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Nutan Prasad

2026-05-06T15:44:07Z

KrisMchugh15039:

{{short description|Indian actor (1945–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nutan Prasad
| image =
| alt = Telugu Actor Nutan Parasad
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Tadinada Varaprasad
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|12 December 1945}}
| birth_place = [[Kaikaluru]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|30 March 2011|12 December 1945}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1973–2011
| alias =
| awards = [[Nandi Award]]
}}

'''Tadinada Varaprasad''', popularly known as '''Nutan Prasad''' (12 December 1945 – 30 March 2011) was an Indian actor who worked predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]] and [[Telugu theatre]]. He was a native of [[Kaikaluru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. He started his film acting career in the early 1970s, and has received four state [[Nandi Awards]]. He died due to prolonged illness at the age of 65.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 October 2012|title=Nutan Prasad dies|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nutan-prasad-passes-away-news-news-ld4mAHgghje.html|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020023858/http://www.sify.com/movies/nutan-prasad-passes-away-news-news-ld4mAHgghje.html|archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
In a career spanning over three decades, he acted in about a hundred films in myriad roles ranging from a villain to comedian among others.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nutan Prasad, famous Telugu actor, dies |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nutan-prasad-famous-telugu-actor-dies-364825.html |access-date=30 March 2011 |agency=News18 |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309110403/https://www.news18.com/news/india/nutan-prasad-famous-telugu-actor-dies-364825.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Debut and recognition ===
Nutan Prasad started his acting career with the play ''Naa Votu'' in [[Guntur]]. His debut movie was ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'', starring along with [[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]] in the year 1973. He continued his acting career with movies like ''Needaleni Aadadi'', and his first major break as an actor with potential came from the movie ''[[Muthyala Muggu]]''; he acted as a villain along with [[Rao Gopal Rao]].

His acting career reached its peak with the movie ''Rajadhi Raju'' in which he acted as [[Satan]]. The movie became a hit and the song choreographed on him "Kotta Devudandi", is still popular today.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/UFK|title=Rajadhi Raju (1980)|website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Nutan Prasad costarred with all the generations of heroes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/s?k=Nutan+Prasad&i=dvd|title=Amazon.in : Nutan Prasad|website=www.amazon.in|access-date=9 March 2022|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003062241/https://www.amazon.in/s?k=Nutan+Prasad&i=dvd|url-status=live}}</ref> He starred in successful movies like ''Patnam Vachina Pativratalu'', ''Khaidi'', ''Magamaharaju'', ''Srivariki Premalekha'', ''[[Kathanayakudu (2008 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'', and ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (1987 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta]]''.

Prasad was known for his dialogues like "''Desham chala klista paristhiti lo undi''" ({{Translation|The country is in a very difficult situation}}) and "''Nootokka jillalaku andagadni''" ({{Translation|I am one of the most handsome persons from 101 districts}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2015 |title=నూటొక్క జిల్లాల అందగాడిగా ప్రసిద్ధి చెందిన హాస్యనటుడు |url=https://www.teluguwishesh.com/animuthyalu/212-andhra-great-people-animutyalu/62509-nutan-prasad-biography-famous-telugu-co-actor-comedian.html |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313224625/https://www.teluguwishesh.com/animuthyalu/212-andhra-great-people-animutyalu/62509-nutan-prasad-biography-famous-telugu-co-actor-comedian.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The latter was adapted as a title for the film ''[[Nootokka Jillala Andagadu]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=Nootokka Jillala Andagaadu to be out on May 7|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/17/nootokka-jillala-andagaadu-to-release-on-may-7-22891.html|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902141349/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/feb/17/nootokka-jillala-andagaadu-to-release-on-may-7-22891.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

After a major accident on set of the movie [[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata]], he was left paralyzed and became a wheelchair user. He then quit acting in movies fulltime and appeared in guest roles. He also did voiceover and commentary for serials and movies. He dubbed for late [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] in ''[[Aayanaki Iddaru]]'' (1995). Nutan Prasad became the narrator of the hit crime reality show in ETV-2 ''Neralu Ghoralu''. He was appreciated by the Telugu TV audience for his narrative style and voice in ''Neralu Ghoralu''.

=== Accident on the sets of ''Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata'' ===
In 1989, while shooting for the film ''[[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata]]'', he had an accident with his costar, [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] and broke his back.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=10 Horrible Accidents On Sets Which Make Us Wish They Never Happen Again |url=https://wirally.com/horrible-accidents-on-movie-sets/ |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925033341/https://wirally.com/horrible-accidents-on-movie-sets/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The accident left him paralysed from the waist down and he became a wheelchair user for the rest of his life.

== Death ==
He died after prolonged illness at the age of 65 years on 30 March 2011 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nutan Prasad: Nutan Prasad passes away {{!}} Hyderabad News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nutan-prasad-passes-away/articleshow/7829825.cms|access-date=26 July 2021|website=The Times of India|date=31 March 2011|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726181658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nutan-prasad-passes-away/articleshow/7829825.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2011|title='Nootokka jillala andagadu' is no more|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2011/mar/31/nootokka-jillala-andagadu-is-no-more-240215.html|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622011647/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2011/mar/31/nootokka-jillala-andagadu-is-no-more-240215.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]–''Sundari Subbarao'' (1984)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]–''Praja Swamyam'' (1987)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]–''Nava Bharatam'' (1988)
* [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor–]]''Vasundhara'' (1992)
* [[NTR National Award]] (2005)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060626012101/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/01/stories/2005080106320300.htm "Nutan Prasad gets NTR award"] ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Andala Ramudu (1973 film)|Andala Ramudu]]'' || Giri || Film debut
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Muthyala Muggu]]'' || Kishtayya ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978 || ''[[Chali Cheemalu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pranam Khareedu]]'' || Karanam Bullabbai ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1979 || ''[[Kudi Yedamaithe]]'' || Dattudu ||
|-
|''[[Cheyyethi Jai Kottu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheyyethi Jai Kottu (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/TRV |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151822/https://indiancine.ma/TRV |url-status=live }}</ref> ||Balwanta Rao ||
|-
|''[[President Peramma 1979|President Peramma]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Peramma (1979) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UEW |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422122334/https://indiancine.ma/UEW |url-status=live }}</ref> || ||
|-
|''Chaaya''
|
|
|-
|''Seethe Ramudaithe''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seethe Ramudaithe (1979) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/seethe-ramudaithe-1979 |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504045550/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/seethe-ramudaithe-1979 |url-status=live }}</ref> || Lingam ||
|-
|''[[Mande Gundelu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Samajaniki Saval]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samajaniki Sawal (S.P. Rajaram) 1979 |url=https://indiancine.ma/UGK |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Jaggu
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1980
|''[[Kottapeta Rowdy]]'' || Kailasam ||
|-
| ''[[Thathayya Premaleelalu]]'' || Thathayya ||
|-
|''[[Konte Mogudu Penki Pellam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konte Mogudu Penki Pellam (1980) |url=https://indiancine.ma/UWL |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Ahobilam
|
|-
|''[[Pelli Gola 1980|Pelli Gola]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelli Gola on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/pelli-gola |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=Moviebuff.com |archive-date=13 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613214733/https://www.moviebuff.com/pelli-gola |url-status=live }}</ref> ||Chantibabu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1981 || ''[[Srirasthu Subhamasthu]]'' || ||
|-
|''Maro Kurukshetram''
|
|
|-
|''[[Prema Natakam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prema Natakam Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/prema-natakam-1981}}</ref>''
|Prem Kumar
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1982 || ''[[Maro Malupu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Jagannatha Rathachakralu]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Jagannatha Ratha Chakralu Full Movie - Krishna {{!}} Jayaprada {{!}} Jaggayya {{!}} Giribabu {{!}} V9 Videos |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7xYZSrAQxw |access-date=2024-01-12 |language=en}}</ref>
|Govardhan
|
|-
| ''[[Patnam Vachina Pativrathalu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Kayyala Ammayi Kalavari Abbayi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kayyala Ammayi Kalavari Abbayi (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WRM |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029194310/https://indiancine.ma/WRM |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Mukkoti
|
|-
| ''[[Tingu Rangadu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |1983 || ''[[Iddaru Kiladilu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iddaru Kiladilu (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XOI |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512065029/https://indiancine.ma/XOI |url-status=live }}</ref> || ||
|-
|''[[Idhi Kaadu Mugimpu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idhi Kaadu Mugimpu cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/idi-kaadu-mugimpu-1983}}</ref>
|Prajapathi Rao
|
|-
|''[[Raghuramudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raghuramudu (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XZT |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Ashtalakshmi Prasanna Siddhanthi
|
|-
|''Kalyana Veena''
|
|
|-
|''Maro Mayabazar''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chattaniki Veyi Kallu|Chattaniki Veyyi Kallu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chattaniki Veyi Kallu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/chattaniki-veyi-kallu/cast/2030372570/ |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Maavullayya
|
|-
|''[[Mayagadu (1983 film)|Mayagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=8q4bXWADthk |title=Mayagadu Telugu Full Length Movie HD {{!}} Mohan babu {{!}} Kavitha {{!}} Chakravarthy @skyvideostelugu |date=2018-03-26 |last=SkyVideos Telugu |access-date=2024-10-23 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|Bhushanam
|
|-
| ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]'' || Munsiff ||
|-
|''Rajkumar''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maa Inti Premayanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maga Maharaju]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manthrigari Viyyankudu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Lanke Bindelu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lanke Bindelu (1983) |url=https://indiancine.ma/XSI |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627195937/https://indiancine.ma/XSI |url-status=live }}</ref>||Inspector Suryam ||
|-
| rowspan="14" |1984
|''[[Koteeswarudu]]''
|Paratparam aka Small Boss
|
|-
| ''[[Bobbili Brahmanna]]'' || Markandeya Sastry ||
|-
| ''[[Intiguttu (1984 film)|Intiguttu]]'' || ||
|-
|''Danavudu''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kondaveeti Nagulu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kondaveeti Nagulu (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/YSS |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Muddukrishna
|
|-
|''Mukkopi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Ramudu 1984 film|Bhale Ramudu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhale Ramudu 1984 movie cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/bhale-ramudu-1984}}</ref>
|Kanaka Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Mahanagaramlo Mayagadu]]'' || ||
|-
|''Dandayatra''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rustum (1984 film)|Rustum]]'' || Chalapathi ||
|-
| ''[[Srivariki Premalekha]]'' || Bhaskaram ||
|-
|''Railu Dopidi''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railu Dopidi on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/railu-dopidi |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=Moviebuff.com |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426211956/https://www.moviebuff.com/railu-dopidi |url-status=live }}</ref> ||Nagendra ||
|-
| ''[[Goonda (film)|Goonda]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Ee Charitra Inkennallu]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=EE CHARITRA INKENNALLU {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SUMAN {{!}} VIJAYASHANTI {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUQ-Abc2uEo |access-date=12 May 2023 |via=YouTube |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512070244/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUQ-Abc2uEo&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> ||Bhagavan ||
|-
| rowspan="23" |1985
|''[[Palnati Simham]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palnati Simham (1985) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/palnati-simham-1985 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422144500/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/palnati-simham-1985 |url-status=live }}</ref>''||Veeranna ||
|-
|''[[Kongumudi telugu movie|Kongumudi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kongumudi (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZWU |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Anjaneyulu
|
|-
| ''[[Adavi Donga]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Illale Devata]]''
|
|
|-
|''Vajrayudham''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Agni Parvatam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chattamtho Poratam]]'' || Jailor Hitler Sharma ||
|-
| ''[[Chiranjeevi (1985 film)|Chiranjeevi]]'' || Pala Ramudu||
|-
| ''[[Nyayam Meere Cheppali]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]''
|
|
|-
|''Visha Kanya''
|
|
|-
|''[[Nerasthudu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIxU60VCweE |title=NERASTHUDU {{!}} EXCLUSIVE TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} MOHAN BABU {{!}} MADHAVI {{!}} KANTHARAO {{!}} V9VIDEOS |date=2025-08-16 |last=v9 Videos |access-date=2025-11-08 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|Keshava Varma
|
|-
|''[[Sri Katna Leelalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Katna Leelalu Movie Cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/sri-katna-leelalu-1985}}</ref>
|Neelakantham
|
|-
|''Alaya Deepam''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bangaru Chilaka]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Telugu News, Movies, Celebrities, Images & Videos {{!}} V CINEMA |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/bangaru-chilaka-1985 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Balaram
|
|-
| ''[[Pattabhishekam (1985 film)|Pattabhishekam]]''
|
|
|-
|''Dongallo Dora''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kattula Kondayya]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Puli (1985 film)|Puli]]'' ||Inspector Shyam ||
|-
| ''[[Donga (film)|Donga]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raktha Sindhuram]]'' || Damodaram ||
|-
| ''[[Maharaju]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharaju (1985) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ZYC/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=5 May 2023 |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505103356/https://indiancine.ma/ZYC/info |url-status=live }}</ref> || Gopalam ||
|-
|''[[Pachani Kapuram]]'' ||Bhujanga Rao ||
|-
| rowspan="21" | 1986 || ''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnulu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kirathakudu]]'' || Baby ||
|-
| ''[[Veta (1986 film)|Veta]]'' || ||
|-
|''Srimathi Kanuka''
|
|
|-
|[[Pavitra (1986 film)|''Pavithra'']]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaliyuga Krishnudu]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Magadheerudu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kondaveeti Raja]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Padaharella Ammayi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Captain Nagarjun]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kashmora (1986 film)|Kashmora]]''
|
|
|-
|''Prema Gharshana''
|
|
|-
|''[[Krishna Garadi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Naa Pilupe Prabhanjanam Full Length Movie {{!}}{{!}} Super Star Krishna, Keerthi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIlQzaweMiE |access-date=2023-09-18 |via=YouTube |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002122209/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIlQzaweMiE |url-status=live }}</ref>||Rambabu ||
|-
| ''[[Santhi Nivasam (1986 film)|Santhi Nivasam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Desoddharakudu]]'' ||Narasimha Naidu ||
|-
|''[[Jayam Manade (1986 film)|Jayam Manade]]'' ||Varadarajulu ||
|-
|''[[Jailu Pakshi]]'' ||Sambaiah ||
|-
|''Manchi Manasulu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manchi Manasulu (1986) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BGMW |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129101333/https://indiancine.ma/BGMW |url-status=live }}</ref>||All-In-All Acchaiah ||
|-
|''Adavi Raja''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adavi Raja (1986) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161434/https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |url-status=live }}</ref>||Nanipandu ||
|-
| rowspan="17" |1987||''[[Aha Naa Pellanta (1987 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta]]''||Satyanarayana ||
|-
| ''[[Samsaram Oka Chadarangam]]'' || Edmund Samuel ||
|-
| ''[[Thene Manasulu (1987 film)|Thene Manasulu]]''||Madanagopal ||
|-
| ''[[Dongodochadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dongodochadu (1987) {{!}} V CINEMA - Movie, Review, Cast, Songs & Release Date |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707161434/https://www.vcinema.com/movie/about:blank |url-status=live }}</ref>||Surigadu ||
|-
|''Hanthakudi Veta''
|
|
|-
|''Lawyer Bharathi Devi''
|
|
|-
|''Daada''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dharmapatni (1987 film)|Dharmapatni]]'' ||Narasimha Murthy ||
|-
| ''[[President Gari Abbai]]'' ||Delhi Babai ||
|-
|''Dayamayudu''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Manmadha Leela Kamaraju Gola]]''|| Kondala Rao||
|-
| ''[[Bharatamlo Arjunudu]]'' ||C.I. Keshava Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Putrudu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Collector Gari Abbai]]'' ||Elimudra Ellaiah ||
|-
| ''[[Samrat (1987 film)|Samrat]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samrat (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACFP |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105183201/https://indiancine.ma/ACFP |url-status=live }}</ref> || Bhanu Prakash ||
|-
|''[[Sahasa Samrat]]'' ||Pilliganthula Appala Veera Paidi Kondaiah Samantharaju ||
|-
|''[[Dabbevariki Chedu]]''|| ||
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| rowspan="19" | 1988 || ''[[Chuttalabbayi]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Donga Kollu]]'' || Bellam Apparao ||
|-
| ''[[Khaidi No.786]]'' || ||
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| ''[[Tiragabadda Telugubidda]]'' || Dr. Chaturvedi ||
|-
| ''[[Rowdy No.1]]'' ||Tiger Nagaraju ||
|-
|''Maa Inti Maharaju''
|
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|-
|''Rocky''
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|''[[Raktha Tilakam|Raktha Thilakam]]''
|
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| ''[[Rao Gari Illu]]'' ||Tata Rao ||
|-
|''[[Bandipotu (1988 film)|Bandipotu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR9eRF3Zgkw |title=BANDIPOTU {{!}} { EXCLUSIVE } TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SUMAN {{!}} GOWTHAMI {{!}} KALPANA {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |language=en |access-date=2024-04-21 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|Lawyer Ramanaidu
|
|-
|''[[Chattamto Chadarangam]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJmkchM8ZZU |title=CHATTAMTHO CHADARANGAM {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SOBHAN BABU {{!}} SARATH BABU {{!}}ARJUN {{!}} SHARADA {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |language=en |access-date=2024-05-01 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|Simhadri Appanna
|
|-
| ''[[Aakhari Poratam]]'' || ||
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| ''[[Mugguru Kodukulu]]'' || ||
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| ''[[Brahma Puthrudu]]'' || ||
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| ''[[Trinetrudu]]'' || ||
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| ''[[Yudda Bhoomi]]'' || ||
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| ''[[Choopulu Kalasina Subhavela]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Keratalu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agni Keratalu (1988) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ACLJ |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629191352/https://indiancine.ma/ACLJ |url-status=live }}</ref> ||Nagendra ||
|-
| ''[[Bharya Bhartalu (1988)|Bharya Bhartalu]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=BHARYA BARTHALU {{!}} TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} SHOBAN BABU {{!}} SUHASINI {{!}} RAADHA {{!}} V9 VIDEOS |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I02sBk_8EsU |access-date=30 April 2023 |via=YouTube |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430045021/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I02sBk_8EsU |url-status=live }}</ref>|| ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |1989 ||''[[Vijay (1989 film)|Vijay]]'' ||Puligolla Parameshwara Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Dhruva Nakshatram (1989 film)|Dhruva Nakshatram]]'' || Mattigaddala Manikyala Rao ||
|-
|''[[Preminchi Choodu (1989 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]''
|David Gopal Rao
|
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|''Aakhari Kshanam''
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| ''[[Goonda Rajyam]]''||Bhagwan Das ||
|-
|''Dorikithe Dongalu''
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|''[[Chalaki Mogudu Chadastapu Pellam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chalaki Mogudu Chadastapu Pellam |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/chalaki-mogudu-chadastapu-pellam/cast/2030243774/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref>
|Proprietor Krishna
|
|-
|''[[Chennapatnam Chinnollu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennapatnam Chinnollu movie cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/chennapatnam-chinnollu-1989}}</ref>
|Koko, Konaseema Kodandam
|
|-
| ''[[Rajakeeya Chadarangam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[State Rowdy]]'' ||Bankamatti Bhaskar Rao ||
|-
| ''[[Manchi Kutumbam 1989|Manchi Kutumbam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Manchi Kutumbam (1989) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/manchi-kutumbam-1989-telugu-movie |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618183145/https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/manchi-kutumbam-1989-telugu-movie |url-status=live }}</ref>||Aadamarapu Atmanandam ||
|-
| ''[[Bamma Maata Bangaru Baata|Bamma Mata Bangaru Bata]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rudranetra]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1990 ||[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Karthavyam]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1991 || ''[[Gang Leader]]'' || Home Minister Gali Subba Rao ||
|-
|''[[Surya IPS]]''
|
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| ''[[Sarpayagam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1992 || ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]'' || ||
|-
|''Alexander''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1993 || ''[[Abbaigaru|Abbaigaaru]]'' || ||
|-
|[[Aadarsham (1993 film)|''Aadarsham'']] || ||
|-
|''[[Sarasaala Soggadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarasaala Soggadu (1993) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AOPN |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Rambanam
|
|-
| 1994 ||''Kurradhi Kurradu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurradi Kurradu on Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/kurradi-kurradu |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=Moviebuff.com |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410071513/https://www.moviebuff.com/kurradi-kurradu |url-status=live }}</ref> ||Tandava Krishna ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1995 || ''[[Big Boss (film)|Big Boss]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gharana Bullodu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Taj Mahal (1995 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Master (1997 film)|Master]]'' || Canteen-in-charge ||
|-
|''Thoka Leni Pitta''
|
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| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''[[Suryavamsam (1998 film)|Suryavamsam]]'' || ||
|-
|''Kodukulu''
|
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|''[[Sri Ramulayya]]''
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| 1999 || ''[[Mechanic Mavayya]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2000 || ''[[Nuvvu Vastavani]]'' || ||
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|''Ganapathi''
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| ''[[Azad (2000 film)|Azad]]''|| ||
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|''Sivanna''
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|''[[Ninne Premistha]]''
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| ''[[Chiru Navvutho]]'' || ||
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| rowspan="2"|2001 || ''[[Anandam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Subbu]]'' || ||
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| 2002 || [[Parasuram (2002 film)|''Parasuram'']] || Chandrakanth ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Simhachalam (film)|Simhachalam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Simhachalam (2003) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BHMA |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701190420/https://indiancine.ma/BHMA |url-status=live }}</ref> ||Judge ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Seenu Vasanthi Lakshmi]]'' || Seenu's father ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[Youth (2005 film)|Youth]]'' || Babu's father ||
|-
|''[[Sadaa Mee Sevalo]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006 || ''[[Valliddari Vayasu Padahare]]'' || Marriage registration officer ||
|-
|''[[Photo (2006 film)|Photo]]'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Raju Maharaju]]'' || ||
|-
|2011
|''[[Shrimathi|Srimathi]]''
|
|Kannada film
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0004472}}
{{NTR National Award}}{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor}}{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Nutan}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Pandian Stores 2

2026-05-03T02:26:32Z

KrisMchugh15039: Made pg.

{{Short description|2023 Indian Tamil language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pandian Stores 2.jpg
| image_size =
| native_name =
| director = V.C. Ravi (Episode 1-84) I.David (Episode 85-present)
| based_on =
| creator = Priya Thambi
| writer = Priya Thambi '''Dialogue''' Gireesh
| genre = {{ubl|
* Family
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| editor = Parithiselvan
| cinematography = R. Bala Gurunathan V.Venkatesh V.Shakthi T.Vinoth Nathan
| screenplay = Priya Thambi Vasudevan
| starring = {{ubl|
* Stalin Muthu
* [[Nirosha]]
* VJ Kathirvel
* [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj|Sharanya Turadi]]
* [[Venkat Renganathan]]
* Hema Rajkumar
* Akash Premkumar
* Shalini Prabhu
}}
| executive_producer =
| producer = K. Jayalakshmi Venus Infotainment
| company = Venus Infotainment
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 770+ 
| language = Tamil
| country = [[India]]
| opentheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|10|30|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Pandian Stores]]''
}}

'''''Pandian Stores 2 – Thandhai Sollmikka Manthiramilai''''' ({{translation|''Pandian Stores 2 – Nothing Is Greater Than Father's Words''}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[soap opera]] directed by V.C. Ravi and it is a [[Spin-off (media)|spiritual spin-off]] of the 2018 series ''[[Pandian Stores]]'', starring emsemble cast Stalin Muthu, [[Nirosha]], VJ Kathirvel, [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj|Sharanya Turadi]], [[Venkat Renganathan]], Hema Rajkumar, Akash Premkumar, Shalini Prabu, and others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil TV show 'Pandian Stores' to go off-air soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-tv-show-pandian-stores-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/104308031.cms|access-date=10 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 October 2023 }}</ref> It was premiered on 30 October 2023.

== Plot ==
The non-screened flashback: Pandian works as a laborer in Muthuvel-Sakthivel Grocery Shop. He falls in love with their only sister Gomathi and they elope and get married. Their children include Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthilnathan, Kathiravan, and Arasi. Pandian and Muthuvel-Sakthivel hold grudges against each other due to their earlier conflicts. Pandian runs a grocery store named "Pandian Stores" and wants to succeed. He expects obedience from his children. Gomathi's youngest brother Pazhanivel stays with them as he loves his sister's family. Pandian later builds a house in front of Muthuvel-Sakthivel house, irritating them.

On screen story: Fights and Betrayal first begin when Senthil, the second son of Pandian, elopes and marries his girlfriend, Meena, with his younger brother, Kathiravan, facilitating the commitment. When they return to their house, Kathir reveals that he had asked the couple to marry, causing Pandian to kick Kathir out of the house while Senthil and Meena still reside there. Meena works as a government employee, and she befriends Raji, the only daughter of the Muthuvel-Sakthivel family. Meena's parents still hold grudges against Meena, with their fights often in the local bus stop.

Raji falls in love with a wasteful scoundrel or her college classmate, Kannan, and continues to be in a relationship with him despite Kathir's warnings. Few days later, Muthuvel and Vadivu, Raji's mother, arranges a marriage for their daughter with a wealthy family in spite of Raji's plea to stop her nuptial processes. Upon hearing this, Kannan threatens self-harm if Raji doesn't marry him, causing Raji to elope with him to a hotel in Tiruchandur. Prior to this, Gomathi, Meena and Kathir decide to go the same place, Tiruchandur, to visit temples and for peace. There, they meet Baakiyalakshmi, Ezhil and Amritha and they become friends. Gomathi and Meena also help them out in their catering order on the go. Baakiyalakshmi also spots Raji and Kannan often fighting, until one night Kannan reveals his ulterior motives in marrying Raji and steals all of her gold. She later uncovers that Raji is Gomathi's relative, and furious, Gomathi confronts Raji for making a foolish decision and arranges her marriage with her youngest son, Kathiravan. By force, Kathir marries Raji and they go back to Kunnakkudi, where they live, leaving both the Vels and Pandian's family in shock. When Maari, Sakthi's wife and the rest asks for the jewels she took, Kathir saves Raji and conceals the truth saying that he sold all the gold. In anguish, Muthuvel and others in his family break ties with Raji, whil. A devastated Raji then goes on a mission to track Kannan and find her lost jewels, but sadly fails. Even so, Meena becomes supportive of Raji and acts like an elder sister to her.

Meanwhile, Saravanan's marriage comes up, but is often rejected by families assuming that he has a problem since his other brothers had already gotten married. Dejected, Saravanan decides to live monastic life, away from marriage or having kids. Luckily, a matrimonial event, makes him meet Thangamayil and her family who they think is self-respectful, respected and wealthy. His marriage gets fixed with Thangamayil, but the reality is quite different. It is later revealed that Thangamayil was a young girl who did not get grooms, due to her incomplete education and the poorness of her family. To get her married to Saravanan, they lie saying that she had completed M.A. English Literature, the whole of 80 pounds of gold that was given as dowry was real metal, and that she is two years younger than Saravanan. After all hurdles, Saravanan weds Mayil.

On the other hand, Kathir works part-time at a food-delivery service to make money for Raji's needs and also sometimes acts as a driver. Afterwards, he gives part of his salary to the family as Pandian secretly questions his financial contribution to the family. Raji pities Kathir and this pity later turns into love in between them. Few weeks later, Meena and Senthil go on a trip to Chennai for her job's training while also spending quality time alone. To help Kathir, Raji starts a tuition business which also fails as Thangamayil reveals it to the family, with Bagyam, her mother's, insistence. She later gets nosy around house matters and tries to gain supremacy, making Gomathi, Meena and Raji irritated. Mayil finds herself prioritized in the house as she pleases Pandian, annoying Gomathi and also exposing things supposed to be done in secrecy, including Meena and Senthil's beach trip. In addition to that, Bagyam tells her to break the good bond between Gomathi, Raji and Meena, as Mayil gets worried about Gomathi, Raji and Meena's gossips about her. To comfort Thangamayil, Saravanan takes her on a honeymoon trip where she rents an expensive hotel unknowingly. She initially, thinks that the money on screen she saw during confirmation was the amount of money required to rent it, but later realises that it was the advance amount for the same. Helpless, they request their brothers for help and they manage to arrange the required amount – with Kathir stealing Pandian's saved money that wasn't supposed to be tampered with. After a few days, when Pandian realises the loss of money from his account, he decides to kick Kathir out of the house again but Sarvanan saves him by revealing the purpose behind the theft causing the entire house except Meena and Raji to halt speaking with her. A similar problem before this had happened when Sakthivel, Raji's relative, finds out about Raji teaching kids and teens at their homes causing a huge conflict between Kathir, Gomathi, Pandian and Raji, and also between Senthil and Meena as she says that her tuition business was known to Meena and that she was the one who facilitated it. Days later, things resolve and Senthil and Meena, Raji and Kathir, and Meena, Raji and Gomathi reconcile. Senthil also opts and becomes determined to get a government job upon seeing the anger Janardhan and Shanti hold against their daughter, Meena.

On the other hand, Muthuvel finds out that for Saravanan's marriage, Vadivu had given some of her gold jewels to Raji and tries to kick Vadivu but doesn't on Gomathi and Gandhimathi's insistence. Yet, they still fight for the same issue, but sometime later they also reconcile, when her jewels gets returned by Pandian's family. Kumar then receives a marriage proposal but Raji spoils it by telling that before Saravanan's marriage, Kumar had kidnapped Raji and Meena with hope to stop Saravanan's marriage. But then, they state that Thanagamayil was the actual victim of the kidnapping plot. On the table, Sakthivel blabbers to Muthuvel of Kumar's ruined life due to Raji's elopement causing chaos in Raji's house. During so, Gandhimathi faints due to an acid reflux which the family thinks was due to the havoc they created. She gets admitted to the hospital, leaving both the families in shock, but things turn out good when Gandhimathi gains consciousness with no serious illness. Yet, she requests the nurses and doctors to allow her to stay in the hospital premises for another 3 days to escape her sons' constant fight. While in the hospital, Kathir makes Gomathi and Raji meet Gandhimathi and they reunite though Vadivu still is in anguish with Raji's marriage.

Prior to these incidents, Raji demands Gomathi to get her permission to continue tutoring students, but she fails. So, Raji, herself speaks to Pandian and obtains permission for the same. On the go, Senthil also finishes his exam he needs to pass to be a government employee. One day, Raji accidentally spots Kannan on the streets and chases him but he escapes. As a last resort, Kathir and Raji file a complaint to the police against Kannan and her lost jewels weighing over 100 pounds. Few months later, the police manages to return most of Raji's jewels which Kathir asks to return them back to her family. Following the complaint, Pandian plans a Thali Perukkal Ceremony for Thangamayil-Saravanan, Meena-Senthil, and Kathir-Raji. To Thangamayil's misfortune, Raji and Meena accidentally discover that out of the 80 pound jewels that was given to Pandian's family as dowry, only 8 pounds of them were real gold and that the rest was fake. Further, on considering Thangamayil's plight, they decide to hide it from Pandian. A day later, Pandian and Gomathi and their sons find about the issue between Kuzhali, their elder sister and her husband, Anbu and gets shocked to hear that Kuzhali had been misbehaving at her husband's house, and forces her to go back.

Meanwhile, during Kathir's driving round, he gets to know that a girl in his round is being harassed by two other boys but Kathir, cleverly devises a plan and saves her. Unfortunately, Kathir is dragged to the police station with a false allegation for the same issue and the officials beat him hardly mistaking him for the persons who were trying to kidnap her or harass her. He gets bailed out of the police station after some time and he becomes an internet sensation. Two days later, Gandhimathi tries to go to Gomathi's house in an urge to see Kathir's situation but gets scolded by her sons Muthuvel and Sakthivel for betraying the oath of the Vels family.

To take revenge against Pandian, Sakthivel forces Kumar to marry Arasi, and he makes his first attempts to talk to Arasi but fails as Raji complaints about it to Muthuvel. He then tries to launch a bunch of goons to harass Arasi, so that he has a chance to come and save her and therefore, a chance to make Arasi fall in love with Kumar. But, his plan goes downhill as Palani and Senthil thrash them. Meanwhile, Thangamayil, to save herself from being forced to get a job, leaves the door of Pandian's house open for her father, Manickam, to steal her documents and fake jewels. Sadly, the solution doesn't go as it should and instead he goes to the wrong house and gets caught by Sakthivel. Accusing him of theft, he hands Manickam to the police but Bhaagyam tricks the police, claiming Manickam entered Sakthi's house while trying to wish Thangamayil for her so-called birthday. She also lies to Pandian that they lost Thangamayil's educational certificates, much to Mayil's worry. Not only that, despite the lie, Pandian still manage to get her a job as a teacher with his well-known school correspondent.

Later, Palanivel, Gomathi's brother's, marriage talk comes in, and he meets his potential groom Manjula with Pandian's support but they cancel the alliance and their engagement reasoning that Palanivel is just a laborer in Pandian Stores with no personal assets. On a confrontation by Palanivel and Gomathi and Pandian with the Vels family about this, Muthu offers to find a perfect bride for Palani if he returns to his house. To make this successful, Gandhimathi pleads with Pandian to force Palani to go to her house which he does. Just a few moments later, he goes back to Gomathi's house unable to find satisfaction with Muthuvel and Sakthivel.

Before Palani's marriage, Kathiravan finds out about Raji's unfulfilled ambition to become a police officer, and encourages her decision and her tries for it. He takes her to the field everyday so that she trains herself to run faster and better. He also helps her train for the upcoming police examination by collecting PYQs, study materials and other details about the exam including where it happened, how will the questions be asked etc. He also buys her the necessary equipment for her to run in the ground, like sports shoes and buying her a track suit. To the couple's agitation, Pandian learns about these, and warns them to stop. But, Kathir stands by Raji opposing Pandian's attempts to stop her dreams. After celebrating Pongal, Kathir also informs Pandian that they will go to Chennai to go to Kathir's best friend's so-called marriage, when in reality they were actually going to write the TNUSRB exam for Raji's sub-inspector job. Afterwards, to escape the correspondent's torture for Mayil's certificates, Mayil deceives Pandian saying that she had found a better job and liked working there as compared to her working as a teacher. In reality, she actually worked as a supplier at a hotel, while also answering and dealing with Pandian and his sons who frequently visited the restaurant as it was well-known to them. Simultaneously, Meena faces pressure from a colleague to withdraw her complaint against Sakthivel's property dispute but with the help of head officials, she manages to retrieve the same, enraging Sakthivel and Kumar.

After huge hurdles, Pandian manages to fix Palani's marriage warning the bride's family about Sakthivel and Muthuvel's misdeeds to stopping Palani's marriage. But even so, they somehow halt the marriage by lying that Palani could not have a baby. At the last minute, they bring up Suganya, Maari's relative, and asks Palani to wed her. After a lot of hesitation, Palani marries Suganya and they move out of Pandian's house to Muthuvel's. Not even after a week, Suganya and Palani move back to Pandian's house. She later learns about Sakthi and Kumar's nefarious aim to wed Arasi as revenge against Pandian, and supports the plan. Kumar then meets Arasi, explaining his so-called love, how it would greatly impact both the families positively, and his dreams to marry her. Considering this, Arasi subtly smiles at him showing that she accepted his love. Arasi begins to return home late and gives unusual responses when her family questions her. On top of this, Suganya provokes Arasi about how good Kumar is as a person, and how madly he is in love with Arasi leading to her further closeness with Kumar. Suganya also behaves extremely aggressive and rude to Palani, complaining about his snores, making him do house chores, and often ashaming him for being an unpaid worker at Pandian Stores. At the same time, Meena's father Ravi suffers a heart attack worrying Meena. There, Meena reunites with her parents and Senthil promises Ravi he will earn a government job. On the other hand, Raji reveals the mystery behind her lost jewels and how Kathir didn't steal it and said so to prevent unnecessary questions and fear amongst family members. Kathir then asks Pandian not to oppose Raji's dreams of becoming a police, on behalf of her.

Days pass, and Suganya persuades Arasi to go to the theatre and watch a movie with Kumar. Arasi then agrees, only after Suganya explains that she will come with her too. But, at the theatre, Suganya lies of having a headache and leaves Arasi alone with Kumar. They both watch the movie, and unfortunately Saravanan spots them together after which Kumar reveals their love. Saravanan angrily beats Kumar up, and exposes the matter to the house leaving Pandian and Gomathi humiliated by Sakthivel's family while also facing betrayal from their most lovely daughter. Arasi then consoles Pandian, her brothers and her mother promising that never will she talk to Kumar nor meet him. Gomathi also gets assurance from Muthuvel that Kumar will never cross paths with Arasi. In an effort to fix her life, Pandian fixes Arasi's marriage with his elder sister, Umayal's son, Sadeesh and stuns the family by fixing her engagement with Sadeesh though knowing that she hasn't completed her studies yet. On the other side, Sakthivel plots Arasi's fate as this issue gets revealed to Kumar. To facilitate their plan, Suganya again makes Kumar meet Arasi but Senthil and Meena arrive at just the right time, confronting both Suganya and Kumar. They later tell this to Palani, who also fights with Suganya. But, to escape from facing the wrath of everybody in Pandian's home, she lies that Palani misbehaved with her causing Palanivel to get stuck in great trouble. Meanwhile, to support Arasi's studies, Meena meets Sadeesh and asks him to let her study after marriage and to her happiness, he agrees. On the same day, Umayal visits Pandian and asks for a car as dowry for the marriage, to which he agrees despite knowing that it is way beyond his means. Days later, Gomathi plans a 3-day trip to [[Ambasamudram]] where they would visit temples. She obtains permission from Pandian to let her, Meena, Arasi, Raji and Thangamayil to go.

Thangamayil, sadly, gets herself in a fix, as Saravanan finds out that she works at a hotel instead of an office that she had spoken of. He then doubts why Thangamayil had worked here, to which she apologizes. Right after, Gomathi and gang leave for the trip, and during the trip, she calls Saravanan multiple times and states that if she had gotten her educational certificates back, especially her college certificate, problems would solve. She becomes even more anxious when Saravanan asks for her academic details to obtain a so-called duplicate certificate, due to which she leaves early again lying that she had left only because her office leave got cut.

At and before the trip, Arasi fails to talk to Sadeesh properly as she is devastated about the recent mishaps, and about misleading him. But, throughout her marriage dilemma, Meena and Raji support her and asks her to make the right decisions. Filled with guilt, Arasi reveals her past with Kumar to Sadeesh and refuses to hide it from him. But, to her plight, he doesn't get angry at her and instead consoles her. Meanwhile, Raji, while at a temple, sees a poster of a dance contest happening inside of its premises and takes the help of Meena to convince Gomathi in letting her participate. Her real intentions was to actually buy a bike for Kathir he had always dreamt of. Her plan slightly deviates when Gomathi decides to not let her participate in the second round of the contest fearing Pandian, but Meena manages to calm Gomathi down anyhow. Back at Kunnakudi, Kumar plans to visit Ambasamudram and take Arasi away by force, which he does. Luckily, Meena, Raji and Gomathi arrive and Kumar falls unconscious once Meena hits him at the back of the head with a pan. Meena feared the worst as Kumar wasn't breathing but the movement of his finger confirmed that he wasn't dead. Kathir and Senthil arrive shortly after and Kumar escapes the both of them. On the other hand, Raji wins second place in the dance contest successfully winning a bike for Kathir.

Meanwhile, Muthuvel advises Sakthivel to get Meena dismissed from her job and as part of this, they file a fake complaint against Meena saying that she encourages bribery and such unlawful actions. Not only that, they set up a person who by force bribes Meena with money to get his task done, and right then and there, government officials come in and tries to arrest Meena. Fortunately, she records the entire happening on her phone and shows it to the officials leading to the arrest of that customer.

After Kathir's bike arrives, Saravanan takes Mayil to a college that she said had obtained a degree from but she later confesses that she never attended college. In anguish, Saravanan tells Thangamayil that their relationship is over, yet agrees to hide her lies till Arasi's marriage. On the flip side, Kumar asks his friend to morph fake pictures of him and Arasi. He then used these to blackmail Arasi threatening that he will post it all around the village and show it to the groom's family, shaking Arasi. She tries hard to reveal his threat to the family but fails with people, including Meena and Senthil noticing her restlessness assuming that it was just marital tension. On the day before her marriage, Kumar demands an apology from Arasi, using Suganya as a provoker or a facilitator, in person to avoid her and her family's embarrassment. Fearing the loss of dignity of her family, she meets Kumar but his goons come out of nowhere. They kidnap Arasi and Kumar threatens to marry her with a nuptial chain, but later decides not to. He goes on to let her in her house only on the day of the marriage holding her the entire night hostage. Meanwhile, Arasi's disappearance in her house worries Gomathi, her family and Umayal's family. Kumar arrives shortly after, lying to Pandian that Arasi desperately came for him, crying that she didn't want to live without him despite him warning that Arasi's family might be searching for her. To protect family honour, Arasi lies of eloping and enters Kumar's house, devastating Gomathi, Pandian, their sons and their in-laws. Even so, Meena and Raji grow doubtful of Arasi's marriage and takes the help of Palanivel to meet Arasi. She spits out the truth behind her marriage, yet makes them promise to not reveal this truth. Meena later confronta Suganya of her actions and warns her. In an effort to protect Arasi, Raji also takes essential steps by talking to her father tricking him of how Arasi's torture by Kumar would anger Kathir, and in turn get herself in trouble.

