded to conservatives urging prudishness as a cure for society's ills: "If we give in to that and allow [entertainment] to become a [[scapegoat]], you might wind up living in who-knows-what kind of state... If you believe in [your artistic vision] and you've got a moral conviction, take it to 'em!"<ref name="ewe">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/07/08/chef-says-south-parks-offensiveness-true-life/|title=Chef Jam|author=Josh Wolk|date=July 8, 1999|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-date=October 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017125138/http://www.ew.com/article/1999/07/08/chef-says-south-parks-offensiveness-true-life|url-status=live}}</ref> The rating of the film later brought comparisons to [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'', which was released in theaters in a digitally altered and censored version two weeks after ''South Park'';<ref name="usatodayreview"/> the original cut was rated NC-17 before Warner Bros. altered it to ensure an R rating. In response to these debates and controversy, Stone called the MPAA a "bumbling, irresponsible organization".<ref name="eyeswideshut">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/43616373.html?dids=43616373%3A43616373&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Aug+02%2C+1999&author=Andy+Seiler&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Movie+ratings+hit+from+%27South%27&pqatl=google|title=Movie ratings hit from ''South''|author=Andy Seller|date=August 2, 1999|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=March 7, 2011|archive-date=November 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132435/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/43616373.html?dids=43616373%3A43616373&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Aug+02%2C+1999&author=Andy+Seiler&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=Movie+ratings+hit+from+%27South%27&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film was theatrically re-released for two nights by [[Fathom Events]] on June 23 and June 26, 2024, to coincide with the film's 25th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut 25th Anniversary |url=https://www.fathomevents.com/events/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut-25th-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=Fathom Events |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Promotion ===
Paramount's licensing arm significantly expanded retail distribution beyond specialty stores ([[Hot Topic]], [[Spencer's Gifts|Spencer's]]) to major retailers ([[Target Corporation|Target]], [[J.C. Penney]]), which involved carefully stripping T-shirts of objectionable material.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 12, 1998 |author=Greg Johnson |title=Oh My God, Will They Overkill Kenny? |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-nov-12-fi-41864-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812122001/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-nov-12-fi-41864-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Licensing industry observers credited Comedy Central with carving out a profitable niche in an industry dominated by partnerships linking fast-food restaurants and [[major film studios]], which was particularly difficult for ''South Park'', as fast-food chains did not want to associate with the series' content.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o6osAAAAIBAJ&pg=6319,93141&hl=en|title=''Park'' is popping up everywhere|author=Greg Johnson|date=November 16, 1998|newspaper=[[Star-News]]|access-date=March 6, 2011|archive-date=October 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029212316/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o6osAAAAIBAJ&pg=6319,93141&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> Eventually, J.C. Penney ended its ''South Park'' tie-ins in April 1999 as a result of customer complaints.<ref name="jcpenney">{{cite news |author=Nussbaum |first=Evelyn |date=April 29, 1999 |title='South Park' Goes Sour – Omigod! They're Killing Tie-In Merchandise |newspaper=[[NY Post]] |location=New York |url=https://nypost.com/1999/04/29/south-park-goes-sour-omigod-theyre-killing-tie-in-merchandise/ |access-date=May 17, 2023}}</ref> In July 1999, Parker and Stone appeared on ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]'' to promote the film's release. During the interview, Parker and Stone showed a clip of the film in which O'Brien ([[Brent Spiner]]) hands over Terrance and Phillip to the US government before committing suicide. Upon seeing the clip, O'Brien responded that his interns thought that it was "really funny", but were annoyed that the ''Late Night'' set was portrayed as on the top floor of the [[30 Rockefeller Center|GE Building]], when it was really on the sixth floor.<ref>''Late Night With Conan O'Brien''; July 7, 1999</ref> The film also suffered negative publicity before release. It was initially reported that on the day of the Columbine massacre, a friend of the [[Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold|perpetrators]], Chris Morris, was seen wearing a black T-shirt depicting characters from ''South Park''.<ref name="columbine">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/40811681.html?dids=40811681:40811681&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+23,+1999&author=Tamara+Ikenberg&pub=The+Sun&desc=Episodes+of+violence&pqatl=google|title=Episodes of violence|author=Tamara Ikenberg|date=April 23, 1999|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|access-date=March 6, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629080817/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/40811681.html?dids=40811681:40811681&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+23,+1999&author=Tamara+Ikenberg&pub=The+Sun&desc=Episodes+of+violence&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both Parker and Stone are from Colorado, and Stone attended the nearby Heritage High School. Following the massacre, Stone took a three-day sabbatical: "Nothing seemed funny after that", he said.<ref name="rating"/> ''South Park'' was also, at the time, generally waning in popularity: ratings dropped nearly 40 percent with the premiere of the [[South Park (season 3)|third season]] and, according to ''Entertainment Weekly'', "it [wasn't] the pop-culture behemoth it was last year [1998]".<ref name="rating2"/> In response to the decline, Parker commented, "Suddenly we suck and we're not cool anymore. The funny thing is, last year we were saying the same things and we were hip, fresh, and cute. Now they're telling us we're pushing 30, we're failures, and we're sellouts."<ref name="rating2"/>

=== Home media ===
The film was released on [[DVD]] in the US on November 23, 1999, with a [[VHS]] release initially exclusively as a rental.<ref name="dvdrelease">{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WT&p_theme=wt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB0F3E647E1C0BA&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Animals are making a big splash as holiday specials hit the racks|author=''The Washington Times'' staff|date=November 25, 1999|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=March 12, 2011|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010550/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WT&p_theme=wt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB0F3E647E1C0BA&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=live}}</ref> A traditional retail VHS release was issued on May 16, 2000.<ref name="vhsrelease">{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WT&p_theme=wt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB08BE52AC4A140&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=''Last Man Standing,'' ''Money Talks'' shoot up video screens once again|author=''The Washington Times'' staff|date=May 11, 2000|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]|access-date=March 12, 2011|archive-date=October 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025010606/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WT&p_theme=wt&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB08BE52AC4A140&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=live}}</ref> The DVD contained three theatrical trailers for special features, which many criticized as being typical of "bare-bones" DVD releases.<ref name="dvdreview">{{cite news|url=http://www.thedigitalbits.com/reviews/southparkbigger.html |title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut'' [DVD] – Review |author=Bill Hunt |date=November 30, 1999 |publisher=The Digital Bits |access-date=March 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231641/http://www.thedigitalbits.com/reviews/southparkbigger.html |archive-date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref> A [[laserdisc|LaserDisc]] release was issued on January 18, 2000; this release is markedly rare, as it was issued late in the format's lifespan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/21943/LV-336823-WS/South-Park:--Bigger-Longer-and-Uncut-(1999)|title=LaserDisc Database - South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut [LV 336823-WS]|website=www.lddb.com|access-date=May 14, 2016|archive-date=March 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314102354/http://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/21943/lv-336823-ws/south-park:--bigger-longer-and-uncut-(1999)|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was re-released on [[Blu-ray]] on June 30, 2009, ten years after its theatrical release. In addition to the trailers, this release featured an audio commentary from Parker and Stone and a special "What Would Brian Boitano Do?" music video. This release was sourced from the original film negative, which resulted in audio sync issues.<ref name="blureview">{{cite news|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/38547/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut/|title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut'' [Blu-ray] – Review|author=Michael Zupan|date=October 5, 2009|publisher=[[DVDTalk]]|access-date=March 9, 2011|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111232240/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/38547/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[IGN]]'s Scott Lowe explained, "Although clearly aged, ''South Park: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut'' looks great and is free of the washed out, compressed imperfections of previous standard definition releases of the film."<ref name="blureview2"/> However, Michael Zupan of DVDTalk notes that an automatic digital scratch removal process may have inadvertently removed some intentional lines from the picture, notably during Cartman's first scene with the V-chip.<ref name="dvdtalk">{{cite news|url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/38547/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut/|title=DVDTalk > Reviews > South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (Blu-ray)|author=Michael Zupan|date=June 30, 2009|access-date=February 2, 2012|archive-date=February 12, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212195953/http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/38547/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the commentary, Parker and Stone, as well as other crew members, reveal that they had no recollection of making the film due to heavy scheduling.<ref name="blureview3"/><ref name="dvdtalk"/> The film was released on [[Ultra HD Blu-ray|4K Ultra HD Blu-ray]] on June 25, 2024.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/South-Park-Bigger-Longer-and-Uncut-4K-Blu-ray/357413/ |title=South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut 4K Blu-ray (4K Ultra HD + Blu-ray + Digital) |access-date=2024-04-22 |via=www.blu-ray.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/South-Park-Bigger-Blu-Ray-Digital/dp/B0D1RHNCBP/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.1bb5VP7556bhWwU7RQHl4bU9xX4br8vWOBBb3FuAMsnZJqPuHvvoJMIZ882s4te9QQbwMfICwHugoJJOdFUpV_BBNagSFXfnpxNDkgoiR-g8huVgKxqN200_H4bAwbhXY6omio5fbjRhidbyEbjpmlzDeMTEUZiFGz1Hzm8PApw_XkW8P8Bgtf4NBIwIXUvgNvKFjzi-iNarrJuXyzgWqAJY9Fk8S-_nZQonPZy_pOw.JxWK507fvNJK9ySNS4QbJZ7syjo3Ce-pWlVszKZEovc&dib_tag=se&keywords=south+park+bigger&qid=1715365943&sr=8-1 | title=South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut | website=Amazon | date=June 25, 2024 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
On a $21 million budget, ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' opened at number four behind ''[[Wild Wild West]]'', ''[[Big Daddy (1999 film)|Big Daddy]]'', and ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]'', with a gross of $14,783,983 over the four-day [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] weekend from 2,128 theaters for an average of $6,947 per theater ($11,090,000 and an average of $5,211 over three days) and a total of $19,637,409 since its Wednesday launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jul-06-ca-53233-story.html|title='West' Tops in Wild, Wild Weekend|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 6, 1999 |first=Richard |last=Natale }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pantagraph-a-wild-wild-weekend-at-j/113833292/|title=A wild, wild weekend at July Fourth box office|website=The Pantagraph|date=July 7, 1999|access-date=October 4, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> It dropped to eighth place in its second weekend, grossing $7.1 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jul-13-ca-55369-story.html|title='American Pie' Cuts Biggest Slice|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 13, 1999 |first=Robert |last=W. Welkos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/florida-today-american-pie-tops-gross/111748846/|title='American Pie' tops gross-out comedies among moviegoers|website=Florida Today|date=July 13, 1999|first=Anthony|last=Breznican|access-date=October 4, 2025|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> It went on to gross $52,037,603 in the United States and Canada, with the 3-day opening making up 22% of the final domestic gross. It made an additional $31.1 million internationally for a total of $83,137,603 worldwide.<ref name="boxofficemojo.com"/>

It was the highest-grossing R-rated animated film since ''[[Akira (1988 film)|Akira]]'' (1988), until it was surpassed by ''[[Sausage Party]]'' (2016), which grossed more than $140 million worldwide;<ref name="boxofficemojo.com"/> that record was, in turn, surpassed by ''[[Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba the Movie: Mugen Train]]'' in 2020, which grossed more than $500 million worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=June 6, 2021|title=Reign Of Horror: 'Conjuring 3' Leads Weekend As Global Cume Hits $57M; 'Quiet Place 2' Grows To $139M WW – International Box Office|url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/quiet-place-part-ii-conjuring-3-f9-cruella-demon-slayer-china-global-international-box-office-1234770121/|access-date=August 1, 2021|website=Deadline|language=en-US|archive-date=June 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619180512/https://deadline.com/2021/06/quiet-place-part-ii-conjuring-3-f9-cruella-demon-slayer-china-global-international-box-office-1234770121/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|date=June 18, 2021|title="Demon Slayer": The Viral Blockbuster from Japan|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/demon-slayer-the-viral-blockbuster-from-japan|access-date=August 1, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|archive-date=June 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619223831/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/demon-slayer-the-viral-blockbuster-from-japan|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' has {{a or an|{{RT data|score}}}} approval rating based on reviews from {{RT data|count}} critics. The website's consensus states: "Its jokes are profoundly bold and rude but incredibly funny at the same time."<ref>{{cite Rotten Tomatoes |id={{RT data|rtid|noprefix=y}} |type=m |title=South Park: The Movie |access-date={{RT data|access date}} }}{{RT data|edit}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]] it has a score of 73 out of 100 based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".<ref>{{cite Metacritic |id=south-park-bigger-longer-uncut |type=movie |title=South Park: Bigger Longer & Uncut |access-date=March 10, 2021}}</ref> Audiences surveyed by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film a grade "B−" on scale of A to F.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title=SOUTH PARK: BIGGER, LARGER & UNCUT (1999) B- |work= [[CinemaScore]] |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= December 20, 2018 }}</ref>

Rita Kempley of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' described it as "outrageously profane" and "wildly funny", writing that "While censorship is the filmmakers' main target […] [Parker and Stone's] favorite monster is the Motion Picture Association of America, self-appointed guardians of the nation's chastity. It's all in good dirty fun and in service of their pro-tolerance theme."<ref name="review">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/reviews/southparkkempley.htm |title=The Wickedly Funny ''South Park'' |author=Rita Kempley |date=June 30, 1999 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114034600/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/reviews/southparkkempley.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Stephen Holden of ''[[The New York Times]]'' regarded the film's "self-justifying moral" as "about mass entertainment, censorship and freedom of speech." He also praised Cartman's subjection to the V-chip as "the movie's sharpest satirical twist, reminiscent of ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]''".<ref name="review2">{{cite news |date=June 30, 1999 |author=Stephen Holden |author-link=Stephen Holden |title=Making A Point With Smut And Laughs |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/063099park-film-review.html |access-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524182439/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/film/063099park-film-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' graded the film an A− and commended the film's message in a post-Columbine society, as well as the musical numbers, which "brilliantly parody / honor the conventions of Broadway show tunes and, especially, the Disney-formula ditties that began with Alan Menken and Howard Ashman."<ref name="review3">{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/1999/07/02/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut-2/ |title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' – Review |date=July 2, 1999 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=March 12, 2011 |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505211057/https://ew.com/article/1999/07/02/south-park-bigger-longer-uncut-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''The Washington Post'', Michael O'Sullivan neutrally regarded the film's offensive nature, commenting "Yes, the lampooning is more broad than incisive, but under the bludgeoning of this blunt instrument very few sacred cows are left standing."<ref name="review4">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/reviews/southparkosullivan.htm |title=''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' – Review |author=Michael O'Sullivan |date=July 2, 1999 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084830/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/movies/reviews/southparkosullivan.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Reviewing the film for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', [[Richard Corliss]] wrote that "you may laugh yourself sick – as sick as this ruthlessly funny movie is."<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |date=July 5, 1999 |author=Richard Corliss |author-link=Richard Corliss |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,991416,00.html |title=Cinema: Sick and Inspired |magazine=Time |access-date=March 12, 2011 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022094029/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,991416,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Corliss later named the film his fifth favorite animated film of all time.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=June 21, 2011 |author=Richard Corliss |title=The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films |url=https://time.com/4609386/best-animated-films/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=August 12, 2020 |archive-date=October 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022161020/http://entertainment.time.com/2011/06/23/the-25-all-time-best-animated-films/slide/the-lion-king-1994/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Beck |first=Jerry |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/tag/richard-corliss |title=Richard Corliss Archives |publisher=Cartoon Brew |date=June 24, 2011 |access-date=May 4, 2017 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235355/http://www.cartoonbrew.com/tag/richard-corliss |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film also had detractors, without noting the conservative family groups offended by the film's humor.<ref name="NPR">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1053734|title=The ''South Park'' Phenomenon|date=July 7, 1999|publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=March 9, 2011|archive-date=June 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628230656/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1053734|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John-Paul |last=Stephenson |editor-first=Brian |editor-last=Cogan |title=Deconstructing South Park: Critical Examinations of Animated Transgression |publisher=Lexington Press |year=2011 |pages=123–43|chapter="The Most Foul of the Foul Words"; South Park and metadiscourse |isbn=9780739167458 }}</ref> Jack Mathews of the ''Daily News'' suggested the film's running time made Parker and Stone "run out of ideas".<ref name="review1">{{cite news |author=Mathews |first=Jack |date=June 30, 1999 |title=Bigger, Fouler, and Very Funny |newspaper=Daily News |location=New York}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]] stated that the "vicious social satire" of the film both "offended" and "amazed" him. Ebert rated the film {{frac|2|1|2}} of 4 stars, calling it "the year's most slashing political commentary", but also wrote that "it is too long and runs out of steam, but it serves as a signpost for our troubled times. Just for the information it contains about the way we live now, thoughtful and concerned people should see it. After all, everyone else will."<ref name="ebert">{{cite news |date=June 30, 1999 |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/south-park-bigger-longer-and-uncut-1999 |title=South Park: Bigger, Longer and Uncut |newspaper=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |access-date=March 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202080150/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/south-park-bigger-longer-and-uncut-1999 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' was nominated for an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "Blame Canada". As a joke, Parker and Stone attended the [[72nd Academy Awards]] ceremony in [[drag (clothing)|drag]]. It was later revealed on ''[[6 Days to Air]]'' that they were high on [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] during the pre-show and the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/09/30/trey-parker-matt-stone-acid-oscars-kimmel_n_988760.html| title=WATCH: Trey Parker & Matt Stone Talk Dropping Acid at the Oscars| date=September 30, 2011| access-date=May 28, 2019| archive-date=May 28, 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528205034/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/09/30/trey-parker-matt-stone-acid-oscars-kimmel_n_988760.html| url-status=live}}</ref> When "Blame Canada" was scheduled to be performed, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] requested that lyrics be written to comply with their [[standards and practices|S&P]] department.<ref name="blame1"/> "It would be ironic to have to change the words in a movie about censorship," remarked Shaiman.<ref name="blame1">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/mar/02/awardsandprizes.oscars2000|title=''South Park'' song whips up Oscar controversy|author=''The Guardian'' staff|date=March 2, 2000|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 8, 2011|location=London|archive-date=May 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509003430/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2000/mar/02/awardsandprizes.oscars2000|url-status=live}}</ref> The department was particularly critical of the song's use of the word ''[[fuck]]'' and allusions to the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. When Parker and Shaiman declined these requests, [[Robin Williams]], a friend of Shaiman's, performed the song with black tape over his mouth and turned his back when profanities were sung.<ref name="blame2">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2000/03/27/american-beauty-sweeps-its-best-actress-win-surprises/|title=End of the Affair|author=Liane Bonin|date=March 27, 2000|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=March 8, 2011|archive-date=November 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129154430/http://www.ew.com/article/2000/03/27/american-beauty-sweeps-its-best-actress-win-surprises|url-status=live}}</ref> The award ultimately went to [[Phil Collins]]' "[[You'll Be in My Heart]]", as featured in ''[[Tarzan (1999 film)|Tarzan]]''. In response, Parker and Stone ridiculed him in two consecutive episodes of the series' [[South Park (season 4)|fourth season]]: "[[Cartman's Silly Hate Crime 2000]]" and "[[Timmy 2000]]".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://dsq-sds.org/article/view/628/805 |title=Deconstructing Disability: Three Episodes of South Park | Reid-Hresko | Disability Studies Quarterly |journal=Disability Studies Quarterly |year=2005 |volume=25 |issue=4 |publisher=Dsq-sds.org |doi=10.18061/dsq.v25i4.628 |access-date=February 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718012052/http://www.dsq-sds.org/article/view/628/805 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> In the DVD commentary for the latter episode, Parker states that they were "fully expecting to lose, just not to Phil Collins".<ref name="ParkerComm1">{{Cite video|people=[[Trey Parker]]|date=2004|title=South Park: The Complete Fourth Season: "Timmy 2000"|format=Audio commentary|medium=DVD|publisher=Comedy Central|url=https://www.amazon.com/South-Park-Season-Trey-Parker/dp/B0001ZWLVU|access-date=May 3, 2020|archive-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110064729/https://www.amazon.com/South-Park-Season-Trey-Parker/dp/B0001ZWLVU|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=5 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | List of awards and nominations
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width:30%;"| Award / Film Festival
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col" style="width:30%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:30%;"| Recipients
! scope="col" style="width:15%;"| Result
|-
! [[Academy Awards]]
| [[72nd Academy Awards|March 26, 2000]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
| {{plainlist|
* [[Trey Parker]]
* [[Marc Shaiman]]
}} for "[[Blame Canada]]"
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Annie Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[27th Annie Awards|November 6, 1999]]
| [[Annie Award for Best Animated Feature|Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Theatrical Feature]]
| ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut''
|-
| Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production
| [[Mary Kay Bergman]]
|-
| Outstanding Individual Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production
| {{plainlist|
* Trey Parker
* [[Matt Stone]]
* [[Pam Brady]]
}}
|-
! [[American Film Foundation]]
| March 2, 2000
| E Pluribus Unum Award for Feature Film
| ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut''
|-
! [[Chicago Film Critics Association]]
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards|March 13, 2000]]
| [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{plainlist|
* Trey Parker
* Marc Shaiman
}}
| {{won}}
|-
! Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards
| January 10, 2000
| Best Animated Film
| ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut''
| {{nom}}
|-
! [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]]
| [[1999 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards|January 19, 2000]]
| [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music|Best Music]]
| {{plainlist|
* Trey Parker
* Marc Shaiman
}}
| rowspan="3" {{Won}}
|-
! [[MTV Movie Awards]]
| [[2000 MTV Movie Awards|June 3, 2000]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Song from a Movie|Best Musical Sequence]]
| [[Terrance and Phillip]] – "[[Uncle Fucka]]"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Motion Picture Sound Editors]]
| rowspan="2"| March 25, 2000
| Best Sound Editing - Music - Animation
| {{plainlist|
* Dan DiPrima
* Tim Boyle
* Dennis S. Sands
* Brian Bulman
}}
|-
| Best Sound Editing - Animated Feature
| ''South Park: Bigger. Longer & Uncut''
| {{nom}}
|-
! [[New York Film Critics Circle Awards]]
| [[1999 New York Film Critics Circle Awards|January 9, 2000]]
| [[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Film|Best Animated Film]]
| ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut''
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| OFTA Film Awards
| rowspan="3"| 2000
| Best Music, Original Score
| Trey Parker and Marc Shaiman
|-
| Best Animated Picture
| Trey Parker
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music, Adapted Song
| "Kyle's Mom's a Bitch"
|-
! [[Online Film Critics Society Awards]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Awards 1999|January 2, 2000]]
| [[Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| Marc Shaiman
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Golden Satellite Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[4th Golden Satellite Awards|January 16, 2000]]
| [[Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature|Best Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media]]
| ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut''
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Satellite Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
| "Mountain Town"
|-
! [[Village Voice Film Poll]]
| 2000
| Best Film
| ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut''
| {{draw|10th place}}
|}

The film is recognized by [[American Film Institute]] in these lists:
* 2004: [[AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs]]:
** "[[Blame Canada]]" – Nominated<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/songs400.pdf |title=AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs Nominees |access-date=August 13, 2016 |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102080823/https://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/songs400.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2006: [[AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals]] – Nominated<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/musicals_ballot.pdf |title=AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees |access-date=August 13, 2016 |archive-date=March 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316140831/http://afi.com/Docs/100Years/musicals_ballot.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2008: [[AFI's 10 Top 10]]:
** Nominated Animation Film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees |format=PDF |access-date=August 13, 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Lists and records ===
* The film has been nominated by the [[American Film Institute]] for their list of the Greatest American Musicals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afi.com/docs/tvevents/pdf/musicals_ballot.pdf|title=Ballot2.indd|access-date=February 16, 2011|archive-date=June 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605093611/http://www.afi.com/docs/tvevents/pdf/musicals_ballot.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2000, readers of ''[[Total Film]]'' magazine voted the film at No. 13 in the greatest comedy films of all time.
* In 2001, [[Terry Gilliam]] selected it as one of the ten best animated films of all time.<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|last=Gilliam|first=Terry|title=Terry Gilliam Picks the Ten Best Animated Films of All Time|newspaper=The Guardian|date=April 27, 2001|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/apr/27/culture.features1|location=London|access-date=August 12, 2020|archive-date=October 10, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010091214/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/apr/27/culture.features1/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2006, ''South Park'' finished fifth on the [[United Kingdom]] [[Channel 4]]'s "50 Greatest Comedy Films" vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/film/newsfeatures/microsites/G/greatest-comedyfilms/index.html|title=50 Greatest Comedy Films vote from channel4.com/film|publisher=channel4.com|access-date=February 16, 2011|archive-date=December 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217234730/http://www.channel4.com/film/newsfeatures/microsites/G/greatest-comedyfilms/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Readers of ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'', in a 2006 poll, voted it No. 166 in the greatest films of all time.
* In 2008, the film was included in ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'}}s list of the "25 Movie Sequels We'd Line Up to See"<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20220709_10,00.html|title=25 Movie Sequels We'd Line Up to See|access-date=August 26, 2008|year=2008|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|archive-date=October 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011112327/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20220709_10,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and "The Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20221235_19,00.html|title=The Comedy 25: The Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years|access-date=August 26, 2008|year=2008|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|archive-date=October 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011112335/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20221235_19,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The film is No. 5 on [[Bravo (US TV channel)|Bravo's]] ''100 Funniest Movies''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bravo's 100 Funniest Movies of All Time|url=https://www.boston.com/uncategorized/noprimarytagmatch/2013/12/31/bravos-100-funniest-movies-of-all-time/|work=[[Boston.com]]|date=December 31, 2013|access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[IGN]] named it the sixth greatest animated film of all time in their Top 25 list.<ref name="ign.com"/>
*In 2011, ''Time'' named it the sixth greatest animated feature of all-time.<ref name="timelist" />
*In 2021, it was listed as one of the best animated films of all time by ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]''.<ref name="complex.com"/>

== Legacy ==
Following its release, MPAA president [[Jack Valenti]] stated that he regretted not giving the film an NC-17 rating.<ref name="usatodayreview">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/43306651.html?dids=43306651%3A43306651&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Jul+20%2C+1999&author=Andy+Seiler&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=%27South+Park%27+bigger%2C+longer+and+nearly+NC-17&pqatl=google|title=''South Park'': Bigger, Longer and Nearly NC-17|author=Andy Seller|date=July 20, 1999|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|access-date=March 12, 2011|archive-date=November 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114132445/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/USAToday/access/43306651.html?dids=43306651%3A43306651&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Jul+20%2C+1999&author=Andy+Seiler&pub=USA+TODAY&desc=%27South+Park%27+bigger%2C+longer+and+nearly+NC-17&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to the film's controversy, the MPAA expanded its system with detailed descriptions adjacent to its ratings beginning in 2000.<ref name="ratingmpaa">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/1999/11/19/backstreet-boys-plan-new-album-and-tour/|title=Boys Across America|author=Josh Wolk|date=November 19, 1999|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=March 12, 2011|archive-date=October 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011210652/http://www.ew.com/article/1999/11/19/backstreet-boys-plan-new-album-and-tour|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's use of profanity earned it a 2001 ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]]'' for "Most Swearing in an Animated Movie" (399 profanities, including 139 uses of ''[[fuck]]''; 128 offensive gestures; and 221 acts of violence).<ref name="Guinness2001">{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2000/11/10/guinness-book-world-records-2001/|title=''Guinness Book of World Records'' 2001|author=Jill Singer|date=November 10, 2000|magazine=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=October 7, 2021|archive-date=October 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007225308/https://ew.com/article/2000/11/10/guinness-book-world-records-2001/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=https://familymediaguide.com/media/onDVD/media-321597.html|title=Freeze Frame: South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut|access-date=April 27, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811031834/http://www.familymediaguide.com/media/onDVD/media-321597.html|archive-date=August 11, 2007}}</ref>

In the song "Uncle Fucka", ''fuck'' is said 31 times. Throughout 2000, [[Blink-182]] often ended songs on their [[The Mark, Tom and Travis Show Tour]] with lines from "Uncle Fucka". The lines can be heard on the band's [[live album]], ''[[The Mark, Tom, and Travis Show (The Enema Strikes Back!)]]''.<ref name="blink">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/53806018.html?dids=53806018:53806018&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+15%2C+2000&author=NATALIE+NICHOLS&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Pop+Music+Review%3B+Blink-182+Delivers+Angst-Fueled+Fun&pqatl=google|title=Blink-182 Delivers Angst-Fueled Fun|author=Natalie Nichols|date=May 15, 2000|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=March 12, 2011|archive-date=June 29, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629080842/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/53806018.html?dids=53806018:53806018&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+15,+2000&author=NATALIE+NICHOLS&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Pop+Music+Review%3B+Blink-182+Delivers+Angst-Fueled+Fun&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}}</ref>

While the actual Saddam Hussein was on [[Trial of Saddam Hussein|trial]] for [[genocide]] charges in 2006, Stone joked that the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] was repeatedly showing Saddam the film as a form of torture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jonesreport.com/articles/280806_saddam_south_park.html |title=Saddam's cartoon capers|date=August 28, 2006|publisher=Jones Report|access-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201220116/http://uk.news.yahoo.com/28082006/344/saddam-s-cartoon-capers.html|archive-date=December 1, 2006}}</ref> Parker and Stone were given a signed photo of Saddam by American soldiers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/5122031/South-Park-creators-given-signed-photo-of-Saddam-Hussein.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410225137/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/5122031/South-Park-creators-given-signed-photo-of-Saddam-Hussein.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2009|title=South Park creators given signed photo of Saddam Hussein|access-date=April 7, 2009|publisher=telegraph|location=London, UK|first=Chris|last=Irvine|date=April 8, 2009}}</ref>

