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Bombing of Rome in World War II

2026-05-27T20:58:57Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir:

{{short description|none}} 
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Bombing of Rome
| partof = the [[Winter Line]] and the [[Battle of Monte Cassino|battle for Rome]]
| image = File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-476-2094-17A, Italien, Rom, zerstörtes Gebäude.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Inscription on the wall of a bombed building translated as "Work of the Liberators" Rome, 1944
| date = 19 July 1943 – 5 June 1944 (10 months, 2 weeks)
| place = [[Rome]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
| coordinates =
| map_type = Italy
| map_size = 220
| result = Allied victory
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} {{flagcountry|United States|1912}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[Kingdom of the South|Italy]] (from 8 September)
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} (until 8 September) {{flagcountry|Italian Social Republic}} {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet|Arthur Harris]] {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Arthur Tedder]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Jimmy Doolittle]] {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Henry H. Arnold]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Fascist Italy (1922-1943)}} [[Renato Sandalli]] {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Albert Kesselring]]
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 = 600 aircraft shot down 3,600 air crew
| casualties2 = 719 casualties 1,659 injured<ref>G. Rocca, ''I disperati'', p. 284.</ref> 3,000 to 5,000 civilian deaths<ref>Marco Gioannini, Giulio Massobrio, ''Bombardate l'Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940-1945'', p. 119</ref>
}}

[[Rome]], along with [[Vatican City]], was bombed several times during 1943 and 1944, primarily by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] and to a smaller degree by [[Axis powers|Axis]] aircraft, before the city was [[Italian campaign (World War II)#Allied advance on Rome|liberated by the Allies]] on June 4, 1944.<ref name="Catholic"/> [[Pope Pius XII]] was initially unsuccessful in attempting to have Rome declared an [[open city]], through negotiations with [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] via Archbishop (later Cardinal) [[Francis Spellman]]. Rome was eventually declared an open city on August 14, 1943 (a day after the last Allied bombing raid) by the defending Italian forces.<ref>Döge, pp. 651–678</ref>

The first bombing raid was on July 19, 1943, when 690 aircraft of the [[United States Army Air Forces]] (USAAF) flew over Rome and dropped 9,125 bombs on the city. Though the raid targeted the freight yard and steel factory in the [[San Lorenzo (Rome)|San Lorenzo]] district of Rome, Allied bombs also struck the district's apartment blocks, damaging the [[San Lorenzo fuori le mura|Papal Basilica]] and killing 1,500 people. Pius XII, who had previously requested Roosevelt not to bomb Rome due to "its value to the whole of humanity", paid a visit to the affected regions of the district; photographs of his visit later became a symbol of [[Anti-war movement|anti-war sentiments]] in Italy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baily|first=Virginia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/25/liberation-of-rome-italian-imagination|title=How the Nazi occupation of Rome has gripped Italy's cultural imagination|work=The Guardian|date=25 July 2015|access-date=5 January 2022}}</ref> The Allied bombing raids continued throughout 1943 and extended into 1944. In the [[United States]], while the majority of the [[Mass media in the United States|American media]] supported the bombing raids, many [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholic]] newspapers condemned them.<ref>Hammer, Christopher M., "The American Catholic Church's Reaction to the Bombing of Rome" (February 26, 2008). Available at {{SSRN|1098343}} or {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.1098343}}</ref>

In the 110,000 [[sortie]]s that comprised the Allied Rome air campaign, 600 aircraft were lost and 3,600 air crew members died; 60,000 tons of bombs were dropped in the 78 days before Rome was captured by the Allies on June 4, 1944.<ref>Lytton, pp. 55 & 57</ref>

== Circumstances ==
On 25 July 1943, after [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] had [[Italian Empire#End of the empire|conquered the Italian possessions in Africa]] and had taken [[Sicily]], the [[Fascist Grand Council]] removed [[Benito Mussolini]] from power. The [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] at first remained an ally of [[Nazi Germany]], but in less than two months secured [[Armistice of Cassibile|an armistice]] with the Allies, signed on 3 September and announced on 8 September. Germany, which had discovered what was afoot, quickly intervened and took military control of most of Italy, including Rome, [[Gran Sasso raid|freed Mussolini]] and brought him to the German-occupied area to establish a new [[Axis powers|pro-Axis regime]] known as the [[Italian Social Republic]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Josef Becker |author2=Franz Knipping |title=Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a Postwar World, 1945–1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3ck4Sw57nEC&pg=PA506 |year=1986 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |pages=506–7 |isbn=9783110863918 |access-date=2021-11-05 |archive-date=2023-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105082603/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3ck4Sw57nEC&pg=PA506#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Correspondences between Pius XII and Roosevelt==
Following the first Allied bombing of Rome on May 16, 1943 (three months before the German Army occupied the city), Pius XII wrote to Roosevelt asking that Rome "be spared as far as possible further pain and devastation, and their many treasured shrines… from irreparable ruin."<ref>Roosevelt ''et al.'', p. 90</ref>

On June 16, 1943, Roosevelt replied:

{{cquote|Attacks against Italy are limited, to the extent humanly possible, to military objectives. We have not and will not make warfare on civilians or against nonmilitary objectives. In the event it should be found necessary for Allied planes to operate over Rome, our aviators are thoroughly informed as to the location of the Vatican and have been specifically instructed to prevent bombs from falling within Vatican City.<ref>Roosevelt ''et al.'', p. 91</ref>}}

The bombing of Rome was controversial, and [[Henry H. Arnold|General Henry H. Arnold]] described Vatican City as a "hot potato" because of the importance of Catholics in the U.S. Armed Forces.<ref name="m210">Murphy and Arlington, p. 210</ref> British public opinion, however, was more aligned towards the bombing of the city, due to the participation of Italian planes in [[The Blitz]] over London.<ref name="m210"/> [[H.G. Wells]] was a particularly vocal proponent of doing so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1303501h.html|title=Crux Ansata|website=gutenberg.net.au|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref>

==Notable raids==

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width: 135px;" | Date
! Description
|-
| July 19, 1943 || On July 19, 1943, during Operation Crosspoint,<ref>Failmezger, p. 29</ref> Rome was bombed by 521 Allied planes. Between 11 a.m. and 12 noon, 150 Allied [[B-17 Flying Fortresses]] attacked the [[Quartiere San Lorenzo|San Lorenzo]] freight yard and steel factory. In the afternoon, the second target was the Littorio marshalling yard on the northern side of Rome. The third target was the [[Ciampino Airport]], on the south-east side of Rome.
The raid caused thousands of civilian casualties (estimates range between 1,600 and 3,200 victims).<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Bombardate l'Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940–45 |url=http://rcslibri.corriere.it/bombardatelitalia/bombardate1943.pdf|date=February 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202213215/http://rcslibri.corriere.it/bombardatelitalia/bombardate1943.pdf|archive-date=2014-02-02}}</ref> After the raid, Pius XII, along with [[Pope Paul VI|Msgr. Montini]] (the future Pope Paul VI), travelled to the [[San Lorenzo fuori le Mura|Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls]], which had been badly damaged, and distributed 2 million lire to the crowds.<ref>Murphy and Arlington, pp. 212–214</ref><ref>Trevelyan, p. 11</ref>
|-
| August 13, 1943 || 310 Allied bombers attacked the city, targeting San Lorenzo and [[Littorio Airport|Littorio airfield]].<ref>Murphy and Arlington, pp. 214–215</ref> The surrounding urban districts were also badly hit, and 502 civilians were killed.<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| September 17, 1943 || 55 USAAF bombers attacked the Ciampino Airport.<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| September 18, 1943 || Ciampino was attacked again, this time by 35 bombers.<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| October 23, 1943 || 73 RAF bombers attacked the [[Guidonia Air Base]].<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| November 22, 1943 || Ciampino was bombed by 39 RAF aircraft.<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| November 28, 1943 || Ciampino was bombed by 55 RAF aircraft.<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| December 28, 1943 || Ciampino and Guidonia were bombed by the 12th USAF.<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| January 13, 1944 || USAF bombers attacked the Guidonia and [[Centocelle Airport|Centocelle]] airfields.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.rcslibri.it/bombardate1944.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.rcslibri.it |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113900/http://www.rcslibri.it/bombardate1944.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-
| January 19, 1944 || 147 USAF bombers attacked the Guidonia and Centocelle airfields, but the surrounding city was also hit.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| January 20, 1944|| 197 USAF bombers attacked the Guidonia and Centocelle airfields, but the surrounding city was also hit.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| March 3, 1944 || 206 USAF bombers attacked the [[Tiburtino]], Littorio and [[Ostiense]] marshalling yards; these were hit but so were the surrounding urban districts, with 400 civilian deaths.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| March 7, 1944 || 149 USAF bombers bombed the Littorio and Ostiense marshalling yards, hitting both their objectives and the city.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| March 10, 1944 || The 12th USAF bombed the Littorio and Tiburtino marshalling yards, but bombs fell also on the city, killing 200 civilians.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| March 14, 1944 || 112 USAF bombers attacked the [[Roma Prenestina railway station|Prenestino]] marshalling yard; the objective was hit, but the surrounding districts also suffered damage, with 150 civilian casualties.<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| March 18, 1944 || The 12th USAF bombed Rome, causing 100 civilian casualties.<ref name="auto"/> This was the last major air raid over Rome.
|}

==Bombing of Vatican City==
{{Split section|Bombing of the Vatican in World War II|discuss=Talk:Bombing of Rome in World War II#Split?|date=May 2026}}
[[File:Vatican City map EN.svg|thumb|300px|Map of Vatican City showing the buildings of the Governatorate, the Tribunal, and the Archpriest, and the railway station, which were damaged on 5 November 1943. The mosaic workshop, which received a direct hit, is positioned between the railway station and the residence of the archpriest.]]
[[File:Elias auf dem Feuerwagen.jpg|thumb| Effects of shrapnel on a wall of the [[Vatican Railway|Vatican City railway station]], which is adorned with a sculpture of [[Elijah]] in his fiery chariot]]

[[Vatican City]] maintained an official [[Vatican City during World War II|policy of neutrality]] during the war.<ref name="ww2db.com">{{cite web |author=C. Peter Chen |url=http://ww2db.com/country/vatican_city |title=Vatican City in World War II | World War II Database |publisher=Ww2db.com |access-date=2013-09-14 |archive-date=2019-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105084506/https://ww2db.com/country/vatican_city |url-status=live }}</ref> Both Allied and Axis bombers made some effort not to attack the Vatican when bombing Rome. However, Vatican City was bombed on at least two occasions during the war, once on November 5, 1943, and once on March 1, 1944. There are varying accounts regarding which side was responsible for both incidents. Both Vatican bombings occurred while Rome was under German occupation.<ref name="Catholic">{{Cite web |last=Brockhaus |first=Hannah |date=November 5, 2019 |title=When bombs fell on the Vatican |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/42733/when-bombs-fell-on-the-vatican |url-status=live |access-date=2021-11-05 |website=Catholic News Agency |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105212228/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/42733/when-bombs-fell-on-the-vatican |archive-date=2021-11-05}}</ref>

=== Bombing of 5 November 1943 ===
On November 5, 1943, a single plane dropped four bombs on the Vatican, destroying a mosaic studio near the [[Vatican railway station]] and breaking the windows of the high cupola of St. Peter's, and nearly destroying [[Vatican Radio]].<ref name="ma222">Murphy and Arlington, p. 222</ref> There were no fatalities.<ref name="ma222"/>

==== Account by Tardini ====
An eyewitness account written in 1944 by Monsignor [[Domenico Tardini]], an Italian priest and later a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]], states:

{{quote|The (first) bombing of the Vatican occurred on 5 November 1943 at 20:10. It was a very clear and cloudless evening. The moon made visibility excellent. For over half an hour an aeroplane was heard circling insistently over Rome and especially the Vatican. At about 8:10, while an Allied squadron passed over the Vatican, the aeroplane that until then had been circling over Rome dropped four bombs and flew away. The bombs fell in the Vatican Gardens: the first near the receiving Radio, another near the Government building, a third on the mosaics workshop, the fourth near the building of the Cardinal Archpriest. If they had fallen a very few metres off, they would have hit the Radio, the Government building, that of the Tribunals (where the diplomats were housed), and that of the Archpriest. They caused considerable damage, for all the windows were blown to pieces. There were no human casualties.<ref name=ADSS>[https://www.vatican.va/archive/actes/documents/Volume-7.pdf ''Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale'', vol. 7, pp. 688–689] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103060159/https://www.vatican.va/archive/actes/documents/Volume-7.pdf |date=November 3, 2012 }}</ref>}}

He continued:

{{quote|General opinion, and general indignation, blamed the Germans and, perhaps more, the Republican Fascists. The latter view was reinforced by notes about a telephone conversation of [[Francesco Maria Barracu|Barracu]] (Undersecretary for Home Affairs) that a telephone operator (with whom I am not acquainted) gave to the Holy Father. However, some months later, [[Paul VI|Monsignor Montini]] received from Monsignor Carroll,<ref>On this American priest, see [[Joseph Bottum (author)|Joseph Bottum]], David G. Dalin (editors), [https://books.google.com/books?id=T9yWKphWAewC&pg=PA276 ''The Pius War''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105082603/https://books.google.com/books?id=T9yWKphWAewC&pg=PA276#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2023-11-05 }} (Lexington Books 2004 {{ISBN|978-0-73910906-9}}), p. 276 and [http://mobilecjdialogue.org/archive1/B_0140.pdf a newspaper article by Anna B. Crow] .</ref> an American of the Secretariat of State, who was in Algiers to organize an information service for soldiers and civilians,<ref>A reference to the Vatican Information Bureau, which provided information on prisoners-of-war held by both sides (cf. reports from Monsignor Carroll in Algiers to Monsignor Montini in [https://books.google.com/books?id=K-cH5CvE3gsC&pg=PA305 Margherita Marchioni, ''Pius XII''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105082603/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-cH5CvE3gsC&pg=PA305#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=2023-11-05 }} (Gracewing Publishing 2000, pp. 303–307 {{ISBN|978-0-85244365-1}})).</ref> a letter in which it was stated clearly that the bombs had been dropped by an American. [[Guy Fawkes Day|5 November]] is for England, Father Hughes told me, an [[Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom|anti-Pope day]]. When Monsignor Carroll came to Rome in June 1944, he answered a question of mine by telling me that the American airman was supposed to have acted either to make a name for himself or out of wickedness. Monsignor Carroll did not know whether the delinquent had been punished. Perhaps we will know, when the war is over, what really happened.<ref name=ADSS/>}}

==== Statement by Carroll ====
The message from Carroll of which Tardini wrote as being addressed to Montini was in reality addressed to [[Luigi Maglione]], [[Cardinal Secretary of State]]. It read: {{quote|In a conversation with the American Chief of Staff during the past week I was informed ''very confidentially'' that they feel that the bombing of the Vatican is probably attributable to an American pilot who lost his way; in fact, another American pilot reported seeing an Allied plane dropping its load on the Vatican. The General expressed his sincere regret and gave assurances that strict precaution would be taken to avoid a repetition of this incident.<ref name=ADSS/>}}

Official assurance that no American plane had in fact dropped bombs on Vatican City was given by the United States authorities.<ref>''Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale'', vol. 7, pp. 695–696 and 702–703</ref>

The German<ref>''Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale'', vol. 7, pp. 697–698</ref> and British<ref>''Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale'', vol. 7, pp. 703–704</ref> authorities gave similar assurances regarding aircraft of their countries. Aware that the bombs used were British{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}, the British pointed out that this proved nothing as they could have been taken from captured ordnance, and used for precisely that purpose.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

==== Publications in the 21st century ====
[[File:0 Palazzo del Governatorato - Vatican.JPG|thumb|left|Palace of the Governatorate of Vatican City State, one of the buildings damaged by the 5 November 1943 bombing]]
Augusto Ferrara's 2010 book ''1943 Bombe sul Vaticano'',<ref>Augusto Ferrara, ''1943 Bombe sul Vaticano'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2010 {{ISBN|978-88-2098435-9}})</ref> declares that the attack was orchestrated by leading Italian Fascist politician and anti-clericalist [[Roberto Farinacci]]. The aim was to knock out [[Vatican Radio]], which was suspected of sending coded messages to the Allies. The aircraft that delivered the bombs was a [[Savoia-Marchetti SM.79|SIAI Marchetti S.M.79]], a three-engined Italian medium bomber known as the "Sparviero", which had taken off from [[Viterbo]], some 80 kilometres north of Rome.<ref name="romereports.com-who-bombed">{{cite web |author=ROME REPORTS TV News Agency |url=http://www.romereports.com/palio/Discover-who-bombed-the-Vatican-during-World-War-II-english-3076.html |title=Discover who bombed the Vatican during World War II |publisher=Romereports.com |access-date=2013-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318153616/http://www.romereports.com/palio/Discover-who-bombed-the-Vatican-during-World-War-II-english-3076.html |archive-date=2013-03-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/book-features-1943-bombing-of-vatican |title=Mariaelena Finessi, "Book Features 1943 Bombing of Vatican" (ZENIT News Agency, 12 November 2010) |date=12 November 2010 |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610211112/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/book-features-1943-bombing-of-vatican |url-status=live }}</ref>

One piece of evidence on which Ferrara bases his account of the responsibility of Farinacci was a telephone call from a priest called Giuseppe to the Jesuit [[Pietro Tacchi Venturi]]. In fact, a note on page 705 of volume 7 of the ''Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale'' cites Eitel Friederich Moellhausen<ref>Moellhausen, ''La carta perdente'' (Rome, Sestante 1948), pp. 151–154</ref> as stating that rumours in Rome immediately blamed Farinacci and spoke of Viterbo as the base from which the plane must have flown. Tardini's note quoted above also says that, from the start, it was the general opinion that the Italian Republican Fascists were to blame, a view that Tardini himself discounted on the basis of the information given by Monsignor Carroll. [[Owen Chadwick]] also reported that Farinacci was rumoured in Rome to have arranged the raid from the Viterbo airfield, something that Farinacci, who was killed together with Mussolini on 28 April 1945, never denied, but Chadwick considered the story "very unlikely".<ref>{{cite book |last=Chadwick |first=Owen |title=Britain and the Vatican During the Second World War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3zW6XEKVuk8C&pg=PA278 |year=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36825-4 |page=278 |access-date=2016-10-10 |archive-date=2023-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105082604/https://books.google.com/books?id=3zW6XEKVuk8C&pg=PA278#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Ferrara's account, five bombs were dropped, of which one did not explode. According to the ''Actes et documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la seconde guerre mondiale'',<ref>Volume 7, p. 705 fn. 2</ref> the report of an examination carried out by Vatican authorities after the event spoke only of fragments that made it difficult to determine whether the high-explosive bombs, which had been of 100–150 kg weight and produced small craters over a wide range, were of British, German or Italian manufacture.

The 2007 book ''Venti angeli sopra Roma'' by Cesare De Simone<ref>Cesare De Simone, ''Venti angeli sopra Roma. I bombardamenti aerei sulla città eterna (il 19 luglio e il 13 agosto 1943)'' (Ugo Mursia Editore 2007 {{ISBN|978-88-4253827-1}})</ref> speaks of a supposed admission of responsibility by the [[RAF]] in the postwar period.<ref name=Bunker/>

The article by Raffaele Alessandrini on the 10–11 January 2011 issue of the Vatican newspaper ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' says that the identity of those responsible has still not been completely clarified.<ref name=OR/>

However, research published in 2016 proposes a more definitive identification of the bomber and presents an intriguing account of the motive behind it.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McGoldrick |first=Patricia M. |date=Autumn 2016 |title=Who Bombed the Vatican? The Argentinean Connection |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=771–798 |doi=10.1353/cat.2016.0207 |s2cid=159488757}}</ref> Throughout 1943 the Italian Intelligence Service routinely intercepted and recorded telephone conversations to and from the Vatican. On November 8, 1943 Ugo Guspini, one of the intelligence agents involved, recorded the conversation between Fr. Giuseppe and the Jesuit Pietro Tacchi Venturi. In this verbatim account Fr. Giuseppe informed the Jesuit that he had just returned from the Viterbo Air Force base, north of Rome, where he had been told by someone who was present throughout the entire operation that the bombing was undertaken by Roberto Farinacci and a Roman pilot in an Italian Savoia-Marchetti aircraft with five bombs on board destined to knock out the Vatican Radio station because Farinacci believed it was transmitting military information to the Allies.<ref>Ugo Guspini, ''L'orecchio del Regime'' (Milan 1973), 248–249</ref> This confirms the account given by Augusto Ferrara above and is further corroborated by Eitel Möllhausen, at the time ''chargé d'affaires'' at the German Embassy, Rome, who in his post-war memoir claimed that Farinacci was responsible and that Farinacci never denied it.<ref>Eitel Möllhausen, ''La carta perdente'' (Rome 1948), 152–153</ref>

The report by Monsignor Walter S. Carroll (see above), who had just returned from Allied headquarters in Algeria, that he had been informed "very confidentially" that the bombing was due to an American pilot who had lost his way and that another American pilot had reported seeing an Allied plane dropping its load on the Vatican, correctly represented opinion at Allied headquarters, Algeria, at the time. On November 8, 1943, [[Harold Macmillan]], the then resident British Minister in Algiers, informed the British Foreign Office in a "Most Secret" telegram: "I think we probably did bomb the Vatican." On the night in question one of seven British [[Douglas A-20 Havoc|Boston bombers]], which had been in operation just north of Rome at the time the Vatican was bombed, developed engine trouble and dropped its bombs through clouds over an unknown location in order to lighten its load and return to base. These it was thought must have been the bombs which fell on the Vatican. But at the Foreign Office it was noted that it had been a clear and cloudless night over Rome when the Vatican was bombed. And a subsequent confidential Air Ministry investigation into the incident established that the impaired Boston had actually dropped its bombs over [[Arce, Lazio|Arce]], some fifty miles southeast of Rome, and that neither it nor any other British aircraft in operation that night was responsible.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McGoldrick |first=Patricia M. |date=Autumn 2016 |title=Who Bombed the Vatican? The Argentinean Connection |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=779–780 |doi=10.1353/cat.2016.0207 |s2cid=159488757}}</ref> The American pilot who witnessed the bombing probably saw the Savoia-Marchetti aircraft which, from a distance, is not dissimilar to the [[Martin Baltimore]] [[light bomber]] frequently used over Italy, and mistook it for an Allied aircraft.{{cn|date=December 2021}}

=== Bombing of 1 March 1944 ===
There is less debate about the identity of the British plane that dropped bombs on the edge of Vatican City on 1 March 1944 as this was explicitly acknowledged, at least in private, by the British Air Ministry as an accidental bombing when one of its aircraft on a bombing raid over Rome dropped six bombs too close to the Vatican wall.<ref>{{cite journal |last=McGoldrick |first=Patricia M. |date=Autumn 2016 |title=Who Bombed the Vatican? The Argentinean Connection |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=780 |doi=10.1353/cat.2016.0207 |s2cid=159488757}}</ref> The bombing, which affected only the outer margin of the city, was on 1 March 1944 and killed one person and injured another.<ref name=OR>[https://www.vatican.va/news_services/or/or_quo/cultura/2011/007q05c1.html Raffaele Alessandrini, "Bombe in Vaticano" in ''L'Osservatore Romano'', 10–11 January 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715095503/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/or/or_quo/cultura/2011/007q05c1.html |date=July 15, 2012 }}</ref> A workman who was in the open was killed and a Dutch [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] in the College of Saint Monica was injured. The low-yield bombs also caused damage to the [[Palace of the Holy Office]], to the Oratory of Saint Peter, and to the [[Pontifical Urbaniana University|Pontifical Urbanian College]] on the nearby [[Janiculum Hill]]. Claims persist, nevertheless, that this was an Italian plane which was seen to strike an obstacle, perhaps a tree on the Janiculum, after which it jettisoned its bombs, but crashed after hitting a house on Via del Gelsomino with its wing killing an elderly woman who lived inside. The Italian authorities quickly removed the wreckage and the dead pilot.<ref name=OR/><ref name=Bunker>[https://archive.today/20130623123927/http://www.bunkerdiroma.it/vaticano.html Bunker di Roma, "Città del Vaticano"]</ref>

Monsignor Giulio Barbetta, who recounts his experience of this bombing, says that, while almost all the windows of the Holy Office building were shattered, the glass covering an image of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Our Lady]] between it and the entrance to the Oratory of Saint Peter remained intact and the oratory itself suffered no more than the effects of shrapnel against its wall. This led to the placing of sculptures of two shield-bearing angels to right and left of the image above an inscription that states: ''AB ANGELIS DEFENSA KAL. MART. A.D. MCMXLIV'' (Protected by angels, 1 March 1944 AD).<ref name=OR/><ref>Giulio Barbetta, ''Un cardinale tra "li regazzini"''(Rome, Città Nuova Editrice, 1966)</ref>

==See also==
* [[Vatican City in World War II]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* Döge, F.U. (2004) "Die militärische und innenpolitische Entwicklung in Italien 1943–1944", Chapter 11, in ''[http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/diss/receive/FUDISS_thesis_000000001408 Pro- und antifaschistischer Neorealismus]''. PhD Thesis, Free University, Berlin. 960 p. [in German]
* Failmezger, Victor (2020) "Rome: City in Terror". Oxford; Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-4728-4128-5}}
* Jackson, W.G.F. (1969) ''The Battle for Rome''. London: Batsford. {{ISBN|0-7134-1152-X}}
* Katz, R. (2003) ''The Battle for Rome: The Germans, the Allies, the Partisans, and the Pope, September 1943 – June 1944''. New York: Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|0-7432-1642-3}}
* Kurzman, D. (1975) ''The Race for Rome''. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. {{ISBN|0-385-06555-8}}
* Lytton, H.D. (1983) "Bombing Policy in the Rome and Pre-Normandy Invasion Aerial Campaigns of World War II: Bridge-Bombing Strategy Vindicated – and Railyard-Bombing Strategy Invalidated". ''Military Affairs''. '''47''' (2: April). pp. 53–58
* Murphy, P.I. and Arlington, R.R. (1983) ''La Popessa: The Controversial Biography of Sister Pasqualina, the Most Powerful Woman in Vatican History''. New York: Warner Books Inc. {{ISBN|0-446-51258-3}}
* Roosevelt, F.D. Pius XII, Pope and Taylor, M.C. (ed.) [1947] (2005) ''Wartime Correspondence Between President Roosevelt and Pope Pius XII''. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. {{ISBN|1-4191-6654-9}}
* [[Raleigh Trevelyan|Trevelyan, R.]] 1982. ''Rome '44: The Battle for the Eternal City''. New York: Viking. {{ISBN|0-670-60604-9}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author1=Carli, Maddalena |author2=Gentiloni Silveri, Umberto |title= Bombardare Roma: gli alleati e la città aperta, 1940–1944 |language=it }} (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2007)

==External links==
* [http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/andyc/fdr/psfa/psf/box51/a466y01.html Bombing of Rome documents at FDR presidential library]
* [http://john.curtin.edu.au/letters/keyword/rome-bombing.html Collection of documents related to Australian bishops and the bombing of Rome]

{{WWII city bombing}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:World War II strategic bombing by populated place|Rome]]
[[Category:Military history of Italy during World War II]]
[[Category:Rome in World War II]]
[[Category:Pope Pius XII and World War II]]
[[Category:1940s in Italy]]
[[Category:1943 in Vatican City]]
[[Category:1944 in Vatican City]]
[[Category:1943 in Italy]]
[[Category:1944 in Italy]]

List of things named after Donald Trump

2026-05-27T18:47:07Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: starting new details...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Dynamic list}}
{{Donald Trump series|expanded=Life and business}}
The following things are named after [[Donald Trump]], the 45th and 47th [[president of the United States]].

== Real estate ==

Note: Any current properties listed in '''bold''' are owned directly by Trump himself or the Trump Organization. The rest carry the Trump name through [[Brand licensing|licensing]] deals.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/donald-trump The Definitive Net Worth of Donald Trump – Forbes.com]</ref>

===Trump Towers===
[[File:TrumpTower.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Trump Tower in New York City]]

==== Current ====
* '''[[Trump Tower]], [[New York City]]'''
* [[Trump Towers (Sunny Isles Beach)|Trump Towers]], [[Sunny Isles Beach, Florida|Sunny Isles Beach]], Florida
* Trump Tower Kolkata, [[Kolkata, India|Kolkata]], India<ref>{{cite news|last=Madhurima|first=Nandy|title=Donald Trump's firm signs deal for Kolkata real estate Trump tower Toronto Canadaproject|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/6lcraomEPhQYvRWGQ3kq0O/Trump-firm-signs-deal-for-Kolkata-realty-project-eyes-Pune.html|access-date=November 30, 2017|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=November 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Himatsingka|first=Anuradha|title=Over 50% Of Trump Tower Kolkata units sold within 40 days of soft launch|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/over-40-of-trump-tower-kolkata-units-sold-within-40-days-of-soft-launch/articleshow/61768758.cms|access-date=November 30, 2017|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=November 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Trump Tower launched in Kolkata; developers aim Rs 700 cr sales|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/trump-tower-launched-in-kolkatadevelopers-aim-rs-700-cr-sales/articleshow/61784756.cms|access-date=November 30, 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=November 24, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Trump Tower Manila]], [[Manila]] [[Philippines]]
* [[Trump Towers Istanbul]], [[Istanbul]] [[Turkey]]
* [[Trump Towers Pune]], [[Pune]] [[India]]
* [[The Park (residential project)|Trump Towers Mumbai]], [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
* [[Trump Tower Punta del Este]], [[Uruguay]]

==== In development ====
* Trump Towers [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]], [[Gurgaon]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/trump-towers-gurgaon-edition-launched-with-258-flats/articleshow/62451482.cms|title=Trump Towers' Gurugram edition launched with 258 flats {{!}} Gurgaon News |date=January 26, 2018|author=Prabhakar Sinha |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetrumptowerdelhincr.com/|title=Trump Towers Delhi NCR {{!}} Trump Towers Gurgaon {{!}} Gurugram|website=Trump Towers Gurgaon|language=en|access-date=2020-03-17|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803093058/https://www.thetrumptowerdelhincr.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Trump Tower Jeddah, [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Elegance in the Sky: DarGlobal and Trump Organization Unveil Jeddah Tower | url=https://darglobal.co.uk/blog/elegance-in-the-sky-darglobal-and-trump-organization-unveil-jeddah-tower }}</ref>
* [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Dubai)|Trump Tower Dubai]], [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{cite web | title=London-listed Dar Global to launch Trump tower Dubai in 2025 | work=Reuters | date=July 18, 2024 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/london-listed-dar-global-launch-trump-tower-dubai-2025-2024-07-18/ }}</ref>

==== Former ====
* [[The Tower at City Place]], [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]], New York (de-branded in June 2022)

==== Cancelled or never completed ====
* [[Trump Tower Moscow]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2018/12/19/giuliani-trump-signed-moscow-deal-letter-russia/|title=Giuliani Says Trump Signed Russian Trump Tower Deal Letter|last=Fleishman|first=Glenn|date=December 19, 2018|website=Fortune}}</ref> [[Moscow]], Russia
* [[Trump Tower (Tampa)|Trump Tower]], [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], Florida
* [[Trump Towers Atlanta]], Atlanta, Georgia, United States
* [[Trump Towers Rio]], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
* Trump Tower Batumi, Batumi, Georgia
* Trump Tower Bangalore, Bangalore, India
* Trump Tower Damascus, Damascus, Syria
* Trump Tower Denver, Colorado, United States
* Trump Tower Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
* Trump Towers Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
* Trump Tower Dallas, Texas, United States
* Trump Tower West Palm Beach, Florida, United States
* Trump Tower Los Angeles, California, United States
* Trump Tower Seattle, Washington, United States
* Unnamed skyscraper development, [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weston |first=Paul |last2=Potts |first2=Andrew |date=15 January 2026 |title=Trump family plans Gold Coast return with new Surfers Paradise supertower |url=https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=GCWEB_MRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldcoastbulletin.com.au%2Fnews%2Ftrump-family-plans-gold-coast-return-with-new-surfers-paradise-supertower%2Fnews-story%2F55e7daaaa8007b7296c9ada899d34271&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260115054058/https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/trump-family-plans-gold-coast-return-with-new-surfers-paradise-supertower/news-story/55e7daaaa8007b7296c9ada899d34271?amp |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=Gold Coast Bulletin}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2026-05-12 |title=Plan for Trump Tower on Gold Coast scrapped as brand labelled 'toxic' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-05-13/trump-tower-gold-coast-plans-scrapped/106673096 |access-date=2026-05-20 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>

=== Trump Plaza ===

Trump Plaza is a brand of apartment buildings licensed to various proprietors.
* [[Trump Plaza (Jersey City)|Jersey City]]
* [[Trump Plaza (New Rochelle)|New Rochelle, New York]]
* [[Trump Plaza (New York City)|New York City]]

==== Former ====
* [[The Plaza (West Palm Beach)]] (previously '''Trump Plaza''' until January 2021)<ref>{{cite news |last=Clough |first=Alexandra |title=Trump Plaza renamed 'The Plaza' as condo owners pivot to original name of West Palm Beach complex |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/2021/05/05/trump-plaza-renamed-the-plaza-bid-remove-link-ex-president/4938942001/ |access-date=August 15, 2021 |work=The Palm Beach Post |date=May 5, 2021}}</ref>

=== Other Trump buildings ===

[[File:Lower part of The Trump Building in New York City IMG 1693.JPG|right|thumb|200px|The Trump Building – New York City]]

==== Current ====

=====New York City=====
* '''[[The Trump Building]]'''
* '''[[Trump Palace Condominiums]]'''
* '''[[Trump Parc]] and Trump Parc East'''
* '''[[Trump Park Avenue]]'''
* '''[[Trump World Tower]]'''

=====Other=====
* [[Trump Bay Street]], in Jersey City, New Jersey
* [[The Trump Organization#Real estate licensing|Trump Hollywood]], a 41-story condominium tower in [[Hollywood, Florida]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Owers|first=Paul|title=Trump Hollywood condos sell out|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-06-14/features/sfl-trump-hollywood-sells-out-link-20120614_1_trump-hollywood-condo-crash-bh3|access-date=March 7, 2018|work=Sun-Sentinel|date=June 14, 2012|archive-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308103257/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2012-06-14/features/sfl-trump-hollywood-sells-out-link-20120614_1_trump-hollywood-condo-crash-bh3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Trump Park Residences, [[Yorktown, New York]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fenner|first1=Austin|last2=Moritz|first2=Owen|title=The Don-old is Putting Up W'chester Boomer Town|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/don-old-putting-w-chester-boomer-town-article-1.549578|access-date=July 21, 2017|work=New York Daily News|date=September 22, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brenner|first=Elsa|title=Reduced Rents? On the Contrary|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/realestate/14wczo.html|access-date=July 21, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=June 12, 2009}}</ref>
* Daewoo Trump World, apartment brand in South Korea<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.kr/2016/05/11/story_n_9897616.html |title=apateu 'teuleompeuwoldeu'ui teuleompeuneun geu teuleompeuga majda |date=November 5, 2016 |website=Huffington Post Korea |language=ko |script-title=ko:아파트 '트럼프월드'의 트럼프는 그 트럼프가 맞다 |trans-title=The 'Trump' in the Trump World apartment block is ''the'' Trump |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161114121048/http://www.huffingtonpost.kr/2016/05/11/story_n_9897616.html |archive-date=14 November 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=November 6, 2016 |agency=[[Yonhap News]] }}</ref>

==== Former ====
* [[The Dominick]], a hotel condominium complex in New York City formerly called Trump SoHo (name licensing deal ended in 2017)
* [[Park Tower Stamford]], a condominium building previously called Trump Parc Stamford.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://westfaironline.com/133057/trump-parc-stamford-ditches-the-trump-part/|title = Trump Parc Stamford ditches 'Trump'|date = 18 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Riverside South, Manhattan]] (Trump Place), Manhattan (de-branded in November 2016)<ref>[https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20161116/upper-west-side/trump-name-removed-riverside-boulevard "Workers Remove Trump Name From Upper West Side Buildings"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117144839/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20161116/upper-west-side/trump-name-removed-riverside-boulevard |date=2016-11-17 }} by Ben Fractenberg, ''[[DNAinfo.com]]'', November 16, 2016</ref>

==== Cancelled or never completed ====
* [[Elite Tower]], formerly known as Trump Plaza Tower, Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv, Israel
* [[LSH Hotel]], formerly known as Trump Hotel Rio de Janeiro
* Trump condominium/hotel/office/shopping project, [[Charlotte, North Carolina]]. Announced in 2007; cancelled a year later, before the start of construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tryon Street Catches Trump's Eye, His Empire's Possibly in Talks to Buy Uptown Land for Hotel, Tower|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/|access-date=December 5, 2017|work=[[The Charlotte Observer]]|date=March 29, 2007|via=NewsLibrary|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Trumps Size Up the Queen City, Donald's Kids Assessing Whether Large Project Would Work in Uptown|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/|access-date=December 5, 2017|work=The Charlotte Observer|date=May 4, 2007|via=NewsLibrary|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A Trump Project Around the Corner, City Official: It's Serious|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/|access-date=December 5, 2017|work=The Charlotte Observer|date=May 18, 2007|via=NewsLibrary|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='In A Bit of a Holding Pattern: Uptown condo boom fades, Several projects delayed as risk-conscious lenders limit their exposure |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/|access-date=December 5, 2017|work=The Charlotte Observer|date=March 20, 2008|via=NewsLibrary|url-access=subscription |quote=Billionaire Donald Trump's planning for a project that could have raised Charlotte's national profile is officially on hold.}}</ref>
* Trump Las Olas Beach Resort, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
* [[Trump Ocean Resort Baja Mexico]]
* Trump on the Ocean, [[Jones Beach, New York]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/news/donald-trump-state-kill-jones-beach-catering-hall-project-x97924|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230194828/http://www.newsday.com/long-island/towns/donald-trump-state-kill-jones-beach-catering-hall-project-1.4376643|url-status=live|archive-date=December 30, 2012|title=Donald Trump, state kill Jones Beach catering hall project| last=Bleyer|first=Bill|date=December 26, 2012|website=Newsday}}</ref>
* Trump Tower Europe, a project by [[TD Trump Deutschland]] in Stuttgart, Germany
* Trump City, New York City
*Trump Offices Buenos Aires, an office project in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

== Hotels ==
Note: Hotels listed in '''bold''' are owned directly by Trump himself or his company, the Trump Organization. The rest are associated through licensing deals.
[[file:20140627 Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) sign 2.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Trump sign on his Chicago Hotel and Tower]]
[[file:Las-Vegas-Trump-Hotel-8480.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Trump International Hotel – Las Vegas]]

=== Current ===
* '''[[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)]]'''
* '''[[Trump International Hotel and Tower (New York City)]]'''
* '''[[Trump International Hotel Las Vegas]]''', a second tower was going to be built but was cancelled before construction started.

=== Former ===
* [[The St. Regis Toronto]] (formerly Trump International Hotel and Tower (Toronto), divested in 2017)
* [[JW Marriott Panama]] (formerly Trump International Hotel & Tower (Panama City), licensing deal ended in 2018)
* [[Paradox Hotel Vancouver]] (formerly Trump International Hotel and Tower (Vancouver)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/trump-tower-vancouver-paradox-hotel|title = Trump Tower Vancouver to be rebranded as Paradox Hotel | Urbanized}}</ref>
* Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C., also known as the [[Old Post Office Building (Washington, D.C.)|Old Post Office Building]], sold in May 2022; reopened in June as the Waldorf Astoria Washington DC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grablick |first=Colleen |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Rooms Are Ready At The Waldorf Astoria, Formerly Known As The Trump Hotel |url=https://dcist.com/story/22/06/03/waldorf-astoria-opens-trump-hotel/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=DCist |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405174607/https://dcist.com/story/22/06/03/waldorf-astoria-opens-trump-hotel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ka Laʻi Waikiki Beach Hotel]] (formerly Trump International Hotel and Tower (Honolulu), divested in February 2024)

=== In development ===
* Trump International Hotel ([[Muscat|Oman]])
* Trump International Hotel ([[Hưng Yên]])
* [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Dubai)|Trump International Hotel and Tower]] ([[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]])

=== Cancelled or never completed ===
* [[Trump International Hotel & Residence|Trump International Hotel & Residence (Phoenix)]]
* [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Baku)|Trump International Hotel & Tower]] (Baku, Azerbaijan)
* Trump International Hotel and Tower (Belgrade, Serbia)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2013/11/27/serbian-army-headquarters-may-become-luxorious-hotel/|title=Trump Eyes Turning Serbian Army Ruin into Hotel|date=27 November 2013}}</ref>
* [[Conrad Fort Lauderdale|Trump International Hotel and Tower (Fort Lauderdale)]]
* [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (New Orleans)]]
* Trump International Hotel & Tower (Bangkok, Thailand)
* Trump International Hotel & Tower (Beijing, China)
* Trump International Hotel & Tower (Guangzhou, China)
* Trump International Hotel & Tower (Shenzhen, China)
* [[Trump International Hotel and Tower (Dubai)|The Palm Trump International Hotel & Tower]] (Dubai, United Arab Emirates)
* Trump International Hotel & Tower (Doha, Qatar)
* Trump International Hotel & Tower (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia)
* Trump St Andrews Hotel (St Andrews, Scotland)
* Trump International Hotel and Tower ([[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], [[Australia]])<ref>{{Cite news |last=Weston |first=Paul |last2=Potts |first2=Andrew |date=15 January 2026 |title=Trump family plans Gold Coast return with new Surfers Paradise supertower |url=https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/subscribe/news/1/?sourceCode=GCWEB_MRE170_a_GGL&dest=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldcoastbulletin.com.au%2Fnews%2Ftrump-family-plans-gold-coast-return-with-new-surfers-paradise-supertower%2Fnews-story%2F55e7daaaa8007b7296c9ada899d34271&memtype=anonymous&mode=premium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260115054058/https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/trump-family-plans-gold-coast-return-with-new-surfers-paradise-supertower/news-story/55e7daaaa8007b7296c9ada899d34271?amp |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=15 January 2026 |work=Gold Coast Bulletin}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Golf courses ==

=== United States ===
[[file:DoralGolfResortNovember2010.jpg|thumb|200px|The 18th hole at Trump National Doral]]
(All owned directly by Trump and/or the Trump Organization)
*Trump National Golf Club
** [[Trump National Golf Club (Bedminster, New Jersey)|Bedminster, New Jersey]] – used as Trump's "[[Summer White House]]" during his presidencies
**[[Charlotte, North Carolina]]
**[[Trump National Golf Club Colts Neck|Colts Neck, New Jersey]]
**Hudson Valley ([[Hopewell Junction, New York]])
**[[Trump National Golf Club (Jupiter, Florida)|Jupiter, Florida]]
**[[Trump National Golf Club (Los Angeles)|Los Angeles]]
**[[Trump National Golf Club (Philadelphia)|Philadelphia]]
**[[Trump National Golf Club (Washington, D.C.)|Washington D.C.]]
**[[Trump National Golf Club (Westchester, New York)|Westchester, New York]]
* [[Trump International Golf Club (West Palm Beach)]]
* [[Trump National Doral Miami]] (golf club + resort)

=== International ===
* [[Trump International Golf Club (Dubai)]]
* Trump World Golf Club (Dubai)
* [[Trump International Golf Links, Scotland]]
* [[Trump International Golf Links and Hotel Ireland]]
* [[Trump Turnberry]] (Scotland)

=== In development ===
* Trump International Resort & Golf Club Bali (Golf Club + Resort + Residences)
* Trump International Resort & Golf Club Lido (Golf Club + Residences), [[West Java]]
* Trump International Resort & Golf Club Muscat (Golf Club + Hotel + Residences)
* Trump International Resort & Golf Club Hưng Yên (Golf Club + Hotel + Residences)

=== Former ===
* [[Donald Trump and golf#Ferry Point, New York|Trump Golf Links]], Ferry Point, New York<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trumpgolf.com/Our-Courses|title=Our Properties – Trump Golf|website=www.trumpgolf.com|access-date=2017-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721163719/https://www.trumpgolf.com/Our-Courses|archive-date=2018-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Donald Trump and golf#Puerto Rico|Trump International Golf Club Puerto Rico]], Coco Beach, Puerto Rico<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/07/13/trump-golf-club-in-puerto-rico-files-for-bankruptcy.html|title=Trump golf club in Puerto Rico files for bankruptcy|last=Allen|first=Karma|date=2015-07-13|website=CNBC|access-date=2017-02-08}}</ref>

=== Cancelled or never completed ===
* Trump at Cap Cana (Dominican Republic) a golf club, resort, residences and estates project
* Trump International Golf Club & Resort Cozumel
* Trump International Golf Club Canouan, The Grenadines
* Trump National Golf Club Emerald Dunes

== Casinos ==

Trump Entertainment Resorts was the casino arm of the Trump Organization. All of its casinos eventually went bankrupt or were divested.