Thereafter, Saravanan drops Mayil at her house, stating that she will live here from now on, causing her to be in extreme anguish. At his home, Meena finds out from Suganya about the undocumented money in Muthuvel's house. She informs the income tax department about the same and they raid their house and their mill, seizing all of the undocumented assets. Arasi, on the other hand, faces violent behavior from Kumar, including how he tried to leave her in a deserted place, insulting her in front of Pandian, leaving her unattended at a clothing store and also assaulting her for invalid reasons. But, to her talents, she swiftly escapes from all of these hurdles, either by defending herself, by attacking back, by creating drama or by outsmarting him. Following this, it is revealed to Pandian's family that Thangamayil was pregnant leading to her return to the house.

Meanwhile, Senthil, in an aim to get a government job, steals the 10 Lakh rupees needed for him to get the job since he couldn't pass the exam required. When this was revealed to Meena, she scolds Senthil and he then finds himself in a predicament as Pandian asks for that money back due to Umayal's demand for the return of the money spent for Sadeesh and Arasi's marriage. Distressed, Senthil turns to Kathir for the money, but that fails. He then turns to Meena, who lashes out at him making this plan also fail. But, Meena, secretly took a loan to help out Senthil and timed it just right to save Senthil from trouble. She gave the money to Pandian and solved the issues. To Senthil's surprise, he gets a government job in the Public Works Department, leaving the entire family on cloud nine. But, the happiness fades quickly as Ravi reveals that Senthil had paid 10 Lakhs to get the job, and had not earned it by passing the government examinations. Knowing this, Pandian and Gomathi stop talking to Meena or Senthil. One night, at dinner, Senthil gets furious at Pandian for insulting Meena and hits him with harsh words. Gomathi, then consoles him and provides solace to him, asking to avoid those words. To make up for his actions, Senthil also buys gifts for everyone with his salary.

Kathir enrols Raji for police exam training, and Raji stands by Kathir when he reveals that he wants a loan to start his travels business. She joins him in the bank proposal meeting, while also secretly trying to fund his business. Meanwhile, on a confrontation between Kuzhali, Kathir, Meena and Kumar when they spotted him with another girl, Arasi interrupts and provides the truth behind their marriage. Pandian, upon hearing this, goes to Muthu's house and brings Arasi home, asking people there to tell the truth fearlessly. It is later revealed by Meena and Raji, about how Suganya provoked Arasi to a relationship with Arasi and how she played a role in Arasi's date and fake marriage to Kumar. Enraged, Gomathi slaps Suganya with Palanivel harshly interrogating her. Later, Pandian files a police complaint against Kumar and about his torture to Arasi, leading to Kumar's arrest and a rising storm inside of Muthuvel's house. His arrest is followed by Thangamayil's attention seeking practices and also by Maari and Gandhimathi pleading with Gomathi, Raji and Pandian to withdraw the case against Kumaravel, with all of them failing.

Meanwhile, in an attempt to pay for Kathir's travels business, Raji tries to sell all of her gold but is spotted by Sakthivel, who with Muthuvel, joins forces and humiliates Pandian's family. During the confrontation, Raji reveals the truth behind her marriage and apologises to Pandian. Upon learning this, Muthuvel and Vadivu go to Pandian's house asking for Raji's return to their house but Raji refuses, touched by the love and support of Pandi's family. It is later revealed in the story, that Thangamayil wasn't actually pregnant and that the tester showed a false pregnancy. At home, Saravanan accuses Mayil of deceiving his entire family and ends their marital relationship, while being consoled by Pandian and Gomathi.

On the other hand, Pandian tries his best to convince Kathir in being helped by him to obtain the loan but he solemnly refuses. Now, since Raji's idea to sell her jewels to help out Kathir failed she plots to participate in a dance competition in Chennai, win the prize money of 10 Lakh rupees and fund Kathir's dream. But, Kathir declines and does not let her go to Chennai. She later turns to Pandian, who also quotes the same, making her helpless. Determined, she decides to go alone but her plan backfires as the dance masters and the environment turn out to be extremely weird, with some trying to harass her. When Raji shows signs of being in trouble, Kathir travels all the way to Chennai, thrashes those officials and saves Raji. But, she gets mocked by Pandian and Gomathi, after returning halfway through the trip.

Arasi's court hearings come up, and she had always spoken against Kumar there, but when she sees Gandhimathi devastated, she decides to dismiss the case and withdraws it, freeing Kumar. He then falls at Arasi's feet seeking forgiveness. Afterwards, being unemployed, Thangamayil and Manickam decide to work at Pandian's store where they steal money there, much to Saravanan's sight, infuriating him. On the other hand, Senthil decides to take Meena and live separately from his parents at the quarters Meena had talked about despite her and Senthil's family's declining his idea. Senthil doesn't budge and the both move in to their new house, where Meena feels isolated and cornered without her in-laws' presence. Ever since then, Meena doesn't behave that good to Senthil anymore. Following this, comes up Gandhimathi's birthday. Muthuvel, Sakthivel and Kumar decide to celebrate it in a grand manner, but Sakthi refuses to invite Pandian and his family due to past grudges. But, with Gandhimathi's request, Muthuvel, Kumar and Sakthi agree to let them come. Later, things go down when Kumar forgets to order food for the audience in Gandhimathi's birthday celebration. Fortunately, Pandian calls everybody inside and asks them to eat the food Kathir had ordered, thereby completing Gandhi's birthday.

Saravanan still holds anger and grudges against Thangamayil and her family, and Palanivel gets accused of the theft of money from Pandian's store and also gets treated badly. Few days later, Diwali comes up and the two families enjoy festive laughter. But, after the feast, Saravanan discovers Thangamayil's age and finds out her next lie. He learns that she isn't two years younger than him, but two years older than him, leaving him even more betrayed. Simultaneously, Gandhimathi talks to Gomathi and Pandian about Palanivel starting his own shop. He then meets Palanivel and encourages to start one of his own. But, his elder brothers go on with the processes for Palani's shop even without Palani's knowledge. He's later shocked to acknowledge that Sakthivel and Muthuvel built him a shop just next to Pandian's store, named Gandhimathi Stores. Pandian later becomes furious with Palanivel about this, and kicks him out of the house, leaving him in deep despair. Thangamayil then tells Gomathi that Saravanan hadn't been behaving with her properly lately and asks her to resolve the disputes in between them, enraging him further. One day, Saravanan erupts as a volcano and reveals all of Thangamayil's deceits. Pandian and his family becomes betrayed just as Saravanan and regret their trust. They lash out at Thangamayil and expels her out of the house with her parents, causing her to feel great heartbreak. The next day, she comes back and furious at her return, Gomathi calls Mayil's parents who confronts Pandian's family badly, and during the conflict, Sakthivel interrupts and urges Mayil's family to file a case against Pandian's family stating that they had tortured Mayil for dowry, thereby widening the fight even more. Baagyam's family walk away after she threatens legal action. She curses Pandian's family and in tears, she says that the peacefulness of the family had been destroyed that day.

Much to Mayil's plight, Saravanan sends a divorce notice to her, leaving her deeply cut. In retaliation, Baagyam files a police complaint against Pandian and his family with Dowry Domestic Violence, sending Gomathi, Pandian and most of their children to prison. Pandian, Gomathi, Saravanan, Kathir and Senthil finally gets bailed out of jail with Muthuvel and Sakthivel's help, followed by the reconcilement of the two families. A few days later, Thangamayil is dragged to the police station by her mother, where Bhagyam lies to the police that the jewelry Mayil had bought to the house had been replaced with fake replacements, when it was in reality fake jewellery. On top of this, she blames Pandian's family for taking all of the gold for their own profits and replacing it with covering jewelry. Bhagyam, in addition to this, forces Mayil to repeat the same, but out of Meena and Raji's pressure, she unveils the truth, angering Bhagyam. She later tries to kick Mayil out of the house, but her father stops her.

Afterwards, Gomathi invites her brothers for a family lunch. Though they initially disagree, they agree to the feist upon Gandhimathi's request. However, the lunch turns chaotic as Sakthivel speaks ill about Kathir, and about his marriage to Raji. In rage, Gomathi reveals the truth behind Kathir and Raji's marriage, including her and Meena's involvement in the same. Sakthivel and Muthuvel, furious, lashes out at Gomathi and leaves the house in anger. Pandian, on the other hand, is shocked to learn the truth and avoids speech with Gomathi. Senthil, also, is angered and throws it out on Meena. Though Senthil and Meena soon reunite, Pandian remains in his state of not speaking to Gomathi.

Post the chaos, Kathir and Raji visit Chennai for her training course for police. There, they share alone and romantic moments with each other, visiting the beach, having a feast at a restaurant and nights together. On the flip side, things turn vigorous for Thangamayil as Bhagyam rudely interrogates her and throws her out of the house. In vain, she goes to Saravanan who retells the same, causing Mayil to try and attempt suicide. Fortunately, Meena arrives at the right time saving Thangamayil and her life. She advises Mayil to be resilient and resistant towards the adversities she'd face and lends some money to Bhagyam and Mayil. Simultaneously, Muthuvel arrives with a marriage proposal for Kumar, who is willing to reject it for Arasi. On behalf of Kumar, Gandhimathi stops his engagement, causing Sakthivel to kick Gandhimathi out of their house. Gomathi, then, takes her inside and requests her to live with her.

Thangamayil, again, meets with another turning point in her life as she and Meena learn that she is pregnant. In glee, she decides to meet Saravanan and tell him the news, but he wasn't ready to believe it and questioned who the child belonged to. He then declared that even if she was pregnant, there would be no ties between the child and himself. Mayil's happiness turned to pain in the blink of an eye and after reaching home, she conveys to Meena and her parents about leaving Saravanan and raising her child as a single mother. Bhagyam tries to change Mayil's mind but she doesn't budge and threatens to kill herself if Bhagyam or her father goes to Saravanan's house trying to tell them about her pregnancy. At the same time, Saravanan befriends his ex named Anjali alias Devi, and speaks to her about his personal life and conflicts with his wife. At Gomathi's house, Gandhimathi, while Gomathi and Meena are away on their trip to [[Srirangam]], puts Gomathi's phone on silent, and throws up a tantrum saying that Gomathi had run away from home as a result of Pandian not speaking with the latter. However, things turn chaotic when Gomathi returns home in proper form. Following her return, Pandian lashes out at Gomathi for leaving the house without acknowledging anybody, which later turns into a big fight in between the both of them. Afterwards, Pandian asks his sons Senthil and Kathir to repay the 10 lakhs he gave to each one of them after they spoke ill about Pandian.

Meanwhile, Thangamayil's parents decide to confront Pandian's family after Manickam spotted Saravanan talking with Anjali. The two arrived at Pandian's house and accused Saravanan of having an extramarital affair, due to which, in rage, Saravanan slaps Manickam. Thangamayil, on the other hand, suspects her parents and goes to Saravanan's house and drags the both of them from the latter's house as Bhagyam tried to inform Gomathi and Pandian about Thangamayil's pregnancy. Later that day, Pandian asks Saravanan about Anjali and in reply, he says that he doesn't and won't develop any feelings for Anjali.

Pandian still is in a rift with Gomathi, but things take a turn in their life together as Gomathi faints due to low BP. Gomathi gets admitted in the hospital and gets discharged very soon. A bit before she became unconscious, Gomathi had called for help to Pandian, but he left her there, thinking that it was just another act she performed to try and get Pandian talk. The latter, later, feels guilty about his actions and shares his devastation with Saravanan. The day post her discharge, she gives up control of the house and leaves, complaining of disrespect she earns inside of the premises. Pandian, tries to convince Gomathi to come back, and follows her in each turn she takes. Finally, Gomathi and Pandian reconcile and come to the house as a united couple.

Back in Muthuvel's house, a shocking turn occurs as Muthuvel battles with cancer. Right after he walks out of the doctor's office, a suspicious and curious Kathir walks in and asks him what his medical issue was. He later feels devastated upon learning that Muthuvel was battling cancer. He speaks to the latter and assures to stand by him and accompany him on his trip to Trichy for treating his tumor.

Senthil, on the other side, learns about Meena's hidden relation with Thangamayil and confronts her on the same. He raises the issue towards his parents, who interrogate Meena in more detail. There, she reveals Mayil's preganancy and Saravanan's harsh reaction towards it. The recent promo released by Vijay Television ends with Gomathi slapping Saravanan for his ill-actions.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Stalin Muthu as Pandian: (2023−present)
** Gomathi's husband; Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathiravan and Arasi's father
* [[Nirosha]] as Gomathi Pandian: (2023−present)
** Pandian's wife; Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathiravan and Arasi's mother;
** Gandhimathi's daughter; Muthuvel and Sakthivel's younger sister and Pazhanivel's elder sister
* VJ Kathirvel Kandasamy as Saravanan Pandian: (2023−present)
** Pandian and Gomathi's eldest son; Kuzhali 's younger brother, Senthil, Kathiravan and Arasi's elder brother; Thangamayil's husband
** Gandhimathi's grandson; Muthuvel, Sakthivel and Pazhanivel's nephew; Kumaravel's and Raaji's cousin
* [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] as Thangamayil Saravanan " Mayil": (2024−present)
** Saravanan's wife; Muthu Sudar's sister; Manickam and Bakiyam's elder daughter
* Vasanth Vasi (2023–2024) / [[Venkat Renganathan]] (July 2024–present) as Senthilnathan Pandian "Senthil":
** Pandian and Gomathi's second son; Kuzhali, Saravanan's younger brother, Kathiravan and Arasi's elder brother; Meena's husband
** Gandhimathi's grandson; Muthuvel, Sakthivel and Pazhanivel's nephew; Kumaravel's and Raaji's cousin
* Hema Rajkumar as Meenakshi Senthilnathan "Meena": (2023−present)
** Senthil's wife, Shanthi and Tahsildar Ravi's daughter
* Akash Premkumar as Kathiravan Pandian "Kathir": (2023−present)
** Pandian and Gomathi's youngest son; Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil's younger brother and Arasi's elder brother, Raaji's husband
** Gandhimathi's grandson; Muthuvel, Sakthivel and Pazhanivel's nephew; Raji and Kumaravel's cousin
* Shalini Prabu as Rajeshwari Kathiravan "Raaji": (2023−present)
** Kathir's wife; Muthuvel and Vadivu's daughter
** Gandhimathi's granddaughter; Gomathi, Sakthivel and Pazhanivel's niece; Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathir, Arasi and Kumaravel's cousin
** Kannan's ex-lover

=== Supporting ===
* Sathya Sai Krishnan as Arasi Pandian: (2023−present)
** Pandian and Gomathi's younger daughter; Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil and Kathir's younger sister
** Gandhimathi's granddaughter; Muthuvel, Sakthivel and Pazhanivel's niece; Kumaravel's and Raaji's cousin.
* R Karuna Vilasini as Kuzhali Pandian: (2023−present)
** Pandian and Gomathi's elder daughter; Saravanan, Senthil, Kathir and Arasi's elder sister; Anbu's wife
** Gandhimathi's granddaughter; Muthuvel, Sakthivel and Pazhanivel's niece; Kumaravel's and Raaji's cousin
* Rajkumar Manoharan as Pazhanivel: (2023–present)
** Gandhimathi's youngest son; Muthuvel, Sakthivel and Gomathi's youngest brother; Suganya's second husband
** Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathir and Arasi's maternal uncle; Kumaravel and Raaji's paternal uncle
* Chandhini Prakash as Suganya Pazhanivel: (2023;2025−present)
** Maari's cousin sister; a divorcee turned Pazhanivel's wife
* Sakthivel Adhi Meena as Kumaravel: (2023−present)
** Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathir,and Arasi's cousin; Sakthivel and Maari's son; Raaji's cousin brother
** Gandhimathi's grandson; Muthuvel, Gomathi and Pazhanivel's nephew;
* Sundar Annamalai as Anbu: Kuzhali's husband (2023−present)
* Srilekha Rajendran as Gandhimathi: (2023−present)
** Muthuvel, Shakthivel, Pazhanivel and Gomathi's mother
** Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathir, Arasi, Kumaravel and Raaji's grandmother
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Muthuvel: (2023−present)
** Gandhimathi's eldest son; Sakthivel, Gomathi, and Pazhanivel's eldest brother; Vadivu's husband; Raaji's father; Kathir's father-in-law
** Kumaravel's father's elder brother; Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathir and Arasi's uncle
* Gayathri Priya as Vadivu: (2023−present)
** Muthuvel's wife and Raji's mother; Kathir's mother-in-law
** Gandhimathi's daughter-in-law; Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathir, Arasi and Kumaravel's aunt
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as Sakthivel: (2023−present) (Main Antagonist)
** Gandhimathi's second son; Muthuvel's younger brother, Gomathi and Pazhanivel's second elder brother; Maari's husband; Kumaravel's father
** Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathir, Raji and Arasi's uncle
* Reehana.B (2023-2024) / Sai Madhavi (2024−present) as Maari
** Sakthivel's wife and Kumaravel's mother
** Suganya's cousin sister; Gandhimathi's daughter-in-law; Kuzhali, Saravanan, Senthil, Kathir, Raji and Arasi's aunt
* Theni Murugan as Kumaresan - a faithful employee of Pandian Stores run by Pandian (2023−present)
* Saivam Ravi as Manickam: Bakiyam's husband; Thangamayil and Muthu Sudar's father (2024−present)
* Gowthami Vembunathan as Bakiyam: Manickam's wife; Thangamayil and Muthu Sudar's mother (2024−present)
* Sofia as Muthu Sudar 'Sudar': Thangamayil's sister; Bakiyam and Manickam youngest daughter (2024−present)
* Ravi Chandran as Tahsildar Ravi: Shanthi's husband; Meena's father (2023−present)
* Sri Vidhya Shankar as Shanthi: Ravi's wife; Meena's mother (2023−present)
* Nethaji Suriya as Kannan: (2023−present)
** Raji's ex-lover
* David Solomon Raja as Sivanesan; Umayal's husband; Sadeesh's father; Pandian's relative (2025−present)
* Sai Lakshmi as Umayal; Sivanesan's wife; Sadeesh's mother; Pandian's cousin sister (2025−present)
* Merwin Balaji as Satheesh: Sivanesan and Umayal's son; Arasi's ex-fiance (2025–present)

=== Special appearance ===
* Dasarathy as the host of a matchmaking event to find a wife for Saravanan (2024)

==Production==
===Casting===
With the release of first promo, Stalin Muthu was confirmed to be acting in the show, under a new role of Pandi. Actress [[Nirosha]] was cast as Pandians's wife, marking her return after ''[[Vaidhegi Kaathirundhaal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajini's most latest heroine joins 'Pandian Stores 2'|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pandian-stores-2-actress-nirosha-lal-salaam-rajinikanth-tamil-news-344406|access-date=15 October 2023 |website=www.indiaglitz.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Nirosha Radha to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Pandian Stores season 2'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-nirosha-radha-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-pandian-stores-season-2/articleshow/104489358.cms|access-date=17 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> VJ Kathirvel Kandasamy, Vasanth Vasi and Akash Premkumar were confirmed as male lead roles, playing the roles of Pandian's sons.

''[[Kadhanayagi]]'' fame Shalini and Vilashini were confirmed as female lead roles. Actor [[Ajay Rathnam]] was cast as important role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior actor Ajay Rathanam to play the titular role in upcoming show 'Pandian Stores season 2'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/senior-actor-ajay-rathanam-to-play-the-titular-role-in-upcoming-show-pandian-stores-season-2/articleshow/104574733.cms|access-date=20 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Hema Raj Sathish confirmed herself that she will act in Pandian Stores 2, reprising her role as Meena under a different story.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Hema Rajkumar joins the cast of 'Pandian Stores 2'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-hema-rajkumar-joins-the-cast-of-pandian-stores-2/articleshow/104816729.cms|access-date=30 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Gayathri Priya was cast as Vadivu. [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj|Sharanya Turadi]] was cast as Thangamayil<ref>{{Cite web|title=Actress Gayathri Priya joins the cast of 'Pandian Stores 2'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-gayathri-priya-joins-the-cast-of-pandian-stores-2/articleshow/104844981.cms|access-date=31 October 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In end of July 2024, Vasanth Vasi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cooku with Comali fame Vasanth Vasi quit the daily soap PandianStores 2|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-vasanth-vasi-quit-the-daily-soap-pandianstores2/articleshow/111903105.cms|access-date=21 July 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> was replaced by [[Venkat Renganathan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kizhakku Vaasal actor Venkat Ranganathan joins 'Pandian Stores 2'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-venkat-ranganathan-joins-the-cast-of-tv-show-pandian-stores-2/articleshow/111898530.cms|access-date=21 July 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released on 14 October 2023 featuring the lead characters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=பாண்டியன் ஸ்டோர்ஸ் 2 புதிய தொடரின் முன்னோட்ட காட்சி வெளியானது.|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/oct/15/coming-soon-pandyan-stores--2--promo-released-4090242.html|access-date=15 October 2023 |website=www.dinamani.com|date=15 October 2023 |language=ta}}</ref> The second promo was unveiled on 16 October 2023, The third Launch promo was unveiled on 20 October 2023 and revealing the release date.<ref>{{Cite web|title=நான் கிழிச்ச கோட்டை வீடு தாண்டாது.. பாண்டியன் ஸ்டோர்ஸ் 2 புதிய ப்ரமோ!|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/vijay-tvs-pandian-stores-2-serial-next-to-next-promos-makes-fans-interesting-118389.html|access-date=15 October 2023 |website=tamil.filmibeat.com|language=ta}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient(s) !! Result
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2024
| rowspan="6" | [[Vijay Television Awards|9th Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
| Favourite Family || [[Pandian Stores 2]] || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Writer || Priya Thampi || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Appa || Stalin Muthu || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Amma || [[Nirosha]] || {{Won}}
|-
| Favourite Pair On Screen || [[Akash & Shalini]] || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Favourite Pair On Screen || [[Sharanya & VJ Kathirvel]] || {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="19" | 2025
| rowspan="13" | [[Vijay Television Awards|10th Annual Vijay Television Awards]]
| Favourite Family || [[Pandian Stores 2]] || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Writer || Priya Thampy || {{Won}}
|-
| Budding Young Pair || [[Akash & Shalini]] || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Father || Stalin Muthu || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Mother || [[Nirosha]] || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Dialogue Writer || Girish Thampy || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Character Female || [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] || {{Won}}
|-
| Best Heroine || Shalini || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Heroine || Hema Rajkumar || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Heroine || Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Hero || Akash Premkumar || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Hero || Venkat Renganathan || {{Nominated}}
|-
| Best Hero || VJ Kathirvel || {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Studio One Inc Entertainments
| People's Favourite Actor || Akash Premkumar || {{Won}}
|-
| People's Favourite Actress || Shalini || {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 7 Star Awards
| Most Loved TV Couple || [[Akash & Shalini]] || {{Won}}
|-
| Most Trending TV Actor || Stalin Muthu || {{Won}}
|-
| Vikatan Awards
| Best Mamiyar–Marumagal || [[Nirosha]] (Mamiyar), Sharanya, Hema Rajkumar, Shalini (Marumagals) || {{Won}}
|-
| VS Entertainments
| People's Choice Actor of the Year || Akash Premkumar || {{Won}}
|}

==Adaptations==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|Notes
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Pandian Stores 2'' பாண்டியன் ஸ்டோர்ஸ் 2
| 30 October 2023
| [[Star Vijay]]
| rowspan="5" | Ongoing
| Original
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam 2]]'' സാന്ത്വനം 2<ref>{{Cite web|title=രണ്ട് കുടുംബങ്ങളുടെ കഥ? 'സാന്ത്വനം 2' വരുന്നു, ആകാംക്ഷയോടെ പ്രേക്ഷകര്‍|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/santhwanam-2-coming-soon-asianet-announced-the-sequel-with-a-promo-video-scywcn|access-date=4 May 2024|trans-title=A tale of two families? 'Santhwanam 2' is coming, the audience are eagerly waiting|website=[[Asianet News]]|language=ml}}</ref>
| 17 June 2024
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| rowspan="4" | Remake
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Illu Illalu Pillalu'' ఇల్లు ఇల్లాలు పిల్లలు<ref>{{Cite web|title=Illu Illalu Pillalu: A tale of love, loyalty, and betrayal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/illu-illalu-pillalu-a-tale-of-love-loyalty-and-betrayal/articleshow/122920503.cms|access-date=4 May 2024|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
| 12 November 2024
| [[Star Maa]]
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Nanda Gokula'' ನಂದ ಗೋಕುಲ<ref>{{Cite web|title=ಸಹೋದರರ ಹಗೆ, ಪ್ರೇಮ ಕಹಾನಿಯಿಂದ ದ್ವೇಷ, ಕೂಡು ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಕಟ್ಟುಪಾಡು ಕಥೆಯೇ 'ನಂದ ಗೋಕುಲ': ಬರ್ತಿದೆ ನೂತನ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/new-serial-nanda-gokula-to-air-on-colors-kannada-channel-from-june-4th/articleshow/121463599.cms|access-date=31 May 2025|website=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn}}</ref>
| 4 June 2025
| [[Colors Kannada]]
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Mahadev & Sons]]'' महादेव & Sons
| 5 January 2026
| [[Colors TV]]
|}

==Broadcast history==
It began airing on [[Star Vijay]] on 30 October 2023 from Monday to Saturday at 15:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), replacing [[Thai Maaman]]. Starting on 20 April 2026, it shifted to the night slot at 18:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/ramayanam-new-serial-telecasting-may-13-in-suntv-anandha-ragam-serial-timing-changed-181977|title=சன் டிவியில் மீண்டும் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் "இராமாயணம்" .. முக்கிய சீரியலின் நேரம் மாற்றம்!|date=7 May 2024 |publisher=tamil.abplive.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/pandian-stores/1260000603 ''Pandian Stores 2''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
* {{IMDb title|tt10195612}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]

Vanchinadha Swamy Temple

2026-04-30T15:05:30Z

KrisMchugh15039: created new place

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sri Vanchinadha Swamy Temple
| image = Vanjiyamvanjinathaswamytemple1.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.872338|79.573023|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district =
| locale = Srivanchiyam
| elevation_m =
| deity = Sri Vanchinadha Swamy ([[Shiva]]) Mangalambigai ([[Parvathi]])
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Vanchinadha Swamy temple'''<ref name="templenet">{{cite web|title=Abodes of SHiva - Shivasthalams glorified by Tevaram hymns|url=http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/s133.html|publisher=Templenet}}</ref> is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located in [[Srivanchiyam]], [[Tiruvarur District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Shiva is worshiped as Vanchinadha Swamy, and is represented by the ''[[lingam]]''. His consort [[Parvati]] is depicted as Mangalambigai Amman. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.

The temple complex covers an area of {{convert|2|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and houses two gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The tallest is the eastern tower, with 11 stories and a height of {{convert|108|ft|m|0}} The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Vanchinadhaswamy, [[Yama]] and Mangala Nayagi Amman being the most prominent. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 6:00 a.m. to 9 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar, with the ''Masi Magam'' festival celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Maasi'' (February - March) being the most prominent.

The present masonry structure was built during the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 11th century, while later expansions are attributed to Vijayanagar rulers of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] of the 16th century. The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Vanjiyamvanjinathaswamytemple4.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Shrine of Yama]]
As per Hindu legend, once [[Lakshmi]], the consort of [[Vishnu]] had a fight with him and left their abode, [[Vaikunta]]. She came to earth and Vishnu followed in search of her. He found a [[Linga]] (an iconic form of [[Shiva]]) in a Sandalwood forest and started worshipping Shiva. Shiva was pleased with the devotion and he restored Lakshmi to Vishnu. Since Vishnu helped Lakshmi, locally called "Sri", the place came to be known as Srivanchiyam.This story is not mentioned in puranas. As per another legend, a sage named Sarva was performing penance on the banks of river Sarayu. A divine voice told him that the [[Dharma]] would get destroyed during [[Kaliyuga]]. The sage was running towards the temple shouting "Shivaya Namaha, Thiruvanjiyam Abayam". Kali, another form of [[Yama]] was running behind the sage. He was stopped by Shiva on the border of the village. Shiva appeared as Vanchinathar to ward off the threat of Yama, who is stationed in a shrine outside the first precinct following the legend.<ref name=Malai>{{cite web|title=மரண பயம் போக்கும் ஸ்ரீவாஞ்சியம் என்னும் திருவாஞ்சியம் திருக்கோவில்|date=10 August 2016|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2016/08/10092330/1031749/srivanjiyam-temple-history.vpf|publisher=Malaimalar|access-date=6 March 2020|archive-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811155019/http://www.maalaimalar.com/Devotional/DevotionalTopNews/2016/08/10092330/1031749/srivanjiyam-temple-history.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Vanjiyamvanjinathaswamytemple3.jpg|200x200px|thumb|left|Central shrines of the temple]]
The presiding deity of the temple is [[Shiva]] in the name of Vanchinathan and the name of the Goddess is Mangalambika. The sthala vriksham (sacred tree of this temple) is Sandalwood tree. The sacred tank of this sthalam (place) is called the GuptaGangai which is square in shape with {{convert|150|m|ft}}.<ref name=Rao>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu|publisher=Vasan Publications|last=Rao|first=A.V. Shankara Narayana|isbn=9788184681123|year=2012|page=214-6}}</ref> It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]]. It is one of the rare temples where there is a separate shrine for [[Yama]], the Hindu god of death. Yama is sported in seated posture with Chitragupta by his side. Gupta Ganga, Yama Theertham, Agni Theertham and Lakshmi Theertham are the various bodies of water associated with the temple. Masimagam is the most prominent festival in the temple when the festival image of Shiva is taken in the mount of Yama around the streets of Srivanchiyam.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|pages=29–30}}</ref> It has two [[nandi (mythology)|nandhis]] facing both sides of Vanchinadha. [[Rahu]]-[[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]], carved out in a composite sculpture. There is a separate ''sannathi'' for ''[[Shani]]''.<ref name=Dinamalar/>

[[Tiruvaiyaru|Thiruvayyaru]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Thiruvidaimarudur|Thiruvidaimaruthur]], [[Thiruvenkadu]], Chayavanam and [[Srivanchiyam]] are considered equivalents of [[Varanasi|Kasi]]. Like in Kasi, where the city is centered around [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]], the temples in these towns along the banks of river [[Cauvery]], namely [[Aiyarappar temple]] in Thiruvaiyaru, [[Mahalingeswarar Temple, Thiruvidaimarudur|Mahalingeswarar temple]] in [[Thiruvidaimarudur]], [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswamy temple]] in [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Sayavanam Chayavaneswarar Temple|Chayavaneswarar temple]] in Sayavanam, [[Swetharanyeswarar Temple|Swetharanyeswarar temple]] in [[Thiruvenkadu]], Srivanchinadhaswamy temple in [[Srivanchiyam]] are the centerpieces of the towns.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temples of Forgotten Glory: A Wide Angle Exposition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItClDwAAQBAJ&q=aiyarappar+temple&pg=PT172|page=172|first=Sekar|last=Venkatraman|isbn=9781645876250|publisher=Notion Press|year=2019}}</ref>

==Worship practices==
[[File:Vanjiyamvanjinathaswamytemple5.jpg|250px|right|The temple tank|thumb]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. Like other Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Shaiva]] community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed six times a day; Ushathkalam at 5:30 a.m., Kalasanthi at 8:00 a.m., Uchikalam at 10:00 a.m., Sayarakshai at 5:00 p.m., Irandamkalam at 7:00 p.m. and Ardha Jamam at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual comprises four steps: ''[[abhisheka]]'' (sacred bath), ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''[[Naivedhya|naivethanam]]'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Vanchinadha swamy and Mangala Nayagi. The worship is held amidst music with ''[[nagaswaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument), religious instructions in the [[Vedas]] (sacred texts) read by priests and prostration by worshippers in front of the temple mast. There are weekly rituals like ''{{lang|te-Latn|somavaram}}'' (Monday) and ''{{lang|te-Latn|sukravaram}}'' (Friday), fortnightly rituals like ''[[pradosha]]m'' and monthly festivals like ''[[amavasya|amavasai]]'' (new moon day), ''kiruthigai'', ''[[pournami (festival)|pournami]]'' (full moon day) and ''sathurthi''.<ref name=Dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Vanchinathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=597|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="temple">{{cite journal|title=Thirukoyil |publisher=Hindu Religious And Endowment Board Tamil Nadu |volume=15 |series=1 |date=January 2013 |url=http://www.tnhrce.org/thirukoil.html |pages=42–43 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Kaarththigai'' (Nov-Dec), ''[[Theertham|Theertha]]vari'' ([[Sacred waters|sacred water]] splash) is conducted in the ''Guptha Gangai'' ([[temple tank]]) on all Sundays. It also includes a ten-day festival and a car festival at the end of the month.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourist Guide to Tamil Nadu|year= 2010|publisher= Sura Books|pages=75–76|isbn=978-81-7478-177-2}}</ref>

==Literary mention and religious importance==
[[Appar]], the 7th century Tamil saivite saint poet and ''nayanar'' has revered Kumbeswarar and the temple in his verses in ''Tevaram'', compiled as the ''Fifth Tirumurai''. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon. The temple is counted as the seventh in the list of temples in the southern banks of Cauvery.<ref name="appar">{{cite web |url=http://projectmadurai.org/pm_etexts/pdf/pm0188.pdf|title=Tevaram Of Tirunavukkaracu Cuvamikal Tirumurai 5 part - 2 Poems(510-516)|access-date=2011-12-13 |last=Swamigal |first=Tirunavukkarasu |publisher=projectmadurai.org|pages=33–34}}</ref> Appar has glorified the temple in nine poems referring the place as Kudamuku and the deity as "Kumbesar".<ref name="temple"/><ref name="appar"/> The mention is found in the 59th poem in the ''Third [[Tirumurai]]'' by Sambandar and 22nd poem in the ''Fifth Tirumurai'' by Appar. This is a sacred tank in which goddess [[Ganga in Hinduism|Ganga]] herself bathes to cleanse herself from the sins. A holy dip in this tank is equivalent to that of one in [[Varanasi|Kasi]].<ref name=Malai/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruvarur district]]
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]

Violet Nicolson

2026-04-29T02:11:51Z

KrisMchugh15039: created new data

{{Short description|English poet}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Violet Nicolson
| image = Portrait of Adela Florence Nicolson.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Adela Florence Nicolson
| birth_name = Adela Florence Cory
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1865|4|9}}
| birth_place = [[Stoke Bishop]], [[Gloucestershire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1904|10|4|1865|4|9}}
| death_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras Province]], [[British India]]
| resting_place = St. Mary’s Cemetery, [[Chennai]], India
| occupation = Poet
| spouse = Malcolm Hassels Nicolson
| parents = Arthur Cory (father), Fanny Elizabeth Griffin (mother)
| children =
}}

'''Violet Nicolson''' (9 April 1865 – 4 October 1904), otherwise known as '''Adela Florence Nicolson''' (née '''Cory'''), was an English poet who wrote under the pseudonym '''Laurence Hope'''. In the early 1900s, she became a best-selling author.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46069119 |title = The forgotten English poet buried in India |work = BBC News |date=11 November 2018 |access-date=2024-05-06 |last1 = Whitehead |first1 = Andrew}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVLZDwAAQBAJ&q=Violet+Nicolson&pg=PT284 |title = The Poetry of British India, 1780–1905 Vol 2 |isbn = 9781000748925 |last1 = Fhlathuin|first1 = Maire ni |date = 27 March 2020 |publisher = Routledge |via=books.google.com}}</ref>

== Biography ==
She was born on 9 April 1865 at [[Stoke Bishop]], Gloucestershire, the second of three daughters to [[Colonel]] Arthur Cory and Fanny Elizabeth Griffin. Her father was employed in the British army at [[Lahore]], and thus she was brought up by her relatives back in England. She left for [[India]] in 1881 to join her father. Her father was editor of the Lahore arm of ''The Civil and Military Gazette'', and it was he who in all probability gave [[Rudyard Kipling]] (a contemporary of his daughter) his first employment as a journalist. Her sisters [[Annie Sophie Cory]] and Isabel Cory also pursued writing careers: Annie wrote popular, racy novels under the pseudonym "Victoria Cross," while Isabel assisted and then succeeded their father as editor of the ''Sind Gazette''.

Adela married Colonel Malcolm Hassels Nicolson, who was then twice her age and [[commandant]] of the 3rd Battalion, the [[10th Baluch Regiment|Baluch Regiment]] in April 1889. He had apparently gained a reputation for derring do, once crossing the Mango Pir River by hopping from one crocodile's back to another.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Edwardian Song Book |last=Turner|first=Michael R. |publisher=Methuen |year=1982 |isbn=0413538001 |location=Great Britain |pages=135}}</ref> A talented [[Linguistics|linguist]], he introduced her to his love of India and native customs and food, which she began to share. This widely gave the couple a reputation for being eccentric. On the Zhob Valley expedition of 1890 she followed her husband through the passes of the Afghan border disguised as a Pathan boy.<ref name=":0" /> They lived in [[Mhow]] from 1895 until early 1900. After he died in a [[prostate]] operation, Adela, who had been prone to depression since childhood, committed suicide by poisoning herself and died at the age of 39 on 4 October 1904 in [[Chennai|Madras]]. Her son Malcolm published her ''Selected Poems'' [[Posthumous work|posthumously]] in 1922.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeuCwAAQBAJ&q=Violet+Nicolson&pg=PA231 |title = Women's Poetry, Late Romantic to Late Victorian: Gender and Genre, 1830–1900 |isbn = 9781349270217 |last1 = Armstrong|first1 = I. |last2 = Blain|first2 = V. |date = 12 February 1999 |publisher = Springer |via=books.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://thewire.in/the-arts/violet-nicolson-the-forgotten-english-poet-buried-in-india |title = Violet Nicolson: The Forgotten English Poet Buried in India |work =thewire.in |date= |access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>

==Writing==
[[File:Garden of Kama by Byam Shaw01.jpg|thumb|right|One of [[Byam Shaw]]'s illustrations for the 1914 deluxe edition of ''The Garden of Kama'']]

In 1901, she published ''[[Garden of Kama]]'', which was published a year later in America under the title ''India's Love Lyrics''. She attempted to pass these off as translations of various poets, but this claim soon fell under suspicion. Her poems often used imagery and symbols from the poets of the North-West Frontier of India and the [[Sufism|Sufi]] poets of [[Persia]]. She was among the most popular romantic poets of the [[Edwardian era]]. Her poems are typically about [[unrequited love]] and loss and often, the death that followed such an unhappy state of affairs. Many of them have an air of autobiography or confession.

Details on her life are not easy to find due to her relative lack of letters, but [[Lesley Blanch]], in her book ''Under a Lilac-Bleeding Star'', included some biographical information that drew on unpublished memoirs written by her son. In ''Diaries and Letters from India'', [[Violet Jacob]] provided some information about the Nicolsons and their milieu, although most of what is known of Violet, as she came to be known, had to be gleaned through her poetry. Despite Nicolson's use of pseudonyms and fictionalised characters, it was apparent to some of her contemporaries that her poems were deeply personal, even confessional. The "Dedication to Malcom Nicolson" that prefaces her last collection, written shortly before her suicide, provides an ambiguous disclaimer regarding the autobiographical origins of her poetry:

<blockquote>
I, who of lighter love wrote many a verse, 
Made public never words inspired by thee, 
Lest strangers' lips should carelessly rehearse 
Things that were sacred and too dear to me.

Thy soul was noble; through these fifteen years 
Mine eyes familiar, found no fleck nor flaw, 
Stern to thyself, thy comrades' faults and fears 
Proved generosity thine only law.

Small joy was I to thee; before we met 
Sorrow had left thee all too sad to save. 
Useless my love—as vain as this regret 
That pours my hopeless life across thy grave. 
</blockquote>

==Popular culture adaptations==
[[File:Less Than the Dust 3.jpg|thumb|right|Advertisement for Pickford's film]]

* The life and poetry of Adela Nicolson have inspired a wide range of adaptations, beginning with British composer [[Amy Woodforde-Finden]]'s musical settings of four of the lyrics from ''The Garden of Kama'' to music. The most popular of these was [[Kashmiri Song]]. After the songs proved a critical success, Woodforde-Finden added four settings of lyrics from Nicolson's 1903 book ''Stars of the Desert''. African-American composer [[Harry Burleigh]] published ''Five Songs of Laurence Hope'' in 1915. African-American composer Marques L.A. Garrett adapted Burleigh's compositions for mixed choir in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlagmusic.com/works/5-songs-of-laurence-hope?rq=5-songs-of-laurence-hope |title = 5 Songs of Laurence Hope |work =www.mlagmusic.com |date= |access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref>
* The [[Mary Pickford]] film ''[[Less Than the Dust]]'' (1916) was ostensibly inspired by the poem and song of the same title. [[Stoll Pictures]] released a film entitled ''The Indian Love Lyrics'' in 1923.
* Fictional literary works based on Nicolson's life or poetry include [[Somerset Maugham]]'s ''The Colonel's Lady'' (''Creatures of Circumstance'', 1947). This was also adapted into a segment of the film ''[[Quartet (1948 film)|Quartet]]'' (1948). Later fictional works include Mary Talbot Cross's ''Fate Knows no Tears'' (1996) and Tim Orchard's ''That Bloody Female Poet (a book before Google)'' (2011).
* In the 1910s and 1920s, dances based on ''The Garden of Kama'' were created and performed by [[Ruth St. Denis]] and [[Ted Shawn]], [[Martha Graham]] and [[Michio Ito]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Bickley, Francis L. and Sayoni Basu, "Nicolson [[nee Cory]], Adela Florence [[pseud. Laurence Hope]] (1865–1904)," Dictionary of National Biography 2004.
* Blanch, Lesley. "Laurence Hope—A Shadow in the Sunlight." Under a Lilac-Bleeding Star: Travels and Travelers. London: John Murray, 1963: 184–208.
* Carter, Jennifer. "Love Among the Lotuses," NLA News (National Library of Australia) 12:2 (November 2001).
* Cross, Mary Talbot, ''Fate Knows no Tears''. Shalimar Press, 1996.
* Jealous, John. "'Laurence Hope' (1865–1904)." The 1890s: An Encyclopedia of British Literature, Art, and Culture. New York: Garland, 1993. 283–84.
* Marx, Edward, "Violet (Adela Florence) Nicolson." Encyclopedia of British Women Writers. Ed. Paul Schlueter and June Schlueter. New York: Garland, 1999. 476–77.
* Marx, Edward. "'Laurence Hope' (Adela Florence Cory Nicolson)." Late Nineteenth- And Early Twentieth-Century British Women Poets (Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 240). Ed. William Thesing. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. 88–93.
* Marx, Edward. “Reviving Laurence Hope.” Women's Poetry, Late Romantic to Late Victorian: Gender and Genre. Ed. Isobel Armstrong and Virginia Blain. London; New York: Macmillan Press, 1998.
* Marx, Edward. "Decadent Exoticism and the Woman Poet." Women and British Aestheticism. Ed. Kathy Psomiades and Talia Schaffer. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.
* Marx, Edward. "The Exotic Transgressions of 'Laurence Hope'," in ''The Idea of a Colony: Cross-Culturalism in Modern Poetry''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.
* Orchard, Tim. ''That Bloody Female Poet''. Fictiondirect, 2011.
* Roy, Anindyo. "'Gold and Bracelet, Water and Wave': Signature and Translation in the Indian Poetry of Adela Cory Nicolson," Women: a cultural review 13.2 (2002): 145–68.