=== Subsequent film development ===
In 2007, during development of the "[[Imaginationland Episode I|Imaginationland]]" trilogy, Parker and Stone described the possibility of producing it as a film but ultimately abandoned these plans amid a demanding production schedule.<ref>{{cite news|title=Interview: Trey Parker & Matt Stone|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/trey-parker-matt-stone-14216|date=March 19, 2008|author=Aaron Franco|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=March 31, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709025529/http://www.avclub.com/article/trey-parker-matt-stone-14216|url-status=live}}</ref> Parker and Stone said in a 2008 interview that a theatrically released sequel would most likely be what concludes the series.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trey Parker on a 'South Park' movie sequel |url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/south-park-movi/ |work=[[The Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=March 10, 2013 |archive-date=July 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702163044/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/south-park-movi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2011, when the official ''South Park'' website [[FAQ]] was asked whether a sequel would be made, it was replied to with, "the first ''South Park'' movie was so potent, we're all still recovering from the blow. Unfortunately, at the current moment, there are no plans for a second ''South Park'' movie. But you never know what the future may bring, crazier things have happened..."<ref>{{cite web |date=March 11, 2010 |title=Will there be another South Park movie? |url=https://southpark.cc.com/fans/faq/2010/mar |publisher=South Park Studios}}{{dead link|date=July 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2013, Warner Bros. relinquished its rights to co-finance any further ''South Park'' films during their negotiations to co-finance [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]''. Previous efforts to produce another ''South Park'' film were complicated by both Paramount and Warner Bros. retaining certain rights to the [[intellectual property|IP]]. The deal mentioned that Paramount had the next five years to develop another film or else Warner Bros. regains the rights. It never came to be so Warner Bros. continues to share them with Paramount.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/christopher-nolans-interstellar-warner-bros-562879 |title=Warner Bros. Gives Up 'Friday the 13th' Rights to Board Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=June 6, 2013 |access-date=June 7, 2013 |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116033703/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/christopher-nolans-interstellar-warner-bros-562879 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2021, a series of 14 [[television special]]s was announced for [[Paramount+]] as part of a multi-year deal with Parker and Stone, the first two of which premiered in November and December 2021.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=MTV Entertainment Studios inks new and expansive deal... |url=https://press.cc.com/press-release/2021/08/05/press-mtv-entertainment-studios-inks-new-and-expansive-deal-with-creators-trey-parker-and-matt-stone |website=Comedy Central Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806101554/https://press.cc.com/press-release/2021/08/05/press-mtv-entertainment-studios-inks-new-and-expansive-deal-with-creators-trey-parker-and-matt-stone |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |access-date=August 20, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="PostCOVID">{{cite news |last1=Del Rosario |first1=Alexandra |title='South Park: Post Covid': Paramount+ Sets Thanksgiving Premiere Date For Movie Event |url=https://deadline.com/2021/10/south-park-post-covid-premiere-date-thanksgiving-1234863692/ |date=November 18, 2021 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |access-date=October 28, 2021 |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027233500/https://deadline.com/2021/10/south-park-post-covid-premiere-date-thanksgiving-1234863692/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="press release">{{cite press release|url=https://southpark.cc.com/news/x6lqp2/the-exclusive-event-continues-south-park-post-covid-the-return-of-covid-is-coming-to-paramount-thursday-december-16|title=The Exclusive Event Continues...'South Park: Post Covid: The Return Of Covid' Is Coming To Paramount+ Thursday, December 16|website=[[Comedy Central]]|date=December 8, 2021|access-date=December 8, 2021|archive-date=December 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208202312/https://southpark.cc.com/news/x6lqp2/the-exclusive-event-continues-south-park-post-covid-the-return-of-covid-is-coming-to-paramount-thursday-december-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hollywood">{{cite web |last1=Parker |first1=Ryan |title='South Park' Dropping 'Post COVID' Part II Movie Next Week |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/south-park-post-covid-part-2-movie-dec-16-1235059355/ |website=[[Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=December 8, 2021 |date=December 8, 2021 |archive-date=December 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208211855/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/south-park-post-covid-part-2-movie-dec-16-1235059355/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The projects were originally announced as films, which Parker and Stone later denied.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Karl |first1=Chris |date=October 29, 2021 |title=South Park Creators Clarify Paramount+ Projects Are Not Feature Films |url=https://screenrant.com/south-park-paramount-project-movies-no-explained/ |access-date=December 28, 2021 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |archive-date=December 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228194538/https://screenrant.com/south-park-paramount-project-movies-no-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Canada|United States|Colorado|Film|Animation|Comedy}}
* [[Canada–United States relations]]
* [[War of 1812]]
* [[War Plan Red]]
* [[List of films featuring fictional films]]
* [[List of musical films]]
* [[List of adult animated films]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|auto=yes}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008162101/http://southparkmovie.com/ |title=Official website |date=mdy}}
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210119221857/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/443947/south-park-bigger-longer-and-uncut South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]'' at the [[Turner Classic Movies|TCM Movie Database]]
* {{IMDb title|0158983}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{mojo title|southpark}}

{{South Park}}
{{New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Film}}
{{Trey Parker and Matt Stone}}
{{Comedy Central Films}}
{{Warner Bros. theatrical animated features}}
{{Paramount theatrical animated features}}
{{authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Television|Film|United States|Comedy|1990s}}
{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South Park - Bigger Longer and Uncut}}
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 American animated films]]
[[Category:1999 black comedy films]]
[[Category:1999 English-language films]]
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[[Category:1999 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:1990s musical comedy films]]
[[Category:1990s political comedy films]]
[[Category:1990s political satire films]]
[[Category:1990s war comedy films]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in animation]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Adult animated comedy films]]
[[Category:Adult animated musical films]]
[[Category:American adult animated films]]
[[Category:American animated comedy films]]
[[Category:American animated musical films]]
[[Category:American black comedy films]]
[[Category:American computer-animated films]]
[[Category:American fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American political comedy films]]
[[Category:American political satire films]]
[[Category:American war comedy films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on animated series]]
[[Category:Animated film controversies]]
[[Category:Animated musical films]]
[[Category:Animated war films]]
[[Category:Animated apocalyptic films]]
[[Category:Canada–United States relations in South Park]]
[[Category:Comedy Central animated films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Alec Baldwin]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Bill Clinton]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Bill Gates]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Saddam Hussein]]
[[Category:Disney parodies]]
[[Category:Films about bullying]]
[[Category:Films about Canada–United States relations]]
[[Category:Animation based on real people]]
[[Category:Films about censorship]]
[[Category:Films about domestic violence]]
[[Category:Animated films about discrimination]]
[[Category:Films about mass murder]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Animated films about prejudice]]
[[Category:Animated films about racism]]
[[Category:Films about sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]
[[Category:Films directed by Trey Parker]]
[[Category:Films produced by Matt Stone]]
[[Category:Films produced by Trey Parker]]
[[Category:Films scored by Marc Shaiman]]
[[Category:Films set in Colorado]]
[[Category:Animated films set in hell]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Matt Stone]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Pam Brady]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Trey Parker]]
[[Category:Rating controversies in film]]
[[Category:Military comedy films]]
[[Category:Musical parodies]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures animated films]]
[[Category:Portrayals of Jesus in film]]
[[Category:South Park (franchise) films]]
[[Category:The Devil in film]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. animated films]]
[[Category:Works about profanity]]
[[Category:Animated films set in the Western United States]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in animation]]
[[Category:English-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language musical comedy films]]

Rohini (actress)

2026-03-22T12:11:28Z

Krishna57edits: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian actress, screenwriter, lyricist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohini
| image = Rohini_(actress).jpg
| birth_name = Rohini Molleti
| caption = Rohini in 2019
| birth_place = [[Anakapalle]], [[Andhra Pradesh, India]]
| othername =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 1974{{nbnd}}present
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | screenwriter | lyricist | dubbing artist}}
| parents =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Raghuvaran]]|1996|2004|end=div}}
| children = 1
}}
'''Rohini Molleti''', known professionally as '''Rohini''', is an Indian actress, screenwriter, dubbing artist, and lyricist.<ref name="amritatv1">{{cite web |url=http://www.amritatv.com/sdj3/rohini.html |title=Welcome To Amrita TV – Super Dancer Junior 3 |publisher=Amritatv.com |access-date=17 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019093415/http://www.amritatv.com/sdj3/rohini.html |archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> She has mainly acted in [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films along with few [[Kannada]] films. Having started her acting career at five, she has about 130 films to her credit.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rohini-makes-documentary-film-on-child-artists/article1175507.ece |title=Rohini makes documentary film on child artists |work=The Hindu |date=9 January 2008 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722085654/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Rohini-makes-documentary-film-on-child-artists/article15140297.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She received [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] and Andhra Pradesh state [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Nandi Special Jury Award for Best Performance]] as Rangi in the 1995 film ''[[Stri]]''.<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf |title=43rd National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=6 March 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234418/http://dff.nic.in/2011/43rd_nff_1996.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
A native of [[Anakapalli]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], Rohini spent all her childhood in [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="hindu1">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/09/14/stories/2010091450250100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922061529/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/09/14/stories/2010091450250100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 September 2010 |title=Metro Plus Hyderabad / Profiles : Actor with substance |date=14 September 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> Her father, Appa Rao Naidu, was a panchayat officer and her mother, Radha, was a housewife.<ref name="mangalam.2018.01.08">{{Cite interview |last1=Rohini |interviewer-last1=Reji |interviewer-first1=Devina |url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/181748-mangalam-varika.html |script-title=ml:മകന്‍ എന്നും ചിരിച്ചുകൊണ്ട് ഉറങ്ങണം |trans-title=My son should always laugh and sleep |date=2018-01-08 |website=www.mangalam.com|access-date=5 April 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405123644/https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/181748-mangalam-varika.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Her father always wanted to become an actor, though he could not be an actor owing to various reasons; he encouraged Rohini to become an actress.

==Personal life==
Her brother Balaji is also an actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/nelavanka_retro.php|title=Retrospect: Nelavanka (1983)|date=16 January 2010|work=[[Telugucinema.com]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100120074652/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/nelavanka_retro.php|archive-date=20 January 2010}}</ref> Rohini married actor [[Raghuvaran]] in 1996 but divorced in 2004. They have one son, Rishi.<ref name="mangalam.2018.01.08"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=10 celebrity couples who got married and broke up.. ? |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994518134/-celebrity-couples-who-got-married-and-broke-up |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405053624/https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994518134/-celebrity-couples-who-got-married-and-broke-up |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==

She started her career in 1974 as a child actress. She was first seen as a wide-eyed five-year old in ''[[Yasodha Krishna]]'' (1975), a Telugu film. She is also a dubbing artist in the Telugu and Tamil film industries. She has voiced six characters in five of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s films.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |author=Baradwaj Rangan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/roles-of-a-lifetime/article2396787.ece |title=Roles of a lifetime |work=The Hindu |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412163623/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/roles-of-a-lifetime/article2396787.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

She has dubbed for actresses like [[Girija Shettar]] (''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]''), [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] (''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]''),<ref name="thehindu1"/> [[Manisha Koirala]] (''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' and ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'')<ref name="amritatv1"/> [[Aishwarya Rai]] (''[[Iruvar]]'' and ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]''),<ref name="hindu1"/> as well as [[Jyothika]] (''[[Perazhagan]]'' and ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''). She wrote lyrics for the Tamil film ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' (2007), before ending another hiatus by writing all songs in the album, ''[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey]]'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite news |title=R. Rohini |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/my-first-love-is-always-acting-rohini/articleshow/58655450.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

She writes episodes for Tamil TV serials.<ref name="hindu1"/> She started writing scripts for TV series way back in 1996, and has adapted the [[Sahithya Academy Award]] winning novel ''Verukku Neer'' for a tele film in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gajaana Movie Review : A high-concept idea gets lost in low-effort execution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/lit-for-life/lfl-speakers/2015/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She hosted the live TV talk show ''Kelvigal Aayiram'' for Vijay TV, which she said "dealt with issues close to my heart".<ref name="thehindu1"/> She moderated the Tamil programme ''Azhagiya Tamizh Magal'' on Kalaignar TV<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/08/tv-girl-power-tamil-style.htm |title=Girl power, Tamil style! |publisher=Rediff |date=8 April 2010 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118050617/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/apr/08/tv-girl-power-tamil-style.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> and has worked as the anchor of Raj TV's show, ''Rohini's Box Office'' in which she reviewed the latest releases.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article305964.ece |title=Rohini returns to TV |work=The New Indian Express |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110008/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/television/article305964.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Being an activist for [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]] awareness, Rohini has also directed short films for [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|M.G.R. Medical University]] and Tamil Nadu Aids Control Society.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Theme: Dare Dream Disseminate |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/16666 |access-date=2015-09-11 |work=Ted |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2008, Rohini had directed a 50-minute documentary ''Silent Hues'' about film industry's Child actress, she being one herself.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/exploring-fragile-world-of-child-actors/article1203142.ece |title=Exploring 'fragile world' of child actors |work=The Hindu |date=17 February 2008 |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-date=22 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722085654/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Exploring-ldquofragile-worldrdquo-of-child-actors/article15167547.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, she has directed a feature film titled ''Appavin Meesai'' which is yet to be released.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rohini turns director
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Jul/20/rohini-turns-director-388924.html |access-date=2012-07-20 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1995 – [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]] – ''[[Stri]]''<ref name="43rdawardPDF"/>
* 1995 – [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Nandi Award for Special Jury Best Performance]] – ''[[Stri]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020 |language=Telugu |archive-date=23 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2017 – [[Vanitha Film Awards]] – Best Supporting Actress (''[[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]'', ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'')
* 2017 – [[CPC Cine Awards|CPC Awards for Best Supporting Actress]] (''Guppy'', ''Action Hero Biju'')

==Filmography==
Rohini has mainly acted in [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films along with a few Kannada films. Having started her acting career at five, she has about 130 South Indian films to her credit.<ref name="The Hindu"/>
{{Pending films key}}

===As actress===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rohini film acting credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Other notes
|-
| rowspan=3|1974 || ''Harathi'' || || rowspan="32" | Telugu || rowspan="37" | Child actress
|-
| ''Aadambaralu Anubandalu'' ||
|-
| ''Intinti Katha'' ||
|-
| rowspan=9|1975 || ''[[Yashoda Krishna]]'' || Krishna
|-
| ''Amma Naana'' ||
|-
| ''Bhagasthulu'' ||
|-
| ''Anna Thammulla Anubandam'' ||
|-
| ''Balipeetam'' ||
|-
| ''Raktha Sambandalu'' ||
|-
| ''Samsaram'' ||
|-
| ''Challani Thalli'' ||
|-
| ''Bharathi'' ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1976 || ''[[Bhakta Kannappa]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mayor Meenakshi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Secretary (1976 film)|Secretary]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Mahakavi Kshetrayya]]'' || Lord Krishna
|-
| ''Raja'' || Ramu
|-
| rowspan=8|1977 || ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' || Gowri
|-
| ''Moratodu'' ||
|-
| ''Khaidhi Kalidasu'' ||
|-
| ''Oke Raktham'' ||
|-
| ''Kalpana'' ||
|-
| ''Ee Tharam Manishi'' ||
|-
| ''Jeevana Theeralu'' ||
|-
| ''Chiranjeevi Rambabu'' || Rambabu
|-
| rowspan="3" |1978 || ''Nayudu Bava'' ||
|-
| ''Thalle Challani Dhaivam'' ||
|-
| ''Chilipi Krishnudu'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1979
| ''Cheyyethi Jai Kottu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheyyethi Jai Kottu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TRV |access-date=2023-04-12 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151822/https://indiancine.ma/TRV |url-status=live}}</ref> || Balayya
|-
| ''[[Maavari Manchitanam]]'' ||
|-
| ''Laxmi Pooja'' ||
|-
| ''Shri Vinayaka Vijayamu'' ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Talli Deevena'' || Raji || rowspan="5" | Telugu
|-
| rowspan=5|1981 || ''[[Nyayam Kavali]]'' || Saroja
|-
| ''Illalu'' || Singer in bus
|-
| ''[[Tyagayya (1981 film)|Tyagayya]]'' || Seethamma
|-
| ''Pedala Brathukulu'' || Kalyani
|-
| ''[[Sumai]]'' || Rohini || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan=11|1982 || ''[[Madhura Swapnam]]'' || Seethalu || rowspan="6" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Subbarao Ki Kopam Vachhindi'' || – ||
|-
| ''Bhakta Dhruva Markandeya '' || Turuchi ||
|-
| ''[[Naa Desam]]'' || Sudha ||
|-
| ''Illali Korikalu'' || Rajini ||
|-
| ''[[Nalugu Stambhalata (film)|Nalugu Stambalata]]'' || Gayatri ||
|-
| ''[[Kakka (film)|Kakka]]'' || Devi || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Dheera]]'' || Rani ||
|-
| ''[[Parvaiyin Marupakkam]]'' || Viswanathan's daughter || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kalavari Samsaram]]'' || Sudha || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Anantha Ragalu'' || Seetha ||
|-
| rowspan=9|1983 || ''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]'' || Meera || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thandikkappatta Nyayangal]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''Valartha Kada'' || Annam ||
|-
| ''[[Maga Maharaju]]'' || Raju's sister || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Nava Mohini'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Rugma]]'' || Prayaga || rowspan="13" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Yugam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kuyiline Thedi]]'' || Meenu ||
|-
| ''[[Aa Rathri]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| rowspan=16|1984 || ''[[Thirakil Alpa Samayam]]'' || Amina ||
|-
| ''[[Piriyilla Naam]]'' || Sridevi ||
|-
| ''[[Parannu Parannu Parannu]]'' || Mini / Jessy / Sreekutty ||
|-
| ''Radhayude Kamukan'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Shabadham]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Ivide Thudangunnu]]'' || Sheela ||
|-
| ''[[Sandarbham]]'' || Shari ||
|-
| ''[[Ariyatha Veethikal]]'' || Sheela ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Painkilikatha]]'' || Vilasini ||
|-
| ''[[Devanthakudu (1984 film)|Devanthakudu]]'' || Lalitha || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Thirittu Rajakkal'' || – || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Aduthaduthu]]'' || || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Theere Pratheekshikkathe'' || Indu ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kochu Swapnam]]'' || – ||
|-
| ''[[Arante Mulla Kochu Mulla]]'' || Rohini ||
|-
| ''Ponmaalai Pozhudhu'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan=20|1985 || ''[[Adhyayam Onnu Muthal]]'' || Rema || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Anni'' || Radha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kudakeezil]]'' || Sridevi || rowspan="27" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Akalathe Ambili]]'' || Ashwathy ||
|-
| ''[[Ozhivukaalam]]'' || Chinnu ||
|-
| ''[[Nerariyum Nerathu]]'' || Rathi ||
|-
| ''[[Gaayathridevi Ente Amma]]'' || Priya ||
|-
| ''[[Orikkal Oridathu]]'' || Soniya ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Thanalil Ithiri Neram]]'' || Leena ||
|-
| ''[[Ivide Ee Theerathu]]'' || Sreedevi ||
|-
| ''[[Aarodum Parayaruthu]]'' || Girija ||
|-
| ''[[Manakkale Thatha]]'' || Minikutty ||
|-
| ''[[Katha Ithuvare]]'' || Kala ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Sandesam Koodi]]'' || Rema ||
|-
| ''Mounanombaram'' || Lekha ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Lokam Ivide Kure Manushyar]]'' || Sheela ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Shabdam Innathe Shabdam]]'' || Pushpa ||
|-
| ''Onnaamprathi Olivil'' || ||
|-
| ''Ormikkan Omanikkan'' || ||
|-
| ''Jwalanam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1986 || ''[[Love Story (1986 film)|Love Story]]'' || Shobha ||
|-
| ''[[Koodanayum Kattu]]'' || Liza ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Kathorthirikkum]]'' || Aasi ||
|-
| ''[[Abhayam Thedi]]'' || Vasanthi ||
|-
| ''[[Rareeram]]'' || Chitra ||
|-
| ''[[Prathyekam Sradhikkukka]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adiverukal]]'' || Annakutty ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnum Kudathinum Pottu]]'' || Rani ||
|-
| ''Karyam Kananayoru Kallachiri'' || ||
|-
| ''Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu'' || Chellam || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="13" | 1987 || ''[[Vrutham]]'' || Thresia || rowspan="11" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Yaagagni'' || Latha ||
|-
| ''Onnaam Maanam Poomaanam'' || Rajasree ||
|-
| ''[[Theekkattu]]'' || Mercy ||
|-
| ''[[Vamban]]'' || Viji ||
|-
| ''[[P.C. 369]]'' || Sudha ||
|-
| ''[[Manja Manthrangal]]'' || Gladia ||
|-
| ''[[January Oru Orma]]'' || Maina ||
|-
| ''[[Achuvettante Veedu]]'' || Aswathy Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Itha Samayamayi]]'' || Alice ||
|-
| ''Kanan Kothichu'' || ||
|-
| ''Chamundeshwari Pooja Mahime'' || Kumari Malathi || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| ''Attagaru Zindabad'' || Meenakshi || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1988 || ''Raktha Samharam'' || ||
|-
| ''Maharajasri Mayagadu'' || Sudha ||
|-
| ''Jadi Ketha Moodi'' || Gayathri || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Dhwani]]'' || Sunitha || rowspan="11" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Anuragi]]'' || Julie ||
|-
| ''[[Onninu Purake Mattonnu]]'' || Sudha ||
|-
| ''Sankhanaadam'' || Thulasi ||
|-
| ''[[Dhinarathrangal]]'' || Ponni ||
|-
| ''[[Paadhamudra]]'' || Ashwathy ||
|-
| ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1989 || ''[[Kali Kaaryamayi]]-Crime Branch'' || Sunitha ||
|-
| ''[[Agnipravesham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Varnatheru'' || Urmila ||
|-
| ''Mizhiyorangalil'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhruva Nakshatram (1989 film)|Dhruva Nakshatram]]'' || Saroja || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''Bhale Dampathulu'' || Susheela ||
|-
| ''Naa Mogudu Naake Sontham'' || Swathi ||
|-
| ''[[Dharmam Vellum]]'' || Geetha || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1990 || ''[[Midhya]]'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Jawani Zindabad]]'' || Rama || [[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''[[Meri Lalkaar]]'' || ||[[Hindi]] ||
|-
| ''Silambu'' || Rasathi || rowspan="5" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''Pudhu Varisu'' || Nithya ||
|-
| ''Manasukketha Maapillai '' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1991 || ''[[Pavunnu Pavunuthan]]'' || Pavunnu ||
|-
| ''[[Thanthu Vitten Ennai]]'' || Surya ||
|-
| ''[[Jagadeka Veera]]'' || Padmini || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhunnallathu]]'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992 || ''[[Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran]]'' || Rukmini || rowspan="4" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Senbaga Thottam]]'' || Manga ||
|-
| ''[[Abhirami (1992 film)|Abhirami]]'' || Vasanthi ||
|-
| ''[[Natchathira Nayagan]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1993 || ''[[Samaagamam]]'' || Elsamma || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Marupadiyum]]'' || Kavitha || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''Pudhu Piravi'' || ||
|-
| ''Aparna'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Pettredutha Pillai]]'' || Vaidehi || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Nallathe Nadakkum]]'' || Jaya ||
|-
| ''[[Bandhukkal Sathrukkal]]'' || Sheela || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1994 || ''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]'' || Papamma || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thamarai (film)|Thamarai]]'' || Poogodai ||
|-
| ''Puthran'' || Lisa || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.]]'' || Arundathi Nair/ Revathy Nair ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1995 || ''Sundarimaare Sookshikkukka'' || Nimmi ||
|-
| ''[[Aasai]]'' || Ganga || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Stri]]'' || Rangi || Telugu || [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Mention]]
|-
| ''[[Thondan (1995 film)|Thondan]]'' || Subha || rowspan="13" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]'' || Amlu ||
|-
| ''Ilavarasi'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Veettukulle Thiruvizha]]'' || Gayathri ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004 || ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || Angela Kaathamuthu ||
|-
| ''Kadhale Engal Desiya Geetham'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'' || Maadasami's Wife ||
|-
| ''Vairavan'' || – ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Kaivantha Kalai]]'' || Stage host ||
|-
| ''[[Ilakkanam]]'' || Susi ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007 || ''[[Naalaiya Pozhuthum Unnodu]]'' || Nagai ||
|-
| ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' || Pechchikani ||
|-
| ''[[Onbadhu Roobai Nottu]]'' || Kameela ||
|-
| ''[[Rock n' Roll (2007 film)|Rock n' Roll]]'' || Nirmala || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Thalappavu]]'' || Karthyayani ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''[[Vaamanan]]'' || Rohini || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Yavarum Nalam]] 13B: Fear Has a New Address'' || TV Reporter || Tamil Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]'' || Sulochana || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[In Ghost House Inn]]'' || Sulochana ||
|-
| ''[[Pen Singam]]'' || Surya's mother || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Moscowin Kavery]]'' || Dance Teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Nandalala]]'' || Mentally ill woman ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011 || ''[[Ala Modalaindi]]'' || Revathi || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Payyans]]'' || Padma || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[City of God (2011 film)|City of God]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Sankarankovil (film)|Sankarankovil]]'' || Padma Muthuvelu || Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Innanu Aa Kalyanam]]'' || Lillykutty || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2012 || ''[[Second Show]]'' || Devaki ||
|-
| ''[[Shiva Manasulo Shruti]]'' || Shiva's mother || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]'' || Jaya ||
|-
| ''[[3 (2012 Indian film)|3]]'' || Janani's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]]'' || Dr. Savithri || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[18 Vayasu]]'' || Dr. Suchithra || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (2012 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'' || Valliammai ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2013 || ''[[Thirumathi Thamizh]]'' || Thamizhselvan's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]'' || Benny's mother || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Jagadguru Adi Shankara]]'' || Sankara's mother || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Anthaka Mundu Aa Tarvatha]]'' || Sujatha ||
|-
| ''[[Thanga Meenkal]]'' || Parvathi || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014 || ''[[Ninnindale]] '' || Pramila's Aunty || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Kotha Janta]]'' || Sirish's Mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Venmegam]]'' || Jyothi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Oka Laila Kosam]]'' || Nandana's mother || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Chinnadana Nee Kosam]]'' || Nandhini's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ormayundo Ee Mukham]]'' || Vasundhara Devi || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''[[Sir C. P.]]'' || Kochu Mary ||
|-
| ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' || Sanga || Telugu/Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sher (film)|Sher]]'' || Gautam's mother || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Columbus (2015 film)|Columbus]]'' || Ashwin's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2016 || ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'' || Sailaja's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Action Hero Biju]]'' || Bhavathi || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Uyire Uyire]]'' || Wedding aunty || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''Jeniffer Karuppaiya'' || Jennifer ||
|-
| ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]'' || Gautham's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Guppy (film)|Guppy]]'' || Guppy's mother || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[54321]]'' || Teacher || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Balle Vellaiyathevaa]]'' || Sakthi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Achamindri]]'' || Tamizh Selvi ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2017 || ''[[Sathya (2016 film)|Sathya]]'' || Doctor || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' || Shivudu's mother (Sanga) || Telugu || Partially reshot in Tamil
|-
| ''[[Role Models (2017 film)|Role Models]]'' || Shreya's mother || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]'' || Ponni || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Juliet Lover of Idiot]]'' || Vara's mother || rowspan="4" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Okka Kshanam]]'' || Jeeva's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2018 || ''[[Awe (film)|Awe!]]'' || Radha's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' || Chitti Babu's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Anuvum]]'' || Meena || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Goli Soda 2]]'' || Inbavalli's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Lover (2018 film)|Lover]]'' || Charita's mother || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Chi La Sow]]'' || Latha ||
|-
| ''[[Traffic Ramasamy (film)|Traffic Ramasamy]]'' || Rukku || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal Kuthiraigal]]'' || Refugee ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2019 || ''Ottam'' || Sara || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Neerthirai]]'' || Banu || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Jiivi]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Manmadhudu 2]]'' || Janani || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Magamuni]]'' || Deivanai || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' || Padmamma || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Bigil]]'' || Anitha's mother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thipparaa Meesam]]'' || Lalita || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Market Raja MBBS]]'' || Latha || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Iddari Lokam Okate]]'' || Varsha's mother || rowspan="7" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| ''[[Johaar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[V (2020 film)|V]]'' || Sreelata ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2021 || ''[[Rang De]]'' || Sailaja ||
|-
| ''[[Nootokka Jillala Andagaadu]]'' || GSN's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Tuck Jagadish]]'' || Kumari ||
|-
| ''[[Navarasa (TV series)|Navarasa]]'' || Vaalambal || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Yennanga Sir Unga Sattam]]'' || Badhrakali ||
|-
| ''[[Rocky (2021 film)|Rocky]]'' || Malli ||
|-
| ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]'' || Aakash's mother || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2022 || ''[[Freedom Fight (film)|Freedom Fight]]'' || Dhanalakshmi || rowspan="2" | Malayalam || Segment : "Old Age Home"
|-
| ''[[Mike (2022 film)|Mike]]'' || Antony's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]'' || Sundar's mother || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Atithi Devo Bhava (film)|Atithi Devo Bhava]]'' || Abhi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[10th Class Diaries]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jiivi 2]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' || Reporter Vijayalakshmi || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Meet Cute (TV series)|Meet Cute]]'' || Padma ||
|-
| ''[[Witness (2022 film)|Witness]]'' || Indrani || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2023 || ''[[Sridevi Shoban Babu]]'' || Kamala || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/sridevi-shoban-babu-ott-release-santosh-sobhan-and-gouri-kishans-telugu-family-drama-to-be-released-on-ott-on-this-date-heres-when-and-where-to-watch/articleshow/98934495.cms |title='Sridevi Shoban Babu' OTT Release: Santosh Sobhan and Gouri Kishan's Telugu family drama to be released on OTT on this date, here's when and where to watch |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=23 March 2023 |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323235302/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/sridevi-shoban-babu-ott-release-santosh-sobhan-and-gouri-kishans-telugu-family-drama-to-be-released-on-ott-on-this-date-heres-when-and-where-to-watch/articleshow/98934495.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Writer Padmabhushan]]'' || Saraswati ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Writer Padmabhushan Movie Review : A feel-good tale with its heart in the right place |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/writer-padmabhushan/movie-review/97560845.cms |first1=Neeshita |last1=Nyayapati |date=3 February 2023 |access-date=22 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205102416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/writer-padmabhushan/movie-review/97560845.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Das Ka Dhamki]]'' || Sanjay's mother ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/das-ka-dhamki/movie-review/98904824.cms |title=Das Ka Dhamki Movie Review : This dhamki isn't that potent |date=23 March 2023 |first1=Neeshita |last1=Nyayapati |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 March 2023 |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323235257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/das-ka-dhamki/movie-review/98904824.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Beginning (2023 film)|Beginning]]'' || Balu's mother || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/beginning/movie-review/97355466.cms |title=Beginning Movie Review: More than the content or its form, it's the lead actors who save the film |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 January 2023 |first1=Logesh |last1=Balachandran |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307012202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/beginning/movie-review/97355466.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kolaambi]]'' || Sundarambal || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nithya Menen-starrer Kolaambi's trailer is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/24/nithya-menen-starrer-kolaambis-trailer-is-here-41494.html |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=24 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330135546/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/24/nithya-menen-starrer-kolaambis-trailer-is-here-41494.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TOI.2023.04.07">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/kolaambi/movieshow/99058109.cms |title=Kolaambi Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |date=2023-04-07 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424040320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/kolaambi/movieshow/99058109.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thandatti]]'' || Thangaponnu || Tamil ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Thandatti gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/25/thandatti-gets-a-release-date-43867.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=25 May 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525151419/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/25/thandatti-gets-a-release-date-43867.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Valatty]]''||Sumathi||Malayalam||<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-06-15 |title=Trailer of Vijay Babu and Rohini Starrer Valatty Out|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/trailer-of-vijay-babu-and-rohini-starrer-valatty-out |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bro (2023 film)|Bro]]'' || Mark's mother || rowspan="2" | Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bro |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/bro/movieshow/100331838.cms |access-date=2023-05-28 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528150608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/bro/movieshow/100331838.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kushi (2023 film)|Kushi]]'' || Zoya ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-23 |title=Vijay Deverakonda, Samantha's 'Kushi' to hit screens on September 1 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-deverakonda-samanthas-kushi-to-hit-screens-on-september-1/article66652615.ece |access-date=2023-05-16 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516174842/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-deverakonda-samanthas-kushi-to-hit-screens-on-september-1/article66652615.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Otta (film)|Otta]]'' || Umabba|| rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otta trailer: Resul Pookutty's star-studded directorial debut promises some intense drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/20/otta-trailer-resul-pookuttys-star-studded-directorial-debut-promises-some-intense-drama-48804.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Thaal'' || Vishwa's mother||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-07 |title=Anson Paul's 'Thaal' trailer unveils gripping psychological thriller inspired by real events |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anson-pauls-thaal-trailer-unveils-gripping-psychological-thriller-inspired-by-real-events/articleshow/105777267.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]'' || Usha || rowspan="2" | Telugu || 
|-
| ''[[Jorugaa Husharugaa]]'' || Santhosh's mother ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-12-06 |title=Trailer of Jorugaa Husharugaa unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Dec/06/trailer-of-jorugaa-husharugaa-unveiled-50168.html |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2024 || ''[[Dear (2024 film)|Dear]]'' || Lakshmi || Tamil||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-28 |title=Maja Wedding song from DeAr is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/28/maja-wedding-song-from-dear-is-out |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ajayante Randam Moshanam]]'' || Sarojam || Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire breaks out on the sets of Tovino's Ajayante Randam Moshanam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/07/a-massive-fire-broke-out-at-ajayante-randam-moshanams-set-40753.html |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=7 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329105948/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/07/a-massive-fire-broke-out-at-ajayante-randam-moshanams-set-40753.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mathu Vadalara 2]]'' || Deepa || Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-09-19 |title=Reviving meta comedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2024/Sep/19/reviving-meta-comedy |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vettaiyan]]'' || DSP Nazeema || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-12 |title='Vettaiyan' is the title of Rajinikanth's 'Thalaivar 170' with TJ Gnanavel |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vettaiyan-is-the-title-of-rajinikanths-thalaivar-170-with-tj-gnanavel/article67630639.ece |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laggam]]'' || Suguna || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2025 || ''[[Kaadhal Enbadhu Podhu Udamai]]'' || Lakshmi || rowspan=2 | Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kadhal-enbadhu-podhu-udamai-movie-review-lijomol-jose-rohini-anchor-a-poignant-coming-out-tale-of-allies-9835960/|title = Kadhal Enbadhu Podhu Udamai Movie Review: Lijomol Jose, Rohini anchor a poignant coming-out tale of allies}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aghathiyaa]]'' || Anjalai||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Aghathiyaa On OTT Release: When And Where To Watch Jiiva's Horror Film |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/when-and-where-to-watch-aghathiyaa-on-ott-article-119454672 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Court (2025 film)|Court]]''|| Seetarathnam || rowspan=3 | Telugu ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Court – State vs A Nobody Review: A Decent Courtroom Drama |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/court-state-vs-a-nobody-review-a-decent-courtroom-drama-review-118973201/ |work=Times Now |date=13 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (2025 film)|Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' || Krishna’s mother ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-05 |title=Radhan brings a unique sound in 'Priyamara,' the new single from Akkada Ammayi Ikkda Abbayi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/05/radhan-brings-a-unique-sound-in-priyamara-the-new-single-from-akkada-ammayi-ikkda-abbayi |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]'' || Suri’s mother || <ref>{{cite news |title= Kingdom Movie Review: An intense action drama grounded in emotion and craft |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kingdom/amp_movie_review/123015600.cms |work=Times of India |date=31 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dude (2025 film)|Dude]]'' || Parvathy || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-09 |title=Dude trailer: Pradeep Ranganathan falls hard for Mamitha Baiju in tricky love story; internet likes the 'semma cut' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dude-trailer-pradeep-ranganathan-falls-hard-for-mamitha-baiju-in-tricky-love-story-internet-likes-the-semma-cut-101759992991498.html |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Telusu Kada]]'' || Raaga’s mother || Telugu || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-17 |title=Telusu Kada Review |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/review/telusu-kada-review/1883 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Cine Josh |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]'' || Vikram's mother || Telugu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-07 |title=Rashmika Mandanna pens a long note on love as The Girlfriend hits theatres |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Nov/07/rashmika-mandanna-pens-a-long-note-on-love-as-the-girlfriend-hits-theatres |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-




|}
{{pending films key}}

===As lyricist===
* 2007 – ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' (Unakkul Naane) (Song composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]])
* 2009 – ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' (Jalsa)
* 2010 – ''[[Mundhinam Paartheney]]'' (Maya, Kanavena)
* 2012 – ''[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey]]'' (All Songs)
* 2013 – ''[[11th Chennai International Film Festival]] Anthem'' (Song composed by [[Prakash Nikki]])
* 2020 – ''[[Atrangi Re|Galatta Kalyanam]]'' (Murali Mogha – Tamil Dubbed Version of "Tere Rang" from ''[[Atrangi Re]]'') (Song composed by [[A. R. Rahman]])
* 2023 – ''En Viruppam (Music Video)'' (Music by Sindhuri Vishal)