=== Former ===
* [[Trump Taj Mahal]], a casino and hotel on the [[Atlantic City]] boardwalk (closed in 2016 and reopened in 2018 as Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City)
* [[Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino]], in Atlantic City. Initially a 50/50 partnership with [[Caesars Entertainment Corporation|Harrah's]], then wholly owned by Trump since 1986. Closed in 2014 and demolished in 2021.
* [[Trump World's Fair]] at Trump Plaza in Atlantic City. Operated with its own casino license in a wing of Trump Plaza. Closed in 1999 and demolished in 2000.
* [[Trump's Castle]] in Atlantic City (renamed Trump Marina in 1997), sold to [[Landry's, Inc.]] in 2011 who renamed it to Golden Nugget Atlantic City in 2011.
* Trump 29 Casino, in [[Coachella, California]], now [[Spotlight 29 Casino]]. Former 50/50 partnership with the [[Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians of California]]; Trump exited the business in 2006.
* Trump Casino in [[Gary, Indiana]], later known as [[Majestic Star II]]. Closed in 2021.
* Trump Club Privee Casino, Canouan, Saint Vincent

=== Cancelled or never built ===

* Trump Riverside North Casino and Hotel, St. Louis, United States
* Trump Motor City Casino and Hotel, Detroit, United States<ref>{{cite news | title=Archer cuts casino field to four; delays final decision | date=November 7, 1997 | url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/1997/nov/07/archer-cuts-casino-field-to-four-delays-final-deci/ | work=lasvegassun.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Ankeny | first=Robert | title=Detroit Casino Developers Are Still Playing a Waiting Game | date=November 10, 1997 | url=https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/19971110/SUB/711100895/detroit-casino-developers-are-still-playing-a-waiting-game | work=crainsdetroit.com }}</ref>
* Trump Flamingo Casino, Kansas City, United States
* Trump Diamondhead Hotel and Casino, Bay St Louis, United States

== Streets/roads/government buildings ==

[[File:Donald Trump Square (Petah Tikva) (2).jpg|thumb|200px|Donald Trump Square, [[Petah Tikva]], Israel, whose name was changed to United States Square in 2023]]

===US===
{{Broader|Branding of United States government programs and facilities after Donald Trump}}
* [[Kennedy Center|Donald J. Trump and John F. Kennedy Memorial Center for the Performing Arts]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Superville |first=Darlene |date=2025-12-18 |title=Trump's Handpicked Board Votes to Rename Washington Performing Arts Center |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-kennedy-center-performing-arts-8b7159067174f3a0070b877c149ff0a7 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=APNews |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Donald J. Trump Institute of Peace]] – national institute for peace in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubin |first=April |date=2025-12-03 |title=Trump's name added to U.S. Institute of Peace |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/12/03/us-institute-of-peace-name-donald-trump |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref>
* [[President Donald J. Trump International Airport]], in Palm Beach Florida<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maher |first1=Kit |last2=Harvey |first2=Lex |title=Florida lawmakers vote to rename Palm Beach airport after Trump {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2026/02/19/politics/florida-palm-beach-airport-rename-trump-hnk |website=CNN |language=en |date=20 February 2026}}</ref>
* [[Donald J. Trump State Park]], in New York state, on land donated by Trump in 2006
* Trump Drive – [[Kalispell, Montana|Kalispell]], Montana<ref>{{cite news|last=Winter|first=David|date=October 27, 2016|title=Living on Clinton and Trump Streets|work=KULR 8 News|publisher=[[KULR-TV]]|url=http://www.kulr8.com/story/33503774/living-on-clinton-and-trump-streets|url-status=dead|access-date=January 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223154056/http://www.kulr8.com/story/33503774/living-on-clinton-and-trump-streets|archive-date=December 23, 2016}}</ref>
* President Donald J. Trump Highway – a section of [[U.S. Route 287 in Oklahoma|U.S. Route 287]] in [[Oklahoma]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Forman |first1=Carmen |title=Oklahoma panhandle to get 'President Donald J. Trump Highway' due to GOP-backed bill |url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/2021/05/30/donald-trump-oklahoman-will-get-highway-named-former-president/7430340002/ |access-date=2 June 2021 |work=The Oklahoman |date=June 1, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Ortiz-Lytle | first1=Carly | title=Oklahoma renames state highway for Trump |
url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/oklahoma-renames-state-highway-donald-trump | date=May 31, 2021 | work=[[Washington Examiner]] | access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref>
* The Donald J. Trump Justice Complex – [[Lyon County, Nevada|Lyon County]], Nevada<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonanos |first=Christopher |date=2022-02-09 |title=Donald Trump Finally Gets a Jail Cell |url=https://www.curbed.com/2022/02/donald-trump-justice-complex-nevada-lyon-county-jail.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Curbed |language=en-us}}</ref>
* President Donald J. Trump Avenue, in [[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]], Florida, renamed from Palm Avenue<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=Max |last2=Egui Brito |first2=Veronica |date=2023-11-14 |website=Miami Herald |language=en-us |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article281848088.html |title=Hialeah City Council members vote unanimously to name road after Donald Trump}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cone |first=Allen |date=2024-12-03 |title=Avenue in Hialeah is named after Donald Trump - CBS Miami |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/this-road-hialeah-named-after-donald-trump/ |access-date=2025-02-13 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* President Donald J. Trump Boulevard, in [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach County]], Florida, a 4-mile section of [[Florida State Road 80]] and [[U.S. Route 98]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Persaud |first=Chris |title=County approves stretch of Southern Boulevard to be called 'President Donald J. Trump Boulevard' |url=https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/trump/2025/07/08/county-approves-renaming-of-southern-blvd-to-donald-j-trump-blvd/84503547007/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=The Palm Beach Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=CBS Miami |date=2025-07-09 |title=Palm Beach commission approves "President Donald J. Trump Boulevard" - CBS Miami |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/south-florida-roadway-renamed-president-donald-j-trump-boulevard/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Florida State Road 80|President Donald J. Trump Highway]], Florida<ref>{{cite web |title=DeSantis signs bill and renames State Route 80 President Donald J. Trump Highway |url=https://www.wgcu.org/government-politics/2026-04-15/desantis-signs-bill-and-renames-state-route-80-president-donald-j-trump-highway |website=WGCU News {{!}} PBS & NPR for Southwest Florida |language=en |date=15 April 2026}}</ref>

====Planned or under construction====
* [[President Donald J. Trump Ballroom]] – planned expansion of the [[East Wing]] of the [[White House]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Farhi |first1=Arden |last2=Jacobs |first2=Jennifer |date=September 19, 2025 |title=Who's paying for the White House ballroom and what's in it for them |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-white-house-ballroom-donor-names/ |work=[[CBS News]] |access-date=October 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fields |first=Ashleigh |date=October 21, 2025 |title=Who's funding Trump's $250M ballroom renovation? |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5565273-trump-white-house-ballroom-funding-plans/ |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=October 22, 2025}}</ref>
* [[Arc de Trump]], planned triumphal arch in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |title=What we know about White House plans for an 'Arc de Trump' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7e8lv176go |website=www.bbc.com |date=16 October 2025}}</ref>
* President Donald J. Trump Bridge, near Douglas Lake, [[Jefferson County, Tennessee]]<ref>{{cite web |title=SENATE MESSAGE CALENDAR for consideration of House Actions |url=https://capitol.tn.gov//Bills/114/Senate/Calendar/601000_M-1_041625.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260504183507/https://capitol.tn.gov//Bills/114/Senate/Calendar/601000_M-1_041625.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2026-05-04 |website=capitol.tn.gov|date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
* [[Interstate 73 in South Carolina|President Donald J. Trump Highway]], South Carolina<ref>{{cite web |title=South Carolina Legislature Online - Bill Search by Bill Number |url=https://www.scstatehouse.gov/billsearch.php?billnumbers=4982&session=126&summary=B |website=www.scstatehouse.gov |publisher=South Carolina Legislature}}</ref>

=== International ===
*Trump Avenue - [[Ottawa, Ontario]]. Named by the developer of Ottawa's "Central Park" neighborhood around 1997.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-ottawa-citizen/56289769/ |title=The waiting is over: Ashcroft's Central Park is here |work=[[The Ottawa Citizen]] |via=[[Ancestry|Newspapers.com]] |date=February 22, 1997 |access-date=October 17, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2025 |title=Residents of Ottawa's Trump Avenue might try again to rename street after U.S. president's tariff threats |url=https://ground.news/article/residents-of-ottawas-trump-avenue-might-try-again-to-rename-street-after-us-presidents-tariff-threats |access-date=February 13, 2025 |website=Ground News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Feb 17, 2021 |title=The nays Ave. it: Ottawa's Trump Avenue to keep its name |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/trump-avenue-ottawa-name-change-1.5916977 |access-date=Feb 13, 2025 |work=[[CBC News]]}}</ref>
*Trump Park - [[Kiryat Yam]], [[Israel]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-07 |title=Northern Israeli city to name new park after Trump|website=[[The Times of Israel]] | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/northern-israeli-city-to-name-new-park-after-trump/}}</ref>

=== Planned ===
* [[Fort Trump]] – Planned military base in Poland.
* United States Square in honor of President Donald Trump (a.k.a. Donald Trump Square) – [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]]. A town square surrounding the U.S. embassy. Announced in 2018 in honor of Trump for [[United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel|his administration's recognizing of Jerusalem as Israel's capital]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/245594 |title=Jerusalem to unveil 'Donald Trump Square' |work=[[Israel National News]] |first=David |last=Rosenberg |date=May 8, 2018 |access-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> However, the name change did not officially take place.
[[File:Trump Heights sign and Eagle.jpg|thumb|200px|Trump Heights sign and Eagle]]
* [[Trump Station]] in Jerusalem – A proposed train station near the Western Wall in the [[Old City of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42494450 | title=Israel plans 'Trump station' in Jerusalem| work=BBC News| date=2017-12-27}}</ref>
* [[Trump Heights]] – Occupied [[Golan Heights]], a planned [[Israeli settlement]], named in honor of Trump's [[United States recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel|recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel]].
* [[Zangezur corridor|Trump Route for International Peace and Prosperity]], means for ground travel between [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]].

=== Former ===
* Donald Trump Square – [[Petah Tikva]], Israel.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/265472 |title= Watch: New 'Donald Trump Square' in Israel |work=[[Israel National News]] |first=Yoni |last=Kempinski |date=July 3, 2019 |access-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> The name was changed in 2023 to United States Square.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://petahtikva.mynet.co.il/local_news/article/hkmkv2yqt |title= Petah Tikva's Famous Square Changes Name [Hebrew] |work=[[Mynet Petah Tikva]] |first=Matan |last=Deutsch |date=November 1, 2023 |access-date=February 20, 2024}}</ref>
* Donald J Trump Boulevard – [[Kamëz]], [[Albania]]<ref>[http://www.standard.al/2017/03/18/foto-basha-dhe-kryebashkiaku-xhelal-mziu-perurojne-bulevardin-donald-j-trump-ne-kamez/ FOTO/ Basha dhe kryebashkiaku Xhelal Mziu përurojnë bulevardin “Donald J. Trump” në Kamëz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518024101/https://www.standard.al/2017/03/18/foto-basha-dhe-kryebashkiaku-xhelal-mziu-perurojne-bulevardin-donald-j-trump-ne-kamez/ |date=May 18, 2021 }} – 18 Mars, 2017</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bateman |first=Jessica |date=2019-11-19 |title='They built it themselves': how a slum became Albania's fastest growing city |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/nov/19/everything-made-people-inside-former-slum-albania-fastest-growing-city-kamza |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

'''Note''': [[Trump Street]] in the [[City of London]], [[England]], is not named after Donald Trump or his family. It dates from the middle of the 18th century and is named after a former inn, the Trumpeter Tavern.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Weinreb, Ben |author2=[[Christopher Hibbert|Hibbert, Christopher]] |title=[[The London Encyclopaedia]] |edition=reprint |year=1992 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |page=918}}</ref>

== Educational institutions ==
* [[Trump University]], owned mostly by Trump (renamed The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010)

== Arts and media ==
=== Telecommunications ===
* [[Trump Mobile]] – telecommunications company owned by The Trump Organization, founded in 2025.
=== Games ===
* ''[[Trump: The Game]]'' – a board game initially launched in 1989, with a 2004 re-release
* ''[[Donald Trump's Real Estate Tycoon]]'' – a 2002 video game by RedCap
* ''[[Trump Castle (series)]]'' – a gambling video game series launched in 1989 by Capstone
** ''[[Trump Castle II]] '' – a sequel to the first Trump Castle video game
* ''[[Trumped Up Cards]]'' – a parody card game
* ''[[Punch the trump]]'' – a parody punching game

=== Magazines ===
*[[Trump magazines]] include:
** ''Trump Style'' – a free magazine offered at Trump hotel-casinos from 1997 to 2002
** ''Trump World'' – published from 2002 to 2006
** ''Trump Magazine'' – published from 2006 to 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.regionalmediaadvisors.com/press-releases/145-donald-j-trump-joins-publisher-jerry-powers-to-host-magazine-kick-off-at-trump-tower|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307095736/http://www.regionalmediaadvisors.com/press-releases/145-donald-j-trump-joins-publisher-jerry-powers-to-host-magazine-kick-off-at-trump-tower|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2015|title=Ocean Drive Media Group Partners with Trump Magazine|date=7 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Social media ===
* [[Trump Media & Technology Group]] (TMTG) – [[social media]] and technology company that runs the Truth Social social media platform, founded by Trump in 2021.
* [[TrumporBiden2024]] – a [[Twitch TV|Twitch channel]] dedicated to fictionalized versions of Trump and [[Joe Biden]] engaging in comedic political debate.

=== Television ===
'''Bold''' indicates direct involvement from Trump himself
* '''''[[Trump Card (game show)|Trump Card]]''''' - 1990 game show which was filmed at the then [[Trump Castle]] casino, with Trump making a cameo on the first episode
* '''''[[Donald J. Trump Presents The Ultimate Merger]]''''' – a reality television dating game show that ran for two seasons
* ''[[Donald Trump (Last Week Tonight with John Oliver)|Donald Trump]]'' – a segment on ''[[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver]]''
* ''[[The Trump Show]]'' – a BBC documentary series
* ''[[You Got Trumped: The First 100 Days]]'' – a dark comedy short-format series
* ''[[Trump: The Rusical]]'' – an episode of ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]''
* ''[[Trump Guy]]'' – an episode of ''[[Family Guy]]''

=== Music ===
* "[[Donald Trump (song)|Donald Trump]]" – a 2011 song by [[Mac Miller]]
* “Donald Trump” – a 2016 song by Ryan Upchurch
* "The Donald" – a 2016 song by [[A Tribe Called Quest]]
* "Donald Trump" – a 2018 song by [[Lil Nas X]]
* "Donald Trump (Black Version)" – a song by [[The Time (band)|The Time]] from the 1990 album ''[[Pandemonium (The Time album)|Pandemonium]]''
* "Up Like Trump" – a 2015 song by [[Rae Sremmurd]]
* "[[FDT (song)|Fuck Donald Trump]]" - a 2016 song by [[YG (rapper)|YG]] ft. [[Nipsey Hussle]]
* "Tronald Trump" – a 2024 song by [[BabyTron]]

=== Film ===
* ''[[Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie]]'' – a 2016 parody film
* ''[[Trump vs the Illuminati]]'' – a 2020 science fiction comedy film
* ''[[Trump Unauthorized]]'' – a 2005 biographical film
* ''[[Trump: The Kremlin Candidate?]]'' – a 2017 documentary film
* ''[[Trump: What's the Deal?]]'' – a 1991 documentary film
* ''[[Trumped (2017 film)|Trumped]]'' – a 2017 documentary film
* ''[[You've Been Trumped]]'' – a 2012 documentary film

=== Books ===
'''Bold''' – books written or co-written by Trump himself
* ''[[The Day of the Donald]]'' – a novel by [[Andrew Shaffer]]
* ''[[Trump Tower (novel)|Trump Tower]]'' – a novel by [[Jeffrey Robinson]]
* '''''[[Trump: How to Get Rich]]''''' – a non-fiction book by Donald Trump
* '''''[[Trump: The Art of the Deal]]''''' – a non-fiction book by Donald Trump and [[Tony Schwartz (author)|Tony Schwartz]]
* '''''[[Trump: The Art of the Comeback]]''''' – a non-fiction book by Donald Trump and [[Kate Bohner]]
* '''''[[Trump: Surviving at the Top]]''''' – a non-fiction book by Donald Trump and Charles Leerhsen
* ''[[Trump 101]]'' – a non-fiction book by [[Meredith McIver]]

== Food and drink ==

=== Current ===
* [[Trump Winery]], a vineyard in Virginia, acquired by Trump in 2011
* [[Trumptini]], a Bacardi-based cocktail, and the signature cocktail of the [[The Trump Organization#Real estate licensing|Trump International Beach Resort]] in [[Miami]], [[Florida]]

=== Former ===
* [[The Wieners Circle#History|Trump Footlong]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/chicagos-rudest-hot-dog-stand-the-wieners-circle-sends-message-to-blagojevich/2224092/|title=Chicago's Rudest Hot Dog Stand, The Wiener's Circle, Sends Message to Blagojevich|website=NBC Chicago|date=23 February 2020 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref>
* Trump Golden Ale<ref name="beerstreetjournal.com">{{cite web|url=http://beerstreetjournal.com/5-rabbit-chinga-tu-pelo/|title=5 Rabbit Chinga tu Pelo, an anti-Trump Beer to be bottled – Beer Street Journal|date=15 March 2016|publisher=beerstreetjournal.com|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> now renamed [[5 Rabbit Cervecería#Chinga Tu Pelo beer|Chinga Tu Pelo]] (literally “Fuck [[Donald Trump in popular culture#Hair|your hair]]”) beer<ref>{{cite web |title = Brewery to Trump: 'F*ck Your Hair' |url = http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/latino-brewery-owner-trump-fck-your-hair |author = Levitz, Eric | date = 2015-07-02 |publisher = MSNBC |access-date = 2015-10-16}}</ref>
* [[Trump Ice]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Hod|first=Itay|title=Donald Trump Already Has His Own Water-gate|url=https://www.thewrap.com/donald-trump-already-has-his-own-water-gate-photos/|website=[[TheWrap]]|access-date=November 15, 2017|date=December 15, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Stein|first1=Sam|last2=Delaney|first2=Arthur|title=Suddenly Unable To Find The Donald Trump Mattress Of Your Dreams? Try These Other Classy Products|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/02/donald-trump-products_n_7715758.html|website=Huffington Post|access-date=November 15, 2017|date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> a water distribution company opened in 2004 and no longer served at Trump properties as of 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fennick|first=Renita|title=Laurel Run, Pa., Bottler Holds Exclusive Deal with Trump.|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-118554141.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116030509/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-118554141.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 16, 2017|access-date=November 15, 2017|work=The Times Leader|date=January 28, 2004|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The wit and wisdom of Trump|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/chi-0403110027mar11-story.html|website=Chicago Tribune|access-date=November 15, 2017|date=March 11, 2004|quote=I've decided to open up a water distribution company. I call it Trump Ice.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Newsweek': Trump Show Mirrors Reality|url=http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/archives/|website=Palm Beach Daily News|access-date=November 15, 2017|date=February 26, 2004|quote=The latest task is dubbed "Ice Escapades," as the contestants compete in the marketplace debut of Trump Ice, a bottled water.|url-access=subscription|archive-date=November 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126215350/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/archives/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Marathon Will Pour Trump Ice|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/134575785/|website=The Palm Beach Post|access-date=November 15, 2017|date=March 23, 2004|quote=If you thought Trump Ice was a one-time thing to test candidates on The Apprentice, you don't know Trump. His Ice is chilling customers at his resorts, gamblers at his casinos and golfers at his courses, and now he's planning to put it on the market.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trump.com/merchandise/trump-natural-spring-water/ |title=Trump Natural Spring Water |publisher=Trump.com |access-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828002857/https://www.trump.com/merchandise/trump-natural-spring-water/|archive-date=2015-08-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Trump Steaks]]
* [[Trump Vodka]]

== Sales/retail/side ventures ==
=== Current===
*Trump Sales and Leasing (residential sales)
*Trump International Realty (residential and commercial real estate brokerage firm)
*Trump Restaurants (located in Trump Tower and consisting of Trump Buffet, Trump Catering, Trump Ice Cream Parlor, and Trump Bar)
*Donald Trump, The Fragrance, released in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|title=Donald Trump partners with Estée Lauder on fragrance for men|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/|access-date=December 8, 2017|work=Knight-Ridder/Tribune Business News|date=September 24, 2004|via=NewsLibrary|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Janjigian|first=Robert|title=Eau de Trump to Waft Through Stores This Month|url=http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/archives/|access-date=December 8, 2017|work=Palm Beach Daily News|date=November 1, 2004|url-access=subscription|archive-date=November 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126215350/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/news/archives/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Donald Has a New Fragrance|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/|access-date=December 8, 2017|work=The Wichita Eagle|date=November 22, 2004|via=NewsLibrary|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*SUCCESS by Donald Trump (second fragrance launched by the Trump Organization and the Five Star Fragrance Company, released in March 2012)
*Trump Collectable Cards, NFT (released in Dec 2022)<ref>{{cite news|title=Former US President Donald Trump sells out NFT trading cards |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63995563
|access-date=June 20, 2023|work=BBC|date=December 16, 2022
}}</ref>
*[[Trump sneakers]], the "Never Surrender High-Top" sneaker was unveiled in 2024 at Sneaker Con <ref>{{cite news |title=Trump launches $399 gold 'Never Surrender' sneakers after court ruling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/feb/18/trump-launches-gold-high-top-sneaker-line-a-day-after-350m-court-ruling |access-date=4 June 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=18 February 2024}}</ref>

=== Former ===

* [[Donald J. Trump Foundation]] – charitable foundation shut down in 2018 due to legal issues
* Donald J. Trump Signature Collection, a line of menswear launched at [[Macy's]] in 2004,<ref>{{cite news|date=August 15, 2004|title=Trump: You're Hired!|work=[[Newsweek]]|url=http://www.newsweek.com/trump-youre-hired-help-guys-look-just-126107|access-date=December 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Horyn|first=Cathy|date=November 24, 2005|title=Is This the Most Trusted Man in Fashion?|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/24/fashion/thursdaystyles/is-this-the-most-trusted-man-in-fashion.html?_r=0|access-date=December 19, 2017}}</ref> and involved in [[Personal and business legal affairs of Donald Trump|a lawsuit and subsequent trial]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McCoy|first=Kevin|date=July 29, 2011|title=Donald Trump faces lawsuits over business deals|work=[[USA Today]]|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2011-07-29-donald-trump-licensing-lawsuit_n.htm|access-date=December 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Clarke|first=Katherine|date=April 12, 2013|title=Donald Trump Says Checks He Signed On Payments For His Clothing Line Were A Mistake|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-says-checks-he-signed-on-payments-for-his-clothing-line-were-a-mistake-2013-4|access-date=December 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Marsh|first=Julia|date=April 20, 2013|title=Trump triumph in license suit|work=New York Post|url=https://nypost.com/2013/04/20/trump-triumph-in-license-suit/|access-date=December 19, 2017}}</ref> Discontinued in 2015, after [[Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016#Announcement|comments]] Trump made about Mexican immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|author=Krystina Gustafson|date=2015-07-01|title=Macy's cuts ties with Donald Trump|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/07/01/macys-cuts-ties-with-donald-trump.html|access-date=2016-03-17|publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=O'Connor|first=Clare|date=July 7, 2015|title=PVH Corp., Clothing Giant Behind Trump Menswear Brand, Dumps The Donald|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2015/07/07/pvh-corp-clothing-giant-behind-trump-menswear-brand-dumps-donald/#36941ea6478d|access-date=December 19, 2017|archive-date=April 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408083459/https://www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2015/07/07/pvh-corp-clothing-giant-behind-trump-menswear-brand-dumps-donald/#36941ea6478d|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wahba|first=Phil|date=November 10, 2016|title=Macy's CEO Says Dumping Donald Trump's Line Was Still the Right Move|work=Fortune|url=http://fortune.com/2016/11/10/macys-ceo-says-dumping-donald-trumps-line-was-still-the-right-move/|access-date=December 19, 2017}}</ref>
* [[GoTrump.com]], a travel booking website<ref>{{cite web|title=Donald J. Trump Boards $80 Billion Online Travel Industry with the Launch of GoTrump.com|url=https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4026024.html|work=hospitalitynet}}</ref>
* [[Tour DuPont#Origins as the Tour de Trump|Tour de Trump]], a bicycle race held in 1989 and 1990.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hogan|first=Kevin|date=10 April 2016|title=The Strange Tale of Donald Trump's 1989 Biking Extravaganza|publisher=Politico|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-tour-de-trump-bike-race-213801/|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
* [[The Trump Network]], a [[multi-level marketing]] company that sold vitamins
* Trump Office, a line of executive office chairs launched in 2007 for [[Staples Inc]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Trump Office Chairs Launching in 2007|url=http://www.furninfo.com/Furniture%20Industry%20News%20Archive/7246|website=Furniture World|access-date=January 2, 2017|date=February 15, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Donald Trump Takes A Seat At Staples|url=http://hfbusiness.com/News/Daily-News-Archive/ArticleId/8533/donald-trump-takes-a-seat-at-staples|website=Home Furnishings Business|access-date=January 2, 2017|date=July 10, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Trump introduces office chairs at Staples|url=http://www.furnituretoday.com/article/378217-trump-introduces-office-chairs-at-staples|website=[[Furniture Today]]|access-date=January 2, 2017|date=July 16, 2007}}</ref>
*Select By Trump (line of coffee drinks)
*Trump Drinks (energy drink for the Israeli and Palestinian markets)
*Trump Chocolate
*[[Trump Home]], an upscale furniture line
*[[Trump Productions]] (television production company)
*[[Trump Institute]]
*[[Trump Model Management]]
*[[Trump Shuttle]], an airline
*[[Trump Mortgage]]
*Trump Steakhouse
* Trump Sports & Entertainments

==Transportation==
'''Bold''' indicates owned by Trump or the Trump Organization
[[file:N757AF TRUMP 1991 Boeing 757-2J4 C N 25155 371 (52835953375).jpg|thumb|200px|Trump's personal airplane – dubbed "Trump Force One" since his entry into politics]]
* '''[[Trump Force One]]''' – the nickname given by the media to Trump's personal aircraft, a [[Boeing 757|Boeing 757-200ER]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-air-force-one-iowa-2016-1 |title=Donald Trump's plane landing in Iowa – Business Insider |author=Colin Campbell |date=January 30, 2016 |work=Business Insider |access-date=April 22, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ktar.com/story/558905/trump-force-one-the-plane-that-carries-donald-trump-from-campaign-stop-to-campaign-stop/ |title='Trump Force One' the plane that carries Donald Trump from campaign stop to campaign stop – KTAR.com |date=August 2, 2015 |work=KTAR.com |access-date=April 22, 2016}}</ref> In December 2016 it received the callsign Tyson 1.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Miller |first=Zeke J |date=2016-12-17 |title=Donald Trump Renames His Personal Plane Tyson 1 |url=https://time.com/4605666/donald-trump-plane-call-sign/ |magazine=Time}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom 5KR|Trump Princess]] – superyacht that has since been renamed

== Species ==

[[File:Donaldtrumpi frontal.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Neopalpa donaldtrumpi]]'' was named in 2016 because the yellowish-white scales on its head are reminiscent of Trump's hairstyle.]]
* ''[[Neopalpa donaldtrumpi]]'', a species of micro-moth with distinctive yellowish-white scales covering the head.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3897/zookeys.646.11411 |pmid=28228677|title=Review of ''Neopalpa'' Povolný, 1998 with description of a new species from California and Baja California, Mexico (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae)|journal=ZooKeys |issue=646 |pages=79–94 |date=January 17, 2017 |last1=Nazari |first1=Vazrick|url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=11411|access-date=January 17, 2017|pmc=5299441 |bibcode=2017ZooK..646...79N |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Raphael |first=John |date=January 19, 2017 |title=New Moth Species With Yellowish-White Scales, Small Genitals Named After Donald Trump |url=http://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/35111/20170119/new-moth-species-yellowish-white-scales-small-genitals-named-donald.htm |newspaper=Nature World News |access-date=January 23, 2017 }}</ref>
* ''[[Tetragramma donaldtrumpi]]'', a species of fossil [[sea urchin]].<ref name="Thompson">{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Bill|title=Fossil Echinoids of Texas A Monograph of Fossil Sea Urchins|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310479936|year=2016|publisher=River Stix|isbn=978-1-61704-278-2}}</ref>
* [[Dermophis donaldtrumpi]], a proposed name for a putative new species of [[amphibian]] that is blind; not confirmed as a new species yet, nor published.

==Tributes and homages==
Entities created and named after Trump specifically to honor or pay respect to him:

===Public policy===
* [[Donroe Doctrine]] – US foreign policy doctrine by Donald J. Trump<ref>{{cite web |title=The ‘Donroe Doctrine’: Trump’s Bid to Control the Western Hemisphere |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/17/world/americas/trump-latin-america-monroe-doctrine.html |language=en |date=17 November 2025}}</ref>
* [[TrumpRx]] – a prescription drug website<ref>{{cite web |last=Brown |first=N. Adam |title=What's in a Name? TrumpRx and the Politics of Drug Pricing |url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/prescriptionsforabrokensystem/117876 |website=MedPage Today |date=October 9, 2025 |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref>
* [[Trump account]] – a type of investment account<ref>{{cite web |last=Dickler |first=Jessica |title=Trump's accounts are a ‘free money’ scheme, experts say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/12/05/trump-accounts-free-money.html |website=CNBC |date=December 5, 2025 |access-date=December 24, 2025}}</ref>
* [[Trump Gold Card]] – immigration initiative<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bragg |first1=Julianna |title=Everything Trump has named after himself from the Kennedy Center to immigration cards |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/12/18/trump-name-kennedy-center-photos |website=Axios |language=en |date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

===Military===
* [[Boeing F-47]] – a sixth-generation fighter jet under development for the [[United States Air Force]]. The "47" designation is a tribute to the WWII-era [[Republic P-47 Thunderbolt]], while also referencing Trump's position as the 47th president.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ms.now/rachel-maddow-show/maddowblog/trump-touted-designation-f-47-fighter-jet-rcna197545|title=Trump touted designation of F-47 fighter jet|website=MSNBC|access-date=2025-12-23}}</ref>
* {{sclass2|Trump|battleship|1}} – proposed [[battleship]] class of the [[United States Navy|US Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-navy-battleships_n_6949d385e4b0c3ddb22355b7?origin=home-latest-news-unit |title=Trump's Navy: The Return of the Battleships |website=HuffPost |date=2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23}}</ref>

===Locations===
* [[Donald J. Trump Presidential Library]] – a [[Presidential library system|presidential library]] administered by the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]

===Statues and depictions===
* [[Don Colossus]] – 15 ft golden statue by [[Alan Cottrill]] installed at [[Trump National Doral Miami|Doral]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Giant golden statue of Trump installed at his Florida golf course |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/don-colossus-trump-statue-miami-b2967097.html |website=The Independent |language=en |date=29 April 2026}}</ref>
* [[Trump Buddha]] – a statue by Hong Jinshi

===Novelty items===
[[File:Trump coin reverse.jpg|thumb|Reverse of planned $1 commemorative coin with Donald Trump]]
* [[United States Semiquincentennial coinage|$1 Trump coin]] – Commemorative coin by US Mint.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maher |first1=Kit |title=$1 Trump coin is ‘real,’ US Treasurer says {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/10/03/business/trump-coin-treasurer-250-anniversary |website=CNN |language=en |date=3 October 2025}}</ref>
* Trumpy Bear – a stuffed [[teddy bear]] featuring a tuft of hair in the style of Trump's hairdo, and wearing a red tie<ref>{{cite news|title=What in the world is Trumpy Bear? People are so confused|newspaper=Kansas City Star|first=Lisa|last=Gutierrez|date=October 27, 2017|url=http://www.kansascity.com/entertainment/ent-columns-blogs/stargazing/article181310231.html|access-date=May 26, 2018}}</ref>
* Trumpy Trout – a mounted animatronic talking fish head (which says fish pun versions of Trump's famous catchphrases) featuring a tuft of hair in the style of Trump's hairdo wearing a tie<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/lifestyle/trumpy-trout-fish-donald-trump-b2600404.html |title='Trumpy Trout' advertisement features talking fish head resembling Donald Trump |date=2024-08-22 |language=en |access-date=2024-08-28 |via=www.independent.co.uk}}</ref>

===Events===
* [[Namaste Trump]] – A ceremonial function to welcome him in his official trip to India in 2020.

==Satirical and critical==

===Statues/depictions===
* [[Donald Trump baby balloon]] – a {{Convert|6|m|ft|adj=mid|-tall}} balloon depicting Trump as a baby in a diaper with a mobile phone
* [[Dump Trump (statue)|''Dump Trump'']] – a satirical British statue
* ''[[God Emperor Trump]]'' – a satirical Italian sculpture
* [[Statue of Donald Trump (Slovenia)|Statue of Donald Trump]] – a satirical statue in Slovenia
* ''[[Trump Statue Initiative]]''
* ''[[Trump Buddha]]''
* [[Trump Chicken]]
* ''[[Trumpy the Rat]]''
* ''[[The Donald J. Trump Enduring Flame]]''

===Novelty items===
* Trump [[toilet paper]] – launched in Mexico in 2017 with the slogan "softness without borders"<ref>{{cite news |title=A cheeky idea: Mexican businessman rolls out 'Trump' toilet paper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/31/donald-trump-mexico-toilet-paper-antonio-battaglia |access-date=29 December 2022 |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press |date=31 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Political parties ==

* [[Trumpet of Patriots]] – Australian political party whose name intentionally references Trump<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pearlman |first=Jonathan |date=March 20, 2025 |title=Australia to cap political donations, but not in time to stop tycoon’s new Trump-like party |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/australia-to-cap-political-donations-but-not-in-time-to-stop-tycoons-new-trump-like-party |access-date=November 13, 2025 |work=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref>
* [[TRUMP (political party)|TRUMP]] – Belgian political party whose name is a [[backronym]] for Trump<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jochecová |first=Ketrin |date=2025-11-10 |title=Far-right party named ‘TRUMP’ launches in Belgium |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/far-right-trump-party-belgium-salvatore-nicotra/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Creatures ==
* [[Donald Trump (buffalo)|Donald Trump]] – A buffalo from Bangladesh<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/viral-fame-spares-donald-trump-buffalo-eid-sacrifice-bangladesh-2026-05-27/|title=Viral fame spares ‘Donald Trump’ buffalo from Eid sacrifice in Bangladesh|date=27 May 2026|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Branding of United States government programs and facilities after Donald Trump]]
* [[List of places named for George Washington]]
* [[List of places named for Thomas Jefferson]]
* [[List of places named for James Monroe]]
* [[List of places named for Andrew Jackson]]
* [[List of places named for James K. Polk]]
* [[List of things named after Ronald Reagan]]
* [[List of things named after George H. W. Bush]]
* [[List of things named after Bill Clinton]]
* [[List of things named after George W. Bush]]
* [[List of things named after Barack Obama]]
* [[List of things named after Joe Biden]]
* [[List of educational institutions named after presidents of the United States]]
* [[Donald Trump in popular culture]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{wiktionary-inline|donaldtrumpi}}

{{Trump businesses}}
{{Trump media}}
{{US Presidential Memorials}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Donald}}
[[Category:Assets owned by the Trump Organization|*]]
[[Category:Lists of things named after American politicians]]
[[Category:Donald Trump-related lists|Things]]
[[Category:Lists of monuments and memorials to presidents of the United States]]

Sunil Kumar (born 1960)

2026-05-08T15:54:08Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:Sunil Kumar bhore.jpg
| name = Sunil Kumar
| office = Minister of Rural works [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 07 May 2026
| predecessor = [[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[List of ministers of education of Bihar|Minister of Education]] [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 15 March 2024
| term_end1 = 15 April 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| successor1 = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| office2 = Minister of Higher Education [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start2 = 12 December 2025
| term_end2 = 15 April 2026
| predecessor2 = position established
| successor2 = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| office3 = Minister of Science, Technology and Technical Education [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start3 = 20 November 2025
| term_end3 = 15 April 2026
| predecessor3 = [[Sumit Kumar Singh]]
| successor3 = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| office4 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 2020
| constituency4 = [[Bhore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhore Vidhansabha]]
| predecessor4 = Anil Kumar
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] (Since 2020)
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St Stephen's College]] [[Delhi University|(D.U)]] ([[Master of Arts]])
| occupation = Former [[Indian Police Service|IPS Officer]], [[Politician]]
| birth_place = [[Bihar]], India
}}

'''Sunil Kumar''' (born 1960) is an Indian [[politician]] and former [[IPS officer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meet the New Education Minister of Bihar, A Former IPS Officer |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ips-news/meet-the-new-education-minister-of-bihar-a-former-ips-officer/ | publisher=indiamasterminds.com |access-date=2024-03-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> He is currently serving as Minister of Education Department, Minister of Science & Technology, Technical Education Department,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of Bihar |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/csd/CitizenHome.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=state.bihar.gov.in}}</ref> and Minister of Higher Education Department, Government of Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2024 |title=Bihar cabinet expansion: CM Nitish Kumar inducts 21 new ministers and another Expansion with three new established Department |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/csd/SectionInformation.html?editForm&rowId=2928 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/csd/cache/3/17-Dec-25/SHOW_DOCS/m13572025%20_merged.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2026 |website=Cabinet Secretariat Department, Govewrnment of Bihar}}</ref> He is elected as [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhore (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhorey (SC) Election Result 2020 LIVE: Bhorey (SC) MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/bhorey-assembly-elections-br-103/ |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He also served as [[Senior superintendent of police|SSP]] for [[Patna]] district for more than 6 years from 1997. In 2020 he retired as the [[Director general of police|Director General-cum-Managing Director]], Bihar Police Building Construction Corporation,<ref name=":0" /> after that he joined [[Janata Dal (United)]], political party.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-30 |title=Ex-DGP Sunil Kumar joins JD(U) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ex-dgp-sunil-kumar-joins-jdu/articleshow/77827277.cms |access-date=2024-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He did MA in History from St Stephen's College New Delhi in 1984.

== Indian Police Service Career ==
Sunil Kumar joined the Indian Police Service (IPS) in 1987 (Bihar Cadre)<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Two Bihar IPS officers from same batch end with different fate in politics |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/two-bihar-ips-officers-from-same-batch-end-with-different-fate-in-politics/80789312 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref> after clearing the UPSC Civil Services Examination and underwent training at the National Police Academy, Hyderabad.

Over a career spanning more than three decades, he held several senior and sensitive positions, including Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP), Patna. Known for his firm leadership and operational experience, he handled complex law-and-order challenges, elections, organized crime, and internal security situations.

He retired from the IPS in 2020 as Director General-cum-Managing Director, Bihar Police Building Construction Corporation,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-29 |title=Former Bihar DGP Sunil Kumar joins Nitish Kumar's party just 29 days after his retirement from police service |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/former-bihar-dgp-sunil-kumar-joins-nitish-kumars-party-just-29-days-after-his-retirement-from-police-service/articleshow/77827251.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> where he contributed significantly to strengthening police infrastructure across the state.

== Political career ==
After retirement from police service, Sunil Kumar entered active politics. In 2020, he was elected as MLA from Bhorey Vidhan Sabha constituency. He was appointed Minister for Prohibition Excise & Registration Department (Excise), Government of Bihar,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-10 |title=Ex-top cop gets prohibition department in dry Bihar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ex-top-cop-gets-prohibition-department-in-dry-bihar/articleshow/80775383.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> where he strengthened enforcement infrastructure through the establishment of new excise police stations, check-posts, and registration offices, and implemented statewide surveillance and rapid-response mechanisms across all 42 districts.

In 2024, he assumed charge as Minister of Education Department, Government of Bihar, where he spearheaded systemic reforms, quality enhancement, digital transformation, and inclusive access to education across the state. His tenure was marked by a strong focus on governance, accountability, and outcome-oriented implementation.

In the 2025 Bihar Assembly Elections, he was re-elected from Bhorey with a substantial margin, reflecting strong public support. Following this mandate, he was re-appointed as Minister of Education and additionally entrusted with the Science & Technology, Technical Education, and Higher Education Departments, consolidating responsibility for Bihar’s Education and Innovation Ecosystem.

== Awards and Honours==

* [https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/pmaquery/default.aspx Police Medal for Internal Security Service]
* [https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/pmaquery/default.aspx Police Medal for Gallantry]
* [https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/pmaquery/default.aspx President’s Police Medal for Meritorious Service]
* [https://policeservicemedals.gov.in/pmaquery/default.aspx President’s Police Medal for Distinguished Service]
* [https://news4nation.com/bihar/patna/education-minister-sunil-kumar-wins-best-education-minister-award-delhi-2025-101077 Best Education Minister of the Year, 2025 (New Delhi) by the International Association of Educators for World Peace (affiliated to the United Nations)]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sunil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:1960 births]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Paritosh Das

2026-05-07T10:07:38Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: made new info

{{Short description|Indian politician in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurduars]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Suman Kanjilal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Paritosh Das''' is a politician from West Bengal. He is a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], from [[Alipurduars Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Dhupguri Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: West Bengal (Dhupguri) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/dhupguri-election-result-live-updates-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-winner-10670089/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":TOI">{{cite web |title=Poll Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2512.htm |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=4 May 2026 |date=4 May 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal]]
* [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Paritosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Alipurduar district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kiran Shantaram

2026-05-06T17:53:04Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding a details - done

{{Short description|Indian film personality and Sheriff of Mumbai (born 1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kiran Shantaram
| image = Kiran Shantaram.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1942}}<ref name="TOI-20120628"/>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation =
| yearsactive=
| othername =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives = [[V. Shantaram]] (father)
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Kiran V. Shantaram''' (born 1942) is an Indian film personality and former [[Sheriff of Mumbai]].<ref name="Somaaya2008">{{cite book|author=Bhawana Somaaya|authorlink=Bhawana Somaaya |title=Fragmented Frames: Reflections of a Critic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ3Yi9VPU8QC&pg=PP220|accessdate=5 May 2013|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal Publishers, Booksellers & Order Suppliers|isbn=978-81-223-1016-0|page=220}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 50 years of a Shantaram classic | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/50-years-of-a-Shantaram-classic/articleshow/2033356.cms |author=Ambarish Mishra|date=28 September 2006| accessdate = 2014-09-22 | work = The Times of India}}</ref>

== Professional life ==
Shantaram made his debut in the industry by working as assistant director of the film ''[[Navrang]]'';<ref name="ZN-20091209">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/legendary-actress-sandhya-to-be-honoured-at-v-shantaram-awards_49339.htm|title=Legendary actress Sandhya to be honoured at V Shantaram awards |date=2009-12-20|work=Zeenews|accessdate=5 May 2013}}</ref> he was responsible for continuity shots and shot a fantasy song.<ref name="ScreenIndia">{{cite news|url=http://screen.indianexpress.com/news/the-lasting-hues/534877/0|title=The lasting hues|last=Karmalkar|first=Deepa|date=2009-10-30|work=Screen India|accessdate=5 May 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130629122721/http://screen.indianexpress.com/news/the-lasting-hues/534877/0|archivedate=29 June 2013}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with [[imdbtitle:10147408|Zunj]] (1975) and went on to produce movies like [[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]] (1988) and [[Balache Baap Brahmachari]] (1989).
He is chairman of V. Shantaram foundation and head of Asian Film Foundation.<ref name="Somaaya2004">{{cite book|author=Bhawana Somaaya|title=Cinema: images & issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_FkAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Rupa & Co.|isbn=9788129103703 }}</ref> He is also the chairman of Prabhat Chitra Mandal.<ref name="TOI-20120628">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/news-interviews/32458477_1_kiran-shantaram-felicitated-ashok-saraf|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-28/news-interviews/32458477_1_kiran-shantaram-felicitated-ashok-saraf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-29|title=Kiran Shantaram felicitated on his 70th birthday|date=2012-06-28|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=5 May 2013}}</ref> He is the trustee of V. Shantaram trust that owns [[Plaza cinema, Mumbai]] and is also its general manager.<ref name="TOI-20050611">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/A-legend-restored/articleshow/1139564.cms|title=A legend restored|last=Wajihuddin|first=Mohammed |date=2005-06-05|work=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=Mumbai}}</ref> He is the president of The Mercedes Benz Club of India.<ref name="TOI-20051230">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-30/mumbai/27838681_1_shivaji-park-nasik-owners|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121539/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-12-30/mumbai/27838681_1_shivaji-park-nasik-owners|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-29|title=Club Merc looks to rev up|last=Sinha|first=Meenakshi|date=2005-12-30|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=5 May 2013}}</ref> He is the chairman of [[Federation of Film Societies of India]].<ref name="NavhindTimes-20121122">{{cite news|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/iexplore/film-industry-alternative-mining-industry-wagh|title=Film industry as an alternative to mining industry: Wagh|date=2012-11-22|work=Navhind Times|accessdate=5 May 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130702093726/http://www.navhindtimes.in/iexplore/film-industry-alternative-mining-industry-wagh|archivedate=2 July 2013}}</ref> He was a jury for the ''Feature films section'' of the 43rd National Film Festival, 1996.<ref name="DFF-20130505">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm43thNFAAward.aspx|title=43rd National Film Festival, 1996|last=Roy|first=Purba|date=1996|publisher=Directorate of film festivals, government of India|accessdate=5 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065528/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm43thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=15 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Personal life ==

He is the son of [[V. Shantaram]] and Jayashree.<ref name="Gavankar2011">{{cite book|author=Nilu N. Gavankar|title=The Desai Trio and the Movie Industry of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGAyEpXtK3UC&pg=PA139|year=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4685-9981-7|page=139}}</ref> He also has two sisters, Tejashree and actress [[Rajshree]]. In 1966, he married Jyoti Shantaram. The couple has two sons. Four granddaughters are also associated with the Indian film and content industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=V Shantaram - Family Tree |url=https://www.vshantaram.com/personal-life}}</ref>

He and Jyoti reside in their 90-year-old ancestral family home on [[Peddar Road|Peddar Road, Mumbai]], where they live alongside their elder son Rahul and his family.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Seshachalam |first=Bhagyalakshmi |date=5 January 2018 |title=V Shantaram: The man behind the legend |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/v-shantaram-the-man-behind-the-legend/52689.html |work=Money Life}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shantaram, Kiran}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Shantaram family]]

Mosarraf Hossain

2026-05-06T16:48:35Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: started a data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mosarraf Hossain
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2021
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1963}}
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| constituency = [[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
| education = MBBS ([[University of Calcutta]])
| father = [[Motahar Hossain (Indian politician)|Dr. Motahar Hossain]]
| predecessor = [[Abdur Rahaman Liton]]
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
}}

'''Mosarraf Hossain''' (born 1963)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr Mosarraf Hossain(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- MURARAI(BIRBHUM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=2105 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from Murarai Assembly constituency in [[Birbhum district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Murarai, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/murarai-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797377-2021-05-01 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hossain was born in 1963 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] physicians from [[Murarai]] in [[Birbhum district]], [[West Bengal]]. He is the son of former MLA [[Motahar Hossain (Indian politician)|Dr. Motahar Hossain]] and a maternal grandson of Dr. Mohammad Hossain. He completed his [[MBBS]] in 1983 at [[NRS Medical College]], which is affiliated with University of Calcutta, and later did the diploma in child health examination in 1998, at B.C Roy Children Hospital, also under [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Hossain won from Murarai Assembly constituency representing [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 146,496 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Debasish Roy of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 43,975 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murarai Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Dr Mosarraf Hossain Of TMC Wins. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/murarai-election-result-2021-live-updates-murarai-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3697283.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Murarai Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Murarai Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-murarai-constituency-294.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2021-05-02 |title=Murarai Election Result 2021: मुरारै विधानसभा सीट पर तृणमूल कांग्रेस के मुशर्रफ हुसैन को मिली जीत |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/murarai-vidhan-sabha-candidate-party-winner-name-latest-news-in-hindi-634625.html |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain, Mosarraf}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Birbhum district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Surya Singh Besra

2026-05-06T04:19:57Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding bio - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surya Singh Besra
| office2 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Bihar
| constituency2 = [[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatshila]]
| term_start2 = 1990
| term_end2 = 1991<ref>{{cite web | last=Sivaswamy | first=Saisuresh | title=From Tisco apprentice to giant-killer | website=Rediff | date=January 9, 2009 | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2009/jan/09jhar-from-tisco-apprentice-to-giant-killer.htm | access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref>
| predecessor2 = Karan Chandra Mardi
| successor2 = [[Pradeep Kumar Balmuchu]]
| occupation = [[Political activist]], [[politician]]


| pronunciation =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|58|2014|9|11}}<ref name=AgeAvenueMail>{{cite web | title=Prominent leaders file nomination, activists hit streets | website=The Avenue Mail | date=November 11, 2014 | url=https://avenuemail.in/prominent-leaders-file-nomination-activists-hit-streets/ | access-date=September 11, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927130757/https://avenuemail.in/prominent-leaders-file-nomination-activists-hit-streets/ |archive-date=27 September 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_place = Barakanjia, Dumaria, [[Singhbhum district]], [[Bihar]] (present-day [[East Singhbhum district]], [[Jharkhand]])<ref>{{cite web |work=Government of India | title=Extraordinary Gazette of India, 2004, No. 2102 : Directorate of Printing, Government of India | date=April 22, 2004 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.2004.2102/page/n97/ | access-date=September 12, 2025}}</ref>
| party = [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] [[Jharkhand People's Party]]
| other_party =
| education = M.A Santali<ref name=telegraph1>{{cite web | title=Far ahead on the write track | website=Telegraph India | date=December 20, 2004 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/far-ahead-on-the-write-track/cid/1594532 | access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref><ref name=telegraph2>{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Ankush | title=BJP nominee from Ghatshila reunites with school friends after 45 years | website=Telegraph India | date=December 9, 2009 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/besra-walks-down-memory-lane-bjp-nominee-from-ghatshila-reunites-with-school-friends-after-45-years/cid/565854 | access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref>
| alma_mater = [[Ranchi University]]
| profession =
| known_for = founder of [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] [[Jharkhand movement|Jharkhand statehood movement]]
}}

'''Surya Singh Besra''' is a [[political activist]] and prominent political leader. He is the founder secretary of [[All Jharkhand Students Union]] (AJSU) and [[Jharkhand People's Party]] (JPP). He was a member of the [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|10th Bihar Legislative Assembly]], elected from the [[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatshila constituency]] in 1990. He is popularly known for [[Jharkhand movement|Jharkhand statehood movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya Singh Besra(Jharkhand Peoples Party):Constituency- JAMSHEDPUR(JHARKHAND) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/loksabha2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=12911 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झारखंड के फायरब्रांड नेता रहे सूर्य सिंह बेसरा को किसने दी चुनौती, जानिए |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-who-challenged-the-firebrand-leader-of-jharkhand-surya-singh-besra-know-21943963.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya Singh Besra (Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- Ghatsila(East Singhbhum ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jarka09/candidate.php?candidate_id=759 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-06 |title=झामुमो की नीति का भंडाफोड़ करने अाैर जमशेदपुर से चंपई को हराने के लिए लड़ रहा चुनाव : बेसरा |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/news/jharkhand-peoples-party-candidate-jamshedpur-surya-singh-besra-questions-on-jmm-policy-01515071.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Corona ने कराया भगवान से भेंट तो राजनीति छोड़ अध्यात्म की राह चला यह फायरब्रांड नेता, अब इस नाम से जाने जाएंगे पूर्व विधायक |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-ex-mla-and-ajsu-founder-surya-singh-besra-leave-politics-and-go-to-the-path-of-spirituality-will-be-known-as-suryavatar-devdoot-21691320.html |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Surya Singh Besra (born 1955 or 1956)<ref name=AgeAvenueMail/> was born at Barakanjia, [[Dumaria block|Dumaria]], then in [[Singhbhum district]] of [[Bihar]] (now [[East Singhbhum district]], [[Jharkhand]]), in a [[Santali language|Santali]] ethnolinguistic [[Mahli|Mahali]] family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tillin |first=Louise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abENAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Remapping India: New States and their Political Origins |date=2013-10-01 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-84904-229-1 |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref> His father was Sawna Besra, who worked as government employee.<ref name=telegraph1/> He attended Parulia Primary School near his village and Astokoshi High School, Bhalukpatra, completing matriculation under the [[Bihar School Examination Board]]. He graduated from Ghatsila College and obtained a Master of Arts in Santali from the Department of Tribal and Regional Languages, [[Ranchi University]].<ref name=telegraph1/><ref name=telegraph2/>

He is married to Kunti Besra, who was as a nurse by profession, and they have three children: Neetisha, Neelam, and Saurav.<ref name=telegraph1/><ref>{{cite web | last=Mishra | first=Sudhir Kumar | title=Steel city girl off to Harvard | website=Telegraph India | date=June 30, 2017 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/steel-city-girl-off-to-harvard/cid/1355425 | access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref> Surya Singh Besra is also a known figure in Santali literature. He received the Sahitya Akademi Translation Award in 2017 for his work Matkam Rasa, a Santali translation of [[Harivansh Rai Bachchan]]’s renowned Hindi work [[Madhushala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Press_Release_(English)_SATA_2017.pdf|title=Press Release: Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2017|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|date=21 December 2017|access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

==Political career==

{| class="wikitable sortable"style="font-size:95%; text-align:left;"
|+ Electoral history of Besra
|-style="background:#efefef;"
! Election
! House
! Constituency
! colspan="2"| Party
! Vote gained
! %
! Result
! class="unsortable"|{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Lok Sabha]]
| [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram]]
| {{Party name with colour| Jharkhand People's Party|rowspan=2}}
| 19,494
| 1.31%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title= General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 — Parliamentary Constituency 33 - Jhargram (West Bengal) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2533.htm}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
| 1,717
| 0.99%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Reports: Election Commission of India, Elections, 2019 (17 LOK SABHA) |url=https://ceojh.jharkhand.gov.in/VS2019/Statistical_Report-VS-19.pdf |access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| {{Party name with colour|Nagaland Peoples Front}}
| 11,057
| 1.42%
| {{Lost}}
| <ref>{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 2004 TO THE 14th LOK SABHA - VOLUME I (NATIONAL AND STATE ABSTRACTS & DETAILED RESULTS) |publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA |location=NEW DELHI |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ }}</ref>
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatsila]]
| {{Party name with colour| Jharkhand People's Party|rowspan=3}}
| 527
| 0.28%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref>{{cite web | title=2024 General Election Results | website=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S2745.htm | access-date=September 11, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| 2,255
| 1.33%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref name=oldreport>{{cite web|title= Statistics Report of Old Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/statistical-reports/ |website=Election Commission of India }}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Potka Assembly constituency|Potka]]
| 12,177
| 6.55%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref name=oldreport/>
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatsila]]
| {{Party name with colour| Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 28,561
| 22.52%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref name=oldreport/>
|-
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Potka Assembly constituency|Potka]]
| {{Party name with colour| Jharkhand People's Party}}
| 21,162
| 15.97%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref name=oldreport/>
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="4"|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| {{Party name with colour| Independent|abbrev=yes}}
| 20,421
| 20.05%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref name=oldreport/>
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Ghatsila Assembly constituency|Ghatsila]]
| {{Party name with colour| Jharkhand People's Party}}
| 7,914
| 6.72%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref name=oldreport/>
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Party name with colour| Independent|abbrev=yes}}
| 25,054
| 31.74%
| {{Won}}
|<ref name=oldreport/>
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Party name with colour| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| 20,134
| 31.96%
| {{Lost}}
|<ref name=oldreport/>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Besra, Surya Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from East Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:All Jharkhand Students Union politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]

{{Jharkhand-INC-politician-stub}}
{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Arnold Chadwick Doveton

2026-05-03T19:01:47Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: creating some article initial version.