==External links==
{{Portal|Poetry}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313002509/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poet/395.html Selected Poetry of Adela Florence Nicolson Cory]
* {{gutenberg author| id=1706| name=Adela Florence Nicholson}}
* {{Librivox author |id=10161}}
*[http://www.poetry-archive.com/h/hope_laurence.html Laurence Hope poems on Poetry Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115223328/http://www.poetry-archive.com/h/hope_laurence.html |date=15 January 2008 }}
*[http://www.poetry-archive.com/h/hope_laurence_bibliography.html Laurence Hope bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101234302/http://www.poetry-archive.com/h/hope_laurence_bibliography.html |date=1 January 2008 }}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q2299238|title=Less Than the Dust (1916)}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q19893344|title=The Indian Love Lyrics (1923)}}
*[https://laurencehopenotes.blogspot.co.nz/ Laurence Hope Notes]
*[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-46069119 The forgotten English poet buried in India]
*[https://www.simonandschuster.com.au/books/Raptures-Roadway/Virginia-Jealous/9781925384611 Virginia Jealous' travels across the globe to unearth details of Laurence Hope's life]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nicholson, Adela Florence}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1904 suicides]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:Suicides by poison]]
[[Category:Writers from Bristol]]
[[Category:19th-century English poets]]
[[Category:19th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Writers from Indore]]
[[Category:Writers about India]]
[[Category:19th-century English women poets]]

Anangpur

2026-04-25T14:47:58Z

KrisMchugh15039: made new info

{{Short description|Village in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Anangpur
| image = File:Suraj Kund.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Suraj Kund built by Tomara kings
| designation1 =
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1value = India
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value = [[Haryana]]
| location = [[Faridabad district]], [[Haryana]], India
| elevation =
| built = 8th century
| area =
| architect =
| architecture =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.4612|77.2847|
display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India Haryana#India
| map_caption = Location in Haryana, India, Asia
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

'''Anangpur''' is a historical village located near [[Faridabad]] in [[Haryana]], India. Anangpur forms a geographical triangle along with [[Mehrauli]] and [[Tughlaqabad Fort|Tugluqabad]]. It was the earliest settlement of the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomar Rajput]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Chauhan (Cahamanas) Rajputs had emerged in the later tenth century and established themselves as a paramount power, overthrowing the Tomar Rajputs. In 1151 the Tomar Rajput rulers (and original builders) of Delhi were overthrown by Visala Dev, the Chauhan ruler of Ajmer. Meo settlement in this area by the tenth century is recorded by the gazetteers of the United Provinces as also their displacement by Rajput clans such as the Dors, Tomars, Bargujars, and Chauhans. These Rajput clans were characterized by a tremendous mobility and search for territory. |first=Shail Mayaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_MWtoPIcoC&dq=tomar+rajputs&pg=PA22 |title=Against History, Against State |date=2006 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-152-4 |language=en}}</ref> Anangpur was the capital of [[Anangpal Tomar]] who had built the fort and monuments here.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIVDAAAAYAAJ&q=Anangpur|title=Bhāratī|date=1992|publisher=Bharati Mahavidyalaya.|pages=129, 130, 131|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Arun Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPGAAAAAMAAJ&q=Anangpur|title=Prehistoric Delhi and Its Neighbourhood|date=1993|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=978-81-7305-016-9|language=en|quote='' The palaeolithic site of Anangpur (Arangpur – 28°27' 30"N., 15°56"E), district Faridabad in Haryana State of India is located nearly 30 kms south of Delhi beyond Surajkund lake.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=According to bardic tradition, the dynasty was one of the 36 Rajput tribes. The history of the family spans the period between the reign of Anangapala, who founded the city of Delhi in the 11th century CE, and the incorporation of Delhi within the Chauhan (Chahamana) kingdom in 1164. |title=Tomara dynasty {{!}} Indian dynasty |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tomara-dynasty |access-date=2021-06-17 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Delhi}}

=== Tomara dynasty (8th - 11th century CE) ===

[[Anangpal Tomar|Anangpal I]], first king of [[Tomara dynasty]] (c.736- 1052 CE), declared himself an independent ruler and established the Tomara dynasty of [[Delhi]] in the early 8th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapliyal|first=Uma Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv21AAAAIAAJ&q=Anangpur&pg=PA413|title=Gazetteer of Rural Delhi|date=1987|publisher=Gazetteer Unit, Delhi Administration|pages=413|language=en}}</ref> He built his capital in this village and expanded his kingdom from there. He is said to have built numerous palaces and temples during his reign, the majority of which are diminished now.<ref name=":0" /> Last king of this dynasty was [[Anangpal]] (Anangpal II), who had built Delhi's [[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot]], which was later renovated by Chauhan ruler and also came to be known as the Qila Rai Pithora. Tomara dynasty were overthrown by [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]], last Chahamana or Chauhan king was [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], Qila Rai Pithora (earlier called Lal Kot) is named after him.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The capital of Tanwar changed a few times during the course of 457 years they ruled in the northern India. The first capital of the Tomar empire was Anangpur while the last one was [[History of Delhi|Dhillikapuri]] (Delhi, Lal Kot).<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Tanwars of Delhi by Harihar Niwas Dwivedi|publisher=Vidya Mandir Publications|year=1983|isbn=|location=Gwalior|pages=}}</ref>

=== Chauhan dynasty (12th century CE) ===

The Tomara's rule was followed by that of the Chahamanas and [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shihab ad-Din]].{{sfn|D. C. Ganguly|1981|p=704}}

== Paleolithic sites (100,000 BP) ==
{{AI-generated|section=Paleolithic|date=September 2025}}
{{anchor| Cave | Paintings | Prehistoric | Paleolithic }}
{{Paleolithic}}
{{History of India}}
{{see also | History of Haryana#Paleo | l1= Paleolithic history of Haryana | Bhimbetka rock shelters | South Asian Stone Age | Peopling of India }}

=== Group of 43 sites ===
{{ anchor | Cave }}
{{see also | Cave paintings in India }}
Anangpur Group of Paleolithic Sites
(AGPS):
Discovered in 1986, - Mangar Bani near
Delhi may extend AGPS, dating back to
the **Mesolithic and Paleolithic eras.
Mangar Bani: Located in the Aravalli hills,
Mangar Bani houses ancient rock
paintings and tools and is under advocacy
for its biodiversity and historical value.
Tools and Artifacts: The tools found follow
an Acheulean tradition, with Mangar
Bani being among the largest
Paleolithic sites in Asia.

'''Anangpur group of paleolithic sites''' (AGPS), discovered In 1986, is a cluster of 43 prehistoric sites with [[rock art]] (paintings) in the area of historic Anangpur village, [[Mangar Bani#Cave|Mangar Bani Paleolithic site]] found in 2021 might be an extension of Anangpur sites.<ref name=mangr2/>

In the forested area where the Surajkund and the Anagpur Dam are located, ancient [[Stone Age]] relics have been found which are [[microliths]] (stone tools) belonging to the [[Lower Paleolithic]] era.<ref name=Singh/> From a study of the prehistoric findings along the ridges of Surajkund reservoir, Anagpur Dam, and around Delhi and adjoining parts of Haryana, it has been inferred that the southern hilly area of Delhi and Haryana was environmentally suited for pre-historic man to settle here.<ref>Singh p.185</ref>

====List of sites====

These were found at 43 sites from Ankhir (a village 17 km east of Mangar Bani) in south to north along the Anangpur-Angnpur Dam-Surajkund-Tughlaqabad axis. These sites are on the '[[Tughlaqabad Fort|Tughlaqabad]]-Surajkund Road' and south of 'Surajkund-[[Faridabad]] Road', on Anangpur hills, and on Ankhir hill, and on the road embracing the low ridge from Faridabad (Ankhir) to Surajkund.<ref name=Singh>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=Delhi: Ancient History |work=Preliminary Report on the stone Age of the Union territory of Delhi and Haryana |pages=6–7 in 227 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&q=History+of+Suraj+Kund&pg=PA7 |publisher= Berghahn Books |year=2007 |isbn=9788187358299}}</ref> These sites include Ankhir, Anangpur, Anangpur Dam, Shilakhari, [[Mangar Bani]], Dhauj, Kot, Nurpur, Dhumaspur, [[Surajkund]], etc.<ref name=mangr2/>

One of these sites is at Kot village, northeast of Sohna and southwest of Dhauj, where prehistoric paintings on stones and tools, such as chisel, have been found. Haryana surveyed the site in 2021, and ASI surveyed and photographed the site in June 2023.<ref name=nbtd1>[https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/punjab-and-haryana/faridabad/archaeological-survey-team-saw-thousands-of-years-old-signs-in-aravalli-faridabad/articleshow/101120935.cms फरीदाबाद: पत्थर की कुल्हाड़ी, शैलचित्र... पुरातत्व सर्वेक्षण की टीम को अरावली में मिले हजारों साल पुराने चिह्न], NavBharat Times, 18 June 2023.</ref>

=== Protected status ===

As of 31 July 2021, Head of [[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums|HAD]], [[Ashok Khemka]], informed that proposal to notify this entire area as protected archaeological site has been sent by Haryana Archaeological Dept (HAD) to Govt of Haryana (GoH), and HAD is awaiting [[The Gazette of India|gazette notification]] by the GoH after which this site will become legally protected. Meanwhile, district land and revenue administration of Faridabad was undertaking ground truthing exercise, to verify the data, to ascertain the landscape and confirm the type and ownership of the land, which will be sent to HAD to help with attainment of protected status and consequent conservation.<ref name=mangr2>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/rush-for-protected-tag-to-faridabad-site-where-stone-age-cave-art-found/articleshow/84875868.cms Rush for protected tag to Faridabad site where stone age cave art found], Times of India, 31 July 2021.</ref>

=== Conservation ===

Khemka asserted that HAD will engage [[National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property]] (NRLC) Lucknow, [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences]] (BSIP) Lucknow, [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL) Ahmedabad for conservation of rockart and paintings. Khemka asserted that the whole area will be extensively surveyed to find any additional sites, entire area of Delhi South Ridge of Aravali in Haryana between Gurugram and Faridabad will be mapped and each site will be GPS tagged. Large scale scientific excavations, scientific dating of paintings and excavated sediments will be undertaken.<ref name=mangr2/>

===Other similar sites===
{{see also | Archaeology in India }}

Misolithic sites with tools, cave art and paintings are Anangpur Caves and [[Mangar Bani#Cave|Mangar Bani Caves]] ([[Gurugram]]) in [[Delhi NCR]], [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] ([[Bhopal]]) and [[Pahargarh Caves]] ([[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]) in [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Tomara monuments (8th-11th century CE) ==
{{Anchor | Tomar | Tomara }}
{{ see also | History of Delhi| Baolis of Mehrauli#Stepwells| l2=Stepwells in and around Delhi }}

Tomara dynasty ruled from here, they made Anangpur as their capital and constructed several monuments here.

* Capital forts/palaces in Delhi, oldest first
** [[Purana Qila]], earliest Hindu rulers
*** [[Purana Qila#Indraprastha|Indraprastha]], earlier than 1000 BCE
*** [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|Edicts & additions by Ashoka the Great]] (r. 268 to 232 BCE) of Maurya Empire

** Anangpur, by Anangpal I of Tomara dynasty (r. 736-1152 CE)

** [[Qila Rai Pithora]],
*** Lal Kot, by Tomara dynasty (1152-1177 CE) as capital
*** Qila Rai Pithora, Lal Kot expended by Prithviraj Chauhan (also called Rai Pithora, r. 1177–92 CE) of Chauhan dynasty

** [[Siri Fort]], by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316), second ruler of Khalji Dynasty

** [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], by Ghiyassudin Tughluq (r. 1320-25 CE) of Tughluq dynasty

** [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], by Feroz Shah Tughluq (r. 1351-88 CE) of Tughluq dynasty

** [[Salimgarh Fort]], in 1546 CE by Salim Shah Suri (r. 1545-54 CE), son of Sher Shah Suri

** [[Red fort]], built in 1639-48 CE by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan when he moved his capital from Agra to Delhi

** [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], built in 1912-29 by colonial British raj

=== Anangpur Dam (8th century CE) ===
{{Main|Anangpur Dam}}

Anangpur Dam is an Indian hydraulic engineering structure built during his reign and the ruins of a fortification can also be seen around it. Surajkund, a large masonry tank, can be found in this area dating from the 9th century and was used to collect water from the Anangpur Dam and the surrounding areal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Anangpur|title=Delhi City Guide|date=1998|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited|isbn=978-81-900601-2-7|pages=200|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&q=anangpur+dam+asi&pg=PA200|title=Delhi: Ancient History|date=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-81-87358-29-9|language=en}}</ref>

<gallery>

File:Stepped "downstream" side of dam.jpg|Downstream view of the dam.
File:Steps going into the dam1.jpg|Top view of the dam, entry holes dam of the gallery inside the dam wall.
File:Steps going into the dam.jpg|Top view of the dam, steps into the gallery inside the dam.
File:Sluice_(Anagpur_Dam).jpg|Sluice inlet in the dam - on upstream side of the dam while looking from upstream towards downstream.
File:Sluice on "upstream" side.jpg|Sluice outlet from the dam - on upstream side of the dam while looking from downstream side towards upstream.

</gallery>

=== Surajkund ===
{{Main|Surajkund }}

[[Surajkund]], a 10th century [[reservoir]] on [[Delhi Ridge|Southern Delhi Ridge]] of [[Aravalli Range]] in [[Faridabad]], was built by the king Surajpal of the [[Tomara dynasty]] in the 10th century. Surajpal Tomar, a younger son of [[Anangpal Tomar]] - the ruler of Delhi, was a sun worshipper and he had therefore built a Sun temple on its western bank.<ref name=suraj>{{cite web |url= http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_haryana_surajkund.asp |title= Ticketed Monuments – Haryana: Suraj Kund |access-date=2009-09-05 |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=Peck>{{Cite book|last=Peck|first=Lucy|title= Delhi - A thousand years of Building|work= Suraj Kund dam and Surajkund tank |page=29 |publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd. |location=New Delhi |year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8 |url= https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|access-date=2009-09-05}}</ref><ref name=Mela>{{cite web |url= http://www.tourism-of-india.com/surajkund-mela.html |title= The Fair |access-date=2009-09-05}}</ref><ref name=Sharma>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Y.D |title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood |page=100 in 161 |work=Surjakund and Anagpur Dam |access-date=2009-09-05 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=New Delhi |year=2001 |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |quote=Page 100: Suraj Kund lies about 3{{nbsp}}km south-east of Tughlaqabad in district Gurgaon---The reservoir is believed to have been constructed in the tenth century by King Surjapal of Tomar dynasty. Page 101: About 2{{nbsp}}km south-west of Surajkund, close to the village of Anagpur (also called Arangpur) is a dam ascribed to Anagpal of the Tomar Dynasty, who is also credited with building the [[Lal Kot]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831215230/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780 |archive-date=31 August 2005 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Surajkund is known for its annual fair [[Surajkund#Mela|Surajkund International Craft Mela]], 2015 edition of this fair was visited by 1.2 million visitors including 160,000 foreigners with more than 20 countries participating in it.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/others-news/29th-surajkund-international-crafts-mela-ends-739828 |title=29th Surajkund International Crafts Mela Ends |publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=2015-10-31}}</ref>

<gallery>

File:Suraj_Kund.jpg|Suraj Kund panorama.
File:Surajkund 04.jpg|Suraj Kund - view.
File:Surajkund 02.jpg|Suraj Kund - another view.

File:Surajkund_Fair.jpg|Surajkund International Crafts Fair
File:Rakasthani_folk_dance_at_Delhi.jpg|Rakasthani folk dance at Surajkund International Crafts Fair

</gallery>

== Present day Anangpur village ==
=== Administration and demography ===

Present Anangpur ([[Postal Index Number]] 121003<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pin Code: 121003, List of Post Offices, FARIDABAD, HARYANA Pincode.net.in|url=https://pincode.net.in/121003|access-date=2021-06-17|website=pincode.net.in}}</ref>) has a population of around 30000+ people, an area of 10.55 square kilometers, and a population density of 3332 per Kilometer square.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anangpur Village, Faridabad {{!}} Locality {{!}} GeoIQ|url=https://geoiq.io/places/Anangpur-Village/TGzNIyAZwE|access-date=2021-06-17|website=geoiq.io}}</ref>

=== Hari Parbat Mandir ===

Anangpur has a replica of the temple of [[Hari Parbat|Mata Sharika Chakreshwar Hari Parbat Srinagar]]. Hari Parbat Mandir Anangpur is situated at one of the hillocks adjoining the Anangpur village. The temple was built with the contribution of [[Padma Shri]] [[Jagan Nath Kaul]], who was the President of the Kashmiri Sewak Samaj, Faridabad and All India Kashmiri Samaj.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Remembering Padmashri Jagan Nath Kaul – Kashmir Sentinel|url=https://kashmirsentinel.in/2010/02/25/remembering-padmashri-jagan-nath-kaul/|access-date=2021-06-16|language=en-US}}</ref> The temple 'Hari Parbat' Anangpur is a place where 'Kashmiri Pandits' in and around Delhi observe their '[[Navreh|Nav Reh]]' festival.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Toshakhānī|first=Śaśiśekhara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ALeLjIPczAC&q=Hari+Parbat+faridabad&pg=PA152|title=Rites and Rituals of Kashmiri Brahmins|date=2010|publisher=Pentagon Press|isbn=978-81-8274-475-2|pages=152|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dhar|first=Triloki Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uW40xyZE7sIC&q=Hari+Parbat+faridabad&pg=PA74|title=Kashmiri Pandit Community: A Profile|date=2006-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-177-9|pages=74|language=en}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Hari Parbat Anangpur.jpg|alt=<nowiki>a replica of the temple of [[Hari Parbat|Mata Sharika Chakreshwar Hari Parbat Srinagar]]</nowiki>|Sharika Devi temple, Hari Parbat Anangpur.
File:Hari Parbat Anangpur Faridabad.jpg|alt=Hari Parbat Anangpur Faridabad.|Hari Parbat Anangpur Faridabad.
File:Mata temple Hari Parbat Faridabad.jpg|alt=Mata temple Hari Parbat Anangpur Faridabad.|Mata temple Hari Parbat Anangpur Faridabad.
File:Hari Parbat Anangpur 2.jpg|alt=The way to Hari Parbat Anangpur.|The way to Hari Parbat Anangpur
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[History of Delhi]]
* [[History of Haryana]]
* [[History of India]]

==References==

===Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Ganguly |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive History of India (A. D. 300-985) |volume=3, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXtDAAAAYAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / Orient Longmans }}
{{refend}}

{{Archaeological sites in India}}
{{Protected areas of Haryana}}
{{Monuments of NI in India}}
{{Protected areas of India}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Zoos of India}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Biodiversity Worldwide}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Haryana|Monuments and memorials in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian painting]]
[[Category:Rock art in India| ]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Haryana]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Haryana]]
[[Category:Ridges of India]]
[[Category:Aravalli Range]]
[[Category:Villages in Faridabad district]]

Balasubramanian Viswanathan

2026-04-25T03:35:42Z

KrisMchugh15039:

{{Short description|Indian material scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Balasubramanian Viswanathan
|image =
|caption = BV in 2015
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1941|09|15}}
|fields = Materials science and catalysis
|work_institution = [[IIT Madras]]
|alma_mater = [[IIT Madras]] [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]]
|known_for = catalysis and material science
}}

''' Balasubramanian Viswanathan''' also known as BV, is a highly accomplished Indian material scientist, an emeritus professor at [[IIT Madras]]<ref name="iitm">{{cite web|url=http://chem.iitm.ac.in/professordetails/profviswanathan/index.htm|publisher=chem.iitm.ac.in|title=prof bv viswanathan|accessdate=2017-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128054336/http://chem.iitm.ac.in/professordetails/profviswanathan/index.htm|archive-date=2016-11-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> and husband of late Vijayalakshmi Viswanathan, the first woman financial commissioner of [[Indian Railways]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/first-woman-financial-commissioner-of-railways-dead/article4056800.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|title=First woman Financial Commissioner of Railways dead|date=2 November 2012|accessdate=9 January 2019}}</ref> He is well known in the field of catalysis and material science and has been instrumental in setting up and running the first National Centre for Catalysis Research<ref name="iitm2">{{cite web|url=https://nccr.iitm.ac.in/|publisher=nccr.iitm.ac.in|title=National Centre for Catalysis Research :: About Us|accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref> at [[IIT Madras]]. He has authored more than 30 books with top publishers including [[Springer Publishing]], [[John Wiley & Sons]], [[Elsevier]], covering various aspects of material science, catalysis,<ref name="iitm3">{{cite web|url=http://catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in/bv/main.html|publisher=catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in|title=B.Viswanathan's Page|accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref> nanotechnology, Energy, Fuel cells, CO2 reduction and has published more than 600 scientific journals.<ref name="iitm"/> He is considered to be an authority on catalysis and material science in the scientific world and has an [[H-index]] of 61 resulting from more than 14,000 citations.<ref name="google">{{cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=f3U_p4QAAAAJ|title=Balasubramanian Viswanathan - Google Scholar Citations|accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Viswanthan was born in a small village located at the South of India called Kuthanoor in [[Tanjore]] district in [[Tamil Nadu]] State, India. He received bachelor's and master's degrees in chemistry from [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli]], India (1958–1964). He earned his PhD degree at [[IIT Madras]], India, in 1969. He was married to the late Vijayalakshmi Viswanathan and has a son who is a faculty member in the department of mechanical engineering at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], United States.<ref name="cmu">{{cite web|url=https://www.cmu.edu/me/people/venkat-viswanathan.html|publisher=cmu.edu|title=Venkat Viswanathan-Mechanical Engineering - Carnegie Mellon University|accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref>

==Research career==
Prof. B.V joined [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] as an associate lecturer in the chemistry department and moved up the ladder to a full professor in 1990. In addition to full teaching and research activities, he held various key administrative positions like the head of Materials Research Centre for two terms, head of the department of chemistry, 2001–2003, secretary to [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE), dean of students (1998–2001), chairman of the [[Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination]](IIT-JEE) organizing committee. He has been member of many scientific committees appointed by the [[government of India]] in the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)]] and [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] (MNRE).

== Books authored ==
* Energy Sources: Fundamentals of Chemical Conversion Processes and Applications Balasubramanian Viswanathan, Elsevier, 2017<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Energy Sources: Fundamentals of Chemical Conversion Processes and Applications|author=Viswanathan, B.|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=9780444563606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQN-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|page=27|accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref>
* Materials and Processes for Solar Fuel Production (Nanostructure Science and Technology), Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Balasubramanian Viswanathan and Jae Sung Lee, Springer; Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 2014 edition (23 August 2016).<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1493945702|title = Materials and Processes for Solar Fuel Production|last1 = Viswanathan|first1 = Balasubramanian|last2 = Subramanian|first2 = Vaidyanathan (Ravi)|last3 = Lee|first3 = Jae Sung|date = 23 August 2016}}</ref>
* Photoelectrochemistry: Principles and Practices, B. Viswanathan and M. Aulice Scibioh, Alpha Science Intl Ltd, 1st Edition (28 February 2014)<ref name="amazon">{{cite book|title=Photoelectrochemistry: Principles and Practices: B. Viswanathan, M. Aulice Scibioh: 9781842657126: Amazon.com: Books|isbn=978-1842657126|last1=Viswanathan|first1=B.|last2=Aulice Scibioh|first2=M.|year=2014}}</ref>
* Chemical Engineering: A Comprehensive Approach, Kripal S. Lakhi, B. Viswanathan, Alpha Science Intl Ltd; 1 edition (2 December 2013)<ref>{{Cite book|isbn=978-1842657560|title=Chemical Engineering: A Comprehensive Approach|last1=Lakhi|first1=Kripal S.|last2=Viswanathan|first2=B.|date=15 November 2013}}</ref>
*Catalysts And Surfaces: Characterization Techniques, B. Viswanathan and R. C. Deka, Alpha Science Intl Ltd (30 May 2010)<ref name="amazon2">{{cite book|title=Catalysts And Surfaces: Characterization Techniques: B. Viswanathan, S. Kannan, R. c. Deka: 9781842653159: Amazon.com: Books|isbn=978-1842653159|last1=Viswanathan|first1=B.|last2=Kannan|first2=S.|last3=Deka|first3=R. C.|year=2010}}</ref>
*Heterogeneous Catalysis, Dipak Kumar Chakrabarty, B. Viswanathan, New Age Science (1 January 2009)<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1906574093|title = Heterogeneous Catalysis|last1 = Chakrabarty|first1 = D. K.|last2 = Viswanathan|first2 = B.|year = 2009}}</ref>
* Fuel Cells: Principles and Applications, B. Viswanathan, M. Aulice Scibioh, [[CRC Press]]; 1 edition (24 January 2008)<ref>{{Cite book|isbn = 978-1420060287|title = Fuel Cells: Principles and Applications|last1 = Viswanathan|first1 = B.|last2 = Aulice Scibioh|first2 = M.|year = 2007}}</ref>
* Catalysis: Principles and Applications, B. Viswanathan, S. Sivasanker, A. V. Ramaswamy, Narosa Publishing House, 2002<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Catalysis: Principles and Applications|author1=Viswanathan, B.|author2=Sivasanker, S.|author3=Ramaswamy, A.V.|date=2002|publisher=Narosa Publishing House|isbn=9788173193750|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEqsY0Cd2pkC|accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref>
* Chemical and Electrochemcial Energy Systems, R.Narayan and B.Viswanathan, Orient Longmans Ltd. (1997). {{ISBN|0863117317}}<ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=Chemical And Electrochemical Energy Systems|author1=Narayan, R.|author2=Viswanathan, B.|date=1998|publisher=Universities Press (India) Pvt. Limited|isbn=9788173710698|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hISACjsS3FsC|accessdate=2017-01-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://chem.iitm.ac.in/professordetails/profviswanathan/index.htm|publisher=chem.iitm.ac.in|title=prof bv viswanathan|accessdate=2017-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128054336/http://chem.iitm.ac.in/professordetails/profviswanathan/index.htm|archive-date=2016-11-28|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=http://catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in/bv/main.html|publisher=catalysis.chem.iitm.ac.in|title=B.Viswanathan's Page|accessdate=2017-01-08}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, Balasubramanian}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]

Atal (TV series)

2026-04-22T13:33:40Z

KrisMchugh15039:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Atal.jpeg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer = Shanti Bhushan
| director =
| starring =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 254 
| producer = Aarrav Jindal
| location =
| runtime = 20-22 minutes approx.
| company = Euphoria Productions
| network = [[&TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|12|05|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|01|15|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Atal''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television drama series that aired from 5 December 2023 on [[&TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/atal-the-untold-stories-565102|title=Atal, the untold stories : The Tribune India|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202093453/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/atal-the-untold-stories-565102|url-status=live}}</ref> It is produced by Aarrav Jindal under Euphoria Productions,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/new-television-show-coming-soon-based-on-atal-bihari-vajpayee-childhood-2023-10-14-994581 | title=अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी की कहानी दिखाएगा शो | date=14 October 2023 | access-date=5 December 2023 | archive-date=15 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015053853/https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/new-television-show-coming-soon-based-on-atal-bihari-vajpayee-childhood-2023-10-14-994581 | url-status=live }}</ref> it stars Vyom Thakkar as the seven year old ''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/vyom-thakkar-thrilled-to-depict-the-young-atal-bihari-vajpayee-in-atal-747459 | title=Vyom Thakkar 'thrilled' to depict the young Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 'Atal' | website=[[DT Next]] | date=10 November 2023 | access-date=5 December 2023 | archive-date=5 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205125152/https://pixels.ad.gt/api/v1/getpixels?tagger_id=1e5d11d0b5fed8c53e812c6bc57f676a&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtnext.in%2Fnews%2Fcinema%2Fzakir-tells-stories-of-friendships-relationships-with-trademark-humour-in-mann-pasand-trailer-752505%3Finfinitescroll%3D1&code=%27none%27 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-neha-joshi-on-playing-krishna-devi-vajpayee-in-atal-im-confident-in-bringing-fresh-perspective-1262518 | title=EXCLUSIVE: Neha Joshi on playing Krishna Devi Vajpayee in Atal: 'I'm confident in bringing fresh perspective' | date=December 2023 | access-date=5 December 2023 | archive-date=5 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205125139/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-neha-joshi-on-playing-krishna-devi-vajpayee-in-atal-im-confident-in-bringing-fresh-perspective-1262518 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/marathi-actor-ashutosh-kulkarni-roped-play-krishna-bihari-vajpayee-television-show-atal-248123|title=Marathi actor Ashutosh Kulkarni roped in to play Krishna Bihari Vajpayee in television show 'Atal'|date=November 17, 2023|website=Sakshi Post|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205125140/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/marathi-actor-ashutosh-kulkarni-roped-play-krishna-bihari-vajpayee-television-show-atal-248123|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Vyom Thakkar as Young [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
* [[Neha Joshi]] as Krishna Devi Vajpayee
* Ashutosh Kulkarni as Krishna Bihari Vajpayee
* Milind Dastane as Shyam Lal Vajpayee
* Rahul Jethva as Awadh Bihari Vajpayee
* Arya Joshi as Awadh’s wife
* Shubham Chaudhary as Sada Bihari Vajpayee
* Saksham Shringirishi as Prem Bihari Vajpayee
* Alina as Urmila Bihari Vajpayee
* Aline as Kamla Bihari Vajpayee
* Thakur Krishna Raj as Dayal
* Vipin Pachori as Muslim Teacher
* Abhinav Parashar as English Teacher

== Production ==
The series was announced by Euphoria Productions on [[&TV|And TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/atal-first-episode-to-present-early-childhood-of-the-statesman-1503245708.html|title='Atal' first episode to present early childhood of the statesman - The Statesman|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=December 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201121856/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/atal-first-episode-to-present-early-childhood-of-the-statesman-1503245708.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The cast included Vyom Thakkar, [[Neha Joshi]] and Ashutosh Kulkarni.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/tv-launches-atal-narrating-the-untold-stories-of-shri-atal-bihari-vajpayees-childhood/81867307.html | title=&TV Launches 'Atal', Narrating The Untold Stories Of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Childhood }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/new-show-atal-brings-forward-the-compelling-story-of-late-atal-bihari-vajpayees-childhood-heres-how-you-can-watch-it-2691262.html | title=New Show 'Atal' Brings Forward the Compelling Story of Late Atal Bihari Vajpayees Childhood - Heres How You Can Watch It | access-date=5 December 2023 | archive-date=2 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202024523/https://zeenews.india.com/television/new-show-atal-brings-forward-the-compelling-story-of-late-atal-bihari-vajpayees-childhood-heres-how-you-can-watch-it-2691262.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/atal/0-6-4z5462754 ''Atal ''] on [[ZEE5]]

{{&TV Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:&TV original programming]]

Tirunelveli-Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express

2026-04-20T18:16:35Z

KrisMchugh15039: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Tirunelveli–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express]]

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Malankara Metropolitan

2026-04-20T05:15:51Z

KrisMchugh15039: made...

{{Short description|Title in Orthodox Christianity}}{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Cleanup reorganize|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2019}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
The '''Malankara Metropolitan''', also known historically as the '''Metropolitan of Malabar''', is an ecclesiastical title traditionally associated with the head of the [[Malankara Church|Malankara Syrian Church]] office. It was developed from the [[East Syriac Christianity|East Syriac]] metropolitans of India in the sixteenth century who were styled as Metropolitans of [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church|Malabar]]. Following the divisions among the [[Saint Thomas Christians]], after the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599, the title became primarily associated with the [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]] tradition, commonly known as the [[Malankara Church]]. Within this community, the office evolved as a continuation of the indigenous [[Archdeacon]]ate that had long governed the local church.

The present Malankara Metropolitan of the [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]] is [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]], succeeding [[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]] in 2021.

==Overview==

According to tradition, [[Thomas the Apostle]] established a Christian community on the [[Malabar Coast]] of India in the first century. When [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] missionaries arrived in [[Kerala]] in 1498, a period of increased Latin ecclesiastical influence began. Relations between the local church and the [[Church of the East]] diminished, and Portuguese interventions contributed to the events surrounding the [[Coonan Cross Oath]], in which members of the Malankara Church declared that they would not submit to Portuguese ecclesiastical authority.

The title "Malankara Metropolitan" developed within the St. Thomas Christian tradition of Kerala as part of the community’s administrative structure. It emerged in the period following the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] (1653), when sections of the community sought to maintain ecclesiastical and administrative autonomy. Over time, the office came to denote the head of the Malankara Church, overseeing administrative and liturgical matters. The position has been recognized in civil law and acknowledged in relations with other Christian bodies.

The regional head of the [[Malankara Church]] holds the title of Malankara Metropolitan, in accordance with its ecclesiastical and canonical framework.

==Background==
The Metropolitan was historically recognized within the Malankara Church through ecclesiastical tradition and the canonical authority of the [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and all the East]].

Temporal, ecclesiastical, and spiritual administration of the [[Malankara Church]] is vested in the Malankara Metropolitan. The Malankara Metropolitan oversees the liturgical, pastoral, and communal life of the members of the [[Malankara Church]].

After the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] incident, in which the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] refused to submit to the Portuguese ([[Padroado]]), the first Malankara Metropolitan, [[Mar Thoma I]], was ordained in 1653.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coonan Cross Oath or the Koonan Kurishu Sathyam {{!}} Evolution of Christianity {{!}} Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/koonan-kurishu-sathyam/14 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Christianity |language=en}}</ref>
==Lineage==
Historically, the primate or leader of Saint Thomas Christians was known as the Jathikku Karthavyan (leader of the community), Malankara Moopen (elder of the community),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varghese |first=Jacob P. |date=2021-04-24 |title=Mar Thoma I – April 25 |url=https://oneinchrist.in/mar-thoma-i-april-25/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=One In Christ |language=en-US}}</ref> or the [[Archdeacon]] (Arkadiyakon, high priest). The [[Pakalomattom family]] has traditionally held this office. In the 16th century, the arrival of the [[Jesuits]] led to changes in the structure of the Saint Thomas Church.

In 1653, the Archdeacon position was elevated to [[Diocese|Bishopric]], and the Metropolitan Bishop assumed the honorific ecclesiastical title '''Mar Thoma'''. This title was used from 1653 to 1815. Later, a regular 'Bishopric' was established in Malankara by the Archbishop of Jerusalem [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

==Title of Malankara Metropolitan==
===Prominence of Malankara===

The position of the Malankara Metropolitan in the 19th century represents an upgrowth from the position of the previous Thomas and [[Archdeacon|Archdeacons]]. The power and authority of the Malankara Metropolitan received more recognition than the power and authority of the previous Archdeacons' and Martoma's because the [[Residencies of British India|British Residents]] of [[Travancore]] were favourably disposed towards the Malankara Church.<ref name="Neill-Christianity in India">{{cite book |last1=Neill |first1=Stephen |title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89332-9 |pages=236–254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA240 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1815, during Col. [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]]'s time as the British Resident of Travancore, [[Pulikkottil Dionysius II|Pulikkottil Joseph Ittoop Ramban]] was ordained as a bishop by [[Geevarghese Philoxenos II | Geevarghese Mar Philoxenos II]] (Kidangan) (1811-1829) of [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] (Thozhyoor Church). He was given the episcopal title [[Mar Dionysius II|Dionysius II]]. After the death of [[Mar Thoma VIII|Thoma VIII]], he was named head of the Malankara Church by a Royal proclamation issued by the King of Travancore and later by the King of Cochin. This enabled him to dethrone [[Thoma IX|Mar Thoma IX]]. The proclamation insisted that every Malankara Syrian Christian of Travancore-Cochin must obey the Malankara Metropolitan. From then onwards, the head of the Malankara Church was legally recognized as Malankara Metropolitan.

===Reform movement and church splits===

From 1816, [[Mar Dionysius II|Dionysius II]],[[Mar Dionysius III| Dionysius III]], [[Mar Dionysius IV|Dionysius IV]], and [[Mathews Athanasius]] succeeded the Malankara Metropolitans. Athanasius was inspired and encouraged by the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] missionaries at the old seminary in [[Kottayam]], where Mathews Athanasius wanted to [[Reformation|reform]] the traditional Syrian church. A parallel group under Dionysius V was working against his reformational schemes. Dionysius V invited and brought [[Ignatius Peter IV]] of [[Antioch]] to Malankara in 1875. The Patriarch divided the Malankara Church into seven dioceses; Dionysius V was declared the Malankara Metropolitan and was put in charge of the Quilon Diocese in the synod of Mulanthuruthy (27 to 30 June 1876). Neither the incumbent Metropolitan Mathews Athanasius nor the Churches favoring him participated in the [[synod]].<ref name="MacKenzie">{{cite book |last1=MacKenzie |first1=Gordon Thomson |title=Christianity in Travancore |date=1901 |publisher=Trivandrum : Printed at Travancore Govt. Press |pages=39–43 |url=https://archive.org/details/ChristianityInTravancore/page/n61/mode/2up}}</ref>

A series of court cases followed thereafter. The Travancore Royal Court, by order on 14 July 1889, declared that Dionysius V was the rightful Malankara Metropolitan and Thomas Athanasius had no rights or claims to that office.<ref>{{cite book |title=Travancore Royal Court Judgement 1889 |date=1889 |url=https://archive.org/details/Travancore_Royal_Court_Judgement_1889}}</ref> The reformed faction separated and organized themselves as the independent [[Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]. The majority faction that preserved the [[Oriental Orthodox]] faith and came under the leadership of the new Malankara Metropolitan [[Mar Dionysius V|Dionysius V]], under the spiritual guidance of the [[Patriarch of Antioch]], is known as the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Malankara Church).<ref name="MacKenzie" /><ref name="Neill-Christianity in India" /><ref name="CNEWA">{{cite web |title=CNEWA Profiles |url=https://cnewa.org/magazine/profiles-33537/ |website=CNEWA}}</ref>

In 1911, the church was divided into two factions due to internal disputes. Since then, the faction that supported the Patriarch of Antioch is known as the Bava Kakshi (Patriarch faction), while the Methran Kakshi (Malankara Metropolitan's faction) supported [[Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril|Vattasseril Thirumeni]] (bishop).<ref>{{cite book |last=Korah thomas|first=Antony|date=1993|title=The Christians of Kerala|page=97|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39LYAAAAMAAJ&q=koorilos%20Paulose|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref> In 1912, Methran Faction was ordained as the [[Catholicos of the East]] by Patriarch [[Ignatius Abded Mshiho II]]. After several years of litigation between the two factions, the Supreme Court of India declared that the Patriarch has no power in the Malankara Church, with his spiritual power reaching a vanishing point since the establishment of the Catholicate.<ref name="Courtverdict">{{cite web |last1=Sahai |first1=R |title=Supreme Court of India Most. Rev.P.M.A. Metropolitan & ... vs Moran Mar Marthoma Mathews & ... on 20 June 1995 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1883692/}}</ref><ref name="Scroll">{{cite web |last1=Yamunan |first1=Sruthisagar |title=In Kerala, a legal battle between two Christian factions have spilled into the streets |url=https://scroll.in/article/938677/in-kerala-a-legal-battle-between-two-christian-factions-has-spilled-into-the-streets |website=Scroll.in |date=28 September 2019 }}</ref><ref name="Firstpost">{{cite web |title=Malankara church row: All you need to know about the century-old dispute between Jacobite, Orthodox factions in Kerala |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/malankara-church-row-all-you-need-to-know-about-century-old-dispute-behind-high-drama-between-jacobite-orthodox-factions-in-kerala-7414211.html |website=Firstpost |date=27 September 2019 }}</ref> This caused the Malankara Church to split again. The Patriarch faction under the Patriarch of Antioch still believes in the spiritual powers of the Patriarch and remains under the [[Catholicos of India]], later established in 1975.