===As director===
* 1995 – ''Chinna Chinna Aasai – Ganga'' (Sun TV)<ref name=Ganga />
* 2008 – ''Silent Hues'' (documentary film)

===As dialogue writer===
* 2013 – ''[[Welcome Obama]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=1 September 2013 |title=Etcetera |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/etcetera/article5080239.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412014921/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/etcetera/article5080239.ece |archive-date=12 April 2023 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

===As dubbing artist===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Rohini film credits as dubbing artist
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Actress
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Other notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989|| ''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]''|| [[Girija Shettar]] ||Telugu || Also for the Tamil version ''Idhayathai Thirudathe''
|-
| ''[[Shiva (1989 Telugu film)|Shiva]]'' || [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] || Telugu || Also for the Tamil version ''Udhayam''
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1990 || ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || [[Revathi]] || Telugu || Dubbed version
|-
| ''[[Neti Siddhartha]]'' || [[Ayesha Jhulka]] || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Nari Nari Naduma Murari]]''|| [[Nirosha]] || Telugu||
|-
| ''[[Prema Yuddham]]'' || [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Aggiramudu]]'' || [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1991 || ''[[Chembaruthi]]'' || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Shanti Kranti]]'' || [[Juhi Chawla]] || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Rowdy Alludu]]'' || [[Shobana]] || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1992 || ''[[April 1 Vidudala]]'' || [[Shobana]] || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Sikharam]]'' || [[Mamta Kulkarni]] || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Unnai Vaazhthi Paadugiren]]'' || [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' || [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Yoddha (1992 film)|Ashokan]]'' (Tamil Dubbed version) || [[Madhoo]] ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Antham]]'' || [[Urmila Matondkar]] || Telugu ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' || [[Madhoo]] || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1994 || ''[[Aavesham (1979 film)|Aavesham]]'' || [[Madhoo]] || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Vietnam Colony (1994 film)|Vietnam Colony]]'' || [[Vineetha]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[May Madham]]'' || [[Sonali Kulkarni]] || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1995 || ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' || [[Manisha Koirala]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Asuran (1995 film)|Asuran]]'' || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Villadhi Villain]]'' || [[Nagma]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Veluchami]]'' || Shruti || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Lingababu Love Story]]'' || [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]'' || [[Ranjitha]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Madras]]'' || [[Vineetha]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kuruthipunal (film)|Kuruthipunal]]''|| [[Gowthami]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sogasu Chuda Taramaa?]]'' || [[Indraja]] || Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="8" | 1996 || ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]'' || [[Pooja Bhatt]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sengottai (film)|Sengottai]]'' || [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' || [[Heera Rajagopal]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna (1996 Tamil film)|Krishna]]'' || [[Heera Rajagopal]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Romeo]]'' || [[Shilpa Shetty]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kaalapani]]'' || [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] || Tamil Telugu || Dubbed versions
|-
| ''[[Tamizh Selvan]]'' || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' || [[Manisha Koirala]] || Tamil Telugu || Dubbed Telugu version
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997 || ''[[Devathai]]'' || [[Keerthi Reddy]] || Tamil ||
|-
| [[Iruvar]] || ''[[Aishwarya Rai]]'' || Tamil Telugu || Dubbed Telugu version
|-
| ''[[Vaazhga Jananayagam]]'' || [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] || Tamil ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Ooty (film)|Ooty]]'' || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' || [[Meera Jasmine]] || Telugu || Dubbed Telugu version
|-
| ''[[Arjun (2004 film)|Arjun]]'' || [[Keerthi Reddy]] || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Perazhagan]]'' || [[Jyothika]] (for the character of Shenbagam) || Tamil Telugu || Dubbed Telugu version
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' || [[Jyothika]] || Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Pachaikili Muthucharam]]'' || [[Andrea Jeremiah]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' || [[Aishwarya Rai]] || Tamil || Dubbed Tamil version
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Sandai]]'' || [[Nadhiya Moidu|Nadhiya]] || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' || [[Shriya Reddy]] || Tamil ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Pattalam (2009 film)|Pattalam]]'' || [[Nadhiya Moidu|Nadhiya]] || Tamil ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Raavanan (2010 film)|Raavanan]]'' || [[Aishwarya Rai]] || Tamil ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]'' || [[Manisha Koirala]] || Tamil ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[The Lion King (2019 film)|The Lion King]]'' || Alfre Woodard || Tamil || For the character [[List of The Lion King characters#Sarabi|Sarabi]]
|-
| 2021 || ''[[99 Songs]]'' || Manisha Koirala ||Tamil Telugu || Dubbed versions
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Virata Parvam]]'' || Nandita Das || Telugu Tamil || Dubbed Tamil version
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Sweet Kaaram Coffee]]'' || [[Padmavati Rao]] || Tamil || [[Amazon Prime Video]] Web Series
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Heeramandi]]'' || [[Manisha Koirala]] || Tamil Telugu|| Netflix TV series; dubbed versions
|-
|}

===As playback singer===
* 1995 – ''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]'' – Kanmaniye Kanmaniye (along with [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]])

===Television===
; Tamil
* ''Chinna Chinna Aasai – Ganga'' ([[Sun TV (India)]] ) acted and directed<ref name=Ganga>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mccMObLAGQ |title=Chinna Chinna Aasai – Ganga |work=Pyramid Plus |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706123059/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mccMObLAGQ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Kelvigal Aayiram'' ([[Vijay TV]]) as Host
* ''Azhagiya Tamizh Magal'' (Kalaignar TV) as Moderator
* ''Rohini's Box Office'' (Raj TV) as Host
* ''Kelvigal Neram'' (Vendhar TV) as Host
* ''Geethanjali'' – Telefilm ([[Doordarshan]]) as Writer
* '' Engae Aval''- Actress
; Malayalam
* ''Nerukku Neer'' – Telefilm ([[Doordarshan]]) Screenplay and lyrics<ref name="mangalam.2014.10.27">{{Cite interview |author=Rohini |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/243988?page=0,0 |script-title=ml:ഈ ജീവിതം മകനുവേണ്ടി |language=ml |trans-title=This life is for my son |website=Mangalam.com |date=27 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150827103810/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/243988?page=0,0 |archive-date=27 August 2015}}</ref>
* ''Kadha Ithu Vare'' ([[Mazhavil Manorama]]) as Host
* ''Ugram Ujjwalam Season 2 Grand Finale'' ([[Mazhavil Manorama]]) as Judge
* ''Comedy Stars season 2'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]) as Judge
* ''Red Carpet'' ([[Amrita TV]]) as Mentor
* ''Oru Chiri Iruchiri Bumper Chiri'' ([[Mazhavil Manorama]]) as Mentor/Judge
* ''Sudhamani Superaa'' ([[Zee Keralam]]) as Mahima
;Telugu
* ''[[Addham]]'' ([[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]])

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Series
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Language
!Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2023||''[[Dhootha (TV series)|Dhootha]]''||Madhavi||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-04-29 |title=Parvathy and Naga Chaitanya in Vikram Kumar's web series Dhootha |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/parvathy-and-naga-chaitanya-vikram-kumars-web-series-dhootha-163391 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Rohini&limit=64 Rohini] at MSI
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|rohini}}

{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Child actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil television directors]]
[[Category:Tamil television writers]]

Mata Mansa Devi Mandir

2026-03-20T11:09:26Z

Krishna57edits: updated page

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Haryana, India}}
{{About|Mansa Devi Temple in Panchkula||Mansa Devi Temple (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2008}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Mandir
| image = Mansa Devi temple main shrine.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Main shrine of the temple
| map_type = India Haryana#India
| map_caption = Location in Haryana
| coordinates = {{coord|30|45|55|N|76|49|37|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Panchkula district|Panchkula]]
| location = Mansa Devi Complex, MDC Sector 4, Panchkula, Haryana 134114
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Manasa]] Devi
| festivals= [[Navratri]]
| architecture = [[Hindu temple architecture]]
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1811–1815 A.D.
| creator = [[Maharaja]] Gopal Singh of [[Mani Majra]]
| temple_board = Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board
| website = [http://mansadevi.org.in/mansadevi.org.in]
}}

'''Mata Mansa Devi''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to goddess [[Manasa|Mansa Devi]], a form of [[Shakti]], in the [[Panchkula district]] of the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Haryana]]. The temple complex is spread of {{convert|100|acre|km2}} of the [[Siwalik Hills|Shivalik]] foothills in the village of Bilaspur, near [[Mani Majra]] of [[Chandigarh]], and [[Panchkula]], 10 km from [[Chandi Mandir]], another noted Devi shrine in the region, both just outside [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mansadevi.nic.in/hist.htm |title=History |access-date=1 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609021927/http://mansadevi.nic.in/hist.htm |archive-date=9 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&dq=Mansa+Devi&pg=PA83 Mansa Devi] ''Contemporary Hinduism: ritual, culture, and practice'', by Robin Rinehart. Publisher ABC-CLIO, 2004. {{ISBN|1-57607-905-8}}. ''Page 83''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024043939/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-18/chandigarh/28172498_1_mansa-devi-temple-dp-dattana-boundary-wall Mansa Devi temple to get wall cover] [[The Times of India]], 18 June 2009.</ref>

== History ==

=== Construction of temples ===

There are 3 temples in the complex and the main temple is the oldest. [[Maharaja]] Gopal Das Singh of Mani Majra, who was enthroned in 1783, constructed the present main temple of Shri Mansa Devi, which is situated on the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik foothills]] in the village [[Bilaspur, Haryana|Bilaspur]], [[Tehsil]] and District Panchkula, during the period 1811–1815. At a distance of 200 meters from the main temple is the ''[[Patiala]] Shivalaya temple'' which was constructed by Karam Singh, a [[Jat people|Jat]] [[Sikh]], the then [[Maharaja of Patiala]] in the year 1840. This temple had the patronage of Manimajra [[Princely State]].<ref name=harsamvad1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225259/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf |date=29 November 2018 }}, Oct 2018, p39.</ref>

=== Neglect after independence of India ===

After the merger of [[Princely states]] into [[PEPSU]] the Patronage of State Govt. ended and the temples remained neglected. The Raja of Manimajra then appointed [[pujari]] as ‘khidmatuzar’ to serve this temple whose duty was to worship the deity of the temple.

After the merger of princely State into [[PEPSU]] these [[pujari]]s became independent in the matter of controlling and managing the affairs of the temple and the land attached to the temple. They could neither maintain this temple nor provide necessary facilities to the visiting devotees and thus the condition of the temple deteriorated day by day.

=== Formation of Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board (SMMDSB) ===
{{anchor | SMMDSB | Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board }}

As a result of the neglect, the [[Government of Haryana]] took over the temple and set up the '''''"Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board (SMMDSB) Panchkula"''''' [[trust (law)|trust]] to manage the temple. The [[Government of Haryana]] by an enactment (Haryana Act No. 14 of 1991) christened as '''''"Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Act (1991)"''''' took over the control of this temple to provide for better infrastructure development, management, administration and governance of ''Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine'' and its endowments including lands and buildings attached to the Shrine. A Shrine Board with [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] as chairman was constituted for running of the Temple and preserving the heritage of the region.

SMMDSB also manages the [[Chandi Mandir]] after which both the [[Chandigarh]] city and [[Chandimandir Cantonment]] are named.

===Conservation and enhancements ===

It was reported in 2021 that the [[Government of India]] has allocated INR 25cr (US3.3 million), under the [[Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana|PRASAD]] scheme, to Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board for the upgrade of facilities in and around Mata Mansa Devi temple.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/after-speakers-request-cm-sets-ball-rolling-to-make-pkl-a-pharma-hub/articleshow/85668608.cms|title=After Speaker's request, CM sets ball rolling to make Pkl a pharma hub|work=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=27 August 2021|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827015440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/after-speakers-request-cm-sets-ball-rolling-to-make-pkl-a-pharma-hub/articleshow/85668608.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> New temple corridor was complete in 2021 and old stones were replaced by granite. And the main entrance gate will be renovated too. In 2021, temple receives between 2000 and 3000 devotees every day and there is fixed price list for the religious services.<ref name=maa1/>

== Temple complex ==
[[File: A temple in Mansa Devi temple complex, Panchkula near Chandigarh.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The Patiala temple, within the Mansa Devi temple complex, Panchkula, built-in 1840 AD.]]
[[File:Yagya Shala, within the Mansa Devi temple complex, Panchkula near Chandigarh.jpg|200px|right|thumb|''[[Yajna|Yagya]] Shala'', within the Mansa Devi temple complex.]]
[[File: Peepal Tree at Mansa Devi Temple, Chandigarh, India.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|A ''[[Ficus religiosa|peepal]]'' tree, the [[sacred tree]] in Hinduism, at the temple.]]

=== Three temples and architecture===

There are 3 temples in the complex, main temple of Shri Mansa Devi built during 1811–1815 by [[Maharaja]] Gopal Das Singh of Mani Majra is oldest, ''Patiala [[Shiva]]laya temple'' constructed in 1840 by Patiala's Maharaja Karam Singh is at a distance of 200 m from the main temple of Shri Mansa Devi.<ref name=harsamvad1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129225259/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/Haryana%20Samvad%20October%202018.pdf |date=29 November 2018 }}, Oct 2018, p39.</ref> In the Shiva temple, there are 38 panels of wall paintings as well as floral designs painted on the ceiling and arches leading to the temple, which according to an inscription were painted by Aged in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1870 (813 CE).<ref name=hargazc1>[http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/hr-gaz-ch-5.pdf Haryana Gazateer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108145555/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/hr-gaz-ch-5.pdf |date=8 January 2019 }}, Revenue Dept of Haryana, Capter-V.</ref>

=== Festivals: Navratra mela ===

[[Navratra]] festival is celebrated in the [[mandir]] for nine days. Twice a year millions of devotees visit the temple. Shardiya Navratra Mela is organized at the shrine complex during [[Chaitra]] and [[Ashvin]] months. Every year two Navratra melas are organized in the month of Ashvin (Shardiya, [[Sharad (Indian season)|Sharad]] or Winter [[Navratra]]) and others in the month of Chaitra, Spring [[Navratra]] by the Shrine Board.

[[Lakhs]] of devotees pay obeisance during the Navratra Mela held in Ashvin and Chaitra and temples remain open throughout the day. This melas are of nine days duration each time and concludes on the ninth day. The shrine Board makes elaborate arrangements for the comfortable stay and [[Darśana|darshan]] of the devotees. The board makes arrangements for the provision of ''Chhowldari'', tented accommodation, [[Dhurrie|durries]], blankets, temporary toilets, temporary dispensaries, mela police posts, and lines.

During the mela, Duty Magistrates and Nodal Officers are appointed to look after the devotees and smooth conduct of the mela. On the seventh and eighth day of Navratras, the temples of the Shrine Complex are closed only for two hours during the night for cleaning maintenance of the temples. For the rest of Navratras, the temples remain open for [[Darśana|darshan]] from 5 a.m. to 10 p.m.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/thousands-throng-mansa-devi-shrine/440084/ Thousands throng Mansa Devi shrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012115535/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/thousands-throng-mansa-devi-shrine/440084/ |date=12 October 2009 }} [[Indian Express]], 28 March 2009.</ref><ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=227538 Thousands of devotees thronged the Mansa Devi shrine on the first day of the nine-day ‘Chaitra Navratra Mela’...]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [[Indian Express]], 20 March 2007.</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990320/ige20104.html Lakhs attend Navratra fair] [[Indian Express]], 20 March 1999.</ref>

===Transport===

Located at a distance of about 10  km from the [[Chandigarh]] bus terminus and 4  km from the Panchkula bus terminus, the Mansa Devi temple can be reached by local buses. If traveling by train, Chandigarh is the nearest railhead for those heading to Mata Mansa Devi. It is situated on the Chandigarh–Kalka rail line.
* Nearest railhead: Chandigarh
* Nearest airport: Chandigarh

=== Institutes within temple complex ===

The temple management, in conjunction with various govt entities, is undertaking construction of the following at the land belonging to the temple on this site:<ref name=maa1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/charges-fixed-for-religious-ceremonies-at-mansa-devi-shrine/articleshow/84657289.cms Charges fixed for religious ceremonies at mansa devi shrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723170108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/charges-fixed-for-religious-ceremonies-at-mansa-devi-shrine/articleshow/84657289.cms |date=23 July 2021 }}, ''Times of India'', 23 July 2021.</ref>

* '''Mata Mansa Devi Sanskrit College, Panchkula''': Its construction will commence soon on 2.10 acre land.<ref name=maa1/>
* '''Mata Mansa Old Age Home, Panchkula''': Five story building is under construction in 2021 July at a cost of INR 10.48 crore will be completed by 15 January 2022.<ref name=maa1/>
* '''National Institute of Ayurveda, Panchkula''': Is being constructed by the Union [[Ministry of AYUSH]] at 19.87 acre land, and there will be a INR 2.2 crore disgnostic centre as well.<ref name=maa1/> It will have 59766.79 sqm constructed area 59766.79 entailing hospital building, college and administration building, student hostels, international students hostel, academic block, guest house, residential houses for the staff, director's bungalow, boundary wall & entry gates with security guard's cabins, auditorium, utilities such as electric sub station, water tanks with pump room, 325 KLD STP/ETP, etc. Site is in Seismic Zone IV. Sukhna Wild Life Sanctuary is 6.2 km and Sukhna Lake is 3.5 km northwest, Chandi Mandir Cantonment is 0.65 km.<ref name=maa2>[http://environmentclearance.nic.in/state/Form_8A_PDF.aspx?pid=164586&prono=SIA/HR/MIS/199240/2021 National Institute of Ayurveda (NIA), Panchkula EC report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723170110/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/state/Form_8A_PDF.aspx?pid=164586&prono=SIA/HR/MIS/199240/2021 |date=23 July 2021 }}, environmentclearance.nic.in, accessed 23 July 2021.</ref>

==Other Mansa Devi temples==
{{anchor| Mands }}
{{Saktism}}

* [[Mansa Devi Temple, Haridwar]]
* [[Shri Mansa Mata Mandir Hasampur]]

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Hindu pilgrimage]]
* [[List of Hindu temples]]
* [[Haryana Tourism]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140527093129/http://www.mansadevi.nic.in/ Mata Mansa Devi Mandir, Official website]

{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}
{{Shaktism}}
{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Shakti temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panchkula district]]
[[Category:Devi temples in India]]

Sakthi Chidambaram

2026-03-18T16:42:56Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Short description|Indian film director, screenwriter and actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{infobox person
|birth_name =C. Divaakaran
|spouse =Radha
|occupation =Screenwriter, Film director, Actor
|years_active =1992–present
}}
'''Sakthi N Chidambaram''' (born Dinakar),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koodal.com/tamil/movies/directors/sakthichidambaram |title=Sakthi Chidambaram Tamil Director | Movie Director Sakthi Chidambaram Story | News, Gossips, Specials, Rumers, Shooting spot, Sneak Previews, New Releases |accessdate=2011-06-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724173417/http://www.koodal.com/tamil/movies/directors/sakthichidambaram |archivedate=24 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> is an Indian film director and screenwriter, who directs [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]].

==Career==

His real name is C. Dhinakaran. He first wrote the dialogues for the films ''[[Kottai Vaasal]]'' (1992), ''[[Veettai Paaru Naattai Paaru]]'' (1994), ''[[Uzhiyan]]'' (1994) and ''[[Pathavi Pramanam]]'' (1994). Chidambaram made his directorial debut in 1997 with ''[[Samrat (1997 film)|Samrat]]'', starring [[Ramki]], a remake of Hindi film ''[[Baazigar]]''. In 1998, he directed the film ''[[Vettu Onnu Thundu Rendu]]'', starring [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] in the lead role. Both films were failures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Hot%20News1%20.htm |title=Hot New |publisher=Cinematoday2.itgo.com |date= |accessdate=2018-11-14}}</ref>

After a gap, he changed his name and directed ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'' (2000) with [[Sathyaraj]]. The film received mixed reviews and did well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=5&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english|title=Ennamma Kannu - Tamil Movie Review|website=www.thiraipadam.com|access-date=8 April 2014|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403022911/http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=5&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english|url-status=dead}}</ref> The success of the film prompted director and actor to reunite to make ''Mr. Narathar'' with [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Mumtaj]] and [[Divyaa Unni]] also joining the cast. Despite nearly completing shoot, the project was shelved and remains unreleased.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minnamutam.com/cinema/previews/mrnarathar.asp |title=Archived copy |website=www.minnamutam.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010417055923/http://www.minnamutam.com/cinema/previews/mrnarathar.asp |archive-date=17 April 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/narathar.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010207000727/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/narathar.asp|archivedate=2001-02-07|title=Mr. Narathar|date=7 February 2001|publisher=}}</ref> His next directorial project, ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' (2002), was a hit, and its success led to various remakes in other languages. He created a record in Tamil cinema as it became the first to be remade in six Indian languages, including in Bollywood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/220119/more-charlie-chaplin-sequels-in-store-sakthi-chidambaram.html|title = More Charlie Chaplin sequels in store: Sakthi Chidambaram|date = 22 January 2019}}</ref> His other projects, ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]'' (2003) and ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' (2003), became box office disasters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/inidhu-inidhu-movie-review.html|title = Inidhu Inidhu Review - Tamil Movie Inidhu Inidhu Review}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0402305/|title = Kadhal Kirukkan|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref>

In 2004, he again collaborated with Sathyaraj with ''[[Maha Nadigan]]'', a satire on cinema and politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maha-nadigan-review-tamil-13624027.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424121000/http://www.sify.com/movies/maha-nadigan-review-tamil-13624027.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-04-24|title=Sify Movies - Review listing (1970)|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film faced controversy prior to its release for its mockery of Tamil actors and politicians. In late 2004, he agreed to collaborate with Sathyaraj again in a project titled ''Saddam Hussein'', but the project did not continue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/saddam-hussain-in-kodambakkam-tamil-news-11970|title=Saddam Hussain in Kodambakkam - Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com|date=16 December 2004|publisher=}}</ref> In 2005, he briefly worked on the production of a film titled ''Pattasu'' with [[Sibiraj]], [[Vikranth]] and [[Chaya Singh]], but the film did not complete production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News35/28-10-05/tamil-movies-news-pattasu.html|title=Tamil movies : Pattasu – Sibiraj & Vikrant shooting started|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

Sakthi again directed Sathyaraj in ''[[Englishkaran]]'' (2005) and ''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' (2006), both successful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=478&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english|title=Englishkaran - Tamil Movie Review|website=www.thiraipadam.com|access-date=10 April 2014|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402222738/http://www.thiraipadam.com/cgi-bin/movie_review.pl?id=478&user_name=bbalaji&review_lang=english&lang=english|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kovai-brothers-review-tamil-14149729.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125120547/http://www.sify.com/movies/kovai-brothers-review-tamil-14149729.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-01-25|title=Review : (2006)|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Sakthi has produced five screenplays which are ''Kovai Brothers'' (2006), ''[[Viyabari]]'' (2007), ''[[Sandai]]'' (2008), ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' (2009) and ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (2010). For the movie ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011), Sakthi bought Tamil Nadu rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/sakthi-chidambaram|title=Kollywood Director Sakthi Chidambaram Biography, News, Photos, Videos}}</ref>

In 2012, Sakthi Chidambaram began work on a film titled ''Machan'' and immediately speculation arose that [[Namitha]], who has appeared in several of the director's previous films as well as being closely associated with the title, would play a pivotal part in the film.<ref>{{cite web|author=Oor Kaalan |url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/02/shakti-chidambaram-to-cast-namitha-in.html |title=Shakti Chidambaram to cast Namitha in Machan? | Tamil Cinema News " KollyInsider |publisher=Kollyinsider.com |date=7 February 2012 }}</ref> It was later announced that [[Siva Karthikeyan]] would play the lead role in the film alongside [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]], though the pair were later replaced by a new cast including [[Ramesh Aravind]] and comedians [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[Karunas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-02/siva-karthikeyan-machan-08-02-12.html |title=Marina Hero In Machan – Siva Karthikeyan – Machan – Tamil Movie News |publisher=Behindwoods.com |date=8 February 2012 }}</ref> Despite the release of a trailer and soundtrack, the film did not have a theatrical release.<ref>{{cite news|author=K. R. Manigandan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3332412.ece |title=Life & Style / Metroplus : Shot Cuts |work=The Hindu |date=19 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/18-stars-converge-for-machan-machan-sakthi-chidambaram-08-05-13.html|title=18 stars converge for Machan, machan, Sakthi Chidambaram|website=behindwoods.com|accessdate=29 November 2018}}</ref>

His next ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]'' (2019), a comedy entertainer and a sequel to his 2002 blockbuster with the same name. But this sequel has no connection to the original except [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/charlie-chaplin-2-movie-review-prabhudeva-rating-5556197/|title = Charlie Chaplin 2 movie review: A sequel that should never have been made|date = 26 January 2019}}</ref> The horror comedy ''[[Pei Mama]]'' with [[Yogi Babu]] was released in 2021. Then, the black comedy ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' (2024) with [[Prabhu Deva]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2024 |title=Prabhudeva's 'Jolly O Gymkhana' to release on November 22 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prabhudevas-jolly-o-gymkhana-to-release-on-november-22/articleshow/115085590.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109012223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prabhudevas-jolly-o-gymkhana-to-release-on-november-22/articleshow/115085590.cms |archive-date=9 November 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Filmmaker===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Writer
! Producer
! Director
! Notes
! Refs
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Kottai Vaasal]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Veettai Paar Naattai Paar]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Uzhiyan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Pathavi Pramanam]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Samrat (1997 film)|Samrat]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Vettu Onnu Thundu Rendu]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Maha Nadigan]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Englishkaran]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Viyabari]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008 || ''[[Pazhani (film)|Pazhani]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Sandai]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Pei Mama]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || ||
|}

===Actor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
! Refs
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Kottai Vaasal]]'' || Periyavar's assistant || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Uzhiyan]]'' || Govindaraj's assistant || ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' || Prashanth's friend || Credited as Dinakar ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Vyabari]]'' || || Cameo appearance in song "Vyabari" ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'' || Film director || Cameo appearance ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' || Kesavan Kutty || Cameo appearance ||
|}

===Lyricist===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Notes
! Refs
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || "Shansha Shalpasha" || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' || "Hey Penne" || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sandai]]'' || "Maduraikara Ponnu" || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Machan]]'' || "Nanba Enna Marandhuttiya" || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]'' || "Kadhal Oru Kannadi" || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Pei Mama]]'' || "Hey Enna Vechu", "Maattikitanda", "Pei Ottum" || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Jolly O Gymkhana (film)|Jolly O Gymkhana]]'' || All songs || Co-written with M Jegan Kaviraj ||
|}

===Distributor===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
! Refs
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Kaavalan]]'' || [[Tamil Nadu]] distribution rights || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollyinsider.com/2010/09/sakthi-chidambaram-takes-vijays.html|title=Sakthi Chidambaram takes Vijay's 'Kaavalan' distribution rights|website=www.kollyinsider.com}}</ref>
|}

==Controversy==
Shakthi N Chidambaram lashed out at actress [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] for giving bad reviews of his film ''[[Rajadhi Raja (2009 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/director-to-file-legal-suit-against-suhasini-news-tamil-kkfrSuhicif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727025443/http://www.sify.com/movies/director-to-file-legal-suit-against-suhasini-news-tamil-kkfrSuhicif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-07-27|title=Director to file legal suit against Suhasini!|website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/shakthi-chidambaram-lashes-out-mani-rathnams-spouse/|title=Shakthi Chidambaram lashes out Mani Rathnam's spouse|date=3 June 2009|publisher=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm4307034}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chidambaram, Sakthi}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jatadhara

2026-03-11T14:44:00Z

Krishna57edits: added data

{{Short description|2025 Indian supernatural thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jatadhara
| image = Jatadhara.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = {{ubl|Venkat Kalyan|Abhishek Jaiswal}}
| writer = Venkat Kalyan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl|Venkat Kalyan|Abhishek Jaiswal}}
}}
| producer = {{ubl|Umesh KR Bansal|Rajiv Agarwal|Shivin Narang|Nikhil Nanda|Zee Studios|Sudheer Babu Productions|Ess Kay Gee Entertainment}}
| starring = [[Sudheer Babu]] [[Sonakshi Sinha]] [[Divya Khosla Kumar]]
| music = [[Samira Koppikar]]
| cinematography = Sameer Kalyani
| editing = Venkat Kalyan
| studio = {{ubl|[[Zee Studios]]|Ess Kay Gee Entertainment|Sudheer Babu Productions}}
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11|07}}
| runtime = 
| country = India
| language = Telugu Hindi
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Jatadhara''''' ({{literal translation|[[Lord Shiva]]}}) is a 2025 Indian [[horror film|horror]] [[action comedy]] film written and directed by Venkat Kalyan and Abhishek Jaiswal. Produced by [[Zee Studios]] in association with Umesh KR Bansal, Rajiv Agarwal, [[Shivin Narang]], and Nikhil Nanda, the film was shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. It stars [[Sudheer Babu]] as Shiva, alongside [[Sonakshi Sinha]] in her Telugu debut as the antagonist Dhanapisachini, and [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] as Sitara.