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Arnold Chadwick Doveton
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| birth_date = 20 March 1884
| birth_place = [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Somerset]]
| disappeared_date =
| disappeared_place =
| death_date = 1959
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| burial_place =
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom|23px}}
| branch = {{army|British India|name=Indian Army|23px}}
| branch_label = 
| service_years =
| service_years_label =
| rank =
| rank_label =
| service_number =
| unit =
| commands =
| known_for =
| battles = [[First World War]]
| battles_label =
| awards =
| memorials =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = 
| children =
| relations =
| other_work =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| module =
}}
'''Arnold Chadwick Doveton''' (20 March 1884–1959) was a [[British Indian Army]] officer with the [[21st Punjabis]] and later the [[15th Punjab Regiment]]. During [[martial law]] in 1919, he was posted to [[Kasur]], where he became known for inventing and administering [[fancy punishments]] to Indians who [[Salaaming Order|failed to salute]] British officers.

==Biography==
Arnold Doveton, commonly recorded as A. C. Doveton, was born into a military family on 20 March 1884, in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Somerset]].<ref name=IWM>{{cite web |title=Search for " Doveton" {{!}} Lives of the First World War |url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/searchlives/%20Doveton/filter/span |website=livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref><ref name=ArmyList1925>{{cite book |title=The Half-yearly Army List |date=1925 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=519 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8G4x-N9fLP8C |language=en}}</ref> He was commissioned into the British Indian Army as a Second Lieutenant in 1905, joined the [[21st Punjabis]] the following year, and by 1913 was promoted to Captain.<ref name=IWM/>

During [[martial law]] in Punjab in 1919, Doveton was posted to [[Kasur]], where he became known for inventing and administering [[fancy punishments]] to Indians who [[Salaaming Order|failed to salute]] British officers.<ref name=Anand2021>{{cite book |last1=Anand |first1=Anita |title=The Patient Assassin: A True Tale of Massacre, Revenge, and India's Quest for Independence |date=2021 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5011-9571-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEoiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|location=New York|language=en |chapter=10. I repent, I repent, I repent|pages=115-126}}</ref><ref name=Horniman1920>{{cite book |last1=Horniman |first1=B. G. |title=Amritsar And Our Duty To India |date=1920 |publisher=[[T. Fisher Unwin]] |location=London |pages=150–164 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.351510/page/n153/mode/2up |chapter=15. O'Brien, Doveton, and Bosworth-Smith}}</ref> His actions were questioned by the Hunter Committee, set up to investigate the Punjab disturbances.<ref name=RCAGI1920>{{cite book |title=Report of the Committee Appointed in the Government of India to Investigate the Disturbances in the Punjab, Etc |date=1920 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|chapter=At Lahore: Oral evidence; Captain A. C. Doveton, Lt-Col. H. St. G. M. Mcrae |pages=216–235 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wek2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA216 |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Henry St. George Murray McRae|H. St. G. M. McRae]], Doveton was responsible for the whipping of several schoolboys in Kasur.<ref name=RCAGI1920/>

In 1923 Doveton advanced to Major in the [[15th Punjab Regiment]]. In 1924 he was appointed magistrate at [[Meerut]]. He retired from service in 1927 and returned to his birthplace, where he lived until his death in 1959.<ref name=IWM/>

==See also==
*[[Aubrey J. O'Brien]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1959 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Bath, Somerset]]

Indas (community development block)

2026-05-02T14:25:53Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: fix structure additionally and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Indas
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = Radha-Kanta-Temple-Akui 11.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Terracotta plaque in the Radha Kanta temple at [[Akui]]
| image_map = Indus in Bankura (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.15|N|87.616667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 255.10
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 49
| population_total = 169,783
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722205 (Indas)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03244
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-67, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-68
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 71.76%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Indas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indas]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Indas''' (also spelled Indus) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==History==

===From Bishnupur kingdom to the British Raj===
{{Main|History of Bankura district}}

From around the 7th century AD till around the advent of British rule, for around a millennium, history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]]. The Bishnupur Rajas, who were at the summit of their fortunes towards the end of the 17th century, started declining in the first half of the 18th century. First, the [[Bardhaman Raj|Maharaja of Burdwan]] seized the Fatehpur Mahal, and then the [[Bargi|Maratha]] invasions laid waste their country.<ref name=omalley>{{cite web| url = http://bankura.gov.in/gezetter.htm |title = Bengal District Gazetteers: Bankura |last = O’Malley |first= L.S.S. | publisher= Bankura District Authorities | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

Bishnupur was ceded to the British with the rest of Burdwan chakla in 1760. In 1787, Bishnupur was united with [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] to form a separate administrative unit. In 1793 it was transferred to the Burdwan collectorate. In 1879, the district acquired its present shape with the thanas of Khatra and Raipur and the outpost of Simplapal being transferred from Manbhum, and the thanas of Sonamukhi, Kotulpur and Indas being retransferred from Burdwan. However, it was known for sometime as West Burdwan and in 1881 came to be known as Bankura district.<ref name=omalley/>

==Geography==
[[File:Bakura District.svg|500px|thumb|left|Map of Bankura District showing CD blocks and municipalities]]
Indas is located at {{coord|23.15|N|87.616667|E|format=dms|}}.

Indas CD block is located in the eastern part of the district and belongs to the fertile low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains, similar to the predominating rice lands in the adjacent districts of West Bengal. Here, the eye constantly rests on wide expanses of rice fields, green in the rains but parched and dry in summer.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016}}</ref><ref name= omalley1>O’Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', Bengal District Gazetteers, pp. 1-20, first published 1908, 1995 reprint, Government of West Bengal</ref>

Indas CD block is bounded by [[Khandaghosh (community development block)|Khandaghosh]] CD block, in Purba Bardhaman district, on the north and the east, [[Kotulpur (community development block)|Kotulpur]] and [[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]] CD blocks on the south and [[Patrasayer (community development block)|Patrasayer]] CD block on the west.

Indas CD block has an area of 254.99 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 129 gram sansads (village councils), 131 [[mouza]]s and 129 inhabited villages. [[Indas#Police station|Indas]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 May 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at Indas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map on fifth page| publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html| title = Bardhaman Tehsil Map | publisher = Maps of India |access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Indas block/ panchayat samiti are: Akui I, Akui II, Amrul, Dighalgram, Indus I, Indus II, Karisunda, Mangalpur, Rol and Sahaspur.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Bankura - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Indas CD block had a total population of 169,783, all of which were rural. There were 86,697 (51%) males and 83,086 (49%) females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years was 18,624. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 74,281 (43.75%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 3,143 (1.85%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 29 August 2016}}</ref>

According to the 2001 census, Indas block had a total population of 152,829, out of which 78,324 were males and 74,505 were females. Indas block registered a population growth of 15.48 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 15.15 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, Bankura District | access-date = 18 August 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928204920/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_13.htm |archive-date= 28 September 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Indas CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Somsar (4,431), [[Akui]] (6,115) and Kharsi (4,206).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Indas CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Indas (2,479), Shaspur (3,902), Karisunda (3,608), Amrul (2,093), Rol (3,858), Mangalpur (2,665) and Dighalgram (3,033).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Indas CD block was 108,569 (71.76% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 60,972 (78.96% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 47,497 (64.23%) of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14.73%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2011 census, literacy in Bankura district was 70.26%, up from 63.44 in 2001 and 52.00% in 1991.<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/13-bankura.html |title = Bankura District: Census 2011 data | work= 2016 Digital Trends |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 20 August 2016}}</ref> Literacy in West Bengal was 77.08% in 2011.<ref name=literacy>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_progresstables.pdf | title= Provisional population tables and annexures| work= Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 August 2016}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name=literacy/>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Bankura district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Indas CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.98}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|17.70}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.32}}
}}

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 139,180 and formed 81.98% of the population in Indas CD block. Muslims numbered 30,060 and formed 17.70% of the population. Others numbered 543 and formed 0.32% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Others include Addi Bassi, Marang Boro, Santal, Saranath, Sari Dharma, Sarna, Alchchi, Bidin, Sant, Saevdharm, Seran, Saran, Sarin, Kheria,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14A.html |title = ST-14 A Details Of Religions Shown Under 'Other Religions And Persuasions' In Main Table | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 28 August 2016}}</ref> and other religious communities. In 2001, Hindus were 82.45% and Muslims 17.33% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Indas CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 98.39 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 1.53 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.08 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 98.39% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.53% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
In Indas CD block 30.8% families were living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2007.<ref name=humandev2>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007. Page 27, Pages 237-244 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 8 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 28.87% of the total number of families were [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] families in the Bankura district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| title = West Bengal Summary| work = Rural Household Survey 2005| publisher = Department of Panchayat & Rural Development, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 10 April 2020| archive-date = 13 January 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235534/http://220.225.90.38/Summary/WestBengal.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Indas CD block'''
|value1 = 21.76
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 54.09
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.14
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 22.01
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In the Indas CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 14,982 and formed 21.76%, agricultural labourers numbered 37,346 and formed 54.09%, household industry workers numbered 1,475 and formed 2.14% and other workers numbered 15,159 and formed 22.01%.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref> Total workers numbered 68,862 and formed 40.56% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 100,921 and formed 59.44% of the population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions|page=27 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 8 April 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 129 inhabited villages in the Indas CD block, as per the ''District Census Handbook'', Bankura, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 21 villages (16.28%) have post offices. 124 villages (96.12%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 37 villages (28.68%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 66 villages (51.16%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 18 villages (13.95%) have agricultural credit societies and 5 villages (3.88%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 83, Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
There were 99 fertiliser depots, 12 seed stores and 48 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 8.2, 17.2, 18.2, 18.1, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Indas CD block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 11.10%, patta (document) holders 3.18%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 6.34%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 21.83% and agricultural labourers 57.55%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2003-04 net area sown Indas CD block was 20,482 hectares and the area in which more than one crop was grown was 7,400 hectares.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | date = April 2007|page=58 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Indas CD block was 20,803 hectares, out of which 13,001 hectares was by canal water, 200 hectares by tank water, 420 hectares by river lift irrigation, 538 hectares by deep tube well and 6,644 hectares by shallow tubewell.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Indas CD block produced 3,726 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 1,646 hectares, 4,380 tonnes of Aus paddy from 1,853 hectares, 12,370 tonnes of Boro paddy from 4,422 hectares, 452 tonnes of wheat from 235 hectares and 6,368,000 tonnes of potatoes from 940 hectares. It also produced pulses and mustard.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Handloom and pottery industries===
The handloom industry engages the largest number of persons in the non farm sector and hence is important in Bankura district. The handloom industry is well established in all the CD blocks of the district and includes the famous Baluchari saris. In 2004-05 Indas CD block had 339 looms in operation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | work = April 2007|page=85 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Bankura district is famous for the artistic excellence of its pottery products that include the famous [[Bankura horse]]. The range of pottery products is categorised as follows: domestic utilities, terracota and other decorative items and roofing tiles and other heavy pottery items. Around 3,200 families were involved in pottery making in the district in 2002. 166 families were involved in Indas CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Bankura | date= April 2007|pages=83–84 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170207213021/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/Human%20Development%20Bankura.pdf | archive-date = 7 February 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Indas CD block had offices of 4 commercial banks and 4 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>
1 District Central Co-operative Bank

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
The Bankura district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| date= 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
{{Bankura-Masagram line|collapse=y}}
In 2013-14, Indas CD block had 2 ferry services and 6 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Diesel multiple unit#Diesel-electric|DEMU]] services are available between Bankura and Masagram on the [[Bankura-Masagram line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bankura-masagram-demu-78056/67667/955/8691 | title = 78056 Bankura-Masagram DEMU| publisher = India Rail Info |access-date = 29 January 2019}}</ref> There are stations at Bowaichandi, Sahaspur Road, Shankrul and [[Indas railway station]].<ref>Google maps</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Bankura, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011| work= Page 651: Map of Indus CD Block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations 2011 |access-date = 21 January 2019}}</ref>

The [[State Highway 8 (West Bengal)]] running from Santaldih (in Purulia district) to Majhdia (in Nadia district) passes through this CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Indas CD block had 145 primary schools with 14,380 students, 19 middle schools with 2,379 students, 11 high schools with 5,079 students and 11 higher secondary schools with 11,294 students. Indas CD block had 1 general college with 1,652 students and 275 institutions for special and non-formal education with 9,110 students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 4.4 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

See also – [[Education in India]]

According to the 2011 census, in the Indas CD block, among the 129 inhabited villages, 5 villages did not have a school, 38 villages had two or more primary schools, 41 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 20 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Bankura, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1293, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 10 April 2020}}</ref>

Indas Mahavidyalaya was established in 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/IndasMahavidyalaya/IndasMahavidyalaya.shtml| title = Indas Mahavidyalaya| publisher = College Admission| access-date = 14 December 2016| archive-date = 20 December 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161220194902/http://www.collegeadmission.in/IndasMahavidyalaya/IndasMahavidyalaya.shtml| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Akui Kamalabala Women's College was established at [[Akui]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://akuiwomenscollege.org/principal.php | title = Akui Kamalabala Women's College | publisher = AKWC | access-date = 24 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200421180839/http://www.akuiwomenscollege.org/principal.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Culture==
There are two heritage temples in the Indas CD block:
<gallery widths="210px" heights="150px">
File:NavaRatna-Damodara-Temple-Krishnabatipara-Indas04.jpg|'''Krishnabatipara, [[Indas]]''', ''[[Bengal temple architecture#Ratna temple|Nava ratna]]'' Damodara temple, built in 1796 with terracotta [[façade]], partially damaged
File:Radha-Kanta-Temple-Akui 01.jpg|'''[[Akui]]''': ''Pancha ratna'' Radha Kanta temple, built in 1764 with terracotta facade
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Indas CD block had 1 rural hospital and 3 primary health centres with total 50 beds and 6 doctors. It had 25 family welfare sub centres and 1 family welfare centre. 7,839 patients were treated indoor and 172,729 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura | work = Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 May 2020 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Indas Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Indas]], is the major government medical facility in the Indas CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Akui (with 4 beds), Keneti (Santasram Indus) (with 10 beds) and Dighalgram (with 6 beds).<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 April 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Syed Muhammed Siddique|Khan Bahadur Dr. Syed Muhammed Siddique]], MLA for Bankura

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Bankura topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Bankura district]]

R. P. Paranjpye

2026-04-26T14:33:19Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: made new data

{{Short description|Indian academic and diplomat (1876–1966)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raghunath Paranjpye
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| image = Purushottam_Paranjpye.jpg
| caption = Paranjpye in 1899
| birth_date = 16 February 1876
| death_date = 6 May 1966 (aged 90)
| occupation = Mathematician, university administrator, diplomat
| nickname = ''Wrangler Paranjpye''
| alma_mater = Maratha High School, [[Mumbai]] [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]] [[St John's College, Cambridge]]
| children = [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]]
| relatives = Hari Purushottam Paranjpye (younger brother) [[Sai Paranjpye]] (grand daughter) [[Ramdas Paranjpe]] (nephew)
| awards = [[Knight Bachelor]] (1942)
| office1 = [[Savitribai Phule Pune University|Vice Chancellor of Pune University]]
| term1 = 1956 - 1959
| predecessor1 = [[M. R. Jayakar|Mukund Ramrao Jayakar]]
| successor1 = [[Dattatreya Gopal Karve]]
| office2 = [[List of high commissioners of India to Australia|1st High Commissioner of India to Australia]]
| term2 = 1945 - 1947
| predecessor2 = ''office established''
| successor2 = [[Daya Singh Bedi]]
| office3 = [[Mumbai University|Vice Chancellor of Bombay University]]
| term3 = 1934 - 1941
| predecessor3 = Mirza Akbar Khan
| successor3 = Sir Rustom Pestonji Masani
| office4 = [[University of Lucknow|Vice Chancellor of Lucknow University]]
| term4 = 1932 - 1938
| predecessor4 = [[Jagat Narain Mulla|Pandit Jagat Narain Mulla]]
| successor4 = Bahadur Sir Sri Muhammad Habibullah Sahib
| office5 = [[Diarchy in Bombay Presidency|Education Minister of the Bombay Presidency]]
| term5 = 1921 - 1923
| predecessor5 = ''office established''
| successor5 = [[Bhaskarrao Vithojirao Jadhav]]
}}

'''Sir Raghunath Purushottam Paranjpye''' (16 February 1876 – 6 May 1966) also known as '''Wrangler Paranjpye''' was an [[India]]n mathematician and diplomat who served as the [[List of high commissioners of India to Australia|1st High Commissioner of India to Australia]] from 1945 to 1947. He became the first Indian to achieve the coveted title of [[Senior Wrangler]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]. Later in life he also served as the Vice Chancellor of many Indian universities.

== Early life and education ==
Raghunath Paranjpye was born in Murdi near [[Dapoli]] on the coastal [[Ratnagiri district]] of [[Maharashtra]] to a [[Chitpavan Brahmin]] family. He was educated at Maratha high school, [[Bombay]], [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]] and [[Bombay University]] before entering [[St John's College, Cambridge]] in 1896. He graduated B.A. as senior [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wrangler]] in 1899.<ref name=Venn>{{acad|id=PRNY896RP|name=Paranjpye, Raghunath Purushottam}}</ref> Paranjpye was elected a [[Fellow]] of St John's College in November 1901<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=University intelligence |date=5 November 1901 |page=9 |issue=36604}}</ref> and stayed as such until 1907, but returned to India to become a professor of mathematics at Fergusson College in 1902.<ref name=Venn /> One of the earliest Indian documentary film makers, [[H. S. Bhatavdekar]], made silent documentary films, ''Return of Wrangler Paranjpye'' (1902) and ''Delhi Durbar of Lord Curzon'' (1903), featuring R. P.<ref>''Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema'', Rachel Dwyer, Routledge, 2006. pp 14, {{ISBN|0-415-31425-9}}.</ref><ref>{{IMDb title|id=0156019|title=Sr. Wrangler Mr. R.P. Paranjpe}}</ref><ref>[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/indiancinema/?browse=language&start=SilentFilms Indian Cinema Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021091629/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/indiancinema/?browse=language&start=SilentFilms |date=21 October 2007 }} SilentFilms.</ref><ref>[http://www.miffindia.in/archives/4th%20festival.htm Mumbai International Film Festival (MIFF)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203085022/http://www.miffindia.in/archives/4th%20festival.htm |date=3 December 2007 }} Foreword, 4th Mumbai International Film Festival, 1996.</ref>

==Career==
In 1907, R. P. became the first librarian of the [[Indian Mathematical Society]] at Fergusson College.<ref>[https://archive.today/20240524160747/https://www.webcitation.org/5knvyrEJ1?url=http://www.geocities.com/indianmathsociety/newsletter17.htm Newsletter 17], Indian Mathematical Society</ref> He became the college's principal, and stayed in that position for two decades, until 1926.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.terramedia.co.uk/Chronomedia/years/1901.htm |website=[[Chronomedia]] |publisher=Terra Media
|title=Chronomedia: 1901 – December 7
|access-date=14 July 2007
}}</ref> Subsequently, he consecutively became the Vice-Chancellor of [[Bombay University]]<ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/3H/123H0501.htm First Meeting of the Central Advisory Board of Education] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211174854/http://www.education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/3H/123H0501.htm|date=11 February 2011}} 19–20, December 1935.</ref> and [[University of Lucknow]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Lucknow / Former Vice Chancellors |url=https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/article/en/past-vice-chancellors |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.lkouniv.ac.in}}</ref> In 1921, the [[University of Calcutta]] awarded him an honorary Doctor of Science degree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Annual Convocation|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation-2012/hony_degrees.htm|publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528004638/http://caluniv.ac.in/convocation-2012/hony_degrees.htm|archive-date=28 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Sir Raghunath was elected to the [[Bombay Legislative Council]] in 1912 representing the University of Bombay constituency. He was again elected to the enlarged Council as per the [[Government of India Act 1919]]. As part of [[Diarchy in Bombay Presidency]], Paranjpye was appointed as the first Minister for Education and he served in the position till 1923. He was unable to get elected in the 1923 elections losing to [[M. R. Jayakar]] of the [[Swaraj Party]].

Paranjpye received a knighthood from the colonial government in 1942.<ref name=Venn /> In the three years (1944–1947) preceding India's independence from the [[British Raj]], the British government appointed him India's High Commissioner to Australia.<ref name=ASHA>[http://www.asha-foundation.org/women/women/sai_paranjpe.php Sai Paranjpye at ASHA] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217041336/http://www.asha-foundation.org/women/women/sai_paranjpe.php |date=17 December 2007 }}</ref> In the days of the British Raj, there was some criticism that R. P. had often appeared on the side of British authorities at a time of nationalist ferment in India.

He was the founder of the [[Indian Rationalist Association]] in [[Chennai]] (then [[Madras]]) in 1949,<ref name=rationalist>{{cite web|url=http://www.rationalistinternational.net/archive/en/rationalist_1999/21.htm |title=Rationalist International Bulletin 21|date= 21 October 1999|access-date=5 September 2013}}</ref> and remained its President for many years.<ref>[https://indianrationalists.blogspot.com/2006/05/introduction-to-indian-rationalist.html An Introduction to Indian Rationalist Association], 27 May 2006.</ref> His autobiography, ''84 Not Out'', appeared in 1961.


[[Acharya Atre]] has devoted one full chapter in his autobiography to Wrangler Paranjpye and has written about his fame all over the country and how because of him students from outside Maharashtra came to study at Ferguson College.

==Family==
His younger brother, Hari Purushottam Paranjpye was a well known agriculturist of his time. In 1991, the Government of India awarded R. P.'s daughter [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]] a [[Padma Bhushan]] title in recognition of her work in the field of family planning. She was also a nominated member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] in the 1960s.<ref>[http://rajyasabha.gov.in/publ/golden_jubi/nominated%20.htm NOMINATED MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA].</ref> In 2006, the Government of India awarded R. P.'s granddaughter [[Sai Paranjpye]] a [[Padma Bhushan]] title in recognition of her artistic talents. She is a film director and a scriptwriter.<ref name=WB>[http://info.worldbank.org/etools/library/latestversion.asp?241504 SAI PARANJPYE, INDIAN FILMMAKER]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} library, worldbank.</ref>

==Works==
* ''Dhondo Keshav Karve: A Sketch'', Poona, Arya Bhushan Press, 1915.
* ''Gopal Krishna Gokhale'', The Aryabhushan Press, 1918.
* ''The Crux of the Indian Problem''. Watts, 1931.
* ''The National Liberal Federation, Presidential address''. Allahabad, 1939. Vithal Hari Barve, 1939.
* ''84 Not Out'', National Book Trust, New Delhi, 1961.
* ''Rationalism In Practice: The Kamala Lectures'', Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2006. {{ISBN|1-4286-4446-6}}.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* R.P. Paranjpye, ''84 Not Out'', National Book Trust, New Delhi, 1961. Autobiography.
* ''Wrangler Raghunath Purushottam Paranjpye'' by Dr Anant Deshmukh, 2011. Biography.
* John Kenneth Galbraith, ''Ambassador's Journal Publisher'', Houghton Mifflin Company (1969) Language: English {{ISBN|0-241-01619-3}} {{ISBN|978-0241016190}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1532630}}
* [https://www.talukadapoli.com/en/personalities/first-indian-wrangler-raghunath-purushottam-paranjape-from-dapoli/ First Indian Wrangler : Raghunath Purushottam Paranjape from Dapoli]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranjpe, R.P.}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Australia]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Senior Wranglers]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian Mathematical Society]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Legislative Council]]

Kolaiseval

2026-04-17T11:00:58Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding a article - done

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{No plot|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kolaiseval.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = V. R. Thudhivaanan
| writer = V. R. Thudhivaanan
| producer = R. P. Bala Kousalya Bala
| starring = [[Kalaiyarasan]] Deepa Balu [[Bala Saravanan]]
| cinematography = [[P. G. Muthiah]]
| editing = Ajay Manoj
| music = Santhan
| studio = RP Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|3|13}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kolaiseval''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological thriller film]] written and directed by V. R. Thudhivaanan and co-produced by R. P. Bala and Kousalya Bala under their banner RP Films. It stars [[Kalaiyarasan]], Deepa Balu, and [[Bala Saravanan]]. The film was theatrically released on 13 March 2026 after a three year delay.

== Cast ==
* [[Kalaiyarasan]] as Kaali
* Deepa Balu as Anusuya
* [[Bala Saravanan]] as Kumar
* Aadhav Chandra
* Gajaraj
* Vijay Sathya
* Akaran Venkat
* Mohan Babu AVP

== Production ==
The film was announced in 2023.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |last= Manoj |first=Ajay|user=an_editor_ajmj |postid=CxzYdtyS6gt |date=29 September 2023 |title=Here’s the Title and First Look of #KolaiSeval starring @kalaiyarasananbu & @deepabalu__official #கொலைச்சேவல் @rpfilms_official @rpbalaofficial @thudhivaanan @p.g.muthiah @actor_balasaravanan @an_editor_ajmj @aadhav.rising @onlynikil |script-title= |trans-title= |language= |location= |access-date=24 March 2026 |link= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Mar/05/tamilnews2026mar04kolaiseval-starring-kalaiyarasan-gets-release-date|title=Kolaiseval, starring Kalaiyarasan, gets release date|date=5 March 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The film is written and directed by V. R. Thudhivaanan and produced by R. P. Bala and Kousalya Bala under RP Films. Cinematography is handled by [[P. G. Muthiah]], while editing is done by Ajay Manoj. The music for the film is composed by Santhan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2026 |title=Kolaiseval trailer depicts the re-enactment of a folklore |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/06/kolaiseval-trailer-depicts-the-re-enactment-of-a-folklore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312015827/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Mar/06/kolaiseval-trailer-depicts-the-re-enactment-of-a-folklore |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was theatrically released on 13 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kalaiyarasan-starrer-kolaiseval-to-hit-screens-on-march-13-this-year-1053676|title=Kalaiyarasan-starrer 'Kolaiseval' to hit screens on March 13 this year|first=The Hans|last=India|date=4 March 2026|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote, "''Kolaiseval'' bets everything on its final act, and the bet pays off. Whether the long walk there fully earns it is the only question worth arguing about".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=14 March 2026 |title=Kolaiseval Movie Review: Leaves you with nothing but the weight of it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kolaiseval/movie-review/129570991.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260316132902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kolaiseval/movie-review/129570991.cms |archive-date=16 March 2026 |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Akshay Kumar of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "the makers struggle to maintain the excitement, despite a runtime of less than two hours. Thankfully, ''Kolaiseval'' doesn't dissipate quickly either".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=14 March 2026 |title=Kolaiseval Movie Review: Simple, straightforward, but slumps |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Mar/14/tamilreview2026mar13kolaiseval-movie-review-simple-straightforward-but-slight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317022500/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2026/Mar/14/tamilreview2026mar13kolaiseval-movie-review-simple-straightforward-but-slight |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|29377719}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]

Sarangpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:01Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding new details - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sarangpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 164
| map_image = 164-Sarangpur.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Rajgarh district|Rajgarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Gotam Tetwal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Kunwarji Kothar
}}
'''Sarangpur''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Rajgarh district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|1962<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3729-madhya-pradesh-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Gangram Jatav
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1967<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3730-madhya-pradesh-1967/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|1972
|Sajjan Singh Vishnar<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3731-madhya-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1977<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3732-madhya-pradesh-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Amar Singh Motilal
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1980<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3733-madhya-pradesh-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Amar Singh Kothar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|1985
|Hajari Lal<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3734-madhya-pradesh-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1990<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3735-madhya-pradesh-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Amar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1993<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|Krishna Mohan Malviya<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2003
|Amar Singh Kothar<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|2008<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|[[Gotam Tetwal|Gautam Tetwal]]
|-
|2013<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Kunwarji Kothar
|-
|2018<ref name=election2018/>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Gotam Tetwal|Gautam Tetwal]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarangpur<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gotam Tetwal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97095}}
|percentage = 55.5
|change = +5.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kala-Mahesh Malviya
|votes = {{formatnum:74041}}
|percentage = 42.32
|change = -4.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dev Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:1964}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change = -0.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1127}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change = -0.41
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:23054}}
|percentage = 13.18
|change = +10.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:174950}}
|percentage = 84.82
|change = +2.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarangpur<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Kunwarji Kothar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:75005}}
|percentage = 49.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kala Mahesh Malviya
|votes = {{formatnum:70624}}
|percentage = 46.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Durgesh Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:1999}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1590}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4381}}
|percentage = 2.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:151248}}
|percentage = 82.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|23.57|76.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots

2026-03-29T12:52:44Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: formatting fix

{{Short description|Communal riots in India}}
{{moresources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 1967 Ranchi-Hatia riots
| partof = [[Religious violence in India]]
| date = August 1967
| place = [[Ranchi]]
| causes =Anti-[[Urdu]] agitation<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19770831-in-bihar-language-often-created-a-political-and-communal-chasm-818936-2015-04-24|title=In Bihar, 'language' often created a political and communal chasm|website=www.indiatoday.in|date=August 31, 1977|access-date= 20 December 2023}}</ref>
| goals = Communal violence
| injuries= '''Official''': 156
*103 Muslims
*53 Hindus
| fatalities = '''Official''': 184<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Home Affairs |first=Government of India |author-link=Ministry of Home Affairs (India) |date=11 February 1968 |title=Justice Raghubar Dayal Commission Report (August 1967).|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/JusticeRaghubar_18012019.pdf |website= www.mha.gov.in}}</ref>
*164 Muslims
*19 Hindus
*1 unverified
| arrests =
}}
The '''Ranchi-Hatia riots''' of 1967 were communal riots which occurred in 1967 in and around [[Ranchi]] in present-day [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].
The riots happened between 22 and 29 August 1967. 184 people were reported killed and 195 shops were looted and set on fire.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Indian Democracy Derailed Politics and Politicians|author1=Ghosh, S.|author2=Law Research Institute, Calcutta|date=1997|publisher=APH Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788170248668|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGyO0E86X1oC|page=81|accessdate=2014-10-09}}</ref>

==Background==
Troubles erupted between Hindus and Muslims in the towns of [[Hatia]] and Ranchi in Bihar. Rioting had already occurred in the district in 1964, following anti-Hindu violence in [[East Pakistan]]. The Raghubar Dayal Commission of Inquiry established that communal tensions (regarding the organization of the Hindu [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami festival]]) had been rising since April 1964. During the [[1967 Indian general election|March 1967 general elections]], the situation further degenerated because of the debate over the [[Urdu]] issue. A proposal to declare Urdu the second [[official language]] of Bihar weakened the ruling coalition and led to state-wide, anti-Urdu agitation on the part of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], and an organization called the Bihar Hindi Sahitiya Sammelan.
==Initial clashes==
Trouble erupted in Ranchi on August 22 after the brick-batting of an anti-Urdu student procession near Muslim Azad High School. The school was attacked and one Hindu was killed in retaliation. The Raghubar Dayal Commission of Inquiry reported 184 deaths in Ranchi - among them 164 Muslims and 19 Hindus. Violence spread, leading to arson, looting, stabbings, and large-scale rioting in the city itself as well as in nearby industrial towns, particularly Hatia, where 26 people died (25 Muslims and 1 Hindu).{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Riots in India}}

{{coord missing|Jharkhand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranchi-Hatia riots, 1967}}
[[Category:Ranchi]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim riots in India]]
[[Category:1960s in Bihar]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1967 in India]]
[[Category:1967 murders in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1967 riots]]
[[Category:August 1967 in Asia]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:Arson in the 1960s]]
[[Category:1967 fires]]
[[Category:1967 mass murders]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1967]]
[[Category:1960s fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on schools in the 1960s]]

{{India-hist-stub}}
{{Jharkhand-stub}}

Sachin Yadav (javelin thrower)

2026-03-29T04:33:29Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian javelin thrower}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sachin Yadav
| image = Sachin Yadav Javelin.jpg
| image_size = 285px
| caption = Yadav at the [[2025 World Athletics Championships|2025 World Championships]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|10|25}}
| birth_place = [[Khekada]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| height = 1.96 m
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Javelin throw]]
| coach = [[Sergey Makarov (javelin thrower)|Sergey Makarov]]
| highestranking = 7 (2025)
| pb = 86.27 m ([[2025 World Athletics Championships|2025]])
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}} [[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Gumi]]|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]}}
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| branch = [[Gautam Buddh Nagar Police Commissionerate|Noida Commissionerate]]
| service_years = 2024—present
| rank = [[Police Constable]]
| department = [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]
}}
}}

'''Sachin Yadav''' (born 25 October 1999) is an Indian [[Javelin throw|javelin thrower]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin YADAV, World Athletics Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/sachin-yadav-14925646}}</ref> He competed at the [[2025 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|2025 World Championships]], where he narrowly missed a medal with a fourth-place finish.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Athletics 2025: Sachin Yadav Finishes Fourth with Personal Best |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/world-athletics-championships-2025-sachin-yadav-saves-india-the-blushes-by-finishing-fourth-in-javelin-throw-3734482 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He has won a silver medal at the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Asian Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-05-31 |title=Asian Athletics Championships 2025: Arshad Nadeem claims javelin throw gold, Sachin Yadav wins silver |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/asian-athletics-championships-2025-javelin-throw-arshad-nadeem-gold-medal-sachin-yadav-silver/article69640949.ece |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sachin Yadav hails from [[Khekada]] town in [[Bagpat district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Initially passionate about [[cricket]], his athletic potential was recognized by neighbor and athlete Sandeep Yadav, who observed Sachin's strong shoulders during a local cricket match.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kargal |first=Rahul |date=2024-06-14 |title=How cricket turned this Sachin into a javelin pro |url=https://thebridge.in/athletics/cricket-turned-sachin-into-javelin-47801 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> Under Sandeep's guidance, Sachin transitioned to javelin throw at the age of 19. Standing at 6 feet 5 inches, his physique is considered advantageous for the sport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Farzan |date=2025-02-15 |title=Who is Sachin Yadav? All you need to know about javelin thrower who broke National Games record |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-sports/news-who-sachin-yadav-all-need-know-javelin-thrower-broke-national-games-record |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2024 ===
Representing the Uttar Pradesh Police, he clinched the gold medal at the All India Police Athletics Championships with a throw of 84.21 m, breaking a 30-year-old meet record previously held by Satbir Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Subhashish |date=2024-11-14 |title=All India Police Athletics Championships: Sachin Yadav Breaks Javelin Meet Record With An Impressive Throw |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/all-india-police-athletics-championships-sachin-yadav-breaks-javelin-meet-record-320115.html |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=www.mykhel.com |language=en}}</ref>

He then secured the gold medal at the Indian Grand Prix 3 with a throw of 82.69 m. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=Sachin Yadav continues rise in javelin, wins National Games gold with 84.39m throw |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/indian-grand-prix-3-2024-athletics-results-winners-list |website=Olympics.com |language=en}}</ref>

Yadav then earned a silver medal at the National Open Athletics Championships with a best throw of 79.80 m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Samrat |date=2025-02-15 |title=Indian Grand Prix 3 2024 athletics: Abha Khatua maintains good form with shot put title in Bengaluru |url=https://olympicfirst.com/sachin-yadav-medals-and-records-neeraj-chopras-closest-indian-javelin-throw-counter-part/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Olympic First |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== 2025 ===
On 12 February, he won the gold medal at the [[2025 National Games of India|38th National Games]], with a personal best and meet record throw of 84.39 m.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=Sachin Yadav continues rise in javelin, wins National Games gold with 84.39m throw |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/sachin-yadav-javelin-national-games-gold-new-record-dehradun-neeraj-chopra-2678950-2025-02-12 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Yadav then followed it up with a silver medal at the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]], with a personal best of 85.16 m, missing the gold medal by just 1.24 m won by the then Olympic gold medalist [[Arshad Nadeem]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Indian Javelin Star Sachin Yadav Produces 85.16m Throw, Loses Gold To Arshad Nadeem By... {{!}} Athletics News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/athletics/indian-javelin-star-sachin-yadav-produces-85-16m-throw-loses-gold-to-arshad-nadeem-by-8553771 |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref>

At the inaugural edition of the [[Neeraj Chopra Classic]] meet, Yadav narrowly missed the podium, finishing fourth with a throw of 82.33 m.

At the [[2025 World Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|World Championships]], he finished ninth in the qualification round with a throw of 83.67 m, and narrowly missed a medal by placing fourth in the finals with a personal best throw of 86.27 m.<ref>{{cite news |title=World Athletics Championships: Neeraj Chopra finishes eighth in javelin throw final; Sachin Yadav fourth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/world-athletics-championships-neeraj-chopra-finishes-eighth-in-javelin-throw-final-sachin-yadav-fourth/articleshow/123982345.cms |work=The Times of India |date=18 September 2025 |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Once A Tennis-Ball Cricketer, Sachin Yadav Outshines Neeraj Chopra And Arshad Nadeem At World Championships |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/athletics/once-a-tennis-ball-cricketer-sachin-yadav-outshines-neeraj-chopra-and-arshad-nadeem-at-world-championships-123983456.html |work=News18 |date=18 September 2025 |access-date=18 September 2025}}</ref>

==Performance record==

===Tournaments===
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{IND}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2025
| [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
| {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gumi, North Gyeongsang|Gumi]], South Korea
| bgcolor=silver|2nd
| [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw|Javelin throw]]
| 85.16 m

|-
| [[2025 World Athletics Championships|World Championships]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan
| 4th
| [[2025 World Athletics Championships - Men's javelin throw |Javelin throw]]
| 86.27 m
|}

===Invitational meets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Tournament
!Venue
!Position
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| 2025
| [[Neeraj Chopra Classic]]
| {{IND}}
| 4th
| 82.33 m
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Neeraj Chopra wins NC Classic 2025 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/neeraj-chopra-wins-nc-classic-2025-result-distance-score-javelin-throw/article69777452.ece |magazine=Sportstar |date=5 July 2025 |access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Seasonal bests===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Date
! Location
! Performance
! Notes
|-
| 2020
| 4 January
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Moodbidri]], India
| 67.86 m
|
|-
| 2021
| 17 March
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Patiala]], India
| 68.37 m
|
|-
| 2022
| 4 January
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Moodbidri]], India
| 74.26 m
|
|-
| 2023
| 18 May
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranchi]], India
| 80.27 m
|
|-
| 2024
| 12 June
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru]],India
| 82.69 m
|
|-
| 2025
| 18 Sep
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan
| 86.27 m
| {{AthAbbr|PB}}
|}

Source: [https://worldathletics.org/athletes/india/sachin-yadav-14925646 World Athletics]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Sachin}}

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:1999 births]]

[[Category:Indian men javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]

Kurukh language

2026-03-28T01:34:26Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: slightly cleanup article after review also and corrected details

{{Short description|Dravidian language of eastern India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Kurukh
| altname = Kurux, Oraon, Uraon
| nativename = {{huge|{{lang|kru-Tols|𑷊𑶲̃𑷗𑶲𑷖}}}} {{lang|kru-Deva|कुँड़ुख़ (उराँव)}} • {{lang|kru-Beng|কুড়ুখ্}} • {{lang|kru-Orya|କୁଡ଼ୁଖ୍}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|kru|kũɽux|}}
| image = Kurukh in Kurukh Banna and Tolong Siki.png
| imagescale = 1.0
| imagealt = 'Kuṛux' or 'Kuṁṛux' in Kurukh Banna alphabet (top) and Tolong Siki alphabet (bottom)
| imagecaption = 'Kuṛux' or 'Kuṁṛux' in Kurukh Banna alphabet (top) and Tolong Siki alphabet (bottom)
| states = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Nepal]]
| region = [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Tripura]]<ref name="Kurux"/>
| ethnicity = {{unbulleted list|[[Kurukh people|Kurukh]]|[[Kisan people|Kisan]]}}
| speakers = 2.28 million
| date = 2002–2011
| ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Kurux"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kxl|title=Kurux, Nepali|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref>
| familycolor = Dravidian
| fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern Dravidian]]
| fam3 = Kurukh–[[Malto language|Malto]]
| dia1 = Oraon
| dia2 = Kisan
| dia3 = Dhangar
| script = [[Tolong Siki]] [[Kurukh Banna]] [[Devanagari]] [[Odia script|Odia]]
| lc1 = kru
| ld1 = Kurux
| lc2 = kxl
| ld2 = Nepali Kurux (Dhangar)
| lc3 = xis
| ld3 = Kisan
| glotto = kuru1301
| glottorefname = Kurux
| nation = India
* [[Jharkhand]] (additional)
* [[West Bengal]] (additional)
| map = Kurukh language distribution.svg
| mapcaption = Distribution of Kurukh speakers in Blue.
| map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg
| mapscale = 1.0
| mapcaption2 = Kurux is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''
| notice = IPA
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym
|person=Kur̤ukh
|people=Kur̤ukhaṟ
|language=Kur̤ukh
}}
'''Kurukh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊr|ʊ|x}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊr|ʊ|k}};<ref>{{OED|Kurukh}}</ref> [[Devanagari]]: कुँड़ुख़, {{IPA|kru|kũɽux|ipa}}), also '''Kurux''', '''Oraon''' or '''Uranw''' ([[Devanagari]]: उराँव, {{IPA|kru|uraːũ̯|ipa}}),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nepa1253 |title = Glottolog 4.5 - Nepali Kurux}}</ref> is a [[North Dravidian]] language spoken by the [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] (Oraon) and [[Kisan people|Kisan]] people of [[East India]]. It is spoken by about two million people in the Indian states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]], as well as by 65,000 in northern [[Bangladesh]], 28,600 of a dialect called Uranw in [[Nepal]] and about 5,000 in [[Bhutan]]. The most closely related language to Kurukh is [[Malto language|Malto]]; together with [[Brahui language|Brahui]], all three languages form the [[North Dravidian]] branch of the [[Dravidian language family]]. It is marked as being in a "vulnerable" state in UNESCO's list of [[endangered language]]s.<ref name=guardian-unesco-list>{{cite web|last1=Evans|first1=Lisa|title=Endangered Languages: The Full List|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered|work=The Guardian|date=15 April 2011 }}</ref> The Kisan dialect has 206,100 speakers as of 2011.

==Etymology==
According to [[Edward Tuite Dalton]], "Oraon" is an [[exonym]] assigned by neighbouring [[Munda people]], meaning "to roam". They call themselves Kurukh.<ref>Dalton E. T. ''The Oraons: Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal''. 1872. Section 1, page 215.</ref> According to [[Sten Konow]], Uraon will mean ''man'' as in the Dravidian Kurukh language, the word Urapai, Urapo and Urang means ''Man''. The word Kurukh may be derived from the word ''Kur'' or ''Kurcana'' means "shout" and "stammer". So Kurukh will mean 'a speaker'.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4I3l9WL4BIC&pg=PR11|title=Grammar of the Kurukh Language|publisher=Mittal Publications|author=Ferdinand Hahn|page=xii|year=1985|access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

==Classification==
Kurukh belongs to the Northern Dravidian group of the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] family languages,<ref>{{cite book
|last=Stassen
|first=Leon
|title=Intransitive Predication
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]
|series = Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory
|year=1997
|isbn=978-0199258932
|page=220
}}</ref> and is closely related to Sauria Paharia and Kumarbhag Paharia, which are often together referred to as [[Malto language|Malto]].<ref>PS Subrahmanyam, "Kurukh", in [[ELL2]]. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' assigns Nepali Kurux a separate iso code, ''kxl''.</ref>
[[File:DravidianTree.png|thumb|Dravidian language tree]]

==Writing systems==

Kurukh is written in [[Devanagari]], a script also used to write [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and other [[Indo-Aryan languages]].

In 1991, Basudev Ram Khalkho from [[Odisha]] released the [[Kurukh Banna]] script. In [[Sundargarh district]] of Odisha the Kurukh Banna alphabet is taught and promoted by Kurukh Parha. Fonts have been developed and people are using it widely in books, magazines and other material. The alphabet is also used by Oraon people in the states of Chhattisgarh, Bengal, Jharkhand and Assam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mandal |first1=Biswajit |title=Kurukh Banna |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/kurukhbanna.htm |website=Omniglot}}</ref>

In 1999, Narayan Oraon, a doctor, invented the [[alphabet]]ic Tolong Siki script specifically for Kurukh. Many books and magazines have been published in [[Tolong Siki]] script, and it saw official recognition by the state of [[Jharkhand]] in 2007. The Kurukh Literary Society of India has been instrumental in spreading the Tolong Siki script for Kurukh literature.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ager |first1=Simon |title=Tolong Siki alphabet and the Kurukh language |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tolongsiki.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=19 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Anshuman |title=Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Tolong Siki Script in the UCS |url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10106-n3811-tolongsiki.pdf |access-date=19 December 2019 |date=8 April 2010}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
{{Pie chart
|caption=Distribution of Kurukh in India, 2011 census
|value1 = 47.89
|label1 = Jharkhand
|value2 = 25.99
|label2 = Chhattisgarh
|value3 = 8.65
|label3 = West Bengal
|value4 = 6.84
|label4 = Odisha
|value5 = 4.43
|label5 = Bihar
|value6 = 3.69
|label6 = Assam
|other = yes
|other-color = pink
}}
In India, Kurukh is mostly spoken in [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]], [[Surguja district|Surguja]], [[Jashpur district|Jashpur]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]], [[Latehar district|Latehar]], [[Simdega district|Simdega]] of [[Jharkhand]]; [[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]], [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]] and [[Sambalpur district]] of [[Odisha]].