===Electing Catholicos Geevarghese II as Malankara Metropolitan===
After the death of Malankara Metropolitan [[Dionysius Vattasseril|Geevarghese Dionysius VI of Vattasseril]] (1934), the Malankara Association was held at [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam|M.D Seminary]]. Kottayam elected Catholicos [[Baselios Geevarghese II]] as the Malankara Metropolitan and passed a constitution for the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, popularly known as the '''1934 constitution''' or '''Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Constitution'''.

Since 1934, the Catholicos of the East has held the Office of Malankara Metropolitan.

===Malankara Association 2002 at Parumala===
According to the Supreme Court order, the Malankara Syrian Christian Association (Parliament of the Malankara Church) was held, under the observation of the [[Supreme Court of India]], to set right the position of Malankara Metropolitan Catholicos [[Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II]].

The Association Meeting was held on 20 March 2002 at [[Parumala Seminary]], and Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II was elected as the Malankara Metropolitan. A secret ballot voting was conducted at the seminary, and the Supreme Court Observer Justice V.S. Mulimud declared the result. The total polling was 3,483 votes. Out of these, 3,464 votes were cast in favor of Baselios Mathews II, 10 voted against, and 9 were invalid. The total number of delegates registered for the association was 3,528. "The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] has unambiguously approved the supreme authority of the Malankara Syrian Christian Association. The factions no longer exist, and there is only one official Malankara Church." The election was held after the Supreme Court's 1995 judgment on the dispute in the Malankara Church.

This meeting was [[Boycott|boycotted]] by the Patriarch faction, which was unhappy with its overall conduct.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Supreme Court mandated election fails to resolve dispute of Orthodox Syrian Church |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/20020408-supreme-court-mandated-election-fails-to-resolve-dispute-of-orthodox-syrian-church-795446-2002-04-08 |location=Kerala |date=2002-04-08 |access-date=2020-11-07}}</ref><ref>[https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/33910958/2002-parumala-association-a-facts-malankara-syriac-voice 2002 Parumala Association Facts]</ref><ref>{{cite news | title= Report by Justice Malimath on 2002 Parumala Association Meeting & Election | url=https://malankaraorthodox.tv/?p=60633 }} </ref>

== Thronal cathedral ==
From 1653 to 1815, the See of Malankara Metropolitan was located at individual churches of the incumbent's preference. These include [[St. Mary's Church, Niranam|Niranam Church]], [[St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Kandanad|Kandanad Church]], [[St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad|Kadampanad Church]], and others, at various times during that period. With the establishment of the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam|Orthodox Theological Seminary]] in Kottayam in 1815, the headquarters of the Malankara Metropolitan was relocated to Kottayam, while the thronal cathedral was also relocated to [[St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Kottayam|Kottayam Cheriapally]], the most prominent church in [[Kottayam]] at the time. Since then, Kottayam Cheriapally has remained the thronal cathedral of Malankara Metropolitans.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite book |last=Gupta |first=Rohit |url= |title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |date=2019 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64587-120-0 |location=Chennai |page=194}}</ref>

== Headquarters ==
Similar to the thronal cathedral, the headquarters of the Malankara Metropolitan was also located at individual churches of the incumbent's preference from 1653 to 1815. With the establishment of the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]] in 1815, the headquarters was permanently relocated to the Seminary.<ref name=Gupta></ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Malankara metropolitans]]
*[[Saint Thomas Christians]]
*[[Syro-Malabar Church]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert Eric|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|year=2008|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198263777|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}
* [https://chroniclesofmalabar.blogspot.com/2012/05/syrian-church-of-malabar-under-british.html Chronicles of Malabar]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050320205129/http://www.niranamchurch.com/HistoricalEvents.asp Ordinations, Demises etc. of Malankara Church leaders at Niranam Valiyapally]
* [http://www.mosc.in Official website of Malankara Metropolitan and Malankara Church]
* [http://www.orthodoxchurch.tv Official Malankara Orthodox Web TV]
* [http://www.orthodoxherald.com MOSC Online News Media]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110910022721/http://www.baselian.org/ Malankara Orthodox/Baselius College Radio]

{{Oriental Orthodoxy}}

[[Category:1650s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1653 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1653 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Primates of Syriac Christianity]]
[[Category:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church bishops]]
[[Category:Religious titles]]
[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Christian religious leaders]]

Gnathang–Machong Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:49Z

KrisMchugh15039: put up a stub.

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gnathang-Machong
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 21
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Pakyong district|Pakyong]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency|Sikkim]]
| reservation = BL
| established = 2008
| mla = [[Pamin Lepcha]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by =
| electors = {{formatnum:12048}}<ref name="ceosikkim">{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Sikkim%202019%20Elections.pdf |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
}}
'''Gnathang–Machong''' is one of the 32 [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Sikkim]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This constituency is reserved for members of the [[Bhutia-Lepcha]] community and is part of [[Pakyong District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2021/06/21/3-sub-divisions-of-east-sikkim-to-form-sikkims-newest-district-pakyong/ |title=3 sub-divisions of East Sikkim to form Sikkim's newest district Pakyong |date=21 June 2021 |author=Pankaj Dhungel |access-date= 20 September 2021}}</ref> It is composed of the following Revenue Blocks of Pakyong Sub-Division: Pachey, Linkey, Parkha, Riwa, Machong, Chochenpheri, Latuk,
Gnathang, Kartok, Rolep, Lamaten, Thekabung and Assam Lingjey, and Pakyong.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || L.M. Lepcha || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] ||rowspan=2| [[Pamin Lepcha]]|| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gnathang–Machong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pamin Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,676 |percentage=61.58% |change={{increase}}27.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tshering Wangdi Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=2,869 |percentage=26.46% |change={{decrease}}36.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangay Gyatso Bhutia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=602 |percentage=5.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phuri Sherpa |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=531 |percentage=4.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=94 |percentage=0.87% |change={{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tshering Pema Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=69 |percentage=0.64% |change={{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,807 |percentage=35.12% |change= {{increase}}6.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,841 |percentage=83.62% |change= {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,965 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gnathang–Machong<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,380 |percentage=62.97% |change={{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,460 |percentage=34.15% |change={{decrease}}1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Ongden Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=127 |percentage=1.25% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=86 |percentage=0.85% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sangay Chopel Bhutia |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=79 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,920 |percentage=28.82% |change= {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,132 |percentage=84.10% |change= {{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,048 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}4.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gnathang–Machong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,017 |percentage=58.21% |change={{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Dorjee |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,101 |percentage=35.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pempa Tshering Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=325 |percentage=3.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Ongden Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=107 |percentage=1.24% |change={{decrease}}13.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=69 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,916 |percentage=22.23% |change= {{decrease}}12.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,619 |percentage=85.51% |change= {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,080 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}0.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Gnathang–Machong<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L.M. Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,077 |percentage=58.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhopel Dzongpo Bhutia |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=1,677 |percentage=24.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nima Wangchuk Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=994 |percentage=14.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phurba Tshering Sherpa |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=90 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chewang Dorjee Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=63 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namgay Tshering Bhutia |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=58 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,400 |percentage=34.49% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,959 |percentage=85.78% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,113 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Pakyong district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coords|27.318|88.827|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gnathang-Machong Assembly constituency}}

[[Category:Pakyong district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dipterocarpus gracilis

2026-04-14T14:48:41Z

KrisMchugh15039: put up article.

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco1.183.png
|status = VU
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Ly, V. |author2=Nanthavong, K. |author3=Pooma, R. |author4=Luu, H.T. |author5=Nguyen, H.N. |author6=Barstow, M. |author7=Vu, V.D. |author8=Hoang, V.S. |author9=Khou, E. |author10=Newman, M.F. |date=2017 |title=''Dipterocarpus gracilis'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T31315A2804348 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T31315A2804348.en |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Dipterocarpus
|species = gracilis
|authority = [[Carl Ludwig von Blume|Blume]]
|synonyms = *''Dipterocarpus pilosus'' [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]
*''Mocanera verniciflua'' Blanco
*''Dipterocarpus vernicifluus'' [[Manuel Blanco Ramos|Blanco]]
*''Dipterocarpus marginatus'' [[Pieter Willem Korthals|Korth.]]
*''Dipterocarpus fulvus'' Blume
*''Anisoptera palembanica'' [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]
*''Dipterocarpus hispidus'' [[Celestino Fernández-Villar|Fern.-Vill.]]
*''Dipterocarpus velutinus'' [[Sebastián Vidal y Soler|S.Vidal]]
*''Dipterocarpus bancanus'' [[William Burck|Burck]]
*''Dipterocarpus skinneri'' [[George King (botanist)|King]]
*''Dipterocarpus turbinatus'' var. ''andamanicus'' King
*''Dipterocarpus vanderhoevenii'' [[Sijfert Hendrik Koorders|Koord.]] & [[Theodoric Valeton|Valeton]]
*''Shorea mollis'' [[Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage|Boerl.]]
*''Dipterocarpus angustialatus'' [[Frédéric Louis Heim|F.Heim]]
*''Dipterocarpus schmidtii'' F.Heim
*''Dipterocarpus andamanicus'' (King) [[P.K. Tewary|Tewary]] & [[Anjali K. Sarkar|A.K.Sarkar]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=''Dipterocarpus gracilis'' Blume |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A320681-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Dipterocarpus_gracilis44.jpg|thumb| Panao seedling ([[Philippines]]) ]]
'''''Dipterocarpus gracilis''''' ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]: ''panao'' / [[Indonesian language|Indonesia]]: ''kaboa'' aka ''sancang'') is a [[Vulnerable species]] of tree in the family [[Dipterocarpaceae]], native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.<ref name=iucn/>

==Distribution and habitat==
''D. gracilis'' is native to [[Bangladesh]], [[Brunei]], [[Cambodia]], India ([[Assam]] and the [[Andaman Islands]]), Indonesia ([[Kalimantan]], [[Java]], and [[Sumatra]]), Malaysia ([[Sarawak]], [[Sabah]], and [[Peninsular Malaysia]]), [[Myanmar]], the [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]], and [[Thailand]]. It grows in [[lowland]] [[Evergreen forest|evergreen]] and [[semi-evergreen]] forests, in valleys, and on ridges and slopes from sea level up to {{cvt|900|m}} [[above sea level]]. It prefers well-drained soils and often dominates the [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] of the forests it inhabits.<ref name=iucn/>

==Uses==
It is often used as a commercial grade [[plywood]], it is one of the most important sources of [[Dipterocarp timber classification|keruing]] timber.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q651921}}

[[Category:Dipterocarpus|gracilis]]
[[Category:Flora of the Andaman Islands]]
[[Category:Dipterocarps of Borneo]]
[[Category:Trees of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Trees of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Trees of India]]
[[Category:Flora of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Trees of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Trees of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Trees of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Trees of Singapore]]
[[Category:Trees of Thailand]]
[[Category:Vulnerable flora of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1825]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume]]

{{Dipterocarpaceae-stub}}

Sahu Garapati

2026-04-12T22:41:31Z

KrisMchugh15039:

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Sahu Garapati
| image = Sahu Garapati National Award (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sahu receiving [[National Film Award]] in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|07|09|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/sahu-garapati/in.bookmyshow.com/person/sahu-garapati/1091870|title=Sahu Garapati - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Film producer]]
| years_active = 2018{{ndash}}present
| awards =
| known_for =
}}
'''Sahu Garapati''' is an Indian [[film producer]] who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/producer-sahu-garapati-shares-insights-in-making-of-laila-943925|title=Producer Sahu Garapati shares insights in making of 'Laila'|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=9 February 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=25 August 2025|archive-date=18 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418111305/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/producer-sahu-garapati-shares-insights-in-making-of-laila-943925|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/regional-cinema/kishkindhapuri-producer-sahu-garapati-reveals-they-spent-rs-2-crore-to-build-a-huge-set-ws-l-9556505.html|title=Kishkindhapuri Producer Sahu Garapati Reveals They Spent Rs 2 Crore To Build A Huge Set|first=Grace|last=Cyril|date=8 September 2025|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/10/vishwak-sen-sahu-garapati-respond-to-controversy-over-prudhvi-rajs-remarks|title=Vishwak Sen-Sahu Garapati respond to controversy over Prudhvi Raj's remarks|first=C. E.|last=Features|date=10 February 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Jan/07/teluguinterviews2026jan06sahu-garapati-vijays-jana-nayagan-is-a-remake-of-bhagavanth-kesari|title=Sahu Garapati: Vijay’s Jana Nayagan is a remake of Bhagavanth Kesari|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|date=7 January 2026|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He has produced ''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]'' (2023) under the banner Shine Screens, which won him the [[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film|National Film Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zIwDpQU96wk|title=Third Best Film 2023 Bhagavanth Kesari | Telangana Gaddar Film Awards 2024 | NTV Telugu|date=14 June 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/telangana-chief-minister-revanth-reddy-felicitates-national-film-award-winners-2948318.html|title=Telangana Chief Minister Revanth Reddy Felicitates National Film Award Winners|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/bhagavanth-kesari-team-celebrates-national-award-victory.html|title=Bhagavanth Kesari team celebrates national award victory|first=Kausalya|last=Rachavelpula|date=5 August 2025|website=NTV ENGLISH}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
*''All the films are in Telugu language unless otherwise mentioned.''
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]''
|[[Merlapaka Gandhi]]
|
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Majili]]''
|rowspan="2" |[[Shiva Nirvana]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/naga-chaitanya-s-majili-producer-sahu-garapati-makes-malayalam-debut-with-vysanasametham-bandhumithradhikal-article-13157417.html|title=Majili Producer Sahu Garapati makes Malayalam debut with Vysanasametham Bandhumithradhikal|website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|2021
|''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tuck Jagadish: ఆ పరిస్థితి లేదు.. అందుకే ఓటీటీకి వెళ్లాం | Sahu Garapati Comments On Tuck jagadish Movie | Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sahu-garapati-comments-tuck-jagadish-movie-1393134 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330032111/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sahu-garapati-comments-tuck-jagadish-movie-1393134 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gaali Sampath]]''
|Anish R. Krishna
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2023
|''[[Ugram (film)|Ugram]]''
|Vijay Kanakamedala
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|[[Anil Ravipudi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/you-will-see-a-new-balakrishna-in-bhagavanth-kesari-says-producer-sahu-garapati/a3b81076a6763|title=You will see a new Balakrishna in Bhagavanth Kesari, says producer Sahu Garapati|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2025
|''[[Laila (2025 film)|Laila]]''
|Ram Narayan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Feb/08/laila-producer-sahu-garapati-adult-comedy-is-everywhere-around-us|title=Laila producer Sahu Garapati: Adult comedy is everywhere around us|first=B. H.|last=Harsh|date=8 February 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vyasanasametham Bandhumithradhikal]]''
|S. Vipin
|[[Malayalam]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telugu360.com/sahu-garapati-struck-gold-in-malayalam/|title=Sahu Garapati Struck Gold In Malayalam|date=20 June 2025|access-date=25 August 2025|archive-date=15 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715074617/https://www.telugu360.com/sahu-garapati-struck-gold-in-malayalam/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kishkindhapuri]]''
|Koushik Pegallapati
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=7 September 2025 |title='Kishkindhapuri' promises a spine-chilling experience, says producer Sahu Garapati |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kishkindhapuri-promises-a-spine-chilling-experience-says-producer-sahu-garapati-1004262 |website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|2026
|[[Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu|''Mana Shankara Vara Prasad Garu'']]
|Anil Ravipudi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dishadaily.com/cinema/producer-sahu-garapati-gives-an-update-on-megastar-chiranjeevis-movie-471922|title=అప్పటి నుంచే షూటింగ్ స్టార్ట్.. చిరంజీవి సినిమాపై బిగ్ అప్డేట్ ఇచ్చిన నిర్మాత|first=Chukka|last=Sudharani|date=3 September 2025|website=www.dishadaily.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vaazha II: Biopic of a Billion Bros]]''
|Savin S A
|Malayalam film
|
|-
|{{pending film|#VenkyAnil5 #NKRAR2}}
|Anil Ravipudi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/sahu-garapati-to-produce-anil-ravipudis-multi-starrer|title=Sahu Garapati to produce Anil Ravipudi's multi-starrer|date=27 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{pending film|#SD19}}
|Sujith-Sandeep
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/03/sahu-garapati-to-back-film-headlined-by-sai-durgha-tej|title=Sahu Garapati to back film headlined by Sai Durgha Tej|first=Cinema Express|last=Desk|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Work
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col"|{{Tooltip|'''Ref.'''|References}}
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|''[[Majili]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siima.upmyb.com/index.php|title=SIIMA | South India International Movie Awards|website=siima.upmyb.com}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|[[71st National Film Awards]]
||[[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film|Best Telugu Feature Film]]
|rowspan=5|''[[Bhagavanth Kesari]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/71st-national-film-awards-2025-nandamuri-balakrishnas-bhagavanth-kesari-wins-best-telugu-film-for-2023-where-to-stream-this-movie/articleshow/123045953.cms?from=mdr|title=71st National Film Awards 2025: Nandamuri Balakrishna's Bhagavanth Kesari wins Best Telugu Film for 2023. Where to stream this movie?|work=The Economic Times|date=1 August 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|access-date=25 August 2025|archive-date=5 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805012100/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/71st-national-film-awards-2025-nandamuri-balakrishnas-bhagavanth-kesari-wins-best-telugu-film-for-2023-where-to-stream-this-movie/articleshow/123045953.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/|title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1|first=Entertainment|last=Desk|date=15 September 2024|access-date=25 August 2025|archive-date=16 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916014728/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Gaddar Telangana Film Awards
| Gaddar Award for Third Best Feature Film
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-honor-a-decade-of-telugu-cinema-1882256|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards Honor Films From 2014|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=30 May 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com|access-date=25 August 2025|archive-date=23 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723011425/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-honor-a-decade-of-telugu-cinema-1882256|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Kalavedika NTR Film Awards
|Best Producer
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GY_Upkifsxs|title=Sahu Garapati wins Best Producer award at Kalavedika NTR Film Awards 2024 | TFPC|date=30 June 2024|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|[[3rd IIFA Utsavam]]
|Best Picture {{Ndash}} Telugu
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iifa.com/news/utsavam-news-details/iifa-utsavam-2024-unveils-nominations-honoring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-|title=IIFA UTSAVAM 2024 UNVEILS NOMINATIONS, HONORING THE DIVERSITY OF SOUTH INDIAN CINEMA!|website=IIFA|access-date=25 August 2025|archive-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124010459/https://www.iifa.com/news/utsavam-news-details/iifa-utsavam-2024-unveils-nominations-honoring-the-diversity-of-south-indian-cinema-|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm9512829}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahu, Garapati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Spyder (film)

2026-04-05T09:48:13Z

KrisMchugh15039:

{{Short description|2017 film by A.R. Murugadoss}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Spyder
| image = Spyder film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. R. Murugadoss]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* N. V. Prasad<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-film-called-spyder-first-posters-goes-viral/story-v5YM1WisHvki5zC8yEOT7K.html|title=Mahesh Babu, AR Murugadoss film called SPYder, first posters goes viral|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212449/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-film-called-spyder-first-posters-goes-viral/story-v5YM1WisHvki5zC8yEOT7K.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| writer = A. R. Murugadoss
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Mahesh Babu]]
* [[S.J. Suryah]]
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]]
}}
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cinematography = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* NVR Cinema LLP
* [[Reliance Entertainment]]
}}
| distributor = [[Lyca Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|9|27|ref1=}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{plainlist|
* Telugu
* Tamil
}}
| budget = {{INR|120 crore|link=yes}}<ref name="PV">{{Cite web |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |date=2024-07-06 |title=7 Mahesh Babu Highest Grossing Movies: Sarileru Neekevvaru tops |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/mahesh-babu-highest-grossing-movies-1325074 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |quote=Spyder directed by AR Murgadoss is Mahesh Babu’s biggest theatrical disaster to date. Against a budget of Rs 120 crore, it grossed Rs 118 crores worldwide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-07-26/Will-Mahesh-Babus-Spyder-set-new-record-after-Baahuali-2/314771|title=Will Mahesh Babu's Spyder set new record after Baahuali 2?|publisher=[[The Hans India]]|date=26 July 2017|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212437/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-07-26/Will-Mahesh-Babus-Spyder-set-new-record-after-Baahuali-2/314771|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR|92 - 150 crore}}<ref>{{cite web |title=SPYder box office collections: Mahesh Babu's sensation continues, movie crosses Rs 150 crore mark |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-spyder-box-office-collections-mahesh-babus-sensation-continues-movie-crosses-rs-150-crore-mark-886445/ |website=The Financial Express |access-date=7 April 2025 |language=en |date=31 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=
7 Mahesh Babu Highest Grossing Movies: Sarileru Neekevvaru tops|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/mahesh-babu-highest-grossing-movies-1325074?amp|website=Pinkvilla|date=12 July 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Spyder''''' is a 2017 Indian [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/spyder-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotyxmta|title=Spyder – British Board of Film Classification|website=www.bbfc.co.uk|access-date=16 August 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816144939/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/spyder-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotyxmta|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-spyder-rights-sold-for-a-whopping-price-1027616-2017-08-02|title=Mahesh Babu's Spyder rights sold for a whopping price|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=17 March 2019|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407030229/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-spyder-rights-sold-for-a-whopping-price-1027616-2017-08-02|url-status=live}}</ref> written and directed by [[A. R. Murugadoss]] and produced by N. V. Prasad. The film was simultaneously shot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages, and stars [[Mahesh Babu]], [[S. J. Suryah]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]] in the lead roles. Murugadoss wrote the Tamil dialogue while the [[Paruchuri brothers|Paruchuri Brothers]] wrote the Telugu version. The film was edited by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]], with cinematography by [[Santosh Sivan]] and music by [[Harris Jayaraj]].

This film marks the Tamil debut of Babu, after a failed attempt at a simultaneous release in Tamil of ''[[Brahmotsavam (film)|Brahmotsavam]]'' (2016).<ref name="CNN-IBN">{{cite web|date=29 July 2015|title=Mahesh Babu: A film like 'Bahubali' isn't made often; it was possible only because of Rajamouli's vision|work=IBNLive |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/mahesh-babu-a-film-like-bahubali-isnt-made-often-it-was-possible-only-because-of-rajamoulis-vision-1027363.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729134600/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/mahesh-babu-a-film-like-bahubali-isnt-made-often-it-was-possible-only-because-of-rajamoulis-vision-1027363.html|archive-date=29 July 2015|access-date=29 July 2015|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> Originally, the film was rumoured to be titled ''Abhimanyudu'' and ''Sambhavami'', before the official title was finalised as ''Spyder'' on 18 March 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu's next film to be titled 'SPYder'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-next-film-to-be-titled-spyder/articleshow/57702979.cms|access-date=2019-12-17|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226213444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-next-film-to-be-titled-spyder/articleshow/57702979.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film began production in July 2016, followed by the commencement of principal photography.<ref name="intoday.in">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-sj-suryah-upcoming-film/1/728637.html%22Mahesh|title=Mahesh Babu-AR Murugadosss upcoming film goes on floors|access-date=14 April 2017|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212447/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-sj-suryah-upcoming-film-332423-2016-07-31|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shooting mainly took place in [[Chennai]], with some portions in and around [[Hyderabad]] and [[Vizag]], while the songs were filmed overseas, before wrapping up in August 2017.

''Spyder'' was released theatrically worldwide on 27 September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/09/28/spyder-claims-spectacular-7-8m-rs-51-crore-worldwide-day-1-gross|title='SPYder' Grosses Spectacular $17.8M (Rs. 51 Crore) Worldwide On Its First Day|first=Rob|last=Cain|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212517/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/09/28/spyder-claims-spectacular-7-8m-rs-51-crore-worldwide-day-1-gross|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/spyder-box-office-collection-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-film-earns-rs-50-crore-opening-worldwide-4093733.html|title=Spyder box office collection: Mahesh Babu-AR Murugadoss film earns Rs 50 crore opening, worldwide|date=29 September 2017|access-date=29 September 2017|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212430/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/spyder-box-office-collection-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-film-earns-rs-50-crore-opening-worldwide-4093733.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cain|first=Rob|title=Mahesh Babu's 'SPYder' Readies For Massive U.S. Theatrical Rollout|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/09/25/mahesh-babus-spyder-readies-for-massive-u-s-theatrical-rollout/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113174233/https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2017/09/25/mahesh-babus-spyder-readies-for-massive-u-s-theatrical-rollout/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2017-09-27|title=Spyder (Spider) Tamil movie review: Live audience response|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/spyder-spider-tamil-movie-review-live-audience-response-mahesh-babu-743528|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725072852/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/spyder-spider-tamil-movie-review-live-audience-response-mahesh-babu-743528|url-status=live}}</ref> It grossed {{INR}}92 - 150 [[crore]] against a budget of {{INR}}120 crore.<ref>{{cite web |title=SPYder box office collections: Mahesh Babu's sensation continues, movie crosses Rs 150 crore mark |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-spyder-box-office-collections-mahesh-babus-sensation-continues-movie-crosses-rs-150-crore-mark-886445/ |website=The Financial Express |access-date=7 April 2025 |language=en |date=8 October 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
Shiva is an [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] officer who develops a program to spy on people's calls and messages in order to help them. On the night of 16 March, Shiva listens to Charlie (Shalini in the Tamil version) talk about her wish of getting 98% in her exams, up from 96%, to get a [[United States|US]] scholarship with her friend. In order to do that, she decides to go on a blind date with a guy believing it will help her concentrate on her studies. Shiva follows her and both start to fall for each other, but Shiva finds it hard to focus on his love life because of his job. On the night of 28 April, Shiva listens to a young girl asking her friend for help as she is alone in her house and scared, due to a power outage at her house despite everyone else on her street having power.

Alarmed, Shiva sends his [[police constable|constable]] friend Renuka to the girl's address to help her. However, the next day news headlines report about the gruesome death of the two women. Shiva visits the crime scene and resigns from the IB due to guilt, but his father encourages him to find the killer. Shiva sets out to check the girl's chats and whereabouts, where he finds out that a guy followed her to a café. Through [[Facebook]], Shiva is able to track down another person who knew the stalker. With the provided information, he travels to the village where the stalker grew up and begins his search. From an elderly villager, Shiva finally learns about the man's past.

'''Past''': Bhairavudu (Sudalai in the Tamil version) lives with his mother, father and younger brother at a [[cemetery]]. His father performs funeral rites for the dead to take care of his family, but this occupation leads to Bhairavudu suffering from [[sadistic personality disorder|S.P.D.]], where he develops an unusual desire to kill victims and watch their families grieve. One day, a child witnesses him killing someone and reveals this to the other villagers. An infuriated mob decides to burn down Bhairavudu's house, killing his parents. Bhairavudu leaves enraged the village to continue his killing spree, along with his younger brother.

'''Present''': Shiva catches Bhairavudu and interrogates him in a dense hideout, but learns that he is actually Bhairavudu's brother. Bhairavudu goes on [[live television]] with a mask covering his face and reveals he has killed 23 people and hidden their corpses in 23 pillars of a metro bridge, and threatens the citizens to leave his brother unscathed. He also reveals that he plans to destroy a hospital. Shiva kills Bhairavudu's brother in front of the victims' families, including an enraged Bhairavudu, who is hiding in the crowd. An upset Bhairavudu plans to kill Shiva's family, but Shiva finds out when his mother calls him and tells him she is scared because there is no electricity at their house, just as the girl victim had described earlier. With the help of his team, Shiva is able to save his family.

Shiva becomes Bhairavudu's next target, and he tries to kill Shiva on his way home, with Shiva ending up impaled on a truck. Shiva slowly recovers and resumes the search for Bhairavudu, as he had shot him before he fell unconscious. He deduces that Bhairavudu has hidden himself in a house where he can heal, but has imprisoned the owners. Through the use of technology and information from local women, Shiva finds Bhairavudu and arrests him, but Bhairavudu tells him that he has already planned a rock fall in the city. Shiva manages to stop the big rock while Bhairavudu escapes from police custody and continues with his plan to destroy a hospital.

Charlie learns about the targeted hospital, but refuses to tell Shiva due to a misunderstanding. Shiva tracks down her taxi, where she tells him about the hospital. He rushes to the hospital and starts to evacuate the people inside, trying to save as many as he can, but is unable to save some patients in time, which leaves him heartbroken. Bhairavudu sees Shiva's grief and becomes delighted. Shiva spots Bhairavudu and becomes angered. The two of them fight, with Shiva overpowering and killing Bhairavudu .

In the aftermath, Shiva tells the media about the importance of showing humanity and leaves with Charlie, who was worried about him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mahesh Babu]] as G. Shiva Kumar “Shiva”, an IB officer who develops a program to spy on people's calls and messages in order to help them
*[[S. J. Suryah]] as Bhairavudu (Telugu) / Sudalai (Tamil)
**Master Sanjay as a young Bhairavudu (Telugu) / Sudalai (Tamil)
*[[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Charlie (Telugu) / Shalini (Tamil), Shiva's love interest
*[[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Bhairavudu's (Telugu) / Sudalai's (Tamil) unnamed brother
*[[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]] as Vinay (Telugu) / Madhu (Tamil)
*[[RJ Balaji]] as Madhu (Telugu) / Vinay (Tamil)
*[[Dheepa Ramanujam]] as Bhuvaneshwari, Shiva's mother
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Ramaswamy, Shiva's father
*[[Kani Kusruti]] as Varalakshmi, Bhairavudu's (Telugu) / Sudalai's (Tamil) mother
* Rahul Verma Rajput as Shiva's Brother
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as DGP Chandrasekhar
*[[Nagineedu]] as Commissioner Gajapathi
*[[Himaja]] as Renuka
*[[Shaji Chen]] as IB Head Matthews
*[[Hareesh Peradi]] as CBI Head officer
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Inspector Gokulnath
*[[Sendrayan]] as Rogue
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Rowdy
*[[George Maryan]] as Suresh, the man whose family is kidnapped by Sudalai (Tamil)
*[[R. S. G. Chelladurai]] as Villager (Tamil)
}}

==Production==

=== Development ===
Originally, Mahesh Babu planned to make his direct debut in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], after the dubbed Tamil version of ''[[Srimanthudu]]'' (2015), titled ''Selvandhan'', received a decent response from audiences.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-08-08|title=Hopping across states|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/reigniting-telugutotamil-dubbing-market/article7516322.ece|access-date=2021-01-12|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405083734/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/reigniting-telugutotamil-dubbing-market/article7516322.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> After opening that the script had the potential to be commercially successful in both languages without making many changes, Babu accepted the proposal of a Telugu-Tamil film.<ref name="CNN-IBN"/> However, the plan was later dropped.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2016-05-18|title=Why 'Brahmotsavam' star Mahesh Babu's Tamil fans are upset?|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/why-brahmotsavam-star-mahesh-babus-tamil-fans-are-upset-679200|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329172613/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/why-brahmotsavam-star-mahesh-babus-tamil-fans-are-upset-679200|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2015, Babu announced his next project would be a Tamil-Telugu bilingual film directed by [[AR Murugadoss|A. R. Murugadoss]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 26, 2015|title=After Brahmotsavam, Mahesh Babu to star in AR Murugadoss's film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-brahmotsavam-mahesh-babu-to-act-in-ar-murugadosss-film-274436-2015-11-26|access-date=2021-01-12|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235854/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-brahmotsavam-mahesh-babu-to-act-in-ar-murugadosss-film-274436-2015-11-26|url-status=live}}</ref> It marks Babu's first direct Tamil debut,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Murugadoss, Mahesh Babu to Join Hands Next Year|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2015/nov/26/murugadoss-mahesh-babu-to-join-hands-next-year-848511.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 November 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235853/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2015/nov/26/Murugadoss-Mahesh-Babu-to-Join-Hands-Next-Year-848511.html|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as Murugadoss' return to the Telugu cinema industry, a decade after his last film ''[[Stalin (2006 film)|Stalin]]'' (2006) starring [[Chiranjeevi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-26|title=Mahesh Babu, Murugadoss to work together next year|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahesh-babu-murugadoss-to-work-together-next-year/story-1RKiXqVV4W1EwU7DgMEXqN.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235852/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahesh-babu-murugadoss-to-work-together-next-year/story-1RKiXqVV4W1EwU7DgMEXqN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Santosh Sivan|Santhosh Sivan]], worked with Murugadoss in ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012), as the cinematographer,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Santosh Sivan, AR Murugadoss to team up again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Santosh-Sivan-AR-Murugadoss-to-team-up-again/articleshow/49934294.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Suganth|first1=M.|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806150110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Santosh-Sivan-AR-Murugadoss-to-team-up-again/articleshow/49934294.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Harris Jayaraj]], who scored music for Murugadoss' earlier films, ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'', ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' and ''Thuppakki'', as composer.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Harris Jayaraj to compose for Mahesh Babu's next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Harris-Jayaraj-to-compose-for-Mahesh-Babus-next/articleshow/50652075.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504105423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/harris-jayaraj-to-compose-for-mahesh-babus-next/articleshow/50652075.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was reported that Babu would play the role of a police officer in the film,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh set to don khaki in Murugadoss' next|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-set-to-don-khaki-in-Murugadoss-next/articleshow/54276098.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Jonnalagedda|first1=Pranita|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907000248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-set-to-don-khaki-in-Murugadoss-next/articleshow/54276098.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> although other reports claimed that Babu would play the role of a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu's role in AR Murugadoss film revealed?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-role-in-AR-Murugadoss-film-revealed/articleshow/54307835.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907000240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-role-in-AR-Murugadoss-film-revealed/articleshow/54307835.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The title of the film was also rumoured to be ''Abhimanyu''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Is Mahesh's next titled Abhimanyudu?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Is-Maheshs-next-titled-Abhimanyudu/articleshow/54563328.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Is-Maheshs-next-titled-Abhimanyudu/articleshow/54563328.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in December 2016 the filmmakers announced the tentative title of the film as ''Sambhavami'', which received a mixed response from fans.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu's fans not happy with Sambhavami !|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-fans-not-happy-with-Sambhavami-/articleshow/55959550.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205115759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-fans-not-happy-with-Sambhavami-/articleshow/55959550.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 18 March 2017, the film's title was revealed to be ''Spyder''.<ref name=":0" />

=== Casting ===
In March 2016, [[Parineeti Chopra]] was initially signed to play the lead actress and make her debut in [[South Indian cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Parineeti Chopra signs her first South film|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/parineeti-chopra-signs-her-first-south-indian-film-12487.html|work=Filmfare|date=7 March 2016|access-date=8 March 2016|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212518/http://www.filmfare.com/news/parineeti-chopra-signs-her-first-south-indian-film-12487.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parineeti Chopra impresses Tollywood|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130516/parineeti-chopra-impresses-tollywood.html|author=Kavirayani, Suresh|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=13 May 2016|access-date=13 May 2016|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212451/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/130516/parineeti-chopra-impresses-tollywood.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, her unavailability after she was finalised in ''[[Takadum]]'', starring [[Sushant Singh Rajput]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Looks like Parineeti is not part of Mahesh's next. Here's why...|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Looks-like-Parineeti-is-not-part-of-Maheshs-next-Heres-why-/articleshow/53117467.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Jonnalagedda|first1=Pranita|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907000243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Looks-like-Parineeti-is-not-part-of-Maheshs-next-Heres-why-/articleshow/53117467.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> meant that the creators approached [[Rakul Preet Singh]] for the leading role.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rakul replaces Parineeti in Murugadoss's film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Rakul-replaces-Parineeti-in-Murugadosss-film/articleshow/53115447.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Balachandran|first1=Logesh|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410134611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rakul-replaces-parineeti-in-murugadosss-film/articleshow/53115447.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[S. J. Suryah]] was hired to play a negative role for the first time after featuring in lead roles, marking his second collaboration<ref>{{Cite news |title=SJ Suryah to lock horns with Mahesh Babu in ARM's film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SJ-Suryah-to-lock-horns-with-Mahesh-Babu-in-ARMs-film/articleshow/51527435.cms |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SJ-Suryah-to-lock-horns-with-Mahesh-Babu-in-ARMs-film/articleshow/51527435.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> with Mahesh Babu after directing him in ''[[Naani]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 23, 2016|title=Mahesh Babu to lock horns with SJ Suryah in AR Murugadoss's film?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-to-lock-horns-with-sj-suryah-in-ar-murugadosss-film-314590-2016-03-23|access-date=2021-01-12|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407024705/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-to-lock-horns-with-sj-suryah-in-ar-murugadosss-film-314590-2016-03-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Murugadoss was a former assistant of S. J. Suryah in the films ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'' and ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]''. Tamil actor [[RJ Balaji]] signed onto the film in January 2017, playing the role of Shiva's friend.<ref>{{Cite news|title=RJ Balaji bags a film with Mahesh Babu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/RJ-Balaji-bags-a-film-with-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/53873229.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Sundar|first1=Mrinalini|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130195636/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/RJ-Balaji-bags-a-film-with-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/53873229.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2016, [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] was signed on to play a negative role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Bharath-to-play-a-negative-role-in-ARM-Mahesh-Babu-film/articleshow/55955643.cms|title=Bharath to play a negative role in ARM-Mahesh Babu film|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Bharath-to-play-a-negative-role-in-ARM-Mahesh-Babu-film/articleshow/55955643.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 17, 2016|title=Besides SJ Suryah, Bharath to lock horns with Mahesh Babu in the upcoming film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mahesh-babu-next-with-ar-murugadoss-to-feature-sj-suryah-bharath-358030-2016-12-17|access-date=2021-01-12|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235856/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mahesh-babu-next-with-ar-murugadoss-to-feature-sj-suryah-bharath-358030-2016-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref>

Twin stunt choreographers [[Anbariv]] were eventually roped into the film to choreograph action sequences,<ref>{{Cite web|title='Kabali' stunt duo roped in for Mahesh Babu - AR Murugadoss project|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.comentertainment/telugu/movies/news/Kabali-stunt-duo-roped-in-for-Mahesh-Babu---ARMurugadoss-project/articleshow/53584670.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231209160819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kabali-stunt-duo-roped-in-for-mahesh-babu-armurugadoss-project/articleshow/53584670.cms|archive-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> although [[Peter Hein]] was also roped into the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-17|title=Peter Hein: The dangerous life of the man who plays body-double for all top Tamil, Telugu stars|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/peter-hein-the-dangerous-life-of-the-man-who-plays-body-double-for-all-top-tamil-telugu-stars/story-AVw8oCyL2UBIc5xiFnLgdK.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902074855/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/peter-hein-the-dangerous-life-of-the-man-who-plays-body-double-for-all-top-tamil-telugu-stars/story-AVw8oCyL2UBIc5xiFnLgdK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> R. C. Kamalakannan, who supervised visual effects for ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017), was roped in as part of the technical crew.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-26|title=Baahubali VFX specialist for Spyder|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260517/baahubali-vfx-specialist-for-spyder.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927165923/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/260517/baahubali-vfx-specialist-for-spyder.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kamalakannan claimed that the film has heavy visual effects, and a Russian principal studio was working on the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pattikonda|first=Gautham|title=Baahubali VFX artist RC Kamalakannan for Mahesh Babu's SPYder|url=https://regional.pinkvilla.com/telugu/news/baahubali-vfx-artist-rc-kamalakannan-mahesh-babus-spyder/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Pinkvilla|language=en-US|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925161328/https://regional.pinkvilla.com/telugu/news/baahubali-vfx-artist-rc-kamalakannan-mahesh-babus-spyder/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu's Spyder ropes in Baahubali 2 VFX supervisor|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/mahesh-babus-spyder-ropes-in-baahubali-2-vfx-supervisor/articleshow/58842073.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907000249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/mahesh-babus-spyder-ropes-in-baahubali-2-vfx-supervisor/articleshow/58842073.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nayanthara]] was initially rumoured to have a crucial role in the film, although Murugadoss denied it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nayan is not in my film: Murugadoss|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nayan-is-not-in-my-film-Murugadoss/articleshow/54364440.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130074919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nayan-is-not-in-my-film-Murugadoss/articleshow/54364440.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film's [[principal photography]] commenced on 29 July 2016.<ref name="intoday.in" /> Rakul Preet Singh joined the set in August 2016, and the creators started a fresh shooting schedule, focusing on the romantic scene between Singh and Babu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rakul Preet Singh joins the sets of Mahesh Babu film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rakul-Preet-Singh-joinsthe-sets-of-Mahesh-Babu-film/articleshow/53841116.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rakul-Preet-Singh-joinsthe-sets-of-Mahesh-Babu-film/articleshow/53841116.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The second schedule of the film took place in mid-September 2016, in Pune and Bangalore, after the Chennai schedule was wrapped up.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> On 21 October 2016, Singh received a minor injury on her left hand while shooting for an action episode, although the actress, who was advised to rest for a day, resumed shooting immediately.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rakul Preet injured on sets|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rakul-Preet-injured-on-sets/articleshow/55012324.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204105247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Rakul-Preet-injured-on-sets/articleshow/55012324.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The third schedule was kickstarted in Hyderabad in November 2016, with filming taking place for three weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-01|title=Next schedule of AR Murugadoss's film starring Mahesh Babu begins, set for a 2017 release|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/next-schedule-ar-murugadosss-film-starring-mahesh-babu-begins-set-2017-release-52221|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413045331/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/next-schedule-ar-murugadosss-film-starring-mahesh-babu-begins-set-2017-release-52221|url-status=live}}</ref> After wrapping up the shoot on 22 November, the team headed to Ahmedabad and Surat for the fourth schedule.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu-AR Murugdoss film heads to Ahmedabad for next schedule|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-AR-Murugdoss-film-heads-to-Ahmedabad-for-nextschedule/articleshow/55202325.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611232429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-AR-Murugdoss-film-heads-to-Ahmedabad-for-nextschedule/articleshow/55202325.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Babu extensively shot the schedule for two weeks.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh busy shooting in Ahmedabad for two weeks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-busy-shooting-in-Ahmedabad-for-two-weeks/articleshow/55922494.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=30 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530212518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-busy-shooting-in-ahmedabad-for-two-weeks/articleshow/55922494.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After a brief break, the makers resumed the shoot in Mumbai in January 2017, where the introductory scenes featuring Babu were shot.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh wraps up introduction scene shoot in Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-wraps-up-introduction-scene-shoot-in-mumbai/articleshow/57246978.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907000254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-wraps-up-introduction-scene-shoot-in-mumbai/articleshow/57246978.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> During March 2017, Chiranjeevi made a visit to the film sets.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chiranjeevi visits Mahesh Babu on sets of 'Sambhavami'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevi-visits-mahesh-babu-on-sets-of-sambhavami/articleshow/57510390.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228000833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chiranjeevi-visits-mahesh-babu-on-sets-of-sambhavami/articleshow/57510390.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> More filming occurred in Vietnam between late March and early May.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Suresh|last1=Kavirayani|access-date=2023-02-19|title=Mahesh Babu's next is titled SPYder|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180317/mahesh-babus-next-is-titled-spyder.html|date=18 March 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219163503/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180317/mahesh-babus-next-is-titled-spyder.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=suresh|last1=kavirayani|access-date=2023-02-19|title=Mahesh Babu's next is titled SPYder|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180317/mahesh-babus-next-is-titled-spyder.html|date=18 March 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219163503/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/180317/mahesh-babus-next-is-titled-spyder.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the action scenes were shot there with local stunt artists, such as the rollercoaster chase.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-02-19|title=Why Mahesh Babu's film SPYder with A R Murugadoss is set to be a blockbuster|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/why-mahesh-babus-film-spyder-with-a-r-murugadoss-is-set-to-be-a-blockbuster-3392256.html|date=19 April 2017|website=Firstpost|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219163504/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/why-mahesh-babus-film-spyder-with-a-r-murugadoss-is-set-to-be-a-blockbuster-3392256.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HeinInterview"/>