The film draws inspiration from myths and conspiracy theories surrounding the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in [[Kerala]], particularly the mystery of its sealed vaults. It explores themes of greed, sacrifice, and spiritual awakening through a fictional narrative set against the backdrop of ancient rituals and divine forces.

''Jatadhara'' was released theatrically on 7 November 2025.

==Plot==
Set against the backdrop of the sacred [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in Kerala, ''Jatadhara'' follows Shiva, a man born from sacrifice, who becomes entangled in a web of ancient secrets and supernatural forces. When he uncovers forbidden truths hidden beneath the temple’s sealed vaults, he is drawn into a cosmic battle between divinity and greed.

The antagonist, Dhanapisachini—Demon of Greed—emerges to challenge the balance of spiritual power, forcing Shiva to confront his destiny. As myth and mystery collide, the film explores themes of selflessness, devotion, and the eternal struggle between light and darkness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jatadhara story based on Padmanabhaswamy Temple history? |url=https://english.tupaki.com/entertainment/padmanabhaswamy-inspired-film-jatadhara-1450312 |website=Tupaki |date=27 September 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jatadhara (2025) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt32813410/ |website=IMDb |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sudheer Babu]] as Shiva
* [[Sonakshi Sinha]] as Dhanapisachini (Demon of Greed)
* [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] as Sitara
* [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] as Shobha, Balraj's wife
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Devi, Shiva's mother
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Vasu, Shiva's father
* [[Jhansi (actress)|Jhansi]] as Shiva's aunt
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Shiva's paternal uncle
* [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as Manish Sharma
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]]
* [[Chakrapani Ananda]]
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Neelakanta Sastri
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]]
* Rohit Pathak as Balraj, Shiva's maternal uncle
* Naveen Neni
* Alekhya
* Sreedhar Reddy
* Kumanan SK
* Shankar Mahasta
* Master Naga Chaitanya
}}

==Production==
===Development===
''Jatadhara'' was officially announced in August 2023 by [[Zee Studios]]. The film was conceptualized as a bilingual supernatural thriller rooted in Indian mythology, with the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] serving as its thematic core.

[[Sudheer Babu]] was revealed as the lead actor in September 2023, with his role described as “born from sacrifice.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudheer Babu to headline mythological thriller 'Jatadhara' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/sep/05/sudheer-babu-to-headline-mythological-thriller-jatadhara-47256.html |website=Cinema Express |date=5 September 2023 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> On International Women’s Day 2024, [[Sonakshi Sinha]] was announced as the female lead, playing the antagonist Dhanapisachini, marking her debut in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sonakshi Sinha joins 'Jatadhara' as the Goddess of Greed |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sonakshi-sinha-joins-jatadhara-as-the-goddess-of-greed-2498732-2024-03-08 |website=India Today |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] was later cast as Sitara, a pivotal character in the spiritual arc of the story.<ref>{{cite web |title=Divya Khossla transforms into Sitara in Jatadhara, first look out |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/divya-khossla-transforms-sitara-jatadhara-first-look/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=23 August 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] joined the ensemble as Shobha, a character described as a symbol of greed and mysticism.<ref>{{cite web |title='Jatadhara': Shilpa Shirodkar's first look as Shobha is out; "She isn't just driven by greed, she defines it" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jatadhara-shilpa-shirodkars-first-look-as-shobha-is-out-she-isnt-just-driven-by-greed-she-defines-it/articleshow/123562152.cms |website=The Times of India |date=28 August 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography began in early March 2024 and wrapped in late May 2025 after a 50-day shoot across multiple schedules.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Studios and Prerna Arora's Jatadhara Wraps Shoot |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/zee-studios-and-prerna-aroras-jatadhara-wraps-shoot-a-new-era-of-supernatural-cinema-begins/2640870/ |website=ThePrint |date=29 May 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> The film was shot simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]] to cater to a pan-Indian audience. Key sequences were filmed on elaborate sets designed to replicate the interiors of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], with high-end visual effects integrated to enhance the mythological elements.

The cinematography was handled by Sameer Kalyani, while editing was led by Venkat Kalyan. The production involved a large ensemble cast including [[Shilpa Shirodkar]], [[Divya Khosla Kumar]] , [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]], [[Ravi Prakash]], [[Indira Krishnan]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]], and [[Jhansi]], among others. The film’s creative team included Divya Vijay as Creative Producer and Bhavini Goswami as Supervising Producer.

==Music==
The soundtrack of ''Jatadhara'' features a blend of spiritual, folk, and contemporary elements, reflecting the film’s mythological and supernatural tone. Composed by a team including [[Samira Koppikar]] and Raees & Zain-Sam, the music is designed to evoke divine energy, emotional intensity, and cultural resonance.

The first single, titled "Soul of Jatadhara", was released on 25 September 2025. Sung and composed by Rajeev Raj, the track opens with the chant "Om Namah Shivaya" and sets a meditative tone for the film’s spiritual journey.

The second single, "Dhana Pisaachi", was released on 30 September 2025 during the Durga Puja festivities. Sung in Hindi by Madhubanti Bagchi and in Telugu by Sahithi Chaganti, the track features [[Sonakshi Sinha]] in a fierce avatar as the Goddess of Greed. Composed by Samira Koppikar, the song blends Tandav-inspired rhythms with intense choreography, symbolizing divine wrath and feminine power.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhana Pisaachi - Lyrical |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRAWBGRwoE8 |website=YouTube |publisher=Zee Music South |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Dhana Pisaachi' Out: First Song From Jatadhara Unveiled On Durga Puja |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/dhana-pisaachi-out-first-song-from-jatadhara-unveiled-on-durga-puja-featuring-sonakshi-sinha-2966603.html |website=Zee News |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>

The third single, "Pallo Latke Again", was released on 10 October 2025. A modern reinterpretation of the folk classic, the song features [[Sudheer Babu]] and Shreya Sharma in a vibrant dance sequence. Sung in Hindi by Jyotica Tangri and Fazilpuria, and in Telugu by Set Chey Piloda, the track blends traditional melodies with contemporary beats. Composed by Raees & Zain-Sam, the song quickly gained popularity as a festive dance anthem.<ref>{{cite web |title='Pallo Latke' Song From Jatadhara Out Now: Sudheer Babu And Shreya Sharma Bring Modern Twist To Folk Classic |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/pallo-latke-song-from-jatadhara-out-now-sudheer-babu-and-shreya-dharma-bring-modern-twist-to-folk-classic-2970716.html |website=Zee News |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pallo Latke Again – Jatadhara 2025 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4260kZgoHd4 |website=YouTube |publisher=Zee Music South |date=10 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; text-align:left;"
|+ Jatadhara – Soundtrack album
! No.!! Title!! Singer(s)!! Lyrics!! Composer(s)!! Language(s)!! Length
|-
| 1 || "Soul of Jatadhara" || Rajeev Raj || Traditional || Rajeev Raj || Telugu / Hindi || 4:12
|-
| 2 || "Dhana Pisaachi" || [[Madhubanti Bagchi]] (Hindi) Sahithi Chaganti (Telugu) || [[Samira Koppikar]] Sri Harsha Emani (Telugu) || [[Samira Koppikar]]|| Hindi / Telugu || 3:58
|-
| 3 || "Pallo Latke Again" || [[Jyotica Tangri]] (Hindi) Fazilpuria (Hindi) Set Chey Piloda (Telugu) || Raees & Zain-Sam || Raees & Zain-Sam || Hindi / Telugu || 3:45
|}

==Marketing==
The marketing for ''Jatadhara'' began with the release of its teaser on 8 August 2025, unveiled by actor [[Prabhas]]. The teaser featured visuals of mythological confrontations, temple rituals, and cosmic battles, highlighting performances by [[Sudheer Babu]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jatadhara Teaser: A dark myth rises |url=https://telugucinema.com/videos/jatadhara-teaser-a-dark-myth-rises |website=Telugu Cinema |date=8 August 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

The trailer was launched on 17 October 2025 by [[Mahesh Babu]] at a promotional event in [[Hyderabad]], attended by the cast and crew. The event included extended footage from the film and media interactions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jatadhara Trailer Launch Tomorrow: Superstar Mahesh Babu Unveils Motion Poster |url=https://bollyy.com/latest-news/jatadhara-trailer-launch-tomorrow-superstar-mahesh-babu-unveils-motion-poster-10568240 |website=Bollyy |date=16 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahesh Babu to Launch 'Jatadhara' Trailer on October 17, 2025 |url=https://www.telugumirchi.com/telugu/main/mahesh-babu-to-launch-jatadhara-trailer-on-october-17th.html |website=Telugu Mirchi |date=16 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

On 19 October 2025, the cast appeared on the Diwali special episode of ''[[Bigg Boss (Telugu TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss Telugu season 9]]'', hosted by [[Nagarjuna]]. The segment included interactions with contestants and promotional segments related to the film.<ref>{{cite web |title='She Was My Heroine…': Nagarjuna Reunites With Shilpa Shirodkar On Bigg Boss Telugu 9 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/telugu-cinema/she-was-my-heroine-nagarjuna-reunites-with-shilpa-shirodkar-on-bigg-boss-telugu-9-watch-ws-kl-9646925.html |website=News18 |date=19 October 2025 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

These activities were part of the promotional efforts leading up to the film’s theatrical release on 7 November 2025.

==Release==
''Jatadhara'' was released theatrically on 7 November 2025 in both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]]. The release date was officially announced by the makers in September 2025 through a poster featuring a divine foot stepping onto earth, symbolizing the descent of cosmic power.<ref>{{cite web |title='Jatadhara' release date: Find out when the Sudheer Babu and Sonakshi Sinha starrer hits theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jatadhara-release-date-find-out-when-the-sudheer-babu-and-sonakshi-sinha-starrer-hits-theatres-read/articleshow/123896009.cms |website=The Times of India |date=15 September 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>

The film was distributed by [[Zee Studios]] across India, with a pan-Indian release strategy targeting both regional and national audiences.

==Reception==
Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "Well, the concept is unique, but what lacks is the execution and especially the editing part, as it falters the narrative, leaving the audience confused."<ref>{{cite news |title='Jatadhara' Movie Review: Sonakshi Sinha-Sudheer Babu starrer supernatural thriller is unique & entertaining |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/jatadhara-movie-review-sonakshi-sinha-sudheer-babu-starrer-supernatural-thriller-is-unique-entertaining-13948275.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=6 November 2025}}</ref> Amit Bhatia of ''[[ABP Live]]'' wrote, "All in all, ''Jatadhara'' stands out as a different kind of supernatural thriller — one that mixes mythology, mystery, and faith in an engaging way."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Amit |title=Jatadhara Review: Sudheer Babu, Sonakshi Sinha Anchor A Spooky Yet Soulful Thriller |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-jatadhara-review-sudheer-babu-sonakshi-sinha-anchor-a-spooky-yet-soulful-thriller-1810197/amp |work=ABP Live |date=6 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 2/5 stars and wrote, "''Jatadhara'' is an ambitious blend of myth and modern horror that works in flashes. It reaches for something fresh, but over-the-top theatrics and uneven emotional beats keep it from fully landing, leaving a film that’s part intriguing lore, part muddled chaos."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jatadhara movie review: Sonakshi Sinha, Sudheer Babu conjure up a film which needed more magic, more scares |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/jatadhara-movie-review-sonakshi-sinha-sudheer-babu-conjure-up-a-film-which-needed-more-magic-more-scares-101762509616102.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Giving the same rating, Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Somewhere in this choppy, chaotic enterprise is a film which wants to warn us about the evils of greed, and the importance of tradition. But it is basically yet another Sudheer Babu star vehicle."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jatadhara movie review: Sudheer Babu, Sonakshi Sinha-starrer is choppy, chaotic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/jatadhara-movie-review-sudheer-babu-sonakshi-sinha-starrer-is-choppy-chaotic-10351364/ |work=The Indian Express |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

T. Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave it 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "''Jatadhara'' has all the trending elements yet none of it comes together. Sudheer Babu and Sonakshi Sinha lend sincerity, but the film's lack of craft and intent makes it a hollow addition to the pan-India wave."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=T. Maruthi |title=Jatadhara review: Sudheer Babu-Sonakshi's pan-India film is checklist of cliches |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/jatadhara-review-sudheer-babu-sonakshis-pan-india-film-is-checklist-of-cliches-2815275-2025-11-07 |work=India Today |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The writing feels like an exaggerated discourse, glorifying dogmas and superstitions. The treatment is painfully generic, and the performances are uninspiring and rehearsed. There is no authenticity to the setting at all."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadadhur |first1=Srivathsan |title='Jatadhara' movie review: Sudheer Babu, Sonakshi Sinha's mystical thriller is dated and amateurish |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jatadhara-movie-review-sudheer-babu-sonakshi-sinhas-mystical-thriller-is-dated-and-amateurish/article70252293.ece |work=The Hindu |date=7 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Sachi Chaturvedi of ''[[News18]]'' gave it 1/5 stars and wrote, "''Jatadhara'' tries to blend mythology, horror, and faith but ends up testing your patience. With weak performances, messy writing, and zero scares, it’s horror in all the wrong ways."<ref>{{cite news |title=Jatadhara Review: Sonakshi Sinha And Shilpa Shirodkar Starrer Tests Patience More Than It Scares |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/jatadhara-review-sonakshi-sinha-and-shilpa-shirodkar-starrer-tests-patience-more-than-it-scares-ws-l-9685980.html |work=[[News18]] |date=7 November 2025}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote, "Everything in the movie is unabashedly tacky, from the visual effects to the performances. The belief in pseudoscience and sorcery is serious and deep. There appears to be no difference between religion and black magic."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramnath |first1=Nandini |title=Review: 'Jatadhara' is unabashedly ludicrous |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1088329/review-jatadhara-is-unabashedly-ludicrous |work=Scroll.in |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films set in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films about Hinduism]]

Sooraj Thapar

2026-03-05T21:30:18Z

Krishna57edits: Done...

{{short description|Indian television actor}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sooraj Thapar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|Roma Navani|2003|2006|end=divorce}} {{marriage|Deepti Dhyani|2012}}<ref name="l239">{{cite web | last=Maheshwri | first=Neha | title=Sooraj Thapar and Dipti Dhyani expecting their second baby | website=The Times of India | date=2019-02-16 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-thapar-and-dipti-dhyani-expecting-their-second-baby/articleshow/68011091.cms | access-date=2024-10-01}}</ref>
| children = 2
| yearsactive = 1989–present
| occupation = Television [[Actor]]
}}

'''Sooraj Thapar''' is an Indian television actor.<ref name="j537">{{cite web | title=TV एक्टर सूरज थापर ने कहा- 27 सालों में पहली बार बिना ऑडिशन के मिला रोल | website=Hindi News, Latest Hindi News, हिंदी न्यूज़, हिंदी समाचार, Breaking Hindi News, Today Hindi News, ABP News | date=2019-07-10 | url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/my-first-role-in-27-years-sans-audition-sooraj-thapar-1163603 | language=hi | access-date=2024-10-01}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]''
| Shekhar's Friend
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Vodka Diaries]]''
| Hotel Manager
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
|
| Gumrah <ref name="t143">{{cite book | title=Cine Blitz | publisher=Blitz Publications | issue=v. 24, no. 1 | year=1998 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DIqAAAAYAAJ | language=eu | access-date=2024-10-01 | page=99}}</ref>
|
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 1989–1991
| ''[[Udaan (1989 TV series)|Udaan]]''
|
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Zee Horror Show]]''
|
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Ajnabi]]''
|
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 1994–1998
| Daraar
|
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Saturday Suspense]]'' - Adhoora Abhinay
| Episode 24
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2000–2003
| ''[[Gharwali Uparwali]]''
| Ravi's Friend
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (2003 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]'' - Haque-Kashish
| Episode 4
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (2003 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]'' - Mamta
| Episode 15
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''
| Charles
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2003–2006
| ''[[Shararat (TV series)|Shararat]]''
| Amar Prem
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Devi (TV series)|Devi]]''
| Agnivesh
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
|2004
|'' Chaudah Phere''
|
| Doordarshan
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Pyaar Ke Do Naam: Ek Raadha, Ek Shyaam]]''
| Mr. Agarwal
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Kuchh Is Tara]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/another-accident-on-the-sets/articleshow/3050864.cms|title=Another accident on the sets!|date=2008-05-19|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| Aditya Nanda
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2007–2009
| ''[[Kayamath]]''
| Pranay Shergill
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
| Alok Kashyap
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''
| Samrat Dhananand
| [[NDTV Imagine]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Chhal — Sheh Aur Maat]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-thapar-to-play-cid-officer-in-chhal-sheh-aur-maat/articleshow/12516168.cms|title=Sooraj Thapar to play CID officer in Chhal-Sheh aur Maat|date=2012-04-03|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| Dushyant Singh
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Bhai Bhaiya Aur Brother]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-thapar-to-play-a-bhai-now/articleshow/12910267.cms|title=Sooraj Thapar to play a bhai now|date=2012-04-29|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| Anil Patel
| [[SAB TV]]
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bani – Ishq Da Kalma]]''
| Nirvail Gill
| [[Colors TV]]
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Ekk Nayi Pehchaan]]''
| Suresh Modi
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Razia Sultan (TV series)|Razia Sultan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/soorajs-track-gets-over-in-razia-sultan/articleshow/47938754.cms|title=Sooraj's track gets over in 'Razia Sultan'|date=2015-07-05|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| [[Shamsuddin Iltutmish]]
| [[&TV]]
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani]]''
| [[Vibhishana]]
| [[Life OK]]
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/surbhi-tiwari-and-sooraj-thapar-in-kavita-barjatyas-next/articleshow/52222148.cms|title=Surbhi Tiwari and Sooraj Thapar in Kavita Barjatya's next|date=2016-05-11|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| Diwakar Sethia
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2017–2018
| Hum Paanch Phir Se
| Anand Mathur
| [[Big Magic]]
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''
| Maharaj Rudradev
| [[SAB TV]]
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-thapar-i-am-super-thrilled-to-play-bhadrakaal/articleshow/66005915.cms|title=Sooraj Thapar: I am super thrilled to play Bhadrakaal|date=2018-09-29|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| Bhadrakaal
| [[And TV]]
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-thapar-to-play-shakuni-in-paramavatar-shri-krishna/articleshow/70960110.cms|title=Sooraj Thapar to play Shakuni in 'Paramavatar Shri Krishna'|date=2019-09-03|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| Maharaj [[Shakuni]]
| [[And TV]]
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein]]''
| Shiv Sharma
| [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
|-
| 2020
| Golmaal Aspatal
| Jeevan
| [[DD National]]
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Akbar Ka Bal Birbal]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-thapar-joins-the-cast-of-akbar-ka-bal-birbal/articleshow/78278882.cms|title=Sooraj Thapar joins the cast of 'Akbar Ka Bal Birbal'|date=2020-09-23|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| [[Kamran]]
| [[Star Bharat]]
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-thapar-joins-the-cast-of-shaurya-ek-anokhi-kahaani/articleshow/79779816.cms|title=Sooraj Thapar joins the cast of 'Shaurya - Ek Anokhi Kahaani'|date=2020-12-17|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| Tej Sabharwal
| [[Star Plus]]
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Sasural Genda Phool 2]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sasural-genda-phool-to-return-with-a-second-season-jay-soni-and-sooraj-thapar-to-reprise-their-roles/articleshow/86281880.cms|title=Sasural Genda Phool to return with a second season; Jay Soni and Sooraj Thapar to reprise their roles|date=2021-09-17|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| Alok Kashyap
| [[Star Bharat]]
|-
| 2021–2023
| ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sooraj-thapar-to-play-shagun-pandeys-father-in-shashi-and-sumeet-mittals-next/articleshow/84319623.cms|title=Sooraj Thapar to play Shagun Pandey's father in Shashi and Sumeet Mittal's next|date=2021-07-11|website=Times Of India Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
| Rajvardhan Ahlawat
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm2493709}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapar, Sooraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Avane Nanna Ganda

2026-03-03T22:12:24Z

Krishna57edits: updated page

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Avane Nanna Ganda
| image =
| caption = VCD cover
| director = S. Umesh K. Prabhakar
| producer = K. Prabhakar
| released = {{Film date|1989}}
| runtime =
| language = Kannada
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = Mallikaarjuna
| editing = S. Umesh
| studio = Vijaya Films
| starring = [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]], [[Sudharani]], [[M. P. Shankar]]
}}

'''''Avane Nanna Ganda''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಅವನೇ ನನ್ನ ಗಂಡ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1989 [[Kannada]]-language film starring [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] and [[Sudharani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/playing-intense-roles-at-a-young-age-tend-to-have-an-impact-on-you-sudharani/articleshow/114944192.cms|title=Playing intense roles at a young age tend to have an impact|website=Times Of India|first=Sridevi|last=S|access-date=2 November 2025|date=5 November 2024}}</ref> The film was directed by S. Umesh and K. Prabhakar for Vijay Films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/avane-nanna-ganda-1989|title=Avane Nanna Ganda|website=Chiloka|access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

Most of the film's cast and crew reprises from the 1988 film ''[[Avale Nanna Hendthi]]''.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] as Balu, cartoonist for ''Mahila Vaani''
* [[Sudharani]] as Mangala
* [[Vanitha Vasu]] as Vanitha
* [[M. P. Shankar]] as Mullukatte Parandhamaiah
* [[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]] as Shankar
* [[C. R. Simha]] as Nanjunda
* [[Doddanna]] as Parandhamaiah's son
* [[Mysore Lokesh]] as Nanjunda's assistant
* [[Sundar Raj]] as Parandhamaiah's son
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] as Vinayaka
* Rohith Srinath (credited as Master Rohith) as Ramachari
* K. Prabhakar
* Pranaya Murthy as Mangala's husband
* [[Anjali Sudhakar]]
* [[Pramila Joshai]] as Vyjayanthimala
* [[Uma Shivakumar]] as Gajendramma
* Kokila
* Nagaratnamma
* Kaminidharan as Mangala's mother
* [[P. R. Varalakshmi]]
* Nagaveni Nagabharana
* Aarathi (credited as Baby Aarathi) as Renuka
* Vishwa Vijetha
* [[Negro Johnny]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
The film was declared a musical hit with the songs and lyrics composed and tuned by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/avane-nanna-ganda-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1836639995|title=Avane Nanna Ganda (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Single|website=Apple Music|access-date=2 November 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No.
! Song
! Lyricist
! Artist
|-
| 1
| "Hasiru Gaajina Balegale"
| [[Hamsalekha]]
| [[Latha Hamsalekha]]
|-
| 2
| "Vichara Hudugiyadadare"
| Hamsalekha
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| 3
| "Kaliyuga Manmathadasa"
| Hamsalekha
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Shivaraj
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt29139816}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Avane Nanna Ganda}}
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Thiladaanam

2026-03-03T18:14:26Z

Krishna57edits: New...

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thilaadanam
| image =
| caption =
| writer = Rentala Nageswara Rao (dialogues)
| starring = [[H. G. Dattatreya]] [[Brahmaji]] [[Tanikella Bharani]] [[Jaya Seal]]
| director = [[K. N. T. Sastry]]
| story = Rentala Nageswara Rao
| screenplay = K. N. T. Sastry
| producer = P. Parameswaran
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| released = {{Film date|2000}}
| studio = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]]
| runtime = 1 hr 29 min
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| music = [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
}}
'''''Thiladaanam''''' ([[English language|English]] title: ''The Rite... A Passion'') is a 2000 Indian [[Telugu-language]] [[drama film]], written and directed by film-critic [[K. N. T. Sastry]] in his debut directorial,<ref name="rangan1">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/opinion/southern-lights-tiladaanam|title=Southern Lights: Tiladaanam|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|date=22 June 2017}}</ref> based on a story by Rentala Nageswara Rao.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/unheard-melodies/cid/1465328|title=Unheard melodies|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The film features [[H. G. Dattatreya]], [[Brahmaji]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], and [[Jaya Seal]] in pivotal roles.<ref name="rangan1"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tiladanam.html | title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Thila Danam - Brahmaji, Jaya Sheel, HG Dattatreya }}</ref>

Upon release, the film received positive reviews and won the [[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] award at the [[49th National Film Awards]]. The citation praised the film "for its juxtaposition of two diverse ideologies existing within the same family—the father's belief in his religion and traditions and his son's revolutionary ideology. The film strikes a very fine balance in inter-generational explorations."<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=49th National Film Awards |url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> ''Thiladaanam'' is the only Indian film to be honoured with the [[New Currents|New Currents Award]] at the 7th [[Busan International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 Awards |url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/archive/arc_history_3.asp?pyear=2002 |website=Busan International Film Festival}}</ref> It was also featured in the Indian Panorama section at the [[33rd International Film Festival of India]],<ref name="IFFI 33rd">{{cite web|url=https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/122_IPCatalogue2002.pdf|title=2002 Indian Panorama|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> and in a Retrospective at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.iaac.us/NYIFF2016/directors-first-films.htm|title=NYIFF 2016|website=www.iaac.us}}</ref>

==Plot==
Subbayya is an outcast Brahmin priest living in Hyderabad, who survives by performing ''tiladaanam'' (a Hindu ritual of giving sesame seeds as alms, which transfers the giver's sins to the receiver), the meanest form of Brahmin duty. He ekes out a living as a corpse-carrier, moving from funeral to funeral, studying and practicing the tradition of washing away the sins of the deceased. He is a staunch follower of traditional values and is content with his social position. In contrast, his son, Raghuram, is a [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalite]] and is willing to resort to violence to bring about societal change. This ideological conflict creates tension between father and son, with greater dangers looming ahead for the family.

Raghuram makes a clandestine visit home during the birth of his child, but in search of him, the anti-Naxalite team ransacks Subbayya's house. Although Raghuram escapes the police firing, killing a cop in the process, he eventually surrenders to the authorities, hoping that his family will receive government compensation. Shocked by his son's surrender, Subbayya dies from the trauma, leaving his daughter-in-law, Padma, waiting in vain for the promised compensation.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[H. G. Dattatreya]] as Subbayya
*[[Brahmaji]] as a [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|naxal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/150918/filmmaker-knt-sastry-is-no-more.html|title=Filmmaker KNT Sastry is no more!|author=Suresh Kavirayani|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A. V. S.]]
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]]
*[[Jaya Seal]]
*[[Prasad Babu]]
*Athili Lakshmi
}}

==Awards==
;International Honours
*[[New Currents]] Award at the 7th [[Busan International Film Festival]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Kamli - My Daughter |url=http://www.apoorvachitra.com/profiles.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407105628/http://www.apoorvachitra.com/profiles.html |archive-date=7 April 2012 |access-date=2012-08-27 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*Indian Panorama section at the [[33rd International Film Festival of India]]<ref name="IFFI 33rd"/>
*Retrospective [[New York Indian Film Festival]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
*One-of-a-kind Indo-German Film Festival<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/tinsel-world-ties/article28650598.ece|title=Tinsel world ties|newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 October 2003|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]] - K. N. T. Sastry<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/conscientious-filmmaker/article1998948.ece|title=Conscientious filmmaker|work=The Hindu |date=7 May 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] - K. N. T. Sastry <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2001.html |title=Telugu Cinema Etc |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2002-10-19 |access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup Artist]] - Shyam Jadcharla

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{National Film Award Best First Film of a Director|state=collapsed}}
{{New Currents}}

[[Category:2000 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Films about social realism]]
[[Category:Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Telugu-language literature]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films about Naxalism]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:2000 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:2000 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:National Film Development Corporation of India films]]

Shoba Sivasankar

2026-02-14T23:04:40Z

Krishna57edits: Post...

{{Short description|Geneticist for the United Nations}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL}}
'''Shoba Sivasankar''' ([[Malayalam]]: ശോഭ ശിവശങ്കർ) is a Geneticist who leads the Plant Breeding and Genetics group of both the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA) and the [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]].

==Life==
Shoba Sivasankar was born in the [[Kerala|State of Kerala]] in India. She gained her initial university education at [[Kerala Agricultural University]] where she took graduate and masters programmes.<ref name=educ>{{Cite web |title=Sobhana Sivasankar, PhD |url=https://styluspub.presswarehouse.com/browse/author/cf2cc325-8923-4eea-a927-686044c08c1b/Sobhana-Sivasankar-44-PhD?page=1 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=styluspub.presswarehouse.com}}</ref> She gained her doctorate in Canada at the [[University of Guelph]] and Sivasankar also has an MBA from the [[University of Iowa]].<ref name=educ/>
[[file:Seeds in Space (05410443) (52995387800).jpg|left|thumb|Sivasanker receiving seeds in June 2023 that had been irradiated on the International Space Station]]
Sivasankar leads the Plant Breeding and Genetics group at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in [[Seibersdorf]] in Austria. The facility there has the equipment necessary to irradiate seeds to cause mutations. A process known as [[mutagenesis]] which can cut the development time of new seed variants by 50%. The seeds are also sent from researchers from many countries who do not have access to the specialist equipment. Mutagenesis was very popular but some countries have decided to manipulate the DNA directly, however Sivasankar and eastern countries like China need more complex manipulations to cope with the many variables seen by small farmers.<ref name=bbchina/> The IAEA has a library of 3,400 new varieties (in 2023<ref name=space/>) and more than 800 of them are Chinese discoveries.<ref name=bbchina>{{Cite web |last=Pultarova |first=Tereza |title=How China is creating new foods in space |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220708-how-china-is-creating-new-foods-in-space |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref>

''Achieving sustainable cultivation of grain legumes'' was published in 2018 in two volumes and Sivasankar was the lead author. [[Grain legume|Grain lugume]]s are important crops and she and her c-authors discuss advances in breeding and cultivation methods.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sivasankar |first1=Dr Shoba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGqStQEACAAJ&q=Shoba+Sivasankar |title=Achieving sustainable cultivation of grain legumes Volume 1: Advances in breeding and cultivation techniques |last2=Bergvinson |first2=Dr David |last3=Gaur |first3=Dr Pooran |last4=Agrawal |first4=Dr Shiv Kumar |last5=Beebe |first5=Dr Steve |last6=Tamò |first6=Dr Manuele |date=2018-03-12 |publisher=Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing |isbn=978-1-78676-138-5 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021 she was the lead author of ''Mutation Breeding, Genetic Diversity and Crop Adaptation to Climate Change'' which she created with Thomas Henry Noel Ellis, Ljupcho Jankuloski and Ivan Ingelbrecht.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sivasankar |first1=Shoba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ec57zgEACAAJ&q=Mutation+Breeding,+Genetic+Diversity+and+Crop+Adaptation+to+Climate+Change |title=Mutation Breeding, Genetic Diversity and Crop Adaptation to Climate Change |last2=Ellis |first2=Thomas Henry Noel |last3=Jankuloski |first3=Ljupcho |last4=Ingelbrecht |first4=Ivan |date=2021 |publisher=CAB International |isbn=978-1-78924-910-1 |language=en}}</ref> She helped with research that found [[Crop disease resistance gene]]s from [[landrace]]s can provide more resistance than modern varieties.<ref name="Relatives">{{ Cite journal | year=2021 | publisher=[[Cell Press]] | pages=1–20 | first7=Rajeev | first6=Susan | first5=Chikelu | first4=Mario | first3=Shoba | first2=Benjamin | first1=Abhishek | last7=Varshney | last6=McCouch | last5=Mba | last4=Caccamo | last3=Sivasankar | last2=Kilian | last1=Bohra | journal=[[Trends in Biotechnology]] | issn=0167-7799 | doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.009 | s2cid=238580339 | pmid=34629170 | title=Reap the crop wild relatives for breeding future crops| volume=40 | issue=4 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Sivasanker received seeds at the IAEA's research facility in June 2023 that had been irradiated on the [[International Space Station]].<ref>{{Citation |last=IAEA Imagebank |title=Seeds in Space (05410443) |date=2023-06-06 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/iaea_imagebank/52995387800/ |access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> The seeds were sent into orbit in the previous November and the planned work will determine the effects of the cosmic ray irradiation on the seeds' genetics.<ref name=space>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=IAEA and FAO to Host Seeds in Space Event |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/mediaadvisories/iaea-and-fao-to-host-seeds-in-space-event |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=www.iaea.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected publications==

* ''Achieving sustainable cultivation of grain legumes'', 2018, lead author
* ''Mutation Breeding, Genetic Diversity and Crop Adaptation to Climate Change'', 2021, lead author

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivasankar, Shoba}}
[[Category:Women from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Guelph alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Suhel Seth

2026-02-12T02:58:27Z

Krishna57edits: Details...