It is also spoken in [[Jalpaiguri district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] states by Kurukh who are mostly Tea-garden workers.<ref name="Kurux">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kru|title=Kurux|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2018-07-11|language=en}}</ref>

==Speakers==
It is spoken by 2,053,000 people from the [[Oraon people|Oraon]] and [[Kisan tribe]]s, with 1,834,000 and 219,000 speakers respectively. The literacy rate is 23% in Oraon and 17% in Kisan. Despite the large number of speakers, the language is considered to be [[Endangered language|endangered]].<ref>Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine. ''Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Page 9.</ref> The governments of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have introduced the Kurukh language in schools with majority Kurukhar students. Jharkhand and West Bengal both list Kurukh as an official language of their respective states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/west-bengal-grants-official-language-status-to-kurukh-1488780574-1|title=Kurukh given official language status in West Bengal|date=2017-03-06|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=2019-05-12}}</ref> Bangladesh also has some speakers.

==Phonology==
{{main|Kurukh phonology}}

The phonology of '''True Kurukh''' represents the language in its native Dravidian state. It is defined by a strict absence of native aspirated consonants and a system where voicing in stops is an allophonic process rather than a phonemic distinction.

===Vowels (Sayōr̤ 12)===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: auto; border: 1px solid #333; border-collapse: collapse; margin-right: auto; font-size: 0.95em;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; padding: 5px;" | Table 1: Kurukh Vowel Inventory
|- style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: 2px solid #333;"
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | [[High vowel|High]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;" | {{IPA link|i}} ⟨i⟩, {{IPA link|iː}} ⟨ī⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;" | {{IPA link|u}} ⟨u⟩, {{IPA link|uː}} ⟨ū⟩
|-
! style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;" | {{IPA link|e}} ⟨e⟩, {{IPA link|eː}} ⟨ē⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;" | {{IPA link|o}} ⟨o⟩, {{IPA link|oː}} ⟨ō⟩
|-
! style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | [[Low vowel|Low]]
| style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;" | {{IPA link|a}} ⟨a⟩, {{IPA link|aː}} ⟨ā⟩ || style="text-align: center;" |
|- style="border-top: 1px solid #ccc;"
! style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: left; padding: 3px;" | [[Diphthong]]
| style="text-align: center; font-style: italic; padding: 5px;" | {{IPA link|ai̯}} ⟨ay⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center; font-style: italic; padding: 5px;" | {{IPA link|au̯}} ⟨aw⟩
|- style="border-top: 2px solid #333;"
! colspan="4" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 0.85em; padding: 8px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em;" |
* Each cardinal vowel exists in four states: short, long, and their respective nasalized forms.
* Native diphthongs are glide-vowel sequences.
|}

===Consonants (Hawōr̤ 21)===

{| class="wikitable" style="width: auto; border: 1px solid #333; border-collapse: collapse; margin-top: 10px; margin-right: auto; font-size: 0.9em;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; padding: 5px;" | Table 2: Native Consonant Inventory (Hawōr̤ 21)
|- style="background-color: #f2f2f2; border-bottom: 2px solid #333;"
! colspan="2" | [[Manner of articulation|Manner]] !! [[Bilabial]] !! [[Dentalveolar]] !! [[Retroflex]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] !! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | [[Occlusive]]
! style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; padding: 0 5px;" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|m}} ⟨mă⟩ || style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|n}} ⟨nă⟩ || style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|ɳ}} ⟨ṇă⟩ || style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|ɲ}} ⟨ñă⟩ || style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|ŋ}} ⟨ṅă⟩ ||
|-
! style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; padding: 0 5px;" | [[Plosive|Stop]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|p}} ⟨pă⟩ ↳ {{IPA link|b}} allo.
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|t}} ⟨tă⟩ ↳ {{IPA link|d}} allo.
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|ʈ}} ⟨ṭă⟩ ↳ {{IPA link|ɖ}} allo.
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|k}} ⟨kă⟩ ↳ {{IPA link|ɡ}} allo.
|
|- style="border-top: 1px solid #ccc;"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | [[Affricate]]
! colspan="4" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: center;" | [[Voiceless]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|tʃ}} ⟨că⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | ||
|-
! colspan="4" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: center;" | [[Voiced]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|dʒ}} ⟨jă⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- style="border-top: 1px solid #ccc;"
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | [[Fricative]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|s}} ⟨să⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|x}} ⟨khă⟩ ||
|- style="border-top: 1px solid #ccc;"
! rowspan="4" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | [[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
! colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: center;" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|l}} ⟨lă⟩ || style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|ɭ}} ⟨ḷă⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" | ||
|-
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em;" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: center;" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|r}} ⟨ṟă⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" | ||
|-
! style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: center;" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|ɾ}} ⟨ră⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" | ||
|-
! colspan="2" style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 0.85em; text-align: center;" | [[Approximant]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|ɻ}} ⟨r̤ă⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" |
|- style="border-top: 1px solid #ccc;"
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | [[Semivowel|Semi-Vowel]]
| style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|w}} ⟨wă⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|j}} ⟨yă⟩ || style="text-align: center;" | || style="text-align: center; padding: 3px;" | {{IPA link|h}} ⟨hă⟩
|- style="border-top: 2px solid #333;"
! colspan="8" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-size: 0.85em; padding: 8px; text-align: left; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3em;" |
* Native Kurukh Consonants utilize an '''Abugida Script''' with an '''inherited ă vowel'''.
* This new script prioritizes a restored phonology by excluding the aspirated consonants (Indo-Aryan influence) found in earlier scripts like Kurukh Banna and Tolong Siki.
* As the unique script characters are currently in the '''development phase''', Latin placeholders are used to represent the underlying phonetic structure.
|}

===Phonological Observations===

* '''Status of Voiced Stops:''' In native [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Voiced stop|voiced stops]] ([b], [d], [ḍ], [ɡ]) are strictly [[Allophone|allophonic]].
* '''Dentalveolar Rhotic Contrast:''' True Kurukh features both the [[Alveolar trill]] {{IPA|/r/}} and the [[Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|alveolar tap]] {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.
* '''Retroflex Rhotic:''' The [[retroflex approximant]] {{IPA|/ɻ/}}, typically represented as '''r̤''' or '''ḻ'''.
* '''Aspiration:''' Entirely absent in the "True Kurukh" [[Phonemic inventory|inventory]]; any [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated sounds]] are [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] imports.
* '''Intervocalic Lenition:''' A core [[Phonological rule|rule]] where [[Stop consonant|stops]] undergo [[Lenition|softening]] between [[Vowel|vowels]].

===Elimination of Aspiration===
In standard spoken Kurukh, [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated stops]] like {{IPA|/bʰ/}}, {{IPA|/dʰ/}}, {{IPA|/ḍʰ/}} and {{IPA|/ɡʰ/}} are common due to centuries of [[Language contact|contact]] with [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] and [[Hindi]]. In True Kurukh, these are recognized as [[Loanword|non-native]]. The [[Language revitalization|revival process]] replaces these imports with their [[Tenuis consonant|unaspirated]] equivalents or native [[Fricative|fricatives]] (like the [[Velar fricative|velar]] {{IPA|/x/}}), effectively restoring the Dravidian "hardness" of the tongue.

===From Phonemic to Allophonic Voicing===
Perhaps the most significant shift is the status of [[Voicing (phonetics)|voiced stops]] (''b, d, ḍ, g''). In [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryanized]] Kurukh, these are independent [[Phoneme|phonemes]]. In '''Native True Kurukh''', [[Voicing (phonetics)|voicing]] is '''purely environmental'''. A stop is generally [[Voicelessness|voiceless]] at the beginning of a word but becomes voiced [[Intervocalic consonant|intervocalically]] (between vowels). This "[[Lenition]]" rule simplifies the [[Phonemic inventory|phonemic inventory]] while adding a melodic, [[Fluency|fluid quality]] to spoken sentences.

===Restoration of Liquid Contrasts===
Revived Kurukh places heavy emphasis on its [[Liquid consonant|liquid]] ([[Rhotic consonant|rhotic]] and [[Lateral consonant|lateral]]) distinctions:
* '''The Alveolar Contrast:''' Distinguishing the [[Trill consonant|trill]] {{IPA|/r/}} from the [[Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|tap]] {{IPA|/ɾ/}}.
* '''The Retroflex approximant:''' The revival of the rare Dravidian {{IPA|/ɻ/}} (similar to the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] '[[Tamil phonology#Special_letters|zh]]'), which provides the language with its unique [[Acoustic phonetics|acoustic signature]], distinguishing it from the "[[Flap consonant|flapped]]" rhotics of [[Indo-Aryan languages]].

===Phonotactic Purity===
The revival enforces native [[Phonotactics|syllable structures]], largely preferring '''[[Syllable#CV_syllable|Consonant-Vowel (CV)]]''' patterns and strictly governing [[Consonant cluster|consonant clusters]]. This "refining" removes the heavy, cluster-laden [[Phonology|phonology]] of borrowed [[Sanskrit|Sanskritized]] terms, opting instead for the rhythmic, [[Agglutinative language|agglutinative]] flow native to the [[Kurukh people]].

===References===
* {{cite book |last=Hahn |first=Ferdinand |title=Kurukh Grammar |year=1900 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |location=Calcutta}}

==Pronoun==
The pronominal system of Kurukh (Oraon) exhibits a sophisticated morphological structure based on long-vowel stems and nasal augmentation. While the personal pronouns follow established standard rules of clusivity, the third-person system is currently the subject of linguistic innovation regarding gender categorization.

===1. Personal Pronouns===
Personal pronouns distinguish between singular (''-n'') and plural (''-m'') forms. A defining feature is the distinction between **Exclusive** (excluding the listener) and **Inclusive** (including the listener) 1st-person plural forms. Notably, the inclusive form (*nām*) represents a collective identity; therefore, no singular form exists for the inclusive 1st person.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; font-size: 0.85em; line-height: 1.2em;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; padding: 2px; font-size: 1.1em;" | Table 1: Personal Pronoun Inflection (Standard Kurukh)<ref name="Hanh1900">Hanh, Ferdinand. Kurukh Grammar. Bengal Secretariat Press, 1900. p. 19-24.</ref>
|- style="background-color: #eaecf0;"
! rowspan="3" | Category !! rowspan="3" | Case & Augment !! colspan="2" | Nasal Number Suffix !! rowspan="3" | Functional Notes
|- style="background-color: #eaecf0;"
! Singular !! Plural
|- style="background-color: #eaecf0;"
! ''*-n'' !! ''*-m''
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px;" | '''1st (Excl.)''' Stem: ''*ē-''
| Nominative || ēn || ēm || rowspan="2" style="text-align: left; padding: 4px; font-size: 0.9em;" | Exclusive: Excludes listener.
|-
| style="background-color: #fdf2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Oblique || eṅ(g)- || em(m)-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px;" | '''1st (Incl.)''' Stem: ''*nā-''
| Nominative || — || nām || rowspan="2" style="text-align: left; padding: 4px; font-size: 0.9em;" | Inclusive: Includes listener. '''Plural only.'''
|-
| style="background-color: #fdf2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Oblique || — || nam(m)-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px;" | '''2nd Person''' Stem: ''*nī-''
| Nominative || nīn || nīm || rowspan="2" style="text-align: left; padding: 4px; font-size: 0.9em;" | Direct address to listener.
|-
| style="background-color: #fdf2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Oblique || niṅ(g)- || nim(m)-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px;" | '''Reflexive''' Stem: ''*tā-''
| Nominative || tān || tām || rowspan="2" style="text-align: left; padding: 4px; font-size: 0.9em;" | Reflexive: "Self-referential."
|-
| style="background-color: #fdf2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Oblique || taṅ(g)- || tam(m)-
|}

===2. Third Person Pronoun===
The third-person pronominal system is fundamentally deictic, mapping grammatical referents onto physical space (Proximal, Medial, and Distal). Historically and in contemporary usage, Kurukh utilizes a '''Binary Gender System''', though a new proposal (2026) suggests a transition to a '''Ternary Gender System'''.

====Current Standard: Binary Gender System====
The existing standard in Kurukh categorizes all referents into two groups:<ref name="Hanh1900">Hanh, Ferdinand. Kurukh Grammar. Bengal Secretariat Press, 1900. p. 19-24.</ref>
* '''Masculine:''' Refers specifically to men and deities.
* '''Non-Masculine:''' A composite category that includes women, animals, and all inanimate objects. Both Feminine and Neuter referents traditionally share the same suffixes (typically ''-d'').

====New Proposal: Ternary Gender System (2026)====
This linguistic innovation proposes splitting the "Non-Masculine" category to create a three-way distinction. This is achieved by introducing a specific '''Feminine Definite Marker''' (suffix ''*-ḷ'') to distinguish female persons from the Neuter category. This suffix is morphologically derived from the Kurukh terms ''peḷ'' or ''peḷḷō'', meaning "woman" or "girl," effectively distilling the semantic essence of female personhood into a functional grammatical marker.<ref name="Revive2026">Revive Kurukh Linguistic Committee. Proposed Ternary Gender Paradigms for Morphological Innovation. 2026.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #2a4b8d; font-size: 0.82em; line-height: 1.1em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; padding: 5px; font-size: 1.1em;" | Table 2: Third Person Pronominal Matrix (Proposed Ternary Innovation)
|- style="background-color: #2a4b8d; color: white;"
! colspan="2" | Deictic Category !! colspan="2" | ''*ī-'' Proximal (Near) !! colspan="2" | ''*Hu-'' Medial (Mid) !! colspan="2" | ''*ā-'' Distal (Far)
|- style="background-color: #cfe2ff;"
! Gender !! Case !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural !! Singular !! Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px;" | '''Epicene (Hon.)''' Suffix: ''*-ṟ''
| Nom. || īṟ || iwar̤aṟ || Huṟ || Huwar̤aṟ || āṟ || awar̤aṟ
|-
| style="background-color: #fdf2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Obl. || īṟ- || iwar̤aṟ- || Huṟ- || Huwar̤aṟ- || āṟ- || awar̤aṟ-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px;" | '''Masculine''' Suffix: ''*-s''
| Nom. || īs || iwar̤as || Hus || Huwar̤as || ās || awar̤as
|-
| style="background-color: #fdf2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Obl. || īs- || iwar̤as- || Hus- || Huwar̤as- || ās- || awar̤as-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #e8f5e9; padding: 2px;" | '''Feminine (New Proposal)''' Suffix: ''*-ḷ''
| Nom. || īḷ || iwar̤aḷ || Huḷ || Huwar̤aḷ || āḷ || awar̤aḷ
|-
| style="background-color: #fdf2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Obl. || īḷ- || iwar̤aḷ- || Huḷ- || Huwar̤aḷ- || āḷ- || awar̤aḷ-
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 2px;" | '''Neuter''' Suffix: ''*-d''
| Nom. || īd || iwar̤ad || Hud || Huwar̤ad || ād || awar̤ad
|-
| style="background-color: #fdf2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Obl. || īd- || iwar̤ad- || Hud- || Huwar̤ad- || ād- || awar̤ad-
|-
| colspan="8" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%; background-color: #ffffff; padding: 8px;" |
'''Technical and Status Notes:'''
# '''Status:''' Standard Kurukh is currently binary (Masculine/Non-Masculine). The Feminine category (highlighted green) is a proposed innovation for 2026.
# '''Etymology:''' The lateral retroflex '''-ḷ''' is derived from ''peḷ''/''peḷḷō'' (woman/girl).
# '''Innovation:''' This marker creates a separate Feminine gender identity for female persons, removing them from the Neuter group.
# '''Oblique Stems:''' Shaded in red, these stems are utilized when appending case suffixes.
# '''Structure:''' Plural forms follow the formula: [Deictic Base] + [Animacy ''-wa-''] + [Plural ''-r̤a-''] + [Gender Suffix].
|}

===3. Case Suffixes and Declension===
In Kurukh, grammatical cases are formed by appending suffixes to the '''Oblique Stem''' of the pronoun. The genitive system utilizes a stable pronominal suffix alongside person-specific attributive suffixes.

{| class="wikitable" style="width: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #2a4b8d; font-size: 0.85em; border-collapse: collapse;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; padding: 5px; font-size: 1.1em;" | Table 3: Core Case Suffixes in Kurukh
|- style="background-color: #2a4b8d; color: white;"
! Case !! Suffix !! Function !! Example
|-
! style="padding: 3px;" | Nominative
| ∅ || Subject of the sentence || ēn (I)
|-
! style="padding: 3px;" | Accusative
| '''-an''' || Direct object || eṅgan (Me)
|-
! style="background-color: #e8f5e9; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px;" | Genitive-Pronominal
| style="background-color: #e8f5e9; font-weight: bold;" | '''-ay''' || True Possessive Suffix (Stable across all persons) || eṅgay / āsay (Mine / His)
|-
! style="background-color: #fff3cd; padding: 3px;" | Genitive-Attributive (Personal)
| style="background-color: #fff3cd; font-weight: bold;" | '''-e''' || Possessive for 1st/2nd Person (Attributive) || eṅge (My...)
|-
! style="background-color: #fff3cd; padding: 3px;" | Genitive-Attributive (3rd Person)
| style="background-color: #fff3cd; font-weight: bold;" | '''-in''' || Possessive for 3rd Person (Attributive) || āsin (His...)
|-
! style="padding: 3px;" | Dative
| '''-āgē''' || Indirect object (To/For) || eṅgāgē
|-
! style="padding: 3px;" | Instrumental
| '''-(a)tī''' || By means of / Agent || eṅgatī
|-
! style="padding: 3px;" | Ablative
| '''-antī / -le''' || Movement away from / Source || eṅgantī
|-
! style="padding: 3px;" | Locative
| '''-(a)nū''' || Location (In / On / Inside) || eṅganū
|}

====Linguistic Note on Genitive-Attributive Split====
The Genitive-Attributive category (used when the pronoun modifies a noun) exhibits a categorical split based on the person of the referent:
* '''Personal Category (-e):''' Specifically applied to 1st and 2nd person stems (e.g., ''eṅge'', ''niṅge'').
* '''Third Person Category (-in):''' Specifically applied to 3rd person stems across the deictic matrix (e.g., ''āsin'', ''āḷin'', ''ādin'').
* '''The Stable Suffix (-ay):''' Regardless of the person, the Genitive-Pronominal suffix remains consistently '''-ay''', functioning as a standalone possessive pronoun.

==Morphology==
Kurukh, like other Dravidian languages, is an agglutinative language. The sentence structure is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). In its morphological construction, there is suffixation but there are no infixes or prefixes.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Vitality and Endangerment of Contemporary Kurukh | url=https://rupkatha.com/V9/n2/v9n235.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903184029/http://rupkatha.com/V9/n2/v9n235.pdf | archive-date=2017-09-03}}</ref>
===Nouns===

Kurukh nouns have three grammatical genders, namely masculine, feminine and neuter. To the Kurukh only men are masculine; women and goddesses (evil spirits) are feminine; all others are neutral. Masculine nouns of the third person singular have two forms, the indefinite and the definite. The indefinite is the simplest form of the noun, thus ''āl'' man. The definite form is made by adding ''-as'' for the singular, thus ''ālas'', ("the man").<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | title=Kurukh grammar | date=1911 | publisher=Calcutta Bengal Secretariat Press | url=https://archive.org/details/kurukhgrammar00hahnuoft/page/10/mode/2up }}</ref>

There are only two grammatical numbers, the singular and the plural.<ref name="auto1"/>

The following is an example declension table for a masculine noun "āl", meaning "man" <ref name="auto">{{cite web | title=Kurukh grammar | date=1911 | publisher=Calcutta Bengal Secretariat Press | url=https://archive.org/details/kurukhgrammar00hahnuoft/page/14/mode/2up }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Definite !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || āl || āl'''as''' || āl'''ar'''
|-
| Genitive || āl || āl'''as gahi'''|| āl'''ar gahi'''
|-
| Dative || āl || āl'''as gē''' || āl'''ar gē'''
|-
| Accusative || āl'''an''' || āl'''asin''' || āl'''arin'''
|-
| Ablative || āl'''tī''' || āl'''as tī''' || āl'''artī''', āl'''arintī'''
|-
| Instrumental || āl '''trī''', āl '''trū''' || - || ālar '''ṭrī''', ālar '''trū'''
|-
|Vocative
|'''ē''' āl'''ayо̄'''
| -
|'''ē''' āl'''arо̄'''
|-
|Locative
|āl
|āl'''as nū'''
|āl'''ar nū'''
|}

The feminine declension is almost identical to the masculine, but lacks a definite form. The following example is for "mukkā" ("woman").<ref name="auto"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || mukkā || mukk'''ar'''
|-
| Genitive || mukkā '''gahi''' || mukk'''ar gahi'''
|-
| Dative || mukkā'''gē''' || mukk'''ar gē'''
|-
| Accusative || mukk'''an''' || mukk'''arin'''
|-
| Ablative || mukk'''antī''' || mukk'''artī''', mukk'''arintī'''
|-
| Instrumental || mukkā '''trī''', mukkā '''trū''' || mukkar '''trī''', mukkar '''trū'''
|-
|Vocative
|'''ē''' mukk'''ai'''
|'''ē''' mukk'''arо̄'''
|-
|Locative
|mukkā '''nū'''
|mukk'''ar nū'''
|}

The neuter declension for "allā" ("dog") shows almost identical singular forms, but a difference in pluralization.<ref name="auto"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || allā || allā '''guṭhi'''
|-
| Genitive || allā '''gahi''' || allā '''guṭhi gahi'''
|-
| Dative || allā '''gē''' || allā '''guṭhi gē'''
|-
| Accusative || all'''an''' || allā '''guṭhin'''
|-
| Ablative || all'''antī''' || allā '''guṭhi tī''', allā '''guṭhintī'''
|-
| Instrumental || allā '''trī''', allā '''trū''' || allā '''guṭhi trī''', allā '''guṭhi trū'''
|-
|Vocative
|'''ē''' allā
|'''ē''' allā '''guṭhi'''
|-
|Locative
|allā '''nū'''
|allā '''guṭhi nū'''
|}

==Education==
The Kurukh language is taught as a subject in the schools of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattishgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2017-03-02 |title=Kurukh gets official language status in West Bengal |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/revitalising-a-language/article17395995.ece |access-date=2022-05-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Sample phrases==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Phrases !! English Translation
|-
| Nighai endra naame? || What is your name?
|- আপনার নাম কি?
|Neen ekase ra'din? || How are you? (Girl)
|- আপনি কেমন আছেন?
|Neen ekase ra'dai?
|| How are you? (Boy)
|- আপনি কেমন আছেন?
|Een korem ra'dan.
|| I am fine.
|- আমি ভালো আছি।
|Neen ekshan kalalagdin?
|| Where are you going? (Girl)
|- আপনি কোথায় যাচ্ছেন?
|Neen ekshan kalalagday?
|| Where are you going? (Boy)
|- আপনি কোথায় যাচ্ছেন?
|Endra manja? || What happened?
|- কি হইছে?
|Ha'an|| Yes
|- হ্যাঁ।
|Malla || No
|- না।
|Een mokha Lagdan. || I am eating.
|- আমি খাচ্ছি।
|Neen mokha.|| You eat.
|-
|Neen ona. || You drink
|- তুমি খাও।
|Aar mokha lagnar. || They are eating.
|- তারা খাচ্ছে।
|Daw makha
|Good Night
|}

==Sample text==
===English===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

===Devanagari script===
{{lang|kru|होर्मा आलारिन् हक् गहि बारे नू मल्लिन्ता अजादि अरा आण्टें मन्ना गहि हक़् ख़खर्कि रै। आरिन् लुर् अरा जिया गहि दव् बौसा ख़खकि रै अरा तम्है मझि नू मेल्-प्रें गहि बेव्हार् नन्ना चहि।}}

===Latin script===
Hōrmā ālārin hak gahi bāre nū mallintā azādi arā aṅṭēm mannā gahi haq xakharki raī. Ārin lur arā jiyā gahi dav bausā xakhakī raī arā tamhai majhi nū mēl-prēm gahi bēvhār nannā nā cahi.

==Alternative names and dialects==
Kurukh has a number of alternative names such as Uraon, Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, Urang, Morva, and Birhor. Two dialects, Oraon and Kisan, have 73% intelligibility between them. Oraon but not Kisan is currently being standardised. Kisan is currently endangered, with a decline rate of 12.3% from 1991 to 2001.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement8.aspx|title=Census of India: Growth of Non-Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001|last=ORGI|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* Hahn, Ferdinand. ''Kurukh Grammar''. Bengal Secretariat Press, 1900.
* Revive Kurukh Linguistic Committee. ''Proposed Ternary Gender Restorations for Morphological Restoration''. 2026.

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Masato |last2=Tirkey |first2=Bablu |title=The Kurux Language |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9BCDwAAQBAJ |publisher=Brill |publication-place=Boston |date=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-34766-3}}
* [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4H1BAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=kurukh+grammar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiDp82LkMOJAxXQzzgGHc68NY0Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false Kurukh Grammer by the Rev. Ferdiand Hahn]
* [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&pg=PA80&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false The Dravadian Languages by Bhadriraju Krishnamurti] Grignard's Kurukh Classification.

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Andronov |first=M. S. |title=Elements of Kurux Historical Phonology |journal=Anthropos |publisher=Anthropos Institut |volume=69 |issue=1/2 |year=1974 |issn=0257-9774 |jstor=40458519 |pages=250–253 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40458519 |url-access=subscription |access-date=5 March 2025}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kobayashi |first=Masato |title=Viewing Proto-Dravidian from the Northeast |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=140 |issue=2 |date=19 September 2021 |issn=2169-2289 |doi=10.7817/jameroriesoci.140.2.0467 |doi-access=free |url=https://lockwoodonlinejournals.com/index.php/jaos/article/download/713/562 }}
* Perumalsamy, P. (2002) "Kisan" in [https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/34817/download/38505/LSI_ORISSA.pdf Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa volume], New Delhi: Office of Registrar General, pp: 497-515.
* {{cite thesis |title= Documentation of the Kurux, an endangered Dravidian language |first=Albin Rico |last=Xalxo |publisher=University of Hyderabad |date=2024 |type=PhD |hdl=10603/642551 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/642551}}

; Folktale collections:
* Hahn, Ferdinand. ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_tCZrRHPYF3UC/page/n70/mode/1up Blicke in die Geisteswelt der heidnischen Kols: Sammlung von Sagen, Märchen und Liedern der Oraon in Chota Nagpur]''. Gütersloh: C. Bertelsmann, 1906.
* {{cite book |editor=A. Grignard |last=Hahn |title=Hahn's Oraon Folk-lore in the Original: a critical text with translation and notes |location=Guwahati; Delhi |publisher=Spectrum Publications |date=1931}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{incubator|kru}}
*{{cite book|author=Ferdinand Hahn|title=Kuruḵh̲ (Orā̃ō)-English dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_frNJAQAAIAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1903|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_frNJAQAAIAAJ/page/n133 126]–}}
*{{cite book|author=Ferdinand Hahn|title=Kuruḵẖ grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/kurukhgrammar00hahnuoft|access-date=26 August 2012|year=1900|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press}}
*{{cite book|title=Kuruk̲h̲ folk-lore: in the original|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbS5AAAAIAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1905|publisher=The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot}}
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\ned&limit=-1 Kurukh basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
*[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23024-tolong-siki.pdf Proposal to encode Tolong Siki]
*[http://omniglot.com/writing/tolongsiki.htm Omniglot's page on Tolong Siki]
*[https://tolongsiki.com/ Tolong Siki script site]

{{Languages of India}}
{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurukh Language}}
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Phonology]]

[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Languages of Odisha]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]

M. R. Rajakrishnan

2026-03-26T15:51:40Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: started a entry...

{{short description|Indian audiographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajakrishnan M.R.
| image = Rajakrishnan mr.PNG
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1977|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvanthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Sound designer|Re-recording mixer|Sound mixer}}
| years_active = 1999–present
| children = Gouri Parvathy
| parents = {{Plainlist |
* [[M.G. Radhakrishnan]]
* Padmaja Radhakrishnan
}}
}}
{{Indian name|Rajakrishnan|Medayil Radhakrishnan}}'''Medayil Radhakrishnan Rajakrishnan''' (born 25 May 1977) is an Indian sound designer. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]] in 2019 for the film ''[[Rangasthalam]]'' (2018). He won [[Kerala State Film Award|Kerala State Film Award for Audio mixing]] in 2011 for the films ''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]'', ''[[Chaappa Kurish]]'' and in 2012 for the film ''[[Manjadikuru|Manchadikuru]]'' and a Pearl award by Kerala film Producers Association for the film ''[[Manjadikuru|Manchadikuru]]'' in 2013. He has worked across Tamil, Hindi, Kannada, Telugu, Marathi and Malayalam films.

== Early life ==
Rajakrishnan was born on 25 May 1977 in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvanthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India. His father, [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]], was one of the most renowned music directors of the Malayalam film industry and a maestro of Carnatic Music. His mother, Padmaja Radhakrishnan, had set her stage in the field of Art and Literature. His grandparents, Malabar Gopalan Nair and Kamalakshi Amma were also musicians. His uncle [[M. G. Sreekumar]] is a famous singer in [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Early Life, Career|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3723279.ece|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

He practiced Carnatic music under his aunt, a renowned Carnatic vocalist, Dr. K. Omanakutty and also studied [[mridangam]] under the guidance of [[Mavelikara Krishnankutty Nair]] and Thripunithura Radhakrishnan. He completed his bachelor's degree in economics. He later did his course in sound designing from Chethana Studio, Thrissur.

== Career ==
At the early age of 23, Rajakrishnan worked with Deepan Chatterji as an assistant sound engineer. He has assisted him in around 70 films, which includes Balothekko (Bengali), which secured National Award in the year 2004. He later joined Four Frames Sound Company, Chennai as an assistant sound engineer and now works as the chief sound engineer for the same. He has worked with most of the directors in Malayalam and has done sound designing and mixing for over 200 films in various languages which includes Malayalam, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu and Bengali.

Rajakrishnan has also composed music for the film [[Winter (2009 film)|''Winter'']] (directed by Dipu Karunakaran) with his uncle, [[M. G. Sreekumar|M.G. Sreekumar]], on the vocals. He has also done jingles for directors such as [[Priyadarshan]] and [[Major Ravi]].<ref>{{cite web | url-access=limited |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/634404138/10151326139644139 |archive-date = 2022-04-30| url = https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151326139644139&set=t.100000551259568&type=3&theater |title = Padmaja Radhakrishnan on Facebook |website=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* 2023 [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|National Films Awards–Special Mention]] for Re-Recording Mixer - [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st National Film Awards: Sandeep Reddy Vanga's Animal Wins Big, From Best Sound Design To Best Background Music |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/71st-national-film-awards-sandeep-reddy-vangas-animal-receives-a-special-mention-in-re-recording-mixer-category-9000730 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
* 2019 [[National Film Awards]] for Best Audiography - ''[[Rangasthalam]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/national-awards-2019-raja-krishnan-on-winning-best-audiography-for-rangasthalam-and-working-on-nerkonda-paarvai-7147901.html|title = National Awards 2019: Raja Krishnan on winning Best Audiography for Rangasthalam, and working on Nerkonda Paarvai|date = 12 August 2019}}</ref>
* 2015: [[Kerala State Film Award|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Mixing]] - [[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|''Charlie'']] (Malayalam)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/charlie-moideen-bag-top-honours/article8302531.ece|title=Charlie, Moideen bag top honours|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 March 2016}}</ref>
* 2013: [[Kerala State Film Award|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Mixing]] - ''[[Chaappa Kurish]]'' and [[Urumi (film)|''Urumi'']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2014/jun/05/raja-of-sounds-621533.html|title = Raja of Sounds| date=5 June 2014 }}</ref>
* 2013: Pearl Award for Best Sound Design - [[Manjadikuru|''Manchadikuru'']] (Malayalam)
* 2012: Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Mixing - ''Manchadikuru'' (Malayalam)
* 2012: Surya TV Award For Best Sound Designer - [[Urumi (film)|''Urumi'']]
* 2011: Reporter Channel Award for Best Sound Mixing - [[Urumi (film)|''Urumi'']]
* 2011: [[2011 Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards]] for his work in [[Urumi (film)|''Urumi'']]
* 2006: Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Sound Mixing - [[Keerthi Chakra|''Keerthichakra'']]
* 2006: Amritha Fertanity Award for Best Audiography - [[Anandabhadram|''Ananthabadhram'']]

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Aashaan]]''
| Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2026-01-30 |title=Indrans-Joemon Jyothir starrer Aashaan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/30/indrans-joemon-jyothir-starrer-aashaan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-01-30 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |2025
|''[[Diés Iraé]]''
| Malyalam
|
|-
|[[Dragon (2025 film)|''Dragon'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Machante Maalakha]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Vanangaan]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Thandel]]''
|Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Love Under Construction]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Test (2025 film)|''Test'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="24" |2024
|''[[Pushpa 2: The Rule]]''
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Pottel]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]''
|
|-
|''[[Pani (film)|Pani]]''
| rowspan="10" |Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Murphy (film)|''Murphy'']]
|
|-
|''[[ARM (film)|ARM]]''
|
|-
|''[[Manorathangal|Manorathagal]]''
|
|-
|''[[Guruvayoor Ambalanadayil]]''
|
|-
|''[[Grrr (2024 film)|Grrr]]''
|
|-
|[[Turbo (2024 film)|''Turbo'']]
|
|-
|''[[Malayalee from India]]''
|
|-
|''[[Bramayugam]]''
|
|-
|''[[Iyer in Arabia]]''
|
|-
|''[[Black (2024 film)|Black]]''
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''
|
|-
|''[[Weapon (film)|Weapon]]''
|
|-
|[[Captain Miller (film)|''Captain Miller'']]
|
|-
|''[[Bagheera (2024 film)|Bagheera]]''
| rowspan="7" |Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Murphy (film)|Murphy]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali]]''
|
|-
|''[[Laughing Buddha (film)|Laughing Buddha]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kotee]]''
|
|-
|[[Yuva (2024 film)|''Yuva'']]
|
|-
|[[Bachelor Party (2024 film)|''Bachelor Party'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="20" |2023
|[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']]
|Hindi
|
|-
|[[Parking (2023 film)|''Parking'']]
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Irugapatru]]''
|
|-
|''[[DD Returns]]''
|
|-
|''[[Por Thozhil]]''
|
|-
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side B]]''
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Sapta Saagaradaache Ello – Side A]]''
|
|-
|''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]''
|
|-
|''[[Rani: The Real Story]]''
| rowspan="7" |Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Sesham Mike-il Fathima]]''
|
|-
|''[[Vela (film)|Vela]]''
|
|-
|[[Garudan (2023 film)|''Garudan'']]
|
|-
|''[[King of Kotha]]''
|
|-
|''[[Romancham]]''
|
|-
|''[[Corona Papers]]''
|
|-
|''[[Mangalavaaram]]''
| rowspan="5" |Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|
|-
|''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]''
|
|-
|''[[Gandeevadhari Arjuna]]''
|
|-
|''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |2022
|''[[Valimai]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|[[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']]
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Vikrant Rona]]''
|
|-
|''[[777 Charlie]]''
|
|-
|[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|''Wonder Women'']]
|English
|
|-
|[[Saturday Night (2022 film)|''Saturday Night'']]
| rowspan="8" |Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''
|
|-
|[[Mike (2022 film)|''Mike'']]
|
|-
|[[Heaven (2022 film)|''Heaven'']]
|
|-
|[[Vaashi (2022 film)|''Vaashi'']]
|
|-
|''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]''
|
|-
|''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]''
|
|-
|''[[Bro Daddy]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|[[Hero (2021 film)|''Hero'']]
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Kuruthi]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Navarasa (TV series)|''Navarasa'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="19" |2019 
|''[[Kabir Singh]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|[[Children's Park (film)|''Children's Park'']]
| rowspan="9" |Malayalam
|
|-
|''Evvarikee Cheppoddu''
|
|-
|[[Kalki (2019 Malayalam film)|''Kalki'']]
|
|-
|[[Kettyolaanu Ente Malakha|''Kettiyolaanu Ente Malakha'']]
|
|-
|[[Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham#Release|''Marakkar: Arabikadalinte simham'']]
|
|-
|[[Margamkali (film)|''Margamkali'']]
|
|-
|''[[Pathinettam Padi]]''
|
|-
|''[[Prathi Poovankozhi]]''
|
|-
|''[[Sathyam Paranja Viswasikkuvo]]''
|
|-
|''[[Adithya Varma]]''
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Devi 2]]''
|
|-
|''[[Kannum Kannum Kollaiyadithaal]]''
|
|-
|''Mei''
|
|-
|''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]''
|
|-
|''[[Dear Comrade]]''
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|
|-
|''George Reddy''
|
|-
|''Pressure Cooker''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''The Backstager''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''Asuraguru''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Rangasthalam]]''
|Telugu
|[[National Film Awards|National Film Award for Best Sound Mixing]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2017
|[[Ezra (2017 film)|''Ezra'']]
| rowspan="5" |Malayaam
|
|-
|[[Godha (film)|''Godha'']]
|
|-
|''[[Jomonte Suvisheshangal]]''
|
|-
|''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]''
|
|-
|[[Take Off (2017 film)|''Take Off'']]
|
|-
|''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2016
|''[[Kirik Party]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
|''[[Action Hero Biju]]''
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Guppy (film)|''Guppy'']]
|
|-
|[[Kali (2016 film)|''Kali'']]
|
|-
|''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]''
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
|
|-
|[[Mo (2016 film)|''Mo'']]
|
|-
|''Oattathoodhuvan-1854''
|
|-
|[[Sometimes (film)|''Sometimes'']]
|
|-
|''[[Tharai Thappattai]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |2015
|[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|''Amar Akbar Anthony'']]
| rowspan="7" |Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|''Charlie'']]
|[[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Mixing]]
|-
|''Jo and The Boy''
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|''[[Kunjiramayanam]]''
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|[[Mili (2015 film)|''Mili'']]
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|''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]''
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|''[[Premam]]''
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|[[144 (film)|''144'']]
| rowspan="6" |Tamil
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|''[[36 Vayadhinile]]''
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|''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]''
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|''[[Kaaka Muttai]]''
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|[[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|''Maya'']]
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|-
|''[[Oru Naal Iravil]]''
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|-
| rowspan="8" |2014
|''[[Bangalore Days]]''
| rowspan="4" |Malayalam
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|-
|''[[Mr. Fraud]]''
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|-
|''[[Om Shanti Oshana]]''
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|''Unnimoolam''
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|''[[Cuckoo]]''
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
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|-
|[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|''Jigarthanda'']]
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|-
|''[[Mundasupatti]]''
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|-
|''[[Saivam]]''
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| rowspan="19" |2013
|[[1983 (film)|''1983'']]
| rowspan="14" |Malayalam
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|-
|''[[Escape from Uganda]]''
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|-
|''[[Ezhu Sundara Rathrikal]]''
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|''[[Geethaanjali]]''
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|-
|[[Immanuel (film)|''Immanuel'']]
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|''[[Kalimannu]]''
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|-
|[[Mumbai Police (film)|''Mumbai Police'']]
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|''[[Nadodimannan]]''
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|-
|''[[Neram]]''
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|-
|[[Papilio Buddha (film)|''Papilio Buddha'']]
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|-
|''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]''
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|-
|[[Red Wine (2013 film)|''Red Wine'']]
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|-
|''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]''
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|-
|[[Thira (film)|''Thira'']]
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|-
|''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]''
| rowspan="5" |Tamil
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|-
|''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]''
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|-
|[[Paradesi (2013 film)|''Paradesi'']]
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|-
|''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]''
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|''[[Thalaivaa]]''
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| rowspan="15" |2012
|''[[101 Weddings]]''
| rowspan="11" |Malayalam
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|-
|''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]''
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|-
|[[Diamond Necklace (film)|''Diamond Necklace'']]
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|[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|''Grandmaster'']]
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|-
|[[Masters (film)|''Masters'']]
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|-
|''[[Puthiya Theerangal]]''
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|[[Shutter (2012 film)|''Shutter'']]
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|''[[Spanish Masala]]''
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|''[[Thattathin Marayathu]]''
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|''[[Theevram]]''
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|''[[Ustad Hotel]]''
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|-
|[[Maalai Pozhudhin Mayakathilaey|''Malai Pozhuthin Mayakathilay'']]
| rowspan="4" |Tamil
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|-
|[[Pizza (2012 film)|''Pizza'']]
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|-
|[[Thaandavam|''Thandavam'']]
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|-
|[[Velayudham|''Velayuthum'']]
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|-
| rowspan="9" |2011
|[[Arabeem Ottakom P. Madhavan Nayarum in Oru Marubhoomikkadha|''Arabium Ottakavum P Madhavan nairum'']]
| rowspan="7" |Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Chaappa Kurish|''Chappakurush'']]
|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Mixing
|-
|''[[Kunjaliyan]]''
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|-
|[[Traffic (2011 film)|''Traffic'']]
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|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Urumi (film)|''Urumi'']]
|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Mixing
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|Surya TV Award For Best Sound Designer
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|Reporter Channel Award for Best Sound Mixing
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|[[Deiva Thirumagal|''Daivathirumakal'']]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''
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|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|''Aakrosh'']]
|Hindi
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|-
|[[Cocktail (2010 film)|''Cocktail'']]
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
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|-
|[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty|''Elsamma Eanna Aankutti'']]
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|-
|[[Madrasapattinam|''Madras pattinam'']]
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|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|''[[De Dana Dan]]''
|Hindi
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|-
|''Sukhanth''
|Marathi
|
|-
|[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|''Neelathamara'']]
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
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|-
|''[[Winter (2009 film)|Winter]]''
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|-
| rowspan="7" |2008
|''[[Tahaan]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|[[Calcutta News (film)|''Calcutta News'']]
| rowspan="5" |Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Manjadikuru|''Manchadikuru'']]
|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Mixing
|-
|Pearl Award for Best Sound Design
|-
|[[Minnaminnikoottam|''Minnaminnikottam'']]
|
|-
|[[Mulla (film)|''Mulla'']]
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|-
|''[[Kanchivaram]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiya]]''
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Prarambha]]''
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006
|[[Achanurangatha Veedu|''Achan Urangatha Veedu'']]
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Classmates (2006 film)|''Classmates'']]
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|-
|[[Keerthi Chakra|''Keerthichakra'']]
|Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Sound Mixing
|-
|[[E (2006 film)|''E'']]
|Tamil
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''[[Anandabhadram]]''
|Malayalam
|Amritha Fertanity Award for Best Audiography
|-
|[[Navarasa (film)|''Navarasa'']]
|Tamil
|
|}

== References ==
<references/>

{{authority control}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb name|2095975}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajakrishnan, M. R.}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]

Simla Conference

2026-03-24T15:49:25Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: quick update

{{Short description|1945 meeting convened to formulate the Wavellite Plan in British India}}
{{About|the 1945 Indian self a government meeting|the 1972 India(sub-3) Pakistan peace treaty|Simla Agreement|the 1914 Tibetans British a Chinese convention|Simla Convention|the 1906 deputation of Indian Muslim leaders for greater political representation|Simla Deputation|}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}

[[File:Simla conference.JPG|thumb|right|200px|At the Conference: [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]], [[C. Rajagopalachari]] and [[Maulana Azad]]]]
[[File:Simla Conference.ogv|thumb|Simla Conference 1945]]
The '''Simla Conference''' was a meeting between [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]], the [[Governor-General of India|viceroy of India]], and the major political leaders of [[British India]] at the [[Viceregal Lodge, Simla|Viceregal Lodge]] in June 1945 in [[Simla]]. When it was clear that British intended to leave India, they desperately needed an agreement on what should happen when they leave.

== Failure of Talks Over Muslim Representation ==
Talks stalled on the issue of the selection of Muslim representatives. The [[All-India Muslim League]] claimed to be the sole representative of Indian Muslims, and refused to back any plan in which the [[Indian National Congress]], the dominant party in the talks, appointed Muslim representatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852312,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605033455/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852312,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2008|title=India: Simla Conference 1945|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=9 July 1945}}</ref> This scuttled the conference, and perhaps the last viable opportunity for a united, independent India. When the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League reconvened under the [[Cabinet Mission]] the next year, the Indian National Congress was far less sympathetic to the Muslim League's requests despite Jinnah's approval of the British plan.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

On 14 June 1945 Lord Wavell announced a plan for a new Executive Council in which all members except the Viceroy and the Commander in Chief would be Indians. This executive council was to be a temporary measure until a new permanent constitution could be agreed upon and come into force. All portfolios except Defense would be held by Indian members.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Jinnah of Pakistan|author=Wolpert, Stanley|author-link=Stanley Wolpert|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-19-577389-7|edition=15th|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=242–245}}</ref>
[[File:Simla-conference, India .gif|thumb|Simla Conference: Left to Right: Lord Wavell (Viceroy of India), Tara Singh, Mr Jinnah, Hussain Imam, Pandit Shukla (CM C.P.), Sir Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah (CM Sindh)]]

==Lord Wavell==
[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Winston Churchill]] as head of the [[Churchill war ministry|war cabinet]] proposed Field Marshal Wavell's name to his cabinet in mid-June 1943, as India's next Viceroy. General Sir [[Claude Auchinleck]] who had followed Wavell in his Middle Eastern command was to be the next Commander in Chief of the Indian army after [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]]. In October 1943 the British Government decided to replace [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]] with Lord Wavell as the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy of India]]. Before assuming the vice royalty, Lord Wavell had been head of the Indian army and thus had an understanding of the Indian situation. On becoming Viceroy, Wavell's most important task was to present a formula for the future government of India which would be acceptable to both the Indian National Congress and the All-India Muslim League.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Background==

=== Gandhi’s 1943 Fast and Imprisonment ===
[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] launched the [[Quit India Movement]] in August 1942, after which he was arrested with other [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] lieutenants like [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] and [[Vallabhbhai Patel|Patel]]. He was held separately in the Agha Khan's Pune palace while others were kept in the [[Ahmednagar Fort]].{{Circular reference|date=May 2017}} Now he decided to launch his <nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Satyagraha]]''<nowiki>''</nowiki>,'' he commenced after the early morning breakfast on 10 February 1943 a fast for 21 days. Weighing 109 pounds when he began, Gandhi lost eighteen pounds after his 22-day fast. Fearing the death of Gandhi in prison as before him [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]], his wife and [[Mahadev Desai]], his private secretary died in the same prison in Pune Palace, Lord Linlithgow recommended to [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] the immediate unconditional release of Gandhi. Churchill wrote back to Linlithgow, "it seems almost certain that the old rascal [Gandhi] will emerge all better for his so-called fast.<nowiki>''</nowiki> Gandhi broke his fast on 3 March 1943.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=Shameful Flight|author=Wolpert, Stanley|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-19-906606-3|location=Karachi, Pakistan|pages=79–82}}</ref> Gandhi suffered from [[malaria]], and after that his health seriously deteriorated. The new Viceroy [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell]], recommended his unconditional release, [[Leo Amery]] the secretary of state for India convinced Churchill to release Gandhi on medical grounds, so he was released. After his release, Gandhi managed to recover. Upon hearing of this Churchill is said to have sent Wavell a peevish telegram asking <nowiki>''why Gandhi has not died yet?''</nowiki><ref name=":1" />

=== Communal Division and the Road to the Simla Conference ===
Communal division was the greatest hurdle in the path of any political progress in India, so Wavell also began to agree with Amery's conviction that until the "Aged Trinity" (Gandhi, Churchill and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]]) continued to lead there was little chance of any political advance. Lord Wavell had a plan in mind and was eager to invite key leaders to a summit, but he was waiting for something to come out of the Gandhi-Jinnah meetings rescheduled on 9 September.<ref name=":0" /> [[C. Rajagopalachari]] presented a formula before that meeting accepting the Muslim right for a separate homeland. The talks began on 9 September 1944 at Jinnah's residence in Malabar Hill, Bombay where both leaders spent three and a half hours of secret discussion but Gandhi later with C. R. called it a "test of my patience and nothing else and I am amazed at my own patience". Their second meeting proved no more fruitful than the first, Jinnah sensed by this time the futility of the talks. Then there was a session of written correspondence on 11, 12, 13 and 14 September, and on 24, 25 and 26 September 1944, but nothing came out of it. Gandhi by now believed that "Jinnah was a good person but he suffers hallucination when he imagines the unnatural division of India and creation of Pakistan".<ref name=":0" /> Wavell wired to Amery: "Gandhi wants independence first and then is willing to resolve communal problem afterwards as he is profoundly a Hindu and wants transfer of full power to some nebulous national, while Jinnah wants to settle the communal problem first and then wants independence as he has lost his trust in Congress and Hindus." Wavell viewed this mini-summit breakdown as a personal challenge to bring together the two parties. He had plans in mind and was willing to use his influence and power to settle the communal deadlock. He would try to bring some moderate Indian leaders to a settlement by calling them to [[Simla]] (India's summer capital). His list included as he told to Amery, "Gandhi and one "other" of the Congress party, Jinnah and one other member of the Muslim League, Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkar]] to represent the "Depressed classes", [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]] to represent the Sikhs, [[M. N. Roy]] for labor representation, and some other to represent Non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and Non-League Hindus and Muslims.