The final schedule of the film was expected to take place on 20 April 2017 in Hyderabad,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu starrer 'Spyder's' next schedule to kickstart soon in Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-next-schedule-to-kickstart-soon-in-hyderabad/articleshow/58207985.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907000246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-next-schedule-to-kickstart-soon-in-hyderabad/articleshow/58207985.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> although shooting started on 4 May 2017.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu's 'Spyder' final schedule shooting started in Hyderabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-final-schedule-shooting-started-in-hyderabad/articleshow/58518727.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907000235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-final-schedule-shooting-started-in-hyderabad/articleshow/58518727.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Art director Rupin Suchak revealed to a source that 98% of the film was shot in [[Chennai]], with the backdrop being changed to [[Hyderabad]] through computer graphics for the Telugu version. Babu did the film's stunts by himself without using body doubles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahesh-babu-didn-t-use-body-doubles-to-do-stunts-in-spyder-rupin-suchak/story-Ey9PMXUrWiRfG4llpphRLO_amp.html|title=Mahesh Babu didn't use body doubles to do stunts in Spyder: Rupin Suchak|work=hindustantimes.com |date=17 April 2017|access-date=17 May 2017|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212449/https://m.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahesh-babu-didn-t-use-body-doubles-to-do-stunts-in-spyder-rupin-suchak/story-Ey9PMXUrWiRfG4llpphRLO_amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In some of the more intense scenes, he continued to perform his own stunts despite sustaining various injuries, leading to a physiotherapist being posted on set permanently for him, and eventually he "couldn’t get up for a week after the shooting schedule".<ref name="HeinInterview">{{cite news|access-date=2023-02-19|title=Revealed: What went into SPYder's breathtaking action scenes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/revealed-what-went-into-spyders-breathtaking-action-scenes-revealed-what-went-into-spyders-breathtaking-action-scenes/articleshow/60912351.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219163504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/revealed-what-went-into-spyders-breathtaking-action-scenes-revealed-what-went-into-spyders-breathtaking-action-scenes/articleshow/60912351.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=2023-02-19|title=Mahesh Babu: After filming the climax scene of Spyder, I couldn't get up for a week|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-after-filming-the-climax-scene-of-spyder-i-couldnt-get-up-for-a-week/articleshow/60808246.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|issn=0971-8257|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India|archive-date=19 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219163503/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-after-filming-the-climax-scene-of-spyder-i-couldnt-get-up-for-a-week/articleshow/60808246.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 May 2017, a source claimed that the makers planned for a climax sequence with high-octane action scenes, instead of a normal climax,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu's 'Spyder's' climax changed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyders-climax-changed/articleshow/58701051.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907000242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyders-climax-changed/articleshow/58701051.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which was originally scheduled to be shot at the NIMS Hospital in Bibnagar, Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu starrer 'Spyder's' producer NV Prasad clarifies on rumors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-producer-nv-prasad-clarifies-on-rumors/articleshow/58735258.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-producer-nv-prasad-clarifies-on-rumors/articleshow/58735258.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The filming was planned to be completed by 2 June 2017,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyder-gets-a-wrap-up-date/articleshow/58826183.cms|title=Mahesh Babu starrer 'Spyder' gets a wrap up date|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=24 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824115031/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyder-gets-a-wrap-up-date/articleshow/58826183.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> but the final schedule was started on 13 June,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Spyder shoot nearing completion?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/spyder-shoot-nearing-completion/articleshow/59092878.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228004017/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/spyder-shoot-nearing-completion/articleshow/59092878.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> where minor dialogue portions were filmed, with shooting to last for only four days.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-final-schedule-to-kick-start-soon/articleshow/59052187.cms|title=Mahesh Babu starrer 'Spyder's' final schedule to kick start soon|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614010328/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-final-schedule-to-kick-start-soon/articleshow/59052187.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2017, the makers filmed a song sequence in Hyderabad for ten days.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu's Spyder to shoot a special song for 10 days|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-to-shoot-a-fabulous-song-for-10-days/articleshow/59505234.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905051634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-to-shoot-a-fabulous-song-for-10-days/articleshow/59505234.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The last song of the film was shot abroad on 2 August, and the principal shoot was wrapped following its completion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu starrer 'Spyder's' team to shoot the last song abroad!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-team-to-shoot-the-last-song-abroad/articleshow/59580486.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-team-to-shoot-the-last-song-abroad/articleshow/59580486.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Spyder (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack is composed by Harris Jayaraj,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-to-release-in-september/articleshow/59383887.cms|title=Mahesh Babu's Spyder to release in September?|work=The Times of India|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703123453/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-to-release-in-september/articleshow/59383887.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with lyrics for the Tamil version was written by [[Madhan Karky]]. Initially, Karky, was expected to pen the songs for its Telugu-dubbed version, thus marking his debut in the Telugu industry,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Noted Tamil lyricist, Madhan Karky pens a Telugu song for 'Spyder'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/noted-tamil-lyricist-madhan-karky-pens-a-telugu-song-for-spyder/articleshow/60121330.cms|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=12 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112023435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/noted-tamil-lyricist-madhan-karky-pens-a-telugu-song-for-spyder/articleshow/60121330.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> however, [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] penned the songs in Telugu. The film featured six songs in Telugu, and five in Tamil version. Two songs—"Boom Boom" and "Haali Haali" (in Tamil as "Aali Aali") were released as singles on 2 August and 4 September 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-02 |title=Spyder first song: Boom Boom does justice to Mahesh Babu's stylish avatar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/spyder-first-song-boom-boom-does-justice-to-mahesh-babu-stylish-avatar-4779347/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929200013/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/spyder-first-song-boom-boom-does-justice-to-mahesh-babu-stylish-avatar-4779347/ |archive-date=2017-09-29 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-04 |title=Spyder song Aali Aali: Mahesh Babu film's latest track gives a folk feel, watch video |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/spyder-song-aali-aali-mahesh-babu-films-latest-track-is-a-folk-feel-watch-video-4828690/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907091726/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/spyder-song-aali-aali-mahesh-babu-films-latest-track-is-a-folk-feel-watch-video-4828690/ |archive-date=2017-09-07 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> while the album was released through [[Zee Music Company]] on 9 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-31 |title=Mahesh Babu's Spyder audio to release on September 9 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-spyder-audio-ar-murugadoss-rakul-preet-singh-1035025-2017-08-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620095216/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mahesh-babu-spyder-audio-ar-murugadoss-rakul-preet-singh-1035025-2017-08-31 |archive-date=2024-06-20 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The release coincided with an event for the Tamil version at [[Kalaivanar Arangam]] in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=9 September 2017 |title='Spyder' grand audio launch in Chennai |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/spyder-grand-audio-launch-in-chennai-imagegallery-kollywood-rjlj7whiijjdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911065449/http://www.sify.com/movies/spyder-grand-audio-launch-in-chennai-imagegallery-kollywood-rjlj7whiijjdc.html |archive-date=11 September 2017 |access-date=10 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Release==
During the film's pre-production phase, it was announced that the film would be released on 23 June 2017.<ref name=":0" /> The release was pushed to 10 August 2017 due to production delays.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-to-release-in-august/articleshow/58479934.cms|title=Mahesh Babu's 'Spyder' to release in August|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=3 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003232741/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-to-release-in-august/articleshow/58479934.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was again postponed to mid-September and then to [[Dusherra]], due to delays in the film's shooting. The makers finally announced that the film would be released on 27 September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270517/spyder-pushed-to-september.html|title=Spyder pushed to September|date=27 May 2010|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=24 May 2017|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212501/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270517/spyder-pushed-to-september.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://trends.greatandhra.com/movies/spyder-to-release-on-september-27/|title=Spyder to release on September 27|access-date=3 June 2017|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212515/http://trends.greatandhra.com/movies/spyder-to-release-on-september-27/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the huge reception for the ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' franchise,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-30|title=Release of Mahesh Babu's 'Spyder' delayed: What is the reason?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/release-mahesh-babus-spyder-delayed-what-reason-61233|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518011657/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/release-mahesh-babus-spyder-delayed-what-reason-61233|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Spyder'' was also planned to have a simultaneous release in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and also with a [[Malayalam]]-dubbed version of the same name.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/43351/spyder-will-have-same-release-as-baahubali-now|title=Spyder will have same release as Baahubali now|date=20 July 2017|work=Top 10 Cinema|access-date=21 July 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212512/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/43351/spyder-will-have-same-release-as-baahubali-now|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The film was sent to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] for censor formalities on 19 September 2017, where the film received a "U/A" certification and a runtime of 145 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-completes-censor-formalities/articleshow/60752592.cms|title=Mahesh Babu's 'Spyder' completes censor formalities|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=R|first1=Shajini S.|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329050433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-completes-censor-formalities/articleshow/60752592.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-runtime-locked/articleshow/60753135.cms|title=Mahesh Babu starrer 'Spyder's' runtime locked|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=R|first1=Shajini S.|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329050429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-runtime-locked/articleshow/60753135.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Spyder was released in the US<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-all-set-for-a-massive-release-in-us/articleshow/60512272.cms|title=Mahesh Babu's 'Spyder' all set for a massive release in US|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=R|first1=Shajini S.|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329050431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-all-set-for-a-massive-release-in-us/articleshow/60512272.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> a day ahead of its release in Indian theatres on 26 September.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ians|date=2017-09-12|title='Spyder' to be Mahesh Babu's biggest release in US|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/spyder-to-be-mahesh-babus-biggest-release-in-us/article19670412.ece|access-date=2021-01-12|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035451/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/spyder-to-be-mahesh-babus-biggest-release-in-us/article19670412.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released in more than 800 screens in the country,<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Baahubali 2, Mahesh Babu's Spyder To Get Biggest Release in US|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-baahubali-2-mahesh-babus-spyder-to-get-biggest-release-in-us-1749312|access-date=2021-01-12|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811225020/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-baahubali-2-mahesh-babus-spyder-to-get-biggest-release-in-us-1749312|url-status=live}}</ref> thus becoming the widest release for a Telugu film after ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-12|title=Mahesh Babu's SPYder becomes widest Telugu release in USA after Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahesh-babus-spyder-becomes-widest-telugu-release-in-usa-after-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-4034331.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Firstpost|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128065836/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahesh-babus-spyder-becomes-widest-telugu-release-in-usa-after-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-4034331.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was also speculated to have a dubbed release in [[Arabic]], and was scheduled to be released in the Gulf countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-to-be-dubbed-in-arabic/articleshow/60175870.cms|title=Mahesh Babu's 'Spyder' to be dubbed in Arabic|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=R|first1=Shajini S.|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825183515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-spyder-to-be-dubbed-in-arabic/articleshow/60175870.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Hein bought the Vietnamese dubbing rights of the film and released it in Vietnam.<ref name="HeinInterview"/>

=== Distribution ===
The [[Tamil Nadu]] theatrical rights for the film were acquired by [[Lyca Productions]] for {{Indian Rupee}}18 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-tamil-rights-bagged-at-a-record-price/articleshow/59108627.cms|title='Spyder's' Tamil rights bagged at a record price|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329085250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-tamil-rights-bagged-at-a-record-price/articleshow/59108627.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] distribution rights were secured by the production house itself, except for the [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizam]] rights which were acquired by [[Dil Raju]] for {{Indian Rupee}}24 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-nizam-rights-bagged-by-dil-raju/articleshow/58946112.cms|title='Spyder's' Nizam rights bagged by Dil Raju|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329085248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-nizam-rights-bagged-by-dil-raju/articleshow/58946112.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The overseas distribution rights were sold to Atmus Entertainment for {{Indian Rupee}}22.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-overseas-rights-sold-at-a-whopping-price/articleshow/59881227.cms|title='Spyder's' overseas rights sold at a whopping price|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=Paul|first1=Papri|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408165121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-overseas-rights-sold-at-a-whopping-price/articleshow/59881227.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The ceded rights were sold for {{Indian Rupee}}12 crore and [[Vizag]] rights were sold for {{Indian Rupee}}8.1 crore. The film earned {{Indian Rupee}}6 crore in the East and {{Indian Rupee}}4.5 crore in the West, {{Indian Rupee}}5.4 crore in [[Krishna district|Krishna]], {{Indian Rupee}}7.2 crore in [[Guntur]] and {{Indian Rupee}}3.2 crore in [[Nellore]], for a total of {{Indian Rupee}}70.4 crore from the Telugu States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/box-office-outstanding-pre-release-business-for-mahesh-babus-spyder/articleshow/60839349.cms|title=Box office: Outstanding pre-release business for Mahesh Babu's Spyder|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=Adivi|first1=Sridhar|archive-date=29 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929183433/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/box-office-outstanding-pre-release-business-for-mahesh-babus-spyder/articleshow/60839349.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's [[Karnataka]] theatrical rights were sold to Goldie Films for {{Indian Rupee}}10.8 crore, [[Kerala]] theatrical rights were sold for ₹1.3 crore, and the Rest Of India rights were sold for {{Indian Rupee}}1 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-07|title='SPYder' total pre-release business details|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/spyder-total-pre-release-business-details-telugu-news-195159|access-date=2021-01-12|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235853/https://www.indiaglitz.com/spyder-total-pre-release-business-details-telugu-news-195159|url-status=live}}</ref> The film earned {{Indian Rupee}}124 crore from worldwide theatrical sales alone.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-07|title=Mahesh Babu's Spyder earns Rs 150 crore even before release|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahesh-babu-s-spyder-earns-rs-150-crore-even-before-release/story-qtF4y7PmC41grzLiPVpxAL.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616110516/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mahesh-babu-s-spyder-earns-rs-150-crore-even-before-release/story-qtF4y7PmC41grzLiPVpxAL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Including satellite rights for the Telugu & Hindi versions, which were sold for ₹25 crore, Tamil & Malayalam versions which were sold for ₹6.5 crore, and audio rights which were sold for ₹1.5 crore,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2017-09-26|title=SPYder pre-release business: Mahesh Babu's film beats Jr NTR's JLK to be non-Baahubali highest|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/spyder-pre-release-business-mahesh-babus-film-beats-jr-ntrs-jlk-be-non-baahubali-highest-743429|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218084934/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/spyder-pre-release-business-mahesh-babus-film-beats-jr-ntrs-jlk-be-non-baahubali-highest-743429|url-status=live}}</ref> the film had a total intake of {{Indian Rupee}}157 crore before its release.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-07|title=Mahesh Babu's Spyder makes Rs 150 crore pre-release business|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mahesh-babu-spyder-makes-rs-150-crore-pre-release-business-4833001/|access-date=2021-01-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907001355/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mahesh-babu-spyder-makes-rs-150-crore-pre-release-business-4833001/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
The film's first poster was initially scheduled to release on 29 March 2017,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> but was eventually released on 12 April.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-11|title=Mahesh Babu-AR Murugadoss release first look of Spyder; film was previously called Mahesh 23|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-release-first-look-of-spyder-film-was-previously-called-mahesh-23-3378840.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Firstpost|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914153059/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-release-first-look-of-spyder-film-was-previously-called-mahesh-23-3378840.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The poster gave a glimpse of a buff and ripped Babu with a gun in his hand.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 12, 2017|title=Spyder first look out: Mahesh Babu looks dapper as a police officer|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/spyder-first-look-out-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-rakul-preet-971027-2017-04-12|access-date=2021-01-12|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918084511/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/spyder-first-look-out-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-rakul-preet-971027-2017-04-12|url-status=live}}</ref> The poster received an overwhelming response from fans.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyder-first-look-mahesh-babu-is-armed-and-ready-for-action/articleshow/58148058.cms|title='Spyder' first look: Mahesh Babu is armed and ready for action|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=18 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618220028/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyder-first-look-mahesh-babu-is-armed-and-ready-for-action/articleshow/58148058.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The team launched an official [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]] page and an official [[YouTube]] channel for the film's promotions. Initially, the makers wanted to release the first glimpse of the film on 31 May 2017, coinciding with actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]'s birthday, the father of Mahesh. But it was postponed due to the demise of veteran filmmaker [[Dasari Narayana Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-teaser-release-postponed/articleshow/58928522.cms|title=Mahesh Babu starrer 'Spyder's' teaser release postponed|date=1 June 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114101330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-starrer-spyders-teaser-release-postponed/articleshow/58928522.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The teaser was launched on 1 June at midnight to positive reviews from fans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-teaser-leaves-fans-ecstatic/articleshow/58943804.cms|title='Spyder's teaser wins the hearts of Mahesh Babu fans|date=2 June 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111025118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-teaser-leaves-fans-ecstatic/articleshow/58943804.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 August 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/spyder-teaser-mahesh-babus-protagonist-finds-a-worthy-opponent-in-sj-suryahs-powerful-antagonst/articleshow/59982169.cms|title=Spyder Teaser: Mahesh Babu's protagonist finds a worthy opponent in SJ Suryah's powerful antagonst|date=9 August 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210161519/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/spyder-teaser-mahesh-babus-protagonist-finds-a-worthy-opponent-in-sj-suryahs-powerful-antagonst/articleshow/59982169.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> the makers released the official teaser of the film coinciding with the actor's birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-second-teasor-to-be-out-on-mahesh-babus-birthday/articleshow/59967755.cms|title='Spyder's' second teaser to be out on Mahesh Babu's birthday!|date=31 July 2017|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816160336/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-second-teasor-to-be-out-on-mahesh-babus-birthday/articleshow/59967755.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The teaser crossed 8.6 million views within 48 hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyder-trailer-with-over-8-6-million-views-within-48-hours-spyder-breaks-all-records/articleshow/60005650.cms|title='Spyder' trailer: With over 8.6 million views within 48 hours, 'Spyder' breaks all records|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-17|last1=Paul|first1=Papri|archive-date=14 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114114548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyder-trailer-with-over-8-6-million-views-within-48-hours-spyder-breaks-all-records/articleshow/60005650.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The official trailer of the film was released on 15 September 2017,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/spyder-trailer-out-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-sj-suryah-1045197-2017-09-15|title=Spyder trailer out: Mahesh Babu's film looks intriguing and high on action|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|agency=Ist|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218063117/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/spyder-trailer-out-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-sj-suryah-1045197-2017-09-15|url-status=live}}</ref> during the pre-release event held at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chronicle|first=Deccan|date=2017-09-16|title=Mahesh Babu's family joins him at grand pre-release event of Spyder|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/gallery/entertainment/160917/mahesh-babus-family-joins-him-at-grand-pre-release-event-of-his-film-spyder.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119170533/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/gallery/entertainment/160917/mahesh-babus-family-joins-him-at-grand-pre-release-event-of-his-film-spyder.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2017-09-16|title=Spyder pre-release event: Look who hogs the limelight at Mahesh Babu's film function|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/spyder-pre-release-event-look-who-hogs-limelight-mahesh-babus-film-function-742289|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525031438/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/spyder-pre-release-event-look-who-hogs-limelight-mahesh-babus-film-function-742289|url-status=live}}</ref> The trailer received outstanding reviews, and it crossed 2 million views within a few hours.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-trailer-showcases-mahesh-babu-as-a-geek-on-a-mission-to-save-the-world-from-bio-terror/articleshow/60526762.cms|title=Spyder trailer: Mahesh Babu as a geek on a mission to save the world from bio-terror|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=8 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608104250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-trailer-showcases-mahesh-babu-as-a-geek-on-a-mission-to-save-the-world-from-bio-terror/articleshow/60526762.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the release of the film, Mahesh Babu revealed that the robotic spider featured in the film's teaser, will not feature in the film as it has no role for it. Mahesh announced it, that he doesn't want his fans to be disappointed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The robotic spider from the teaser of 'SPYder' will not feature in the film, says Mahesh Babu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/the-robotic-spider-from-the-teaser-of-spyder-will-not-feature-in-the-film-says-mahesh-babu/articleshow/60842970.cms|access-date=2019-12-19|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Nyayapati|first1=Neeshita|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329024428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know/the-robotic-spider-from-the-teaser-of-spyder-will-not-feature-in-the-film-says-mahesh-babu/articleshow/60842970.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The satellite rights of the film were acquired by [[Zee Network]] (for Telugu and Hindi versions) and [[Sun TV Network]] (for Tamil and Malayalam versions) for a record sum of {{Indian Rupee}}30.5 crore.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-satellite-rights-bagged-by-zee-network-for-26-5-cr/articleshow/58150685.cms|title='Spyder's' satellite rights bagged by Zee Network for 26.5 Cr|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408165123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spyders-satellite-rights-bagged-by-zee-network-for-26-5-cr/articleshow/58150685.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's Telugu version premiered on [[Zee Telugu]] on 14 January 2018, coinciding with [[Sankranthi]], and registered a TRP rating of 6.7.<ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=The Hans|date=2018-01-25|title=Latest TRP Ratings: Jai Lava Kusa- SPYder- Mahanubhavudu|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-01-25/Latest-TRP-Ratings-Jai-Lava-Kusa-SPYder-Mahanubhavudu/354215|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114192441/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-01-25/Latest-TRP-Ratings-Jai-Lava-Kusa-SPYder-Mahanubhavudu/354215|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's television premiere took place on 18 February 2018. The film was also dubbed in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and premiered directly on [[Zee Cinema]] on 17 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spyder {{!}} Mahesh Babu {{!}} Rakul Preet Singh - Sun, 17th June, 9 PM - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_oLrDy_VRs|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.youtube.com| date=28 May 2018 |archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_oLrDy_VRs|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Spyder'' received mixed reviews from critics and audiences, who praised the cast performances (particularly Suryah), action sequences and direction, but criticised its screenwriting and pace.
=== Critical reception ===
{{multiple image
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| width = 
| image1 = SJ Surya at Iraivi Press Meet.jpg
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}}
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=52|count=5|average=4.5|ref=yes}}

==== Telugu version ====
Sridhar Adivi from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars, stating that "The conflict between the hero and the villain seems like a safe enough plot for a potboiler or a spy film; however, Murugadoss’ writing doesn't manage to give you the chills or thrills the promos promised to."<ref>{{Citation|title=Spyder Review {2.5/5}: Mahesh Babu as Shiva looks handsome on screen and carries the role with panache|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/spyder/movie-review/60853120.cms|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=Adivi |first1=Sridhar }}</ref> Y. Sunita Chowdary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "''Spyder'' starts off well but the director’s imagination goes overboard only to turn a purpose ridden plot into a piece of travesty."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-film-review-spyder-2017-mahesh-babu-rakul-preet-singh/article19762527.ece|title='Spyder' review: jerky narration does it in|last=Chowdhary|first=Y. Sunita|date=2017-09-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-12-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218092957/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/telugu-film-review-spyder-2017-mahesh-babu-rakul-preet-singh/article19762527.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hemanth Kumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars, stating "''Spyder'' is also a true blue action thriller and it stays true to the genre. This isn’t a Mahesh Babu’s film alone and it doesn’t pander to our expectations from his action dramas. And to see him step into the shoes of a character which doesn’t dominate the film is also why ''Spyder'' has a very different tone from the very beginning."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-27|title=Spyder movie review: Mahesh Babu, AR Murugadoss film is the smart spy thriller Telugu cinema needed|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/spyder-movie-review-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-film-is-the-smart-spy-thriller-telugu-cinema-needed-4086687.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Firstpost|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914154826/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/spyder-movie-review-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-film-is-the-smart-spy-thriller-telugu-cinema-needed-4086687.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Karthik Keramalu of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2/5 stars and stated: "Spyder is not great but it’s definitely watchable for Mahesh Babu, Suryah and the touching humanistic angle."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-27|title=Spyder movie review: Mahesh Babu, SJ Suryah shine in an underwhelming thriller|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/spyder-movie-review-mahesh-babu-suryah-shine-in-an-underwhelming-thriller/story-1p5bD18nsjToJqBiFk7TAJ.html|access-date=2021-01-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718093443/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/spyder-movie-review-mahesh-babu-suryah-shine-in-an-underwhelming-thriller/story-1p5bD18nsjToJqBiFk7TAJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Tamil version ====
M. Suganth of ''The Times of India'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "The writing lets Spyder down entirely after a point and, unlike ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (which was also about a man trying to save and a man trying to destroy), what should have been an edge-of-the-seat cat-and-mouse game between good and evil turns into a movie that cannot decide between wanting to be a crackling thriller and an anything-goes [[masala movie]]."<ref>{{Citation|title=Spyder Movie Review {2/5}: The writing lets the movie down entirely after a point|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/spyder/movie-review/60850537.cms|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=Suganth |first1=M. }}</ref> S. Srivatsan of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2/5 stars and summarised it as "The core of Spyder seems to have been written for [a] Telugu audience. Even for them, Spyder isn't a satisfying star vehicle. Or Maybe Spyder isn't what Murugadoss imagined on paper. Because, some scenes, even on paper, appear to be pompous. Consider the scene from the second half of ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' and you'll understand better."<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Srivatsan|date=August 1, 2017|title=Spyder movie review: Mahesh Babu's film is engaging in parts|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/spyder-movie-review-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-rakul-preet-1053510-2017-09-27|access-date=2019-12-18|magazine=India Today|language=en|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218092006/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/spyder-movie-review-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-rakul-preet-1053510-2017-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "this film is a pretty decent god-vs-demon tale, with a solid hero and a spectacular villain" in his review.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2017|title=Spyder could have been a great masala movie, but it's still pretty good|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/spyder-movie-review|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906235853/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/spyder-movie-review|url-status=live}}</ref> Subhash K. Jha of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 4/5 stars and stated "Murugadoss takes a familiar bad-guy-good-guy plot and converts it into a compelling cat-and-mouse game shot in colours and favours that suggest life in times of impending death."<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPYder Movie Review: Mahesh Babu As Antithesis Of Prabhas In Baahubali|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/spyder-movie-review-mahesh-babu-as-antithesis-of-prabhas-in-baahubali-1756353|access-date=2021-01-12|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811194522/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/spyder-movie-review-mahesh-babu-as-antithesis-of-prabhas-in-baahubali-1756353|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box-office ===
On its opening day, the film saw more than 55% occupancy in theatres and managed to collect {{Indian Rupee|}}33 crore gross on its first day at the global box-office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/spyder-box-office-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-film-gets-warm-welcome-in-tamil-nadu-4865101/|title=Spyder box office collections: Mahesh Babu's film earns Rs 33 crore on Day 1|website=The Indian Express|date=29 September 2017|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=20 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720145828/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/spyder-box-office-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-film-gets-warm-welcome-in-tamil-nadu-4865101/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed {{Indian Rupee|}}13.4 crore on the first day of its release, with a share of {{Indian Rupee|}}5.3 crore in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-box-office-collections-day-one-mahesh-babu-starrer-grosses-rs-11-cr-on-opening-day/articleshow/60868903.cms|title=Spyder box-office collections day 1: Mahesh Babu-starrer grosses Rs 11 cr on opening day|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=Adivi|first1=Sridhar|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906234640/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-box-office-collections-day-one-mahesh-babu-starrer-grosses-rs-11-cr-on-opening-day/articleshow/60868903.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and it is said to have collected {{Indian Rupee|}}1.30 crore in two days in Chennai alone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-collections-spyder-box-office-collection-day-2-mahesh-babu-and-rakul-preet-starrer-is-expected-to-join-the-55-cr-club-by-weekend/articleshow/60883571.cms|title='Spyder' box office collection day 2: Mahesh Babu and Rakul Preet starrer is expected to join the 55 Cr club by weekend|website=The Times of India|date=6 October 2017|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907025535/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-collections-spyder-box-office-collection-day-2-mahesh-babu-and-rakul-preet-starrer-is-expected-to-join-the-55-cr-club-by-weekend/articleshow/60883571.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film had crossed {{Indian Rupee|}}35 crore within three days,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-box-office-collection-day-3-mahesh-babu-and-rakul-preet-starrer-is-rocking-at-the-box-office/articleshow/60900090.cms |title='Spyder' box office collection day 3: Mahesh Babu and Rakul Preet starrer is rocking at the box office |website=The Times of India |date=6 October 2017 |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602171441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-box-office-collection-day-3-mahesh-babu-and-rakul-preet-starrer-is-rocking-at-the-box-office/articleshow/60900090.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and it collected {{Indian Rupee|}}45 crore within five days.<ref name="5DayGross">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-box-office-collection-day-5-mahesh-babu-starrer-joins-rs-55-crore-club/articleshow/60911730.cms|title=Spyder box office collection Day 5: Mahesh Babu-starrer joins Rs 55 crore club|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-18|last1=Adivi|first1=Sridhar|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906234641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-box-office-collection-day-5-mahesh-babu-starrer-joins-rs-55-crore-club/articleshow/60911730.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Spyder 124">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/spyder-box-office-collection-mahesh-babus-spyder-staring-huge-losses-744101|title=Spyder box office collection: Mahesh Babu's Spyder staring at huge losses?|first=Prakash|last=Upadhyaya|date=3 October 2017|website=International Business Times|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201110150/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/spyder-box-office-collection-mahesh-babus-spyder-staring-huge-losses-744101|url-status=live}}</ref> In twelve days it collected {{INR}}55 crore gross globally.<ref name="Spyder 55Cr">{{Cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/spyder-box-office-collections-mahesh-babus-sensation-continues-movie-crosses-rs-55-crore-mark/886445/|title=SPYder box office collections: Mahesh Babu's sensation continues, movie crosses Rs 35 crore mark|website=The Financial Express|date=8 October 2017|access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> At the US [[box office]] the film collected {{USD}} 1 million in seven days, becoming the fifth film of the actor to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/spyder-box-office-collection-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-4875886/|title=Spyder box office collection: Mahesh Babu film grosses $0.5 million at US box office|website=The Indian Express|date=5 October 2017|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114082009/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/spyder-box-office-collection-mahesh-babu-ar-murugadoss-4875886/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-box-office-collection-in-usa-mahesh-babu-rakul-preet-and-sj-suryah-starrer-becomes-the-seventh-highest-telugu-grosser-of-2017/articleshow/60955004.cms|title=Spyder Box Office Collection in USA|website=The Times of India|date=6 October 2017|access-date=20 July 2020|archive-date=2 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602171444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/spyder-box-office-collection-in-usa-mahesh-babu-rakul-preet-and-sj-suryah-starrer-becomes-the-seventh-highest-telugu-grosser-of-2017/articleshow/60955004.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=2018-06-02 |title=Bilingual films often flop |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020618/bilingual-films-often-flop.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617223516/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/020618/bilingual-films-often-flop.html |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Year of Ceremony
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South-Telugu cinema]]
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Best Supporting Actor
| rowspan="2" |[[S. J. Suryah]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|South India International Movie Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|{{nom}}
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of multilingual Indian films]]
* [[Pan-Indian film]]
* [[List of longest films in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Facebook|SpyderTheMovie}}
* {{IMDb title|6522546}}

{{AR Murugadoss}}
{{Lyca Productions}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. R. Murugadoss]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films about computing]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about security and surveillance]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Films set in hospitals]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films shot in Romania]]
[[Category:Films about mass murder]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:2017 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Greater Noida Press Club

2026-03-31T19:58:10Z

KrisMchugh15039: put up a data.

{{Short description|Journalists' organization in India}}
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}

'''Greater Noida Press Club''' is a social organization of journalists from [[Noida]], [[Greater Noida]] and [[Delhi NCR]]. It works for journalists' professional, social and economic development. The aim of the organization is to develop high standards in journalism and protect the rights of journalists. Greater Noida Press Club was established on 24 July 2003. The idea of establishing a press club in Greater Noida was after seeing the organizations and associations of journalists In cities like [[Meerut]], [[Muzaffarnagar]] and [[Saharanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greaternoidapressclub.org/|title=Greater Noida Press Club|website=www.greaternoidapressclub.org|access-date=2018-03-01|archive-date=2018-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302001129/http://www.greaternoidapressclub.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grenonews.com/tag/greater-noida-press-club/|title=GREATER NOIDA PRESS CLUB – GrenoNews|website=www.grenonews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215045253/http://grenonews.com/tag/greater-noida-press-club/|archive-date=2016-02-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/press-club-starts-in-greater-noida|title=अब ग्रेटर नोएडा में भी प्रेस क्लब- Amarujala|work=Amar Ujala|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/noida/story-greater-noida-press-club-won-over-noida-police-team-1702218.html|title=ग्रेनो प्रेस क्लब की पुलिस-प्रशासन पर शानदार जीत|website=www.livehindustan.com|language=hi|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref>

== Rejuvenation ==
For the unfortunate reasons, Greater Noida press club got stalled immediately after the establishment. In the year of 2014, the organization was re-organized under the leadership of young journalists Pankaj Parashar, Rohit Priyadarshan and Rajesh Bhati. Now the Press Club is organizing programs on national, social and economic issues and working fast to achieve its goals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grenonews.com/holi-milan-samaroh-2018-by-greater-noida-press-club/|title=HOLI MILAN SAMAROH 2018 BY GREATER NOIDA PRESS CLUB – GRENONEWS|website=www.grenonews.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tennews.in/greater-noida-press-club-holi-milan-samaroh-news/|title=ग्रेटर नोएडा प्रेस क्लब ने आयोजित की फूलों की होली - tennews.in - National News Portal, Breaking, Latest, Top, Trending, News|date=2017-03-06|work=tennews.in - National News Portal, Breaking, Latest, Top, Trending, News|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/noida/the-team-lost-to-the-press-club/articleshow/27924900.cms|title=प्रेस क्लब की टीम हारी - Navbharat Times|date=2013-12-26|work=Navbharat Times|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/noida-12183963.html|title=प्रेस क्लब ने रोटरी क्लब को हराया|work=Dainik Jagran|access-date=2018-03-01|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://niwantimes.com/2018/02/27/press-club-organized-holi-meet-ceremony/|title=प्रेस क्लब ने आयोजित किया होली मिलन समारोह|date=2018-02-27|work=निवाण टाइम्स|access-date=2018-03-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230320/http://niwantimes.com/2018/02/27/press-club-organized-holi-meet-ceremony/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Shabd Madhu ==
''Shabd Madhu'' is the mouthpiece of Greater Noida Press Club. Articles from top journalists of [[India]], [[China]] and [[Pakistan]] are being published in this magazine.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shabd Madhu|last=Madhu|first=Shabd|publisher=Greater Noida Press Club|year=|url=http://www.greaternoidapressclub.org/ShabdMadhu.pdf|location=Greater Noida|pages=|access-date=2018-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926144325/http://www.greaternoidapressclub.org/ShabdMadhu.pdf|archive-date=2017-09-26|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/noida/enchanted-meyer-dance/articleshow/63085280.cms|title=मयूर नृत्य से कर दिया मंत्रमुग्ध - Navbharat Times|date=2018-02-27|work=Navbharat Times|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Journalism organisations based in India]]

Thiruvaragunamangai Perumal Temple

2026-03-28T04:42:18Z

KrisMchugh15039: created a place

{{Infobox temple
| name = Thiruvaragunamangai Perumal Temple
| image = Varagunamangai2.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8|38|13.4|N|77|55|26.9|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
| location = Natham
| elevation_m = 449
| deity = {{ubl|Vijayasana Perumal ([[Vishnu]])|Varagunavalli ([[Lakshmi]])}}
| facade_direction =
| temple_tank = [[Agni]]
| tower = Vijaykotti
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals =
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}{{Short description|Vishnu temple in Thoothukudi}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Thiruvaragunamangai Perumal Temple''' (also called '''Vijayasana Perumal''') is one of the [[Nava Tirupathi|Nava Tirupati]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Twelve Azhvars - Twelve saints of Sri Vaishnavism|last=Rajagopal|first=Gowri|pages=71–76|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|location=Chennai|isbn=978-81-7883-592-1}}</ref> the nine [[Hindu]] temples dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]] located in the [[Tiruchendur]]-[[Tirunelveli]] route, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] in the banks of [[Thamiraparani]] river. All these 9 temples are classified as [[Divya Desams]], the 108 temples of [[Vishnu]] revered by the 12 poet-saints of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition, called the [[Alwars|Alvars]].<ref name=Ramesh>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams volume one Divyadesams in Tondai Nadu|first=M.S.|last=Ramesh|location=Tirpuati|year=1993|publisher=Tirupati Tirumala Devastanams}}</ref> The temple at Natham also known as Chandran Sthalam, the second of the Nava Tirupatis.<ref name=dinamalar>{{cite web|title=Sri Vijayanasa Perumal temple |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=785|year=2015|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=7 October 2018}}</ref> Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is dedicated to [[Vishnu]] who is worshipped as Vijayasana Perumal and Lakshmi as Varagunavalli.

A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower has five tiers. The temple follows [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the ten-day annual [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Margali'' (December - January) and the Nammalvar birth celebrations with Garudasevai with all nine temple of Nava Tirupati, being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Etymology==
The etymology of this temple is said to come from the deity Varagunamangai, who is believed to have granted his [[Darshan (Indian religions)|theophany]] to a Brahmin who was a Vedic scholar. This is referred to in one of the poems of [[Nammalwar|Nammalvar]]. It is generally assumed that Varagunamangai traces his name to the monarch Varaguna Pandya, though this is uncertain.<ref>''Early history of Vaishnavism in south India''.Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar. Page 53.</ref>

== Legend ==
Vishnu is said here appeared in this temple to answer the prayer of the sage Romesar, who performed severe penances for several thousand years.<ref name="temple">Adinathar Alwar thirukkoil Sthala varalaru; Temple publication; Page 3</ref><ref name="A">{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=33–43|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

As per another legend, a sage named Vedavit was living along the banks of the Tamarabarani river and was serving his elderly parents. After the death of his parents, he wanted to perform a penance. Vishnu appeared in the form of a [[Brahmin]] and advised him to perform penance at Varagunamangai. After several years of penance, pleased by the devotion of Vedavit, Vishnu appeared before him. Vedavit requested Vishnu to appear as Vijaysanan at this place.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Dasavatharam and Navagrahas in Historical Perspective|url=https://zenodo.org/record/4271461#|page=36|journal=Tamil Journal of Temple Studies|volume=1|year=2020|last1=A.|first1=Radha|last2=Dr. G.|first2=Paranthaman}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple is located in [[Tiruchendur]]-[[Tirunelveli]] route, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] in the banks of [[Thamiraparani]] river, in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple is constructed in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]]. All the shrines of the temple are enclosed in a rectangular granite structure, which is pierced by a five-tiered [[gopuram]] (gateway tower). There is a sixteen pillared granite hall in front of the gopuram. The sanctum houses the image of Vijayasana Perumal in sitting posture, flanked by both his consorts on either side. The festival images of Vijayasanar and Varagunavalli are located inside the sanctum.<ref name=M/> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|format=PDF|pages=244}}</ref>

==Festival==
The ''[[Garuda]] Sevai utsavam'' (festival) in the month of Vaikasi (May-Jun) witnesses 9 ''[[Garuda]]sevai'', a spectacular event in which festival image idols from the Nava Tirupatis shrines in the area are brought on ''[[Garuda]] [[vahana]]'' (sacred vehicle). An idol of [[Nammalvar]] is also brought here on an ''Anna Vahanam'' (palanquin) and his ''pasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these 9 temples are recited. The ''[[utsavar]]'' (festival deity) of [[Nammalvar]] is taken in a palanquin to each of the 9 temples, through the paddy fields in the area. The ''pasurams'' (poems) dedicated to each of the 9 [[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]s are chanted in the respective shrines. This is the most important of the festivals in this area, and it draws thousands of visitors.<ref name=A/><ref>{{cite book|title=Jothirlingam: The Indian Temple Guide|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781482847864|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CE55CgAAQBAJ&q=navathirupathi&pg=PT100|last=Suriya}}</ref>

The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] sect of Vaishnava tradition and follows ''Pancharathra aagama''. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 8:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Vijayasana Perumal and Varagunavalli. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name=dinamalar/>

==Religious significance==
{{stack|[[File:Varagunamangai3.jpg|x220px|thumb|Image of the gopuram from inside the temple|left]]}}
''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'' one of the eighteen sacred texts of Hinduism and written by [[Veda Vyasa]] contains a chapter called Navathirupathi Mahatmeeyam. ''Vaikunta Mahatmeeyam'' is another work in [[Sanskrit]] that glorifies the temple and is a part of ''Tamraparani Sthalapurana'' available only in palm manuscripts.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|pages=8–9}}</ref> The temple is revered in the ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th-century-CE [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] canon, contributed to by [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. The temple is also classified as a [[Navatirupathi|Nava Tirupati]], the nine temples revered by Nammalvar located in the banks of [[Tamiraparani River|Tamiraparani]] river. The temple is next only to [[Alwarthirunagari Temple]] in terms of importance among the nine [[Navatirupathi|Nava Tirupati]] temple.<ref name="dinamalar"/><ref name=M/> Nammalvar makes a reference about the temple in his work named ''[[Tiruvaymoli]]''. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupati Antati'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar. The temple also forms a series of Navagraha temples where each of the nine planetary deities of one of the temples of Nava Tirupati. The temple is associated with [[Chandra]] (the moon god).<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=155–159|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amazing posture at Srivaikuntam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501310400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030129161601/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501310400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2003|date=15 November 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Thiruvaragunamangai Perumal Temple}}

{{Nava Tirupathi}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thoothukudi district]]

Devil: The British Secret Agent

2026-03-27T14:57:08Z

KrisMchugh15039: put up a bio.