{{short description|Indian businessman and columnist (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|05|28}}<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/suhel-seth-the-man-who-collected-beautiful-people-and-almost-got-away-with-everything/140917|title=Suhel Seth: The man who collected beautiful people and almost got away with everything|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=27 October 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[St. Joseph's College, Nainital]]|[[Jadavpur University|Jadavpur University, Kolkata]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman|columnist}}
| known_for = {{Unbulleted_list|Co-founder, Equus Redcell Advertising Co. Ltd|Managing partner, Counselage India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=58439185&privcapId=13513573|title=Suhel Seth|website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref>}}
| spouse = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Marriage|Sandhya Narain|1989|1993|end=divorced}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-suhel-sheth-marries-girlfriend-lakshmi-menon-in-a-private-cermony-amidst-me-too-allegations-2700991 | title=Suhel Sheth marries girlfriend Lakshmi Menon in a private ceremony amidst Me Too allegations | date=27 December 2018 | newspaper=DNA India | access-date=22 January 2019 }}</ref>
|{{Marriage|[[Lakshmi Menon (model)|Lakshmi Menon]]|2018}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/a-christmas-wedding-for-suhel-seth-and-lakshmi-menon/articleshow/67251633.cms | title=A Christmas wedding for Suhel Seth and Lakshmi Menon | date=26 December 2018 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref>}}
| children = 1<ref>{{cite magazine | title=Lakshmi Menon on embracing ageing, her changing relationship with her body and why she feels more confident now than ever before | url=https://www.vogue.in/fashion/content/lakshmi-menon-on-ageing-her-changing-relationship-with-her-body-and-why-she-feels-more-confident-forces-of-fashion#intcid=_vogue-in-bottom-recirc_b5299f1f-7b93-4545-8be3-23ad05a43004_similar2-3 | date=25 March 2022 | magazine= Vogue India}}</ref>
}}

'''Suhel Seth''' (born 28 May 1963) is an Indian businessman and columnist who is the founder and managing partner of the consultancy firm Counselage India.<ref name="auto3">{{ cite news | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/litfest/delhi-litfest-2016/speakers/Suhel-Seth/articleshow/55050425.cms | title= Suhel Seth }}</ref> Seth is also a [[columnist]], actor, [[keynote]] speaker, and a TV [[Pundit]].<ref name="auto3"/>

He currently serves as the chairman, Marketing Committees of [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] (CII) and [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] ([[FICCI]]). He is also on the Experts Committee of Indian [[Railway Board]].<ref>{{ cite news | url =https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/suhel-seth-inducted-as-member-of-expert-committee-on-railways-37149.html | title= Suhel Seth inducted as member of Expert Committee on Railways }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Seth was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] parents<ref name="auto2"/> and lived there with his parents till the age of 28. His father owned a chemical factory in Calcutta, which was closed down on account of the then prevailing political unrest, largely due to [[Naxalite]] activities, union conflicts, and strikes.<ref name="auto">{{ cite news | url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Suhel-Seth-I-have-never-ever-uttered-a-lie-in-my-life/articleshow/49074147.cms | title= Suhel Seth: I have never ever uttered a lie in my life }}</ref>

Seth was educated at [[La Martinière Calcutta]], where he was a member of the debating team,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johari |first1=Abhishek Dey & Aarefa |title=#MeToo: Why is Suhel Seth silent about the sexual harassment charges against him? |url=https://scroll.in/article/899763/metoo-why-is-suhel-seth-silent-about-the-sexual-harassment-charges-against-him |website=Scroll.in |date=28 October 2018}}</ref> and at [[St. Joseph's College, Nainital]]. He then pursued his higher education from [[Jadavpur University]].

==Career==
In 1996, Seth and his brother founded the advertising agency Equus.<ref name="auto"/> He also founded Quadra Advisory with Shunu Sen.<ref name="auto2"/> He started Counselage India, a consultancy firm in 2002, of which he is still a managing partner.<ref name="auto2"/>

Seth was inducted to the global Advisory Board of the San Francisco-based blogging platform [[LiveJournal]] Inc. in 2008.<ref>{{ cite news | url= https://www.exchange4media.com/people-movement-news/livejournal.com-welcomes-suhel-seth-on-global-advisory-board-33158.html | title= LiveJournal.com welcomes Suhel Seth on global Advisory Board }}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | url= https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=58439185&privcapId=13513573 | title= Company Overview of LiveJournal Inc. }}</ref> After working with the [[Tata Group]] during the management crisis to reconstruct their brand image in 2016, Seth was hired by the [[Adani Group]] as a brand consultant in 2018.<ref>{{ cite news | url= https://www.exchange4media.com/pr-watch-news/adani-group-hires-suhel-seth-as-brand-consultant-88735.html | title= Adani Group Hires Suhel Seth as brand consultant }}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-group-looks-for-image-makeover-hires-suhel-seth-as-brand-consultant-118030400679_1.html | title= Adani Group looks for image makeover; hires Suhel Seth as brand consultant }}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | url= https://trendlyne.com/posts/1395511/adani-group-looks-for-image-makeover-hires-suhel-seth-as-brand-consultant | title= Adani Group looks for image makeover; hires Suhel Seth as brand consultant }}</ref>{{Excessive citations inline|date=August 2021}} Seth is an established speaker on social and commercial trends for the Indian consumer base at business, advertising, and marketing events including several [[Indian Institute of Management]] (IIM) colleges.<ref>{{ cite news | url =https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=58439185&privcapId=13513573 | title= Company Overview of LiveJournal Inc. }}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | url= http://www.navhindtimes.in/a-state-with-great-potential-but-poor-implementation-says-suhel-seth-about-goa/ | title= A state with great potential but poor implementation, says Suhel Seth, about Goa }}</ref><ref>{{ cite news | url= http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/brands/brands-need-to-stay-relevant-contemporary-experts-161219 | title= Brands need to stay relevant, contemporary: Experts }}</ref> He is a regular columnist for the [[Financial Times]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], and the [[Indian Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penguin.co.in/author/suhel-seth/|title=Suhel Seth |work=Penguin India }}</ref>

Seth is also a theatre enthusiast and has performed in over 135 English plays, and 6 films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Suhel-Seth/articleshow/13082255.cms|title = Suhel Seth - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=10 May 2012 }}</ref>

==Books==
Seth has four books to his credit. His first book, ''In Your Face'', is a compilation of interviews and columns by him published in different national dailies and magazines.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.simplylifeindia.com/suhel-seth.html|title=Suhel Seth Speaker|website=Simply Life India Speakers Bureau}}</ref> He has co-authored the book ''Kalighat to Calcutta'', with [[Khushwant Singh]] and [[R. K. Laxman]].<ref name="auto1"/> His last individually authored book ''Get to the Top'', published in 2011, acts as a perfect guide for the aspirational Indian. It tells readers how to get ahead in life by connecting with the rich and famous.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-careers-suhel-seth-book-launch/20111115.htm|title=Suhel Seth tells you how to befriend the rich and famous}}</ref> He has also co-authored ''The Target'' with Shantanu Guha Ray. It talks about the downfall of business tycoon Jignesh Shah's global empire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsroompost.com/about-us|title=About Us |date=20 March 2021 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
Seth has acted in several English plays as well as a few [[Bollywood]] films. He sits on the international board of [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (RADA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-27|title=Suhel Seth: The man who collected beautiful people and almost got away with everything|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/suhel-seth-the-man-who-collected-beautiful-people-and-almost-got-away-with-everything/140917/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

His first role, in the movie ''[[Rog]]'', was one that he took up on the request of a friend. He did a very small role in critically acclaimed movie ''[[Ek Din Achanak]]'' in 1989. He was then seen in the much-acclaimed multi-starrer ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'', where he played the father of one of the female leads. Seth was also a part of the critically acclaimed film ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Suhel-Seth/movies|title=Suhel Seth Movies: Latest and Upcoming Films of Suhel Seth | eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> He was last seen in the 2015 film ''[[Calendar Girls (2015 film)|Calendar Girls]]'', playing a character based on liquor baron [[Vijay Mallya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-calendar-girls-is-another-madhur-bhandarkar-dud/20150925.htm|title=Review: Calendar Girls is another Madhur Bhandarkar dud}}</ref>

==Philanthropy==
Seth also sits on the board of the Max Foundation that works to provide access to cancer treatment for people across the globe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/archive/jlfspeakers/suhel-seth-2/|title=SUHEL SETH|date=17 September 2013}}</ref> Seth is a donor at the [[Partition Museum]] established in [[Amritsar]] in 2017. He made a donation of {{currency|50|INR}} [[lakh]]s towards a gallery in the [[museum]] which is dedicated to his parents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/uk-museum-ad-guru-donates-rs-50-lakhs-to-indias-partition-museum/512377/|title=Suhel Seth donates Rs 50 lakhs to India's Partition Museum to be set up at Amritsar|date=18 January 2017 }}</ref> He has a seat on the [[advisory board]] of the Indian Head Injury Foundation (IHIF).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianheadinjuryfoundation.org/advisory-board/|title=Advisory board | Indian Head Injury Foundation|website=indianheadinjuryfoundation.org}}</ref> The foundation works towards building brain trauma care systems in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icfn.in/ADHM-2014/Indian-Head-Injury-Foundation/|title=Home - India Cares Foundation|website=www.icfn.in}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2011, tobacco major [[ITC Limited|ITC]] filed two separate suits against Suhel, claiming his tweets and newspaper articles against its chairman, [[Yogesh Chander Deveshwar|Y. C. Deveshawar]], as defamatory. ITC officials alleged that Seth had been making such comments since 2007, when the company terminated its contract with his firm, Equus. Suhel responded through a tweet claiming that his account was constantly hacked into and that he was taking steps.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/suhel-seth-sued-by-itc-for-rs-200-crore-over-tweets/articleshow/10622246.cms|title = Suhel Seth sued by ITC for Rs 200 crore over Tweets|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2014, during a panel discussion on sports conducted as part of the [[The Times of India|Times]] [[Literature Festival]] in [[Mumbai]], Seth failed to recognise [[Viren Rasquinha]], the former captain of India's national [[field hockey]] team, and questioned the latter's involvement in the event. Seth was subsequently forced to apologise after a public outcry.<ref>{{cite web |author=FP Staff |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/suhel-seth-vs-viren-rasquinha-twitter-war-god-cant-be-an-expert-in-every-field-so-he-created-suhel-seth-1839231.html |title=Suhel Seth vs Viren Rasquinha Twitter war: 'God can't be an expert in every field, so he created Suhel Seth.' |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=8 December 2014 |accessdate=23 September 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, Seth was accused of sexual harassment by over 20 women that included model [[Diandra Soares]],<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/suhel-seth-shoved-his-tongue-down-my-mouth-i-bit-him-diandra-soares-1369967-2018-10-17|title=Suhel Seth shoved his tongue down my mouth. I bit him: Diandra Soares|date=October 18, 2018 |magazine=India Today}}</ref> filmmaker Natashja Rathore, and writer [[Ira Trivedi]], in a social media backlash referred to as India's [[Me Too movement (India)|MeToo movement]]. This led to [[Tata Sons]], the holding company of the [[Tata Group]], terminating Seth as its brand consultant.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/suhel-seth-fired-tata-group-metoo-1377556-2018-10-29|title=Tata Group fires Suhel Seth after #MeToo allegations|author=Sahil Joshi |date=October 29, 2018 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/tata-group-terminates-suhel-seth-contract|title = Tata Group Terminates Suhel Seth's Contract over MeToo Allegations|date = 29 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tata-sons-ends-contract-with-suhel-seth-accused-of-metoo-1939066|title=Tata Sons Ends Contract With Suhel Seth Over #MeToo Allegations|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

This followed beverage maker [[Coca-Cola]]'s public release that its long-standing association with Seth and his company, Counselage, stands dissolved. "He is not a consultant for the board or company presently", the statement said, adding that it took this step in the wake of ongoing allegations against Suhel in the #[[Me Too movement (India)|MeToo movement]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/metoo-impact-suhel-seth-not-a-consultant-presently-says-coca-cola/articleshow/66428113.cms|title=#MeToo impact: Suhel Seth not a consultant presently, says Coca-Cola|first=Ratna|last=Bhushan|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Post [[Coca-Cola]], [[Adani Group]] too reportedly terminated Suhel's contract as branding consultant. The group stated the contract that had ended in September 2018 shall not be renewed. "Mr Suhel Seth was consulted for a short-term project which expired in September 2018. He is no longer associated with the [[Adani Group]].", it said on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/before-tata-sons-suhel-seth-had-lost-adani-group-contract/142439/|title=Before Tata Sons, Suhel Seth had lost Adani Group contract|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=30 October 2018}}</ref> Two other Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]], [[Mahindra Group]] and [[JSW Group]], followed suit claiming not to be associated with Seth on any project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/politics/before-2024-general-elections-anti-bjp-forces-including-congress-should-unite-to-provide-an-alternative-to-the-people-nawab-malik/840321/|title=Before 2024 General elections, anti-BJP forces including Congress should unite to provide an alternative to the people: Nawab Malik|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=21 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1833473}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Suhel}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:La Martiniere Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian consultants]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]

National Memorial Arboretum

2026-02-09T09:20:54Z

Krishna57edits: small changes

{{Coords|52.7282|-1.7285|display=title}}
{{Short description|Site of remembrance, Staffordshire, England}}
[[File:The National Memorial Arboretum, Alrewas.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|Aerial view of the National Memorial Arboretum, with the River Tame at bottom]]
The '''National Memorial Arboretum''' is a British site of national remembrance at [[Alrewas]], near [[Lichfield]], [[Staffordshire]], England. Its objective is to honour the fallen, recognise service and sacrifice, and foster pride in [[British Armed Forces|His Majesty's Armed Forces]] and the associated civilian community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About us {{!}} National Memorial Arboretum |url=https://www.thenma.org.uk/visit-us/what's-here/woodland-landscape |access-date=15 June 2018 |website=thenma.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, after undergoing a large scale regeneration project, the arboretum's new award-winning Remembrance Centre was officially opened by the [[William, Prince of Wales|Duke of Cambridge]] on 23 March.<ref name="thenma.org.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenma.org.uk/whats-here/the-remembrance-centre/|title=The Remembrance Centre {{!}} National Memorial Arboretum|website=thenma.org.uk|language=en|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref> It features three exhibition galleries, a larger restaurant and shop, separate coffee shop and a courtyard with garden.<ref name="thenma.org.uk"/>

In 2018, the National Memorial Arboretum was awarded Gold Large Visitor Attraction of the Year in [[VisitEngland|VisitEngland's]] Awards for Excellence, as well as Coach Friendly Attraction of the Year in the British Coach Tourism Awards.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenma.org.uk/about-us/awards/|title=Awards {{!}} National Memorial Arboretum|website=thenma.org.uk|language=en|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

==Origins==
The idea for the arboretum was conceived by [[Commander (Royal Navy)|Commander]] David Childs, [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]], in 1988, who wished to establish a national focus or 'centre' for remembrance to those that had died after giving to their community or country. An appeal was launched in 1994 by the then [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]], [[John Major]]. He believed that the arboretum would form a living tribute to service men and women for future generations to reflect upon and enjoy while walking through a beautiful green scenery.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenma.org.uk/about-us/who-we-are/|title=Who we are {{!}} National Memorial Arboretum|website=thenma.org.uk|language=en|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

The future of the project became assured when three proposals were agreed. These were: for the site to be the location of the [[Armed Forces Memorial]]; for the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] to pay a significant grant-in-aid to allow for free entry and that [[The Royal British Legion]] would accept the gift of the site as the focus for the nation's year-round remembrance.

The project began with no money, no land, no staff and no trees, just an idea which was yet to exist in reality. [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|The National Lottery]], in the form of the Millennium Commission, granted some forty per cent of the funds needed and this was matched by thousands of donations from a wide variety of organisations both military and civilian, men and women, corporate and voluntary.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Planting began on the reclaimed gravel workings, bordered by the [[River Trent|Rivers Trent]] and [[River Tame (West Midlands)|Tame]], gifted to the charity by Tarmac [[Lafarge (company)|Lafarge]] in 1997. The initial planting took place thanks to grants from the [[Forestry Commission]] and the [[The National Forest (England)|National Forest]], and since then has been shaped by a staff of thousands: a small paid group; a dedicated and active Friends of the National Memorial Arboretum organisation; and countless others who have either planted individual trees or helped create a memorial for their organisation.

The arboretum was officially opened on 16 May 2001. It is a [[Charitable organization|registered charity]] and is part of The [[Royal British Legion]] family of charities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britishlegion.org.uk/about-us/governance/associated-charities/|title=Associated charities|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

==Location==
The National Memorial Arboretum is situated just south of [[Alrewas]] on approximately {{convert|150|acre|ha sqmi}} of old gravel workings, {{convert|5|mi}} north of [[Lichfield]], [[Staffordshire]]. It is adjacent to the confluence of the [[River Tame, West Midlands|River Tame]] with the [[River Trent]], and directly neighbouring [[Croxall Lakes]]. It is at the western end of the [[National Forest, England|National Forest]], just off the [[A38 road]].

==Features==
[[File:The Polar Bear Memorial.jpg|alt=The Polar Bear Memorial|left|thumb|upright|The Polar Bear Memorial was the first memorial dedicated on site, on 7 June 1998.]]
The arboretum contains more than 25,000 trees.<ref name=":0" /> There are more than 400 memorials for the armed forces, civilian organisations and voluntary bodies who have played a part in serving the country; and even [[Simon (cat)|HMS ''Amethyst's'' cat]] Simon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenma.org.uk/whats-here/the-memorials/memorial-listing/|title=Memorial listing {{!}} National Memorial Arboretum|website=thenma.org.uk|language=en|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

The largest section is the [[Armed Forces Memorial]], at the heart of the arboretum, which is a tribute to over 16,000 service personnel who have lost their lives in conflict or as a result of terrorism since the end of the [[Second World War]]. At 11 am on 11 November each year the sun shines through two slits in the outer and inner walls of the memorial, casting a shaft of light across a wreath in the centre. The Armed Forces Memorial was dedicated in October 2007 by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in the presence of [[Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenma.org.uk/whats-here/the-memorials/armed-forces-memorial/|title=Armed Forces Memorial {{!}} National Memorial Arboretum|website=thenma.org.uk|language=en|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

Other areas of the site include an RAF 'wing', Naval review and Army parade. Civilian areas include 'The Beat' which contains memorials and dedications to police forces from around the UK and commonwealth. There is a Wartime Nurses Memorial, to 1,300 [[Voluntary Aid Detachment|VAD]] and professional nurses who died in the First and Second World Wars.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 August 2018|title=Wartime Nurses Memorial|url=https://www.militaryimages.net/media/albums/wartime-nurses-memorial.702/|access-date=27 September 2021|website=MilitaryImages.Net|language=en-US}}</ref>

Within the arboretum is the Millennium Chapel of Peace and Forgiveness where, at 11 am each day, an act of remembrance takes place. Following the [[two-minute silence]], accompanied by the [[Last Post]] and [[Reveille]], there is an introductory talk about the arboretum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenma.org.uk/whats-here/millennium-chapel/|title=Millennium chapel {{!}} National Memorial Arboretum|website=thenma.org.uk|language=en|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref> The Bastion Memorial commemorates British casualties of the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)]].<ref name=BBCOct21>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-58822435|title=Afghanistan war: Services mark 20th anniversary of UK operations|date=7 October 2021|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref> A memorial to the ''[[Lisbon Maru]]'' was unveiled in 2021.<ref name=LitchOct21>{{cite news|url=https://lichfieldlive.co.uk/2021/10/04/memorial-unveiled-to-british-prisoners-of-war-who-died-after-ship-was-sunk-during-the-second-world-war/|title=Memorial unveiled to British prisoners of war who died after ship was sunk during the Second World War|date=4 October 2021|work=[[Lichfield Live]]|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref>

A 'remembrance glade' was unveiled at the arboretum by the [[Royal British Legion]] in September 2021, featuring plants chosen for their symbolic meanings in relation to grief and new beginnings.<ref name=LitchSep21>{{cite news|url=https://lichfieldlive.co.uk/2021/09/15/new-remembrance-glade-launched-at-the-national-memorial-arboretum/|title=New Remembrance Glade launched at the National Memorial Arboretum |date=15 September 2021|work=[[Lichfield Live]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916041529/https://lichfieldlive.co.uk/2021/09/15/new-remembrance-glade-launched-at-the-national-memorial-arboretum/ |access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021}}</ref>

Daily activities on site include guided walks, buggy tours, [[land train]] rides and free talks, as well as the Daily Act of Remembrance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenma.org.uk/plan-your-visit/daily-activities/|title=Daily activities {{!}} National Memorial Arboretum|website=thenma.org.uk|language=en|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref> Most of these activities are conducted by a team of over 260 volunteers, who collectively dedicate more than 52,000 hours of their time per year to the arboretum. In 2010, the Volunteers of the National Memorial Arboretum were awarded [[Queen's Award for Voluntary Service|The Queen's Award for Voluntary Service]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Memorials ===
{{Main|List of memorials at the National Memorial Arboretum}}
The [[Armed Forces Memorial]] commemorates service men and women killed since 1945. The two curved walls and two straight walls are made from bricks covered with Portland stone panels. At the centre of the Memorial are two bronze sculptures created by [[Ian Rank-Broadley]]. This memorial remembers over 16,000 people who have been killed or sacrificed their lives while on duty or targeted by terrorists or who died in operational theatres. Their names have been written in a panel to signify their significance in the Armed Forces.
<gallery mode="packed" heights="160" caption="Armed Forces Memorial">
File:The Armed Forces Memorial - geograph.org.uk - 4563356.jpg
File:Armed Forces Memorial - geograph.org.uk - 845903.jpg
File:Armed Forces Memorial, National Memorial Arboretum (05).JPG
</gallery>

Some of the other features of the National Memorial Arboretum are described below.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Image
!Description
!Year
|-
| [[File:Association of Jewish Ex-Servicemen and Women.jpg|200x200px]]|| '''Association of Jewish Ex-Service Men and Women'''
Made from Chinese granite and designed to give a different perspective when viewed from different angles, the Star of David memorial is dedicated to Jewish servicemen who were killed on duty.
|-
| [[File:Berlin Airlift Memorial.jpg|200x200px]]|| '''Berlin Airlift Monument''' The memorial is erected in tribute to those who took part in the [[Berlin Blockade|Berlin Airlift]], the operation to deliver food and supplies to Berlin between June 1948 and May 1949.
|-
| [[File:Boys' Brigade Memorial at National Memorial Arboretum.JPG|200px]]|| '''Boys' Brigade'''
The elements of this garden represent all parts of the UK and Ireland. The [[Boys' Brigade]] Garden is designed to remember those who have served in the Brigade since 1883. Sixteen [[Victoria Cross]]es have been awarded to former and serving Brigade members.
|-
| [[File:Burma Railway Memorial.jpg|200x200px]]|| '''Burma Railway'''
The memorial is constructed from {{convert|30|m}} of the original rails and sleepers used on the [[Burma Railway]], which were brought to the arboretum from [[Thailand]] in HMS ''Northumberland'' in 2002. The memorial is a permanent tribute to those who were forced to construct the infamous 'Railway of Death' and the benches and trees around the railway track have relevant dedications. The memorial was dedicated on 15 August 2002.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=7 January 2002 |title='Railway of death' sleepers arrive |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1747391.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>
|2002
|-
|[[File:Christmas truce.jpg|200px]]|| '''Christmas Truce Memorial'''
On 12 December 2014, a memorial on the centenary of the World War I [[Christmas truce]], when British and German soldiers stopped fighting in the trenches and played football in [[no man's land]], was unveiled by [[William, Prince of Wales|Prince William, Duke of Cambridge]], the [[England national football team]] manager [[Roy Hodgson]] and [[Greg Dyke]], chairman of the [[Football Association]].<ref name="2014 memorial">{{cite news |author= |date=12 December 2014 |title=Prince William hails 'lasting memorial' to WW1 Christmas truce |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-30444024 |work=BBC News |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> The Football Remembers memorial was designed by ten-year-old Spencer Turner after a UK-wide competition.<ref name="2014 memorial"/>
|2014
|-
| [[File:Commandos memorial at National Memorial Arboretum.JPG|200px]]|| '''Commandos'''
The [[British Commandos|Commandos]] were formed by the Army in June 1940 as a well-armed but non-regimental raider force employing unconventional and irregular tactics to assault, disrupt and [[reconnoitre]] the enemy.
This memorial consists of a reproduction of part of the Association badge – the wreath in copper and the [[Fairbairn–Sykes fighting knife]] in stainless steel. It was created at Anwick Forge in Lincolnshire.
|-
|[[File:Navy Memorial at the National Memorial Arboretum.JPG|200px]]
|'''Navy Memorial'''
By [[Graeme Mitcheson]]. Unveiled on 15 June 2014 the memorial to navy personnel is made up from a number of large pieces of coloured glass and a lone figure with bowed head.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-27856838 |title=Monument to navy personnel unveiled in the National Memorial Arboretum |publisher=BBC News |access-date=21 August 2015}}</ref>
|2014
|-
| [[File:Polar Bear Memorial.jpg|200x200px]]|| '''Polar Bear Memorial'''
The Polar Bear Association Memorial was the first monument and sculpture to be erected at the National Memorial Arboretum. It is a tribute to the [[49th (West Riding) Infantry Division|49th Infantry West Riding Division]] and was dedicated on 7 June 1998. In the Second World War they were stationed in [[Iceland]] and as they were snowed in under {{convert|20|ft|m}} of snow for most of the campaign, their commanding officer called the men 'his Polar Bears' and the [[polar bear]] on a block of ice was soon adopted as their mascot and [[shoulder flash]]. Made from yellow hardwood, the bear is {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=mid|long}} and {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on|adj=mid|high}} and weighs 2.5 tonnes; it was created by the Essex Woodcarvers and took six men a year to carve. Inside the bear is a capsule containing the names of the members of the 49th Division who died, together with relevant letters and documents.
|1998
|-
|[[File:NMA Polish Service Men And Women Memorial.jpg|200px]] || '''The Polish Service Men and Women Memorial'''
{{main|Polish Forces War Memorial}}
A dedicated memorial has been erected in recognition of the contribution made by Polish service men and women to the Allied Forces during the [[Second World War]]. The centre monument sculptured by Robert Sobocinski was unveiled by [[Prince Edward, Duke of Kent]] on 19 September 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jamieson|first=Alastair|title=Memorial statue for Polish servicemen and women unveiled|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6210099/Memorial-statue-for-Polish-servicemen-and-women-unveiled.html|newspaper=Telegraph|date=20 September 2009}}</ref>
|2009
|-
| [[File:RNLI Memorial.jpg|268x268px]]|| '''Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI)'''
The [[RNLI]] memorial has been landscaped as a pebble, shingle and sand beach. The dramatic figure of a lifeboat man in his 19th-century oilskins and cork life jacket was sculpted by Andrew Fitchett.
|-
| [[File:Shot at Dawn Memorial.jpg|200x200px]]|| '''Shot at Dawn'''
{{main|Shot at Dawn Memorial}}
During the First World War some 306 British and Commonwealth soldiers were shot for desertion or cowardice; the real cause for their offences was often a psychological reaction to the stresses of war which today would be diagnosed as [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|post-traumatic stress syndrome]] or [[combat stress reaction]]. ''Shot at Dawn'' is modelled on Private [[Herbert Burden]], of the 1st Battalion [[Northumberland Fusiliers]], who was shot at Ypres in 1915 aged 17.
|2001
|-
|[[File:SANDS Garden NMA.JPG|200px]] || '''[[Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Society]] (SANDS) Garden'''
The SANDS Garden is for bereaved parents. At the centre of the garden is a sculpture of the SANDS tear drop logo which was created by John Roberts and the Portland Sculpture Trust to encourage people to sit and touch the central carved figure of the baby.
|
|-
|[[File:Sumatra Railway Memorial.jpg|200x200px]]||'''Sumatra Railway Memorial'''
Unveiled in 2001, the Sumatra Railway Memorial was designed by Jack Plant who was captured by the Japanese and forced to work constructing the railway. The memorial commemorates the 700 Allied PoWs who died building the [[Sumatra Railway]]. Several thousand captured Allied troops were forced to work on the {{convert|100|miles|km}} railway.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1492191.stm |title=Memorial to Sumatra railway dead |date=15 August 2001 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref>
|2001
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.thenma.org.uk/}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:National Memorial Arboretum| ]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Arboreta in England]]
[[Category:British military memorials and cemeteries]]
[[Category:Charities based in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Parks and open spaces in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:The Royal British Legion]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2001]]

Madhan (writer)

2026-02-08T12:00:50Z

Krishna57edits: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Tamil cartoonist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Madhan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Maadapoosi Krishnaswamy Govindan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|7|11}}
| birth_place = [[Srirangam]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Cartoonist]], writer
| yearsactive =
}}
'''Madhan''', real name '''Maadapoosi Krishnaswamy Govindan''' (born 11 July 1947 in [[Srirangam]]), is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cartoonist, journalist, writer and film critic.<ref name="cartoonist">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/cartoonist-madhan-has-found-success-in-many-realms/article7507381.ece |title= 'A cartoonist is born, not made' |last=Ramani |first= Hema Iyer |date=6 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref>

He previously worked for the weekly magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' and now hosts a film-review show ''Madhan Movie Matinee'' on [[Puthuyugam TV]].<ref name="matinee">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/movie-critic-madhan-is-back-with-a-new-show/article6579557.ece |title=Movie critic Madhan is back with a new show |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=9 November 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref>

He was one of the juries for the television program ''Naalaya Iyakunar'', Season 1.

In 2016, he was the presenter of the Tamil supernatural investigation television series ''[[Manithanum Marmangalum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvnews4u.com/pudhyugam-goes-revamp-new-logo-packaging-refreshing-content-line/|title=Pudhyugam goes for revamp with new logo, packaging and refreshing|date=8 September 2016|website=tvnews4u.com|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Madhan resides in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.

== Works ==
The works are not listed in chronological order.