=== Wavell’s Final Push Before the Simla Conference ===
After correspondence with Amery in October, Wavell decided to write to Churchill directly and he tried to convince Churchill in this regard though he was sure that Churchill was reluctant to hold or attend any summit as "he hated India and anything to do with it". Churchill informed Amery that he would not be able to see Wavell until March 1945, Wavell on his own behalf met with Jinnah on 6 December, and tried to convince him to live in a united India as that would be much more beneficial for all because it would be a stronger nation at an international level. Jinnah argued that "Indian unity was only a British creation". Bengal's governor [[Richard Casey, Baron Casey|Richard Casey]] was well informed about Congress-League relations and he wrote to Wavell saying: "Congress is basically responsible for the growth of the [[Pakistan]] idea, by the way they treated the Muslims especially by refusing to allow them into the coalition provincial governments." Wavell agreed with everything Casey said about Pakistan, writing in his reply: "I do not believe that Pakistan will work."<ref name=":1" /> Churchill chaired his war cabinet that reviewed and rejected Wavell's proposal for constitutional reforms in India on 18 December.<ref name=":1" /> But Wavell was invited to visit England, and met with [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] and Cabinet in May 1945. Wavell was allowed to fly back to India in June 1945 to release [[Congress Working Committee]] members and start the talks that would later be called the Simla Conference. Wavell decided to call all key leaders of India in Simla on 25 June 1945 and broadcast a message to all Indians on 14 June 1945 showing British willingness to give India dominion status as soon as possible if the communal deadlock was broken down. "India needs a surgical operation", Nehru noted after considering Wavell's idea, "We have to get rid of our preoccupation with a petty problem" as he considered the demand for Pakistan a petty problem. Jinnah accepted the invitation but only if he could meet with Wavell alone first on 24 June.<ref name=":1" />

==Details==
One day before the conference was convened on 24 June, [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Wavell]] met with [[Abul Kalam Azad]], [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Jinnah]] to assess their approach. He noted in his diary, "Gandhi & Jinnah are behaving like very temperamental prima donnas". [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]] officially opened the summit at 11:00 am on 25 June 1945. In the beginning [[Abul Kalam Azad|Azad]] being president of Congress spoke of its "non-communal" character. Jinnah responded to this by speaking of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]' predominantly Hindu character and at that point there was a tug of war which had to be quieted down by Wavell. On the morning of 29 June the conference was reconvened and Wavell asked parties to submit a list of candidates for his new council, Azad agreed while Jinnah refused to submit a list before consulting the Muslim League's working committee. The conference was adjourned till 14 July, meanwhile Wavell met with Jinnah on 8 July and tried to convince him as Jinnah was determined to nominate all the proposed Muslim members from the Muslim League as he considered the Congress' Muslim representatives to be "show boys". Wavell gave him a letter that was placed in front of the Muslim League's Working Committee on 9 July. Jinnah replied after careful consideration of the Working Committee: "I regret to inform you that you have failed to give assurance relating to the nomination of all Muslim members from Muslim League's platform so we are not able to submit a list." The Viceroy was equally resolved not to give at that point and wired to [[Leo Amery|Amery]] at that night his own list of new council members. Four were to be Muslim League members ([[Liaquat Ali Khan]], [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]], [[Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman]] and [[Eassak Sait]]) and another Non-League Muslim [[Muhammad Nawaz Khan (writer)|Muhammad Nawaz Khan]] (a Punjabi landlord). The five 'Caste Hindus' had to be [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Madhav Shrihari Aney]], [[B. N. Rau]]. [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]] was to represent the Sikhs and [[B. R. Ambedkar]] to represent the "untouchables", [[John Mathai]] was the only Christian thus bringing the total to fourteen (14) including the Viceroy and Commander-in-Chief. Amery asked Wavell to consult this list with Jinnah, when Jinnah was asked about the Muslim names he adamantly refused to allow any League member to be part of the government until the League's right to be the sole representative of Muslims of India was acknowledged. Wavell found this demand impossible thus half an hour later he told Gandhi about his failure, Gandhi took the news calmly and said: "His Majesty King George will sooner or later have to take the Hindu or Muslim point of view as they were irreconcilable." Thus the Wavell plan that was later to be called the Simla Conference failed in its objective and set the trend for the immediate topics that would dominate discourse until Indian independence.<ref name=":0"/>

==Wavell Plan==
In May 1945 Wavell visited London and discussed his ideas with the British Government. These London talks resulted in the formulation of a definite plan of action which was officially made public simultaneously on 14 June 1945 by L.S. Amery, the Secretary of State for India, in the House of Commons and by Wavell in a broadcast speech delivered from Delhi. The plan, commonly known as the Wavell Plan, proposed the following:

# The Viceroy's [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Executive Council]] would be immediately reconstituted and the number of its members would be increased.
# In the Council there would be equal representation of high-caste Hindus and Muslims.
# All the members of the council, except the [[Viceroy]] and the Commander-in-Chief, would be Indians.
# An Indian would be appointed as the member for Foreign Affairs in the Council and a British commissioner would be responsible for trade matters.
# The defense of India would remain in British hands until power was ultimately transferred to Indians.
# The Viceroy would convene a meeting of Indian politicians including the leaders of Congress and the Muslim League at which they would nominate members of the new Council.
# If this plan were to be approved for the central government, then similar councils of local political leaders would be formed in all the provinces.
# None of the changes suggested would in any way prejudice or prejudge the essential form of the future permanent Constitution of India.

To discuss these proposals with Indian leaders, Wavell summoned them to a conference in Simla on 25 June 1945.

== Criticism ==
The Wavell Plan, in essence, proposed the complete "Indianisation" of the Executive Council, but instead of asking all the parties to nominate members to the Executive Council from all the communities, seats were reserved for members on the basis of religion and caste, with the caste Hindus and Muslims being represented on it on the basis of parity. Even [[Mahatma Gandhi]] resented the use of the words "caste Hindus".

While the plan proposed immediate changes to the composition of the Executive Council it did not contain any guarantee of Indian independence, nor did it contain any mention of a future constituent assembly or any proposals for the division of power between the various parties of India.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Failure==
Meanwhile, a [[1945 United Kingdom general election|general election]] had been held in the United Kingdom in July 1945 which had brought the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] to power. The Labour party wanted to transfer power to the Indians as quickly as possible. The new government sent the [[Cabinet Mission Plan|Cabinet Mission]] to India and this proved to be the final nail in the coffin of the Wavell Plan.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Simla Conference}}
{{Indian independence movement}}

[[Category:1945 in British India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:British Empire in World War II]]
[[Category:History of Shimla]]
[[Category:1945 conferences]]

Mario de Loyola Furtado

2026-03-24T12:08:03Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: started info

{{Short description|Portuguese lawyer and journalist (1913–1946)}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mario de Loyola Furtado
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1913|4|26|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1946|10|30|1913|4|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Fatrade, [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_place = Goa, Portuguese India
| occupation = {{hlist|Lawyer|journalist}}
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Alvaro de Loyola Furtado]] (brother)
| known_for = Role in [[Goan]] civil rights
| notable_works = ''A India Purtuguesa''
| monuments = Adv. Mario de Loyola Furtado Memorial, [[Chinchinim]], Goa, India
}}

'''Mario de Loyola Furtado''' (26 April 1913 – 30 October 1946)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=A Tribute to Adv. Mario de Loyola Furtado |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/A-Tribute-to-Adv-Mario-de-Loyola-Furtado/181899 |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref> was a Portuguese lawyer and one of [[Goa]]'s premier journalists. His family ran a newspaper titled the ''A India Purtuguesa'', which was an avenue for [[Goan]]s troubled by the [[Portuguese rule in India|Portuguese rule]].<ref name="archgoa_lf_house">{{cite web | url=http://www.archgoa.org/loyala%20futardo/main.htm | title=Loyala Futardo|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184403/http://www.archgoa.org/loyala%20futardo/main.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Goans civil rights==
Though, neither the newspaper nor his columns can be classified as anti-[[Portugal|Portuguese]], Loyola Furtado brought about a new chapter where Goans could criticize and lash out at the Portuguese regime and bring its lapses to the fore. He hails from the Loyola-Furtado family, who were instrumental in assuring [[civil rights]] to Goans, equal to the rights enjoyed by people in [[Portugal]], Loyola Furtado worked hard in ensuring that Goans were treated in equilibrium with the ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: ''Pakle'') or, the white people.

While [[Jose Inacio de Loyola]] and [[Francisco Luis Gomes]] ensured that [[legislation]]s were passed to ensure civil rights, Loyola Furtado ensured that Goans were aware of such legislations and enough Goans worked to uphold them. His stature normally arose to greater cultural heights at [[carnival]] times, with "Khell Tiatrs" staged all over the place, specially from the {{lang|pt|balcao}} of his ancestral home at Chinchinim.

==Death==
Furtado died in 1946 at a young age of 33, he was remembered by his surviving contemporaries as a legal luminary. He left behind his wife and three sons.

==Aftermath==
Furtado's eldest son, Miguel also known as Mick, was [[South Goa]]'s cultural hero, leading many carnival parades, making sure that Goa's "antique" culture stayed alive. With many paintings, public shows and amusement, he did all he could to keep Goa's and Chinchinim's cultural presence alive. He was known for his carnival "out of the box" performances and vignettes. He died in 1998.

His second son, Rajendra, a lawyer, took a different route, when he en route to establishing a good legal practice, accepted the post as the [[Court Receiver]] of the ''Sociedade Agricola dos Gauncares de Cuncolim'', also known as the [[Cuncolim]] ''Condade'' (County of Cuncolim), In this capacity, he took it upon himself to ensure that the age old system of the ''Sociedade Agricola dos Gauncares de Cuncolim'' stayed alive, in times when there was a danger of the same disappearing as an evacuee property.

The locals in Cuncolim, especially the ever-decreasing politically conscious senior citizens still remember Rajendra as the person responsible for keeping Cuncolim and the Cuncolim way of life alive, as it is today. Rajendra died unexpectedly on 30 November 2011, much to the dismay of the people of Cuncolim, dependent on the ''Sociedade''.

Loyola Furtado's third son, Guido, took the modern route and became a civil engineer and a [[real estate]] builder. Guido is known as one amongst Goa's top [[entrepreneur]]s. As of October 2021, Guido is the only surviving heir of the family.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy==
[[File:Adv Mario de Loyola Furtado Memorial (cropped).jpg|thumb|Frontal view of Adv. Mario de Loyola Furtado Memorial]]
Loyola Furtado's children affiliated with a foundation called "The Chinchinim Social Service" which consisted of all distinguished citizens of Chinchinim. A remarkable hall called "Adv. Mario de Loyola Furtado Memorial" was constructed at a prime centrally place in front of their palatial house.

The hall consisted a public library and space for social gatherings. It was inaugurated on 25 April 1988 with the presence of then Goa Governor, Dr. [[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]], blessed by Bishop Dom José Colaço and the bust unveiled by honourable Law minister, Adv. [[Sheikh Hassan Haroon]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110904070537/http://www.archgoa.org/loyala%20futardo/main.htm A description of Alvaro de Loyola Furtado's ancestral house and family history.]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Loyola Furtado, Mario De}}
[[Category:Journalists from Goa]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]

Jai Singh of Mewar

2026-03-22T08:43:04Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: added info

{{Short description|Maharana of Mewar from 1680 to 1698}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar]]
| image = Raja Ravi Varma, Maharana Jai Singh.jpg
| caption = Jai Singh
| succession = [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar]]
| reign = 22 October 1680 – 23 September 1698
| predecessor = [[Raj Singh I]]
| successor = [[Amar Singh II]]
| dynasty = [[Sisodias of Mewar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1653|12|05|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1698|09|23|1653|12|05|df=y}}
| spouse = Rathorji Anup Kanwarji of [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]]

Chauhanji Roop Kanwarji of [[Bedla]] in [[Mewar]]

Rathorji Bhagwat Kanwarji of [[Bhinai]] in [[Ajmer]]

Hadiji Ganga Kanwarji of [[Bundi]]

Jhaliji Phool Kanwarji of [[Bari Sadri]] in [[Mewar]]

Devadiji Dev Kanwarji of [[Sirohi]]

Chauhanji Swarup Kanwarji of [[Kotharia, Rajasthan|Kotharia]] in [[Mewar]]

Jhaliji Sujan Kanwarji of [[Delwara]] in [[Mewar]]

Hadiji Bishan Kanwarji of Bhajneri in [[Bundi]]

Rathorji Anand Kanwarji of [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]] in [[Mewar]]
| issue = [[Amar Singh II]]

Bhim Singh

Udai Singh

Pratap Singh

Takht Singh

Umaid Singh

Kishan Kanwarji m.to Rao Bhim Singh I of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]

Umaid Kanwarji m.to Rao Budh Singh of [[Bundi]]

Suraj Kanwarji m.to Yuvraj Jagat Singh of [[Jaisalmer]]

Anup Kanwarji m.to Rana Dalel Singh of Gangdhar
| father = [[Raj Singh I]]
| mother = Parmarji Ramras Kanwarji d.of Rao Indrabhan Singh of [[Bijolia]] in [[Mewar]]
}}
{{Mewari Rana}}
'''Maharana Jai Singh'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/udaipur_r.html |title=Udaipur |access-date=15 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227164732/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/u/udaipur_r.html |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (5 December 1653 – 23 September 1698), was the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] [[Rajput]] [[Maharana]] of the [[Mewar Kingdom|Kingdom of Mewar]], reigned for 1680 to 1698. He was the eldest son of [[Raj Singh I|Maharana Raj Singh I]]. Jai Singh was involved the military conflicts against the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]]. He is also known for building the [[Dhebar lake]] (also known as ''Jaisamand).''

==Conflicts with the Mughals==

===Treaty and territorial concessions===
Unlike his predecessors, Jai Singh opted for diplomacy to maintain peace with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. He signed a treaty with [[Aurangzeb]] in 1681, conceding three districts and agreeing to a tribute in exchange for a cessation of hostilities. This decision, however, was met with disapproval from a faction within Mewar, who believed it compromised their sovereignty.<ref>{{cite book author=Ram Vallabh Somani
url-https://books.google.com/books?
id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751
A.D. publisher=Mateshwari |year=1976 oc1c=2929852 }}</ref>
===Military engagements===
{{Main|Rathore rebellion (1679–1707)}}
Jai Singh was posted in the hills near Girwa by his father Raj Singh I, to encounter the invading Mughal army in 1679. In 1680, Aurangzeb left Mewar and reached [[Ajmer]] after the occupation of [[Udaipur]], [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]] and the destruction of several villages and temples. Jai Singh with a strong army conducted a surprise attack on Chittor and caused heavy casualties in the Mughal army. The resistance, energy and night raids of Rajputs made it difficult for the Mughal outposts to maintain their position.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G.n |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.247251 |title=Mewar and the Mughal Emperors |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala and Co Ltd, Agra |year=1954 |pages=171-173 |language=English}}</ref>

Despite the treaty, skirmishes and military confrontations between Mewar and the Mughal forces continued throughout Jai Singh's reign. In 1681, it is claimed that he successfully captured the strategically significant fort of [[Mandalgarh]] from the Mughals. However, neither side was able to achieve a decisive victory in the prolonged conflict.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:1653 births]]
[[Category:1698 deaths]]

Suvrat Raju

2026-03-20T00:14:28Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding info

{{short description|Indian physicist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Suvrat Raju
| image = Suvrat_Raju_2.jpg
| caption = Suvrat at [[IIT Gandhinagar]] in 2024
| alma_mater = [[St Stephen's College, Delhi]] [[Delhi University]] [[Harvard University]]
| thesis_title = Supersymmetric partition functions in the AdS/CFT conjecture
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/0937a288dc5427d5f53477986574805a/1
| thesis_year = 2008
| doctoral_advisor = [[Shiraz Minwalla]]
}}

'''Suvrat Raju''' is an Indian physicist. He is known for his work on [[black hole]]s.<ref name="asianscientistnav">{{cite web |last1=Navarro |first1=Kami |title=Asia's Rising Scientists: Suvrat Raju |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/2020/08/features/asias-rising-scientists-suvrat-raju/ |website=Asian Scientist Magazine |date=14 August 2020}}</ref> He was awarded the 2019 [[ICTP Prize]]<ref name="ictprelease">{{cite web |title=ICTP - ICTP Prize Winners 2019 |url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/prizes-awards/the-ictp-prize/the-prize-winners/ictp-prize-winners-2019.aspx |website=ICTP Prize Winners |publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Physics}}</ref><ref name="ictsictp">{{cite web |title=Suvrat Raju awarded the ICTP Prize |url=https://www.icts.res.in/news/suvrat-raju-awarded-2019-ictp-prize|publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Sciences|date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="ictp release 2">{{cite web |title=ICTP - Awarding Physics Excellence |url=https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/media-centre/news/2019/10/ictp-prize-2019.aspx |website=www.ictp.it|publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Physics|date = 24 October 2019}}</ref> and the 2022 [[Nishina Asia Award|Nishina Asia award]].<ref name="nishinaprize">{{cite web |title=The 2022 (the tenth) Nishina Asia Award is awarded |url=https://www.nishina-mf.or.jp/news_en/2022/08/26/the-2021-the-ninth-nishina-asia-award-is-awarded-2/ |publisher=Nishina Memorial Foundation |language=ja}}</ref><ref name="ictsnishina">{{cite web |title=Suvrat Raju received Nishina Asia award |url=https://www.icts.res.in/news/suvrat-raju-receives-nishina-asia-award}}</ref>

== Research ==

Raju advanced a potential resolution of the [[black hole information paradox]],<ref name="wirekajuri">{{cite web |last1=Kajuri |first1=Nirmalya |title=Of Islands, Holograms and Saving Quantum Physics From a Black Hole Paradox; The Wire Science |url=https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/unitarity-entanglement-islands-holography-information/ |website=The Wire|date=13 November 2022 }}</ref> which is based on the idea that "all the information inside a black hole can be recovered from outside" in quantum gravity.<ref name="sciammusser">{{cite web |last1=Musser |first1=George |title=How Physicists Cracked a Black Hole Paradox |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-physicists-cracked-a-black-hole-paradox/ |website=Scientific American|date=September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="bbcghosh">{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Pallab |title=Scientists claim hairy black holes explain Hawking paradox |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60708711 |website=BBC News |date=17 March 2022}}</ref> Together with [[Kyriakos Papadodimas]], Raju formulated the [[Papadodimas-Raju proposal]] for black holes <ref>{{cite web |last1=Carroll |first1=Sean |title=Firewalls, Burning Brightly |url=https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2013/06/05/firewalls-burning-brightly/ |website=Preposterous Universe |date=5 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karch |first1=Andreas |title=What's Inside a Black Hole's Horizon? |url=https://physics.aps.org/articles/v6/115 |journal=Physics |publisher=American Physical Society |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=en |date=21 October 2013|volume=6 |page=115 |doi=10.1103/Physics.6.115 |bibcode=2013PhyOJ...6..115K |doi-access=free }}</ref> Raju was part of a collaboration that proposed the utility of the [[Mellin transform]] in AdS/CFT arguing that it provided a "natural language" for correlation functions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=A. Liam |last2=Kaplan |first2=Jared |last3=Penedones |first3=Joao |last4=Raju |first4=Suvrat |last5=van Rees |first5=Balt C. |title=A Natural Language for AdS/CFT Correlators |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics |date=November 2011 |volume=2011 |issue=11 |pages=95 |doi=10.1007/JHEP11(2011)095 |arxiv=1107.1499 |s2cid=15959358 |issn=1029-8479}}</ref> Raju was part of a collaboration that developed an "index" for quantum field theories with super-conformal symmetry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kinney |first1=Justin |last2=Maldacena |first2=Juan |last3=Minwalla |first3=Shiraz |last4=Raju |first4=Suvrat |title=An Index for 4 dimensional Super Conformal Theories |journal=Communications in Mathematical Physics |date=8 August 2007 |volume=275 |issue=1 |pages=209–254 |doi=10.1007/s00220-007-0258-7 |arxiv=hep-th/0510251 |s2cid=14349615 |issn=0010-3616}}</ref>

== Career ==
Raju studied physics at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] in Delhi University from 1999 to 2002. He earned his PhD at Harvard University in 2008.<ref name="harvardphds">{{cite web |title=Harvard PhD Theses in Physics, 2001- |url=https://www.physics.harvard.edu/academics/phds |website=www.physics.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> He is currently a professor at the [[International Centre for Theoretical Sciences]] of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]].<ref name="nishinacv">{{cite web |title=The Prize Winner of the 2022 (the tenth) Nishina Asia Award |url=https://www.nishina-mf.or.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Suvrat-Raju-nishina_asia_award-brief-cv.pdf |publisher=Nishina Memorial Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=People: Faculty: Suvrat Raju |url=https://www.icts.res.in/people/suvrat-raju |publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Sciences}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
* 2022 [[Nishina Asia Award|Nishina Asia award]]<ref name="nishinaprize" /> for "his original and influential insights into the resolution of the black hole information paradox and the principle of holography in quantum gravity."
* 2020 [[Asian Scientist 100]]<ref>{{cite web |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/#2020 |website=Asian Scientist Magazine |quote=the Asian Scientist 100 list celebrates the success of the region's best and brightest, highlighting their achievements across a range of scientific disciplines.}}</ref>
* 2019 [[ICTP Prize]]<ref name="ictprelease" /> "for new insights into the holographic description of black-hole interiors, for clarifying the nature of subtle non-local effects in quantum gravity, and for contributions to the study of the AdS/CFT correspondence."
* 2017 [[Swarnajayanti Fellowship]]<ref name="ictsswarnajayanti">{{cite web |title=Suvrat Raju Awarded The Prestigious Swarnajayanti Fellowship To Advance The Research On "Information Paradox" |url=https://www.icts.res.in/news/suvrat-raju-awarded-prestigious-swarnajayanti-fellowship-advance-research-¡§information-paradox¡¨ |website=ICTS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of Awardees- SwarnaJayanti Fellowships Scheme 2016-2017 |url=https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/List-SJF-Award-2016-17.pdf |publisher=Department of Science and Technology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Swarnajayanti Fellowships Scheme |url=https://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/scientific-engineering-research/human-resource-development-and-nurturing-young-talent-swarnajayanti-fellowships-scheme |publisher=Department of Science and Technology, Government of India |quote=a selected number of young scientists, with proven track record, are provided special assistance and support to enable them to pursue basic research in frontier areas of science and technology.}}</ref>
* 2015 Smt. Saraswathi Cowsik medal<ref>{{cite web |title=Endowment Awards |url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~endowment/endowment-awards.htm |website=www.tifr.res.in |publisher=Tata Institute of Fundamental Research |quote=awarded to a member of TIFR - visiting, regular or otherwise - for his/her contribution to an outstanding paper in any field published in the three years prior to the award.}}</ref>
* 2013 [[Indian National Science Academy]] medal for young scientists<ref name="insays">{{cite web |title=INSA :: AWARDS RECIPIENTS |url=https://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |website=Indian National Science Academy |quote="The INSA Young Scientists Award, considered to be the highest recognition of promise, creativity and excellence in a young scientist, is made annually to those distinguished for these attributes as evidenced by their research work carried out in India."}}</ref>
* 2013 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences of India]] young scientist award<ref>{{cite web |title=Nasi-Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Awards In The Field Of Biological/ Physical/Chemical Sciences |url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/yspja.htm |website=www.nasi.nic.in |publisher=National Academy of Sciences of India}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
*{{cite journal |last1=Raju |first1=Suvrat |title=Lessons from the information paradox |journal=Physics Reports |date=12 January 2022 |volume=943 |pages=1–80 |doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2021.10.001 |arxiv=2012.05770 |s2cid=228083488 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0370157321003720 |language=en |issn=0370-1573}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Papadodimas |first1=Kyriakos |last2=Raju |first2=Suvrat |title=An infalling observer in AdS/CFT |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics |date=October 2013 |volume=2013 |issue=10 |pages=212 |doi=10.1007/JHEP10(2013)212|arxiv=1211.6767 |bibcode=2013JHEP...10..212P |s2cid=53650802 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=A. Liam |last2=Kaplan |first2=Jared |last3=Penedones |first3=Joao |last4=Raju |first4=Suvrat |last5=van Rees |first5=Balt C. |title=A Natural Language for AdS/CFT Correlators |journal=Journal of High Energy Physics |date=November 2011 |volume=2011 |issue=11 |pages=95 |doi=10.1007/JHEP11(2011)095 |arxiv=1107.1499 |s2cid=15959358 |issn=1029-8479}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Kinney |first1=Justin |last2=Maldacena |first2=Juan |author-link2=Juan Maldacena |last3=Minwalla |first3=Shiraz |last4=Raju |first4=Suvrat |title=An Index for 4 dimensional Super Conformal Theories |journal=Communications in Mathematical Physics |date=8 August 2007 |volume=275 |issue=1 |pages=209–254 |doi=10.1007/s00220-007-0258-7 |arxiv=hep-th/0510251 |s2cid=14349615 |issn=0010-3616}}

== Public advocacy ==
Raju criticized aspects of the [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-U.S. nuclear deal]] arguing, with [[M. V. Ramana]], that the [[The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010|Indian nuclear liability bill]] favored foreign nuclear corporations<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raju |first1=Suvrat |last2=Ramana |first2=M. V. |title=The Impasse Over Liability Clause in Indo-U.S. Nuclear Deal |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/15/the-impasse-over-liability-clause-in-indo-u-s-nuclear-deal/ |website=India Ink |language=en |date=15 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Raju |first1=Suvrat |last2=Ramana |first2=M. V. |title=Moral hazard of indemnifying suppliers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Moral-hazard-of-indemnifying-suppliers/article13444510.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=20 August 2010}}</ref> and that the nuclear reactors that the Indian government was planning to import were expensive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Raju |first1=Suvrat |title=Repeating Enron in Jaitapur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/repeating-enron-in-jaitapur/article4834435.ece |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramana |first1=M. V. |last2=Raju |first2=Suvrat |title=Pushing the wrong energy buttons |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/pushing-the-wrong-energy-buttons/article30965454.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=2 March 2020}}</ref> Raju was part of a team of scientists that released a report on the protests at Hyderabad central University in 2016 that was critical of the actions of the university administration.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Shreya Roy |title=How scientists in elite research centres became interested in social justice on campuses |url=https://scroll.in/article/827650/how-scientists-in-elite-research-centres-became-interested-in-social-justice-on-campuses |website=Scroll.in |date=3 February 2017 |publisher=Scroll}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Network |first1=Times News |title=Rohith Vemula row: Report nails VC for muzzling dissent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/rohith-vemula-row-report-nails-vc-for-muzzling-dissent/articleshow/56321557.cms |website=The Times of India |date=4 January 2017 |publisher=Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Raju was part of a group of scientists who argued that the 2019 [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Indian Citizenship (Amendment) Act]] was discriminatory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Masih |first1=Archana |title='Protests have forced government on the backfoot' |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/interview/protests-have-forced-govt-on-backfoot/20200121.htm |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Raju |first1=Suvrat |title=Scientists Weigh In on India's Citizenship Debate |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/scientists-weigh-in-on-indias-citizenship-debate/ |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Network |first1=Times News |title=CAB Bill Latest News: IISc researchers protest; IIMB students, faculty write to Prime Minister Narendra Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/caa-fallout-in-karnataka-iisc-researchers-protest-iimb-students-faculty-write-to-prime-minister-narendra-modi/articleshow/72802799.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 Dec 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mudur |first1=G. S. |title=Civil society voices grow against Citizenship Bill |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/civil-society-voices-grow-against-citizenship-bill/cid/1725593 |work=Telegraph India |date=19 December 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Suvrat}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Vitthal Ramji Shinde

2026-03-16T15:09:53Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir:

{{Short description|Indian social reformer (1873–1944)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=August 2016}}
{{Peacock|date=December 2022}}
{{Unbalanced|date=February 2026}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox biography
| name = Vitthal Ramji Shinde
| image = V R Shinde.jpg
| birth_name = Vitthal Ramji Shinde
| birth_date = {{birth date|1873|4|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jamkhandi]], [[British India]] (now [[Karnataka]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1944|1|2|1873|4|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay Province]], [[British India]]
| citizenship =
| education = [[Fergusson College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|researcher}}
| known_for = {{hlist|[[Social Reformer]]|[[Missionary]]}}
}}

'''Vitthal Ramji Shinde''' (23 April 1873 – 2 January 1944) was an Indian scholar, writer, and social reformer. He is known for his work against [[untouchability]] and advocating religious and social reform during [[British Raj|direct Crown rule]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-21 |title=Its time for a Bahujan rethink |url=https://sabrangindia.in/article/its-time-bahujan-rethink/ |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=SabrangIndia |language=en-US}}</ref> Shinde was associated with the liberal reformist tradition in India, and contributed to the early discourse on [[Caste system in India|caste]] and [[Dalit]] rights.<ref>https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/mag-hmr-dr-5776229-nor.html</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Patnekar |first=Mrunal |title=Relocating caste: The politics of communalism in early twentieth-century Bombay |date=2018 |work=Re-searching Transitions in Indian History |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429487569-12/relocating-caste-mrunal-patnekar |access-date=2023-03-02 |doi=10.4324/9780429487569-12 |s2cid=242029679|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Badri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bo0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 |title=Kanshiram: Leader of the Dalits |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-670-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganachari |first=Aravind |date=2005 |title=First World War: Purchasing Indian Loyalties: Imperial Policy of Recruitment and 'Rewards' |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4416244 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=40 |issue=8 |pages=779–788 |issn=0012-9976 |jstor=4416244}}</ref>

== Early life & Marriage ==
Shinde was born on 23 April 1873 in the [[princely state]] of [[Jamkhandi]], now in [[Karnataka]], into a [[Maratha clan system|Maratha]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Shinde and the Peasant Movement |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?18289 |access-date=25 March 2025 |website=Amritmahotsav}}</ref> His early childhood was influenced by a family environment that was tolerant of different ideologies and belief systems. His family friends and acquaintances came from various social backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde – Social Studies Foundation |url=https://socialstudiesfoundation.org/2024/04/23/maharshi-vitthal-ramji-shinde/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Vitthal Ramji Shinde.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Vitthal Ramji Shinde in 1938]]
The beginning of his involvement in religion came from his reading of [[Tukaram|Sant Tukaram]], [[Eknath|Sant Eknath]], and [[Samarth Ramdas|Sant Ramdas]] of [[Maharashtra]], while his intellectual awakening was influenced by the writings of thinkers like [[John Stuart Mill]], [[Herbert Spencer]], [[Max Müller]], [[Mahadev Govind Ranade]], and [[R. G. Bhandarkar]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Vitthal Ramji Shinde, a follower of the Karkari sect, was married to Yamunabai, who spoke [[Kannada]] and was raised in a Vaishnavite Brahmin family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KARMVEER V. R. SHINDE AND HIS WORK FOR THE UPLIFTMENT OF UNTOUCHABLES. |url=http://zenithresearch.org.in/images/stories/pdf/2018/JUNE/ZIJMR/zijmrjune2018-vijry.pdf |access-date=24 Feb 2026 |website=zenithresearch}}</ref>

== Education ==
In 1898, Shinde earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from [[Fergusson College]], [[Pune]]. He began law studies in Mumbai to pursue his Bachelor of Laws (LLB) but discontinued them.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} In that year, he joined the [[Prarthana Samaj]], where he was influenced by figures such as [[Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade]] and [[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]]. In 1901, with the financial support of [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] of [[Baroda State]], he went to [[Manchester College, Oxford]], to study comparative religion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde {{!}} Pune Prarthana Samaj |url=https://puneprarthanasamaj.org/2020/04/30/maharshi-vitthal-ramji-shinde-2/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
After returning to India in 1903, Shinde resumed his work with the Prarthana Samaj and became active in efforts to address caste-based discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vitthal Ramji Shinde |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/vitthal_ramji_shinde-profile-3746-30.htm |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=veethi.com}}</ref> He focused on education and social welfare initiatives for the [[Dalit|Depressed Classes]]. In 1905, he opened a night school for Dalit and untouchable children in Pune.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} The following year, on 16 October 1906, in Mumbai, he founded the Depressed Classes Mission in Bombay.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde – Social Studies Foundation |url=https://socialstudiesfoundation.org/2024/04/23/maharshi-vitthal-ramji-shinde/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In subsequent years, he established the ''Murali Pratibandhak Sabha'' or "Murali Prohibition Council" in 1910 and convened the ''Asprushyata Nivaran Parishad'' or "Untouchability Eradication Council" in 1912.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} In 1917, Shinde played a role in passing a resolution at the [[Indian National Congress]] condemning the practice of untouchability.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Between 1918 and 1920, he was involved in organizing conferences on untouchability, chaired by leaders including [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} He also presented evidence before the [[Southborough Franchise Committee]] in 1919, advocating for political representation of marginalized castes. In 1923, he resigned from the executive of the Depressed Classes Mission due to internal disagreements, but he remained associated with its objectives.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

In 1930, Shinde participated in the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] and was imprisoned for six months in [[Yerwada Central Jail]].<ref name=":2" />

== Writings and views ==
During the 1920 Bombay Presidency Council elections, which he contested from [[Pune]], he published a Marathi-language article titled ''Bahujan Paksh'' in Baroda's ''Jagruti Patra''.<ref name=":2" /> The article served as a political statement and outlined the objectives of the Bahujan Samaj Paksha, a party aimed at representing socially and economically disadvantaged groups in Indian society.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-17 |title=Bahujan Paksh's manifesto – Vitthal Ramji Shinde |url=https://thesatyashodhak.com/bahujan-pakshs-manifesto-vitthal-ramji-shinde/ |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=The Satyashodhak |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1933, Shinde published ''Bhartiya Asprushyatecha Prashna,'' which translates to "India's Untouchability Question," addressing issues on the caste system, religious orthodoxy, and social discrimination. He criticized idol worship, ritualism, hereditary priesthood, and practices that, in his view, obstructed social equality.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} He emphasized a direct relationship between individuals and the divine, without the need for intermediaries<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde {{!}} Pune Prarthana Samaj |url=https://puneprarthanasamaj.org/2020/04/30/maharshi-vitthal-ramji-shinde-2/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Depressed Classes Mission ==
Shinde established the Depressed Classes Mission. The mission's purpose was to elevate the social and spiritual condition of the Depressed Classes, such as the Mahars, Chamars, and Namasudras.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book |last=Kshīrasāgara |first=Rāmacandra |title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC |access-date=2008-01-07 |year=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt (. Ltd. |isbn=81-85880-43-3 |pages=128}}</ref>

To accomplish this, the society worked to:
# Oppose untouchability.
# Provide education to Dalit communities.
# Establish schools, hostels, and healthcare facilities.
# Address social challenges faced by marginalized groups.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Death ==
Vitthal Ramji Shinde died on 2 January 1944, at the age of 70, in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Work of Vitthal Ramji Shinde: Learn about Legacy and Impact. |url=https://testbook.com/mpsc-preparation/social-work-of-vitthal-ramji-shinde |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Testbook |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Additional works ==
* Dr. G.M. Pawar, English translation by Sudhakar Marathe, *The Life and Work of Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde*, Sahitya Akademi, 2013. {{ISBN|978-81-260-4064-3}}
* M.S. Gore, *Vitthal Ramji Shinde: An Assessment of His Contribution*, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 1989.
* G.M. Pawar, *Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde: Jeevan wa Karya* (Marathi), 2004. {{ISBN|81-88284-37-8}}
* Katare, *Maharashtra History*, 2013 edition.

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shinde, Vithal Ramaji}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Dalit activists]]
[[Category:People from Jamakhandi]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Prarthana Samaj]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Dalit Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]

M. R. Radha

2026-03-07T05:40:55Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: typo fix

{{short description|Indian actor and politician}}
{{Indian patronymic|Radha|Rajagopal}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. R. Radha
| image = Radha (cropped).jpg
| caption = Radha in [[Ratha Kanneer]] movie
| birth_name = Madras Rajagopalan Radhakrishnan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1907|04|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1979|09|17|1907|04|14|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| othername = Nadigavel
| years_active = 1937-1979
| spouse = {{ubl|Saraswathi|Dhanalakshmi|Geetha}}
| children = 12 (including [[M. R. R. Vasu]], [[Radha Ravi]], Raju, [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Nirosha]])
| family = [[List of South Indian film families#Radha family|Radha family]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|politician}}
}}

'''Madras Rajagopalan Radhakrishnan''' (14 April 1907 – 17 September 1979), better known as '''M. R. Radha''', was an Indian actor and politician active in Tamil plays and films. He was given the title "Nadigavel" (King of Acting) by [[Pattukkottai Alagiri]] for his versatile acting.<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Muktha Srinivasan]] |author2=|title=Inaiyatra Sadanaiyalargal
|volume=2 |publisher=Gangai Puthaka Nilayam |year=2001|page=158| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2lmAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Karunanantham |author2=|title=Thanthai Periyar (Muzhu Muthal Vazhkai Varalaru)
|volume= |publisher=VOC Noolagam |year=1979|page=157| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnJlRnKlsOAC }}
</ref> He mostly played villain roles, but had also acted in several films as comedian.

== Career ==
Madras Rajagopalan Radhakrishnan was born on 14 April 1907 at [[Chintadripet]], a locality in [[Chennai]] (then Madras), Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=27 July 2014 |title=The ultimate bad guy |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20140727/282381217678728 |access-date=18 December 2020 |via=[[PressReader]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=1 August 2014 |title=M.R. Radha: The star who questioned it all |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mr-radha-the-star-who-questioned-it-all/article6268961.ece |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> Radha left his home at an early age due to a quarrel with his mother in which she declined to give an extra piece of fish to eat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=9 August 2014 |title=Rajaguru of villains |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/nambiar-rajaguru-of-villains/article6299230.ece |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>

Radha was a popular theatre [[artiste]] who performed in more than 5000 stage shows. Starting at the age of 10, he appeared at first in small roles and eventually grew to a level that stories for dramas were custom-made for him.{{Citation needed|reason=there is no citation for this complete paragraph, especially the numbers|date=December 2016}}

Radha gained popularity with the success of his stage play ''Ratha Kanneer''. His performance in [[Ratha Kanneer|the 1954 film version of the play]], directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]], brought wider recognition of his talents and made him a household name in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=22 July 2005 |title=On Sivaji death anniversary, M.R. Radha, Kannamba remembered |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/on-sivaji-death-anniversary-mr-radha-kannamba-remembered/article27433674.ece |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

Radha played both villain roles and comedic roles. In the 1960s, roles were specially written for him, and he often played the villain to actors like [[M.G. Ramachandran]] and [[Sivaji Ganesan]].

== Political Life ==
Although there were some professional conflicts with [[Periyar|E.V. Ramasamy]] in the beginning, later he was greatly attracted by his principles and became a prominent supporter of the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]]. While being a personal friend of [[K. Kamaraj|Kamaraj]], he campaigned for him during elections when E.V. Ramasamy supported the Congress. Due to his political leanings and profession, he had differences of opinion with [[M. G. Ramachandran|M.G.R]].

He extensively propagated his reformist ideas, anti-Brahministic views,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mariappan |first=V. |date=2022-04-15 |title=M R Radha: Blunt truth-teller soaked in Dravidian principles |url=https://inmathi.com/2022/04/15/m-r-radha-blunt-truth-teller-soaked-in-dravidian-principles/48531/ |access-date= |website=Inmathi |language=en-US}}</ref> and Dravidian movement concepts through his plays and films. Despite this, even his opponents appreciated his acting.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The Madras Provincial Legislative Assembly introduced a new law specifically to ban plays in response to Radha's "Ramayanam" play. When the debate for this law was taking place, Radha went to the legislature. The assembly members opposed this, but Radha insisted that he should necessarily witness the debate since the law was being created specifically for him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-10 |title=எம்.ஆர்.ராதா : பெரியாரின் துருவேறாத போர்வாள்! |url=https://www.vinavu.com/2008/10/10/mrradha/ |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=வினவு |language=en-US}}</ref>

When Periyar announced that a hall would be opened in the name of Radha who had once proclaimed 'Don't build fan clubs for actors,' Radha shyly declined the honor. In 1963, while inaugurating the Radha Mandram (Radha Hall) at Periyar Thidal, Periyar remarked in his speech, 'I am inaugurating this hall only so that other actors might gain some wisdom.

== M. G. Ramachandran shooting incident ==
[[File:M. R. Radha.png|thumb|left|Radha In his later years]]
On 12 January 1967, Radha and producer K.N. Vasu of Muthukumaran Pictures visited the actor and politician [[M. G. Ramachandran]] at his home to talk about a future project. During the conversation, Radha suddenly got up from his chair and shot twice at Ramachandran's left ear. Both bullets got lodged in Ramachandran's neck. Radha then turned the gun on himself and tried to shoot himself, but the bullet just scratched his right temple. Radha and Ramachandran were admitted to the [[Government General Hospital, Chennai]], where they survived after proper treatment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivathsan |first=A. |date=23 December 2012 |title=The day M.R. Radha shot MGR |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-day-mr-radha-shot-mgr/article12059018.ece |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> The only eyewitness for the shooting was Vasu.

In the assassination trial, held at Saithapet First Division Magistrate Court under Magistrate S. Kuppusami in May 1967, and later at the Chingleput Sessions Court held under Justice P. Lakshmanan, Radha was represented by eminent criminal attorney N. T. Vanamamalai. The verdict was delivered on 4 November 1967. As majority of the evidences were against Radha, he was sentenced to a seven-year term. At the High Court hearing, considering his age, the sentence was reduced to four years and three months.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivatsan |first=A. |date=24 December 2012 |title=Radha pleaded innocence; was found guilty |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/radha-pleaded-innocence-was-found-guilty/article4232721.ece |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>

== Death ==
After being released from jail, Radha died of jaundice on 17 September 1979 aged 72 at his residence in Thiruchirappalli. His popularity had improved and his funeral procession was one of the largest in South India, as over 200,000 mourners paid respect.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balachandran|first=Logesh|date=18 September 2020|title=Radikaa Sarathkumar shares throwback pic on dad MR Radha's death anniversary: Always in our hearts|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/radikaa-sarathkumar-shares-throwback-pic-on-dad-mr-radha-s-death-anniversary-always-in-our-hearts-1723019-2020-09-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=19 December 2020|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Majordasan|date=|title=Potpourri of titbits about Tamil cinema – M. R. Radha|url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Jan10_1_15/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_M_R_Radha.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=19 December 2020|website=Kalyanamalai}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Although Radha is Tamil-speaking, he is of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] descent and his family's roots can be traced back to [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NA908Gd-H9s&t=820s | title=Raadhika Sarathkumar Open Heart with RK || Full Episode || Season-3 || OHRK | website=[[YouTube]] | date=3 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJmZ5iCfkD4&t=884s|title=Alitho Saradaga | Raadhika (Actress) | 18th April 2022 | Full Episode | ETV Telugu|date=18 April 2022 |via=www.youtube.com|time=14:44}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZrwa4fzuTI|title=Radhika Brother Actor Radha Ravi Exclusive Interview | Roshan Interviews | @sumantvtelugulive|date=18 July 2024|via=YouTube}}</ref> He was married three times, with the marriages occurring concurrently. His wives were named Saraswathi, Dhanalakshmi and Geetha. He was the father of 12 children by his three wives. His four sons were [[M. R. R. Vasu]], [[Radha Ravi|M. R. Radha Ravi]], Raju and Mohan. Also had eight daughters including Rashya, Rani, Rathikala, Ganavalli, Kasturi, Rajeswari, [[Radhika Sarathkumar]] and [[Nirosha]]. His first son Vasu was a leading character artist until the mid-1980s. His other son [[Radha Ravi]] is also an actor. Radhika is an actress and producer and is married to actor [[R. Sarathkumar]]. [[Nirosha]] (also known as Niroja) is an actress working mostly in supporting roles; she is married to actor [[Ramki]].