{{Short description|2023 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devil: The British Secret Agent
| image = Devil- The British Secret Agent.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Abhishek Nama Naveen Medaram
| writer = Srikanth Vissa
| producer = Abhishek Nama Devansh Nama
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]|[[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha]]|[[Vasishta N. Simha]]}}
| cinematography = [[Soundararajan (cinematographer)|Soundararajan]]
| editing = Tammiraju
| music = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| studio = [[Abhishek Pictures]]
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|12|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 144 minutes<ref name=BBFC/>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Devil: The British Secret Agent''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]]<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/devil-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde2otky|title=Devil|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|quote=An agent working for British Intelligence in pre-Independence India is asked to solve a murder case in this intense Telugu language action drama, which contains scenes of torture and bloody violence.}}</ref> written by Srikanth Vissa and directed by Abhishek Nama and Naveen Medaram.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/221223/devil-explores-a-novel-idea.html|title=Devil Explores A Novel Idea|date=23 December 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225092138/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/221223/devil-explores-a-novel-idea.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Produced by Abhishek Nama and Devansh Nama under [[Abhishek Pictures]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/censor-clears-nandamuri-kalyan-rams-spy-thriller-devil-with-u-a-rating-8714075.html | title=Censor Clears Nandamuri Kalyan Ram's Spy Thriller Devil with U/A Rating | date=22 December 2023 | access-date=26 December 2023 | archive-date=26 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226141158/https://www.news18.com/movies/censor-clears-nandamuri-kalyan-rams-spy-thriller-devil-with-u-a-rating-8714075.html | url-status=live }}</ref> it stars [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], [[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha]], [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Edward Sonnenblick]] and [[Elnaaz Norouzi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devil-teaser-nandamuri-kalyan-ram-is-a-formidable-british-secret-agent-in-his-next-film-8785652/ | title=Devil teaser: Nandamuri Kalyan Ram is a formidable British secret agent in his next film | date=6 July 2023 | access-date=26 December 2023 | archive-date=6 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706134648/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devil-teaser-nandamuri-kalyan-ram-is-a-formidable-british-secret-agent-in-his-next-film-8785652/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devil-movie-trailer-released-kalyan-ram-shines-british-as-secret-agent-121702382866863.html | title=Devil Trailer: డెవిల్ ట్రైలర్ వచ్చేసింది.. సీక్రెట్ ఏజెంట్‍గా అదరగొట్టిన కల్యాణ్ రామ్: చూసేయండి | access-date=26 December 2023 | archive-date=13 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213152555/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devil-movie-trailer-released-kalyan-ram-shines-british-as-secret-agent-121702382866863.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Devil: The British Secret Agent'' was theatrically released in [[India]] on 29 December 2023 and received mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==

Set in 1945, during pre-independent India, ''Agent Devil'' follows the story of an officer working for the [[Indian Political Intelligence Office|Indian Political Intelligence]] (IPI) who is sent undercover to investigate a murder in Rasapadu, a village under the [[Madras Presidency]]. The case revolves around the death of Vijaya, the daughter of a wealthy landlord. Vijaya's father is initially arrested as the primary suspect, with the motive being his shame over Vijaya's love affair with Bhuma, a domestic worker in their household. However, Agent Devil quickly begins to suspect that the landlord is innocent and that Vijaya's death is part of a larger conspiracy.

As the investigation progresses, Bhuma goes missing, and Rani, a cook in the household, is found dead. Bhuma is later discovered alive but is soon killed along with his father, Ramana, by an unknown assailant. Parallel to the investigation, Agent Devil develops feelings for Nyshadha, the landlord's niece, who is a London-educated [[barrister]]. Although initially hostile toward him, Nyshadha eventually reciprocates his feelings after he secures the landlord's acquittal in Vijaya's murder case.

Nyshadha, however, harbours secrets of her own. She and her companion, Samudra, are members of the [[Indian National Army]] (INA), led by [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]]. Nyshadha reveals to Devil that a crucial code linking to the INA has been stolen, and they suspect it is related to Vijaya's murder. Devil learns that Bose is planning to return to India, with his landing location known only to Trivarna, Bose's close confidant whose identity is a mystery. Meanwhile, Clement, a British officer, is assassinated by Trivarna, who is revealed to be Manimekala, an Indian National Congress leader, as revenge for killing an INA agent.

Agent Devil's true mission in Rasapadu is gradually revealed: he was sent by the British to investigate Nyshadha after she decoded and transmitted a message about Bose's landing. The codes were leaked by Agent Trojan to General Kenneth Bracken, who then tasked Devil with tracking down Nyshadha. When the first part of the code, revealing the time and location of Bose's landing, is cracked, Bracken orders Nyshadha's execution, but Devil saves her. Devil convinces Bracken that Nyshadha needs to stay alive to deliver the final "All Clear" message to Trivarna, which is essential for Bose's safe landing.

Nyshadha is arrested but is later rescued by Devil, making her a fugitive. With a bounty on her head, she entrusts Devil with the task of contacting Trivarna. Devil sends a letter with the decoded message, which reaches Manimekala. Meanwhile, Shafi, a close ally of Trivarna, warns the INA that the code has been compromised, and they plan to change Bose's landing location.

Bracken eventually discovers that Manimekala is Trivarna. Devil brings her to Bracken, but in a surprising turn of events, he kills the soldiers tasked with executing her and reveals that he is the real Trivarna. Devil had joined the IPI on Bose's orders, not to investigate Nyshadha, but to identify Agent Trojan, the traitor who leaked the codes. Devil orchestrated Clement's assassination through Manimekala and had been protecting the INA's interests all along.

Devil finally uncovers that Samudra is Agent Trojan, an IPI agent who infiltrated the INA. Samudra had stolen the codes from Nyshadha's room and killed Vijaya when she caught him in the act. He later murdered Rani, who witnessed him covered in blood, and eventually killed Bhuma and Ramana. Samudra reveals Devil's identity to Bracken and takes Nyshadha to the location where Bose is expected to land, planning to betray the INA for a reward from the British. However, Nyshadha, informed by Devil's secret message, diverts Samudra and refuses to cooperate.

In the final showdown, Devil, as Trivarna, arrives at the location, single-handedly taking down Bracken's troops and killing both Bracken and Samudra. Before his death, Bracken learns that Devil, as a British secret agent, will continue to spy on the IPI and other agencies. Bose successfully lands in [[Mamallapuram|Mahabalipuram]], a new "All Clear" location, and Trivarna, whose true identity remains a secret, resumes his work for the INA, hinting at the possibility of a sequel.

== Cast ==
* [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] as Trivarna alias Agent Devil; a double agent spying on [[Indian Political Intelligence |IPI]]; head of [[Indian National Army |INA]] covert operations
* [[Vasishta N. Simha]] as INA agent Samudra alias Agent Trojan, a double agent spying on INA for IPI
* [[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyuktha]] as INA Agent Nyshadha, Trivarna's love interest and INA's morse code operator
* [[Edward Sonnenblick]] as Bell, Bracken's trusted aid and close confidant.
* [[Elnaaz Norouzi]] as Rosy, a dancer and wife of Patwari
* [[Malvika Nair]] as INC politician Manimekala, and the leader of INA spies in South India, Right-hand woman to Trivarna
* Mark Bennington as Bracken, the chief of [[Indian Political Intelligence |IPI]] unit in South India
* [[Satya Akkala|Satya]] as Sasthri, Trivarana's assistant and close confidant.
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as INA agent Shafi, who disguises himself as a press photographer, coordinates with members and INA; close confidant to Trivarna, Nyshadha, and Samudra
* [[Uttej]] as INA Agent Venkatachalam, who was tortured and killed by Bracken and Bell
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Patwari, neighbour and business partner to Zamindar
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Police Officer Maathaiya, a corrupt and negligent cop who initially investigates Vijaya's murder case.
* [[Ammu Abhirami]] as Vijaya, Zamindar's daughter
* [[Ester Noronha]] as Rani, a cook in the bungalow.
* Amit Sharma as Bhuma, Vijaya's love interest and a servant in the Zamindar's Bungalow
* [[Ananda Chakrapani]] as Ramana, Bhuma's father, a loyal servant to Zamindar
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Vijaya's mother
* Nithin Mehta as Zamindar, Vijaya's father
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Ramaiah, a lock smith
* [[Hari Teja]] as Servant to zamindar

== Production ==
The film was announced in July 2021.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyan-ram-in-pan-indian-film-devil-as-a-british-secret-agent/article35163981.ece | title=Kalyan Ram is British secret agent in director Naveen Medaram's pan-Indian period film 'Devil' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 July 2021 | access-date=26 December 2023 | archive-date=24 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124113616/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kalyan-ram-in-pan-indian-film-devil-as-a-british-secret-agent/article35163981.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> Initially, [[Yukti Thareja]] was considered as the female lead opposite [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]. Later, she was replaced with [[Samyuktha (actress, born 1995)|Samyukhta Menon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Samyuktha Menon replaces Yukti Thareja in Devil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/Oct/26/samyuktha-menon-replaces-yukti-thareja-in-devil-35994.html |website=Cinema Express |language=en |date=26 October 2022}}</ref> Naveen Medaram, of ''[[Babu Baga Busy]]'' (2017) fame, was the initial director of the film and even shot for 105 days in [[Karaikudi]], [[Visakhapatnam]], and [[Hyderabad]].<ref name=":0" >{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devil-controversy-naveen-medaram-i-am-deeply-disheartened-kalyanram-abhishek-nama-101703670180562.html | title=Devil director Naveen Medaram addresses his name getting dropped from credits: 'I am deeply disheartened' | date=27 December 2023 | access-date=29 December 2023 | archive-date=28 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228134833/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devil-controversy-naveen-medaram-i-am-deeply-disheartened-kalyanram-abhishek-nama-101703670180562.html | url-status=live }}</ref> However, owing to creative differences with the producer of the film, Abhishek Nama, he was dropped and Nama took over the duty of directing the remaining portions of the film, which was wrapped up in April 2023.<ref name=":0" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Devil: The British Secret Agent
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2023|9|19}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=00|s=00}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = ICON Music
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Raju Yadav (2024 film)|Raju Yadav]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =
}}
}}
The [[soundtrack album]] and [[film score]] of the film was composed by [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]. The music rights of the film were acquired by ICON Music. The first track from the album, "Maaye Chesi", released on 19 September 2023, followed by the second track, "This is Lady Rosy", on 27 November 2023, and followed by the third track, "Doorame Theeramai", on 18 December 2023.

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maaye Chesi
| length1 = 4:07
| lyrics1 = Satya RV
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| title2 = This is Lady Rosy
| length2 = 4:08
| lyrics2 = Sri Harsha Emani
| extra2 = [[Raja Kumari]]
| title3 = Doorame Theeramai
| length3 = 4:23
| lyrics3 = Sandeep Bharadwaj
| extra3 = Sameera Bharadwaj
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Devil: The British Secret Agent'' was expected to be released theatrically on 24 November 2023,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/telugu-action-devil-the-british-secret-agent-to-release-on-nov-24-728402 | title=Telugu action 'Devil- the British Secret Agent' to release on Nov 24 | website=[[DT Next]] | date=6 August 2023 | access-date=26 December 2023 | archive-date=26 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226141109/https://www.dtnext.in/pageview_candidate.html?id=756857 | url-status=live }}</ref> but postponed to 29 December 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-starrer-devil-the-british-secret-agent-to-release-on-this-date-8695703.html | title=Nandamuri Kalyan Ram-starrer Devil: The British Secret Agent to Release on This Date | date=8 December 2023 | access-date=26 December 2023 | archive-date=16 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216025008/https://www.news18.com/movies/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-starrer-devil-the-british-secret-agent-to-release-on-this-date-8695703.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 14 January 2024.{{fact|date=November 2025}}

== Reception ==
Raghu Bandi of ''[[Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Kalyan Ram is sincere in a film lacking originality or depth. Devil is strictly for fans of the actor."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/devil-movie-review-kalyan-ram-film-lacks-punch-9087370/ | title=Devil movie review: Kalyan Ram film lacks punch | date=29 December 2023 | access-date=29 December 2023 | archive-date=29 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229150205/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/devil-movie-review-kalyan-ram-film-lacks-punch-9087370/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Abhilasha Cherukuri of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Nandamuri Kalyanram's latest outing is a genre-friendly yet overdrawn tale of Independence-era heroism."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/dec/29/devil-movie-review-50791.html | title=Devil Movie Review: Intelligence meets independence in this high concept, low stakes entertainer | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=29 December 2023 | access-date=30 December 2023 | archive-date=30 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230061103/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/dec/29/devil-movie-review-50791.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Suresh Rachamalla of ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]'' gave 3/5 stars and praised its story, cast performances and production values, but criticized its first half and songs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/how-is-the-movie-kalyan-ram-devil-movie-review-sr-2344149.html | title=డెవిల్ మూవీ ఎలా ఉంది.. కళ్యాణ్ రామ్‌‌కు మరో హిట్ పడినట్లేనా.. రివ్యూ. | date=29 December 2023 | access-date=30 December 2023 | archive-date=30 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230060936/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/how-is-the-movie-kalyan-ram-devil-movie-review-sr-2344149.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote ""Devil" is a watchable period action drama featuring an interesting storyline and commendable twists. The lack of a gripping first half prevents the movie from reaching its full potential. However, if viewers can overlook some minor flaws, the film offers an engaging experience, making it worth a try."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/devil-review-kalyan-ram-entertains-in-spy-thriller-847550 | title='Devil' review: Kalyan Ram entertains in spy-thriller | date=29 December 2023 | access-date=29 December 2023 | archive-date=29 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229073733/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/devil-review-kalyan-ram-entertains-in-spy-thriller-847550 | url-status=live }}</ref> Neeshitha Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Devil turns out to be yet another Telugu film that tries way too hard to seem cool while pulling off a tale of espionage. Irrespective of who directed the film, the off-screen drama seems way more interesting than the on-screen one."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devil-review-kalyanram-samyuktha-s-period-actioner-tries-way-too-hard-to-be-interesting-abhishek-nama-101703839202538-amp.html | title=Devil review: Kalyanram, Samyuktha's period actioner tries way too hard to be interesting | date=29 December 2023 | access-date=29 December 2023 | archive-date=29 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229150323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/devil-review-kalyanram-samyuktha-s-period-actioner-tries-way-too-hard-to-be-interesting-abhishek-nama-101703839202538-amp.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Twitter|Devil_TheMovie}}
* [https://www.ottnewswala.com/2023/12/OTT-devil-telugu-movie-review.html Kalyan Ram Telugu Movie Devil] on [https://www.ottnewswala.com OTT]

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2023 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]

Swarnalatha

2026-03-25T12:53:01Z

KrisMchugh15039: minor adjust page per standard format and added references based on references

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Swarnalatha
| background = solo_singer
| image = Swarnalatha.jpg
| caption = Swarnalatha at a studio
| alias = Humming Queen
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1973|04|29}}
| birth_place = [[Chittur]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|09|12|1973|04|29}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Playback singer|Cinema Playback singing]], [[Carnatic music]], [[Hindustani Music]], [[Ghazal]]
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 1987–2010
}}

'''Swarnalatha''' (29 April 1973 – 12 September 2010) was an Indian playback singer. In a career spanning almost 22 years (from 1987 until her death), she recorded over 10,000 songs in many Indian languages, including [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Oriya language|Oriya]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Badaga language|Badaga]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article627430.ece| title=Playback singer Swarnalatha passes away|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916041012/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article627430.ece|archive-date=16 September 2010| newspaper=The Hindu| date=12 September 2010| access-date=12 September 2010}}</ref> She is specifically recognized by the title "Queen of Tones in India". <ref>{{Cite news|title=The Queen Of Tones In India:Heart touching Swarnalatha with melodious songs on her birthday... |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-singer-swarnalatha-s-birthday-is-today-959448.html}}</ref>

She won the [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for her rendition of the song "Porale Ponnuthayi" from the film ''[[Karuththamma]]''. The song was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], under whose musical direction she recorded many memorable songs. She was also the first female [[playback singer]] to receive a [[National Film Awards|National Award]] in [[A. R. Rahman]] Music.<ref name="asiantribune.com">[http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/09/14/national-award-winning-playback-singer-swarnalatha-passes-away National award winning playback singer Swarnalatha passes away], Asian Tribune, Tue, 14 September 2010 03:25</ref>

==Personal life==
She was born to K. C. Cherukutty and mother Kalyani. Swarnalatha was trained to play harmonium and keyboard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist-biography/3604/7/swarnalatha.html|title=Swarnalatha Biography|access-date=1 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714022925/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/artist-biography/3604/7/swarnalatha.html|archive-date=14 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Swarnalatha's family later moved to [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]] in [[Shivamogga]] District, [[Karnataka]] where she had her education.<ref name="career">{{cite web|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?articleType=Malayalam%20Home&contentId=7886295&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@|title=Home|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> She started singing at the age of 3. Surrounded by a family of musicians and music lovers, Swarnalatha was trained in Carnatic and Hindustani music. Her sister Saroja was her first music teacher.

==Career==
Swarnalatha's family moved to [[Chennai]] to seek opportunities in the film industry for her singing talent. The first opportunity came from [[M. S. Viswanathan]] in 1987 when she recorded a duet with [[K. J. Yesudas]], "Chinnachiru Kiliye" in the film ''[[Neethikku Thandanai]]''.<ref name="career" /> Subsequently, she recorded songs for many other music directors. She also had the opportunity to work with the director [[P. Venu]]. She was frequently collaborated with musicians like [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and [[A. R. Rahman]]. She also recorded a few Hindi songs, the most notable one being "Hai Rama Yeh Kya Hua" from the film ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]'' with singer [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]].

In Telugu, she recorded more songs under the music direction of [[Mani Sharma]], [[Ramana Gogula]], [[Raj–Koti]], and [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]. They include top-rated songs like Raamma Chilakamma, Osey Ramulamma, and Nizam Babulu. A. R. Rahman employed Swarnalatha for many of his songs. She was one of the most versatile singers of her times, as she was able to sing melodies like "Maalayil Yaaro Manathodu Pesa" from ''[[Sathriyan]]''<ref name="asiantribune.com"/> or "Porale Ponnuthayi" from ''[[Karuthamma]]'' as well as Rahman's experimental songs like "Mukkabla" from ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' or "Mottu Vittadha" from ''[[Pavithra (film)|Pavithra]]''. In Kannada, her first song, "Saradara Baa Baalina Sindhoora" was a duet with actor-singer [[Dr. Rajkumar]] for the film ''[[Parashuram (1989 film)|Parashuram]]'' in 1989.

Swarnalatha was the first female playback singer to fetch the National Award under [[A. R. Rahman]]'s music direction. She received the award for the song "Porale Ponnuthayi". She recorded many songs with music directors [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Harris Jayaraj]], [[Anu Malik]], [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Raj–Koti]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Mani Sharma]], [[Hamsalekha]] and many others.

She recorded all the songs initially rendered by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Shamshad Begum]] for the Tamil movie ''Anarkali'' (the dubbed version of the Hindi movie ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'') and was praised by the Bollywood music director [[Naushad Ali]], which she considered the best moment in her career.<ref>{{Citation|title=Singer swarnalatha captain TV marakka mudiyuma show| date=10 October 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=501BNdE3Dvo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/501BNdE3Dvo |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=ஸ்வர்ணலதாவிற்கு கண்ணீர் அஞ்சலி| date=12 November 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqxv1hU5ZL8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/zqxv1hU5ZL8 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

'''Television'''

Swarnalatha appeared as a judge in many television singing competitions, notably in the 2001 Vijay TV reality show and in the 2004 Jaya TV Ragamalika.<ref>{{Citation|title=இசை பொக்கிஷம் கலைமாமணி இசைப்பேரரசி ஸ்வர்ணலதாவின் அபூர்வராகங்கள் #Swarnalathaofficial|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUrirxRd4O0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/rUrirxRd4O0 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-11}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=JayaTV Rewind: ஸ்வர்ணலதா கலந்துகொண்ட ராகமாலிகா {{!}}{{!}} Swarnalatha {{!}} Ragamalika| date=18 September 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YL6fKRJtbQ|language=en|access-date=2021-05-11}}</ref>

==Death==
Swarnalatha died at Malar Hospitals Ltd Adayar, [[Chennai]] at the age of 37, on 12 September 2010. She had [[Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Awards and recognitions==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 25em; text-align: center; font-size: 70%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+Awards
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;"| Awards
| style="background:#cec; font-size:8pt; width:60px;"| Wins
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|
[[National Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Cinema Express]]
|{{won|5}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Kalaimamani]]
|{{won|1}}
|- style="background:#eef;"
| style="text-align:center;" |Total
|{{won|10}}
|}


'''[[National Film Awards|National Award]]''' ('''[[National Film Awards|Silver Lotus Award]]''')-('''[[National Film Awards|Rajat Kamal]]''')
* [[42nd National Film Awards|1994]]– [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Porale Ponnuthayi" from ''[[Karuththamma]]''<ref name="award">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/05/08/stories/2009050850351600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510085158/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/05/08/stories/2009050850351600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=My first break – Swarnalatha|date=8 May 2009}}</ref>

'''[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]'''
* 1991 – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback]] for "Povomma Oorkolam" from ''[[Chinna Thambi]]''<ref name="award"/>
* 1994 – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback for "Porale Ponnuthayi" from ''[[Karuththamma]]''<ref name="award"/>
* 2000 – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback for "Yevano Oruvan" from ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''<ref name="award"/>

'''[[Cinema Express Awards]]'''
* 1991 – Best Female Playback Singer for "Povomma Oorkolam" from ''[[Chinna Thambi]]''<ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 1992 |title='Chinnathambi' Bags ''Cinema Express'' Award |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VZBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1432,722114&hl=en |access-date=4 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* 1995 – Best Female Playback Singer for "Muquala Muqapala" from ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
* 1996 – Best Female Playback Singer for "Akkadannu nanga" from ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
* 1999 – Best Female Playback Singer for "Ulunthu vidaikayile" from ''[[Mudhalvan]]''
* 2000 – Best Female Playback Singer for "Yevano Oruvan " from ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
'''Government Honour'''
* 1994– [[Kalaimamani]] Award by the Government of [[Tamil Nadu]]

'''Recognition'''
* 2002 – The song "Rakkama Kaiya Thattu" from the movie ''[[Thalapathi]]'' (1991) was among the songs listed in a BBC World Top Ten music poll. It was performed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|S. P. Balasubrahmaniyam]] and Swarnalatha<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/us/features/topten BBC World Service 70th Anniversary Global Music Poll: The World's Top Ten.] 2002. Retrieved 5 February 2011.</ref>

==Frequent collaborations==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
;Ilaiyaraja
Swarnalatha has sung over 200 songs for [[Ilayaraja]] and marked as one of the noted combinations in 90's. 'Povomaa Oorkolam' and 'Nee Yengae Enn Anbae' from the film ''[[Chinnathambi]]'' were hits. Government of Tamil Nadu honoured her with the award of Best Singer for the song "Povomaa Oorkolam". The song 'Raakkamma Kayyathattu' from the film ''[[Thalapathi]]'' figured in BBC's ''Hits List of World Songs''.

She had sung several experimental songs for Ilayaraja such as "Sollividu VelliNilave', "Kanne Indru Kalyana Kathai" and "Ennai Thottu Allikonda".

;A. R. Rahman
[[A. R. Rahman]] and Swarnalatha association started from the year 1993. Their Combination is known for the magical songs such as "Mukkala Mukkabala", "Hai Rama yeh kya hua", which are the hit songs of 90's. She was the first female singer to receive National Award under Rahman's Music for the song "Porale ponnuthayi" from ''[[Karuthamma]]'' released in the year 1994. She has sung nearly 80 songs for Rahman. The last song she recorded with Rahman was "Kummi Adi" from the film ''[[Sillunu Oru Kadhal]]'' (2006).

;Deva
Swarnalatha sang for [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] from the year 1990. The song "Kanne Karisal" from ''[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]'' marked their first association. The songs sung by her from the films ''[[Senthoorapandi]]'' (1993), ''[[Rasigan]]'' (1994), ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995), ''[[Vishnu (1995 film)|Vishnu]]'' (1995), ''[[Maanbumigu Maanavan]]'' (1996), ''[[Kadhal Kottai]]'' (1996), ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997), ''[[Anantha Poongatre]]'' (1999), ''[[Mugavaree]]'' (2000) and ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'' (2003) have been popular.

== Discography ==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Swarnalatha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0841913|name=Swarnalatha}}

{{National Film Award Best Female Playback Singer}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kalaimamani Award]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis]]

Commonwealth of Nations

2026-03-24T02:59:57Z

KrisMchugh15039: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Political association which developed from the British Empire}}
{{Redirect|The Commonwealth||Commonwealth (disambiguation)}}
{{use British English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
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| today =
}}

The '''Commonwealth of Nations''', often referred to as the '''British Commonwealth''' or simply '''the Commonwealth''',<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Srinivasan |first=Krishnan |title=The rise, decline, and future of the British Commonwealth |date=2008 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-20367-9 |edition=Paperback |location=Basingstoke |page=}}</ref>{{rp|1}}<ref name="name">{{Cite news |date=February 2012 |title=Profile: The Commonwealth |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906101930/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1554175.stm |archive-date=6 September 2020 |access-date=15 September 2015 |website=BBC News}}</ref> is an [[International organization|international association]] of [[member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|56 member states]], the vast majority of which are former [[territorial evolution of the British Empire|territories]] of its predecessor, the [[British Empire]].<ref name="commonwealth 090922">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910080412/https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us |archive-date=10 September 2022 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website= |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> They are connected through their [[English in the Commonwealth of Nations|use of the English language]] and their cultural and historical ties. Its chief institutions are the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]], focusing on intergovernmental relations, and the [[Commonwealth Foundation]], focusing on non-governmental relations between member nations.<ref name="the commonwealth">{{cite web |title=The Commonwealth |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/191247/the_commonwealth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619122827/http://thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/191247/the_commonwealth/ |archive-date=19 June 2010 |access-date=30 June 2013 |website= |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> Additionally, numerous intergovernmental and civil [[List of Commonwealth organisations|organisations]] operating amongst the Commonwealth countries are officially recognised by the Secretariat.<ref name="Commonwealth Family">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Family |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/151814/commonwealth_family/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831143745/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/151814/commonwealth_family/ |archive-date=31 August 2007 |access-date=29 July 2007 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref>

The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century, with the [[decolonisation]] of the Empire through the increased self-governance of its territories. It was created as the '''British Commonwealth of Nations''' through the [[Balfour Declaration of 1926|Balfour Declaration]] at the [[1926 Imperial Conference]],<ref>{{cite web |date=November 1926 |title=Imperial Conference 1926 Inter-Imperial Relations Committee Report, Proceedings and Memoranda |url=https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050716164959/https://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/transcripts/cth11_doc_1926.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2005 |access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> and formalised by the United Kingdom through the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] in 1931. In 1949, the [[London Declaration]] allowed India to remain in the Commonwealth as a republic, marking a significant evolution for the association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our history |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/history |access-date=14 February 2025 |website= |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 1949 |title=The London Declaration |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045924/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/181889/34293/35468/214257/londondeclaration.htm |archive-date=6 July 2010 |access-date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Commonwealth of Nations}}</ref>

[[Commonwealth citizen]]s enjoy benefits in some member countries, particularly in the [[United Kingdom]], and Commonwealth countries are represented to one another by [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|high commissions]] rather than embassies. Member states have no legal obligations to one another, though various economic, judicial and military arrangements exist between countries. The [[Charter of the Commonwealth|Commonwealth Charter]] defines their shared values of [[democracy]], [[human rights]], and the [[rule of law]],<ref name="charter">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Charter |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/charter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401035517/https://thecommonwealth.org/charter |archive-date=1 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> as promoted by the quadrennial [[Commonwealth Games]].

The [[Head of the Commonwealth]] is [[Charles III]]. He is king of 15 member states, known as the [[Commonwealth realm]]s, while 36 other members are [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|republics]], and five have different monarchs. Although he became head upon the death of his mother, [[Elizabeth II]], the position is not technically hereditary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Commonwealth|url=https://www.victorialeague.co.uk/our-commonwealth|access-date=1 September 2021|website=The Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship|date=21 May 2019|language=en|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124092021/https://www.victorialeague.co.uk/our-commonwealth|url-status=live}}</ref> A majority of Commonwealth countries are [[Small power|small states]], with [[Small Island Developing States|small island developing states]] constituting almost half its membership.

==History==
===Conceptual origins===
{{Main|British Empire|Historiography of the British Empire}}

[[File:British Commonealth of Nations handwritten on Anglo-Irish Treaty draft.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Draft of the 1921 [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]], with "British Empire" crossed out and "British Commonwealth of Nations" added by hand]]
[[File:CommonwealthPrimeMinisters1944.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The prime ministers of the five members at the 1944 [[Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference]]: (L-R) [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|Mackenzie King]] (Canada), [[Jan Smuts]] ([[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]), [[Winston Churchill]] (United Kingdom), [[Peter Fraser]] (New Zealand) and [[John Curtin]] (Australia)]]

[[Queen Elizabeth II]], in her address to Canada on [[Canada Day|Dominion Day]] in 1959, pointed out that the [[Confederation of Canada]] on 1 July 1867 had been the birth of the "first independent country within the British Empire". She declared: "So, it also marks the beginning of that free association of independent states which is now known as the Commonwealth of Nations."<ref>{{cite video| title=Queen Elizabeth's 1959 Dominion Day Message| publisher=CBC| url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/queen-elizabeths-1959-dominion-day-message| date=1 July 1959| location=Government House (Rideau Hall), Ottawa| people=Queen Elizabeth II| access-date=9 November 2015| archive-date=20 November 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120073412/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/queen-elizabeths-1959-dominion-day-message| url-status=live}}</ref> As long ago as 18 January 1884 [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|Lord Rosebery]], while visiting [[Adelaide]], South Australia, had described the changing British Empire, as some of its colonies [[Responsible government#History in the British Empire and Commonwealth|became more independent]], as a "Commonwealth of Nations".<ref>{{Cite web |title=18 January 1884 |url=https://liberalhistory.org.uk/timeline-event/on-this-day-18-1-1884/ |access-date=18 March 2025 |website=Journal of Liberal History |language=en-UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History – Though the modern Commonwealth is just 60 years old, the idea took root in the 19th century |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619122654/http://thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/history/ |archive-date=19 June 2010 |access-date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> Conferences of British and colonial prime ministers occurred periodically from [[1887 Colonial Conference|the first one in 1887]], leading to the creation of the [[Imperial Conference]]s in 1911.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mole|first=Stuart|title=Seminars for statesmen': the evolution of the Commonwealth summit|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|date=September 2004|volume=93|issue=376|pages=533–546 |doi=10.1080/0035853042000289128|s2cid=154616079|doi-access= | issn = 0035-8533 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kendle |first1=J.E. |author-link1=John Kendle |year=1967 |title=The Colonial and Imperial Conferences, 1887-1911: A Study in Imperial Organization |journal=The American Historical Review |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/74/3/999/91500 |series=Imperial Studies |volume=XXVIII |publication-place=[[London]] |publisher=[[Longman]]s for the [[Royal Commonwealth Society]] |asin=B0000CO3QA |doi=10.1086/ahr/74.3.999 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences. A specific proposal was presented by [[Jan Smuts]] in 1917 when he coined the term "the British Commonwealth of Nations" and envisioned the "future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence"<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDonald |first=Simon |date=12 March 2018 |title=Commonwealth Heads Of Government Meeting 2018 |url=https://civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2018/03/12/commonwealth-heads-of-government-meeting-2018/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601223841/https://civilservice.blog.gov.uk/2018/03/12/commonwealth-heads-of-government-meeting-2018/ |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=civilservice.blog.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> at the [[Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)|Paris Peace Conference of 1919]], attended by delegates from the Dominions as well as the United Kingdom.<ref>F.S. Crafford, ''Jan Smuts: A Biography'' (2005) p. 142</ref><ref>The Irish [[Oath of Allegiance (Ireland)|Oath of Allegiance]], agreed in 1921, included the [[Irish Free State]]'s "adherence to and membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of Nations".</ref> The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] of 1921, when the term ''British Commonwealth of Nations'' was substituted for ''British Empire'' in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the [[Irish Free State]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Peace by ordeal: an account, from first-hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921|last=Pakenham|first=Frank|author-link=Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford|year=1972|publisher=Sidgwick and Jackson|isbn=978-0-283-97908-8}}</ref>

===Adoption and formalisation===

In the [[Balfour Declaration of 1926|Balfour Declaration]] at the [[1926 Imperial Conference]], the United Kingdom and its dominions agreed that they were "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations." The term '[[Commonwealth]]' was officially adopted to describe the community.<ref name=green>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism|year=1991|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-26257-9|pages=297–298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyqepNdgUWkC&pg=PA297}}</ref>

These aspects of the relationship were formalised by the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] in 1931, which applied to Canada, the Irish Free State and South Africa without the need for ratification, but Australia, New Zealand and [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] had to ratify the statute for it to take effect.<ref>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/22-23/4/enacted Statute of Westminster] as enacted</ref> Newfoundland never did as due to economic hardship and the need for financial assistance from London, Newfoundland voluntarily accepted the suspension of self-government in 1934 and governance reverted to direct control from London. Newfoundland later joined Canada as its [[Provinces and territories of Canada|tenth province]] in 1949.<ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Webb|author-first1= Jeff A. |date=January 2003 |title=The Commission of Government, 1934–1949 |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/commission_gov.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220171931/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/law/commission_gov.html |archive-date=20 December 2014 |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |publisher=}}</ref> Australia and New Zealand [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942|ratified the statute in 1942]] and [[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947|1947]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|sowaa1942379|Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=August 2007 |title=New Zealand Sovereignty: 1857, 1907, 1947, or 1987? |url=http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/ParlSupport/ResearchPapers/9/1/8/00PLLawRP07041-New-Zealand-sovereignty-1857-1907-1947-or-1987.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522195038/http://www.parliament.nz/en-NZ/ParlSupport/ResearchPapers/9/1/8/00PLLawRP07041-New-Zealand-sovereignty-1857-1907-1947-or-1987.htm |archive-date=22 May 2011 |access-date=29 July 2011 |work=New Zealand Parliament |publisher=}}</ref>

Although the Union of South Africa was not among the Dominions that needed to adopt the Statute of Westminster for it to take effect, two laws — the [[Status of the Union Act, 1934]], and the Royal Executive Functions and Seals Act, 1934 — were passed by the [[Parliament of South Africa]] to confirm South Africa's status as a sovereign state, and to incorporate the Statute of Westminster into the [[law of South Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dugard|first1=John|last2=Bethlehem|first2=Daniel|last3=Plessis|first3=Max du|last4=Katz|first4=Anton|title=International law: a South African perspective|date=2005|publisher=Juta|location=Lansdowne, South Africa|isbn=978-0-7021-7121-5|page=19}}</ref>

=== Second World War ===
[[File:British Commonwealth and allies.jpg|thumb|A poster from the [[World War II|Second World War]], depicting soldiers from Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the [[Southern Rhodesia|Colony of Southern Rhodesia]], South Africa and [[British Raj|imperial India]]]]
{{Main|British Empire in World War II}}

Commonwealth countries and the Empire were [[British Empire in World War II|involved]] in every major theatre of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The [[British Commonwealth Air Training Plan]] was established for pilots from across the Empire and Dominions, created by the governments of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2010 |title=History of the Creation of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan |url=http://www.airmuseum.ca/bcatp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928040820/http://www.airmuseum.ca:80/bcatp.html |archive-date=28 September 2010 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=Commonwealth Air Training Plan Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact File : Commonwealth and Allied Forces |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a6651218.shtml |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=BBC}}</ref> Troops from Australia, Britain, the [[British Raj]] and New Zealand made up the [[British Commonwealth Occupation Force]] in post-war Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52 |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/atwar/bcof |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Australian War Memorial}}</ref>

===Decolonisation and self-governance===
{{Main list|List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom
}}

After the Second World War ended, the British Empire was gradually dismantled. Most of its components have become independent countries, whether [[Commonwealth realm]]s or republics, and members of the Commonwealth.<ref name=":8" /> There remain the 14 mainly self-governing [[British Overseas Territories]] which retain some political association with the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supporting the Overseas Territories|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/protecting-and-developing-the-overseas-territories|publisher=UK Government|access-date=8 November 2014|quote=There are 14 Overseas Territories which retain a constitutional link with the UK. .... Most of the Territories are largely self-governing, each with its own constitution and its own government, which enacts local laws. Although the relationship is rooted in four centuries of shared history, the UK government's relationship with its Territories today is a modern one, based on mutual benefits and responsibilities. The foundations of this relationship are partnership, shared values, and the right of the people of each territory to choose to freely choose whether to remain a British Overseas Territory or to seek an alternative future.|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006161120/https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/protecting-and-developing-the-overseas-territories|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 1949, following the [[London Declaration]], the word "British" was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |date=26 April 2009 |title=Celebrating thecommonwealth@60 |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/187367/celebrating_thecommonwealth_60 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804012916/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/191086/34493/187367/celebrating_thecommonwealth_60/ |archive-date=4 August 2009 |access-date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref>

[[Myanmar|Burma]] (Myanmar since 1989) and [[Colony of Aden|Aden]] (now part of Yemen) are the only states that were British colonies at the time of the war not to have joined the Commonwealth upon independence. Former British [[protectorate]]s and [[League of Nations mandate|mandates]] that did not become members of the Commonwealth are Egypt (independent in 1922), Iraq (1932), [[Jordan|Transjordan]] (1946), [[Mandatory Palestine]] (part of which became the State of Israel in 1948), Sudan (1956), [[British Somaliland]] (which united with the former [[Italian Somaliland]] in 1960 to form the [[Somali Republic]]), Kuwait (1961), Bahrain (1971), Oman (1971), Qatar (1971) and the United Arab Emirates (1971).<ref>Chris Cook and John Paxton, ''Commonwealth Political Facts'' (Macmillan, 1978).</ref>

The post-war Commonwealth was given a fresh mission by Queen Elizabeth II in her Christmas Day 1953 broadcast, in which she envisioned the Commonwealth as "an entirely new conception – built on the highest qualities of the Spirit of Man: friendship, loyalty, and the desire for freedom and peace".<ref>Brian Harrison, ''Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970'' (Oxford UP, 2009), p. 102.</ref> However, the British treasury was so weak that it could not operate independently of the United States. Furthermore, the loss of defence and financial roles undermined [[Joseph Chamberlain]]'s early 20th-century vision of a world empire that could combine [[Imperial Preference]], mutual defence and social growth. In addition, the United Kingdom's cosmopolitan role in world affairs became increasingly limited, especially with the independence of India and Singapore.<ref>Harrison, ''Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951—1970'', p. 103.</ref> While British politicians at first hoped that the Commonwealth would preserve and project British influence, they gradually lost their enthusiasm, argues [[Krishnan Srinivasan]]. Early enthusiasm waned as British policies came under fire at Commonwealth meetings. Public opinion became troubled as immigration from non-white member states became large-scale (see also: [[Commonwealth diaspora]]).<ref>Krishnan Srinivasan, "Nobody's Commonwealth? The Commonwealth in Britain's post-imperial adjustment." ''Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'' 44.2 (2006): 257–269.</ref>