* Manithanum Marmangalum
* Vanthargal Vendrargal
* Manithanukulle Oru Mirugam
* KiMu KiPi
* Hai Madhan
* Kadhal Vazhga

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Comics|Film|India|Journalism|Television}}
* [[List of cartoonists]]
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[List of people from Chennai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050824012506/http://vijay.indya.com/serials/mtp/about.html Madan's Thirai Paarvai]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhan}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Artists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Artists from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian editorial cartoonists]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil cartoonists]]
[[Category:Tamil television presenters]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Writers from Tiruchirappalli]]

{{cartoonist-stub}}
{{India-journalist-stub}}

Partha De

2026-02-05T18:12:48Z

Krishna57edits: cleanup structure per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Partha De
| predecessor2 =
| office3 = [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| term2 = 1992-2001
| term3 = 1977 - 1982; 1987 - 2001; 2006 - 2011
| term4 = 1996 - 2006
| predecessor1 =
| predecessor3 = Kashinath Mishra
| successor2 =
| successor3 = Kashinath Mishra
| occupation = Politician
| office2 = [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Minister of Health]], [[Government of West Bengal|Govt. of W.B]]
| successor = [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| office = [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|Minister of School Education]], [[Government of West Bengal|Govt. of W.B]]
| term = 2006 - 2011
| predecessor = [[Kanti Biswas]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|1|1|df=y}}
| image =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| birth_place = [[Bankura district]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| constituency3 = [[Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
}}
'''Partha De''' (born 1940) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He has served as the [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|School Education Minister]] and [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Health Minister]] in the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Indronil|date=2020-12-15|title=করোনা মুক্ত প্রাক্তন স্বাস্থ্যমন্ত্রীকে মাঝরাস্তায় নামাল সরকারি অ্যাম্বুলেন্স! মমতার প্রতি প্রশ্ন সূর্যের|url=https://bengali.oneindia.com/news/west-bengal/ambulance-from-beleghata-id-brought-down-former-health-minister-and-cpim-leader-midway-of-house-118601.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=bengali.oneindia.com|language=bn}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Partha De has represented [[Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bankura Vidhan Sabha constituency]] as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly of West Bengal]] for 5 terms, that is 25 years. He won in 1977,<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 1977|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3188-west-bengal-1977/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> 1987,<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 1987|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3190-west-bengal-1987/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> 1991,<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 1991|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3191-west-bengal-1991/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> 1996<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 1996|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3192-west-bengal-1996/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> and 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 2006|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3194-west-bengal-2006/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> He was a runner up in 1982<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 1982|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3189-west-bengal-1982/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> and 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal 2001|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3193-west-bengal-2001/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> In 2011, he decided to not contest in polls.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2011-03-29|title=New faces in WB candidate lists mark a departure|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/New-faces-in-WB-candidate-lists-mark-a-departure/article14966354.ece|access-date=2020-12-29|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He had served as the [[Department of School Education (West Bengal)|School Education Minister]] between 2006 and 2011 as a part of the [[Third Bhattacharjee ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Education minister goes back to his first calling teaching for a day |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/education-minister-goes-back-to-his-first-calling---teaching--for-a-day/573347/|access-date=2020-12-29|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> He had also served as the health minister.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-15|title=মাঝরাস্তায় ফেলে গেল অ্যাম্বুল্যান্স, তাও অভিযোগ করতে নারাজ প্রাক্তন মন্ত্রী পার্থ দে|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/partha-de-is-left-midway-beleghata-id_358354.html|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Zee24Ghanta.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=দুর্ভোগ সত্বেও কারও শাস্তি চান না পার্থ দে, মমতাকে 'কিছু করার' আবেদন সূর্যর|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/surjakanta-mishra-appealed-cm-to-take-step-to-curb-harassments-of-covid-19-cures-like-partha-de-31608092724391.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216073827/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/surjakanta-mishra-appealed-cm-to-take-step-to-curb-harassments-of-covid-19-cures-like-partha-de-31608092724391.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2020|access-date=2020-12-29|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:De, Partha}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]

Shikhar Pahariya

2026-01-27T18:01:04Z

Krishna57edits: Info

{{Short description|Indian industrialist, philanthropist and equestrian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shikhar Pahariya
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|04|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Industrialist|Philanthropist|Polo Player}}
| father = Sanjay Pahariya
| mother = Smruti Shinde
| relatives = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
(maternal grandfather) [[Veer Pahariya]] (brother) [[Praniti Shinde]] (maternal aunt)
| alma_mater = [[Regent's University London]]
| organisation = {{hlist|Basilius International|Veera Foundation|Indiawyn Gaming|}}
}}

'''Shikhar Pahariya''' (born 3 April 1997) is an Indian industrialist and polo player. He is associated with ventures in gaming and infrastructure. <ref>{{Cite web |last=India Today Web Desk |title=Who is Shikhar Pahariya? All you need to know about Janhvi Kapoor's rumoured boyfriend |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/who-is-shikhar-pahariya-all-you-need-to-know-about-janhvi-kapoors-rumoured-boyfriend-2343330-2023-03-06 |website=India Today |date=6 March 2023 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> He is the grandson of [[Sushilkumar Shinde]], former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister of India]], [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]], and senior leader of the [[Indian National Congress]].
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Prashant |title=Sushilkumar Shinde’s five decades in politics: A revealing memoir of a Dalit’s life in politics |url=https://scroll.in/article/1075902/sushilkumar-shindes-five-decades-in-politics-a-revealing-memoir-of-a-dalits-life-in-politics |website=Scroll.in |date=19 March 2023 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra former CM Shushilkumar Shinde’s grandson Shikhar Pahariya’s call for Marathi language respect |url=https://english.lokshahi.com/entertainment/maharashtra-former-cm-shushilkumar-shinde-grandson-shikhar-pahariyas-call-for-marathi-language-respect |website=Lokshahi English |date=9 July 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>
He has represented India in international [[polo]] tournaments, including matches in the [[United Kingdom]] where India secured notable wins.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Polo team creates history in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/polo-team-creates-history-in-london/articleshow/20762045.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 June 2013 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pahariya was born in [[Mumbai]] in 1997 to Smruti Shinde, a film producer, and Sanjay Pahariya, a businessman. His elder brother, [[Veer Pahariya]], is a Bollywood actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who are the Pahariya brothers? Meet sibling duo Veer and Shikhar |url=https://www.augustman.com/in/entertainment/culture/who-are-pahariya-brothers-sibling-duo-veer-and-shikhar/ |website=Augustman India |date=21 March 2023 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> He attended [[Bombay Scottish School]] and [[Dhirubhai Ambani International School]] in Mumbai before pursuing a degree in Global Financial Management at [[Regent's University London]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet Shikhar Pahariya: Janhvi Kapoor's boyfriend, investment analyst who is worth ₹84 crore, represented India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-meet-shikhar-pahariya-janhvi-kapoor-boyfriend-investment-analyst-who-is-worth-rs-84-core-represented-india-3098760/who-is-shikhar-pahariya-3098761 |work=DNA India |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

Pahariya belongs to a [[Khatik]] ([[Dalit]]) community.<ref>{{Cite news |title=जाह्नवी कपूर के बॉयफ्रेंड शिखर पहाड़िया ने 'दलित' कहकर मजाक उड़ाते वालें को दिया का जवाब |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/bollywood/tu-dalit-hai-janhvi-kapoor-boyfriend-shikhar-pahariya-replies-troll-who-commented-on-his-caste-201742272676419.html |work=DNA India |date=18 March 2025 |access-date=26 September 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pahariya's entrepreneurial journey began at the age of 13 when he, alongside his brother [[Veer Pahariya]], established a consultancy firm to assist first-time pet owners.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shikhar Pahariya net worth: Check Janhvi Kapoor’s rumoured boyfriend’s wealth, business ventures and more |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/shikhar-pahariya-net-worth-check-janhvi-kapoors-rumoured-boyfriends-wealth-business-ventures-and-more-11742280074949.html |work=Mint |date=22 May 2024 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>. After completing his degree, Pahariya worked as an investment analyst in London. In 2018, he co-founded Indiawyn Gaming. The company launched ''Jeetoh'', which was described by [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] as one of the country’s early live-[[mobile game|interaction gaming platforms]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shikhar Pahariya net worth: Check Janhvi Kapoor’s rumoured boyfriend’s wealth, business ventures and more |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/shikhar-pahariya-net-worth-check-janhvi-kapoors-rumoured-boyfriends-wealth-business-ventures-and-more-11742280074949.html |work=Mint |date=22 May 2024 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>.

Pahariya later established Basilius International, an infrastructure development company with operations spanning energy and aviation. The firm has undertaken projects in [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and internationally in the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Oman]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. Its portfolio includes large-scale community infrastructure and commercial projects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Building for the future: Shikhar Pahariya’s vision of sustainable growth |url=https://bigbuzznews.in/2024/09/21/building-for-the-future-shikhar-pahariyas-vision-of-sustainable-growth/ |website=BigBuzz News |date=21 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Building for the future: Shikhar Pahariya’s vision of sustainable growth |url=https://interviewtimes.net/building-for-the-future-shikhar-pahariyas-vision-of-sustainable-growth/ |website=Interview Times |date=23 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

== Social work and philanthropy ==
Pahariya is actively engaged in philanthropic activities, with a focus on women’s empowerment and youth development. He has collaborated with NGOs on environmental programs and sports-related initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India Today Web Desk |title=Who is Shikhar Pahariya? All you need to know about Janhvi Kapoor's rumoured boyfriend |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/who-is-shikhar-pahariya-all-you-need-to-know-about-janhvi-kapoors-rumoured-boyfriend-2343330-2023-03-06 |website=India Today |date=6 March 2023 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>. He is the founder of the Veera Foundation, a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit initiative]] that has been noted by ''Feminism in India'' for its work with men and boys on gender issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FII Year In Review: 2025 |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2025/12/24/fii-year-in-review-2025/ |website=Feminism in India |date=24 December 2025 |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref> According to the organisation’s website, the foundation focuses on workshops and dialogue programmes around positive [[masculinity]] and male [[allyship]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Veera |website=Veera Foundation |url=https://www.veerafoundation.org/ |access-date=27 January 2026 |publisher=Veera Foundation}}</ref>

In [[Solapur district|Solapur]], Maharashtra, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], Pahariya arranged ration kits for several thousand families over a six-month period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Building for the future: Shikhar Pahariya’s vision of sustainable growth |url=https://interviewtimes.net/building-for-the-future-shikhar-pahariyas-vision-of-sustainable-growth/ |website=Interview Times |date=23 September 2024 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> He has organized water tankers during severe droughts in the region, and in 2024 convened a job fair that drew over 3,000 participants, connecting local youth to employment opportunities.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jobs: Solapur Job Fair 2025 by Shikhar Foundation |url=https://samacharwani.com/2025/06/02/jobs-solapur-job-fair-2025-shikhar-foundation/ |work=Samachar Wani |date=2 June 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> He also donates amenities to educational facilities and books to village library initiatives across [[Pune division|Western Maharashtra.]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shikhar Pahariya donates 1000 books to Kolhapur IPS officer Birdev Dhone’s village library initiative |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/shikhar-pahariya-donates-1000-books-to-kolhapur-ips-officer-birdev-dhones-village-library-initiative-a475/ |work=Lokmat Times |date=19 July 2024 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

== Polo ==
A trained polo player, Pahariya has competed in [[polo]] and show-jumping events in India and abroad. He has represented India at the [[Royal County of Berkshire Polo Club]] in London, where the team recorded victories against international sides. In 2013, he was part of the [[Polo in India|Jaipur Polo Team]] that won the 7th [[Royal County of Berkshire Polo Club|Asia Polo Cup]] in Windsor, defeating the English team 5–4 to secure the trophy for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Polo team creates history in London |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/polo-team-creates-history-in-london/articleshow/20762045.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 June 2013 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Pahariya has received media coverage for his family background and for his association with actress [[Janhvi Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Janhvi Kapoor poses with Shikhar Pahariya’s family at Homebound premiere, honours Sridevi |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-poses-with-shikhar-pahariyas-family-at-homebound-premiere-honours-sridevi-9590140.html |website=News18 |publisher=Network18 Media & Investments Ltd. |accessdate=27 January 2026 |date=23 September 2025 |language=en }}</ref> He lives in Mumbai.

== Controversies ==
In March 2025, Pahariya drew attention for publicly responding to a [[caste]]-based remark directed at him on social media, criticising the troll’s "small, backward mindset" and emphasising India's strength in diversity and inclusivity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Janhvi Kapoor’s boyfriend Shikhar Pahariya lashes out at casteist troll: ‘Tu toh Dalit hai’ remark |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/janhvi-kapoor-boyfriend-shikhar-pahariya-castesist-troll-tu-toh-dalit-hai-remark-2694983-2025-03-18 |work=India Today |date=18 March 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Janhvi Kapoor’s boyfriend Shikhar Pahariya responds to casteist remark: ‘Pathetic, your thinking is untouchable’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/janhvi-kapoors-boyfriend-shikhar-pahariya-lashes-out-at-troll-for-casteist-remark-calls-it-pathetic-your-thinking-is-untouchable-9892335/ |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shikhar Pahariya lashes out at casteist remark |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shikhar-pahariya-janhvi-kapoor-boyfriend-lashes-out-at-casteist-remark/article69343838.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 March 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

In May 2025, Pahariya faced backlash on social media after posting in support of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] following [[Operation Sindoor]]. Some users criticised him as “heartless” for not addressing civilian concerns, while others trolled him for his remarks.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Janhvi Kapoor’s partner Shikhar Pahariya slams trolls calling him ‘heartless’ over Operation Sindoor post |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/janhvi-kapoors-boyfriend-shikhar-pahariya-slams-trolls-calling-him-heartless-over-operation-sindoor-post |work=Free Press Journal |date=26 May 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> Pahariya defended his stance by calling the [[Pahalgam attack]] a "hate-fueled massacre" and stressing the need for respect for armed forces and national solidarity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Janhvi Kapoor backs Shikhar Pahariya’s strong reply to trolls after Operation Sindoor post |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-backs-shikhar-pahariyas-strong-reply-to-trolls-who-mocked-him-for-praising-indian-army-after-operationsindoor-article-151591100 |work=Times Now |date=27 May 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

In July 2025, Pahariya commented on Maharashtra’s [[Marathi language|Marathi]]–[[Hindi]] language row surrounding the [[Three-language formula|Three Language Policy]], where he argued that cultural pride should "uplift, not divide," and that fear alone cannot sustain a language. He supported the Marathi asmita, but stressed that it should not come at the expense of others.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maharashtra former CM Shushilkumar Shinde’s grandson Shikhar Pahariya calls for respect for Marathi language |url=https://english.lokshahi.com/entertainment/maharashtra-former-cm-shushilkumar-shinde-grandson-shikhar-pahariyas-call-for-marathi-language-respect |work=Lokshahi |date=7 July 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref> The remarks sparked widespread media coverage and drew strong criticism from local Marathi outfits.
<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shikhar Pahariya reacts to Marathi-Hindi row: ‘Fear can’t keep language alive’ |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/janhvi-kapoor-partner-shikhar-pahariya-on-marathi-hindi-row-fear-cant-keep-language-alive-2752986-2025-07-09 |work=India Today |date=9 July 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Janhvi Kapoor’s boyfriend Shikhar Pahariya on Marathi-Hindi row: Can’t keep Marathi alive through fear |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/janhvi-kapoor-bf-shikhar-pahariya-on-language-row-cant-keep-marathi-alive-through-fear-ws-ln-9429144.html |work=News18 |date=9 July 2025 |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pahariya, Shikhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Solapur]]
[[Category:Polo in India]]

Peace Has Come

2026-01-18T19:06:45Z

Krishna57edits: put up stub.

{{short description|2018 short story collection by Parismita Singh}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = ''Peace Has Come''
| image = File:Peace_Has_Come_by_Parismita_Singh_2018_book_cover.jpg
| image_size = 130px
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Parismita Singh]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator = Parismita Singh
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language =
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = Fiction
| set_in = [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]]
| publisher = [[Westland Books]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 2018
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn = 9789386850508
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
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}}
'''''Peace Has Come''''' is a collection of short stories written and illustrated by [[Parismita Singh]], published by [[Westland Books|Westland]] in 2018.

==Synopsis==
There are eight stories in the collection that take place in the [[Bodoland Territorial Region|Bodoland]] region of [[Assam]], India, during a time of "ceasefire".<ref name="Khan 2018">{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Abdullah |title=Peace has Come by Parismita Singh reviewed by Abdullah Khan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/peace-has-come-by-parismita-singh-reviewed-by-abdullah-khan/article23523841.ece |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 14, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Sharma Mint 2018"/> The stories feature characters from a variety of communities, including [[Bodo-Kachari people|Bodo]], [[Nepal]]i, [[Bengalis|Bengali]], [[Rajbongshi people|Koch-Rajbongshi]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], [[Muslims|Muslim]] and [[Santal people|Santal]].<ref name="Khan 2018"/><ref name="Sharma 2018" />

==Background==
In 2018, Singh told ''[[The Hindu]]'' that she wrote the stories over three years while working on another project related to primary schools in [[Assam]].<ref name="Ravi S 2018">{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=S |title=Like a garment caught on a nail… |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/like-a-garment-caught-on-a-nail/article23412689.ece |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>

==Reception==
In a review for ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', Sanjukta Sharma writes "The title of Parismita Singh’s collection of stories, ''Peace Has Come'', is a tragicomic irony."<ref name="Sharma Mint 2018">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Sanjukta |title=Ceasefire state of mind |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zHm2Fv4g80rydf8u7PDaKI/Ceasefire-state-of-mind.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=January 26, 2018}}</ref> Supriya Sharma writes in a review for the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', "The irony of the title [...] becomes evident in its absence in the lives of the characters of these short stories set in the villages of upper Assam (the area called Bodoland). [...] Surprisingly, its subject matter does not weigh down this collection or make it a depressing read."<ref name="Sharma 2018">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Supriya |title=Review: Peace Has Come by Parismita Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-peace-has-come-by-parismita-singh/story-WoMGVUOaKqkPaW8FOqcCHM.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=September 7, 2018}}</ref> In a review for ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]'', Anshika Ravi writes, "The brilliance of her work lies in the lingering feeling of dissatisfaction and restlessness that she manages to instill. All stories end on an ambiguously tragic note, only ascertaining that peace is nowhere near."<ref name="Ravi 2018">{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=Anshika |title=Book Review: A fresh perspective on the disorder of human life |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/books/13012-book-review-fresh-perspective-disorder-human-life |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |date=June 1, 2018}}</ref>

[[Abdullah Khan (author)|Abdullah Khan]] writes in a review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "The plotlines are often predictable. But Singh’s uniqueness lies in the way she carves out her characters, looking deep into their heart and minds, so that readers immediately empathise with them."<ref name="Khan 2018"/> Jessica Xalxo writes for ''[[SheThePeople]]'', "With Singh’s illustrations too marking the pages, readers find themselves experiencing what the newspapers glossed over and what only a look into the lives of the people amidst ceasefire could give."<ref name="Xalxo 2018">{{cite news |last1=Xalxo |first1=Jessica |title=Parismita Singh's 'Peace Has Come': Tales Of A Conflict-Torn Region |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/parismita-singh-weaves-tales-conflict-torn-region/ |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=[[SheThePeople]] |date=March 24, 2018}}</ref> In a review for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', Sayali Palekar writes, "''Peace Has Come'', I believe, is crucial to read today, as more and more people realise how violent peace can be, to realise the sheer impossibility of these three titular words."<ref name="Palekar">{{cite news |last1=Palekar |first1=Sayali |title=Parismita Singh's short stories question whether 'Peace Has Come' to North East India |url=https://scroll.in/article/894508/parismita-singhs-short-stories-question-whether-peace-has-come-to-north-east-india |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=September 22, 2018}}</ref> A review by Kamalika Basu in ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' concludes, "With tension continuing to brew in Assam, the book is particularly relevant to our times. Rather than taking a partisan stand on militancy, Singh represents diverse ethnic groups that inhabit the space, and ties them together through the shared struggle for rights and identity and an undercurrent of humanity."<ref name="Basu 2018">{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Kamalika |title=Shadows of the past |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2179775555 |access-date=22 September 2021 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=June 29, 2018|id={{ProQuest|2179775555}} }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://scroll.in/article/869998/sultanas-story-is-fiction-but-the-bodo-versus-muslim-conflict-in-assam-is-fact Sultana’s story is fiction, but the Bodo versus Muslim conflict in Assam is fact] (story excerpt, ''[[Scroll.in]]'', 2018)

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2018 short story collections]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:War short stories]]
[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:Books about politics of India]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]

Irulam

2026-01-13T05:15:16Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Irulam
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Seetha Lava Kusha - waynad.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Seetha Lava Kusha Temple, Irulam
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|45|0|N|76|11|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 21052
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 673579
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in Kerala#Sub Regional Transport Offices|KL-73]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Pulpally
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 95%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Wayanad District|Wayanad]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Sultan Bathery]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Irulam''' is a small village located in [[Sultan Bathery]] Municipality, [[Wayanad District]] of [[Kerala]] in India.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Irulam had a population of 21052 with 10465 males and 10587 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irulam Village Population - Sulthanbathery - Wayanad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627314-irulam-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211182048/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=2008-02-11|access-date=2008-12-10|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Economy ==

The main crops in the village are pepper, coffee, cardamom, paddy and ginger.
==Transportation==
Irulam village can be accessed from [[Sultan Bathery]] or [[Pulpally]]. The Periya ghat road connects Mananthavady to Kannur and Thalassery. The Thamarassery mountain road connects Calicut with Kalpetta. The Kuttiady mountain road connects Vatakara with Kalpetta and Mananthavady. The Palchuram mountain road connects Kannur and Iritty with Mananthavady. The road from Nilambur to Ooty is also connected to Wayanad through the village of Meppadi.

The nearest railway station is at Mysore and the nearest airports are [[Kozhikode International Airport]]-120 km, [[Bengaluru International Airport]]-290 km, and [[Kannur International Airport]], 58 km.

==Image Gallery==

<gallery>File:Irulam junction.jpg|Irulam junction
File:SeethaDevi Lava Kusha Temple Irulam, wayanad 9902.JPG|Temple Wall
File:SeethaDevi Lava Kusha Temple Irulam, wayanad 9904.JPG|Mandapam
File:SeethaDevi Lava Kusha Temple Irulam, wayanad 9905.JPG|Sacred Tree
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}
{{Wayanad district}}

[[Category:Sultan Bathery area]]
[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]

{{Wayanad-geo-stub}}

K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai

2026-01-12T04:18:10Z

Krishna57edits: updated details

{{short description|Indian choreographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person|
| name = K. N. Dhandayuthapani Pillai
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|7|14}}
| birth_place = Karikal ([[Karaikal]]), [[French India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|10|12|1921|7|14|df=y}}
| death_place = Karaikal (Karikal), [[Puducherry (union territory)|Pondicherry]], [[India]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Classical dancer Choreographer
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Bharatanatyam]]
| spouse = Chandra Dhandayudhapani Pillai
| domesticpartner =
| children = Dr. Uma Anand and me
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Natyakala Chakravarthy]] [[Kalaimamani]] [[Natyakalanidhi]]
}}
'''Karaikal Natesa Dhandayudhapani Pillai''' (born 14 July 1921, [[Karaikal]] - 1974) was an Indian classical dancer and choreographer, considered by many as one of the leading exponents of the classical dance form of [[Bharatanatyam]]. He was also a teacher and trained multiple performers.

==Career==
Born on 14 July 1921 in Karaikal in [[French India]] (nowadays the Indian [[Union territory of Puducherry|union territory of Pondicherry]]), to A. K. Natesa Pillai, a known musician, he started training initially in music under his father, but later turned to Bharatanatyam and learned under his grandfather, who was a teacher of the dance form.<ref name="K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai Baani">{{cite web | url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/profiles/profl193.html | title=K. N. Dandayudhapani Pillai Baani | publisher=Narthaki | work=Remembrance | date=26 March 2016 | access-date=21 August 2016 | author=Hema Rajagopalan}}</ref> Subsequently, he joined [[Kalakshetra]] of [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]] as a teacher where he taught for a number of years. He was known to have authored several compositions for Bharatanatyam<ref name="Compositions of K.N.Dandayudapani Pillai ">{{cite web | url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/lyrics/kndp.html | title=Compositions of K.N.Dandayudapani Pillai | publisher=Indian Heritage | date=2016 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Dance rich in rhythm">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090302190400.htm | title=Dance rich in rhythm | date=3 September 2004 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=21 August 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and trained many students; Jaya Gowri (Malaysia), Sri Vidya, J. Jayalalithaa, [[Hema Rajagopalan]], Suganthi Sadayane, Nayana Shenoy,<ref name="Nayana Shenoy">{{cite web | url=http://www.shivamdance.com/aboutus | title=Nayana Shenoy | publisher=Shivam School of Dance | date=2016 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> [[Adyar K. Lakshman]],<ref name="Adyar K. Lakshman speaks to S. Janaki">{{cite web | url=https://www.dhvaniohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/cover-story.pdf | title=Adyar K. Lakshman speaks to S. Janaki | publisher=Sruti | date=May 2011 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> Uma Muralikrishna,<ref name="KothariPasricha2001">{{cite book|author1=Sunil Kothari|author2=Avinash Pasricha|title=Kuchipudi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa8FamiJJKgC&pg=PA221|date=January 2001|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-359-5|pages=221–}}</ref> Vijayalakshmi Shetty-Ahuja,<ref name="About Guru">{{cite web | url=http://www.natrajdance.com/aboutguru.html | title=About Guru | publisher=Natraj Dance | date=2016 | access-date=21 August 2016 | archive-date=17 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917200642/http://www.natrajdance.com/aboutguru.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Jayalakshmi Alva<ref name="Noted Bharatanatyam dancer Jayalakshmi Alva passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/noted-bharatanatyam-dancer-jayalakshmi-alva-passes-away/article7452637.ece | title=Noted Bharatanatyam dancer Jayalakshmi Alva passes away | newspaper=The Hindu | date=22 July 2015 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> and [[Geeta Chandran]]<ref name="Short Bio">{{cite web | url=http://www.geetachandran.in/Short_Bio.PDF | title=Short Bio | publisher=Geeta Chandran | date=2016 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> are some of the notable ones among them. He was the dance choreographer of a number of films in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil language film|Tamil]] and [[Hindi language cinema|Hindi]] such as ''Raja Guruvu'',<ref name="Raja Guruvu">{{cite web | url=https://thesouthernnightingale.net/2015/12/08/evaroyi-veeru-evaroyi-raja-guruvu-1954-telugu-feature-film/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318034633/http://thesouthernnightingale.net/2015/12/08/evaroyi-veeru-evaroyi-raja-guruvu-1954-telugu-feature-film/ | url-status=usurped | archive-date=18 March 2016 | title=Raja Guruvu | publisher=The Southern Nightingale | date=2016 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> [[Man-Mauji]], [[Chhaya (film)|Chhaya]], [[Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke]], [[Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam]] and [[Bhai-Bhai (1956 Hindi film)|Bhai-Bhai]].<ref name="Dandayudapani Pillai on IMDb">{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0433883/ | title=Dandayudapani Pillai on IMDb | publisher=Internet Movie Database | date=2016 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> He also founded Sri Rama Nataka Niketan, a dance academy in [[Chennai]] in 1967.<ref name="Sri Rama Nataka Niketan">{{cite web | url=http://www.manjularamaswamy.org/school.html | title=Sri Rama Nataka Niketan | publisher=Sri Rama Nataka Niketan | date=2016 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 1971, for his contributions to Dance.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2013 |access-date=20 August 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
His wife, Chandra Dhandayudhapani Pillai, is a known Bharatanatyam expert and teacher<ref name="Birth anniversary celebrated">{{cite web | url=http://www.carnatica.net/mmmela2001/dancereviews.html | title=Birth anniversary celebrated | publisher=Carnatica.net | date=17 December 2001 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> Her younger Sister Suria Santhanam also a noted Bharatanatyam teacher for 35 Years.<ref name="Delhi based dance guru Dakshinamoorthy Pillai passes away">
His grandson, Karthik Balaji is currently pursuing Engineering from Bharati Vidyapeeths college of Engineering.{{cite web | url=http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/news/general/1654-delhi-dakshinamoorthy-pillai | title=Delhi based dance guru Dakshinamoorthy Pillai passes away | publisher=Kutcherri Buzz | date=27 April 2005 | access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>

== Death ==

He went to an eye operation in America. Following his return on 4 October, he attended his student's graduation ceremony. Later he had chest pain and was admitted to the hospital. On 12 October he died.

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
Sri Thandauthapanipillai was a famous bharathanatyam dancer as wells as a professional vocalist. He was born into a musical family. His grandfather was called Ramakrishnan, who was a great Bharathanaatyam artist.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name | id=nm0433883}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9jGByI-h3A | title=Dandayudhapani Pillai Nataikuranji Varnam by dancer Geeta Chandran | publisher=Geeta Chandran | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=26 July 2016 | access-date=21 August 2016}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, K. N. Dandayudhapani}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Tamil artists]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Puducherry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:People from Karaikal]]
[[Category:People from French India]]

{{India-musician-stub}}

Jaitrasimha

2026-01-11T17:51:57Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox King
| name = Jaitrasimha
| title = Maharajadhiraja Rawal
| succession = Rawal of the [[Guhila dynasty]]
| reign = 1213-1253
| predecessor = Padmasimha
| successor = [[Tejasimha]]
| death_date = 1252
| issue =
| house = [[Guhila dynasty|Guhila]]
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =
| branch =
| rank =
| battles = *Battle of Bhutala}}
}}

'''Rawal Jaitrasimha''' also known as '''Rawal Jaitra Singh''' was the ruler of the [[Guhila dynasty]] from 1213 to 1252. During his rule, the Guhila Kingdom attained a high political status.<ref name="dc">{{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQtuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Struggle for Empire |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1957 |editor=R. C. Majumdar |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |page=90 |chapter=Northern India During The Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries |oclc=26241249}}</ref> ''Ekalinga Mahatmya'' mentions his title as ''Rajakula'' (''Rawal''), his own inscriptions call him a ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]'' ("king of great kings").{{sfn|Kalyan Kumar Ganguli|1983|p=70}}

During his rule, literary works like ''Hamir Mada Mardan'' are found which state that Jaitrasimha was confident in his sword. According to Ram Vallabh Somani, Many other indicators suggest that the Guhila Kingdom at this stage was an independent entity.{{sfn|Ram Vallabh Somani|1976|p=81}}

== Struggles with the Ghurids and Iltutmish ==
{{See also|Battle of Bhutala|List of wars between the Kingdom of Mewar and the Delhi Sultanate}}
The [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshvara]] inscription suggests that Jaitrasimha destroyed [[Naddula]] and defeated the [[Turkic peoples|Turushkas]] (Turkic people).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} According to historian R. B. Singh, this suggests that the Turkic [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] invaders had captured Naddula from the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Chauhans]] (Chahamanas), and Jaitrasimha defeated their local governor. Later, the [[Chahamanas of Javalipura|Jalor Chauhan]] king [[Udayasimha]] (a relative of Jayatasimha), gained control of Naddula.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=264}} However, D. C. Ganguly believes that Jaitrasimha may have plundered Naddula ''after'' Udayasimha's conquest of Jalore.<ref name="dc" />

Early in his reign, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Iltutmish]] invaded Mewar, and destroyed Nagada(the then capital of Mewar). Jaitrasimha Guhila (alias Jayatala) suffered heavy losses and retreated , but the Sultanate army retreated when the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] chief Viradhavala (a feudatory of Solankis of Gujarat) marched northwards to check their advance and counter them.<ref name="dc" />

Jaitrasimha seems to have invaded the [[Chaulukya]] territory. During an attempt to capture Kottadaka (modern Kotada), the general of the Mewar army Bala was killed by Tribhuvana-Ranaka (identified with the Solanki king [[Tribhuvanapala]]).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=168}}

According to one record, Ksehma's son Madana fought with the Panchalagudika Jaitramalla at Utthunaka (modern [[Arthuna]]), on behalf of Jesala. Based on identification of Jesala with Jaitrasimha, historian D. C. Ganguly believes that Jaitrasimha's general Madana fought with Jaitramalla, who was probably a chief of the [[Vagad|Vagada]] branch of the Guhilas.<ref name="dc" />

The Guhila records also credit Jaitrasimha with military success against the king of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari]]. The Chauhan dynasty of Shakambhari had already ended by this time, therefore, this may be a reference to his victory over their descendants, the [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Chauhans of Ranthambore]]. Jaitrasimha is also said to have defeated the Sindhuka army, whose identity is uncertain.<ref name="dc" />

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Kalyan Kumar Ganguli |title=Cultural History Of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXstAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=Sundeep Prakashan |oclc=461886025}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{cite book |author=Ram Vallabh Somani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 |oclc=2929852}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:Guhila dynasty]]

Independent Television Network

2025-12-26T22:27:45Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Short description|Sri Lankan state-owned broadcaster}}
{{about|Sri Lankan television|the British Independent Television network|ITV (TV network)|similarly named topics|Independent Television (disambiguation)}}
{{redirect-multi|2|ITN Ltd|ITN channel|the British Independent Television News Limited|ITN|the former British ITN News Channel|ITV News Channel|similarly named topics|ITN (disambiguation)}}
{{primary sources|date=January 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Independent Television Network Ltd
| logo = Independent Television Network (Sri Lanka) Logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[Government-owned corporation]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founder = {{plainlist|
* [[Shan Wickremesinghe]]
* [[Anil R. Wijewardene]]
}}
| defunct =
| fate =
| area_served = [[Sri Lanka]]
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* Shan Wickramasinghe ([[Organizational founder|founder]])
* Anil Wijewardene ([[Organizational founder|founder]])
}}
| industry = Television
| genre = [[Mass media]]
| products = Broadcasting Network
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]] 2.492 billion (2015)<ref name="itn15">{{cite web | url =https://www.parliament.lk/uploads/documents/paperspresented/annual-report-independent-television-network-2015.pdf | title = ITN 2015 Annual Report| publisher = [[Parliament of Sri Lanka]] | access-date = March 12, 2016}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{decrease}} [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]] 507.33 million(2015)<ref name="itn15"/>
| net_income = {{increase}} [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]] 433.021 million (2015)<ref name="itn15"/>
| assets = {{increase}} [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]] 4.059 billion (2015)<ref name="itn15"/>
| equity = {{increase}} [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]] 3.198 billion (2015)<ref name="itn15"/>
| owner =
| num_employees = 684 (2018)<ref name="itn15"/>
| parent = [[Ministry of Information and Mass Media]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.itn.lk}}
| caption =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1979|06|05|df=y}}
| location_city = [[Battaramulla]]
| location_country = [[Sri Lanka]]
| location = [[Wickramasinghepura]]
| locations =
}}

'''Independent Television Network Ltd''' ({{langx|si|ස්වාධීන රූපවාහිනී මාධ්‍ය ජාලය}}; {{langx|ta|சுயாதீன தொலைக்காட்சி ஊடக வளையமைப்பு}}), also known as '''ITN Ltd''' or simply as '''ITN''' ({{langx|si|අයිටීඑන්}}), is a state-governed television and radio broadcaster in Sri Lanka. Its headquarters are located in [[Wickramasinghepura]], [[Battaramulla]]. ITN received the Shrama Abhimani Award in October 2009.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.youtube.com/?v=3YSdPTxZriE
|title=Shrama Abhimani awards for ITN
|author=The ITN Channel Reporters
|publisher=The ITN Channel
|date=14 October 2009
|access-date=31 December 2009
}}</ref> The network broadcasts programmes to a wide demographic within Sri Lanka as well as to the expatriate community. Its content is presented in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and English, with broadcast coverage extending to 99% of the country.<ref name="about_itn">{{cite web
|url = http://www.itn.lk/about-itn
|title = About ITN
|author = ITN Digital
|access-date = 31 December 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091227013549/http://www.itn.lk/about.html
|archive-date = 27 December 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="itn_coverage">{{cite web
|url = http://www.itn.lk/receiving.html
|title = Receiving ITN
|author = The ITN Channel
|access-date = 31 December 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100103080847/http://www.itn.lk/receiving.html
|archive-date = 3 January 2010
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="st_prime">{{cite news
|url = http://www.dailymirror.lk/print/index.php/life/132-life/11846.html
|title = Prime feat from ITN
|author = Susitha R. Fernand
|newspaper = [[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]]
|date = 22 November 2009
|access-date = 31 December 2009
}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The ITN channel is the flagship television channel of ITN Ltd. In addition, ITN operates three [[FM radio]] stations: [[Lakhanda radio|Lakhanda]] (formerly ITN FM), which broadcasts in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]; Vasantham FM, which broadcasts in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]; and [[Prime Radio]], which broadcasts in English. ITN also operates [[Vasantham TV]], a second television channel that broadcasts in Tamil. In recent years, ITN launched ITN News, an online portal designed to distribute local news internationally.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.itnnews.lk/
|title=ITN News – Latest Sri Lankan News
|author=Independent Television Network
|access-date=31 January 2010
}}</ref>

ITN channel was the first [[1080p]] full HD television channel in Sri Lanka. ITN Ltd invested Rs. 200 million in the construction of the country's first HD studio complex, commencing high-resolution broadcasting on 30 June 2016.