== Filmography ==
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''

=== 1930s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1937
|''Rajasekaran Emantha Sonagiri''
|
|Debut Movie
|-
|1939
|''[[Santhana Devan (1939 film)|Santhana Devan]]''
|
|
|-
|}

=== 1940s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|-
|1940
|''[[Satyavaani]]''
|
|
|}

=== 1950s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|-
|1954
|''[[Ratha Kanneer]]''
|Mohan
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=31 May 2020 |title='Ratha Kanneer': MR Radha's film is a scathing indictment of our culture |work=[[The News Minute]] |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ratha-kanneer-mr-radha-s-film-scathing-indictment-our-culture-125619 |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|1958
|''[[Nalla Idathu Sammandham]]''
|Muthu
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1959
|''Ulagam Sirikkirathu''
|Jagadeesan
|
|-
|''[[Thamarai Kulam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhaaga Pirivinai]]''
|Singaram
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy|date=31 January 2015|title=Bhagapirivinai 1959|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/blast-from-the-past-bhagapirivinai-1959/article6842599.ece|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== 1960s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |1960
|''[[Aadavantha Deivam]]''
|Malaiyappan
|
|-
|''[[Rathinapuri Ilavarasi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ondrupattal Undu Vazhvu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kadavulin Kuzhandhai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kavalai Illaadha Manithan]]''
|Manickam
|
|-
|''[[Kairasi]]''
|Kumar
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1961
|''[[Paava Mannippu]]''
|Aalavandhar
|
|-
|''[[Kongunattu Thangam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sabaash Mapillai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kumudham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nallavan Vazhvan]]''
|Nalasivam
|
|-
|''[[Paalum Pazhamum]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Panam Panthiyile]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thaai Sollai Thattadhe]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pangaaligal]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="23" |1962
|''[[Naagamalai Azhagi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Pattinathar (1962 film)|Pattinathar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mangaiyar Ullam Mangatha Selvam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Madappura]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarada (1962 film)|Sarada]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Valar Pirai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thayai Katha Thanayan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ethaiyum Thangum Ithaiyam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ellorum Vazhavendum]]''
|Guest Appearance
|
|-
|''[[Padithal Mattum Podhuma]]''
|Kailasam
|
|-
|''[[Bale Pandiya (1962 film)|Bale Pandiya]]''
|Kabali and Amirthalingam Pillai
|
|-
|''[[Kannadi Maaligai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Paadha Kaanikkai]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mahaveera Bheeman]]''
|Guest Appearance
|
|-
|''[[Kudumba Thalaivan]]''
|Velayudam Pilai
|
|-
|''[[Kathiruntha Kangal]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Paasam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kavitha (1962 film)|Kavitha]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thendral Veesum]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Indira En Selvam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Muthu Mandapam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sengamala Theevu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aalayamani]]''
|Aatkondan Pillai
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Kadavulai Kanden]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Koduthu Vaithaval]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Dharmam Thalai Kaakkum]]''
|Sadanandam
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Iruvar Ullam (1963 film)|Iruvar Ullam]]''
|Gnana Sigamani
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Kattu Roja]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Mani Osai]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]''
|Guest Appearance
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]''
| Kailasam Pillai
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Aasai Alaigal]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Idhayathil Nee]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Anandha Jodhi]]''
|Punniya Kodi
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Paar Magaley Paar]]''
|Nataraj
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Neethikkupin Paasam]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Kalyaniyin Kanavan]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Kaanchi Thalaivan]]''
| PooVikraman
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Karpagam]]''
| Thandavam
|
|-
|1963
|''[[Parisu]]''
|
|
|-
|1963
|''Puratshi Veeran Pulithevan''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Vettaikkaran (1964 film)|Vettaikkaran]]''
|Sundaram
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Pasamum Nesamum]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[En Kadamai]]''
|Tharumalingam
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Pachhai Vilakku (1964 film)|Pachchai Vilakku]]''
|Rajabaadhar
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Kai Kodutha Deivam]]''
| Keady Varathan
|
|-
|1964
|''Magaley Un Samathu''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Arunagirinathar (film)|Arunagirinathar]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Vazhi Piranthadu]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Puthiya Paravai]]''
|Rangan
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Ullasa Payanam]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Aayiram Roobai]]''
|
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Bobbili Yuddham]]''
|Hyder Jung
|
|-
|1964
|''[[Thaayin Madiyil]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1965
|''[[Pazhani (1965 film)|Pazhani]]''
|Kalyanam
|
|-
|''[[Santhi (1965 film)|Santhi]]''
| Paramasivam Pillai
|
|-
|''[[Hello Mister Zamindar]]''
|Azhagirisamy
|
|-
|''Paditha Manaivi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarasa B.A.]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vazhikatti]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Enga Veettu Penn]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Thazhampoo]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Anandhi (1965 film)|Anandhi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1966
|''[[Chitthi]]''
|Periyasami Pillai
|
|-
|''[[Chandrodayam]]''
|Duryodhanan
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Guy|first=Randor|author-link=Randor Guy|date=9 January 2016|title=Blast from the past: Chandhrodhayam (1966)|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Chandhrodhayam-1966/article13990301.ece|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Petralthan Pillaiya]]''
|Kabali
|
|-
|}

=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1974
|''[[Samaiyalkaran]]''
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Dasavatharam (film)|Dasavatharam]]''
|Hiranya Kashipu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1978
|''Mela Thalangal''
|
|
|-
|''Panchabootham''
|
|
|-
|''[[Vandikkaran Magan]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Taxi Driver (1978 film)|Taxi Driver]]''
|
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Velum Mayilum Thunai]]''
|Velayudham/Thanikachalam
|
|-
|}

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1980
|''[[Saranam Ayyappa]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naan Potta Savaal]]''
|Arthanari
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1173060|name=M. R. Radha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radha, Mohan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Anti-Brahminism]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Periyarists]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

The Jungle (1952 film)

2026-03-04T05:02:33Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding post - done

{{Short description|1952 film by William A. Berke}}
{{About|the 1952 film||Kaadu (disambiguation){{!}}Kaadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Jungle
| image = Kaadu the jungle.jpg
| caption = American poster
| director = [[William Berke]]
| producer = [[T. R. Sundaram]] ([[Modern Theatres|The Modern Theatres Ltd]]) [[William Berke]] [[Ellis Dungan]] [[Robert L. Lippert]]
| story =
| starring = [[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]] [[Cesar Romero]] [[Marie Windsor]] [[M. N. Nambiar]]
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]]
| cinematography = [[Clyde De Vinna]]
| editing = L. Balu
| studio = [[Modern Theatres|The Modern Theatres Ltd]]
| distributor = [[Lippert Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1952|08|01}}
| runtime = 73 min
| country = India United States
| language = English Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Jungle''''' is a 1952 Indian-American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[adventure film]] directed by [[William Berke]]. It stars [[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]], [[Cesar Romero]], [[Marie Windsor]] and [[M.N. Nambiar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE JUNGLE |url=https://collections.new.oscars.org/Details/FilmWorks/1018126 |website=[[Academy Awards|Academy Collections]] |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628030637/https://collections.new.oscars.org/Details/FilmWorks/1018126 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=3 June 2016 |title=A Tamil film that had aliens, spaceships, anti-gravity boots half a century ago |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/tamil-film-had-aliens-spaceships-anti-gravity-boots-half-century-ago-44272 |website=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628023616/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/tamil-film-had-aliens-spaceships-anti-gravity-boots-half-century-ago-44272 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was the first science fiction film in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Hevil |date=2005 |title=Science Fiction in India |url=http://sciencefictionlab.lcc.gatech.edu/subTopicIndia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712094252/http://sciencefictionlab.lcc.gatech.edu/subTopicIndia.html |archive-date=12 July 2007 |access-date=2008-01-07 |website=sciencefictionlab.lcc.gatech.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leeper |first=Mark R. |title=India's Hollywood Takeaway |url=http://www.computercrowsnest.com/sfnews2/03_sept/news0903_3.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210075746/http://www.computercrowsnest.com/sfnews2/03_sept/news0903_3.shtml |archive-date=10 February 2007 |access-date=2008-01-07 |website=computercrowsnest.com}}</ref> The film is predominantly in English while the villagers speak in Tamil.<ref name="PopMatters" /> The film was later dubbed in Tamil as ''Kaadu''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=92 |orig-date=1994}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Princess Sati returns home to India, as regent for her father, at the request of her council of ministers. They inform her that multiple villages have been destroyed by stampeding elephants. Her friend Rama Singh was tasked with stopping the attacks. He hired famous hunter Steve Bentley who took 10 hunters with him into the jungle and only he returned. When questioned by Sita, Bentley says that he discovered that the stampedes were caused by mammoths. Singh feels guilty for hiring Bentley as one of the 10 hunters killed was his young brother.

After another raid Sita decides that she and Singh will find the elephants and stop the stampedes. Bentley wants to join them to save his reputation, and takes along some hand-grenades as he thinks they will be more effective than just the guns of the platoon of soldiers Sita is taking. Sita's young servant Babu also tags along. At the village Bentley notices the food is untouched and theorizes that the elephants are stampeding through fear, not hunger.

They follow the elephants trail into the jungle, followed by Chandrakaul, a villager who resents the progressive policies of Sita and her father and is determined to kill Sita. One night a bear is let into Bentley's tent. But Bentley has swapped with Sita's Aunt Samira, who is attacked. Bentley then finds a scorpion in the same tent and suspects Singh is responsible. Samira returns home and begs Sita to go with her but she refuses.

They cross a ravine by a log bridge. When they are attacked by the mammoths they make for the bridge but Chandrakaul has pushed it into the ravine. Singh shoots Chandrakaul, the others take refuge in the nearby hills. They shoot and throw grenades at the mammoths but this has little effect. Babu's monkey arms a grenade which rolls towards Sita. Bentley dives on the grenade, which explodes bringing down the mountain Singh and Sita drag Bentley under an overhang as the landslide apparently kills the mammoths and a few of the soldiers. Before Bentley dies he says he was going to leave without telling Singh about his brother.

== Cast ==
*[[Rod Cameron (actor)|Rod Cameron]] as Steve Bentley
*[[Cesar Romero]] as Rama Singh
*[[Marie Windsor]] as Princess Mari
*[[Ruby Mayer|Sulochana]] as Aunt Sumira
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Mahaji
*[[David Abraham (actor)|David Abraham]] as Prime Minister
*Ramakrishna as Babu
*Chitra Devi as Dancer

== Soundtrack ==
The film features music by [[G. Ramanathan]], which includes Tamil songs.

== Critical reception ==
Writing for ''[[PopMatters]]'' in 2013, David Maine wrote that "Low on monsters, but the unusual setting and musical interludes lend it an undeniably different feel from other films of the decade. Still pretty dull though".<ref name="PopMatters">{{Cite web |last=Maine |first=David |date=31 October 2013 |title=Don't Open That Door! #59: 'The Jungle' (1952) |url=https://www.popmatters.com/175900-dont-open-that-door-59-the-jungle-1952-2495716578.html |website=[[PopMatters]] |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628021827/https://www.popmatters.com/175900-dont-open-that-door-59-the-jungle-1952-2495716578.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Science fiction films in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Modern Theatres}}
{{William Berke}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jungle (1952 film), The}}
[[Category:1952 American films]]
[[Category:1952 Indian films]]
[[Category:1952 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1950s science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:1952 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American multilingual films]]
[[Category:American science fiction adventure films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about bears]]
[[Category:Films about elephants]]
[[Category:Films about hunting]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films produced by William Berke]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in jungles]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]
[[Category:Lippert Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by William A. Berke]]
[[Category:1952 science fiction films]]

Na Hannyate

2026-03-04T00:22:21Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: started a info

{{Hatnote|For 1974 Bengali novel, see [[Na Hanyate]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Na Hannyate
| image = Na Hannyate poster.jpg
| alt = Na Hannyate poster
| caption = Movie poster
| director = [[Riingo Banerjee]]
| studio = Srijita Films & Entertainment
| writer =
| screenplay = Riingo Banerjee
| story = Riingo Banerjee
| based_on = {{based on|The Great Tangsan Earthquake|Zhang Ling}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Roopa Ganguly]] [[Sayani Datta]] [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul]] [[Priyanka Sarkar]] Chaiti Ghosal
| music = Sriram Yusuf (Dibyendu Mukherjee)
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| runtime =
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|16}}
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Na Hannyate'''''<ref group=lower-greek>Spelling according to [https://archive.today/20130203155302/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111201/jsp/entertainment/story_14821145.jsp Telegraph (Calcutta)]</ref> is a 2012 Indian [[Bengali-language]] [[disaster film|disaster]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Riingo Banerjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/disaster-films-are-on-the-rise-in-bengal/1031473/|title=Disaster films are on the rise in Bengal - Indian Express|publisher=}}</ref> The story of the film is inspired by [[Zhang Ling (author)|Zhang Ling]]'s novella ''The Great Tangshan Earthquake''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com//movies/na-hanyate-bengali/ET00011782?fbrefresh=1|title=Na Hanyate (Bengali) Movie (2012) {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date|website=Book My Show|language=en|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]]
* [[Priyanka Sarkar]]
* [[Roopa Ganguly]]
* [[Debshankar Haldar]]
* Dibyendu Mukherjee
* [[Sayani Datta]]
* [[Chaiti Ghoshal]]

== See also ==
* ''[[Charuulata 2011]]'', 2012 Bengali film

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

[[Category:2010s disaster films]]
[[Category:Films about earthquakes]]
[[Category:Disaster films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian disaster films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Chinese novels]]

Do Matwale

2026-03-03T23:31:00Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: cleanup page to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Do Matwale दो मतवाले
| image = Do Matwale.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Ajay Kashyap]]
| producer = Pushpa S. Choudhary
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = Ajay Kashyap
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Chunky Pandey]] [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] [[Shilpa Shirodkar]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = K.V. Ramanna
| editing = Waman B. Bhosle Gurudutt Shirali
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1991|05|03|India}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Do Matwale''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Bollywood]] [[Action film]] directed by [[Ajay Kashyap]] and produced by Pushpa S. Choudhary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Matwale LAXMIKANT PYARELAL LP Record Bollywood India-2111 |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/325843485637 |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=eBay |language=en-US}}</ref> It stars [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] and [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Do MatwaleUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/do-matwale/movieshow/61241629.cms |access-date=2024-04-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Matwale {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/do_matwale |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==

Amar comes to the city for his mother's medical treatment. He robbed by a local goon on medical store. Fortunately, a young man Ajay helps him. They became friends. Then one day Amar attempts to prevent Ajay from committing a robbery only to get Ajay arrested by the police. Ajay swears to avenge this. Later Amar forced to enter crime world to arrange money for his mother's operation.

Ajay gets released from jail, now his only motive is to take revenge. Ajay got shocked to know that his sister Doctor Pooja is in love with Amar. Ajay threatens Amar to stay away from Pooja. The couple elope and get married. Pooja got brutally raped and murdered by Kasturi and Pyaremohan. Now Amar and Ajay's only motive to take revenge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do Matwale - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6039#google_vignette |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Ajay
* [[Chunky Pandey]] as Amar
* [[Sonam (actress)|Sonam]] as Sonu
* [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] as Dr. Pooja
* [[Kader Khan]] as Gorakh Nath
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Pyaremohan
* [[Anjana Mumtaz]] as Sarita G. Nath
* [[Sushma Seth]] as Amar's mother
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Sampath / Champath / Ganpath
* [[Preeti Sapru]]
* [[Gurbachan Singh]]
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Kasturi
* [[Viju Khote]]

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Anarkali Tere Sar Ki Kasam"
| [[Jolly Mukherjee]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Alka Yagnik]], Arun
|-
| 2
| "Ho Jayegi Kahau Tu"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]], Alpna Deshpande
|-
| 3
| "Kar Gayi Muhalle Mein Halla"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
|-
| 4
| "Koi Hai Hum Hain"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 5
| "Main Aaj Bolta Hoon"
| Mohammed Aziz, Kavita Krishnamurthy
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0359168}}

[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ajay Kashyap]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam

2026-03-03T21:50:43Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: corrected details and fixed typos

{{short description|2016 Telugu horror comedy film directed by G.Nageswara Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam
| image = Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| writer = G. Nageswara Reddy
| story =
| screenplay =
| producer = [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]]
| director = [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Kruthika Jayakumar]] Mouryani [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cinematography = Dasaradhi Sivendra
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra|SVCC Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|12|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam''''' ({{translation|The ghost in the house, why should I fear?}}) is a 2016 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[horror comedy]] film, produced by [[B. V. S. N. Prasad]] on [[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra|SVCC Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]] banner and directed by [[G. Nageswara Reddy]]. Starring [[Allari Naresh]], [[Kruthika Jayakumar]], Mouryani and [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], with music composed by [[Sai Karthik]].

==Plot==
Naresh runs a band troupe, he falls for a girl Indumati at first sight, who runs an orphanage. During the process of wooing her, he learns, that a kid in the orphanage is suffering from a serious heart problem and must be operated on soon which requires 3 lakhs. Simultaneously, another story runs, a wealthy man, Gopala Krishna purchases a farmhouse in the suburbs of the city to perform his daughter's marriage. After the registration, he identifies that the house is [[Haunted house|haunted]]. To solve the problem, Gopala Krishna contacts a [[Magician (fantasy)|wizard]] but by mistake, he dials the wrong number which Naresh receives, as he is in a financial problem, Narsh changes himself into a fake wizard, succeeds in impressing them, collects the remuneration, and saves the kid. Meanwhile, the people in the house still feel the haunting. So, Naresh arrives once again when a twist arises in the story the [[ghost]] is behind Naresh who is his cousin Swapna. Now it's time for a brief flashback where Swapna has lost her parents in childhood, brought up by Naresh and she loves him a lot. Both of them decide to make register for marriage. Unfortunately, on the way to the registered office, two men kidnapped Swapna then molested, killed, and buried her in the garden of this farmhouse. Shockingly, here Swapna keeps a condition to leave the house, she should marry Naresh. Listening to it everyone gets aghast because it has never happened in the universe. But due to her threat, Gopala Krishna makes marriage arrangements for Naresh with the ghost Swapna. Parallelly, Swapna succeeds in eliminating the two culprits who have murdered her. Frightened, Gopala Krishna and his family contact a real wizard when Swapna's real intention comes out, she wants to kill Naresh and take his soul along with her. then Naresh finally makes Swapna understand true love. After this Naresh marries Indumati and on their first night Indumati is repossessed by Swapna's spirit and Naresh exclaims that he is being haunted by Swapna

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Allari Naresh]] as Naresh
*[[Kruthika Jayakumar]] as Indumati
*Mouryani as Swapna
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Gopala Krishna
*[[Brahmanandam]] as C.I.Balaji
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]
*[[Chalapathi Rao]] as Chalapathi
*[[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Seenu
* [[Shakalaka Shankar]]
*Jabardasth Chandra
*Giridhar
*[[Ananth Babu|Ananth]]
*Kadambari Kiran
*Amith as Amith
*[[Prabhakar (Telugu actor)|Prabhakar]] as Wizard
*Tarzan as Karuna
*[[Dhanraj (actor)|Dhanraj]]
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Gopala Krishna's wife
*[[Shanoor Sana|Sana]]
*[[Rajitha]] as Constable Mani
*Meena as Indumaathi's mother
*Apoorva as Saloni
*Jayavani
}}

== Production ==
[[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]] was initially considered to play one of the heroines.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/arundhati-plays-a-ghost-in-allari-nareshs-next-2915387/
</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam
| type = film
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|2016|10|28|df=y}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 14:08
| label = Junglee Audio
| producer = [[Sai Karthik]]
| prev_title = [[Dwaraka (film)|Dwaraka]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Appatlo Okadundevadu]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

Music composed by [[Sai Karthik]]. Music released on Junglee Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/song/telugu/Intlo-Deyyam-Nakem-Bhayam/Jo-Achyuthaananda/AxoxRwB0eEs |title=Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam (Songs) |work=Saavn.com|date=28 October 2016 }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =14:08
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| writing_credits =
| lyrics_credits =
| music_credits =

| title1 = Paddanu Indumathi
| lyrics1 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra1 = Dhanunjay
| length1 = 3:06

| title2 = Sathamaanam Bhavathi
| lyrics2 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra2 = Revanth, Harini Ivaturi
| length2 = 2:55

| title3 = Ayyanu Nene Fidaa
| lyrics3 = Ravi Mulakalapalli
| extra3 = Sai Charan, Sai Shilpa
| length3 = 3:00

| title4 = Dabbai Dabbai
| lyrics4 = Chilaka Rekka Ganesh
| extra4 = Simha, Divija Karthic
| length4 = 3:13

| title5 = Jo Achyuthaananda
| lyrics5 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra5 = Sai Geethika
| length5 = 1:44
}}

== Release ==
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "Most performances are loud and perfunctory. One sees Brahmanandam after long and he doesn’t disappoint. ''[[Drushyam]]'' girl Kruthika deserved better than this outing. It’s high time Allari Naresh moved beyond these templates".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/Intlo-Deyyam-Nakem-Bhayam-Runs-out-of-fuel-soon/article16963960.ece|title=Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam: Runs out of fuel soon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 December 2016|last1=Nadadhur|first1=Srivathsan}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film aratinf of one-and-three-quarters out of five stars and wrote that "''Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam'' is a formulaic horror-comedy that smells of putrid sequences from start to the end. Second half of the movie tests the patience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/intlo-deyyam-nakem-bhayam-review-a-formulaic-horror-comedyentirely-cliched-from-start-to-the-end-review-telugu-qm4qQubccehic.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230174348/http://www.sify.com/movies/intlo-deyyam-nakem-bhayam-review-a-formulaic-horror-comedyentirely-cliched-from-start-to-the-end-review-telugu-qm4qQubccehic.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2016|title = Intlo Deyyam Nakem Bhayam Review: A formulaic horror-comedyEntirely cliched from start to the end|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
*{{IMDb title|6889700}}
{{G. Nageswara Reddy}}

[[Category:2016 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. Nageswara Reddy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]

Oh! Baby (2019 film)

2026-03-03T21:48:54Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: made a info.

{{short description|2019 Indian film by B. V. Nandini Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oh! Baby
| image = Oh Baby 2019 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
| producer = [[D. Suresh Babu]] [[Sunitha Tati]] T. G. Vishwa Prasad
| screenplay = B. V. Nandini Reddy
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Miss Granny]]''|Shin Dong-ik|Hong Yun-jeong|Dong Hee-seon}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]}}
| music = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cinematography = Richard Prasad
| editing = Junaid Siddiqui
| studio = {{ubl||[[Suresh Productions]]|People Media Factory|[[Guru Films]]|[[Kross Pictures, Inc|Kross Pictures]]}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|7|5}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|16–20 [[crore]]}}<ref name="sakshi" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2019 |title=Oh Baby! box office: Samantha's film breaks records in the US, crosses 1 million dollar mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/oh-baby-box-office-samanthas-film-breaks-records-in-the-us-crosses-1-million-dollar-mark/articleshow/70361296.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|33.9–40 crore}}<ref name="sakshi">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-31 |title=2019లో భారీ వసూళ్లు రాబట్టిన సినిమాలివే.. |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/roundup-2019-special-story-tollywood-movies-1252065 |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2019 |title=Tollywood Box office report – 2019: Highest grossing Telugu movies of the year |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-box-office-report-2019-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-810648 |website=International Business Times}}</ref>
}}

'''''Oh! Baby''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film directed by [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]. The film stars [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]. A remake of the 2014 [[Cinema of South Korea|South Korean]] film ''[[Miss Granny]]'' directed by [[Hwang Dong-hyuk]], the plot follows a woman in her 70s (Lakshmi) who magically finds herself turned into her own physical 24-year-old self (Samantha) after having her picture taken at a mysterious photo studio. [[Naga Shaurya]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Rao Ramesh]], and [[Teja Sajja]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |title=Samantha releases a new poster of 'Oh Baby' explaining her character |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/samantha-releases-a-new-poster-of-oh-baby-explaining-her-character/articleshow/69634090.cms |access-date=2019-06-03 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] of the film began in December 2018.<ref name="shoot" /> The film released theatrically on 5 July 2019 and received positive reviews, with praise for Samantha's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu cinema 2019 Rewind |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/dec/31/telugu-cinema-2019-rewind-2082899.html |access-date=2020-09-01 |website=The New Indian Express |date=31 December 2019 }}</ref> It was a commercial success. A Hindi remake is in development by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] titled ''Jabudani''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-29 |title=Jersey to Brochevarevarura: 7 best films of Telugu cinema in 2019 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/jersey-to-brochevarevarura-7-best-films-of-telugu-cinema-in-2019-1632334-2019-12-29 |access-date=2019-12-30 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-29 |title=Best of Telugu cinema 2019: From 'Oh! Baby' to 'Mallesham', here are our picks |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/best-telugu-cinema-2019-oh-baby-mallesham-here-are-our-picks-114961 |access-date=2019-12-30 |website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==Plot==
Lecturer Shekhar / Nani explains the behavior of old people and talks about his mother Baby. She works in a canteen of her own in the same college which is co-owned by her childhood friend Pasupuleti Kanakaraj / Chanti. At a young age, she dreams of becoming a great singer, which does not come true. Right now, she aspires her grandson Ramakrishna “Rocky” to fulfill her goal. However, her relationship with her daughter-in-law Madhavi does not run on good terms. Things get worse when Madhavi gets a heart attack and does not want to live with Baby. Even the doctors suggest the same.

Being cognizant of it, heartbroken, Baby leaves the house and accuses God of her fate. On the way, Rocky calls her for his first music performance at an exhibition where God appears in the form of a saint, presents her with a statue of Lord Ganesha, and says it will change her fate. Nevertheless, she finds a photo studio and enters with the hope of getting a good photograph as she would like to have a beautiful photo of hers to be published in the newspaper after her death. The same person appears as the photographer and promises to get back her beauty, after taking the picture. Astoundingly, she turns into herself when she was 24-years-old. Looking at it, she becomes bewildered when God appears, while praising Lord [[Shiva]] and tells her that this new life is given to fill her with joy and enlightenment. Thereafter, she accommodates herself in Chanti's house changing as Swathi, starts a new life, and also teams up with her grandson Rocky and becomes a part of the band. Meanwhile, Chanti realizes that Swathi herself is Baby and supports her at every step. Soon, Vikram, the head of the music company, likes Baby / Swathi's voice and gives her band an opportunity. Swathi supports Rocky throughout and encourages him to be better.

Vikram and Swathi begin spending a lot of time together, and she too starts taking an interest in him. After a lot of romantic comedy, Vikram proposes to Swathi when she is completely under dichotomy. At the same time, Chanti learns that if Baby loses her blood, she again turns into an old lady. At last, in the D-day finale of the competition, Rocky, unfortunately, meets with an accident, yet Baby participates and acquires the triumph. Immediately, Baby / Swathi rushes to the hospital leaving a letter for Vikram, convincing him to remember her acquaintance as a sweet memory and always be smiling. By this time Nani also realizes that she is his mother. But after reaching the hospital she finds Rocky requires AB-type blood which Baby donates, even after the refusal of Chanti and Nani, by stating that she is first and foremost Nani's mother and would always be there for him and his children and transforms back into an old lady.

After she returns, her family also realizes her value and she in turn is also more friendly with them as they can be seen enjoying a performance by Rocky (after his recovery). In the end, God transforms Chanti into a young man, who comes to pick up Baby.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as 70-year-old Savitri alias "Baby"
** [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] as young Savithri alias Swathi (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Pasupuleti Kanakaraju aka "Chanti", Baby's childhood friend
** [[Naga Chaitanya]] as young Chanti (cameo appearance)
* [[Naga Shourya]] as Vikram, Swathi's boyfriend
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Lecturer Shekhar alias "Nani", Baby's son
* [[Teja Sajja]] as Ramakrishna “Rocky”, Baby’s grandson and Shekar's son
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Madhavi, Baby’s daughter-in-law and Shekar's wife;Rocky's mother
* Aneesha Dama as Divya, Baby's granddaughter and Shekar's daughter
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Sulochana, Chanti's cousin
* Sunaina as Anasuya, Chanti's daughter who had a [[Tom and Jerry]] relationship with Baby
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Vikram's mother
* [[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]] as Jahnavi, Vikram's assistant
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Inspector Sarma, an officer appointed to investigate Baby's missing
* Mirchi Hemanth as Anji, Rocky's friend and band member
* Shreyas Wannere as Asif, Rocky's friend and band member
* [[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]] as an eve teaser
;Cameo appearances
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as God who gives another life to Baby
* [[Adivi Sesh]] as Savitri's husband and Shekar's father
* [[Suma Kanakala]] as Suma, a TV anchor who gives life advice to Baby on TV
* [[B. V. Nandini Reddy]] as a doctor
}}

== Production ==
During November 2018, pre-production of an untitled film commenced with costume selection.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1067731285928423425 |user=HydTimes |title=Here's a sneak peek of @Samanthaprabhu2's costumes from her upcoming film with #NandiniReddy |author-link=Hyderabad Times |date=28 November 2018}}</ref> Initially titled as "''O Baby''" with the [[tagline]] "''Yentha Sakkagunnave''" with [[Samantha]] in the lead role,<ref name="obaby">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2018 |title=Samantha's next titled O Baby! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/samantha-s-next-titled-o-baby-news-telugu-smopWAhjheidb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215095407/http://www.sify.com/movies/samantha-s-next-titled-o-baby-news-telugu-smopWAhjheidb.html |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> the full title was revealed to be ''O Baby! Yentha Sakkagunnave'' in December 2018, being bankrolled by [[Sunitha Tati]],<ref name="commence">{{Cite web |title=Samantha's Miss Granny shoot commenced |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/samantha-s-miss-granny-shoot-commenced-imagegallery-0-tollywood-sl4m9vaacfjbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025933/http://www.sify.com/movies/samantha-s-miss-granny-shoot-commenced-imagegallery-0-tollywood-sl4m9vaacfjbi.html |archive-date=30 December 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> People's Media Factory and [[Suresh Productions]].<ref name="obys">{{Cite news |date=15 December 2018 |title=Samantha begins shooting for Nandini Reddy directorial 'O Baby' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/samantha-begins-shooting-nandini-reddy-directorial-o-baby-93432 |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=[[The News Minute]] |agency=Digital Native}}</ref> The film's title was taken from one of her songs "Yentha Sakkagunnave", which describes the beauty of Samantha in the film, ''[[Rangasthalam]]''.<ref name="ranga">{{Cite news |last=Vyas |date=15 December 2018 |title='Rangasthalam' song as Samatha's title |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2018-12-15/Rangasthalam-song-as-Samathas-title/459199 |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref><ref name="obysgranny">{{Cite news |date=15 December 2018 |title=Is Samantha's film with Nandini Reddy a remake of Korean flick Miss Granny? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/is-samantha-film-with-nandini-reddy-a-remake-of-korean-flick-miss-granny-1410218-2018-12-15 |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=[[India Today]] |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>

Apart from Samantha, [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]], [[Naga Shourya]],<ref name="naga">{{Cite web |date=28 December 2018 |title=Rao Ramesh to play Samantha's son in Oh Baby? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rao-ramesh-to-play-samanthas-son-in-oh-baby-news-telugu-sm2ojKejhjjbf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228180328/http://www.sify.com/movies/rao-ramesh-to-play-samanthas-son-in-oh-baby-news-telugu-sm2ojKejhjjbf.html |archive-date=28 December 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="rram">{{Cite news |date=29 December 2018 |title=A role reversal for Rao Ramesh |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/291218/a-role-reversal-for-rao-ramesh.html |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] appear in supporting roles.<ref name="obysgranny" /><ref>"Samantha Oh Baby First Look | Galli News". Gallinews.Co.In, 2019, http://www.gallinews.co.in/first-look-samantha-in-oh-baby/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518052527/http://www.gallinews.co.in/first-look-samantha-in-oh-baby/ |date=18 May 2019 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha's Favourite Role Ever Is From 'Oh Baby' |url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/news/article/2019/03/22/oh-baby-movie-is-samantha-s-favourite/29921 |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=iQlikmovies |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-15 |title=ஓ பேபி படத்தை முடித்த சமந்தா |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2019/03/15223306/1232438/Samantha-Oh-Baby-movie-wrapped.vpf |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=Maalaimalar |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in December 2018.<ref name="shoot">{{Cite news |last=Raja |first=Sekar |date=28 December 2018 |title=Samantha to play Trisha's role in 96 Telugu remake; actress currently shooting for Miss Granny |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/samantha-to-play-trishas-role-in-96-telugu-remake-actress-currently-shooting-for-miss-granny-5805311.html |access-date=29 December 2018 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The film was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in mid May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2019 |title=Samantha wraps up her next, Oh Baby |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/170319/samantha-wraps-up-her-next-oh-baby.html |access-date=21 May 2019 |work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Oh! Baby
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|6|30}}
| recorded = 2018–2019
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = "19:31"
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| prev_title = [[Srinivasa Kalyanam (2018 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]
| prev_year = 2018
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Gaddalakonda Ganesh (soundtrack)|Gaddalakonda Ganesh]]
| next_year = 2019
}}

Music composed by [[Mickey J. Meyer]] and released on [[Aditya Music]] company.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 19:31
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Oh! Baby
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| lyrics1 = Lakshmi Bhupala
| length1 = 4:04
| title2 = Naalo Maimarapu
| extra2 = [[Mohana Bhogaraju]]
| lyrics2 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskarabhatla]]
| length2 = 3:48
| title5 = Maha Adbhutham
| extra5 = Nutana Mohan
| lyrics5 = Bhaskarabhatla
| length5 = 3:21
| title6 = Changubhala
| lyrics6 = Bhaskarabhatla
| extra6 = Nutana Mohan
| length6 = 4:29
| title4 = Aakasham lona
| lyrics4 = Lakshmi Bhupala
| extra4 = Nutana Mohan
| length4 = 3:49
| title3 = Anaganaganaga
| lyrics3 = Lakshmi Bhupala
| extra3 = [[Sreerama Chandra Mynampati|Sreerama Chandra]]
| length3 = 3:07
}}

== Marketing and release ==
The first look of film presenting [[Samantha Akkineni]] was released on 21 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=Oh! Baby first look poster: Samantha Akkineni's upbeat avatar is sure to win your heart - check out |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/oh-baby-first-look-poster-samantha-akkinenis-upbeat-avatar-is-sure-to-win-your-heart-check-out/423056 |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=Times Now News}}</ref> The teaser of the film released on 25 May.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-25 |title='Oh Baby' teaser: Samantha Akkineni is a 20-something with a 70-year-old soul |url=https://scroll.in/reel/924723/oh-baby-teaser-samantha-akkineni-is-a-20-something-with-a-70-year-old-soul |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> The official theatrical trailer of the film was released on 20 June by Suresh Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2019 |title=Oh Baby Theatrical Trailer {{!}} Samantha Akkineni, Naga Shaurya {{!}} Nandini Reddy {{!}} Suresh Productions |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=D4x6CeRV5Bc |website=YouTube |publisher=Suresh Productions}}</ref>

The movie was planned to be released on 5 July 2019, along with its dubbed version in [[Tamil language]];<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 June 2019 |title=Watch: Trailer of Samantha's 'Oh Baby' promises good fun |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-trailer-samantha-s-oh-baby-offers-good-fun-103943 |access-date=20 June 2019 |work=The News Minute |agency=Digital Native}}</ref> it was released in India at this time, and in [[Kuwait]] and the United States on July 4, a day earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2019 |title=Oh Baby... (2019) - Release Info - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9348296/releaseinfo |website=IMDb}}</ref> Official streaming partner is [[Netflix]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating "Save for moments in the latter part of the film which are a tad bit melodramatic, Oh! Baby is an enjoyable ride. It's a film that has its heart in the right place and has a lot of great moments to take away from. Nandini Reddy has successfully adapted Korean classic Miss Granny, and has made it her own, and Tollywood is richer for it".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-06 |title=OH! BABY MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/oh-baby/movie-review/70087779.cms |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Times of India}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Samantha Akkineni thrives in the role that reflects the possibilities of youth, the burden of old age, and the society’s indifference to the desires and complaints of old people. Written by director BV Nandini Reddy and Lakshmi Bhupala, the film convincingly captures the circle of life".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title=Oh Baby movie review: Samantha Akkineni thrives in this fantasy comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/oh-baby-movie-review-rating-samantha-akkineni-5816997/ |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=The Indian Express}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars stating "Adopting the body language of a 70-year-old is difficult, but Samantha gives it a reverent, comic touch in this Nandini Reddy directorial".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title='Oh! Baby' review: Samantha is the life of this fun yet emotional comedy |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/oh-baby-review-samantha-life-fun-yet-emotional-comedy-104889 |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=The News Minute}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref>

''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating "Oh! Baby is a fun film with an emotional touch that is neatly narrated by director Nandini Reddy. The film takes Samantha up a notch, and proves that she can carry a film by herself. They are supported by Rajendra Prasad and Lakshmi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title=Oh! Baby! movie review: Oh! Baby, Samantha shines again |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070719/oh-baby-movie-review-oh-baby-samantha-shines-again.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars stating "Oh! Baby is a treasure box. Open it, dig into it, and cherish everything that it has to offer you. There’s a lot more to this film than just laughs. It’s like sunshine on a gloomy day. It’s a heart-warming film that you won't forget anytime soon".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-14 |title=Oh! Baby movie review : Samantha delivers a career-best performance in Nandini Reddy's heart-warming drama |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/oh-baby-movie-review-samantha-delivers-a-career-best-performance-in-nandini-reddys-heart-warming-drama-6940521.html |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=Firstpost}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Oh! Baby, directed by Nandini Reddy, is everything nice and fine. It makes you understand the struggles your grandmother had to undergo and appreciate the life you have now. Watch it for Samantha and Rajendra Prasad's career-best performances".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title=Oh! Baby Movie Review: Samantha is outstanding in a heartwarming fantasy drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/oh-baby-movie-review-samantha-is-outstanding-in-a-heartwarming-fantasy-drama-1562875-2019-07-05 |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=India Today}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Oh! Baby is a fun ode to the complexities that make up our elders. It’s an acknowledgement of their rough rides as much as it is about learning to count your blessings".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title='Oh! Baby' review: When life gives her a second chance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/oh-baby-review-nandini-reddys-film-is-a-joyous-ode-to-the-older-generation-led-by-a-brilliant-samantha/article28292382.ece |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars stating "Official remake of Korean drama Miss Granny, Samantha starrer Oh Baby is watchable for Samantha's energetic performance. Schmaltzy ending and flabby runtime almost kill the film but it finally works to an extent thanks to Samantha. This is for those who like candy-floss sentiment dramas".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title=Oh Baby review: Watchable for Samantha's energetic performance |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/oh-baby-review-watchable-for-samanthas-energetic-performance-review-telugu-thfnAljgegfih.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706023120/https://www.sify.com/movies/oh-baby-review-watchable-for-samanthas-energetic-performance-review-telugu-thfnAljgegfih.html |archive-date=6 July 2019 |access-date=2019-12-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of accolades
|-
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |28 March 2020
| rowspan="5" |Critics Choice Film Awards
|Best Actor – Male
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="6" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2020 |title=Critics Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete nominations list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-nominations-list-6295588/ |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2020 |title=Critics' Choice Film Awards 2020: Complete winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/critics-choice-film-awards-2020-complete-winners-list-6336210/ |access-date=29 March 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Actor – Female
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Writing
|[[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|[[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|18 September 2021]]
| rowspan="4" |[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Director
|[[B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
|{{won}}
|{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| rowspan="2" | [[Zee Cine Awards Telugu]]
| style="text-align:center;" |Best Actor in a Leading Role – Female
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Zee Cine awards Telugu 2020: Samantha Akkineni, Chiranjeevi and Nani win top laurels |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/zee-cine-awards-telugu-2020-samantha-akkineni-chiranjeevi-and-nani-win-top-laurels/story-IIb1IjGUKhrdscXkxVOI2I.html |access-date=21 January 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Favourite Heroine
| {{Nominated}}
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mack & Rita]], 2022 [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] film with similar premise

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* {{IMDb title|9348296}}
* [http://krosspictures.com/bbs/board.php?bo_table=en_works&wr_id=20&sca=FILMS&page=3 ''Oh! Baby''] at [[Kross Pictures]]

{{Miss Granny}}
{{B. V. Nandini Reddy}}

[[Category:Miss Granny]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. V. Nandini Reddy]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]
[[Category:Films about rapid human age change]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian musical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about mother–son relationships]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic fantasy films]]
[[Category:Indian teen comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian teen romance films]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age romance films]]
[[Category:Films about wish fulfillment]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:People Media Factory films]]

ABCD: American Born Confused Desi (2019 film)

2026-03-03T17:38:26Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: updated details

{{short description|2019 film directed by Sanjeev Reddy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = ABCD: American Born Confused Desi
| image = ABCD – American Born Confused Desi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sanjeev Reddy]]
| producer = Madhura Sreedhar Reddy Yash Rangineni
| based_on = {{based on|''[[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi]]'' by [[Martin Prakkat]]}}
| starring = [[Allu Sirish]] [[Rukshar Dhillon]]
| music = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| cinematography = Raam Reddy
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| studio = Madhura Entertainment
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 145 minutes
| budget = 40 crore

| gross = 
| distributor = Big Ben Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|05|17}}
}}

'''''ABCD: American Born Confused Desi''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Sanjeev Reddy]] and produced by [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/american-born-confused-desi-trailer-allu-sirish-5675929/|title=American Born Confused Desi trailer: Allu Sirish film promises to be a joy ride|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416142724/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/american-born-confused-desi-trailer-allu-sirish-5675929/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Allu Sirish]] and [[Rukshar Dhillon]]. The phrase [[American-born confused desi]] describes Indians born in America, who have difficulty in balancing their ethnic culture within the majority non-Indian American culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2013/December/citytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes |title=The best of Malayalam cinema in 2013 |last=Deepa Gauri |date=26 December 2013 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=22 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102124957/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2013%2FDecember%2Fcitytimes_December198.xml&section=citytimes |archive-date=2 January 2014 }}</ref> The film is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film of [[ABCD: American-Born Confused Desi (2013 film)|the same name]] starring Dulquer Salmaan and was released on 17 May 2019 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/abcd-first-look-allu-sirish-release-date-5513894/|title=ABCD first look: Allu Sirish's film will release in February|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-date=15 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415125717/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/abcd-first-look-allu-sirish-release-date-5513894/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around two spoiled youngsters, Aravind and his cousin Bhasha. Avi is the son of a millionaire who is settled in New York, while Bhasha's mother left for Paris with her new husband. Aravind and Bhasha enjoy their luxurious life by driving expensive cars, going to pubs, etc. Avi's father decides to send them to India, telling them it is a vacation, but then blocks their credit cards, forcing them to live in poverty in Andhra Pradesh, where they eventually become famous. Aravind and Bhasha try to stay at a hotel, unaware that their credit cards have been blocked, but are soon aware of this fact and try to escape from the hotel to avoid paying. However, they are caught by the hotel manager, who confiscates their visas until they are able to pay. Avi and Bhasha are given very poor accommodations by Avi's father. They try to make money by trading fake bills but are duped.

Both Avi and Bhasha join a college to finish their MBA (which was forced to do by Avi's father). Later in the college, he meets Neha and Avi falls in love with her. After a series of events, Neha too reciprocates her feelings towards Avi. Aravind inadvertently becomes a candidate for the Mr. Fame award, and realizes that he can return to America by winning the award and receiving the prize money (500,000 rupees). Bhasha and Avi participate in a protest to increase their popularity, but the event ends up in police lathi charge. Although the event increases the popularity of Aravind and Bhasha, it also draws the attention of Bhargav, another Mr. Fame candidate and the son of a minister, who tries to break up the protest through violent means. Amidst the violence, Aravind is finally able to understand and sympathize with the struggles that people born into poverty experience. Avi wins the Mr. Fame award, but confesses the motives behind his actions onstage. Aravind chooses to stay in India and complete his degree.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Allu Sirish]] as Aravind Prasad <nowiki>''Avi''</nowiki>
* [[Rukshar Dhillon]] as Neha
* Raja Chembolu as Lanka Barghav
* [[Nagendra Babu]] as Aravind's father
* [[Kalyani Natarajan]] as Aravind's mother
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Kishore
* [[Master Bharath]] as Bala Shanmugam "Bhasha"
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Koteswara
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Barghav's father
* Dammu Devena as Devena
* [[Viva Harsha]] as Santosh
* Samba as News Reader
* Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Principal
}}

== Production ==

{{Empty section|date=August 2019}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = ABCD – American Born Confused Desi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Judah Sandhy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 11 May 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Sathya Studios
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:40
| label = [[Madhura Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|JzZuK5NkGkw|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Judah Sandhy]] and lyrics by Bhaskarabhatla, Krishna Kanth and Tirupathi Jaavana.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 17:40
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mella Mellaga
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]], Aditi Bhavaraju
| lyrics1 = Krishna Kanth
| length1 = 4:02
| title2 = Muntha Kallu
| extra2 = Tirupathi Jaavana
| lyrics2 = Tirupathi Jaavana
| length2 = 3:39
| title3 = America Naa America
| extra3 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| lyrics3 = Bhaskarabhatla
| length3 = 3:17
| title4= Celebrity
| extra4 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| lyrics4 = Bhaskarabhatla
| length4 = 3:32
| title5 = ABCD
| extra5 = Judah Sandhy
| lyrics5 = Judah Sandhy
| length5 = 3:10
}}

== Release and marketing ==
The film was theatrically released on 17 May 2019. The film was also dubbed in [[Hindi]] and directly premiered by Goldmines Telefilms on ''Dhinchaak'' in early 2021.<ref>{{Citation|title=ABCD: American Born Confused Desi {{!}} 3 Days To Go {{!}} World Television Premiere on Dhinchaak|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zoo7aDnaWFg|access-date=2021-09-28|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928041717/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zoo7aDnaWFg|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Murali Krishna C. H. of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "''ABCD'' doesn’t quite hit the mark, it’s due to lack of emotional depth, slow pace and conflict that never rings true. [...] Director Sanjeev Reddy seems to have meted out unfair treatment to an interesting story that has great scope to play on humour and emotions."<ref>{{cite news |last1=C. H. |first1=Murali Krishna |title=ABCD movie review: Devoid of novelty or humour |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/May/18/devoid-of-novelty-or-humour-1978431.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "If you’re looking for something that’s emotional, dramatic or even consistently funny, this is not the film for you. But if you’re looking for a light-hearted entertainer [...] Go watch this one with no expectations, you'll end up enjoying it!"<ref>{{cite news |title=ABCD: American Born Confused Desi Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/abcd-american-born-confused-desi/movie-review/69371845.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2019 |archive-date=11 September 2019 |access-date=15 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911111719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/abcd-american-born-confused-desi/movie-review/69371845.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave it 2.5/5 and wrote, "Though some of the scenes are same as the original version, the director has succeeded in including fresh comedy in the film."<ref>{{cite news |title=ABCD Movie Review & Rating |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/abcd-movie-review-rating-58053 |work=The Hans India |date=17 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "''ABCD'' is not a good remake. Except for Vennela Kishore, the film offers nothing. Though it’s a good plot it is badly handled and ends like a dull drama."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kavirayani |first1=Suresh |title=Movie review: ABCD (American Born Confused Desi) |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/190519/movie-review-abcd-american-born-confused-desi.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=19 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=15 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918125611/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/movie-reviews/190519/movie-review-abcd-american-born-confused-desi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemanth Kumar C. R. of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote, "By the time ''ABCD'' ends, there’s a sense of relief - at least it didn’t turn out to be an unbearable film. It’s predictable, devoid of any strong emotional moments, and the sloppy writing makes it a boring watch."<ref>{{cite news |title=ABCD movie review: Biggest undoing of Allu Sirish's comedy is its disconnect from contemporary times |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/abcd-movie-review-biggest-undoing-of-allu-sirishs-comedy-is-its-disconnect-from-contemporary-times-6650721.html/ |work=Firstpost |date=17 May 2019 |language=en-us |archive-date=18 August 2022 |access-date=15 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818045904/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/abcd-movie-review-biggest-undoing-of-allu-sirishs-comedy-is-its-disconnect-from-contemporary-times-6650721.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave it 1/5 stars and wrote, "It puzzles me when I think why would the filmmakers expect the audience to waste their hard-earned money to see a rich brat learn his lesson on poverty and how to live on a tight budget?"<ref>{{cite news |title=ABCD movie review: A rudimentary film with no value |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/abcd-movie-review-allu-sirish-5733638/lite/ |work=The Indian Express |date=17 May 2019 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2019 |access-date=15 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520032630/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/abcd-movie-review-allu-sirish-5733638/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10348516}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ABCD - American Born Confused Desi}}
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:2019 comedy films]]

Delhi Public School, Jammu

2026-02-22T01:49:17Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: Made new info.

{{short description|Delhi Public school in Jammu, India (DPS Jammu)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Delhi Public School
| native_name = DPS Jammu
| logo = File:DPS, Jammu.png
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = Service Before Self
| motto_translation =
| location = Maharaja Hari Singh Marg
| city = [[Jammu]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|32.7264375|74.8661875|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = DPS Jammu
| former_name = 
| type = Private school
| religious_affiliation =
| established = 1998
| founders = [[Ajatshatru Singh]] and Kuwarani Ritu Singh
| chairperson = Ajatshatru Singh
| closed = 
| school_board = CBSE
| district = Jammu
| authority = Delhi Public School Society
| oversight = 
| principal = Ruchi Chabra
| head = Meenu Gupta
| staff =
| faculty = 231
| grades = 
| gender = Co-Educational
| age_range = 3 - 16 Years
| enrollment = 4284 Students
| language = English
| campus_size = 11.20 Acres
| campus_type = Urban
| colors = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| classes_offered = Pre-nursery to class XII
| yearbook =
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| website = https://dpsjammu.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Delhi Public School, Jammu''' commonly known as '''DPS Jammu''' (established in 1998), is a [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] day and private boarding school affiliated with the CBSE. Operated by the [[Delhi Public School Society]], it serves students from Pre-nursery to class XII. Situated in the city of [[Jammu]], it is the inaugural branch of the DPS Society in Jammu & Kashmir.

== History ==
Founded in 1998 by the president of 'Rajput Charitable Trust' (RCT), Ajastshatru Singh and his wife Kr. Ritu Singh, Delhi Public School, Jammu, is the first branch of the Delhi Public School Society in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=About Delhi Public School, Jammu |url=https://dpsjammu.in/about.aspx |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=dpsjammu.in}}</ref>

== Location ==
DPS Jammu is located on Maharaja Hari Singh Marg, Residency Road, [[Jammu]].