The term "New Commonwealth" gained usage in the UK (especially in the 1960s and 1970s) to refer to recently [[decolonised]] countries, predominantly non-[[White people|white]] and [[Developing country|developing]] countries. It was often used in debates regarding immigration from these countries.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hennessy |first=Patrick |date=5 June 2004 |title=Blair calls for quotas on immigrants from 'New Commonwealth' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463759/Blair-calls-for-quotas-on-immigrants-from-New-Commonwealth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819203727/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463759/Blair-calls-for-quotas-on-immigrants-from-New-Commonwealth.html |archive-date=19 August 2018 |access-date=6 April 2018 |newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> The United Kingdom and the pre-1945 dominions became informally known as the "Old Commonwealth", or more pointedly as the "white Commonwealth",<ref>
{{cite journal |last=de Villiers |first=Marq |year=1998 |title=Review of ''The Ambiguous Champion: Canada and South Africa in the Trudeau and Mulroney Years'' by Linda Freeman |journal=International Journal |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=783–785 : 783 |doi=10.2307/40203728 |issn=0020-7020 |jstor=40203728}};
{{cite journal |last=Miles |first=Robert |year=2016 |title=The Racialization of British Politics |journal=Political Studies |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=277–285 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.1990.tb01493.x |issn=0032-3217 |s2cid=145691345}}</ref> in reference to what had been known as the "White Dominions".<ref name="merriman">{{cite encyclopedia |title=British Empire |encyclopedia=Europe since 1914: Encyclopedia of the Age of War and Reconstruction |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=Detroit |date=2006 |editor1-last=Merriman |editor1-first=J. |volume=1 |pages=45 |isbn=978-0-684-31366-5 |oclc=68221208 |editor2-last=Winter |editor2-first=J.}}</ref>

===Commonwealth republics===
{{Main|Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations}}

On 18 April 1949, Ireland formally became a republic in accordance with the Irish [[Republic of Ireland Act 1948]]; in doing so, it also formally left the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whyte |first1=J. H. |author-link1=John Henry Whyte |editor1-last=Hill |editor1-first=J. R. |title=A New History of Ireland |volume=VII: Ireland, 1921–84 |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-161559-7 |page=277 (footnote 20) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA277 |access-date=6 August 2019 |chapter=Economic crisis and political cold war, 1949-57 |quote=The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948...repealed the external relations act, and provided for the declaration of a republic, which came into force on 18 Apr. 1949, when Ireland left the commonwealth. |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215111753/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA277 |url-status=live }}</ref> While Ireland had not actively participated in the Commonwealth since the early 1930s, other dominions wished to become republics without losing Commonwealth ties. The issue came to a head in April 1949 at a [[1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference|Commonwealth prime ministers' meeting in London]]. Under the [[London Declaration]], as drafted by [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], India agreed, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would remain in the Commonwealth and accept the British Sovereign as a "symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth". Upon hearing this, King [[George VI]] told [[Krishna Menon|Menon]]: "So, I've become 'as such'."<ref>{{cite web |date=19 February 2010 |title=Staying loyal to George |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/staying-loyal-to-george/581730/0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515213125/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/staying-loyal-to-george/581730/0 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |access-date=13 April 2011 |work=Indian Express}}</ref> Some other Commonwealth countries that have since become republics have chosen to leave, while others, such as [[Guyana]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Dominica]], have remained members.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54174794|title=Barbados to remove Queen Elizabeth as head of state|work=BBC News|date=16 September 2020|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311160055/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-54174794|url-status=live}}</ref>

India's inaugural prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] declared on 16 May 1949, shortly following the Declaration, during the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly Debates]] that:<ref name="debate-cad">{{cite web |date=16 May 1949 |title=Constituent Assembly Debates (India) |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol8p1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109080743/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/vol8p1.htm |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=25 July 2014 |publisher=[[Parliament of India]] |location=[[Delhi]]}}</ref>

{{cquote|We join the Commonwealth obviously because we think it is beneficial to us and to certain causes in the world that we wish to advance. The other countries of the Commonwealth want us to remain there because they think it is beneficial to them. It is mutually understood that it is to the advantage of the nations in the Commonwealth and therefore they join. At the same time, it is made perfectly clear that each country is completely free to go its own way; it may be that they may go, sometimes go so far as to break away from the Commonwealth...Otherwise, apart from breaking the evil parts of the association, it is better to keep a co-operative association going which may do good in this world rather than break it.
}}The London Declaration is often seen as marking the beginning of the modern Commonwealth. Following India's precedent, other nations became republics, or [[constitutional monarchies]] with their own monarchs. While some countries retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, their monarchies developed differently and soon became (or had already become) essentially independent of the British monarchy. The monarch is regarded as a separate [[legal personality]] in each realm, even though the same person is monarch of each realm.<ref name="Bogdanor">{{citation| last=Bogdanor| first=Vernon| author-link=Vernon Bogdanor| title=The Monarchy and the Constitution| publisher=Oxford University Press| date=12 February 1998| location=New York| page=288| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mN6SzMefot4C&q=%22overseas+realms%22&pg=PA289| isbn=978-0-19-829334-7}}</ref><ref name="HCUK">{{Cite journal|last=High Commissioner in United Kingdom |title=Royal Style and Titles |journal=Documents on Canadian External Relations > Royal Style and Titles |volume=18 |issue=2 |date=24 November 1952 |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3498 |id=DEA/50121-B-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123050633/http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3498| archive-date=23 November 2011| df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last=Smy| first=William A.| title=Royal titles and styles| journal=The Loyalist Gazette| volume=XLVI| issue=1| year=2008| url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1372/is_1_46/ai_n29437278/| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711172851/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb1372/is_1_46/ai_n29437278/| url-status=dead| archive-date=11 July 2012| access-date=3 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="Toporoski">{{cite web| title=The Invisible Crown| publisher=Monarchy Canada| url=http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm| author-last1=Toporoski|author-first1= Richard| access-date=20 April 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209220704/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm| archive-date=9 February 2008}}</ref>

===Proposals to include Europe===
At a time when Germany and France, together with Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, were planning what later became the [[European Union]], and newly independent African countries were joining the Commonwealth, new ideas were floated to prevent the United Kingdom from becoming isolated in economic affairs. British trade with the Commonwealth was four times larger than its trade with Europe. In 1956 and 1957, the British government, under Prime Minister [[Anthony Eden]], considered a "Plan G" to create a European free trade zone while also protecting the favoured status of the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last = Gowland |title = Britain and European Integration Since 1945: On the Sidelines |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dvt-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |year=2009 |publisher=Routledge|page=46|display-authors=etal|isbn=978-1-134-35452-8 }}</ref><ref>James R. V. Ellison, "Perfidious Albion? Britain, Plan G and European Integration, 1955–1956", ''Contemporary British History'' (1996) 10#4 pp 1–34.</ref><ref>Martin Schaad, "Plan G – A "Counterblast"? British Policy Towards the Messina Countries, 1956", ''Contemporary European History'' (1998) 7#1 pp 39–60.</ref>

At the time of the [[Suez Crisis]] in 1956, and in the face of colonial unrest and international tensions, French prime minister [[Guy Mollet]] proposed to British prime minister [[Anthony Eden]] that their two countries be [[Franco-British Union#Suez Crisis (1956)|joined in a "union"]]. When that proposal was turned down, Mollet suggested that France join the Commonwealth, possibly with "a common citizenship arrangement [[British nationality law and the Republic of Ireland|on the Irish basis]]". These ideas faded away with the end of the Suez Crisis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatfeedback/4202596/France-offered-to-merge-with-UK-in-1950s.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatfeedback/4202596/France-offered-to-merge-with-UK-in-1950s.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=France offered to 'merge' with UK in 1950s|first=Laura|last=Clout|date=15 January 2007|work=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Thomson |first1=Mike |date=15 January 2007 |title=UK – When Britain and France nearly married |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6261885.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123072141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm |archive-date=23 January 2009 |access-date=12 September 2016 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-first1=Frank|author-last1= Heinlein|title=British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–63: Scrutinising the Official Mind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAFeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=137–43|isbn=978-1-135-28441-1}}</ref>

=== Expansion and global engagement ===
[[File:Prime Minister Keir Starmer attends CHOGM Summit in Samoa -Day 2 (54091742846).jpg|thumb|The 2024 [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] in [[Samoa]]]]
The first member admitted without any constitutional link to the British Empire was [[Mozambique]] – a former [[Portuguese Mozambique|Portuguese colony]] – in 1995 following its first democratic elections. Its entry preceded the [[Edinburgh Declaration]] and the current membership guidelines.<ref name="New Times" /> In 2009, Rwanda became the second country admitted to the Commonwealth without any constitutional links to Britain. It was a [[Rwanda-Urundi|Belgian trust territory]] that had been a district of [[German East Africa]] until [[World War I]].<ref name="NYT admission" />

In 2022, [[Togo]] (a former French mandate territory) and [[Gabon]] (a former French colony) joined the Commonwealth, despite having never been under British rule.<ref name=":3" /> Togolese foreign minister [[Robert Dussey]] foresaw opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn [[English language|English]], and to benefit from access to education and culture. The country sought closer ties with the [[English-speaking world|Anglophone world]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Lawson |first=Alice |date=24 June 2022 |title=Togo sees Commonwealth entry as pivot to English-speaking world |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/togo-sees-commonwealth-entry-pivot-english-speaking-world-2022-06-24/ |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=Reuters}}</ref> In 2024 alone, trade between Togo and Britain increased by 94 per cent; the country also sought to expand trade with India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Togo's Commonwealth Advantage: A Gateway to Investment and Growth |url=https://www.cweic.org/insights/interview-with-togo/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=CWEIC}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Nidhi |date=6 March 2025 |editor-last=Paul |editor-first=Sonali |title=India fertiliser company in talks to buy phosphate from Togo, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/india-fertiliser-company-talks-buy-phosphate-togo-sources-say-2025-03-06/ |access-date=10 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Meanwhile, Gabon was partially suspended from the Commonwealth in September 2023 [[2023 Gabonese coup d'état|following a military coup]], with two years given by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group for the country to hold new elections before a full suspension of its membership would be considered.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gabon partially suspended from the Commonwealth pending restoration of democracy |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gabon-partially-suspended-commonwealth-pending-restoration-democracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930044928/https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gabon-partially-suspended-commonwealth-pending-restoration-democracy |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2023 |title=Gabon partially suspended from Commonwealth after coup |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66861734 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004115135/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66861734 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Gabon's partial suspension was lifted in July 2025, following a presidential election.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=16 August 2025 |title=Commonwealth lifts Gabon's partial suspension following April presidential vote |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/16/commonwealth-lifts-gabons-partial-suspension-following-april-presidential-vote/ |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Africanews}}</ref>

Commonwealth relations saw renewed interest during the second term of United States president [[Donald Trump]]. In 2025, during [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]], Commonwealth countries Australia, Canada, Cyprus and New Zealand aligned themselves with the pro-Ukraine [[Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian War)|"coalition of the willing"]], spearheaded by British prime minister [[Keir Starmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rob |date=11 March 2025 |title=Rubio says Ukraine may need to do 'difficult things' to get peace deal |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/peacekeeper-nations-including-australia-to-meet-on-ukraine-20250311-p5lij4.html?ref=rss |access-date=12 March 2025 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |quote=British Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer will host what he has called “a coalition of the willing” – a group of mainly European and Commonwealth countries.}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Vicky |date=2 March 2025 |title=Starmer: Coalition of willing to guarantee Ukraine peace |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9vygkzkkrvo |access-date=2 March 2025 |website=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liboreiro |first=Jorge |date=2025-04-02 |title=Everything we know about the 'Coalition of the Willing' for Ukraine |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/04/02/everything-we-know-so-far-about-the-coalition-of-the-willing-for-ukraine |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=euronews}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=Prime Minister confirms he will join world leaders in 'coalition of the willing' phone call |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/544860/prime-minister-confirms-he-will-join-world-leaders-in-coalition-of-the-willing-phone-call |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=RNZ}}</ref> During the 2025 [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] leadership contest in Canada, in light of aggressive actions taken by the United States, the ultimate victor [[Mark Carney]] expressed support for deepening [[CANZUK|relations with Britain, Australia and New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tasker |first1=John Paul |title=Canada races to revive Commonwealth ties with its U.S. relationship on shaky ground |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-commonwealth-canzuk-1.7468363 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311064841/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-commonwealth-canzuk-1.7468363 |archive-date=11 March 2025 |access-date=11 March 2025 |publisher=CBC}}</ref> Trump expressed interest in the United States becoming a member or "associate" member, following tabloid reporting that this would be offered by Britain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2025 |title=Donald Trump suggests US could join British Commonwealth |url=https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-suggests-us-could-join-british-commonwealth-2048679 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=Newsweek}}</ref>

Writing about America's shirking of global responsibility and the supposed ineffectiveness of the [[United Nations]], Australian-British lawyer [[Geoffrey Robertson]] opined that "Europe and the Commonwealth countries, plus Japan and Brazil and Indonesia, might together have more impact than the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] – if for example China moved to invade Taiwan."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Geoffrey |date=2025-04-18 |title=Trump has declared war on the world order, so nations like Australia must step up |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/trump-has-declared-war-on-the-world-order-so-nations-like-australia-must-step-up-20250418-p5lsql.html?dicbo=v2-t66SDOG |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Amidst the [[Gaza war]], Britain, Australia, Canada and New Zealand imposed sanctions on two Israeli ministers, alongside Norway.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Julian |first=Hana Levi |date=2025-06-11 |title=British Commonwealth, Norway Impose Sanctions on 2 Israeli Government Ministers |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/global/uk/british-commonwealth-norway-impose-sanctions-on-2-israeli-government-ministers/2025/06/11/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Jewish Press}}</ref> In 2026, as Carney sought to unify [[Middle power|middle powers]], [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] prime minister [[Gaston Browne]] argued in an opinion piece that the Commonwealth was ideal for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Browne |first=Gaston |date=9 March 2026 |title=The Commonwealth can be the basis for Mark Carney’s alliance of middle powers |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2026/03/09/commonwealth-basis-mark-carneys-alliance-middle-power/ |access-date=16 March 2026 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Structure==
===Head of the Commonwealth===
{{Main|Head of the Commonwealth}}

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], the longest-serving [[Head of the Commonwealth]], was in office for 70 years.]]
Under the formula of the [[London Declaration]], [[Charles III]] is the [[Head of the Commonwealth]].<ref name="commonwealth 090922"/><ref name="Report of the CCM">{{cite web |last=Patterson |first=Percival |author-link=P.J. Patterson |date=24 October 2007 |title=Report of the Committee on Commonwealth Membership |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/GFSR.asp?NodeID=174532 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426044116/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/GFSR.asp?NodeID=174532 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |access-date=29 June 2008 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> However, when the monarch dies, the successor to the crown does not automatically become the new head of the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Head of the Commonwealth |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930063803/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth/ |archive-date=30 September 2006 |access-date=29 June 2008 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref> Despite this, at their meeting in April 2018, Commonwealth leaders agreed that [[Prince Charles]] should succeed his mother [[Elizabeth II]] as head after [[death of Elizabeth II|her death]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/20/prince-charles-next-head-commonwealth-queen |title=Prince Charles to be next head of Commonwealth |last=Walker |first=Peter |date=20 April 2018 |work=The Guardian |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422065938/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/apr/20/prince-charles-next-head-commonwealth-queen |url-status=live }}</ref> The position is symbolic, representing the free association of independent members,<ref name="Report of the CCM"/> the majority of which (36) are [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|republics]], and five have monarchs of different [[royal house]]s ([[Brunei]], [[Eswatini]], [[Lesotho]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Tonga]]).

===Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting===
{{Main|Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting}}

The main decision-making forum of the organisation is the biennial [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] (CHOGM), where [[List of Commonwealth heads of government|Commonwealth Heads of Government]], including (among others) [[List of Commonwealth of Nations prime ministers|prime ministers]] and presidents, assemble for several days to discuss matters of mutual interest. CHOGM is the successor to the [[Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference|Commonwealth Prime Ministers Meetings]] and, earlier, the [[Imperial Conference]]s and Colonial Conferences, dating back to 1887. There are also regular meetings of finance ministers, law ministers, health ministers and others. Members in arrears, as special members before them, are not invited to send representatives to either ministerial meetings or CHOGMs.<ref name="Report of the CCM" />

The head of government hosting the CHOGM is called the [[Commonwealth Chair-in-Office|chair-in-office (CIO)]] and retains the position until the following CHOGM.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=How we are run |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us/how-we-are-run |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114191058/https://thecommonwealth.org/about-us/how-we-are-run |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=17 November 2020 |website= |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref>

===Commonwealth Secretariat===
{{main|Commonwealth Secretariat}}

[[File:Marlborough House.jpg|thumb|[[Marlborough House]], London, the headquarters of the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]], the Commonwealth's principal intergovernmental institution]]
The [[Commonwealth Secretariat]], established in 1965, is the main intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth, facilitating consultation and co-operation among member governments and countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Commonwealth |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116192301/https://thecommonwealth.org/ |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website= |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |language=en}}</ref> It is responsible to member governments collectively. The Commonwealth of Nations is represented in the [[United Nations General Assembly]] by the Secretariat as an [[United Nations General Assembly observers|observer]]. The secretariat organises Commonwealth summits, meetings of ministers, consultative meetings and technical discussions; it assists policy development and provides policy advice, and facilitates multilateral communication among the member governments. It also provides technical assistance to help governments in the social and economic development of their countries and in support of the Commonwealth's fundamental political values.<ref name="Paxton, 1978">Cook and Paxton, ''Commonwealth Political Facts'' (1978) part 3.</ref>

The secretariat is headed by the [[Commonwealth secretary-general]], who is elected by the CHOG for no more than two four-year terms. The secretary-general and two deputy secretaries-general direct the divisions of the Secretariat. The present secretary-general is [[Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey]], from Ghana, succeeding [[Patricia Scotland]]. The first secretary-general was [[Arnold Smith]] of Canada (1965–1975), followed by Sir [[Shridath Ramphal]] of Guyana (1975–1990), Chief [[Emeka Anyaoku]] of Nigeria (1990–1999), [[Don McKinnon]] of New Zealand (2000–2008), and [[Kamalesh Sharma]] of India (2008–2016).

=== Commonwealth citizenship and high commissioners ===
{{Main|Commonwealth citizen|High commissioner (Commonwealth)}}

[[File:The Gambia High Commission in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|The [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|high commission]] of [[The Gambia]] in [[New Delhi]]]]

Some member states grant particular rights to Commonwealth citizens. The United Kingdom and several others, mostly in the [[Caribbean]], grant [[Right of foreigners to vote|the right to vote]] to resident Commonwealth citizens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Belton |first=Kristy A. |date=2 January 2019 |title=Muddy waters: citizenship and the right to vote in the Commonwealth Caribbean migratory context |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14662043.2019.1545526 |journal=Commonwealth & Comparative Politics |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=93–122 |doi=10.1080/14662043.2019.1545526 |issn=1466-2043|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some countries, including the United Kingdom, have preferential citizenship acquisition or residency policies for Commonwealth citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prove you have right of abode in the UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/right-of-abode/commonwealth-citizens |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Immigration |url=https://dgip.gov.pk/immigration/citizenship.php |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=Directorate General of Immigration & Passports, Ministry of Interior, Government of Pakistan}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Manby |first=Bronwyn |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/44960 |title=Citizenship Law in Africa: 3rd Edition |date=2015 |isbn=9781928331124 |edition=3rd |pages=91–92 |language=English |chapter=Naturalisation |publisher=African Books Collective |oclc=945563529}}</ref> Initially, Commonwealth countries were not considered to be "foreign" to each other as their citizens were [[British subject]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dale |first=William |date=July 1982 |title=Is the Commonwealth an International Organisation? |journal=[[International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=451–73 |doi=10.1093/iclqaj/31.3.451}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clute |first1=Robert E. |last2=Wilson |first2=Robert R. |date=July 1958 |title=Commonwealth and Favored-Nation Usage |journal=[[American Journal of International Law]] |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=455–468 |doi=10.2307/2195461 |jstor=2195461 |s2cid=147526549}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hedley |first=Bull |date=July 1959 |title=What is the Commonwealth? |journal=[[World Politics]] |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=577–87 |doi=10.2307/2009593 |jstor=2009593 |s2cid=154764036}}</ref> Citizenship laws evolved as the Commonwealth developed from the Empire. In Australia, for the purpose of considering certain constitutional and legal provisions in the [[High Court of Australia|High Court]] case of ''[[Sue v Hill]]'', the United Kingdom was held to be a "foreign power".<ref name="HCA30/1999">{{Cite AustLII |litigants=Sue v Hill |year=1999 |court=HCA |num=30 |parallelcite=(1999) 199 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 462.}}</ref> Similarly, in ''Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs'', the nationals of other Commonwealth realms were held to be "aliens" though they were subjects of the Queen.<ref>{{Cite AustLII|litigants=Nolan v Minister for Immigration & Ethnic Affairs|year=1988|court=HCA|num=45|parallelcite=}}</ref>

Commonwealth citizens may receive [[consular assistance]] from other Commonwealth countries. In particular, British embassies and consulates may provide assistance to Commonwealth nationals in non-Commonwealth countries if their own country is not represented.<ref>{{cite web |year=2013 |title=Support for British nationals abroad: a guide |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224126/FCOBritsAbroadA4_0713xx.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019062503/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224126/FCOBritsAbroadA4_0713xx.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=Foreign and Commonwealth Office |page=5 |quote=We may also help Commonwealth nationals in non-Commonwealth countries where they do not have any diplomatic or consular representation, but will normally ask their nearest embassy to provide any ongoing assistance required.}}</ref> Commonwealth citizens are eligible to apply for [[British emergency passport]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The new UK Emergency Passport |url=http://centralcontent.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/central-content-pdfs/5619320/etd-leaflet.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121212135632/http://centralcontent.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/central-content-pdfs/5619320/etd-leaflet.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2012 |access-date=15 May 2019 |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |location=United Kingdom}}</ref> Australia issues [[Australian Document of Identity|Documents of Identity]] in exceptional circumstances to resident Commonwealth citizens who are unable to obtain valid travel documents from their countries of origin and must travel urgently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Travel related documents |url=https://www.passports.gov.au/travel-related-documents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327010248/https://www.passports.gov.au/travel-related-documents |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=15 May 2019 |publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |location=Australia}}</ref>

The close association among Commonwealth countries is reflected in their diplomatic protocols. For example, when engaging bilaterally with one another, Commonwealth governments exchange high commissioners instead of ambassadors.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1=Lorna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z5Qj-7HZ68C |title=Diplomacy with a Difference: The Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006 |date=2007 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-15497-1 |pages=119–120 |language=en |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>

=== Cross-national arrangements ===
==== Judicial ====
[[File:London - Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 02.jpg|thumb|The [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] is the [[Supreme court|highest court of appeal]] for several Commonwealth nations.]]
The [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] is the [[supreme court]] of 14 Commonwealth countries, including the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]] which are under the [[Realm of New Zealand]] (though New Zealand itself does not make appeals to the Privy Council).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Practice direction 1 |url=https://www.jcpc.uk/procedures/practice-direction-01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014182831/https://www.jcpc.uk/procedures/practice-direction-01.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |access-date=8 January 2024 |website= |publisher=The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council}}</ref>

Pacific Island states often appoint judges from other Commonwealth countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dziedzic |first=Anna |date=4 April 2022 |title=When judging meets development: foreign judges on Pacific courts |url=https://devpolicy.org/when-judging-meets-development-foreign-judges-on-pacific-courts-20220404/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=Devpolicy Blog |publisher=Australian National University |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Andrew Scott |date=October 2023 |title=The Role of Foreign Judges in the Pacific: Past, Present and Future |url=https://supremecourt.nsw.gov.au/documents/Publications/Speeches/2023-Speeches/Chief-Justice/CJ_20231007_Foreign_Judges_Pacific_.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of New South Wales}}</ref> For instance, Commonwealth nationals are eligible for appointment to the [[High Court of Fiji]].<ref>[http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=65788 "High Court Act to be amended"], ''Fiji Times'', 4 July 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/printer_9444.shtml "High Court promulgation 2007"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725033255/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/publish/printer_9444.shtml|date=25 July 2008}}, Fiji government press release, 17 July 2007</ref>

==== Military ====
{{See also|List of Commonwealth armoured regiments|List of Commonwealth infantry regiments}}
[[File:Exercise Bersama Lima 18 PHOTEX 2.jpg|thumb|Warships during a [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]] joint exercise]]
Commonwealth citizens are eligible to serve in the [[British Armed Forces]]. According to the [[British Army]], "Commonwealth soldiers are, and always will be, an important and valued part of the fabric" of the same.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nationality and Commonwealth |url=https://jobs.army.mod.uk/how-to-join/can-i-apply/nationality/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=British Army}}</ref> Visa fees for Commonwealth personnel seeking to settle in Britain were scrapped in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visa fees scrapped for Non-UK Service Personnel |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/visa-fees-scrapped-for-non-uk-service-personnel |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Five Power Defence Arrangements]] is a defence partnership between Commonwealth countries Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Britain.<ref>{{Citation |title=On the Establishment of the Five Power Defence Arrangements |date=21 October 2015 |work=The Five Power Defence Arrangements at Forty |pages=24–35 |url=https://core-cms.cambridgecore.org/core/books/abs/five-power-defence-arrangements-at-forty/on-the-establishment-of-the-five-power-defence-arrangements/B5397D7D729242950CFA9147B7B51FDF |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute |language=en}}</ref>

===== Gurkhas =====
[[Gurkha]] soldiers from [[Nepal]], a non-Commonwealth country, have long served in the British Army and the forces of several Commonwealth countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Claire |date=12 June 2009 |title=Gurkhas: Terms and Conditions of Service |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN04671/SN04671.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |website= |publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> They are employed by the British Army ([[Brigade of Gurkhas]]), [[Indian Army]] ([[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha regiments]]) and [[Royal Brunei Armed Forces]] ([[Gurkha Reserve Unit]]), as well the [[Gurkha Contingent]] of the [[Singapore Police Force]]. Most members of Brunei's Gurkha Reserve Unit are veterans from the British Army and Singaporean police.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ethirajan |first=Anbarasan |date=27 August 2023 |title=Agnipath scheme: The pain of Nepal's Gurkhas over Indian army's new hiring plan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66603133 |access-date=9 June 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=18 October 2022 |title=The Gurkha Regiments Explained |url=https://www.gwt.org.uk/news/the-gurkha-regiments-explained/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=The Gurkha Welfare Trust |language=en}}</ref>

==Membership==
[[File:Commonwealth realms republics and monarchies.svg|275px|thumb|The members of the Commonwealth shaded according to their political status. Commonwealth realms are shown in blue, while republics are shaded pink, and members with their own monarchies are displayed in green.|left]]

===Criteria===
{{main|Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria}}

The criteria for membership of the Commonwealth of Nations have developed over time from a series of separate documents. The [[Statute of Westminster 1931]], as a fundamental founding document of the organisation, laid out that membership required dominionhood. The 1949 [[London Declaration]] ended this, allowing republican and indigenous monarchic members on the condition that they recognised [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]] as "[[Head of the Commonwealth]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Smith|first=S.A.|date=July 1949|title=The London Declaration of the Commonwealth Prime Ministers, 28 April 1949|journal=The Modern Law Review|volume=12|issue=3|pages=351–354|jstor=1090506|author-link=Stanley Alexander de Smith|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2230.1949.tb00131.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the wake of the wave of [[decolonisation]] in the 1960s, these constitutional principles were augmented by political, economic, and social principles. The first of these was set out in 1961, when it was decided that respect for [[racial equality]] would be a requirement for membership, leading directly to the withdrawal of South Africa's re-application (which they were required to make under the formula of the London Declaration upon becoming a republic). The 14 points of the 1971 [[Singapore Declaration]] dedicated all members to the principles of [[world peace]], [[liberty]], [[human rights]], [[egalitarianism|equality]], and [[free trade]].<ref name="Singapore Declaration text"/>

These criteria were unenforceable for two decades,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams |first=Paul D.|date=July 2005|title=Blair's Britain and the Commonwealth|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=94|issue=380|pages=381–391|doi=10.1080/00358530500174960|s2cid=154400556}}</ref> until, in 1991, the [[Harare Declaration]] was issued, dedicating the leaders to applying the Singapore principles to the completion of decolonisation, the end of the [[Cold War]], and the end of [[apartheid]] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=34457 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207030954/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=34457 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2004 |date=20 October 1991 |title=Harare Commonwealth Declaration |access-date=29 July 2007 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] }}</ref> The mechanisms by which these principles would be applied were created, and the manner clarified, by the 1995 [[Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme]], which created the [[Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group]] (CMAG), which has the power to rule on whether members meet the requirements for membership under the Harare Declaration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/38125/cmag|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930122424/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/38125/cmag/|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2006|title=Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group|access-date=29 July 2007|publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]}}</ref> Also in 1995, an Inter-Governmental Group was created to finalise and codify the full requirements for membership. Upon reporting in 1997, as adopted under the [[Edinburgh Declaration]], the Inter-Governmental Group ruled that any future members would "as a rule" have to have a direct constitutional link with an existing member.<ref name="The future of the modern Commonwealth">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpsu.org.uk/downloads/future_aide.pdf|title=The future of the modern Commonwealth: Widening vs. deepening?|access-date=29 July 2007|date=10 October 2005|first=Victoria|last=te Velde-Ashworth|publisher=Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070722134850/http://www.cpsu.org.uk/downloads/future_aide.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2007}}</ref>

In addition to this new rule, the former rules were consolidated into a single document. These requirements are that members must accept and comply with the [[Harare Declaration|Harare principles]], be fully [[sovereign state]]s, recognise [[Charles III|King Charles III]] as head of the Commonwealth, accept the English language as the means of Commonwealth communication, and respect the wishes of the general population with regard to Commonwealth membership.<ref name="The future of the modern Commonwealth"/> These requirements had undergone review, and a report on potential amendments was presented by the [[Committee on Commonwealth Membership]] at the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2007|2007 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/157526/commonwealth_membership_in_focus_at_london_meeting.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313234502/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/157526/commonwealth_membership_in_focus_at_london_meeting.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2007 |title=Commonwealth membership in focus at London meeting |access-date=29 July 2007 |date=6 December 2006 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] }}</ref> New members were not admitted at this meeting, though applications for admission were considered at the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2009|2009 CHOGM]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Osike |first=Felix |title=Rwanda membership delayed |url=http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=598876 |newspaper=[[New Vision]] |date=24 November 2007 |access-date=29 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123172352/http://www.sundayvision.co.ug/detail.php?mainNewsCategoryId=7&newsCategoryId=123&newsId=598876 |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref>

New members must "as a general rule" have a direct constitutional link to an existing member. In most cases, this is due to being a former colony of the United Kingdom, but some have links to other countries, either exclusively or more directly (e.g., Bangladesh to Pakistan, Samoa to New Zealand, Papua New Guinea to Australia, and Singapore to Malaysia). Mozambique, in 1995, was the first country to join without such a constitutional connection, leading to the Edinburgh Declaration and the current membership guidelines.<ref name="New Times">{{cite news |title=Rwanda: Joining the Commonwealth|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |publisher=AllAfrica|date=27 November 2009}}</ref>

In 2009, Rwanda, formerly under Belgian and German rule, joined.<ref name="NYT admission">{{cite news|last=Kron|first=Josh|title=Rwanda Joins British Commonwealth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/world/africa/29rwanda.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 November 2009|access-date=29 November 2009|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418031605/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/world/africa/29rwanda.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Consideration for Rwanda's admission was considered an "exceptional circumstance" by the [[Commonwealth Secretariat]].<ref name="New Times exceptional circumstance">{{cite news|title=Conference on Rwanda's Commonwealth bid to be held|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-08-03/40316/|newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|date=3 August 2008|access-date=25 September 2015|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925133322/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-08-03/40316/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rwanda was permitted to join despite the [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]] (CHRI) finding that "the state of governance and human rights in Rwanda does not satisfy Commonwealth standards", and that it "does not therefore qualify for admission".<ref name=chri>{{Cite web|url=https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/download/Rwanda%20application%20for%20membership.pdf|title=Rwanda's application for membership, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717172217/https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/download/Rwanda%20application%20for%20membership.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The CHRI commented that: "It does not make sense to admit a state that already does not satisfy Commonwealth standards. This would tarnish the reputation of the Commonwealth and confirm the opinion of many people and civic organisations that the leaders of its governments do not really care for democracy and human rights, and that its periodic, solemn declarations are merely hot air."<ref name=chri/>

In 2022, the former French territories of Togo and Gabon joined the Commonwealth.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Turner |first1=Camilla |date=22 June 2022 |title=Togo and Gabon to become newest members of Commonwealth this week |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/06/22/togo-gabon-become-newest-members-commonwealth-week/ |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627070129/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/06/22/togo-gabon-become-newest-members-commonwealth-week/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Members ===
{{Main|Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations}}

[[File:Parliament Square 11 3 09 (3346753423).jpg|thumb|Flags of the Commonwealth countries in [[Parliament Square]], London on [[Commonwealth Day]]]]
[[File:Commonwealth flag Ottawa.jpg|thumb|The Commonwealth flag flying at the [[Parliament of Canada]] in [[Ottawa]]]]

The Commonwealth comprises 56 countries, across all inhabited continents.<ref>Three Commonwealth countries also have long-standing claims to sovereignty in [[Antarctica]], although these claims are not widely recognised. The claims, which each include permanent research stations and together cover most of the continent, are the [[Australian Antarctic Territory]], the [[British Antarctic Territory]] and the [[Ross Dependency]] (New Zealand).</ref> 33 members are small states, including 25 small island developing states. In 2023, the Commonwealth had a population of 2.5 billion.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Fast Facts: The Commonwealth |url=https://production-new-commonwealth-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2023-01/Fast%20Facts%20on%20the%20Commonwealth.pdf?VersionId=R8Y.eVKtTbPlfEUqxgT.10RhnXamTNvs |access-date=20 October 2024 |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |publication-date=January 2023}}</ref> The Commonwealth is the largest association of '[[Third World]]' or '[[Global North and Global South|Global South]]' countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandis |first=George |date=20 October 2024 |title=The King loves Australia but his next stop's the big one (and China will be watching) |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/the-king-loves-australia-but-his-next-stop-s-the-big-one-and-china-will-be-watching-20241017-p5kj8q.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>

With a population of 1.4 billion in 2023, India is the most populous Commonwealth country. Tuvalu is the smallest member, with about 12,000 people at the time.<ref name=":4" />

The status of "member in arrears" is used to denote those that are in arrears in paying subscription dues. The status was originally known as "[[Special membership of the Commonwealth of Nations|special membership]]", but was renamed on the [[Committee on Commonwealth Membership]]'s recommendation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=W. David|author-link=W. David McIntyre|date=April 2008|title=The Expansion of the Commonwealth and the Criteria for Membership|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|Round Table]]|volume=97|issue=395|pages=273–85|doi=10.1080/00358530801962089|s2cid=219623317}}</ref> There are currently no members in arrears. The last member in arrears, Nauru, returned to full membership in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=read&id=61413|title=Nauru back as full Commonwealth member|access-date=26 July 2011|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand International]]|date=26 June 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120630/https://www.radionz.co.nz/international|url-status=live}}</ref> Nauru previously alternated between special and full membership since joining the Commonwealth, depending on its financial situation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/34786/nauru_accedes_to_full_membership_of_the_commonweal.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011171846/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/34786/nauru_accedes_to_full_membership_of_the_commonweal.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 October 2008|title=Nauru Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth |access-date=30 January 2009|publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]|date=12 April 1999}}</ref>

===Economy of member countries===
{{Main|List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP (nominal)}}

In 2019, the Commonwealth members had a combined [[gross domestic product]] of over $9 trillion, 78 per cent of which is accounted for by the four largest economies: India ($3.737 trillion), United Kingdom ($3.124 trillion), Canada ($1.652 trillion), and Australia ($1.379 trillion).<ref name="GDP IMF">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=32&pr.y=19&sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title=World Economic Outlook Database|date=18 April 2017|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624044404/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=32&pr.y=19&sy=2015&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C199%2C646%2C733%2C648%2C184%2C915%2C524%2C134%2C361%2C652%2C362%2C174%2C364%2C328%2C732%2C258%2C366%2C656%2C734%2C654%2C144%2C336%2C146%2C263%2C463%2C268%2C528%2C532%2C923%2C944%2C738%2C176%2C578%2C534%2C537%2C536%2C742%2C429%2C866%2C433%2C369%2C178%2C744%2C436%2C186%2C136%2C925%2C343%2C869%2C158%2C746%2C439%2C926%2C916%2C466%2C664%2C112%2C826%2C111%2C542%2C298%2C967%2C927%2C443%2C846%2C917%2C299%2C544%2C582%2C941%2C474%2C446%2C754%2C666%2C698%2C668&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Applicants===
{{see also|Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations#Prospective members}}

In 1997 the Commonwealth Heads of Government agreed that, to become a member of the Commonwealth, an applicant country should, as a rule, have had a constitutional association with an existing Commonwealth member; that it should comply with Commonwealth values, principles and priorities as set out in the [[Harare Declaration]]; and that it should accept Commonwealth norms and conventions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/history-of-the-commonwealth/new-criteria-commonwealth-membership|title=New Criteria for Commonwealth Membership|work=thecommonwealth.org|date=23 August 2013|access-date=7 November 2013|archive-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182858/http://thecommonwealth.org/history-of-the-commonwealth/new-criteria-commonwealth-membership|url-status=dead}}</ref>

South Sudanese politicians have expressed interest in joining the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5418/South-Sudan-Launches-Bid-to-Join-Commonwealth.aspx|title=South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth|work=gurtong.net|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711061322/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5418/South-Sudan-Launches-Bid-to-Join-Commonwealth.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> A senior Commonwealth source stated in 2006 that "many people have assumed an interest from Israel, but there has been no formal approach".<ref name=Isr>{{cite news|last=Alderson|first=Andrew|title=Israelis and Palestinians could join Commonwealth|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1537176/Israelis-and-Palestinians-could-join-Commonwealth.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1537176/Israelis-and-Palestinians-could-join-Commonwealth.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=17 December 2006|access-date=29 November 2009|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Israel and Palestine are both potential candidates for membership.<ref name=Isr/>

President [[Yahya Jammeh]] unilaterally withdrew the Gambia from the Commonwealth in October 2013.<ref name="thecommonwealth.org">{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/statement-commonwealth-secretary-general-kamalesh-sharma-gambia|title=Statement by Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma on The Gambia|publisher=The Commonwealth|date=4 October 2013|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501144316/https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/statement-commonwealth-secretary-general-kamalesh-sharma-gambia|url-status=live}}</ref> However, [[2016 Gambian presidential election|newly elected]] president [[Adama Barrow]] returned the country to the organisation in February 2018.<ref name=gambia/>

Other eligible applicants could be any of the remaining inhabited British Overseas Territories, [[Crown Dependencies]], [[Australian external territories]] and the [[Associated States of New Zealand]] if they become fully independent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.15ccem.com/15CCEM/CCEM_MainContent.jsp;jsessionid=367113CBDAC84B7DEAC85D1F77B477D0?pContentID=830&p_applic=CCC&pElementID=443&pMenuID=171&p_service=Content.show&|title=States and Territories|website=15CCEM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929181918/http://www.15ccem.com/15CCEM/CCEM_MainContent.jsp%3Bjsessionid%3D367113CBDAC84B7DEAC85D1F77B477D0?pContentID=830&p_applic=CCC&pElementID=443&pMenuID=171&p_service=Content.show&|archive-date=29 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many such jurisdictions are already directly represented within the Commonwealth, particularly through the [[Commonwealth Family]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baldacchino|first=Godfrey|author-last2=Milne|author-first2= David|date=September 2006|title=Exploring sub-national island jurisdictions: An editorial introduction|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=95|issue=386|pages=487–502|doi=10.1080/00358530600929735|s2cid=154689097 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar//handle/123456789/13927 }}</ref> There are also former [[British possessions]] that have not become independent. Although [[Hong Kong]] has become part of China, it continues to participate in some of the institutions within the Commonwealth Family, including the [[Commonwealth Lawyers Association]], the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC).