==History==
Prior to the establishment of ITN, several decisions had to be taken regarding the deployment of television in Sri Lanka. The Japanese company [[NEC]] provided technical assistance for the construction of the station, and later also supported the establishment of [[Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation|Rupavahini]] in 1982. The development of ITN took place alongside that of Rupavahini. One of the crucial decisions concerned the selection of a colour television system. Although neighbouring India was then operating a black-and-white system using NTSC equipment, Sri Lanka adopted the PAL system, with technical support provided by Japan, which itself used a [[NTSC-J|variant of NTSC]].

ITN was founded by Anil Wijewardene and Shan Wickremesinghe at Mahalwarawa, with additional support from an American investor. The first test transmissions were carried out in 1979 and were initially received only in Colombo, the channel's first coverage area. Early programming included international content such as the American educational series [[Sesame Street|''Sesame Street'']] and the British sitcom [[Mind Your Language|''Mind Your Language'']].<ref name="off">{{Cite web|last=Amunugama|first=Sarath|date=2022-11-27|title=Television takes off; JRJ takes over ITN fathered by two of his nephews|url=https://island.lk/television-takes-off-jrj-takes-over-itn-fathered-by-two-of-his-nephews/|url-status=live|access-date=2023-06-07|website=The Island|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607135142/https://island.lk/television-takes-off-jrj-takes-over-itn-fathered-by-two-of-his-nephews/}}</ref>

ITN Ltd formally commenced operations on 13 April 1979 with the launch of the ITN television channel.<ref name="about_itn" /> As the first television broadcasting service in Sri Lanka and South Asia, ITN introduced the first terrestrial television channel in the country. It was also the first privately owned television station in a region where radio and television were generally under government control.<ref name="itn_so">
{{cite news
|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2009/09/13/imp06.asp
|title=Digital future
|author=Observer Reporters
|newspaper=[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)|Sunday Observer]]
|date=13 September 2009
|access-date=31 December 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606005314/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2009/09/13/imp06.asp
|archive-date=6 June 2011
|url-status=live
|df=dmy-all
}}
</ref> The founding board of directors comprised [[Shan Wickramasinghe]], Anil Wijewardene and Bob Christie. Initially, the ITN studios and transmission station were located at Mahalwarawa Estate, [[Pannipitiya]]. A one-kilowatt transmitter and a {{convert|65|feet}} transmission tower broadcast within a {{convert|15|mile|km}} radius of [[Colombo]].<ref name="about_itn" /> However, due to the geographical location of the station, weather conditions and limitations of the transmission equipment, early viewers often experienced disruptions and interference in programmes caused by voltage fluctuations.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

On 5 June 1979, ITN Ltd was taken over by the state as a business undertaking under a [[Competent Authority]].<ref name="about_itn" /> The late [[Thevis Guruge|D. Thevis L. Guruge]], former Director General of the [[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation]], was appointed as Competent Authority and played a significant role in the early development of the organisation.

Soon after commencing test broadcasts, ITN expanded its regular programming to a wider urban area. Local companies began importing Japanese-manufactured television sets, and sales quickly exceeded projections by UNESCO. At the time, television in India was still limited to black-and-white transmissions by [[Doordarshan]], largely aimed at [[Satellite Instructional Television Experiment|agricultural education]], which contributed to the high demand for Japanese-made television sets in Sri Lanka, some of which were smuggled across borders due to the absence of an established market for foreign brands.<ref name="off" />

ITN was also the pioneer of [[colour television]] broadcasting in Sri Lanka.<ref name="itn_so" /> On 5 June 1984, ITN relocated to its present headquarters in [[Wickramasinhapura]]. In 1992, ITN was converted into a public company, with the state as its major shareholder.<ref name="about_itn" /> Thereafter, its revenue, programming diversity, technical capacity and coverage expanded considerably.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Among its radio operations, ITN manages [[Lakhanda radio|Lakhanda]] and Vasantham FM. Lakhanda originated as a subsidiary of the [[Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation]] (SLBC) and was amalgamated with ITN Ltd on 1 April 1997.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.lakhanda.lk/
|title=Origin of Lakhanda
|author=Lakhanda
|access-date=31 December 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207054656/http://www.lakhanda.lk/about.html
|archive-date=7 December 2009
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> It broadcasts content in Sinhala. Vasantham FM, launched in June 2009, was established to cater to the Tamil-speaking community in Sri Lanka.

On 25 June 2009, ITN introduced its second television channel, [[Vasantham TV]], which broadcasts in Tamil.<ref name="gov_vasTV">{{cite news
|url=http://www.news.lk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10330&Itemid=44
|title="Vasantham TV" transmissions from today
|author=The Sri Lankan Government
|author-link=The Sri Lankan Government
|publisher=[[The Official Government News Portal of Sri Lanka]]
|date=25 June 2009
|access-date=31 December 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/30/fea23.asp
|title = ITN introduces Vasantham TV
|author = Ruwini Jayawardana
|work = [[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]
|date = 30 June 2009
|access-date = 31 December 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605030108/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/30/fea23.asp
|archive-date = 5 June 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> On 12 November 2009, ITN also launched [[Prime TV Sri Lanka|Prime TV]] and [[Prime Radio Sri Lanka|Prime Radio]], which provide content in English.<ref name="st_prime" /><ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/11/11/art08.asp
|title = Prime TV and Prime Radio breaks into the scene
|author = Ruwini Jayawardana
|work = [[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]
|date = 11 November 2009
|access-date = 31 December 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605030220/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/11/11/art08.asp
|archive-date = 5 June 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Programmes==

The television channels and radio stations of ITN Ltd broadcast a wide range of programmes in Sinhala, Tamil and English. The following are some of the programmes and genres associated with its services.

'''ITN channel (Sinhala)'''<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.itn.lk/programs.html
|title = ITN Programmes and Schedule
|author = ITN Ltd
|access-date = 31 December 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091227015508/http://www.itn.lk/programs.html
|archive-date = 27 December 2009
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
*News (in Sinhala, Tamil and English)
*Teledramas (''Amaa'', ''Ridee Siththam'', ''Muthu Warusa'', ''Tharu Piri Ahasak'', ''Parana Towuma'', ''Poori'', [[Emy (TV Series)|''Emy'']], ''Snehaye Dasi'', ''Nethu Piyena Thura'', [[Kopi Kade|''Kopi Kade'']], ''Aluth Gedera'', ''Sihina Tharaka'', ''Rantharu'', [[Bonda Meedum|''Bonda Meedum'']], ''Rana'')
*Films – Classic Sinhala films
*Documentaries (''Atapattama'')
*Educational programmes
*Children's entertainment
*Programmes dubbed in Sinhala
*Game shows
*Reality television
*Religious programmes
*Political debates

'''Vasantham TV (Tamil)'''<ref name="gov_vasTV" />
*News
*Teledramas
*Films – Tamil and Hindi films
*Documentaries
*Educational programmes <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/070812/TV/tv_13.html |title=Creatas muppets enact 'Panchathanthra' |publisher=Sunday Times |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>
*Children's entertainment

'''[[Prime TV Sri Lanka|Prime TV]] (English)'''<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.primetv.lk
|title=Prime TV Programmes
|author=Prime TV
|access-date=31 December 2009
}}</ref>
*News
*Music programmes (''Music Runway'', ''House of Rock'', ''Music With Bevil'')
*Debates and discussions (''The Round Table'', ''Ayubowan Sri Lanka'', ''Prime Sunrise'')
*Educational and variety programmes (''Prime Sunset'')
*Drama (''Beverly Hills 90210'', ''Relic Hunter'', ''Queen of Swords'')
*Other content – Sports, foreign news, cartoons
'''[[Lakhanda radio|Lakhanda]] (Sinhala)'''<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.lakhanda.lk/programmes.html
|title=Lakhanda programmes
|author=Lakhanda
|access-date=31 December 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218072129/http://www.lakhanda.lk/programmes.html
|archive-date=18 December 2009
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.lakhanda.lk/schedule.html
|title=Lakhanda schedule
|author=Lakhanda
|access-date=31 December 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216225214/http://www.lakhanda.lk/schedule.html
|archive-date=16 December 2009
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>
*News
*Music – Sinhala
*Religious programmes
*Educational programmes
*Political programmes

'''Vasantham FM (Tamil)'''<ref name="gov_vasTV" /><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.vasanthamfm.lk/programs.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104255/http://www.vasanthamfm.lk/programs.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=5 March 2016
|title=Vasantham FM Programmes and Schedule
|author=Vasantham FM
|access-date=31 December 2009
}}</ref>
*News
*Music – Tamil
*Religious programmes
*Educational programmes
*Political programmes

'''[[Prime Radio]] (English)'''<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.primeradio.lk/shows.html
|title = Prime Radio Shows
|author = Prime Radio
|access-date = 31 December 2009
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722145635/http://www.primeradio.lk/shows.html
|archive-date = 22 July 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
*News
*Music

==Frequencies and coverage==

Cumulatively, the broadcasts of ITN Ltd reach more than 99% of Sri Lanka. However, the individual coverage of each television channel and radio station varies considerably.

'''ITN'''<ref name="itn_coverage" />
*Frequencies: VHF Channel 9, VHF Channel 12, VHF Channel 24
*Coverage: 99% of the country, with limited gaps in certain areas of the Northern Province
*International coverage: Live online streaming via ''The ITN Channel Online''

'''Vasantham TV'''<ref name="gov_vasTV" />
*Frequencies: VHF Channel 9, UHF Channel 25
*Coverage: Western Province, Northern Province, Eastern Province
*International coverage: Live online streaming via ''Vasantham TV Online''

'''Prime TV'''<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.facebook.com/PrimeTV.UHF24
|title=Facebook – Prime TV
|author=Prime TV
|website=[[Facebook]]
|access-date=31 December 2009
|author-link=Prime TV Sri Lanka
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://twitter.com/PrimeTVsrilanka
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209133922/http://www.twitter.com/PrimeTVsrilanka
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=9 December 2012
|title=Twitter – Prime TV
|author=Prime TV
|access-date=31 December 2009
|author-link=Prime TV Sri Lanka
}}</ref>
*Frequencies: UHF Channel 24
*Coverage: Western Province
*International coverage: Live online streaming via ''Prime TV Online''

'''Lakhanda'''<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.lakhanda.lk
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061115123501/http://www.lakhanda.lk/
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 15 November 2006
|title = Lakhanda
|author = Lakhanda
|author-link = Lakhanda
|access-date = 31 December 2009
}}</ref>
*Frequencies and coverage: 97.6 MHz – Colombo and Southern Province; 87.9 MHz – Northern Province; and 88.5 MHz – Islandwide
*International coverage: Live online streaming via ''Lakhanda Radio Online''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://www.lakhanda.lk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115123501/http://www.lakhanda.lk/ |archive-date=2006-11-15 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.lakhanda.lk}}</ref>

'''Vasantham FM'''<ref name="gov_vasTV" />
*Frequencies and coverage: 97.6 MHz – Colombo, 97.0 MHz – other selected regions
*International coverage: Live online streaming via Vasantham FM Online

'''Prime Radio'''<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.primeradio.lk
|title=Prime Radio
|author=Prime Radio
|author-link=Prime Radio
|access-date=31 December 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.facebook.com/PrimeRadio104.5
|title=Facebook – Prime Radio
|author=Prime Radio
|website=[[Facebook]]
|author-link=Prime Radio
|access-date=31 December 2009
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://twitter.com/PrimeRadio
|title=Twitter – Prime Radio
|author=Prime Radio
|author-link=Prime Radio
|access-date=31 December 2009
}}</ref>
*Frequencies and coverage: 104.5 MHz – Colombo, 95.5 MHz – Kandy, 99.0 MHz – Galle
*International coverage: Live online streaming via ''Prime Radio Online''
==Logo==
ITN's logo, which until the June 1979 government takeover, read TV Sri Lanka, was designed by S. H. Sarath. After that, Jayath Janasuriya revised it, replacing "TV" with "ITN" and adding the channel name in Sinhala and Tamil. In December 1999, when Newton Gunaratne became president of the network, the logo underwent a drastic redesign, resembling an ''awanak'' fan, in red, green and blue. This did not last long and was replaced within months by a new one, depicting a purple lily and the channel's initials in black written inside red (I), green (T) and blue (N) circles. It was replaced by a purple symbol on 7 April 2001, putting more empmhasis on the lily, the national flower. On February 8, 2002, the old ITN logo was restored.<ref name="ITN25">{{cite book |title=25 years of television in Sri Lanka |author=Es. Sajīvanī Helan Mutumuṇi |date=2004 |publisher=Katōlika Mādhya Parśdaya (Sri Lanka) |url=https://www.google.pt/books/edition/25_years_of_television_in_Sri_Lanka/EUxQAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22%E0%B6%92+%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7+%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BA+%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F+%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9A+TV+Sri+Lanka%22&dq=%22%E0%B6%92+%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7+%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%BA+%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F+%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9A+TV+Sri+Lanka%22&printsec=frontcover |access-date=26 December 2025 |language=si}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of television networks in Sri Lanka]]
*[[List of radio networks in Sri Lanka]]
*[[Media of Sri Lanka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*ITN starts HD broadcasting: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161002180236/http://www.itnnews.lk/local-news/sri-lankas-first-full-hd-television-studio-complex-will-be-opened-tomorrow/ Sri Lanka's first full HD television studio complex will be opened tomorrow], 29 June 2016

==External links==
*[http://www.itn.lk/ Official website of the ITN Channel]
*[http://www.itnfm.lk ITN FM Radio]
*[http://www.vasantham.lk/ Vasantham TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917120012/https://www.vasantham.lk/ |date=17 September 2023 }}
*[http://www.vasanthamfm.lk/ Vasantham FM Radio]
*[http://www.primetv.lk/ Prime TV Sri Lanka]
*[http://www.primeradio.lk/ Prime Radio Sri Lanka]
*[http://www.itnnews.lk/ Official Govt. News Portal – ITN News]
*[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/050724/tv/1.html ITN goes digital]

{{Media of Sri Lanka}}

[[Category:Sinhala-language television stations]]
[[Category:Independent Television Network| ]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sri Lanka]]

Madhav V. Nori

2025-12-19T22:12:04Z

Krishna57edits:

{{Short description|Indian mathematician}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Madhav Nori
| image =
| caption =
| citizenship = Indian
| workplaces = [[University of Chicago]]
| birth_date =
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| thesis_title = The fundamental group-scheme
| thesis_year = 1981
| thesis_url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227215050_The_fundamental_group-scheme
}}

'''Madhav Vithal Nori''' is an Indian mathematician. In 1980 he has received the [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Medal for Young Scientists.

== Career ==

Nori was awarded his PhD in mathematics in 1981 from the [[University of Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N88-1002 |website = Indian national science academy|title=Madhav Vithal Nori}}</ref> He studies within the fields of [[algebraic geometry]] and [[commutative algebra]]. His areas of interest in research focus on [[algebraic cycles]], [[K-theory]], [[Hodge theory]], [[Galois theory]], and their interactions. Nori received the [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Medal for Young Scientists in 1980 and is an elected Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Bangalore]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== The fundamental group scheme ==
Under the direction of [[C. S. Seshadri|Conjeerveram S. Seshadri]] Nori proved the existence of the [[fundamental group scheme]] <math>\pi_1(X,x)</math> during his PhD work, using the theory of [[essentially finite vector bundle]]s that he defined.<ref name=":Nori">{{cite journal |url=http://www.numdam.org/item/?id=CM_1976__33_1_29_0| title=On the representations of the fundamental group | journal=Compositio Mathematica | year=1976 | volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=29–41 | last1=Nori | first1=Madhav V. }}</ref><ref name=":Nori 2">{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF02967978|title=The fundamental group-scheme |year=1982 |last1=Nori |first1=Madhav V. |journal=Proceedings Mathematical Sciences |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=73–122 |s2cid=121156750 }}</ref> The fundamental group scheme is also known as Nori fundamental group scheme, taking the name by his creator, and often also denoted as <math>\pi^N(X,x)</math>, where <math>N</math> stands for Nori. There is a special family of [[vector bundle]]s called [[Nori-semistable]] vector bundles in Nori's honor as he had the first intuition for their existence and properties.<ref name=":Dos">{{cite journal|arxiv=1809.06755 |doi=10.2748/tmj.20200727 |title=On the fundamental group schemes of certain quotient varieties |year=2021 |last1=Biswas |first1=Indranil |last2=Hai |first2=Phùng Hô |last3=Dos Santos |first3=João Pedro |journal=Tohoku Mathematical Journal |volume=73 |issue=4 |s2cid=54217282|pages=565–595 }}</ref> His construction has been since then further generalized, for instance a proof of the existence of the fundamental group scheme for schemes defined over Dedekind schemes has been provided by [[Marco Antei]], Michel Emsalem and Carlo Gasbarri.<ref name=":Dedekind">{{cite journal |doi=10.46298/epiga.2020.volume4.5436|arxiv=1504.05082|title=Sur l'existence du schéma en groupes fondamental |year=2020 |last1=Antei |first1=Marco |last2=Emsalem |first2=Michel |last3=Gasbarri |first3=Carlo |journal=Épijournal de Géométrie Algébrique |s2cid=227029191 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1215/00127094-2020-0065|title=Erratum for "Heights of vector bundles and the fundamental group scheme of a curve" |year=2020 |last1=Antei |first1=Marco |last2=Emsalem |first2=Michel |last3=Gasbarri |first3=Carlo |journal=Duke Mathematical Journal |volume=169 |issue=16 |s2cid=225148904 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Nori motive]] (see https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Nori+motive)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nori, Madhav V.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Sindhi

2025-12-11T06:50:59Z

Krishna57edits: Created A Stub.

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Third-party|date=October 2022}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the [[Languages with official status in India|24 official languages of India]], since 1989.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=..:: Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation ::.. |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref name="sahitya-akademi.gov.in" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Translator
!Title of the translation
!Original title
!Original language
!Genre
!Original Author
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
|1989
|Jagat Assudomal Advani
|Rolak Ji Atam Kahani
|Kuna Ekachi Bhramanagatha
|Marathi
|Novel
|[[Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar|G. N. Dandekar]]
|
|-
|1990
|Biharilal Chhabria
|Sat Kadam (Two Parts)
|Saptapadi
|Bengali
|Novel
|Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay
|
|-
|1991
|Vasdev ‘Nirmal’
|Choonda Marathi Kahaniyoon
|Maratht Laghu Katha-Sangrah
|Marathi
|Short Stories
|Various authors
|
|-
|1992
|Lachman Hardwani
|Yuga Jo Antu
|[[Yuganta: The End of an Epoch|Yuganta]]
|Marathi
|Epic
|[[Irawati Karve]]
|
|-
|1995
|Shyam Jaisinghani
|Chani
|Chani
|Marathi
|Novel
|[[Chintamani Tryambak Khanolkar|C. T. Khanolkar]]
|
|-
|1996
|Laxman Bhatia ‘Komal’
|Pan Chhan Jo Parlao
|Patjhar Ki Awaz
|Urdu
|Short stories
|[[Qurratulain Hyder]]
|
|-
|1997
|Hiro Shewkani
|Sindhi Adaba Jee Tarikha
|History of Sindhi Literature
|English
|History
|Lalsingh H. Ajwani
|
|-
|1998
|Lakhmi Khilani
|Asamaya
|Asamaya
|Bengali
|Novel
|[[Bimal Kar]]
|
|-
|1999
|Baldev Matlani
|Funey Tahqiq Ain Unja Usool
|Fancy Tahiquiq
|Urdu
|Essays
|A. Sattar Dalvi
|
|-
|2001
|Krishin Khatwani
|Akhar Jo Hik Dhihu
|[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]
|Hindi
|Play
|[[Mohan Rakesh]]
|
|-
|2003
|Krishin Rahi
|Tamas
|Tamas
|Hindi
|Novel
|[[Bhisham Sahni]]
|
|-
|2004
|Yashodara Wadhwani
|Sindhu Kanya
|Sindhu Kanya
|Sanskrit
|Historical Novel
|Shrinath S. Hasurkar
|
|-
|2005
|Hundraj Balwani
|Meera Yagnik Ji Diary
|Meera Yagnik Nee Diary
|Gujarati
|Novel
|[[Bindu Bhatt]]
|
|-
|2007
|Vishy Bellani
|Agni Sakshi Diary
|[[Agnisakshi (novel)|Agnisakshi]]
|Malayalam
|Novel
|[[Lalithambika Antharjanam]]
|
|-
|2008
|Kamla Goklani
|Kabir Vachnavali
|Selection
|Hindi
|Poetry
|[[Kabir]]
|
|-
|2009
|Jhamu Chhugani
|Shri Radha
|Shri Radha
|Oria
|Poetry
|[[Ramakanta Rath]]
|
|-
|2010
|Paru Chawla
|Karmelin
|Karmelin
|Konkani
|Novel
|[[Damodar Mauzo]]
|
|-
|2011
|Jetho Lalwani
|Shaadee Ta Kari
|Jetho Lalwani
|Gujarati
|Play
|Damu Sangani
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120216/punjab.htm#13 |access-date=14 April 2022 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|Choond Hiro Thakur
|Krishin Chandar Joon Nandiyoon Kahaniyoon
|Collection
|English
|Short stories
|[[Krishan Chander]]
|
|-
|2013
|Khiman U. Mulani
|Dr. Ambedkar Hik Prernadayee Shakhisyat
|Dr. Ambedkar
|English
|Articles
|Ratan Kumar Sambharia
|<ref name=":6">{{cite web |date=22 August 2014 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2013- News Letter |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|Ram Kukreja
|Maru Tirtha Hinglaaj
|Marutirtha Hinglaj
|Bengali
|Novel
|[[Kalikananda Abadhut]]
|<ref name=":7">{{cite web |date=4 September 2015 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2014- News Letter |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|Sarita Sharma
|Lal Ded
|Lal Ded
|Dogri
|Novel
|[[Ved Rahi]]
|<ref name=":8">{{cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2015 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2015.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|Mohan Gehani
|Bharat Natya Shastra
|Bharat Natya Shastra
|English
|Literary Criticism
|[[Kapila Vatsyayan]]
|<ref name=":9">{{cite web |date=20 April 2017 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2016 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2016.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|Arjun Chawla
|Sarhad Taan
|Sarhad Se
|Hindi
|Poetry
|Manohar Batham
|<ref name=":10">{{cite web |date=21 December 2017 |title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2017 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2017.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-08-16 |publisher=Sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|Jagdish Lachhani
|Manjogee
|Manjogee
|Hindi
|Novel
|Prabodh Kumar Govil
|<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title=AKADEMI TRANSLATION PRIZES (1989-2018) |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |archive-date= |accessdate=20 November 2019 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Dholan Rahi
|Mitho Pani Kharo Pani
|Mitha Paani Khara Paani
|Hindi
|Novel
|Jaya Jadwani
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter |url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|Sandhya Kundnani
|Uha Lambi Khamoshi
|That Long Silence
|English
|Novel
|[[Shashi Deshpande]]
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020 |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Meena Roopchandani
|Aju-Subhane-Parheen
|Aaj-Kal-Parson
|Hindi
|Short stories
|Rajmohan Jha
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021 |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf |archive-date= |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Bhagwan Atlani || Kiliyun Te Tangiyal Shakhs || Khuntiyon Par Tange Log || Hindi || Poetry || [[Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena]] || <ref name=":6A">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Bhagwan Babani
|Sado Lifafo
|Sada Lifafa
|Bengali
|Novel
|[[Moti Nandi]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Shobha Lalchandani
|''Dollar Nuhaan''
|''Dollar Bahu''
|Hindi
|Novel
|[[Sudha Murty]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sindhi]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#SINDHI Akademi Translation Prizes For Sindhi language]

{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

N. T. R. Arts

2025-11-29T11:50:55Z

Krishna57edits: revised

{{Short description|Indian film production company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = N. T. R. Arts
| logo = Logo of ntr arts.jpg
| type =
| key_people = [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| products = [[Films]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| owner = [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]
| parent = [[Ramakrishna Cine Studios]]
| subsid =
| foundation =[[Banjara Hills]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| location_city = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| location_country = India
| homepage =
}}

''' N. T. R. Arts ''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] [[production company]] in [[Banjara Hills]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. Established by actor [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], it is named after his grandfather [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]].

==History==
[[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] established the production house with the name of his grandfather, actor, and former [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]], known as 'NTR'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.newshunt.com/india/english-newspapers/apherald/movies/exclusive-kalyan-ram-begins-a-vfx-company_30717521/c-in-l-english-n-apherald-ncat-Movies|title=Kalyan Ram begins a VFX Company|publisher=newshunt.com|date=15 July 2014|accessdate=29 October 2014|archive-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029093850/http://m.newshunt.com/india/english-newspapers/apherald/movies/exclusive-kalyan-ram-begins-a-vfx-company_30717521/c-in-l-english-n-apherald-ncat-Movies|url-status=dead}}</ref> The production house has introduced directors such as [[Surender Reddy]], [[Anil Ravipudi]], and Mallidi Vassishta to [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-kalyan-ram-telugu-news-109959|title=Happy Birthday Kalyan Ram|work=indiaglitz.com|date= 5 July 2014|accessdate= 29 October 2014}}</ref> Former film producer and politician, Nandamuri Janaki Ram, elder son of [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], was also a part of the banner until he died in a car accident, on December 6, 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/janakiram-nandamuri.html#filmography|title=All you want to know about #JanakiramNandamuri}}</ref>

==Film Production==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Film
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Director
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Athanokkade]]''||[[Surender Reddy]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Hare Ram]]'' ||Harshavardhan
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Jayeebhava]]'' ||Naren Kondapati
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kalyanram Kathi]]'' || Mallikarjun
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Om 3D]]'' || Sunil Reddy
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015|| ''[[Pataas]]'' ||[[Anil Ravipudi]]
|-
| ''[[Kick 2]]'' || Surender Reddy
|-
|2016|| ''[[Ism (2016 film)|Ism]]'' ||[[Puri Jagannadh]]
|-
|2017|| ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' || [[K. S. Ravindra]]
|-
|2022|| ''[[Bimbisara (film)|Bimbisara]]''|| [[Mallidi Vassishta]]
|-
|2024|| ''[[Devara: Part 1]]'' ||[[Koratala Siva]]
|-
|2025
|[[Arjun Son Of Vyjayanthi|''Arjun Son Of Vyjayanthi'']]
|Pradeep Chilukuri
|-
|2026|| {{pending film|Dragon}} ||[[ Prashanth Neel]]
|-
|TBA || ''[[Devara: Part 2]]'' ||[[Koratala Siva]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|id=NTRArtsOfficial}}

[[Category:Film production companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Nandamuri–Nara family| ]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{india-media-stub}}

Shashthi Vrata

2025-11-25T10:35:56Z

Krishna57edits: New...