== Campus ==
The main campus, spanning 11.20 acres, includes classrooms, science and [[computer lab]]s, a 13,924-square-meter playground, a library with over 24,000 books, and a clinic with a [[resident doctor]]. Additionally, the school offers as a swimming pool, indoor games area, dance rooms, and music rooms. Furthermore, a fleet of approximately 50 buses serves extensive city areas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-14 |title=Delhi Public School, Jammu |url=https://www.educationworld.in/delhi-public-school-jammu/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=EducationWorld |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

== Academics ==
The school follows the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] system offering education from pre-nursery to class XII. It employs a four-cycle test assessment pattern for classes I to VIII, issuing detailed report cards with subject grades.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-03 |title=DPS Jammu: Admission 2024-25, Application Form, Fee Structure, Contact Details. |url=https://www.edudwar.com/dps-jammu/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Edudwar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=About Delhi Public School, Jammu |url=https://dpsjammu.in/about.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=dpsjammu.in}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

The school consistently secures top rankings, notably being acknowledged as the leading CBSE School in Jammu city.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Jammu |first=DPS |title=Prospectus |url=https://dpsjammu.in/admin_panel/files/1202216055945.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2019-12-14 |title=DPS Jammu, DPS Nagbani in India's top 10 CBSE Schools |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dps-jammu-dps-nagbani-in-indias-top-10-cbse-schools/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2018, it received the Excellence in School Leadership and Leaders – Pillars in Education award in the North Schools CBSE category at the North Educator's Summit & Merit Awards in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2018-09-09 |title=DPS Jammu awarded for Excellence in School Leadership |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dps-jammu-awarded-excellence-school-leadership/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> It received the 'Best in Academic Excellence' Award for ICT implementation and Sports Education from Brainfeed for the academic years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-01 |title=JSS Jammu accredited with Brainfeed's School Excellence Award |url=https://statetimes.in/jss-jammu-accredited-with-brainfeeds-school-excellence-award/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Jammu Awarded Brainfeed School Excellence Award 2020 - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=284797 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

In December 2018, it received the [[International School Award]] and [[British Council]] accreditation for the academic session 2017-18, spanning from 2018 to 2021.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2018-12-05 |title=DPS gets International School Award |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dps-gets-international-school-award/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref> The school's nomination in 2019 for India's Top 50 Prestigious Jury Awards resulted in it receiving the 'Great Legacy in Education (K-12)' award at the Maharashtra Educators Summit-2019 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2019-09-16 |title=DPS wins 'Great Legacy in Education' Award |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dps-wins-great-legacy-in-education-award/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021, it's students achieved a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the 'Most People Assembling Sundial Kit' during the 6th [[India International Science Festival|Indian International Science Festival]]. The event was organized virtually by the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Ministry of Science and Technology]][[Ministry of Earth Sciences|, Ministry of Earth Science]], and Vijnana Bharati.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2021-01-12 |title=DPS students make Guinness World Record for 'Sundial Kit' |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dps-students-make-guinness-world-record-for-sundial-kit/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Jammu students create Guinness world records - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=307090 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref>

'''Extracurricular activities'''

The school offers a diverse array of extra and co-curricular activities such as singing, dancing, [[Theatre studies|dramatics]], [[debate]]s, [[elocution]], and various sports.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS holds tug of war competition |url=https://statetimes.in/amp/dps-holds-tug-of-war-competition/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-08-26 |title=DPS School holds function |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dps-school-holds-function/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Jammu shines in inter-school chess tournament |url=http://risingkashmir.com/dps-jammu-shines-in-inter-school-chess-tournament-8cf237ab-9311-437f-b08b-26c5f3135ee3 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=risingkashmir.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Jammu students excel in American Mathematics contest - Jammu Links News |url=https://www.jammulinksnews.com/mb/newsdet.aspx?q=314457 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.jammulinksnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-09-18 |title=DPS students shine in TT C'ship |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dps-students-shine-in-tt-cship/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2014-05-08 |title=The students of Delhi Public School (DPS) Jammu, who won 9 gold medals in the Inter-School Swimming Competition, organized by the Department of Youth Services and Sports in Jammu recently. Sanand Sharma bagged 4 gold, Sidhant Sharma (3 gold), Shiv Chanda (1 gold) and Lakshit Gupta (1 gold). Additional Director/Principal of the School, Dr D Joseph lauded the efforts of the medal winners and their coach, Ravinder Singh Deonia for this achievement. |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/students-delhi-public-school-dps-jammu-won-9-gold-medals-inter-school-swimming-competition-organized-department-youth-services-sports-jammu-recently-sanand-shar/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Education system ==
The school follows the Central Board of Secondary Education system.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Jammu |first=DPS |title=School Information |url=https://dpsjammu.in/old/DPSJammuSchoolInfo.pdf }}</ref>

== Governance ==
Delhi Public School, Jammu is operated by the [[Delhi Public School Society]] as a franchised institution.<ref name=":9" /> It is led by Principal Ms. Ruchi Chabra, with [[Ajatshatru Singh]] as President, Kuwarani Ritu Singh as Pro Vice Chairperson, Meenu Gupta as Vice Principal, Ravi Kumar Kotroo as Headmaster, and Umesh Kumar Sharma as Deputy Headmaster. Additionally, Rimpi Sharma and Anu Bali serve as Deputy Headmistress and Coordinator/Supervisor, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=School Management - Delhi Public School, Jammu |url=https://dpsjammu.in/management.aspx |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=dpsjammu.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Jammu organizes meeting of CBSE 'Hubs of Learning' - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=269789 |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Mayor takes anti-polythene campaign to DPS, other schools |url=https://statetimes.in/mayor-takes-anti-polythene-campaign-to-dps-other-schools/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2023-08-03 |title=DPS students shine at Int'l event |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dps-students-shine-at-intl-event/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

== Incidents ==
On 4 December 2023, the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]] conducted searches at Delhi Public School, Jammu, in response to a reported threat of a potential institution-wide explosion. Accompanied by a [[Bomb disposal|bomb disposal squad]], the police conducted thorough searches on the premises with students inside. Subsequently, the reported threat was confirmed to be a [[hoax]], and no [[explosive]] material was discovered during the extensive searches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=Police conducts searches inside DPS Jammu after threat call to blow up building |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jammu/police-conducts-searches-dps-jammu-threat-call-9056887/ |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title=DPS Jammu Receives Bomb Threat Via Call, No Explosives Found |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/dps-jammu-receives-bomb-threat-via-call-no-explosives-found-8693478.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
*Owais Ahmed Rana (IAS officer)<ref>{{Cite web |title=DPS Jammu organises investiture ceremony |url=https://statetimes.in/amp/dps-jammu-organises-investiture-ceremony/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Akshay Labroo (IAS officer)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2018-04-28 |title=3 more candidates from J&K crack Civil Services with flying colours |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/3-more-candidates-from-jk-crack-civil-services-with-flying-colours/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Asim Riaz (Actor)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss 13: Asim Riaz, Mahira Sharma's Jammu connection |url=https://ianslife.in/entertainment/bigg-boss-13-asim-riaz-mahira-sharmas-jammu-connection |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=IANS Life |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A look at Bigg Boss 13 fame Asim Riaz's journey to fame |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/photo/A-look-at-Bigg-Boss-13-first-runner-up-Asim-Riazs-journey-in-the-house-79863/16 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>
*Shivan Khajuria (Actor)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai new star cast Samridhii Shukla, Shehzada Dhami and others' educational qualifications |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/photos/yeh-rishta-kya-kehlata-hai-new-star-cast-samridhii-shukla-shehzada-dhami-and-others-educational-qualifications-celebs-photos-entertainment-news-2681521/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.bollywoodlife.com |language=en}}</ref>
*Soham Kamotra (Chess Player)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Chess Championship: DPS alumni Soham Kamotra wins Gold for India |url=http://risingkashmir.com/commonwealth-chess-championship-dps-alumni-soham-kamotra-wins-gold-for-india-8a28ce46-a91e-417d-be87-0aeb879d064d |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=risingkashmir.com}}</ref>
*Sahaj Sabharwal (Writer)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahaj Sabharwal of DPS Jammu publishes his first book - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=https://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=273322 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=www.earlytimes.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Delhi Public School Society]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[https://dpsjammu.in/ Official website]

{{DPS Society aegis}}
{{CBSE|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School Society]]
[[Category:CBSE Delhi]]
[[Category:Schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Schools in Jammu (city)]]
[[Category:Private schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Radha Bartake

2026-02-10T02:43:25Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: update article and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian actress and model (born 1959)}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Radha Bartake
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1959}}
| birth_place = [[Margão]], Goa, [[Portuguese India]], Portuguese Empire
| occupation = Actress, [[Model (person)|model]]
| title = Miss Goa 1973/1974 [[Femina Miss India|Femina Teen Princess India 1974]] [[International Teen Princess|International Teen Princess 1974]]
| competitions = Miss Goa 1973/1974 (Winner) [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India 1974]] (Femina Teen Princess India) [[International Teen Princess|International Teen Princess 1974]] (Winner)
| alias = {{hlist|Radhika Bartake|Radhika|Radha|Kasturi}}
}}

'''Radha Bartake''' (born 1959) is an Indian actress, [[Model (person)|model]] and beauty queen.

==Early life==
Radha was born in 1959 in [[Military Hospital, Panaji]], [[Goa]], India in the year 1959.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Career and pageantry==

===Miss Goa 1973-1974===
At the age of 14, she won Miss Goa in 1973–74.

===Femina Miss India===
After winning Miss Goa in the year 1973, she participated in [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss India 1974]] contest where she came second. She was crowned Femina Teen Princess India and was chosen to represent India at International Teen Princes contest held in [[Venezuela]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===International Teen Princess 1974===
After being crowned [[Femina Miss India|Femina Teen Princess India 1974]] she was sent to [[International Teen Princess]]. Where she took first place. She became first [[India]]n to win [[International Teen Princess]]. The event was held in [[Caracas]], Venezuela on 27 July 1974.
Seventeen countries participated in the event.<ref name="navhindtimes">{{cite web|title=A Goan Beauty|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/goan-beauty|accessdate=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220104902/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/goan-beauty|archive-date=20 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Career as film actress===
Later she turned as Indian film actress and made Bollywood debut in the film Sajan Bina Suhagan. She worked in many films. She worked in Marathi movies also. She became well known by the name 'Radha' or 'Kasturi'.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Today her fascination for sea shells and pets has become her favourite occupation. Along with her husband she runs a workshop in her home creating beautiful objects, souvenirs, and murals from sea-shells and terracotta. Into interior designing her creations can be viewed at the Taj chain of hotels, Goa handicrafts, Radisson, etc.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

==Personal life==
In 1986, Bartake married Captain R. K. Malik. She has two sons Sankalp Malik and Jaisinh Malik.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

==Filmography==
After completing her reign as [[International Teen Princess]] she returned to [[India]] and worked in several films and TV ads.<ref name="navhindtimes" />
* ''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]'' (1977) [[Konkani Film]]
* ''[[Saajan Bina Suhagan]]'' (1978) as Basanti Chopra
* ''[[Aao Pyaar Karen (1983 film)|Aao Pyaar Karen]]''
* ''''Daasi'' (1981 film)
* ''[[Preet Tujhi Mhaji]]''
* ''[[Pukar (1983 film)|Pukar]]'' (1983) as Anjali

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm1531076}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=Sheena Pratap}}
{{s-ttl|title=Femina Teen Princess India
|years=1974}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Tina Ambani|Nivurti Munim]]}}
{{S-bef|before={{flagicon|Germany}} Utta Kittelberger}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[International Teen Princess]]
|years=[[International Teen Princess|1975]]}}
{{S-aft|after=-}}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bartake, Radha}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:People from Margao]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Female models from Goa]]

Shobha Raju

2026-02-08T00:17:12Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=November 2023}}
{{BLP one source|date=November 2023}}}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

'''Shobha Raju''' is an Indian devotional singer, writer, and composer, known as an exponent of ''[[sankirtana]],'' the compositions of the saint-composer, [[Annamacharya]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro cultural round-up |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/14/stories/2004061401920200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917065240/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/14/stories/2004061401920200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 June 2004 }}</ref> She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] award by the [[Government of India]] for her contributions to the arts in 2010.<ref name=pib1>{{cite press release |title=This Year's Padma Awards announced |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=57307 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=25 January 2010 |access-date=17 July 2010}}</ref> She is the founder of "Annamacharya Bhavana Vahini" (ABV).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr.Shobha Raju - ABV |url=https://www.annamayya.org/dr-shobha-raju/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.annamayya.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-01 |title=Dr Shobha Raju now Asthana Sangeetha Vidwan of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2020/Oct/01/dr-shobha-raju-now-asthanasangeetha-vidwan-of-tirumala-tirupati-devasthanams-2204269.html |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
She began composing at age four and recorded her first gramophone record at age 16. She became an [[All India Radio]] artist that same year. At the age of 17, she was awarded various prizes at national level competitions. Shoba has trained continuously under various music masters such as [[Nedunuri Krishnamurthy|Nedunuri Krishna Murthy]] and Rajyalakshmi in music, R. G. Narayana Raju for spirituality, among others. Shobha is the first recipient of TTD's scholarship in 1976 to study and start an effort to promote Annamacharya's compositions, and was also chosen as the first exclusive artiste for the propagation of Annamacharya"s compositions in 1978. Her first audio album, "Venkateswara Geeta Malika" is popular among Telugu community globally.

Apart from serving as Project Officer for "Rama Rasa Vahini", a music-based project in Endowments Dept, sponsored by Bhadrachalam Devasthanam; authoring books such as "Srihari Padartham", "Pedda Tirumalayya Parichayam"; her various projects in the field of music and culture include: National Level Music Competitions to encourage youth, organisation of the anniversaries of Annamacharya; discovering and publishing 39 compositions of Annamayya as the "Annamayya Gupta Sankeertanadhanam"; "Shanti Sankeertanam" to enlighten people against the acts of terrorism; "Nagara Sankeertana", singing in processions for spiritual awareness; she has conducted music therapy programs titled 'Sankeertanaushadham,' aimed at benefiting patients in hospitals. These initiatives have been organized in India and internationally; self-scripted musical feature, "Annamayya Katha"; presentation of "Upashamana Sankeertana", a special program for the relief of the prisoners; writing the story, script, screenplay, dialogues, music, and directing a tele-serial, "Sri Annamacharya"; application of "Swarayoga", a special program for the personality development; annual "Vaggeyakarotsavams" of 1983 celebrated in national level; and others. She advocated for the Postal Department of the Government of India to release a postage stamp commemorating Annamacharya.

==Biography==
Sobha Raju was born on 30 November 1957 at [[Vayalpadu]], [[Annamayya district]], Andhra Pradesh (A.P). Her father R. G. Narayana Raju, a retired Deputy Collector, was a native of Tirumala Reddypalle, [[Chittoor district]]. And her first spiritual mentor, while her mother Rajyalakshmi, was her first music teacher.

She did her B.A. in history, Economics & Music from Sri. Padmavathi Women's College, [[Tirupati]], A.P.

She is married to S. Nanda Kumar, who resigned from the post of Project Executive in [[National Dairy Development Board]] to support her mission.

Raju received her training in music from teachers like, Pullaiah, D. Seshagiri Rao, Pakala Munirathnam, Tiruttani Krishnamurthy, Kalpakam and Nedunuri Krishna Murthy garu.

Her work has drawn inspiration from the teachings of [[Ramakrishna]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]]. Swami [[Paramahansa Yogananda|Paramahamsa Yoganandaji]]'s teachings also had a tremendous influence on her. The holy company of [[Chinmayananda Saraswati]], [[Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)|Dayananda Saraswati]], Vidya Prakasanandaji, and [[Sathya Sai Baba]] helped a great deal in moulding her personality. She used to sing Bhajans and recite [[Bhagavad Gita]] during their discourses

===Other work===
Raju has contributed stories and articles to magazines and newspapers such as '[[Andhra Prabha]]' and '[[Andhra Bhoomi]]'. She is also the author of a few booklets such as "Sripadartham" (Commentaries to Annamayya Compositions) and "Pedatirumalayya Parichayam".

She has composed many songs and poems since her childhood. Her compositions have been released as audio albums by various audio companies and temples. She is also the music director for the TV serial "Sri Annamacharya."

==Awards and recognition==

In 2010, Raju received the [[Padma Shri]] award for her contributions to the arts, particularly in devotional music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government of India and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Sign $275 Million Loan for Upgrading Urban Services in 64 Small Towns in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224134500/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx |archive-date=2020-12-24 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.pib.gov.in}}</ref> Government of Andhra Pradesh honoured her with [[Hamsa Award]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shobha Raju - A Popular Indian Musician, Devotional Singer, Writer And Composer. - Talentsofworld Articles |url=https://talentsofworld.com/shobha-raju-a-popular-indian-musician-devotional-singer-writer-and-composer/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shobha Raju has also received many other awards in the fields of art, culture and music. These include: "Annamayya Pada Kokila" by Telugu Association of North America; "Sankeertana Praveena" by Telugu Kala Samithi, Kuwait in 2000; Paidi Lakshmiah Merit Award; "Ugadi Puraskar" by Madras Telugu Academy; "Smt Ravoori Kanthamma Bharadwaja Award"; "ANR Swarna Kankanam"; "Abhinava Annamayya" by Telugu Association of North Texas; "Outstanding Woman Award" by NTR Trust; "Out Standing Woman Award" by Mahila Congress on the eve of Indira Gandhi's birthday; among many more. Apart from her graduation from Sri Padmavathi Women's College of Tirupati, she also received an Honorary Doctorate from P.S. Telugu University; and has been honoured as "[[Asthana Vidushi]]" by the Dwaraka Tirumala Devasthanam, India. The India Cultural center & Temple, [[Memphis, Tennessee]], [[United States]], nominated her as a member of the South Zone Cultural Centre in 1985. She has been a member on the advisory panel of regional ICCR; and is serving for many years as an Advisor to the Annamacharya Project, TTD.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.annamayya.org annamayya.org]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Shobha}}
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:People from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women music educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]

Samnapur

2026-02-06T13:37:37Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding a details - done

{{Short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Samnapur
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.75|N|81.10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Janpad Panchayat
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,341
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]], [[Chhattisgarhi]].
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}
'''Samnapur''' is a village and [[development block]] in [[Dindori District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dindori.nic.in/en/tehsils-blocks-and-villages/|title=Tehsils, Blocks and Villages |website=District Dindori, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India}}</ref>
It is 25 km away from [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]].

==Geography==
Samnapur is located near Kharmer River, a tributary of [[Narmada River]]. Madhya Pradesh State Highway 43 passing from Samnapur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/16678940|title=Relation: Samnapur (16678940)|date=10 November 2023|website=OpenStreetMap}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Samnapur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Samnapur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=2024-07-19|archive-date=2024-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120120/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Samnapur.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
In 2011, Samnapur had 4,341 people, of which 2,164 were males and 2,177 were females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/492142-samnapur-mal-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Samnapur Mal. Village Population - Dindori - Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2024-07-19|archive-date=2024-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240719120125/https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/492142-samnapur-mal-madhya-pradesh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Shahdol Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dindori district]]

{{Jabalpur-geo-stub}}

Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited

2026-01-31T16:53:55Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir:

{{Short description|Subsidiary of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL)
| logo = MTNL Logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| former_name = Bombay Telephone Limited
| type = [[Subsidiary]] of [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Telecommunication]]s
| predecessor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1986|04|01}}<ref name="About-Us">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://mtnldelhi.in/customercare/aboutus.html |website=MTNL Delhi |access-date=5 April 2019 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918053104/https://mtnldelhi.in/customercare/aboutus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| founder = [[Government of India]]
| defunct =
| hq_location = Mahanagar Doorsanchar Sadan, 9, CGO Complex, [[Lodi Road]]
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=https://mtnl.in/contactus.html |website=MTNL |access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref>
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| areas_served = {{ubl|[[India]]|[[Mauritius]]|[[Nepal]]<ref name="About Us"/>}}
| key_people = ROBERT J RAVI, [[Indian Telecommunication Service|ITS]] {{Small|(Chairman & MD BSNL)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bsnl-cmd-p-k-purwar-takes-charge-of-mtnl-120041501762_1.html|title=BSNL CMD P K Purwar takes charge of MTNL|date=2020-04-15|publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>
| products = {{Unbulleted list
| [[Broadband Internet access|Wired and Wireless Broadband]]
| [[Digital television]]
| [[FTTH]]
| [[Landline|Fixed-line telephony]]
| [[Mobile phone|Mobile telephony]]
| [[IPTV]]
}}
| brands =
| services =
| revenue = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|1798.41|c}}<ref name="Audited Financial Results of MTNL for FY 2020-21">{{cite web |title= Audited Financial Results of MTNL for FY 2020-21 |url=https://mtnl.in/afrm2021.pdf |website=MTNL |access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref>
| revenue_year = FY21
| operating_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|-2451.79|c}}<ref name="Audited Financial Results of MTNL for FY 2020-21"/>
| income_year = FY21
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|-2451.79|c}}<ref name="Audited Financial Results of MTNL for FY 2020-21"/>
| net_income_year = FY21
| assets = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|13350.75|c}}<ref name="Audited Financial Results of MTNL for FY 2020-21"/>
| assets_year = FY21
| equity = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|-16039.88|c}}<ref name="Audited Financial Results of MTNL for FY 2020-21"/>
| equity_year = FY21
| owner = [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (100%)
| parent =
| num_employees = 3,309
| num_employees_year = As of Mar 2024
| divisions = {{ubl|[[Mahanagar Telephone Mauritius Limited]] (MTML)<ref name="About Us"/>}}
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{ubl|{{URL|https://mtnl.in/}}|{{URL|https://mtnldelhi.in/}}|{{URL|http://mtnlmumbai.in/}}}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited''' (abbreviated as '''MTNL''') is an Indian public [[telecommunications company]]. It is a wholly owned [[subsidiary]] of [[BSNL|Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]].<ref name="BSNL MTNL merger">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/mtnl-to-be-a-bsnl-subsidiary/article28749551.ece|title=MTNL to be a BSNL subsidiary|date=2019-06-29|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Headquartered in New Delhi, MTNL provides services in the metro cities of [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]]. It had a [[monopoly]] in Mumbai and Delhi until 1992, when the telecom sector was opened to other service providers in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sahoo |first1=Madhusudan |title=Sale only option for terminally ill MTNL! |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/page1/sale-only-option-for-terminally-ill-mtnl.html |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=The Pioneer |date=15 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MTNL files NYSE plan for listing |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/05/03/stories/020368r4.htm |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=3 May 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Khanna |first1=Sundeep |title=MTNL's woes show PSUs need a long-term game plan |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/oDx9YBWLaQHHXVjBp24utK/MTNLs-woes-show-PSUs-need-a-longterm-game-plan.html |access-date=7 June 2018 |work=Live Mint |date=12 December 2017}}</ref>

== Name ==
The name is derived from [[Hindi]]: ''mahanagar'' meaning "metropolis" (''maha'' "big", ''nagar'' "city") and ''nigam'' meaning "corporation". ({{Translation|Metropolitan Telephone Corporation Limited}}).

== History ==
Bombay Telephone was founded in 1882. The first telephone exchange in Mumbai began operations on 28 January 1882.<ref name="About Us">{{cite web|title=About Us – MTNL Mumbai|url=http://www.mtnlmumbai.in/index.php/about-us|publisher=Mahanagar Telephone Nigam|access-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> Delhi's first telephone system was established in 1911.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mtnl.net.in/history.htm|title=History|publisher=MTNL|access-date=25 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312172600/http://mtnl.net.in/history.htm|archive-date=12 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mahanagar Telephone Nigam was created by the Government of India in 1986 to oversee the telephone services of Delhi and Mumbai.<ref name="About Us" />

== Products ==

=== Telephone and Mobile ===
MTNL provides [[landline|fixed line telephones]] and [[Wireless local loop|WLL]] services. It also provides mobile services on [[GSM]] and [[CDMA]] platforms. MTNL's various service brands are:
:''Dolphin'' – a postpaid GSM service which also provides value-added services such as [[3G]],
:''Trump'' – a prepaid GSM service, similar to Dolphin,
:''Garuda'' – a WLL service which provides an ''FW'' tariff, and a ''Mobile'' tariff

Phone numbers belonging to MTNL start with the prefix '''2''' in [[landline|fixed line telephones]] and [[Wireless local loop|WLL]]. In [[GSM]], mobile numbers start with the prefixes 901x, 9757, 9868, 9869, 9968, and 9969.

MTNL's efficiency has drastically improved over the years. In the past, a customer had to wait much longer to secure a connection, but now he/she can receive a connection within hours of the subscription request being filed.

===Spectrum frequency holding summary===
MTNL owns spectrum in 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz bands across two circle of [[India|country]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://onlytech.com/india-telecom-spectrum-chart/|publisher=Only Tech|access-date=9 February 2021|title=Pan India Telecom Spectrum holding chart 2021 (updated)|date=25 March 2020 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | [[Telecom circle]] coverage
! scope="col" | E-[[GSM]] 900[[Frequency|MHz]] [[GSM frequency bands|Band 8]]
! scope="col" | [[GSM]] / FD-[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] 1800[[Frequency|MHz]] [[LTE frequency bands|Band 3]]
! scope="col" | [[UMTS]] 2100[[Frequency|MHz]] [[UMTS frequency bands|Band 1]]
|-
|[[Delhi]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|-
|[[Mumbai]] || {{ya|color=}} || {{na|color=}} || {{ya|color=}}
|}

==== 3G Mobile Service ====
MTNL started [[3G]] services in [[India]] under the name of "MTNL 3G Jadoo." Services offered include [[video call]]ing, [[mobile TV]] and [[mobile broadband]] with high-speed data connectivity up to 3.6 Mbit/s from 11 December 2008. MTNL plans to offer 3G services across India by mid-2009. MTNL also provides 3G data cards for usage in devices other than mobile phones. MTNL will be installing 15 lakh 3G lines in the first phase of its 3G roll-out in [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]] (which currently have 40 lakh existing mobile lines). MTNL announced in January 2012 that it would upgrade its 3G network to more advanced HSPA+ with download speeds up to 28.8 Mbit/s before the end of 2012.

MTNL rolled out its [[BlackBerry]] solutions on the 2G and 3 G networks by launching India's first 3G-enabled BlackBerry Bold smartphones.

=== Broadband and FTTH ===
MTNL is the largest ISP in Mumbai and Delhi (in terms of market share), and the third largest ISP in India though it has presence just in two circles. MTNL provides ''TriBand'' Internet services through [[dialup]] and [[DSL]]. It provides games on demand, video on demand, and [[IPTV]] services in India through ''TriBand''. TriBand is targeted at homes and small businesses.

MTNL began offering [[Fiber to the x|fibre-to-the-home]] (FTTH) [[Triple play (telecommunications)|triple play]] (voice, video, and data) high-speed broadband service in Delhi on 9 November 2011.<ref>[https://telecomtalk.info/mtnl-launches-ftth-unlimited-broadband-plans-with-10-mbps-speed/81459/ MTNL Launches FTTH Unlimited Broadband Plans With 10 Mbps Speed]. Telecomtalk.info. Retrieved on 2013-06-15.</ref> FTTH, with core network speed up to 1 Gbit/s, was launched in Mumbai on 1 March 2012.<ref>[https://telecomtalk.info/mtnl-launches-ftth-broadband-services-in-mumbai/ MTNL Launches FTTH Broadband Services In Mumbai]. Telecomtalk.info. Retrieved on 2013-06-15.</ref> MTNL FTTH Broadband offers several services based on triple play services like IPTV, HDTV, 3DTV, video on demand, bandwidth on demand, instant video conferencing, interactive gaming, and several other value-added services.

In 2004, telecom regulator TRAI mandated a minimum speed of 256 kbit/s for all broadband connections. MTNL increased the minimum speed of all its broadband plans to 512 kbit/s from existing 256 kbit/s, effective 26 January 2012, becoming the first ISP in India to opt for a minimum broadband speed from 256 kbit/s to 512 kbit/s, without any mandatory regulation.<ref>Bafna, Sanjay. (2012-01-25) [https://telecomtalk.info/mtnl-renovates-all-broadband-plans-512kbps-is-minimum-broadband-speed-from-jan-26/ Exclusive : MTNL Renovates All BroadBand Plans, 512 Kbps is Minimum Broadband Speed From 26 Jan]. Telecomtalk.info. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref> On 12 November 2013, MTNL announced that it would upgrade the speed of all its existing unlimited broadband plans in Mumbai to a minimum of 1 Mbit/s, at no additional cost.<ref>Bafna, Sanjay. (2013-11-12) [https://telecomtalk.info/mtnl-to-say-bye-bye-512kbps-speed-hello-to-minimum-1mbps-speed-and-more-on-broadband-for-all/ Exclusive : MTNL to Say Bye Bye 512 Kbps Speed, Hello to Minimum 1 Mbps Speed and More on Broadband for All]. Telecomtalk.info. Retrieved on 2013-12-06.</ref>

MTNL also provides other services such as [[Virtual private network|VPN]], [[VOIP]], and [[leased line]]s through [[BSNL]] and [[VSNL]].

== Mahanagar Telephone Mauritius Limited (MTML) ==
{{Main|Mahanagar Telephone Mauritius Limited}}
MTNL has set up a wholly owned subsidiary called [[Mahanagar Telephone Mauritius Limited (MTML)]] in [[Mauritius]], providing [[mobile phone|mobile]] and international long-distance services. MTML is the second operator in [[Mauritius]]. Necessary licenses were obtained in January 2004. MTML has already started its [[Internet Listing Display|ILD]] & [[CDMA]] based basic services in Mauritius. In Mauritius, 44,312 telephone connections are operational from a total switching capacity of 50,000. Moreover, through joint ventures with local telecommunications providers, MTML planned to offer Internet access through its wireless network by February 2009.

==Merger with [[BSNL]]==
On 23 October 2019, the [[Government of India]] announced a revival package for [[BSNL]] and [[MTNL]], which includes monetising assets, raising funds, [[TD-LTE]] [[spectrum]], voluntary retirement scheme for employees. Apart from the package, [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Ministry of Communications]] decided to merge [[MTNL]] with [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]]. Pending this, MTNL will be a subsidiary of BSNL.<ref name="BSNL MTNL merger"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/bsnl-mtnl-to-be-merged-cabinet-approves-four-way-revival-plan-for-the-two/articleshow/71721833.cms|title=Government approves Revival package for BSNL, MTNL|date=2019-10-23|publisher=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/bsnl-mtnl-merge-1612281-2019-10-23|title=BSNL, MTNL to be merged, along with special package|date=2019-10-23|publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Joint ventures ==

=== MTNL-STPI IT Services Limited ===
MTNL-STPI IT Services Ltd. is a 50:50 joint venture between Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL).

=== Millennium Telecom Limited (MTL) ===
MTNL has restructured Millennium Telecom Ltd. (MTL) as a joint venture company of MTNL and [[BSNL]] with 50% and 50% equity participation, respectively. The company will now be entering into a new business stream of international long-distance operations and will be executing a project of submarine cable system, both east and west of India.

In 2016, [[Rakesh Nangia]], Founder and Managing Partner of [[Nangia & Co]] and Chairman of [[Nangia Andersen India]] was appointed as has been appointed an Independent Director on the Board of MTNL.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mahanagar Telephone Nigam announces change in directorate|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/mahanagar-telephone-nigam-announces-change-in-directorate-116010700746_1.html|website=Business Standard|access-date=2022-01-08}}</ref>

==Telephone Advisory Committees==
'''[[Telephone Advisory Committees]]''' also known as '''TAC''' is an Indian Government body made up of Members of parliament and nominated members by the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]] to address issues concerning telecommunication in India. Looked upon as a privileged panel, the Telephone Advisory Committees (TAC), constituted by the [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]] of the [[Government of India]] to serve as a vital feedback mechanism for improvement of services in the Telecommunications sector by the [[Department of Telecommunications]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dot.gov.in/circulars/telephone-advisory-committees-tacs | title=Telephone Advisory Committees (TACs) | work=dot.gov.in | access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rajan-went-ahead-with-tac-view-on-interest-rate-114042501218_1.html | title=Raghuram Rajan went ahead with TAC view on interest rate | work=moneycontrol.com | date=25 April 2014 | access-date=25 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dot.gov.in/sites/default/files/1_6.pdf | title=Circular| work=dot.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/core-function-of-tac-remains-unchanged/article2024284.ece | title=Core function of TAC remains unchanged| work=thehindu.com| date=16 May 2011| access-date=17 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypost.in/chandigarh/47105-telephone-advisory-committee-meeting-of-bsnl-organised |title=Telephone Advisory Committee meeting of BSNL organised |work=dailypost.in |access-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208004426/http://www.dailypost.in/chandigarh/47105-telephone-advisory-committee-meeting-of-bsnl-organised |archive-date=8 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tech.firstpost.com/watch-videos/telephone-advisory-committee-tac-meeting-of-bsnl-presided-over-by-dr-ashok-tanwar-mp_cbqcH3OhIIU.html |title=Telephone Advisory Committee meeting presided over by Dr Ashok Tanwar Member of Parliament |work=firstpost.com |access-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126093232/http://tech.firstpost.com/watch-videos/telephone-advisory-committee-tac-meeting-of-bsnl-presided-over-by-dr-ashok-tanwar-mp_cbqcH3OhIIU.html |archive-date=26 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pgyr2000/pg062000/pg07june2000/070620001.html | title=The Union Minister of Communications Shri Ram Vilas Paswan inaugurated the first meeting of the Telephone Advisory Committee in New Delhi on June 7, 2000| work=pib.nic.in| access-date=18 January 2016}}</ref>

==List of TAC Members==
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
A
*[[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]
*[[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
*[[Ramdas Athawale]]
B
*[[E. T. Mohammed Basheer]]
*[[Shadi Lal Batra]]
*[[Bodh Singh Bhagat]]
*[[Subhash Bhamre]]
*[[Balwinder Singh Bhunder]]
*[[Ranjit Singh Brahmpura]]
C
*[[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
*[[Santokh Singh Chaudhary]]
*[[Dushyant Chautala]]
*[[Jitendra Choudhury]]
D
*[[Husain Dalwai]]
*[[Sankar Prasad Datta]]
*[[Anil Desai]]
*[[Dharambir Singh Chaudhary|Dharambir]]
*[[Rajkumar Dhoot]]
*[[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre]]
*[[Jyoti Dhurve]]
G
*[[Dharamvir Gandhi]]
*[[Ashok Sekhar Ganguly]]
*[[Heena Gavit]]
*[[Sher Singh Ghubaya]]
*[[M. S. Gill]]
*[[Naresh Gujral]]
H
*[[Deepender Singh Hooda]]
J
*[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav]]
K
*[[P. Karunakaran]]
*[[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
*[[Chandrakant Khaire]]
*[[Avinash Rai Khanna]]
*[[Vinod Khanna]]
*[[Kirron Kher]]
*[[Gajanan Kirtikar]]
*[[Ashwani Kumar (politician)|Ashwani Kumar]]
*[[Selja Kumari]]
*Keny Sanjay Govind
L
*[[Sadashiv Lokhande]]
M
*[[Bhagwant Mann]]
*[[Majeed Memon]]
N
*[[Shantaram Naik]]
*[[C.P. Narayanan]]
P
*[[Praful Patel]]
*[[Rajni Patil]]
*[[Nanabhau Patole]]
*[[Sharad Pawar]]
R
*[[Poonam Mahajan]]
*[[Sanjay Raut]]
*[[Rekha]]
*[[Charanjeet Singh Rori]]
*[[C. L. Ruala]]
S
*[[A. Sampath]]
*[[Vijay Sampla]]
*[[Alok Sanjar]]
*[[T. N. Seema]]
*[[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
*[[Gopal Shetty]]
*[[Rahul Shewale]]
*[[Rajeev Shukla]]
*[[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
*[[Amarinder Singh]]
*[[Sadhu Singh]]
*[[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)]]
*[[Raj Kumar Saini]]
*[[Wansuk Syiem]]
T
*[[Shashi Tharoor]]
*[[Ronald Sapa Tlau]]
*[[D. P. Tripathi]]
*[[K. T. S. Tulsi]]
V
*[[Rajan Vichare]]
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Telecommunication}}
* [[Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management]]
* [[Telecommunications in India]]
* [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]]
* [[MTNL Perfect Health Mela]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited}}
* [https://mtnl.in/ MTNL Official website]

{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Telecommunication companies of India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Major telecommunications companies}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Internet service providers of India]]
[[Category:Telecommunications companies of India]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Mobile phone companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Government-owned telecommunications companies]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:BSNL]]

Supaul Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T06:25:01Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Supaul
| state = [[Bihar]]
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = File:Dileshwar Kamait.jpg
| mp = [[Dileshwar Kamait]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
}}
'''Supaul''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 75
| value2 = 25
| label1 = [[Janata Dal (United)|'''JDU''' (3 times)]]
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (1 time)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Supaul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Supaul Lok Sabha]]
}}

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Supaul Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|41
|[[Nirmali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nirmali]]
|rowspan="5"| [[Supaul district|Supaul]]
|[[Aniruddha Prasad Yadav]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=6}}
|-
|42
|[[Pipra, Supaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pipra]]
|[[Rambilash Kamat]]
|-
|43
|[[Supaul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Supaul]]
|[[Bijendra Prasad Yadav]]
|-
|44
|[[Triveniganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Triveniganj]] (SC)
|[[Sonam Rani Sardar]]
|-
|45
|[[Chhatapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhatapur]]
|[[Neeraj Kumar Singh Bablu|Neeraj Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|72
|[[Singheshwar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singheshwar]] (SC)
|[[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
|[[Ramesh Rishidev]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[JD(U)]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-2009 : See [[Saharsa Lok Sabha constituency]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Vishwa Mohan Kumar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Ranjeet Ranjan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Dileshwar Kamait]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Supaul]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Supaul">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Supaul |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S048.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731183908/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S048.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Dileshwar Kamait]]
|party=Janata Dal (United)
|votes=5,95,038
|percentage=48.33
|change= {{decrease}}5.45
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Chandrahas Chaupal]]
|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes=4,25,235
|percentage=34.54
|change= N/A
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Baidya Nath Mehta
|party=Independent
|votes=51,652
|percentage=4.20
|change=N/A
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes=1,69,803
|percentage=13.79
|change= {{decrease}}10.23
}}

{{Election box turnout|
|votes=12,31,554
|percentage=63.85
|change={{decrease}}1.87
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Supaul<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Dileshwar Kamait]]|votes=5,97,377|percentage=53.78|change=+25.63}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ranjeet Ranjan]]|votes=3,30,524|percentage=29.76|change=-4.54}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=[[Vishwa Mohan Kumar]] |votes=23,045|percentage=2.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Rajesh Kumar|votes=20,320|percentage=1.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Binod Kumar Sahu|votes=19,277|percentage=1.74|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,66,853|percentage=24.02|change=+17.87}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,10,966|percentage=65.72|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Supaul<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ranjeet Ranjan]]|votes=3,78,927|percentage=40.30|change=+13.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=[[Dileshwar Kamait]]|votes=2,73,255|percentage=28.15|change=-16.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kameshwar Choupal|Kameshwar Chaupal]]|votes=2,49,693|percentage=25.73|change=+25.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=21,996|percentage=2.27|change=+2.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Aman Kumar Samajsevi|votes=21,233|percentage=2.19|change=+0.16}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = JHP
|candidate = Suresh Kumar Azad
|votes = 14,754
|percentage = 1.52
|change = +1.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Jay Narayan Yadav|votes=11,566|percentage=1.19|change=+1.19}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,05,672|percentage=12.15|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,70,544|percentage=63.62|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}<ref name="election2009">{{cite web |title=General Election 2009 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |access-date=22 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Supaul district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
<references />
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}
{{coord|26.1|86.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Supaul (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Supaul district]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhepura district]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharsa district]]

Cheriyal scroll painting

2026-01-06T23:24:35Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: enhance formatting for consistency and improved wording

{{short description|Stylized version of Nakashi art made in Hyderabad, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
[[File:Cherial 1.jpg|thumbnail|A contemporary Cheriyal Scroll painting]]
'''Cheriyal scroll painting''' is a stylized religious cloth-scroll paintings, rich in the local motifs peculiar to the [[Telangana]]. They are at present made only in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Staff Reporter|title=Sankranthi Saahitya Sangeetha Festival|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/17/stories/2007011719050200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720095023/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/17/stories/2007011719050200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2008|accessdate=6 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 January 2007}}</ref> The [[scroll]]s are painted in a narrative format, much like a film roll or a comic strip, depicting stories from Indian mythology,<ref>{{cite news|last=Rajan|first=Anjana|title=Retelling the Ramayana|url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2008/12/16/stories/2008121650010100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213165241/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2008/12/16/stories/2008121650010100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2013|accessdate=6 December 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 December 2008}}</ref> and intimately tied to the shorter stories from the Puranas and Epics. Earlier, these paintings were prevalent across Andhra, as also various other parts of the country, albeit flavoured with their distinct styles and other local peculiarities dictated by the local customs and traditions. In the same way, [[Cheriyal]] scrolls must have been popular across [[Telangana]] in earlier times, though with the advent of television, cinemas and computers it has been fenced into its last outpost, the [[Cheriyal]] town.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Arti|title=Moving from scrolls to key chains, an art form from Telangana fights to stay relevant|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/869992/moving-from-scrolls-to-key-chains-an-art-form-from-telangana-fights-to-stay-relevant|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Cheriyal cloth-scroll painting shares common origin with textile scroll paintings like [[Patachitra]] and [[Phad painting|Phad]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Shiv Kumar |title=The Indian Painted Scroll |date=1993 |publisher=Kala Prakashan |page=48 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tales of Origin: Scroll Paintings from the Deccan |url=https://www.vayuonline.com/blogs/blogs/tales-of-origin-scroll-paintings-from-the-deccan |website=Vayu - Design for living |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
===Origins===
Charanachitras, Mankhas, Yamapatas were ancient form of paintings executed on textile-scrolls and dealt with themes of a narrative-didactive nature of storytelling which finds mentions in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist texts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Shiv Kumar |title=The Indian Painted Scroll |date=1993 |publisher=Kala Prakashan |page=13|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Balakrishna |first1=Sandeep |title=Mankhas as the Extinct Inheritors of a Profound Cultural Treasure |url=https://www.dharmadispatch.in/culture/mankhas-as-the-extinct-inheritors-of-a-profound-cultural-treasure |website=The Dharma Dispatch |language=en |date=5 September 2022}}</ref> According to historian A. L. Dallaiccola's in his book ''South Indian Paintings'' (2010), earliest known reference to textile-scroll paintings appears in [[Mahabhashya]] in 2nd century BC. A.L Dalloiccola notes that these textile scroll paintings were used as a way to teach "the principles ruling their religious and social life through the recitation of stories drawn from the epics, the puranas and other religious texts... In the past, the retelling of these stories provided the education of the unlettered, and the discourses were accompanied by visual aids: scrolls, painted cloth hangings, sets of paintings, and wooden boxes with folding, concertina-like doors painted with scenes".<ref name="MuseumDallapiccola2010">{{cite book|author1=British Museum|author2=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|title=South Indian Paintings: A Catalogue of the British Museum Collection|year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIzWapiacQcC&pg=PA78|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-0-7141-2424-7|quote= ''Although in the past the majority of Indian people might have been illiterate, they were not uneducated. They were taught the principles ruling their religious and social life through the recitation of stories drawn from the epics, the puranas and other religious texts... In the past, the retelling of these stories provided the education of the unlettered, and the discourses were accompanied by visual aids: scrolls, painted cloth hangings, sets of paintings, and wooden boxes with folding, concertina-like doors painted with scenes from the 'career' of a deity, such as the portable shrine from [[Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh|Tirupati]] that is now in the [[Ashmolean Museum]], [[Oxford]]... The earliest known reference to the picture showmen is found in [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Mahabhashya]]'' (2nd century BC). Commenting on the passage on the historic present in Panini's grammar, the ''Ashtadhyayi'' (c. 5th century BC), [[Patanjali]] takes as an example some picture showmen who are discussing the killing of Kamsa at the hands of Krishna... There is also a specific mention of a picture showing Kamsa being dragged by the hair and beaten by Krishna. Numerous references to picture showmen and painted scrolls occur in literary sources. The scrolls showing the torments of hell, ''yamapattaka'', seem to have been particularly popular.''}}</ref> Devotional scrolls were also sold as souvenir paintings for pilgrims, who would bringing back scroll paintings as memento of their pilgrimage.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tirupati painting of Dashavatara |url=https://www.roots.gov.sg/Collection-Landing/listing/1018602 |website=www.roots.gov.sg |language=en|quote= This is the reverse side of the painting of Varaha avatara with Lakshmi. The courtyard shown here suggests a topographical record of the temple site of what could be the Tirupati Balaji Temple.This painting of Varaha avatara with Lakshmi, as one of the ten incarnations of Vishnu, belongs to a group of three Tirupati souvenir paintings. He is depicted under a canopy of flowers and garlands. The painters have used red, green, yellow and pink have liberally.The style, colours and decorative features suggest that they were made for Vaishnava (Vishu devotees) patrons who may have visited Tirupati temple and were carrying back these paintings as a memento of their pilgrimage.}}</ref>

===Medieval era===
The art form has a history of more than 400 years and is closely associated with the storytelling tradition of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2018-05-19 |title=Moving from scrolls to key chains, an art form from Telangana fights to stay relevant |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/869992/moving-from-scrolls-to-key-chains-an-art-form-from-telangana-fights-to-stay-relevant |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In India, each region and village developed its own scroll painting traditions, marked by characteristic content, form and technique depending on the local ethos, patronage and socio-economic conditions. [[Rajasthan]] is known for its ''Pabuji ki Pad'', ''Devenarayana katha'' as also stories from the legend of ''Dhola and Maru''. Goa evolved the ''Dasavathara'', as [[Maharashtra]] did ''Pinguli'' and the ''Chitra Katha'' traditions. Maharashtra and Gujarat are also known for a sophisticated scroll painting tradition called the ''Prasasti Patra''. Orissa and Bengal are famous for their ''Patachitra'' traditions.<ref>Scroll Paintings of Bengal: Art in the Village By Amitabh Sengupta published by AuthorHouse</ref>

While the above-mentioned traditions could have significantly influenced the Cheriyal scroll paintings and artists, the [[Cheriyal]] paintings were and continue to be a distinctly local invention, peculiar to the [[Telangana]] region, drawing mainly on local traditions. It can safely be said that the local temple art traditions and the [[Kalamkari]] tradition across [[Golconda Sultanate]] in particular, and the graphic art traditions of the Deccan and South India in general were the major influences that shaped and guided the art of scroll paintings. However, it should also be remembered that the sphere of activity, subject and artistic idiom of every scroll painting including that of Cheriyal is peculiar and confined to the village or habitation.

The Mandhets were the itinerant bards and performers of Andhra Pradesh while the Nakashis were the artists. The Nakashis of [[Telangana]] also made dolls, much like the [[Kinnal]] dolls of Karnataka, in addition to the painted scrolls. These scrolls were a very important part of the sociological and cultural setting of [[Telangana]]. As these paintings are now confined to [[Cheriyal]] village, they are called [[Cheriyal]] scrolls. In earlier times, the scrolls were a colourful backdrop to the equally interesting oral traditions of the common people, - the village hajjam-barber, toddy tapper, dhobhi-washerman, chamar-leatherworker, fisherman, weaver and farmer: (''Madiga, Goud, Mudiraju, Malas, Padmashali, Chakala and Mangali''<ref>Folk Painting Traditions of India by Sarita Chauhan Booklet series - 52 published by Institute for Social Democracy http://www.isd.net.in/Publication/Booklet/2012/Booklet_52.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512213147/http://www.isd.net.in/Publication/Booklet/2012/Booklet_52.pdf |date=12 May 2014 }}</ref>) the seven working and marginalised castes and communities of the village. The scrolls set out the adventures and exploits of local folk heroes who performed on the fringes of the epics, Puranas, etc. of the Hindu 'Greater Tradition'. Each community had its peculiarities and its favourite heroes and heroines as also selection of stories from local Mythologies.<ref>http://jigyasa0.tripod.com/folk.html Jagdish and Kamla Mittal Museum of Indian Art</ref> It was also customary to sacrifice a goat after the recitation of the story from the scroll in some communities.<ref>[https://www.allo-peintre33.com/ Allo Peintre 33]</ref>

==Present times==
Today the long stories from the local mythologies have been cut short, as the traditional patrons for the long scrolls no longer exist. The artists have been forced to adapt and nowadays they paint smaller versions of the scrolls, depicting a single episode or character from the traditional stories. These are amenable to framing and can be hung on walls in modern homes. Further, the colours are no longer prepared in the traditional manner. While earlier, they used natural white extracted from sea shells, black from lamp soot and yellow from [[turmeric]].

==The Tradition==
[[File:Cherial 5.jpg|thumbnail|left|Contemporary Cheriyal Dolls]]
The traditional art form became an inseparable part of the profession of the story-telling, balladeer community known as ''Kaki Padagollu''. They displayed the scrolls and accompanied by music and dance went from village to village narrating and singing their ballads based from their rich folklore which was rooted in the [[Puranas]] and Indian Epics, enlivening many a lazy village evening.

In a typical recitation, the storyteller-balladeer would wander from village to village in a team of usually five people, with two to narrate the story while the others would provide a simple but hectic musical accompaniment with the harmonium, tabala and castanets. The stage would also be a simple affair (many times even to the extent of being a rough and ready fixture), erected on four poles with a horizontal bar on which the scrolls could be displayed.

[[File:Cheriyal painting - toddy tappers.jpg|thumb|A traditional Cheriyal scroll painting depicting the legends of the toddy tapper community. Circa 18th - 19th century.]]

The scroll would flow like a film roll. It was generally about
three feet in width and went up to 40 – 45 feet in length, depending upon the story. The traditional scrolls are normally in vertical format, illustrating stories in a series of horizontal panels. A floral border in the middle separates the two panels, while the linear narrative is demonstrated by holding in both hands or suspending it from a tree or a building and continually rolling it. Like large sized comic strips, each panel of the scroll depicted one part of the story. Hence, a scroll would easily have around 50 panels. As the bard would narrate the story, the panel depicting that particular part of the story would be displayed. The choice of episodes and iconography of each deity was painted, keeping in mind the caste for which the scroll was made.