{{Short description|Hindu observance}}
The '''Shashthi Vrata''' ({{Langx|sa|Ṣaṣṭhīvrata}}) is a [[Hindu]] [[Vrata|fasting observance]] dedicated to [[Kartikeya]]. It is primarily observed by [[South India|South Indian]] Hindus during the month of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]]. The fasting is observed for six days starting from the first day after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]). It ends on the day of [[Shashthi (day)|Shashthi]] [[tithi]] with the commemoration of [[Surasamharam]].
{{Kaumaram}}

== Observance ==
The [[Hindu]] [[vrata]] (fasting) is observed during the month of [[Ashvin (month)|Ashvin]]. The fasting is observed for six days starting from the first day after the [[Diwali]] [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]), and ends on the day of [[Shashthi (day)|Shashthi]] [[tithi]]. [[Surasamharam]] marks the end of the observance.<ref name="Sura">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hA5WAAAAYAAJ&q=shasthi+vrata |title=The Contributions of the Tamils to Indian Culture: Socio-cultural aspects |date=1994 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |page=153}}</ref> Shashthi Vrata is also prescribed for the worship of [[Surya]] in some texts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Raheja |first=Gloria Goodwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hy-eaXmEwggC&dq=shasthi+vrata+surya&pg=PA79 |title=The Poison in the Gift: Ritual, Prestation, and the Dominant Caste in a North Indian Village |date=15 September 1988 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=978-0-226-70729-7 |page=79 }}</ref>

== Mythology ==
According to [[Tamil mythology]], [[Kartikeya]] is stated to have performed a [[yajna]] for six consecutive days during the month to be blessed by his father [[Shiva]] before going to war with the [[asura|demon]] [[Surapadman]], making the practice auspicious.<ref name="Sashti">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=640|title=கந்த சஷ்டி விரதம் இருப்பது எப்படி?|work=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=8 June 2017}}</ref> Soorasamharam marks the event in which Kartikeya defeated the demon Surapadman.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hA5WAAAAYAAJ&q=shasthi+vrata |title=The Contributions of the Tamils to Indian Culture: Socio-cultural aspects |date=1994 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |page=153}}</ref>

== Practices ==
As per ''[[Skanda Purana|Kanda Puranam]]'', one must bathe early on all six days of this occasion, fast for six days continuously, and worship Kartikeya as prescribed.<ref name="Civaraman">{{cite book |last=Civarāman̲ |first=Akilā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXwDdBdMJPwC&dq=shashti+vrata&pg=PA411 |title=sri kandha puranam (english) |date=2006 |publisher=GIRI Trading |isbn=978-81-7950-397-3 |pages=411 }}</ref> Prayers are made to [[Ganesha]] to invoke his blessings before the fast.<ref name="Sashti"/> A [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] is performed, venerating the [[Murti|image]] of Kartikeya, a [[kalasha]], and [[Agni]]. [[Modak]]s and other offerings are presented to the deity.<ref name="Civaraman"/> Various [[mantra]]s are chanted during the observance.<ref name="Sashti"/> After the period of fasting, special pujas are prescribed, and [[Brahmin]]s are invited and fed. These practices are described as means to allow the performer to achieve a higher status.<ref name="Civaraman"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kaumaram]]
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]

[[Category:Hindu practices]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shashthi Vrata}}

Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station

2025-11-14T14:21:02Z

Krishna57edits: Revised content for better accuracy

{{Short description|Railway station in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India}}
{{redirect|TVC Station|other stations|TVC (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Thiruvananthapuram Central
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| other_name = Thambanoor Railway Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Trivandrum Central.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Thiruvananthapuram Central main building.
| address = [[Thampanoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]],
| country = [[India]] [[🇮🇳]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8.4874|N|76.952|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN-KL|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|6.740|m|ft}}
| line = [[Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line]] [[Thiruvananthapuram–Nagercoil–Kanyakumari line]]
| other = {{rint|bus}} {{rint|air}} {{rint|ferry}}, taxi stand, pre-paid auto service
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 5
| tracks = 16
| parking = Available
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1931|11|4}}
| closed = 1940
| rebuilt = 1955, 2025 (Planned)
| electrified = Yes (since 2005 December)
| accessible = {{Access icon|20px}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TVC
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Thiruvananthapuram}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]] [[Thiruvananthapuram Division]]
| status = Functioning
| former = Travancore Central
| passengers = 40,908 per day
 Annual passengers – 14,292,407<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/redevelopment_view_details_r.jsp?ID1=Tiruvananthapuram%20central |title=Station Re-development Data – Trivandrum Central(TVC) |publisher=Central Railway Zone – Indian Railways |access-date=1 February 2016}}</ref>
| pass_year = 2017–19
| pass_rank = 1 (in [[Kerala]]) 1 (in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]])
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=12|type=point|marker=rail}}
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Kerala#India
| embedded =
}}
{{Railway in Kerala cities}}

'''Thiruvananthapuram Central''' (station code: TVC,<ref name="stn_code">{{cite web |title=Station Code Index |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2024 |page=8 |date=2023–24}}</ref>) is an NSG–2 category [[List of railway stations in India|railway station]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=1 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a major [[railway station]] that serves the city of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital of [[Kerala]]. It is Kerala's busiest railway station. The station building, a landmark of the city, is located in [[Thampanoor]] opposite the [[Central bus station Thiruvananthapuram|central bus stand]]. Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station is the highest profit earning railway station in Kerala and the most crowded and busiest railway station in Kerala. Most high priority and superfast express trains originate from here like TVC Rajdhani Express.

A number of long-distance trains depart from Thiruvananthapuram Central. Thiruvananthapuram is the first [[Classification of Indian cities#Current classification|tier-2 city]] in the south along India's longest train routes: the [[Kanyakumari]]–[[Thiruvananthapuram]]–[[Dibrugarh]] [[Vivek Express]] route and the Kanyakumari–Thiruvananthapuram–[[Jammu Tawi]]–[[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra]] [[Himsagar Express]] route. A second terminal (the South Terminal) was opened in 2004 to handle passenger traffic, and the West Terminal opened in 2007. To reduce congestion, the station has 16 tracks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Revised parking rates at railway stations come into effect|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|publisher=Express Publications|date=2 July 2012|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article556170.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611065228/http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article556170.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2013|access-date=25 November 2012}}</ref>

== History ==
The Madras–Quilon line was extended to Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of the [[princely state]] of [[Travancore]], and was opened on 4 January 1918. The line terminated at Chackai, the trading centre of Thiruvananthapuram. M. E. Watts, [[dewan]] of Travancore, extended the rail line to the heart of the city. The terminus was moved to its present location at Thiruvananthapuram Central in 1931. The station was built during the reign of [[Sethu Lakshmi Bayi]], the [[Maharaja|maharani]] of Travancore, and was inaugurated on 4 November 1931. No bricks were used for the station's construction; it was built with rock masonry.<ref>[http://www.irfca.org/articles/jimmyjose-20051128-quilon.html Quilon – Thiruvananthapuram Central Metre Gauge Line]. Irfca.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-10.</ref> Thiruvananthapuram was a branch-line station, but the maharani built it on a par with its counterparts in India's major cities. The station was built to handle two departures per day in 1931, and had one platform. The single-line platform continued until the 1970s; the extended platform accommodated trains as a metre-gauge line until the gauge conversion. The platform could accommodate two trains at a time.

==Layout==
The station has five platforms to handle long and short-distance trains, and two entrances. The main entrance is opposite the central bus station, and the west entrance is on Power House Road. The train-care centre is adjacent to this entrance. The [[Nemom]] and {{stnlnk|Kochuveli}} stations were announced in the railway budget as satellite terminals of Thiruvananthapuram Central. The Kochuveli satellite terminal has begun operation with trains originating from Thiruvananthapuram Central.

=={{anchor|Amenities}}Security==
Thiruvananthapuram Central was Kerala's first station to install video surveillance. A networked electronic surveillance system was installed by the [[Railway Protection Force]] (RPF) to improve security and monitor passengers arriving at the station.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017111638/http://hindu.com/2006/08/24/stories/2006082423560300.htm Video surveillance system at Central]. Hindu.com (2006-08-24). Retrieved on 2011-11-10.</ref>

== {{anchor|Future}}Future plans ==
The conversion of Thiruvananthapuram Central to world-class standards was announced in the railway budget. Former Union Minister for Railways Lalu Prasad laid the foundation stone for the station's expansion and modernization in December 2006. Tenders were invited for feasibility studies for the project. More than {{INRConvert|1|b|abbr=on}} was needed for the first phase of this project.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080506050238/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/11/08/stories/2006110811100100.htm Rs.100 crores for modernization]}}. Hinduonnet.com (2006-11-08). Retrieved on 2011-11-10.</ref> A new complex will be built, covering {{convert|1000000|sqft|m2}}, and modern facilities (including an office and commercial complex) are planned. A proposed passenger terminal at [[Nemom]] was announced in the rail budget, but work has not yet begun. It is estimated that a consortium would be needed for the Thiruvananthapuram Central expansion, due to the size of the project.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231742/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/07/stories/2007030712450500.htm Trivandrum Central to be made a world-class station]. Hindu.com (2007-03-07). Retrieved on 2011-11-10.</ref>.Nemom Terminus Project Construction Started just in this year

== {{anchor|Landmark train services}}Major trains ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2018}}

{| class="wikitable non sortable" style="width:870px;"
|+Popular trains originating or terminating at Thiruvananthapuram Central
|-
!! style="background:lightskyblue;" | Train no
!! style="background:lightskyblue;" | Train name
!! colspan="4" style="background:lightskyblue;" | Remarks
|-
|12431 / 12432
|[[Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express]]
|
* Longest-running [[Rajdhani Express]]
* Travels the third-longest non-stop run of Indian Railways (457&nbsp;km in 6 hours) between {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} and Kota.
|-
|12507 / 12508
|[[Aronai Express]]
|
* Longest-running [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast train]]
* Least punctual long-distance train (average delay on a trip is about 10–12 hours)
|-
|12625 / 12626
|[[Kerala Express]]
|
* Train connecting India's capital city ([[New Delhi]]) to Kerala's capital city([[Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvanathapuram]])
|-
|12643 / 12644
|[[Swarna Jayanti Express]]
|
* Longest-running [[Swarna Jayanti Express|Swarna Jayanti Superfast Express]]
|-
|20634 / 20633
|[[Kasaragod–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express|Kasaragod Vande Bharat Express]]
|
* First [[Vande Bharat Express]] train in Kerala
|-
|20631 / 20632
|[[Mangaluru Central–Thiruvananthapuram Vande Bharat Express|Mangaluru Vande Bharat Express]]
|
* Second [[Vande Bharat Express]] train in Kerala
|-
|16302 / 16301
|[[Venad Express]]
|
* One of the oldest daily intercity trains in Kerala (started service in 1972).
* One of the few major trains passing via Kottayam to stop at Ernakulam South where it had to undergo a locomotive reversal (now only stops at Ernakulam North).
|-
|12624 / 12623
|[[Thiruvananthapuram–Chennai Mail]]
|
* Started service in 1944 from [[Madras Central]] to [[Cochin Harbour Terminus]], later extended to Trivandrum in 1977.
* It was the second express train running through Kerala and the first from south Kerala at the time of commencement of service.
* Only mail express train currently having service in Kerala.
* A best seller [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film named ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' released in 1990 was recorded within the moving train.
|}

=={{anchor|Incidents}}Incident==
A [[shunting (rail)|shunting]] engine trailed through at point 57A near the [[Interlocking#Relay interlocking|relay interlocking]] cabin and damaged the [[Point machine|point]] and [[Railway signal|signal]] gears in the Thiruvananthapuram Central [[Rail yard|yard]] in 2018. There were no casualties.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/trains-delayed-as-engine-jumps-signal/article24301547.ece|title=Trains delayed as engine jumps signal|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 June 2018}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station.jpg|The station|alt=Front of the station
File:Inside view of Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station.jpg|Trackside|alt=Looking down a platform as a train pulls in
File:Train entering Thiruvananthapuram Central.jpg|Train entering the station|alt=A red train, seen from the front
File:Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station board.jpg|Signage|alt=Sign in three languages
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram North}}
* {{stnlnk|Thiruvananthapuram South}}
* {{stnlnk|Ernakulam Junction}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://etrain.info/in Indian Railways]

{{Commons category|Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station}}

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram Railway division}}
{{Kerala transit}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1931]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Railway centrals in India]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]

76 Field Regiment (India)

2025-11-14T13:42:10Z

Krishna57edits: Stub...

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=76 Field Regiment
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1966 – present
|country={{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
|allegiance=India
|branch= [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
|type= [[File:Regiment of Artillery Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Artillery]]
|role=
|size= Regiment
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=76 Fd Regt
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto= Sarvatra, Izzat-O-Iqbal (Everywhere with Honour and Glory)
|colors= Red & Navy Blue
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=1 July – Raising Day
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
'''76 Field Regiment''' is part of the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]] of the [[Indian Army]].

== Formation and history==
The regiment was raised on 1 July 1966 at [[Secunderabad]]. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel A Kaul.<ref name="76FdAPOcover">{{cite web|url=https://samsshopping.com/product/76-field-regiment/|title=76 Field Regiment Golden Jubilee APO postal cover|date=2016-07-01|access-date=2023-06-04}}</ref> The regiment consists of 761, 762 and 763 field batteries.

==Class Composition==
The regiment at formation had a fixed class composition of [[Ahir]]s, [[Rajput]]s and [[Sikhs]]. In 1999, the regiment was converted to a mixed class unit.<ref name="76FdAPOcover"/>

==Operations==
The regiment has taken part in the following operations<ref name="76FdAPOcover"/> –
*[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|Operation Cactus Lily]] – 76 Medium Regiment was part of 7 Artillery Brigade of 7 Infantry Division in the western front. During the war, it was allotted to 21 (Independent) Artillery Brigade. It saw action under [[15th Infantry Division (India)|15 Infantry Division]]. The unit was in support of 86 Infantry Brigade in the battle for [[Dera Baba Nanak]]. It then provided fire power to 96 Infantry Brigade during the capture of Burj and Fatehpur.<ref name="Jagjit Singh 1994">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagjit |title=Indian Gunners at War: The Western Front 1971|date=1994|publisher= Spantech & Lancer|isbn=978-1897829554|page=}}</ref> The regiment lost Gunner Balwinder Singh during the war.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/amarjawan/index.php?qname=&qwar=1971%20Bangladesh%20War&cur=0&qunit=76%20Medium%20Regt&qnum=&qregt=Regiment%20Of%20Artillery&qdate=|title= Amar-Jawan - A database of Indian Armed Forces Martyrs 1947-1997|date=|access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref>
*[[Operation Blue Star]] – 1984 -1985
*[[Operation Brasstacks|Operation Trident]] – 1987
*Operation Rakshak – Counter terrorist operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] between 1992 and 1995 and between 2005 and 2007. The regiment lost [[Havildar]] Makhan Singh and Gunner Rakesh Kumar during the operations.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nationalwarmemorial.gov.in/roll-of-honours/details/23510|title=Havildar Makhan Singh|access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://nationalwarmemorial.gov.in/roll-of-honours/details/23739|title=Gunner Rakesh Kumar |access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref>
*[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]] – 2001- 2002
*Operation Rhino – Counter terrorist operations in [[Assam]] between 2010 and 2013

==Gallantry awards==
The regiment has won the following gallantry awards<ref name="76FdAPOcover"/>–
{{Incomplete list|date=June 2023}}
*[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] – 2
*[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] – 1
*[[Sena Medal]] – 5
**Gunner Ranjeet Kumar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/documents/rlink/2018/aug/p201881501.pdf|title=List of personnel being conferred gallantry awards on the occasion of Independence Day-2018|date=2018-08-15|access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref>
*[[Mentioned in dispatches]] – 3
**Havildar Chandra Bhan Singh (Operation Rakshak),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/193810.pdf|title=Gazette of India, 50, page 774|date=2018-12-15|access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thestatesman.com/india/independence-day-gallantry-awards-complete-list-1502673404.html|title= Independence Day gallantry awards-Here is the complete list|date=2018-08-15|access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref> Havildar Rajkumar M<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2025/aug/doc2025814609001.pdf|title=List of personnel is being conferred with awards and defence decorations on the occasion of Independence Day 2025|date=2025-08-14|access-date=2025-08-22}}</ref>
*[[Commendation Cards (Indian Army)|Commendation cards]] – 20

==Other achievements==
*The regiment was awarded the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief ([[South Western Command (India)|South Western Command]]) unit citation on 14 January 2016.
*Naib [[Subedar]] (later Subedar Major) Paramjeet Singh of the regiment, while posted to School of Artillery, broke the 33 year old British world record of Gerry Breen<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.british-hang-gliding-history.com/flyers/gerry-breen.html|title= Gerry Breen|date=|access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref> in [[Powered hang glider|powered hang gliding]] by covering a distance of 380 km between [[Sri Ganganagar]] and Sanderav near [[Jodhpur]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://m.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120218/bathinda.htm#2|title=Ludhiana man breaks world record in hang-gliding|date=2012-02-18|access-date=2023-06-04}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] for the year 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=99021|title= National Sports Awards Presented|date=2013-08-31|access-date=2023-06-05}}</ref> Image (External link) [https://dpl.presidentofindia.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/13177/35/31082013_PFRB_1_17.JPG]
*Mohan Damor from the regiment won the 21 km Half Marathon event during the Ahmedabad Marathon in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adani.com/-/media/Project/Adani/Media-Coverage/2017/CITY-STANDS-WITH-BRAVES-FOR-LONG-RUN.pdf?la=en|title=City stands with braves for long run|date=2017-11-27|access-date=2023-06-04}}</ref> He secured the third prize for same event during the Vasai-Virar marathon in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-army-steal-the-show-in-vasai-virar-marathon-2281964|title= Army steal the show in Vasai-Virar marathon|date=2017-09-30|access-date=2023-06-04}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of regiments of the Indian Army#Artillery|List of artillery regiments of Indian Army]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1966]]
[[Category:Artillery regiments of the Indian Army after 1947]]

Malda Town–SMVT Bengaluru Amrit Bharat Express

2025-10-21T19:22:39Z

Krishna57edits:

{{short description|Amrit Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{italic title}}

{{For|its sharing train and India's 6th semi-high speed train|Malda Town - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express}}{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Malda Town - SMVT Bengaluru ''Amrit Bharat Express''
| logo_width =
| image = Malda Town - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express.jpg
| image_width = 290px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption = Train Board of this Express train
| type = [[Amrit Bharat Express]], [[Express trains in India#Superfast|Superfast Express Train]]
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]]
| first = {{start date|2023|12|30|df=y}} (Inaugural) {{start date and age|07 January 2024}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railways (ER)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Malda Town}} '''''(MLDT)'''''
| stops = 32
| end = {{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal}} '''''(SMVB)'''''
| distance = {{convert|2247|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 42 hrs 15 mins
| frequency = Weekly services {{efn|''13434 - Sundays {{pipe}} 13433 - Tuesdays''}}
| trainnumber = 13434/13433
| line_used = *[[Rampurhat-Malda Town Section|Malda Town-Rampurhat section]]
* [[Bardhaman-Rampurhat Section|Rampurhat-Bardhaman Section]]
* [[Howrah–Barddhaman chord line|Bardhaman-Howrah Chord Line]]
*[[Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section]]
*[[Chennai Central–Bangalore City line]]
*[[South Western Railway zone|Katpadi–SMVT Bengaluru line]]
| class = Sleeper Class Coach '''(SL)''' General Unreserved Coach '''(GS)'''
| seating = Yes (08 Coaches)
| sleeping = Yes (12 Coaches)
| autorack =
| catering =
| observation = Saffron-Grey Livery
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric Outlets]]|Reading lights|Bottle Holder}}
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|Bio-Vacuum Toilets]]|[[Tap water|Foot-Operated Water Taps]]|[[Passenger information system]]}}
| stock = [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Modified LHB Coaches]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{Cvt|23.54|m}} (each) and 22 coaches
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[Eastern Railway zone|Malda Town (MLDT)]]
| sharing = [[Malda Town - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express]]
| map = {{Malda Town–SMVT Bengaluru AB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 13434/13433 '''Malda Town - SMVT Bengaluru ''Amrit Bharat Express''''' is [[India]]'s 2nd Non-AC [[Express trains in India|Superfast]] [[Amrit Bharat Express|Amrit Bharat Express train]], which runs across the states of [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]] by connecting the city of [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]] in West Bengal with [[Bangalore]], the capital city of [[Karnataka]] via [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat]], [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur]], [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack]]. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-28 |title=Amrit Bharat train from Malda to Bengaluru|language=en |work=The Statesman |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/amrit-bharat-train-from-malda-to-bengaluru-1503253848.html |access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-27 |title=Amrit Bharat Express: Routes, Launch Date, Ticket Fare, And More
|language=en |work=Jagran Josh |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amrit-bharat-express-trains-routes-ticket-fare-1703680876-1 |access-date=2023-12-29}}</ref>

This express train was inaugurated on 30 December 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] via [[Videotelephony|video conferencing]] from [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Dham Junction]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=PM Modi flags off 2 Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains in Ayodhya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-flags-off-2-amrit-bharat-6-vande-bharat-express-trains-in-ayodhya-101703918767779.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-30 |title=PM Modi flags off 2 new Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Express trains during Ayodhya visit; check routes & other details |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-narendra-modi-ayodhya-amrit-bharat-vande-bharat-trains-flag-off-full-list-of-new-routes-indian-railways/articleshow/106393567.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=PM Modi flags off new Vande Bharat, Amrit Bharat trains from Ayodhya Dham Junction: Routes, features and all you need to know |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/pm-modi-flags-off-vande-bharat-amrit-bharat-trains-from-ayodhya-junction-routes-features-and-all-you-need-to-know-2391037 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train is operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Malda Town railway station|Malda Town]] and [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal|SMVT Bengaluru]]. It is currently operated with train numbers 13434/13433 on Weekly services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Flags Off 2 Amrit Bharat, 6 Vande Bharat Trains In Ayodhya |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-flags-off-2-amrit-bharat-6-vande-bharat-trains-in-ayodhya-4768698 |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Rakes==
It is the second [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Amrit Bharat Express train]] in which the locomotives were designed by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW)]] at [[Chittaranjan]], [[West Bengal]] and the coaches were designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.

== Service ==
The 13434/13433 Malda Town - SMVT Bengaluru Amrit Bharat Express currently operates '''Weekly''', covering a distance of {{convert|2272|km|0|abbr=on}} in a travel time of 45hrs 10mins with average speed of 55 km/h. The Maximum Permissible Speed (MPS) is {{Convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>

== Train halts ==
The halts for this 13433/13434 SMVT Bengaluru - Malda Town Amrit Bharat Express are as follows:-
{{columns-list|# '''{{stnlnk|Malda Town}}'''
# {{stnlnk|New Farakka Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Pakur}}
# {{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Bolpur Shantiniketan}}
# {{stnlnk|Barddhaman Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Dankuni Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Andul}}
# {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Belda}}
# {{stnlnk|Jaleswar}}
# {{stnlnk|Balasore}}
# {{stnlnk|Soro}}
# {{stnlnk|Bhadrak}}
# {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}
# {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Brahmapur}}
# {{stnlnk|Srikakulam Road}}
# {{stnlnk|Vizianagaram Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam Junction}}{{center|'''''(Reversal)'''''}}
# {{stnlnk|Tuni|Andhra Pradesh}}
# {{stnlnk|Samalkot Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
# {{stnlnk|Eluru}}
# {{stnlnk|Vijayawada Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Tenali Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Chirala}}
# {{stnlnk|Ongole}}
# {{stnlnk|Nellore}}
# {{stnlnk|Gudur Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Jolarpettai Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal}}'''|colwidth=15em}}

==Rake sharing==
The train shares it's rakes with 13435/36 [[Malda Town - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express]].

== See also ==

* [[Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[Malda Town - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Malda Town railway station]]
* [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Amrit Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Amrit Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]

Rairangpur Assembly constituency

2025-10-20T05:11:23Z

Krishna57edits: added info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Rairangpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rairangpur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 28
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Jalen Naik]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,30,824{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Rairangpur''' is a constituency of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]], in [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Odisha]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The constituency comprises [[Rairangpur]] town, Rairangpur block, Bahalda block, Jamda block and Tiring block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp16.htm|title= 4 - Rairangpur Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 28 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|36.94}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|37.31}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|32.72}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|21.53}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|32.66}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|34.15}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|23.63}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|47.23}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.84}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|45.53}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|50.28}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections have been held here till date including one bypoll in 1986.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/123-126.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305091949/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/123-126.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2014 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rairangpur Assembly Election Results 2024: Rairangpur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/rairangpur-constituency-result-18028 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Jalen Naik]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rairangpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/rairangpur-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
|[[Naba Charan Majhi]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|Saiba Sushil Kumar Hansdah
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":1" />
|Shyam Charan Hansdah
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref name=":1" />
| rowspan="2" |[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Laxman Majhi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Chaitanya Prasad Majhi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|1986 (bypoll){{efn|Death of Bhabendra Nath Murmu}}
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Bhabendra Nath Murmu
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sidhalal Murmu
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Arjun Majhi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|[[Sidha Lal Murmu|Sidhalal Murmu]]
|{{full party name with color|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Kartick Chandra Majhi
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Chandra Mohan Singh
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Haradeb Triya
|{{full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1952 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting was held on 1st June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In the 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Jalen Naik]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Raisin Murmu by a margin of 7,693 votes.<ref name=":0" />
{{Election box begin |title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Rairangpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jalen Naik]]
|votes = 62,724
|percentage = 36.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Raisin Murmu
|votes = 55,031
|percentage = 32.41
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jogendra Banra
|votes = 24,224
|percentage = 14.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Sunaram Tudu
|votes = 17,868
|percentage = 10.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,824
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,693
|percentage = 4.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,69,806
|percentage = 73.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In the 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Naba Charan Majhi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Basanti Marandi by a margin of 2,847 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Rairangpur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Naba Charan Majhi]]
|votes = 60,901
|percentage = 37.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Basanti Marandi
|votes = 58,054
|percentage = 35.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Ramchandra Murmu
|votes = 30,456
|percentage = 18.69
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,114
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,847
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 163,238
|percentage = 69.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In the 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Saiba Sushil Kumar Hansdah defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Droupadi Murmu]] by a margin of 15,556 votes.<ref name=":1" />
<section begin="Assembly Election 2014"/>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Rairangpur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3631-orissa-2014/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2014 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Saiba Sushil Kumar Hansdah
|votes = 51,062
|percentage = 32.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|votes = 44,679
|percentage = 22.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Purna Chandra Marndi
|votes = 28,838
|percentage = 18.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shyam Charan Hansdah
|votes = 19,075
|percentage = 12.22
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,096
|percentage = 0.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,556
|percentage = 9.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 156,035
|percentage = 74.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2014"/>
=== 2009 ===
In the 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Shyam Charan Hansdah defeated [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] candidate Purna Chandra Marndi by a margin of 4,602 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Rairangpur<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shyam Charan Hansdah
|votes = 24,792
|percentage = 21.53
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Purna Chandra Marndi
|votes = 20,190
|percentage = 17.53
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jaduram Murmu
|votes = 17,898
|percentage = 15.54
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Kashinath Hembram
|votes = 14,828
|percentage = 12.88
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,602
|percentage = ''4.0''{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,15,288
|percentage = 62.82
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
In the 2004 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Droupadi Murmu]] defeated [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] candidate Ramchandra Murmu by a margin of 42 votes.<ref name=":1" />
<section begin="Assembly Election 2004"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Rairangpur<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3629-orissa-2004/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|votes = 29,295
|percentage = 32.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Ram Chandra Murmu
|votes = 29,253
|percentage = 32.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Laxman Majhi
|votes = 22,551
|percentage = 25.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 89,689
|percentage = 68.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:131315}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2004"/>
=== 2000 ===
In the 2000 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Droupadi Murmu]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Laxman Majhi by a margin of 4568 votes.<ref name=":1" />
<section begin="Assembly Election 2000"/>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]: Rairangpur<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3628-orissa-2000/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 July 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 25,110
|percentage = 34.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Laxman Majhi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 20,542
|percentage = 27.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Braja Mohan Hansdah
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|votes = 10,485
|percentage = 14.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,568
|percentage = 6.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 74,997
|percentage = 59.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:125385}}
|ref=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2000"/>
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Mayurbhanj district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Mayurbhanj district}}
{{coords|22.27|86.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Mayurbhanj district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Malathi Madhavam

2025-09-26T22:23:17Z

Krishna57edits: Created New Entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Malathi Madhavam
| image = Malathi Madhavam 1940 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster of Malathi Madhavam
| director = [[C. Pullaiah]]
| producer =
| writer =
| story =
| screenplay =
| narrator =
| starring = [[K. Kameshwara Rao]] [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] [[P. Bhanumathi]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1940|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Malathi Madhavam''''' is a 1940 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film directed by [[C. Pullaiah]].<ref name="indiancinema">{{cite book|last1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Paul Willeman|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|year=1994|publisher=BFI Publishing|isbn=0-85170-455-7|page=234|edition=1}}</ref><ref name="gomolo">{{cite web|last1=Admin|title=Malathi Mahavam|url=http://www.gomolo.com/malathi-madhavam-movie/15539|website=gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=8 July 2016|archive-date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818121604/http://www.gomolo.com/malathi-madhavam-movie/15539|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
Bhurivasu, Devarata and Kamandaki were great friends when studying at a Gurukul. The two boys promised each other that one of their sons should marry the daughter of the other to cement their friendship. Kamandaki is a witness for that.

After a few years, Bhurivasu becomes the minister of a kingdom ''Padmavathi'', and he has a daughter named Malathi. Devarata becomes the minister of another kingdom ''Kundina'', and he has a son named Madhav. Kamandaki becomes a Buddhist monk and lives in Padmavathi. Devarata sends his son Madhav along with friend Makarand, and a servant Kalahamsa to study politics under the guidance of Kamandaki.

In Padmavathi, king Chitraketu becomes almost mad because his son, heir to the throne is missing. Though Bhurivasu consoles the king to his level best, his army commander Nandana influences the imbecile king. Nandana wanted to marry Malathi, but is refused by Bhurivasu. When he was returning from the minister's house in a state of anger, a blind beggar comes in his way. Nandana beats him severely. Nobody dares to stop him. Madhava and his friends who happen to pass by that way interfere with Nandana and start fighting with him. When the situation becomes too critical for Madhava and his friends, Kamandakini comes and rescues them by reprimanding Nandana. Seeing all the affair from balcony, Malathi falls in love with Madhava.

Sensing the danger from Nandana to Madhava, Kalahamsa decides to join Nandana's service as a secret agent. Madhava and Makarand go to Kamandakini Ashram for studying. Nandana promises the king that he would bring back his son, and makes him make a promise from Bhurivasu to marry his daughter Malathi to him. Nandana arranges an entertainment show with the help of Kalahamsa as part of his birthday celebrations. Kalahamsa invites Malathi, and Madayanthi, sister of Nandana for the show. He smuggles in Madhava and Makarand as entertainers. As a result of that, Madhava falls in love with Malathi and Makarand falls in love with Madayanthi. When the marriage of Malathi and Nandan is announced by the king, Madhava and Malathi are plunged into despair.

On the outskirts of Padmavathi, a ''Kapalik'' names Aghoraghanta worships the terrible deity ''Karalasakthi''. He want to offer her human sacrifice to fulfill his wishes. He summons his chief disciple ''Kapalakundala'' to bring a virgin lady of high birth. When goes out searching for such a lady, he finds Malathi, who is about to commit suicide in a state of despair. He kidnaps her with the help of Kapalikas. When they are taking her to the cave, Madhava happens to see them and follow them. When she is about to be sacrificed, he rescues her and hands her over to her parents.

On the day previous to the marriage, Malathi goes to the temple of Durga, where she has to wear bridal robes presented by Nandana's house. Kamandaki unites Malathi and Madhav in wedlock, and sends them away through a secret tunnel. Makarand is dressed up as Malathi and married to Nandana. After the marriage, Nandan goes to the bridal chamber to eagerly meet his wife and is repulsed by Makarand, who is in disguise as Malathi. Nandan sends his sister Madayanthi to pacify Malathi. Madayanthi finds that Malathi is none other than his lover Makarand and they both run away from there. Nandan and his soldiers follow them. Makarand fights them and sends Madayanthi with the help of Kalahamsa to the place where Malathi and Madhava are waiting. Madhava leaves the ladies in charge of Kalahamsa and goes to help Makarand. Meanwhile, Kapalakundala, who has taken a vow of vengeance again kidnaps Malathi and Madayanti to give sacrifice to the goddess.

The remaining story is about how Madhava and Makarand rescue their lovers from the danger and marry them.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0255339}}

[[Category:1940s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:1940s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1940 drama films]]
[[Category:1940 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. Pullayya]]