[[File:Cherial 3.jpg|thumbnail|left|A modern Cheriyal painting in making]]

By virtue of its distinct traditional style and characteristics [[Cheriyal]] Paintings were recently given a Geographical Indications (GI) tag. There are very few artists remaining who continue to paint using this unique technique. A recent innovation has been the painting of single pictures (as opposed to a continuous scroll) meant for wall decorations.

== Process ==
The making of the canvas is a very elaborate procedure. The [[Khadi]] cotton is treated with a mixture of starch (from rice), suddha matti (white mud), a paste of boiled tamarind seeds and gum water thrice. It has to be ensured that every coating is thoroughly dried before the next one is applied.
Once the canvas is ready, the artists sketch the outline directly onto the canvas using a brush. The outlines are very well defined and sharply reflecting the quality and experience of the craftsman.
The colors are made by the artists from natural sources. Brushes are made with hair of squirrels tied to a stick.
Dolls and masks are made of wood, saw dust and tamarind paste. Masks are made even with coconut shells.

[[File:Cherial 4.jpg|thumbnail|Contemporary Cheriyal Dolls]]

== Characteristics ==
Cheriyal Paintings can be easily recognised by the following peculiarities and unique characteristics:

• Painted in vivid hues, mostly primary colors, with a predominance of red in the background, the paintings are characterised by the unbridled imagination of the local artisans who were not constrained by the academic rigour that characterised the more classical [[Tanjore painting]] and [[Mysore painting]]. For example, the artist hardly bothers about perspective in Cheriyal paintings and sets out the narrative by placing the relevant figures in appropriate order and position in the relevant background. The iconography of even the major deities like [[Shiva]], Vishnu, etc. has a strong local idiom.

•The subjects of these scroll paintings are easy to relate to – as the themes and stories are familiar – drawn from ancient literary, mythological and folk traditions. The common themes are from the Krishna Leela, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Shiva Puranam, Markandeya Puranam interspersed with the ballads and folk-stories of communities like Gauda, [[Madiga]] and so on.

• The main narrative is spiced up with scenes from simple rural life - Women doing chores in the kitchen, men working in the paddy fields or boozing away in merry abandon, festival scenes, etc. are endearingly depicted.

• The costumes and settings in which the figures are depicted are typical and reflect the culture of Andhra, where these paintings originated.

• Within the narrow panels, proportion is created by depicting trees, or a building, a pillar with drawn curtains, etc. However more often than not, the proportion of individual characters is determined by their relative importance in that particular scene, with the most important character being the largest and most detailed and the lesser characters being smaller and less detailed.

==GI rights==
Cheriyal scroll painting received Intellectual Property Rights Protection or [[Geographical Indication]] (GI) status in 2008.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author1=British Museum|author2=Anna Libera Dallapiccola|title=South Indian Paintings: A Catalogue of the British Museum Collection|year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIzWapiacQcC&pg=PA78|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-0-7141-2424-7}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title=Indian court painting, 16th-19th century. |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0870997831}} (see index: p. 148-152)

==External links==
{{commons category|Cheriyal scroll painting}}
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716165719/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/05/20/stories/2004052001190300.htm Hindu Article]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100526033037/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/dec28/sh5.asp Changing colours]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/ancient-audio-visual-entertainment/article2688875.ece Ancient Audio Visual Entertainment]

[[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]
[[Category:Culture of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian folk art]]

[[nl:Cheriyal]]

Chikhale railway station

2026-01-06T16:27:41Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: Made details.

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chikhale
| native_name = चिखले
| type =
| style =
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9738|73.1523|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor]]
| other =
| structure = On Ground
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels = 1m
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| status = Active
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = CKHS
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railway zone]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| route_map = {{MSR Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| map_type = Maharashtra
| map_dot_label = Chikhale
}}

'''Chikhale railway station''' is a station on the [[Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor]] in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Panvel–Karjat suburban corridor costing Rs 2,782 crore to be completed by March|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/panvel-karjat-suburban-corridor-10383815/|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=2025-11-24}}</ref> The preceding station on the line is [[Poyanje railway station]] and the next station is [[Panvel railway station]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Nerul-Uran/Panvel-Karjat}}
{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

[[Category:Karjat-Panvel rail line]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]

Manas Bhunia

2026-01-02T20:09:43Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: minor changes

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{update|Did he survive the fast?|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manas Ranjan Bhunia
| image = Manas Ranjan Bhunia - Kolkata 2023-03-29 4868.jpg
| caption = Manas Ranjan Bhunia. March 2023.
| birth_name = Manas Ranjan Bhunia<ref name="Profile"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|02|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sabang, Paschim Medinipur|Sabang]], [[West Bengal]], India
| residence = [[Kolkata]]
| office = Minister of Water Resources Investigation and Development [[Government of West Bengal]]
| governor = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] [[La. Ganesan]] ''(additional charge)'' [[C. V. Ananda Bose]]
| term_start = 10 May 2021
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Soumen Mahapatra|Dr. Soumen Kumar Mahapatra]]
| successor =
| office2 = Minister for Irrigation and Waterways & Small and Micro Industries and Textile [[Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start2 = 20 May 2011
| term_end2 = 25 September 2012
| predecessor2 = [[Subhas Naskar]] (''Irrigation and Waterways'')
| successor2 = [[Mamata Banerjee]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 19 August 2017
| term_end1 = 9 May 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Debabrata Bandyopadhyay]]
| successor1 = [[Sushmita Dev]]
| constituency = West Bengal
| governor2 = [[M. K. Narayanan]]
| office4 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start4 = 2 May 2021
| term_end4 =
| constituency4 = [[Sabang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabang]]
| predecessor4 = Geeta Bhunia
| successor4 =
| term_start5 = 11 May 2006
| term_end5 = 18 August 2017
| predecessor5 = Tushar Kanti Laya
| successor5 = Geeta Bhunia
| term_start6 = 1982
| term_end6 = 14 May 2001
| predecessor6 = Gouranga Samanta
| successor6 = Tushar Kanti Laya
| office7 = [[President (corporate title)|President]] of the [[West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start7 = 23 October 2008
| term_end7 = 17 January 2011
| predecessor7 = [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| successor7 = [[Pradip Bhattacharya]]
| party = [[File:All India Trinamool Congress flag (2).svg|25px]] [[Trinamool Congress]] (2016–present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1970–2016)
| spouse = Gita Rani Bhunia<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/tmc-fields-manas-ranjan-bhunias-wife-for-sabang-assembly-byelection/articleshow/61812726.cms TMC fields Manas Ranjan Bhunia's wife for Sabang Assembly by-election] ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 10 September 2021</ref>
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Manas Ranjan Bhunia''' is an Indian [[politician]] and was the Minister for Irrigation and Waterways and the Minister for Small & Micro Industries and Textile in the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref name="Profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|title=Ministers in Mamata's Cabinet|accessdate=22 May 2011|publisher=[[Government of West Bengal]]|date=21 May 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005213008/http://www.banglarmukh.com/portal/banglarMukh/Government/MinisterSecretary/MinisterSecretaryPortletWindow?category=M&action=e&windowstate=normal&in.gov.wb.portal.MENU_ID_PARAMETER=100&mode=view|archivedate=5 October 2011}}</ref> He is also an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], elected from the [[Sabang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabang]] constituency in the [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]]. He along with all other ministers in the state cabinet resigned after [[Indian National Congress]] withdrew support for the state government. He joined the [[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]](AITC) in 2016. He is the current Minister of Water Resources Investigation and Development for the [[Government of West Bengal]].

On 26 August 2015, he accused the [[West Bengal Police]] of selectively arresting supporters of the Chhatra Parishad movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/BJP-MLA-booked-for-assaulting-tehsildar/articleshow/48687169.cms|title=BJP MLA booked for assaulting tehsildar|work=The Times of India|date=26 August 2015 }}</ref> On September 16, he began an indefinite fast to protest the murder of one of the movement's members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/news/india/congress-mla-manas-bhuniya-starts-indefinite-fast-554470/|title=Congress MLA Manas Bhuniya starts indefinite fast|author=Press Trust of India|work=India.com}}</ref> In March 2021, he again got the AITC ticket to contest the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 West Bengal Assembly Election 2021]] from [[Sabang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sabang]] constituency and won, defeating Amulya Maity of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] by 9,864 votes.

== References ==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhunia, Manas}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Presidents of West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}
{{WestBengal-AITC-politician-stub}}

Kaldurg Fort

2025-12-28T18:29:54Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: expand article per standard format

{{Short description|Fort in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name=Kaldurg Fort
|location=[[Palghar district]], Maharashtra
|image=
|caption=
|map_size=300
|map_caption=Location in Maharashtra
|map_type=India#Maharashtra
|coordinates= {{coord|19|41|28.7|N|72|49|01.2|E}}
|type=fort
|height = {{convert|475|m|ft}}
|ownership=
|controlledby=
|open_to_public=yes
|condition=
|built=
|builder=
|materials=
|battles=
}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
'''Kaldurg Fort''' is east of [[Palghar]], [[Maharashtra]], India, in the [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri]] mountain range of northern [[Konkan]]. Its height is at least 475 meters above sea level, giving views of the [[Arabian Sea]] and the industrial town of Palghar to the west, as well as views of the [[Surya River (India)|Surya River]], to the east.

This rectangular shape of a fort can easily be located from a distance. There is no historic sign. The fort is divided into the upper part and lower part by a rectangular rock. There are a few steps that separate these two parts.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://palghar.gov.in/culture-heritage/ |title = Culture & Heritage|website=palghar.gov.in |access-date=2018-06-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|19.6913|72.8170|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{Forts in Maharashtra}}

{{India-struct-stub}}

[[Category:Forts in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Palghar district]]

Jaunpur train bombing

2025-12-14T10:17:12Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding new info

{{Short description|Bombing of express train in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{For|the train crash in Jaunpur 2002|2002 Jaunpur train crash}}
{{no footnotes|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
|title=Jaunpur train bombing
|location=near [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], Uttar Pradesh, India
|target=Civilian passenger train
|date=28 July 2005
|time=17:15
|timezone=[[UTC]]+5.5
|type=[[Bombing]]
|fatalities=14
|injuries=62
|perps=Unknown organisation
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
The '''Jaunpur train bombing''' occurred on 28 July 2005, when an explosion destroyed a carriage of [[Shramjeevi Express]] train near the town of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

The ''[[Shramjeevi Express]]'' train was travelling in the afternoon between Jaunpur and Delhi when, at 5:15 pm, an explosion tore through one of the carriages. The train's crew was able to halt the engine quickly, thus preventing the train derailing following the blast. As other passengers and locals aided those wounded by the blast, emergency services fought to extinguish the burning carriage.

Thirteen people were killed by the blast, or died later from their injuries. A further 50 people required medical treatment, including several who underwent amputations. The cause of the explosion was traced to the carriage's toilet, where a bomb using the explosive [[RDX]] had detonated. RDX is a military grade explosive which had been used in several terrorist attacks on Indian targets, including the [[Ayodhya train bombing]] in June 2000.

Eyewitnesses reported two young men having boarded the train at Jaunpur with a white suitcase. Shortly afterwards, both of them leaped from the moving train into the fields without their suitcase. A few minutes later, the explosion shook the carriage.

Officials deemed it highly unlikely that this was an accidental explosion and authorities attributed it to Islamist extremists. In January 2024, two operatives of [[Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami]] were sentenced to death for perpetrating this terrorist act. The organizer was a man from Bangladesh and was assisted by a man from [[West Bengal]].

==See also==
* [[Uttar Pradesh train accidents]]

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060217144328/http://newsfromrussia.com/accidents/2005/07/28/60795.html Initial Russian News Report]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060214154326/http://newsfromrussia.com/accidents/2005/07/28/60801.html Russian article on incident]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060222185150/http://newsfromrussia.com/world/2005/07/29/60826.html Russian article on investigation]
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4726737.stm BBC News Report]
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/archive_full_story.php?content_id=75467 India Express eyewitness account]
*[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/jan/03/two-get-death-sentence-in-2005-shramjeevi-train-blast-in-up-2647502.html]

{{2005 railway accidents}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaunpur Train Bombing}}
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:2005 murders in India]]
[[Category:2005 mass murders]]
[[Category:Train bombings in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in 2005]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2005]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in India]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2005|Jaunpur train bombing]]
[[Category:Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Murder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:July 2005 in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2005]]
[[Category:July 2005 crimes in Asia]]

Harishchandrapur College

2025-12-07T06:15:34Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: refine content additionally and added references

{{Short description|College in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{one source|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Harishchandrapur College
|image = Hcpcollege.png
|type = Undergraduate college [[Public college]]
|established = {{start date and age|2008}}
|Principal =
|city = [[Pipla Kasimpur|Pipla]], [[Harishchandrapur I]] CD block
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|country = [[India]]
|postcode = 732125
|coordinates = {{coord|25|25|45.02|N|87|52|42.43|E|display=title, inline}}
|pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
|affiliations = [[University of Gour Banga]]
|website = http://www.harishchandrapurcollege.org.in/
}}
'''Harishchandrapur College''' is a college in [[Pipla Kasimpur|Pipla]], [[Harishchandrapur]] in the [[Malda district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The college is affiliated to the [[University of Gour Banga]], offering undergraduate courses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of University of Gour Banga |url=http://www.ugb.ac.in/general-degree-colleges/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408054823/http://www.ugb.ac.in/general-degree-colleges/ |archivedate=2013-04-08 }}</ref>

== History ==

{{Empty section|date=June 2021}}

== Departments ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Arts Faculty Departments'''
|-
! Departments
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
| [[English literature|English]]
|-
| [[History]]
|-
| [[Political Science]]
|-
| [[Philosophy]]
|-
| [[Education]]
|-
| [[Geography]]
|-
| [[Sanskrit]]
|}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.harishchandrapurcollege.org.in/ Harishchandrapur College]
*[http://www.ugb.ac.in/ University of Gour Banga]
*[http://www.ugc.ac.in/ University Grants Commission]
*[http://www.naac.gov.in/ National Assessment and Accreditation Council]

{{University of Gour Banga}}

[[Category:Education in Malda district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Malda district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Gour Banga]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Koduru, Kakinada District

2025-11-24T20:18:32Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding new place - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koduru
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.3375|N|82.3967|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Kakinada
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.67
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 479
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 84
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 533 446
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Koduru''' is a village in [[Rowthulapudi Mandal]], [[Kakinada district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise list of villages in East Godavari district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/eastgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=7 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archivedate=21 January 2015|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Koduru is located at {{coord|17.3375|N|82.3967|E|}}.

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Koduru had a population of 479, out of which 234 were male and 245 were female. The population of children below 6 years of age was 43. The literacy rate of the village was 70.18%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2814_PART_A_DCHB_EAST%20GODAVARI.pdf|title= Koduru Village Census 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Rowthulapudi mandal]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

Uparli Badol

2025-11-10T02:54:25Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir:

{{onesource|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kutwari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.110169|N|76.27606|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Uparli Badol''' is a village in [[Kangra District]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Uparli Badol|url=http://village.org.in/Uparli-Badol |website=village.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kangra district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kangra district]]

Zohra Ansari

2025-11-07T11:14:59Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir:

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (1915 – 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Zohra Ansari
| native_name = बेगम ज़ोहरा अंसारी
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = 1915
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| death_date = 28 July 1988
| death_place = England
| occupation = activist, freedom fighter.
| spouse = [[Shaukatullah Shah Ansari]]
| relatives = [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]] (uncle)
}}

'''Zohra Ansari''' ({{Langx|ur|بیگم زہرہ انصاری}}, {{Langx|hi|बेगम ज़ोहरा अंसारी}}, 1915–1988) was an Indian activist and freedom fighter. [[Mahatma Gandhi]] affectionately called her '''Vasthad Bi'''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-22 |title=Tales in brick and mortar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/tales-in-brick-and-mortar/article7904035.ece |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Nuala C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vrlHDwAAQBAJ&dq=zohra+ansari+freedom+fighter&pg=PT501 |title=Culture and Society: Critical Essays in Human Geography |date=2018-01-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-16034-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in [[Delhi]], originally form [[Yusufpur]], [[Ghazipur]], to Mohammad Asghar Ansari and Ayesha Bibi but,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/ANSARISOFYUSUFPUR/page/n353/mode/2up | title=Ansaris of Yusufpur | date=November 2013 }}</ref> was raised by her uncle and aunt, freedom fighters [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari|Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]] and Begum Shamsunnisa Ansari.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=Indian Historical Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIr95OdD42AC&q=zohra+ansari+freedom+fighter |title=Proceedings of the Meetings |date=1985 |publisher=Government of India Press |language=en}}</ref> She was born into an influential family known as the Ansaris' of Yusufpur.

== Life ==
She was a key figure in the National Movement, with her parents hosting leaders, activists, and scholars at their residence 'Dar-us-Salam'. The spaciousness of their home resembled that of a royal palace. She dedicated herself to Wardha Ashram for an extended period, where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] recognized her proficiency in Urdu and sought to learn from her. Referring to her as 'Vastad Bi' and 'Beti' in his letters, Gandhi valued her insights.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flUaqGpZWJYC&q=zohra+ansari+freedom+fighter |title=Orissa Review |date=1969 |publisher=Home Department, Government of Orissa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dihlavī |first=Ak̲h̲lāq Aḥmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_FjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B2%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%81+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C |title=ىادوں کا سفر |date=1991 |publisher=Maktabah-yi ʻĀliyah |language=ur}}</ref>

The correspondence between her and Mahatma Gandhi covered a range of topics. In a letter dated 22 December 1932, Gandhi expressed his anticipation of Zohra's weekly letters. When Zohra expressed her eagerness to join the National Movement by going to jail like her parents, Gandhi advised her to be patient and assured her of the opportunity to do so.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=Bimal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-X0MAQAAMAAJ&q=zohra+ansari+freedom+fighter |title=Towards Freedom: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India, 1945 |date=2008 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |isbn=978-0-19-569530-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=اختر |first=جميل |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6xjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%B2%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%81+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C |title=اشاريه آج كل، به لحاظ موضوع و مصنف ، 1942-2000 |date=2002 |publisher=انترنيشنل اردو فائنڈيشن، |language=ur}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She married Dr. [[Shaukatullah Shah Ansari|Shaukatulla Shah Ansari]], who was both her relative and a prominent figure in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian National Movement]]. She experienced the loss of her father in 1936 and her mother in 1938.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawan |first=Saile |date=2023-08-13 |title=جنگ آزادی میں بعض سرگرم مسلم خواتین |url=https://sailerawan.com/elementor-4712/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |language=ur}}</ref>

== Death ==
She died on 28 July 1988 in England.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Zohra}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Rebels from British India]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
{{Authority control}}

I. C. Golaknath and Others v. State of Punjab and Anothers

2025-11-06T05:03:53Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding data - done

{{Short description|1967 Supreme Court of India case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Golaknath v. State of Punjab
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name = I.C. Golaknath and Ors. vs State of Punjab and Anrs.
| date decided = 27 February 1967
| citations = [https://digiscr.sci.gov.in/pdf_viewer?dir=YWRtaW4vanVkZ2VtZW50X2ZpbGUvanVkZ2VtZW50X3BkZi8xOTY3L3ZvbHVtZSAyL1BhcnQgSS8xOTY3XzJfNzYyLTk0OF8xNzAyMTAwNTA3LnBkZg== 1967 2 S.C.R. 762]; 1967 INSC 45; 1967 AIR 1643;
| ECLI =
| transcripts =
| judges = [[K. Subba Rao]] (Chief Justice), K.N Wanchoo, [[M. Hidayatullah]], J.C. Shah, [[S. M. Sikri]], R.S. Bachawat, [[V. Ramaswami]], J.M. Shelat, Vishishtha Bhargava, G.K. Mitter, C.A. Vaidyialingam
| number of judges = 11
| decision by = K. Subba Rao (Chief Justice) with J.C. Shah, S.M. Sikri, J.M. Shelat, C.A. Vaidiyalingam
| concurring = M. Hidayatullah
| dissenting = Justices K.N. Wanchoo, Vishistha Bhargava and G.K Mitter (writing together); R.S. Bachawat; V. Ramaswami
| concur/dissent =
| prior actions =
| appealed from =
| appealed to =
| subsequent actions =
| related actions =
| opinions = Fundamental Rights cannot be abridged or taken away by the amending procedure in Art. 368 of the Constitution. An amendment to the Constitution is 'law' within the meaning of Art. 13(2) and is therefore subject to Part III of the Constitution.
| Overruled = ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]'' (1973)
| keywords = 
| italic title =
}}

'''''Golaknath v. State Of Punjab''''' (1967 AIR 1643, 1967 SCR (2) 762), or simply the '''''Golaknath case''''', was a 1967 [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] case, in which the Court ruled that [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] could not curtail any of the Fundamental Rights in the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].<ref>[http://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l426-I.-C.-Golaknath-V.-State-Of-Punjab.html L. C. Golaknath V. State Of Punjab]</ref>

==Facts==
The family of Golak Nath held over 500 acres of farmland in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. In the phase of the 1953 Punjab Security and Land Tenures Act, the state government held that the brothers could keep only thirty acres each, a few acres would go to tenants and the rest was declared 'surplus'. This was challenged by the Golak Nath family in the courts and the case was referred to the Supreme Court in 1965.
The family filed a petition under Article 32 challenging the 1953 Punjab Act on the ground that it denied them their constitutional rights to acquire and hold property and practice any profession (Articles 19(1)(f) and 19(1)(g)) and to equality before and equal protection of the law (Article 14). They also sought to have the Seventeenth Amendment – which had placed the Punjab Act in the Ninth Schedule – declared ''[[ultra vires]]''.<ref name="Austin">{{Cite book | last = Austin | first = Granville | title = Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1999 | location = New Delhi | pages = [https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust/page/n112 196]–202 | url =https://archive.org/details/workingdemocrati00aust| url-access = limited | isbn = 019565610-5 }}</ref>

The issues involved were whether Amendment is a "law" under the meaning of Article 13(3)(
a), and whether Fundamental Rights can be amended or not.

==Judgement==

The judgement reversed [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]'s earlier decision which had upheld Parliament's power to amend all parts of the Constitution, including Part III related to Fundamental Rights. The judgement left Parliament with no power to curtail Fundamental Rights.<ref>{{cite book|title=Subverting the Constitution|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|pages=182|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xzx0miLvzfsC|author=G. G. Mirchandani|isbn=9788170170570|access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref>

The Supreme Court, by thin majority of 6:5, held that a constitutional amendment under Article 368 of the Constitution was an ordinary 'law' within the meaning of Article 13(3)
of the Constitution. The majority did not believe there was any difference between ordinary legislative power of the parliament and the inherent constituent power of parliament to amend the Constitution. The majority did not agree with the view that Article 368 of the Constitution contained "power and procedure" to amend, but instead believed that the text of Article 368 only explained the procedure to amend the constitution, the power being derived from entry 97 of the List I of the VII Schedule to the Constitution.

Since according to Article 13(2), the parliament could not make any law that abridges the Fundamental Rights contained in Part III of the Constitution, a constitutional amendment, also being an ordinary law within the meaning of Article 13, could not be in violation of the fundamental rights chapter contained in the Constitution of India. Therefore, all constitutional amendments thus far which were in contravention or which had made an exception to fundamental rights chapter of the Constitution were said to be void.

===The Doctrine of Prospective Overruling===
It was in this case that the then Chief Justice [[Koka Subba Rao]] had first invoked the doctrine of prospective overruling. He had taken import from American law where jurists like George F. Canfield, Robert Hill Freeman, [[John Henry Wigmore]] and [[Benjamin N. Cardozo]] had considered this doctrine to be an effective judicial tool. In the words of Canfield, the said expression means:

:"........ a court should recognize a duty to announce a new and better rule for future transactions whenever the court has reached the conviction that an old rule (as established by the precedents) is unsound even though feeling compelled by ''[[stare decisis]]'' to apply the old and condemned rule to the instant case and to transactions which had already taken place".

Taking cue from such formulation, Justice Subba Rao used this doctrine to preserve the constitutional validity of the Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, legality of which had been challenged. He drew protective cover offered by the doctrine over the impugned amendments while manifestly holding that the impugned amendments abridged the scope of fundamental rights. Justifying his stand, he held that:

:What then is the effect of our conclusion on the instant case? Having regard to the history of the amendments, their impact on the social and economic affairs of our country and the chaotic situation that may be brought about by the sudden withdrawal at this stage of the amendments from the Constitution, we think that considerable judicial restraint is called for. We, therefore, declare that our decisions will not affect the validity of the constitution (Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964, or other amendments made to the Constitution taking away or abridging the fundamental rights. We further declare that in future Parliament will have no power to amend Part III of the Constitution so as to take away or abridge the fundamental rights.<ref>[http://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/prul.htm Prospective Overrulingn - Author - M.V. Pratap Kumar]</ref>

===Minority view===
The judges who delivered the minority judgement in the ''Golaknath'' case dissented with the view of the invocation of the doctrine of prospective overruling. They seemed to rest their argument on the traditional [[William Blackstone|Blackstonian]] theory, where they said that courts declare law and a declaration being the law of the land takes effect from the date the law comes into force. They further said that it would be loathsome to change the above principle and supersede it by the doctrine of prospective overruling. It is submitted here that the doctrine of prospective overruling in anyway does not supersede the already existing doctrine but simply tries to enrich the existing and rather complex practice with regard to the effects of new judicial decisions, by the adoption of an alternative discretionary device to be employed in appropriate cases. So, the basic characteristics of the above doctrine are the flexibility of content and fitfulness of occurrence.

==Significance==
Parliament passed the 24th Amendment in 1971 to abrogate the Supreme Court judgement. It amended the Constitution to provide expressly that Parliament has the power to amend any part of the Constitution including the provisions relating to Fundamental Rights. This was done by amending articles 13 and 368 to exclude amendments made under article 368, from article 13's prohibition of any law abridging or taking away any of the Fundamental Rights.<ref name="Lok Sabha Secretariat">{{cite web|title=Constitution Amendment: Nature and Scope of the Amending Process|url=http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/1.pdf|work=Lok Sabha Secretariat|access-date=1 December 2013|pages=14–16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013055/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/CAI/1.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>

In 1973, the Supreme Court in the landmark case of ''[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]'' held that the Parliament under the [[Indian Constitution]] is not supreme, in that it cannot change the ''basic structure'' of the constitution.<ref>V. Venkatesan, [http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2901/stories/20120127290107100.htm ''Revisiting a verdict''] Frontline (vol. 29 - Issue 01 :: 14–27 January 2012)</ref> It also declared that in certain circumstances, the amendment of fundamental rights would affect the basic structure and therefore, would be void. Thus, one can see that this case is drawn on a larger canvas as compared to that of ''Golaknath''. It also overruled ''Golaknath'' and thus, all the previous amendments which were held valid are now open to be reviewed. They can also be sustained on the ground that they do not affect the basic structure of the constitution or on the fact that they are reasonable restrictions on the fundamental rights in public interest. Both the cases, if seen closely, bear the same practical effects. What ''Golaknath'' said was that the Parliament cannot amend so as to take away the fundamental rights enshrined in Part III, whereas in ''Keshavananda'', it was held that it cannot amend so as to affect the basic structure.

==See also==
*[[Indian law]]
*[[Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala]]

== External links ==

* [https://digiscr.sci.gov.in/pdf_viewer?dir=YWRtaW4vanVkZ2VtZW50X2ZpbGUvanVkZ2VtZW50X3BkZi8xOTY3L3ZvbHVtZSAyL1BhcnQgSS8xOTY3XzJfNzYyLTk0OF8xNzAyMTAwNTA3LnBkZg== Golaknath v. State of Punjab 1967 2 S.C.R 762]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{law}}

[[Category:Indian constitutional case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:1967 in case law]]

Engga Hostel

2025-11-03T14:41:59Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: Made new entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Engga Hostel.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Comedy-drama]]
| director = Sathish Chandrasekaran
| writer =
| producer = Arunabh Kumar
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| starring = {{ubl|
* Sacchin Nachiappan
* Avinaash Ramesh
* Saranya Ravichandran
* Samyuktha Viswanathan
* Goutham Raj
* Dravid Selvam
* Sreelal
* Chu Khoy Sheng
* Vidur
* Poojitha Selvam
}}
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 5
| language = Tamil
| music =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| runtime = 30–35 minutes
| company = [[The Viral Fever]]
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|01|27|df=y}}
| last_aired =
| related = ''[[Hostel Daze]]''
}}

'''''Engga Hostel''''' ({{Translation|Our Hostel}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] [[comedy drama]] television series,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-enga-hostel-web-series-update-563304|title=கல்லூரி வாழ்க்கையை பிரதிபலிக்கும் 'எங்க ஹாஸ்டல்' வெப் தொடர்|date=21 January 2023|publisher=www.maalaimalar.com|access-date=21 January 2023|language=ta|archive-date=21 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121104800/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/tamil-cinema-enga-hostel-web-series-update-563304|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/enga-hostel-is-a-web-series-depicting-college-life-884609|title='எங்க ஹாஸ்டல்' கல்லூரி வாழ்க்கையை பிரதிபலிக்கும் வெப் தொடர்|date=23 January 2023|publisher=www.dailythanthi.com|access-date=23 January 2023|language=ta|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124071828/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaThuligal/enga-hostel-is-a-web-series-depicting-college-life-884609|url-status=live}}</ref> which is an official remake of the [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language series ''[[Hostel Daze]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lehren.com/entertainment/ott/hostel-daze-tamil-remake/158193/|title=Engaa Hostel Trailer Out: Hostel Daze Gets A Tamil Remake|date=20 January 2023|publisher=lehren.com|access-date=20 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120124820/https://lehren.com/entertainment/ott/hostel-daze-tamil-remake/158193/|url-status=live}}</ref> The series was directed by Sathish Chandrasekaran for [[Amazon Prime Video]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moviegalleri.net/2023/01/prime-videos-engga-hostel-webseries.html|title=Prime Video's Engga Hostel Webseries|date=24 January 2023|publisher=moviegalleri.net|access-date=24 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127165207/https://moviegalleri.net/2023/01/prime-videos-engga-hostel-webseries.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> under the banner of [[The Viral Fever]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifeandtrendz.com/entertainment/meet-the-fun-crazy-and-lovable-hostel-mates-who-will-make-you-miss-college-life-in-prime-videos-new-tamil-series-engga-hostel/|title=meet the fun crazy and lovable Hostel mates who will make you miss College life in prime videos new Tamil series ''Engga Hostel''|publisher=lifeandtrendz.com|access-date=23 January 2023|language=en|archive-date=27 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127165207/https://lifeandtrendz.com/entertainment/meet-the-fun-crazy-and-lovable-hostel-mates-who-will-make-you-miss-college-life-in-prime-videos-new-tamil-series-engga-hostel/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Sacchin Nachiappan as Ajay
* Avinaash Ramesh as Cithappu
* Samyuktha Viswanathan as Ahaana
* Saranya Ravichandran as Rajathilagam
* Goutham Raj as Senthil
* Dravid Selvam as Jaya Veera Paandian
* Sreelal as Jana
* Chu Khoy Sheng as Chang
* Abinash as Ramesh
* Idhaya as Suresh
* Seshu as Janitor
* Muruganatham as Boys Hostel Warden
* Vidur as Yuvaraj
* Jayakumar as Moorthy Sababathy
* Sharmila as Sumathy (Girls Hostel Warden)
* Swetha Kumara Ghuru as Aparna
* Arulmitha as Ranjani
* Poojitha Selvam as Revathi
}}

===Guest appearance===
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as Security
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]]

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Series overview|color1=#005F6C|link1=#Season_1|episodes1=5|released1={{Start date|2023|01|26|df=yes}}}}{{Episode table|background=#005F6C|overall=|season=|title=|director=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Rough Beginnings
| DirectedBy = Sathish Chandrasekaran
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Identity ‘Cry’sis
| DirectedBy = Sathish Chandrasekaran
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Kadhal Complications
| DirectedBy = Sathish Chandrasekaran
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Make a Wish
| DirectedBy = Sathish Chandrasekaran
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Final Exams
| DirectedBy = Sathish Chandrasekaran
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|01|26|df=y}}
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Engga-Hostel/0GG27O6J12W66WF9ATAOLN7ORX Engga Hostel]'' at [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language teen television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Hindi-language television series]]

Vidyagiri, Dharwad

2025-09-24T16:06:16Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vidyagiri
| subdivision_type2 = Metro
| area_code = 0836
| elevation_m = 782
| image_caption = Entrance of Janata Shikshan Samithi (JSS) campus at Vidyagiri cross.
| image_skyline = JSS Vidyagiri.jpg
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| native_name_lang = Vidyagiri
| settlement_type = [[Neighborhood]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| pushpin_map = India Dharwad#Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Dharwad
| coordinates = {{coord|15.447|N|75.022|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dharwad]]
| governing_body = [[Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=HDMC official website|url=http://www.hdmc.mrc.gov.in|access-date=2022-02-23|archive-date=2020-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724224536/http://www.hdmc.mrc.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| official_name = Vidyagiri
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 580004
| registration_plate = KA-25
| image_map =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dharwad (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Hubli–Dharwad Urban Development Authority
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Hubballi-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System]]
}}

'''Vidyagiri''' (Literally means "''Hill of Knowledge''" Vidya - Knowledge Giri - Hill in [[Kannada|kannada language]]) is a small locality located in the eastern part of [[Dharwad]] city in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jamkhandi |first1=Gururaj |last2=Jamkhandi |first2=Guraruaj |title=DDPI pays visit to migrants' tents {{!}} Hubballi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/ddpi-pays-visit-to-migrants-tents/articleshow/70487853.cms |date=2019-08-02 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Vidyagiri is known for its educational institutions located on the top of its hill.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-04 |title=FIR against journalist Rana Ayyub in Dharwad |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/fir-against-journalist-rana-ayyub-in-dharwad/article65191320.ece |access-date=2022-04-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is home to [[Janata Shikshan Samithi]] (JSS) campus of chain of educational centers, schools & colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools and colleges shut in Dharwad as Covid cases at SDM medical college climbs to 182 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/states/karnataka/2021/nov/26/schools-and-colleges-shut-in-dharwadas-covid-cases-at-sdmmedical-collegeclimbs-to-182-2388462.html |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-11 |title=Schools tighten safety measures in Hubballi-Dharwad |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/schools-tighten-safety-measures-in-hubballi-dharwad/article38244723.ece |access-date=2022-04-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Etymology==
In [[Kannada|Kannada language]] the meaning of "Vidyagiri" is "Hill of knowledge" if split, ''Vidya'' means ''knowledge'' & ''Giri'' means hill. It is called so because of the number of educational centres.

==Educational institutions==
*Dr. D Veerendra Heggade Institute of Management Studies and Research
*JSS Public School
*Shri Manjunatheshwar Pre University College (SMPU)
*JSS RS Hukkerikar Science, Arts and Commerce college
*JSS Shri Manjunatheshwar Central School
*JSS College of Education (B.ed)
*S.K Gubbi College science college
*JSS KH Kabbur Institute of Engineering College
*JSS Shri Manjunatheshwar ITI College
*R.S Hukkerikar College of Engineering
*Dr. D Veerendra Heggade Institute of Management Studies and Research

==Religious places==
[[File:Mailarling Hill Temple, Dharwad.jpg|thumb|Mailarling Hill Temple]]
The Vidyagiri locality has numerous religious sites.
*Mailarlingeshwar Temple
*Mailarlingeshwar Temple at Mailarling Hill, Vidyagiri is one of the oldest temple in the city of Dharwad, It is dedicated to [[Hinduism]] with the idol of [[lord Shiva]] in the shrine of the temple, the temple was renovated in 2007 the temple is at the elevation of 844m from the sea level.
*Shankar Mutt, Vidyagiri
[[File:Shri Shankar Mutt, Dharwad02.jpg|thumb|Shankar Mutt, Vidyagiri]]
Sri Sringeri Shankar Math at Vidyagiri is one of the most popular mathas in Dharwad and North Karnataka region. The mutt was built in 1984 and it is one of the branches of the [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sri Sri Jagadguru Shankaracharya Mahasamsthanam]] of [[Shringeri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharwad |url=https://sringeri.net/branches/karnataka/dharwad |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=Sri Sringeri Sharada Peetham |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Location==
Vidygiri is mostly a hilly area which is {{convert|708|m|km|adj=on}} above the sea level with numerous educational institutions.

The [[Hubli Airport]] is approximately {{Cvt|19|km|mi}} away from Vidyagiri and the [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] new bus station (Dharwad) is {{Cvt|5|km|mi}} far from the main centre of Vidyagiri.

==Residential areas==
Vidyagiri intakes few smaller residential areas as Daneshwari Nagar in the north and Vivekananda Nagar in the south joint with Rajatgiri which is a part of [[Gandhinagar, Dharwad|Gandhinagar]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.dharwad.com/dharwad.html Vidyagiri]
* [http://www.yssofindia.org/yss_kendras_mandalis-all.htm Dharwad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502160100/http://www.yssofindia.org/yss_kendras_mandalis-all.htm |date=2 May 2008 }}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dharwad district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hubli–Dharwad]]
[[Category:Schools in Dharwad district]]

Walajapet

2025-08-29T16:20:20Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: updated details per sources and improved wording

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Walajapet
| other_name = Walajapettai
| settlement_type = Municipality
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.00|N|79.314|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranipet district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Walajapet
| government_type =
| governing_body = Walajapet Municipality
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Tmt. Harini Thillai
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12.41
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 160
| population_total = 47,498
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://citypopulation.de/en/india/tamilnadu/vellore/3340416000__walajapet/|title=Walajapet population}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 632513
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 4172
| registration_plate = TN 23, TN 73
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Arakkonam
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Walajapet
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Walajapet Municipality
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Walajapet''' is a municipality and taluk in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|52.13}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|46.34}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|1.21}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.03}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.02}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.11}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.14}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.02}}}}
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Walajapet had a population of 32,397 with a sex-ratio of 1,031 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 3,249 were under the age of six, constituting 1,675 males and 1,574 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 12.19% and .16% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.25%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 7,598 households. There were a total of 12,223 workers, comprising 50 cultivators, 66 main agricultural labourers, 1,270 in household industries, 10,204 other workers, 633 marginal workers, 8 marginal cultivators, 18 marginal agricultural labourers, 182 marginal workers in household industries and 425 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Walajapet|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=673834|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Walajapet had 52.13% [[Hindus]], 46.34% [[Muslims]], 1.21% [[Christians]], 0.03% [[Sikhs]], 0.02% [[Buddhists]], 0.11% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.14% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

==Religion==
There is a [[Hindu temple]] viz., [[Walajapet Kasiviswanathar Temple|Kasi Viswanathar Temple]] dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], in Walajapet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arulmigu Kasi Vishvanathar Temple, Walajapet, Walaja. [TM004156]., |url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=4156 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Walajapet, History of Walajapet, Walajapet Tourism |url=https://walajapet.tamilnaduonline.in/city-guide/about-walajapet |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=walajapet.tamilnaduonline.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://municipality.tn.gov.in/walajapet/abcity_Historical%20Moments.htm Historical Monuments in Walajapet]
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Walajapet|Marudhalam|Mukundarayapuram|37|104.74}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Walajapet|Marudhalam|Mukundarayapuram|37|104.74}}
{{Ranipet district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranipet district]]

Lalmanga

2025-08-29T10:01:55Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Mângpawrha]]

Indians in Uruguay

2025-08-27T06:29:58Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: adding new details

{{Short description|Indian people in Uruguay}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indians in Uruguay
| total = 10
| total_year = 2016
| total_source = estimate
| total_ref = <ref name="MEA"/>
| regions = [[Montevideo]]
| langs = [[Rioplatense Spanish]]{{·}}[[English language|English]]{{·}}[[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]]{{·}} [[Roman Catholicism]]{{·}} [[Sikhism]]{{·}}[[Islam]]{{·}}[[Religions of India]]
| related_groups = [[Indian diaspora]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Indians in Uruguay''' form a small expatriate community consisting mostly of businessmen, [[India]]n employees of TCS and some [[Catholicism|Catholic]] [[nun]]s. As of January 2016, about 83 Indians hold permanent residency in Uruguay. A further 733 Indians reside in the country on long-term visas, most of whom are employed by TCS in Montevideo. A small number of Indians from the Gujarati and Sindhi communities work as importers and run retail outlets of Indian textiles and handicrafts in Uruguay.<ref name="MEA">{{cite web|title=India - Uruguay Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Uruguay_11_01_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=28 January 2017|date=January 2016}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[Tata Consultancy Services]] has established a software development centre and a regional training centre in [[Montevideo]] and it is the first IT Centre opened by TCS in Latin America. There are about 300 Indians in Montevideo; most of these are young IT professionals from TCS. Indian companies have shown interest in investment in pharma and agri-business sectors and they are encouraged to do so as they can acquire farmlands and also lease the land.<ref>[http://www.indembarg.org.ar/en/gbvuy_guide.htm: Business with Uruguay]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As of 2013, there are 125 Indian citizens registered in the Uruguayan social security.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elpais.com.uy/economia/noticias/extranjeros-uruguay-actividad-laboral-crecimiento.html |title=Foreign workers in Uruguay |access-date=4 November 2013 |publisher=[[El País (Uruguay)|EL PAIS]] |language=es |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105165312/http://www.elpais.com.uy/economia/noticias/extranjeros-uruguay-actividad-laboral-crecimiento.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Early in 2013 a Gurgaon-based Private Limited company "[https://web.archive.org/web/20130716013510/http://sfeindia.com/ Sharma Fabricators and Erectors (P) Ltd]" established its Latin American branch to participate and carry out various construction jobs throughout the region. It present in the country with a team of 100 executives and technicians.

Indian culture has very little presence in the country as there are no [[Hindu]] or [[Sikh]] temples and [[Indian food]] and spices are very limited.

'''Indian Restaurants:'''

[[Moksha - Cocina de la India]],<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/Moksha-1044596205570075/?ref=aymt_homepage_panel Moksha - Cocina de la India]"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vbL2aEe9CnI | title=The First Indian Restaurant in Uruguay - Moksha | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> is the first Indian Restaurant in Montevideo located in Punta Carretas. They have since also opened another branch in the old city (Cuidad Vieja) and third takeaway & delivery place in Malvin.

[[The Taste of India]],<ref>https://facebook.com/TasteOfIndiaInUruguay/ {{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref> has a takeout and delivery service in the heart of Pocitos neighborhood.

There are a few [[Yoga]] organizations in Uruguay, which spread Indian thought and philosophy-prominent among them are, the Sivapremananda Ashram of the Divine Society. A portion of the beach in Montevideo is named after [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and a bust of Gandhi is installed in one of the parks along the beach.<ref>[http://meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation/19fr01.pdf: Ministry of External Affairs of India]</ref>

Recently, some employees of TCS have started playing cricket in Montevideo, Uruguay. Slowly, due to the curiosity surrounding the new sport, the local population of Montevideo throng to Mahatma Gandhi Rambla to see the enthusiastic people playing this new sport. This was published in a leading national daily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.180.com.uy/articulo/78229_la-seleccion-uruguaya-de-cricket-integrada-por-indios-busca-su-lugar-para-jugar |title=The Uruguay national cricket team, made up of Indians |date=14 February 2019 |website=180.com.uy |language=es }}</ref>

The [[Missionaries of Charity]], a [[Roman Catholic]] [[religious congregation]] founded by [[Mother Teresa]], is also established in Uruguay.<ref>[https://icm.org.uy/hermanas-de-la-caridad-comparten-la-alegria-por-santa-teresa/ Missionaries of Charity share St Teresa's joy]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Uruguay|India}}
* [[India–Uruguay relations]]
* [[Asian Latin American]]
* [[Hinduism in Uruguay]]
* [[Uruguay national cricket team]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Uruguay}}
{{Portal bar|India|Uruguay}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indians In Uruguay}}
[[Category:Asian diaspora in Uruguay|Indian]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country|Uruguay]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in South America|Uruguay]]
[[Category:India–Uruguay relations]]
[[Category:Uruguayan people of Indian descent|*]]

Landlord–tenant law in Tamil Nadu

2025-08-22T10:53:14Z

Krishan Kumar Jangir: started article

{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}

'''Landlord–tenant law in Tamil Nadu''' is the law governing the [[legal relationship]] or jural relationship that exists between the [[landlord]] and tenant as long as the valid tenancy continues between them with regard to the [[Building|demised premises]]. The principal landlord–tenant statute in Tamil Nadu is The [[Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960]] [Tamil Nadu Act No. XVIII of 1960].

==Definitions==
The term '''[[Landlord]]'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/628271/ | title=S. Thangappan vs P. Padmavathy on 24 August, 1999 }}</ref> with reference to the '''[[Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960]]''' under Section 2(6) which runs as follows: 
 ''Sec.2(6) landlord includes the person who is receiving or is entitled to receive the rent of a building, whether on his own account or on behalf of another or on behalf of himself and others or as an agent, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver or guardian or who would so receive the rent to be entitled to receive the rent, if the building were let to a tenant:'' 
''Explanation: A tenant who sub-let shall be deemed to be a landlord within the meaning of this Act in relation to the sub-tenant.''

 Likewise the term '''Tenant'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1502174/ | title=T.S. Arulroyer (Deceased) and ... Vs Lajja Bai on 9 September, 1996 }}</ref> with reference to the Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960 under Section 2(8) which runs as follows: 
 ''(8) "tenant" means any person by whom or on whose account rent is payable for a building and includes the surviving spouse, or any son, or daughter, or the legal representative of a deceased tenant who-'' 
''(i) in the case of a residential building, had been living with the tenant in the building as a member of the tenant's family upto the death of the tenant, and'' 
''(ii) in the case of a non-residential building, had been in continuous association with the tenant for the purpose of carrying on business of the, tenant upto the death of the tenant and continues to carry on such business thereafter, and '' 
''a person continuing in possession after the termination of the tenancy in his favour, but does not include a person placed in occupation of a building by its tenant or a person to whom the collection of rents or fees in a public market, cart stand or slaughter-house or of rents for shops, has been framed out or leased by a Municipal Council or a Panchayat Union Council or the Municipal Corporation of Madras or the Municipal Corporation of Madurai.''

==Discussions==
As stated above as long as the existence of valid tenancy between the parties then they are implied to be discharging their part of statutory obligations of '''"give and take"''' policy of '''"payments of rent"''' and '''"receipt of rent"''' towards the '''[[Building|demised premises]]''' and that of '''amenities''' attached with the demised premises.

So as long as the parties are "paying and receiving" the '''rents''' then they are comes under a single roof of '''landlord and tenant''' for which it is pertinent point to go through the landmark decision dated 7 August 2009 as rendered by the Hon'ble '''[[Madras High Court]]''' in its Judgment in '''''M.S.Venkatesh Kumar and another Vs. M/s.Prasath Associates''''' which is reported in '''2001(4) CTC 371''' in para 9 has held as follows: '''''"the term "Rent" would include all payments agreed to be paid by the tenant to his landlord for the use and occupation, not only of the building and furniture, but also for electricity, water and other amenities and that in other words, any sum of money which the tenant agrees to pay as consideration for the tenancy would be rent. So, in the aforesaid judgments rendered by this Court and the Honourable Apex Court it has been categorically mentioned that the rent means any sum of money as agreed as rent and other amenities payable for the occupation of the tenant in the demised premises."'''''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/213034/ | title=M.S.Venkatesh Kumar vs M/S.Prasath Associates on 7 August, 2009 }}</ref>

Similarly in yet another decision the Hon'ble '''[[Madras High Court]]''' further held that, '''''"the term "amenity" shall means and includes as follows: “Any facility afforded for the pleasurable enjoyment by the tenants of the premises would constitute an amenity"''''' which is reported in '''1972 TLNJ 186'''.

==See also==
* [[Tamil Nadu Buildings (Lease and Rent Control) Act, 1960]]
* [[List of building types]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Home construction,Tamil Nadu78.jpg|House construction in Tamil Nadu
File:Home construction,Tamil Nadu77.jpg|House construction in Tamil Nadu
File:Olda age house.jpg|Now-a-days no such type of house is built up
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Glossary of legal terms]]
* [[Legal terms]]

==External links==
* [http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/ High Court of Madras Website]
* [http://judis.nic.in/judis_chennai/ Madras High Court Judgments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430234928/http://judis.nic.in/judis%5Fchennai/ |date=30 April 2013 }}
* [https://courtverdict.blogspot.com/ Court Verdict Published in Dailies]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Landlord-tenant law in Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Civil law in India]]
[[Category:Civil law (common law)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu state legislation]]
[[Category:Housing in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Real property law]]
[[Category:Landlord–tenant law]]