All three of the Crown dependencies regard their existing situation as unsatisfactory and have lobbied for change. In 2012, the [[States of Jersey]] called on the UK foreign secretary to request that the Commonwealth heads of government "consider granting associate membership to Jersey and the other Crown Dependencies as well as any other territories at a similarly advanced stage of autonomy". Jersey proposed that it be accorded "self-representation in all Commonwealth meetings; full participation in debates and procedures, with a right to speak where relevant and the opportunity to enter into discussions with those who are full members; and no right to vote in the Ministerial or Heads of Government meetings, which is reserved for full members".<ref>{{cite web|title=Written evidence from States of Jersey|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/114/114we22.htm|publisher=Chief Minister of Jersey|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-date=9 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209074134/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/114/114we22.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[States of Guernsey]] and the [[Government of the Isle of Man]] made calls of a similar nature in the same year for a more integrated relationship with the Commonwealth,<ref>{{cite web|title=The role and future of the Commonwealth|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/114/11410.htm|publisher=House of Commons|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-date=6 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206123019/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/114/11410.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> including more direct representation and enhanced participation in Commonwealth organisations and meetings, including Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Written evidence from the States of Guernsey|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/114/114we18.htm|publisher=Policy Council of Guernsey|access-date=18 March 2013|archive-date=9 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209074131/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/114/114we18.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chief Minister of the Isle of Man]] said that a "closer connection with the Commonwealth itself would be a welcome further development of the Island's international relationships".<ref>{{cite news |date=23 November 2012 |title=Isle of Man welcomes report on Commonwealth future |url=http://www.gov.im/lib/news/cso/isleofmanwelcome5.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302143313/http://www.gov.im/lib/news/cso/isleofmanwelcome5.xml |archive-date=2 March 2013 |access-date=19 March 2013 |newspaper= |publisher=Isle of Man Government}}</ref>

===Suspension===
{{Main|Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations}}

Members can be suspended "from the Councils of the Commonwealth" for "serious or persistent violations" of the [[Harare Declaration]], particularly in abrogating their responsibility to have democratic government.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Colvile |first=Robert |date=July 2004 |title=A Place to Stand: the Problems and Potential of the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group |journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]] |volume=93 |issue=375 |pages=343–53 |doi=10.1080/0035853042000249942|s2cid=153984328 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Suspensions are agreed by the [[Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group]] (CMAG), which meets regularly to address potential breaches of the Harare Declaration. Suspended members are not represented at meetings of Commonwealth leaders and ministers, although they remain members of the organisation.
[[File:Robert Mugabe, 12th AU Summit, 090202-N-0506A-187.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Zimbabwe]] was suspended from the Commonwealth during [[Robert Mugabe]]'s presidency, subsequently withdrawing. It applied to rejoin after his removal from power.]]
[[Nigeria]] was suspended between 11 November 1995 and 29 May 1999,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist)|date=October 1999|title=Commonwealth Update|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]] |volume=88 |issue=352|pages=547–567|doi=10.1080/003585399107758}}</ref> following its execution of [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] on the eve of the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1995|1995 CHOGM]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist)|date=October 2007|title=Twenty Commonwealth steps from Singapore to Kampala|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=96|issue=392|pages=555–563|doi=10.1080/00358530701625877|s2cid=154737836}}</ref> Pakistan was the second country to be suspended, on 18 October 1999, following the [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup]] by [[Pervez Musharraf]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist) |date=January 2000|title=Commonwealth Update|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=89|issue=353|pages=45–57|doi=10.1080/750459452|s2cid=219628879}}</ref> The Commonwealth's longest suspension came to an end on 22 May 2004, when Pakistan's suspension was lifted following the restoration of [[Constitution of Pakistan|the country's constitution]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingram |first=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist)|date=July 2004|title=Commonwealth Update|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=93|issue=375|pages=311–42|doi=10.1080/0035853042000249933|s2cid=219627311}}</ref> Pakistan was suspended for a second time, far more briefly, for six months from 22 November 2007, when Musharraf [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency|called a state of emergency]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gruenbaum|first=Oren|date=February 2008|title=Commonwealth Update|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=97|issue=394|pages=3–17|doi=10.1080/00358530701864963|s2cid=219625114}}</ref> Zimbabwe was suspended in 2002 over concerns regarding the electoral and land reform policies of [[Robert Mugabe]]'s [[Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front|ZANU-PF]] government,<ref name="Apr 2002">{{cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist)|date=April 2002|title=Commonwealth Update |journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=91|issue=364|pages=131–59|doi=10.1080/00358530220144148|s2cid=219627051}}</ref> before it withdrew from the organisation in 2003.<ref>{{cite journal| date=January 2004 |title=Editorial: CHOGM 2003, Abuja, Nigeria |journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=93|issue=373|pages=3–6|doi=10.1080/0035853042000188139|s2cid=219624427 }}</ref> On 15 May 2018, Zimbabwe applied to rejoin the Commonwealth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/zimbabwe-applies-rejoin-commonwealth-180522062016470.html|title=Zimbabwe applies to rejoin Commonwealth|date=22 May 2018|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522125429/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/05/zimbabwe-applies-rejoin-commonwealth-180522062016470.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The declaration of a Republic in [[Fiji]] in 1987, after [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|military coups]] designed to deny [[Indo-Fijians]] political power, was not accompanied by an application to remain. Commonwealth membership was held to have lapsed until 1997, after discriminatory provisions in the republican constitution were repealed and reapplication for membership made.<ref name="Fiji suspended"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=140761 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101052757/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=140761 |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2004 |title=Fiji Rejoins the Commonwealth |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |date=30 September 1997 |access-date=1 September 2009 }}</ref> Fiji has since been suspended twice, with the first imposed from 6 June 2000<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ingram|first=Derek|author-link=Derek Ingram (journalist)|date=July 2000|title=Commonwealth Update|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=89|issue=355|pages=311–55|doi=10.1080/00358530050083406|s2cid=219626283}}</ref> to 20 December 2001 after [[2000 Fijian coup d'état|another coup]].<ref name="Apr 2002"/> Fiji was suspended yet again in December 2006, following [[2006 Fijian coup d'état|the most recent coup]]. At first, the suspension applied only to membership on the Councils of the Commonwealth.<ref name="Fiji suspended">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/213088/010909fijisuspended.htm |title=Fiji Suspended from the Commonwealth |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |date=1 September 2009 |access-date=1 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904153829/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/34580/213088/010909fijisuspended.htm |archive-date=4 September 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Fiji suspension 2006">{{cite news|title=Fiji suspended from Commonwealth|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6161587.stm|work=BBC News|date=8 December 2006|access-date=1 February 2009|archive-date=19 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119181425/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6161587.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> After failing to meet a Commonwealth deadline for setting a date for national elections by 2010, Fiji was "fully suspended" on 1 September 2009.<ref name="Fiji suspended"/><ref name="Fiji suspension 2006"/> The secretary-general of the Commonwealth, [[Kamalesh Sharma]], confirmed that full suspension meant that Fiji would be excluded from Commonwealth meetings, [[Commonwealth Games|sporting events]] and the technical assistance programme (with an exception for assistance in re-establishing democracy). Sharma stated that Fiji would remain a member of the Commonwealth during its suspension, but would be excluded from emblematic representation by the secretariat.<ref name="Fiji suspended"/> On 19 March 2014 Fiji's full suspension was amended to a suspension from councils of the Commonwealth by the Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group, permitting Fiji to join a number of Commonwealth activities, including the Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{cite web |title=Foreign & Commonwealth Office Minister welcomes Commonwealth statement on Fiji |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-commonwealth-office-minister-welcomes-commonwealth-statement-on-fiji |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002083406/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-commonwealth-office-minister-welcomes-commonwealth-statement-on-fiji |archive-date=2 October 2020 |access-date=31 July 2014 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> Fiji's suspension was lifted in September 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/press-release/fiji-rejoins-commonwealth-full-member|title=Fiji rejoins Commonwealth as a full member|publisher=The Commonwealth|date=26 September 2014|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-date=1 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901024106/http://thecommonwealth.org/media/press-release/fiji-rejoins-commonwealth-full-member|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group fully reinstated Fiji as a member following [[2014 Fijian general election|elections in September 2014]].<ref>{{cite news|author-first1=Nasik|author-last1= Swami|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=281480|title=We're back|work=Fiji Times|date=28 September 2014|access-date=28 September 2014|archive-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210201056/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=281480|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most recently, during 2013 and 2014, international pressure mounted to suspend Sri Lanka from the Commonwealth, citing grave human rights violations by the government of President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]]. There were also calls to change the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2013]] from Sri Lanka to another member country. Canadian prime minister [[Stephen Harper]] threatened to boycott the event, but was instead represented at the meeting by [[Deepak Obhrai]]. UK prime minister [[David Cameron]] also chose to attend.<ref>{{Cite news|author-first1=David |author-last1=Miliband|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/11/britain-human-rights-sri-lanka|title=Britain must stand up for human rights in Sri Lanka|date=11 March 2013|access-date=18 April 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-date=21 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421121545/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/mar/11/britain-human-rights-sri-lanka|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author-first1=Mike |author-last1=Blanchfield|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/harper-rebukes-sri-lanka-over-jurists-dismissal-as-talk-of-summit-boycott-heats-up/article7341673|title=Harper rebukes Sri Lanka over jurist's dismissal as talk of summit boycott heats up|work=The Globe and Mail|date=14 January 2013|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=24 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524092528/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/harper-rebukes-sri-lanka-over-jurists-dismissal-as-talk-of-summit-boycott-heats-up/article7341673/|url-status=live}}</ref> These concerns were rendered moot by [[2015 Sri Lankan presidential election|the election]] of opposition leader [[Maithripala Sirisena]] as president in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/world/south-central-asia/sirisena-sri-lanka-new-president|title=Sirisena sworn in as Sri Lanka's new president|website=Rappler|date=9 January 2015|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031150116/https://www.rappler.com/world/south-central-asia/sirisena-sri-lanka-new-president|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Withdrawal and termination===
{{See also|Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations#Former members|Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations#Dissolved members}}
As membership is purely voluntary, member governments can choose at any time to leave the Commonwealth. The first state to do so was Ireland in 1949 following its decision to [[The Republic of Ireland Act 1948|declare itself a republic]], although it had not participated in the Commonwealth since 1932. At the time, all members accepted the [[British monarchy|British monarch]] as head of state as a condition of membership. This rule was changed after Ireland's departure to allow [[India]] to retain membership when it became a republic in 1950, although Ireland did not rejoin. Now, the majority of the Commonwealth members, including all those from Africa, are republics or have their own native monarch.

[[Pakistan]] left on 30 January 1972 in protest at the Commonwealth's recognition of breakaway Bangladesh, but rejoined on 2 August 1989. Zimbabwe's membership was suspended in 2002 on the grounds of [[Human rights in Zimbabwe|alleged human rights violations]] and deliberate misgovernment, and Zimbabwe's government terminated its membership in 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/35505/zimbabwes_withdrawal_from_the_commonwealth.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705162909/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/press/31555/34582/35505/zimbabwes_withdrawal_from_the_commonwealth.htm|url-status=dead|title=Commonwealth website confirms Zimbabwe "terminated" its membership with effect from 7 December 2003|archive-date=5 July 2008}}</ref> The Gambia left the Commonwealth on 3 October 2013,<ref name="thecommonwealth.org" /> and rejoined on 8 February 2018.<ref name="gambia">{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth|title=The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth|date=8 February 2018|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-date=14 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714083101/http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Maldives withdrew from the Commonwealth on 13 October 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-statement-maldives-decision-leave-commonwealth|title=The Commonwealth Secretariat|date=13 October 2016|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-date=17 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517085315/https://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/secretary-general-statement-maldives-decision-leave-commonwealth|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mfa">{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.mv/v2/en/media-center/news/article/1999 |title=The Maldives decides to leave the Commonwealth; commits to continue with its international engagement |publisher=Maldivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=13 October 2016 |access-date=13 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060506/http://www.foreign.gov.mv/v2/en/media-center/news/article/1999 |archive-date=14 October 2016 }}</ref> citing the Commonwealth's "punitive actions against the Maldives since 2012" after the allegedly forced resignation of Maldivian President [[Mohamed Nasheed]] among the reasons for withdrawal.<ref name="mfa"/> Following the election of [[Ibrahim Mohamed Solih]] as president in November 2018, the Maldives announced its intention to reapply to join the Commonwealth.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/maldives-to-rejoin-commonwealth-of-former-british-colonies-1.793718|title=Maldives to rejoin Commonwealth of former British colonies|date=20 November 2018|work=The National|access-date=23 November 2018|language=en|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162202/https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/maldives-to-rejoin-commonwealth-of-former-british-colonies-1.793718|url-status=live}}</ref> It rejoined on 1 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/maldives-rejoins-commonwealth-as-united-kingdom-leaves-european-union/article30712478.ece|title = Maldives rejoins Commonwealth after over three years|newspaper = The Hindu|date = February 2020|last1 = Srinivasan|first1 = Meera|access-date = 31 October 2021|archive-date = 31 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211031132756/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/maldives-rejoins-commonwealth-as-united-kingdom-leaves-european-union/article30712478.ece|url-status = live}}</ref>[[File:Mandela voting in 1994.jpg|thumb|Having left the Commonwealth in 1961 over its [[apartheid]] policies, [[South Africa]] was readmitted in 1994 following [[1994 South African general election|non-racial elections]].]]

No country has been formally expelled from the Commonwealth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Withdrawals and Suspension |url=https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/commonwealth/commonwealth-membership/withdrawals-and-suspension/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |website=Commonwealth Network |language=en-US}}</ref> However, South Africa's application to remain a member of the organisation after becoming a republic in 1961 was effectively blocked due to hostility from many members, particularly those in Africa and Asia as well as Canada, to [[apartheid]]. The South African government withdrew its application when it became clear at the [[1961 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference]] that it would be rejected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa withdraws from the Commonwealth |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/south-africa-withdraws-commonwealth |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> South Africa was re-admitted to the Commonwealth in 1994, following its [[1994 South African general election|first multiracial elections]] that year. The Commonwealth provided technical assistance and training for a peacekeeping force prior to election, with Commonwealth observers significantly present during the election itself.<ref>{{cite book|author=Commonwealth Observer Group|title=The National and Provincial Elections in South Africa, 2 June 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOVHuLGt-YwC&pg=PA7|year=1999|page=7|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|isbn=978-0-85092-626-2|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164807/https://books.google.com/books?id=vOVHuLGt-YwC&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong]] in 1997 ended the territory's status as a part of the Commonwealth through the United Kingdom. Non-sovereign states or regions are not permitted to become members of the Commonwealth. The government of China has not pursued membership. Hong Kong has nevertheless continued to participate in some of the organisations of the [[Commonwealth Family]], such as the [[Commonwealth Lawyers Association]] (hosted the Commonwealth Lawyers Conference in 1983 and 2009), the [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] (and the Westminster Seminar on Parliamentary Practice and Procedures), the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]] and the Commonwealth Association of Legislative Counsel,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.opc.gov.au/calc/constit.htm |title=Office of Parliamentary Counsel – CALC – Constitution & Membership |date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311223653/http://www.opc.gov.au/calc/constit.htm |archive-date=11 March 2011 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.opc.gov.au/calc/docs/LDOs.pdf |website=OPC.gov.au |title=Legislative drafting offices in which there are CALC members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311234928/http://www.opc.gov.au/calc/docs/LDOs.pdf |archive-date=11 March 2011 }}</ref> as well as the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] (CWGC).

==Politics==

===Objectives and activities===
The Commonwealth's objectives were first outlined in the 1971 [[Singapore Declaration]], which committed the Commonwealth to the institution of [[world peace]]; promotion of [[representative democracy]] and [[individual liberty]]; the pursuit of equality and opposition to racism; the fight against poverty, ignorance, and disease; and [[free trade]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/sites/default/files/history-items/documents/Singapore%20Declaration.pdf|date=22 January 1971|title=Singapore Declaration of Commonwealth Principles 1971|access-date=15 November 2013|work=thecommonwealth.org|publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223804/http://thecommonwealth.org/sites/default/files/history-items/documents/Singapore%20Declaration.pdf|archive-date=2 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> To these were added opposition to discrimination on the basis of sex by the [[Lusaka Declaration]] of 1979,<ref name="Singapore Declaration text">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/34293/35468/35776/lusaka.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930123038/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/document/34293/35468/35776/lusaka.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 September 2006|title=Lusaka Declaration on Racism and Racial Prejudice|access-date=3 April 2008|date=7 August 1979|publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] }}</ref> and [[environmental sustainability]] by the [[Langkawi Declaration]] of 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpages.net.my/node/4|title=Langkawi Declaration on the Environment|access-date=3 April 2008|date=21 October 1989|publisher=USM Regional Center of Expertise in Education for Sustainable Development|archive-date=16 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416202526/http://www.greenpages.net.my/node/4|url-status=dead}}</ref> These objectives were reinforced by the [[Harare Declaration]] in 1991.<ref>Patel, Hasu (2000), "Southern Africa and democracy, in the light of the Harare declaration." ''The Round Table'' 89.357: 585–592.</ref>

The Commonwealth's highest-priority aims concern the promotion of democracy and development, as outlined in the 2003 [[Aso Rock|Aso Rock Declaration]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150952/our_work |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060820140553/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150952/our_work/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2006 |title=Our Work |access-date=3 April 2008 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] }}</ref> which built on those in Singapore and Harare and clarified their terms of reference, stating, "We are committed to democracy, good governance, human rights, gender equality, and a more equitable sharing of the benefits of globalisation."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7BE7A2A23D-FD9F-418B-B2D4-CC39FFD2FEF2%7D_Aso%20Rock%20Declaration.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613105849/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/shared_asp_files/uploadedfiles/%7BE7A2A23D-FD9F-418B-B2D4-CC39FFD2FEF2%7D_Aso%20Rock%20Declaration.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 June 2006 |title=Aso Rock Commonwealth Declaration |access-date=3 April 2008 |date=8 December 2003 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] }}</ref>

===Competence===
In October 2010, a leaked memo from the Secretary General instructing staff not to speak out on human rights was published, leading to accusations that the Commonwealth was not being vocal enough on its core values.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/oct/08/commonwealth-human-rights-leaked-document|title=Commonwealth has abandoned human rights commitment – leaked memo|first1=Julian|last1=Borger|date=8 October 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=14 December 2016|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929032835/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2010/oct/08/commonwealth-human-rights-leaked-document|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011]] considered a report by a [[Commonwealth Eminent Persons Group]] (EPG) panel which asserted that the organisation had lost its relevance and was decaying due to the lack of a mechanism to censure member countries when they violated human rights or democratic norms.<ref name=star30/> The panel made 106 "urgent" recommendations including the adoption of a Charter of the Commonwealth, the creation of a new commissioner on the rule of law, democracy and human rights to track persistent human rights abuses and allegations of political repression by Commonwealth member states, recommendations for the repeal of [[LGBT rights by country or territory|laws against homosexuality]] in 41 Commonwealth states and a ban on [[forced marriage]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Cheadle|first=Bruce|title=Commonwealth leaders still haggling over human rights reforms|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1078175--commonwealth-leaders-still-haggling-over-human-rights-reforms?bn=1|access-date=29 October 2011|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=29 October 2011|archive-date=28 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328053107/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/politics/article/1078175--commonwealth-leaders-still-haggling-over-human-rights-reforms?bn=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2011Meeting>{{cite news|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|title=Commonwealth leaders under fire for refusing to publish human rights report|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/29/commonwealth-meeting-human-rights-disgrace|access-date=29 October 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 October 2011|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816202352/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/29/commonwealth-meeting-human-rights-disgrace|url-status=live}}</ref> The failure to release the report, or accept its recommendations for reforms in the area of human rights, democracy and the rule of law, was described as a "disgrace" by former British foreign secretary [[Malcolm Rifkind]], a member of the EPG, who told a press conference: "The Commonwealth faces a very significant problem. It's not a problem of hostility or antagonism, it's more of a problem of indifference. Its purpose is being questioned, its relevance is being questioned and part of that is because its commitment to enforce the values for which it stands is becoming ambiguous in the eyes of many member states. The Commonwealth is not a private club of the governments or the secretariat. It belongs to the people of the Commonwealth."<ref name=2011Meeting/>

In the end, two-thirds of the EPG's 106 urgently recommended reforms were referred to study groups, an act described by one EPG member as having them "kicked into the long grass". There was no agreement to create the recommended position of human rights commissioner, instead a ministerial management group was empowered with enforcement: the group includes alleged human rights offenders. It was agreed to develop a charter of values for the Commonwealth without any decision on how compliance with its principles would be enforced.<ref name=star30>{{cite news|last=Cheadle|first=Bruce|title=Commonwealth leaders agree to develop charter of values and little else|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1078397--commonwealth-leaders-agree-to-develop-charter-of-values-and-little-else?bn=1|access-date=30 October 2011|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=30 October 2011|archive-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323043809/http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1078397--commonwealth-leaders-agree-to-develop-charter-of-values-and-little-else?bn=1|url-status=live}}</ref>

The result of the effort was that a new [[Charter of the Commonwealth]] was signed by Queen Elizabeth II on 11 March 2013 at Marlborough House, which opposes "all forms of discrimination, whether rooted in gender, race, colour, creed, political belief or other grounds".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-to-sign-new-charter-backing-equal-rights-for-gay-people-across-commonwealth-8528587.html|title=Queen to sign new charter backing equal rights for gay people across Commonwealth|publisher=Standard.co.uk|date=11 March 2013|access-date=18 April 2013|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815190412/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-to-sign-new-charter-backing-equal-rights-for-gay-people-across-commonwealth-8528587.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-11/uk/37622297_1_gay-rights-equal-rights-commonwealth-secretary-general-kamalesh-sharma|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-11/uk/37622297_1_gay-rights-equal-rights-commonwealth-secretary-general-kamalesh-sharma|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=Commonwealth charter to focus on gay rights|first=Kounteya|last= Sinha|date=11 March 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2013}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{also|List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP}}
===Economic data by member===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
! Economies of the Commonwealth of Nations 2012 
|-
| style="padding: 0; border: none;" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; margin: 0;"
! rowspan="2"| [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|Member states]]
! rowspan="2"| Population{{UN_Population|ref}} {{small|({{UN_Population|Year}})}}
!colspan=2"|GDP (nominal, US$)
!colspan="2"|GDP (PPP, US$)
|-
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | millions<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
| title = Gross domestic product 2012
| date = 1 July 2013
| publisher = [[World Bank]]
| access-date = 1 July 2013
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130810035505/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf
| archive-date= 10 August 2013 }}</ref>
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | per capita<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
| title = GDP per capita (current US$)
| publisher = [[World Bank]]
| access-date = 1 July 2013
| archive-date = 11 May 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511123254/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | millions<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf
| title = Gross domestic product 2012, PPP
| date = 1 July 2013
| publisher = [[World Bank]]
| access-date = 1 July 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130810005545/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP_PPP.pdf
| archive-date = 10 August 2013
| url-status=live
}}</ref>
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | per capita<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD
| title = GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)
| publisher = [[World Bank]]
| access-date = 1 July 2013
| archive-date = 22 June 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190622102516/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| {{UN_Population|Antigua and Barbuda}}
| 1,176
| 12,480
| 1,778
| 18,492
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Australia}}
| {{UN_Population|Australia}}
| 1,520,608
| 61,789
| 1,008,547
| 41,974
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Bahamas}}
| {{UN_Population|Bahamas}}
| 8,149
| 22,431
| 11,765
| 31,978
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| {{UN_Population|Bangladesh}}
| 115,610
| 743
| 291,299
| 1,777
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Barbados}}
| {{UN_Population|Barbados}}
| 3,685
| 13,453
| —
| —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Belize}}
| {{UN_Population|Belize}}
| 1,448
| 4,059
| 2,381
| 6,672
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Botswana}}
| {{UN_Population|Botswana}}
| 14,411
| 8,533
| 34,038
| 14,746
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Brunei}}
| {{UN_Population|Brunei Darussalam}}
| 16,954
| 40,301
| 21,992
| 51,760
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Cameroon}}
| {{UN_Population|Cameroon}}
| 24,984
| 1,260
| 50,820
| 2,359
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Canada}}
| {{UN_Population|Canada}}
| 1,821,424
| 50,344
| 1,489,165
| 40,420
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Cyprus}}
| {{UN_Population|Cyprus}}
| 22,981
| 30,670
| 26,720
| 32,254
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Dominica}}
| {{UN_Population|Dominica}}
| 480
| 7,154
| 906
| 13,288
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Eswatini}}
| {{UN_Population|Eswatini}}
| 3,747
| 3,831
| 6,458
| 6,053
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Ghana}}
| {{UN_Population|Ghana}}
| 40,710
| 1,570
| 51,943
| 1,871
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Grenada}}
| {{UN_Population|Grenada}}
| 790
| 7,780
| 1,142
| 10,837
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Guyana}}
| {{UN_Population|Guyana}}
| 2,851
| 3,408
| 2,704
| —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|India}}
| {{UN_Population|India}}
| 3,732,224
| 2,171
| 11,468,022
| 7,874
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Jamaica}}
| {{UN_Population|Jamaica}}
| 14,840
| 5,335
| —
| —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Kenya}}
| {{UN_Population|Kenya}}
| 37,229
| 808
| 76,016
| 1,710
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Kiribati}}
| {{UN_Population|Kiribati}}
| 176
| 1,649
| 248
| 2,337
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Lesotho}}
| {{UN_Population|Lesotho}}
| 2,448
| 1,106
| 4,027
| 1,691
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Malawi}}
| {{UN_Population|Malawi}}
| 4,264
| 365
| 14,344
| 893
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Malaysia}}
| {{UN_Population|Malaysia}}
| 303,526
| 9,977
| 501,249
| 16,051
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Maldives}}
| {{UN_Population|Maldives}}
| 2,222
| 6,405
| 3,070
| 8,871
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Malta}}
| {{UN_Population|Malta}}
| 8,722
| 21,380
| 12,138
| 27,504
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Mauritius}}
| {{UN_Population|Mauritius}}
| 10,492
| 8,755
| 20,210
| 14,420
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Mozambique}}
| {{UN_Population|Mozambique}}
| 14,588
| 533
| 25,805
| 975
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Namibia}}
| {{UN_Population|Namibia}}
| 12,807
| 5,383
| 16,918
| 6,801
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Nauru}}
| {{UN_Population|Nauru}}
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|New Zealand}}
| {{UN_Population|New Zealand}}
| 139,768
| 36,254
| 139,640
| 31,082
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Nigeria}}
| {{UN_Population|Nigeria}}
| 262,606
| 1,502
| 449,289
| 2,533
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Pakistan}}
| {{UN_Population|Pakistan}}
| 231,182
| 1,189
| 517,873
| 2,745
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| {{UN_Population|Papua New Guinea}}
| 15,654
| 1,845
| 20,771
| 2,676
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Rwanda}}
| {{UN_Population|Rwanda}}
| 7,103
| 8,874
| 15,517
| 1,282
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| {{UN_Population|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
| 748
| 13,144
| 966
| 17,226
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Saint Lucia}}
| {{UN_Population|Saint Lucia}}
| 1,186
| 7,154
| 2,016
| 11,597
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| {{UN_Population|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| 713
| 6,291
| 1,202
| 10,715
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Samoa}}
| {{UN_Population|Samoa}}
| 677
| 3,485
| 853
| 4,475
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Seychelles}}
| {{UN_Population|Seychelles}}
| 1,032
| 12,321
| 2,371
| 25,788
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Sierra Leone}}
| {{UN_Population|Sierra Leone}}
| 3,796
| 496
| 8,125
| 1,131
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Singapore}}
| {{UN_Population|Singapore}}
| 274,701
| 46,241
| 328,323
| 60,688
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Solomon Islands}}
| {{UN_Population|Solomon Islands}}
| 1,008
| 1,517
| 1,718
| 2,923
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|South Africa}}
| {{UN_Population|South Africa}}
| 384,313
| 8,070
| 585,625
| 10,960
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| {{UN_Population|Sri Lanka}}
| 59,421
| 2,835
| 126,993
| 5,582
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Tanzania}}
| {{UN_Population|United Republic of Tanzania}}
| 28,249
| 532
| 74,269
| 1,512
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Tonga}}
| {{UN_Population|Tonga}}
| 472
| 4,152
| 527
| 4,886
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| {{UN_Population|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| 23,986
| 16,699
| 35,638
| 25,074
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Tuvalu}}
| {{UN_Population|Tuvalu}}
| 37
| 3,636
| —
| —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Uganda}}
| {{UN_Population|Uganda}}
| 19,881
| 487
| 49,130
| 1,345
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| {{UN_Population|United Kingdom}}
| 3,124,650<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report|access-date=31 August 2021|website=IMF|language=en|archive-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407080844/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/April/weo-report|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 38,974
| 3,174,921
| 35,598
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Vanuatu}}
| {{UN_Population|Vanuatu}}
| 785
| 3,094
| 1,139
| 4,379
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Zambia}}
| {{UN_Population|Zambia}}
| 20,678
| 1,425
| 24,096
| 1,621
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Commonwealth of Nations|name=Commonwealth}}
| '''2,418,964,000'''
| '''9,766,209'''
| '''3,844'''
| '''13,119,929'''
| '''4,035'''
|-
|}
|}

===Postwar===
During the Second World War, the British Empire played a major role in supporting British finances. Foreign exchange reserves were pooled in London, to be used to fight the war. In effect, the United Kingdom procured £2.3 billion, of which £1.3 billion was from [[British Raj|British India]]. The debt was held in the form of British government securities and became known as "sterling balances". By 1950, India, Pakistan, and Ceylon had spent much of their sterling, while other countries accumulated more. The sterling area included all of the Commonwealth except for Canada, together with some smaller countries especially in the Persian Gulf. They held their foreign-exchange in sterling, protecting that currency from runs and facilitating trade and investment inside the Commonwealth. It was a formal relationship with fixed exchange rates, periodic meetings at Commonwealth summits to coordinate trade policy, and domestic economic policies. The United Kingdom ran a trade surplus, and the other countries were mostly producers of raw materials sold to the United Kingdom. The commercial rationale was gradually less attractive to the Commonwealth; however, access to the growing London capital market remained an important advantage to the newly independent nations. As the United Kingdom moved increasingly close to Europe, however, the long-term ties began to be in doubt.<ref>Catherine R. Schenk, "Britain in the world economy." in Paul Addison and Harriet Jones, eds., ''A Companion to Contemporary Britain: 1939–2000'' (2005): 436–481, esp. 469-71.</ref>

====UK joins the European Economic Community====
By 1961, with a sluggish economy, the United Kingdom attempted to join the [[European Economic Community]], but this was repeatedly vetoed by [[Charles de Gaulle]].<ref>Alan S. Milward, ''The rise and fall of a national strategy, 1945–1963'' (2002).</ref> [[Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities|Entry]] was finally achieved in 1973. Queen Elizabeth was one of the few remaining links between the UK and the Commonwealth. Historian [[Ben Pimlott]] argues that joining Europe "constituted the most decisive step yet in the progress of severance of familial ties between the United Kingdom and its former Empire... It reduced the remaining links to sentimental and cultural ones, and legal niceties."<ref>{{cite book|author-first1=Ben |author-last1=Pimlott|title=The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkhSn5Fi7c4C|date=1998|page=416|publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-28330-0}}</ref>

The newly independent countries of Africa and Asia concentrated on their own internal political and economic development, and sometimes their role in the [[Cold War]]. The United States, international agencies, and the Soviet Union became important players, and the British role receded. While there was opposition to British entry into the EEC from many countries, such as Australia, others preferred the economic advantages brought by British access to the Common Market.<ref>{{cite book|author-first1=Gill |author-last1=Bennett|title=Six Moments of Crisis: Inside British Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1_EUTmXbDwC&pg=PP87|date=2013|page=87|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-164163-3|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330171246/https://books.google.com/books?id=m1_EUTmXbDwC&pg=PP87|url-status=live}}</ref> The historic ties between the former dominion nations and the United Kingdom were rapidly fraying. The Canadian economy increasingly focused on trade with the United States, and not on trade with the United Kingdom or other Commonwealth nations. Internal Canadian disputes revolved around the growing American cultural and economic presence, and the strong force of [[Quebec nationalism]]. In 1964, the [[Flag of Canada|Maple Leaf flag]] replaced the [[Canadian Red Ensign|Canadian Ensign]], with Gregory Johnson describing it as "the last gasp of empire".<ref>Gregory A. Johnson, "The Last Gasp of Empire: The 1964 Flag Debate Revisited", in Phillip Buckner, ed., ''Canada and the End of Empire'' (University of British Columbia Press, 2005), p. 6.</ref> Australia and New Zealand were generally opposed to the United Kingdom's entry and exerted considerable influence on the eventual terms of accession in 1972, for which the United Kingdom agreed to transitional arrangements and monetary compensation to protect important export markets.<ref>Andrea Benvenuti, {{"'}}Layin' Low and Sayin' Nuffin': Australia's Policy towards Britain's Second Bid to Join the European Economic Community (1966–67)" ''Australian Economic History Review'' 46#2 (2006): 155–175.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Bruce |last=Brown |title=New Zealand in World Affairs: 1972–1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pRHIw8R0-kC&pg=PA23 |date=1977 |publisher=Victoria UP |page=23 |isbn=978-0-86473-372-6 |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330153527/https://books.google.com/books?id=-pRHIw8R0-kC&pg=PA23 |url-status=live }}</ref> Russell Ward summarises the period in economic terms:<ref>Russell Ward, ''A Nation for a Continent: the history of Australia, 1901–1975'' (1977) p 343</ref><blockquote>In fact the United Kingdom, as Australia's chief trading partner, was being very rapidly replaced just at this time by the United States and an economically resurgent Japan, but most people were scarcely aware of this.... It was feared that British entry into the Common Market was bound to mean abolition, or at least scaling down, of preferential tariff arrangements for Australians goods.</blockquote>

===Trade===
{{further|Commonwealth free trade}}

Research by the [[Royal Commonwealth Society]] in 2010 showed that Commonwealth countries imported 50 per cent more on average from others in the bloc, and exported an average of 38 per cent more. Smaller and less wealthy states have a higher propensity to trade within the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thercs.org/assets/Uploads/Trading-Places-the-Commonwealth-effect-revisited.pdf|title=Trading Places: The "Commonwealth effect" revisited, p. 9.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704235738/https://thercs.org/assets/Uploads/Trading-Places-the-Commonwealth-effect-revisited.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In 2024 alone, two years after Togo joined the association, its trade with Britain increased by 94 per cent.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

At the 2005 summit in Malta, the heads of government endorsed pursuing free trade among Commonwealth members on a bilateral basis.<ref name="VallettaStatement">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/190628/163075/147476/valletta_statement_on_multilateral_trade.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415225827/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/news/190628/163075/147476/valletta_statement_on_multilateral_trade.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2013 |title=Commonwealth Secretariat – Valletta Statement on Multilateral Trade |publisher=Thecommonwealth.org |date=26 November 2005 |access-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> In 2025, Commonwealth Secretary-General [[Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey]] endorsed the ultimate creation of a Commonwealth free trade area.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhED5_FVx8s |title=Shirley Botchwey, Commonwealth Secretary General interview with the BBC |date=2025-06-26 |last= |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |others=Interview by BBC News |access-date=2025-07-01 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Following its [[Brexit|vote in June 2016]] to leave the [[European Union]],<ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2012 |title=The role and future of the Commonwealth |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/114/114.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126164617/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmselect/cmfaff/114/114.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2012 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=House of Commons}}</ref> some in the United Kingdom suggested the Commonwealth as an alternative to its EU [[Member state of the European Union|membership]], and the government sought to increase trade within the association.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Milne |first=Ian |title=Time to say no: alternatives to EU membership |date=2011 |publisher=Civitas |isbn=978-1-906837-32-7 |location=London |oclc=760992166}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Thomas |date=2 July 2021 |title=Renewing the UK's trading relationship with Commonwealth countries |url=https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/renewing-the-uks-trading-relationship-with-commonwealth-countries/ |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=House of Lords Library}}</ref> It was far from clear that this would offer sufficient economic benefit to replace trade with the EU, or that it would be acceptable to other member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2017/02/commonwealth-global-britain-sounds-nostalgia-something-else|title=To the Commonwealth, "Global Britain" sounds like nostalgia for something else|work=New Statesman 28th February 2017|date=25 February 2017|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905004925/http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2017/02/commonwealth-global-britain-sounds-nostalgia-something-else|url-status=live}}</ref> Britain's first newly-negotiated trade deal was the [[Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement]], signed in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2021 |title=UK and Australia in first post-Brexit trade deal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57478412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615141402/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57478412 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |access-date=15 June 2021 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2021 |title=Australia trade deal will not hit UK farmers, says Liz Truss |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57478412 |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616090913/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57478412 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2022 |title=Australia signs UK free trade deal, scrapping import tariffs and opening British jobs market |work=[[ABC News Australia]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-17/australia-signs-free-trade-agreement-united-kingdom/100706992 |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219002156/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-17/australia-signs-free-trade-agreement-united-kingdom/100706992 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, ten per cent of British exports went to the Commonwealth, whilst eight per cent of its imports were from Commonwealth countries; India was the most significant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Matthew |date=13 December 2024 |title=Statistics on UK trade with the Commonwealth |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8282/CBP-8282.pdf |access-date=26 November 2025 |publisher=House of Commons Library |pages=10, 12}}</ref>

Canada exempts most goods from the [[Commonwealth Caribbean]], consisting of Commonwealth countries and British Overseas Territories in the region, from import duties.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=Canada's unilateral tariff preference programs for imports from developing countries |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-finance/programs/international-trade-finance-policy/canadas-unilateral-tariff-preference-programs-for-imports-from-developing-countries.html |access-date=19 March 2025 |website= |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref>

==Commonwealth Family==
[[File:UCT Upper Campus landscape view.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Cape Town]], a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]]]]
{{main|Commonwealth Family}}

Commonwealth countries share many links outside government, with various non-governmental organisations, notably for sport, culture, education, law, and charity claiming to operate on a Commonwealth-wide basis. Some, such as [[Sight Savers International]] and the [[English-Speaking Union]], also operate outside the Commonwealth, though their operations began and largely remain within the association.<ref name="Commonwealth Family2">{{cite web |title=Commonwealth Family |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/151814/commonwealth_family/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831143745/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/151814/commonwealth_family/ |archive-date=31 August 2007 |access-date=29 July 2007 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]}}</ref>

The Commonwealth Secretariat regulates formal accreditation with the Commonwealth through its Accreditation Committee. The admittance criteria includes upholding a commitment to the Commonwealth Charter. Formally accredited organisations include the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], which manages the [[Commonwealth Scholarship]] allowing students to study in other Commonwealth countries, and the [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] which links together over 180 Commonwealth parliaments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of accredited organisations |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/organisations-directory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325041630/https://thecommonwealth.org/organisations-directory |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |website= |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat}}</ref>

===Commonwealth Foundation===
{{main|Commonwealth Foundation}}

The [[Commonwealth Foundation]] is an intergovernmental organisation, resourced by and reporting to Commonwealth governments, and guided by Commonwealth values and priorities. Its mandate is to strengthen civil society in the achievement of Commonwealth priorities: democracy and good governance, respect for human rights and gender equality, poverty eradication, people-centred and sustainable development, and to promote arts and culture.<ref name="CF About" />

The Foundation was established in 1965 by the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government|Heads of Government]]. Admittance is open to all members of the Commonwealth, and in December 2008, stood at 46 out of the 53 member countries. Associate Membership, which is open to associated states or overseas territories of member governments, has been granted to Gibraltar. 2005 saw celebrations for the Foundation's 40th Anniversary. The Foundation is headquartered in [[Marlborough House]], [[Pall Mall, London]]. Regular liaison and co-operation between the Secretariat and the Foundation is in place. The Foundation continues to serve the broad purposes for which it was established as written in the Memorandum of Understanding.<ref name="CF About">{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthfoundation.com/about/index.cfm |title=Commonwealth Foundation – About Us |date=5 January 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060105094948/http://www.commonwealthfoundation.com/about/index.cfm |archive-date=5 January 2006 }}</ref>

===Commonwealth Games===
{{main|Commonwealth Games}}

[[File:Rugby melbourne commonwealth games.jpg|thumb|The [[Commonwealth Games]] are the third-largest multi-sport event in the world, bringing together globally popular sports and peculiarly "Commonwealth" sports, such as [[rugby sevens]], shown here at the [[2006 Commonwealth Games|2006 Games]] in [[Melbourne]].|220x220px]]
The Commonwealth Games, a [[multi-sport event]], is held every four years; the [[2018 Commonwealth Games]] were held in Gold Coast, Australia, [[2022 Commonwealth Games]] in Birmingham and [[2026 Commonwealth Games]] in Glasgow. As well as the usual athletic disciplines, as at the [[Summer Olympic Games]], the games include sports particularly popular in the Commonwealth, such as [[bowls]], [[netball]], and [[rugby sevens]]. Started in 1930 as the Empire Games, the games were founded on the Olympic model of [[amateurism]], but were deliberately designed to be "the Friendly Games",<ref name="A Commonwealth of Values">{{cite journal|last=McKinnon|first=Don|author-link=Don McKinnon|date=February 2008|title=A Commonwealth of Values: a Commonwealth of incomparable value|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=97|issue=394|pages=19–28|doi=10.1080/00358530801890561|s2cid=153395786}}</ref> with the goal of promoting relations between Commonwealth countries and celebrating their shared sporting and cultural heritage.<ref name="Commonwealth Games and Art Festival">{{cite journal| date=July 2002 |title=Commonwealth Games and Art Festival|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=91|issue=365|pages=293–296|doi=10.1080/0035853022000010308|s2cid=219624041}}</ref>

The games are the Commonwealth's most visible activity<ref name="A Commonwealth of Values"/> and interest in the operation of the Commonwealth increases greatly when the Games are held.<ref>{{cite journal|last=McDougall|first=Derek|date=July 2005|title=Australia and the Commonwealth|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=94|issue=380|pages=339–349|doi=10.1080/00358530500175033|s2cid=154343051}}</ref> There is controversy over whether the games—and sport generally—should be involved in the Commonwealth's wider political concerns.<ref name="Commonwealth Games and Art Festival"/> The 1977 [[Gleneagles Agreement]] was signed to commit Commonwealth countries to combat [[apartheid]] through discouraging sporting contact with South Africa (which was not then a member), while the [[1986 Commonwealth Games|1986 games]] were boycotted by most African, Asian, and Caribbean countries for the failure of other countries to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Muda|first=Muhammad|date=April 1998|title=The significance of the Commonwealth Games in Malaysia's foreign policy|journal=[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]|volume=87|issue=346|pages=211–226|doi=10.1080/00358539808454416|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Commonwealth Youth Games===
{{main|Commonwealth Youth Games}}

The [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] is the youth version of the Commonwealth Games and it is aimed at younger athletes aged between 14 and 18 years. The [[2000 Commonwealth Youth Games]] was the inaugural edition of the Commonwealth Youth Games, first held in Edinburgh, Scotland.

The [[2023 Commonwealth Youth Games|most recent edition]] of the games was held in 2023 in Trinidad and Tobago.

===Commonwealth War Graves Commission===
{{main|Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}

[[File:Azmak Cemetery, Gallipoli Peninsula.JPG|thumb|The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] commemorates 1.7 million Commonwealth war dead and maintains 2,500 war cemeteries around the world, including this one in [[Gallipoli]].|220x220px]]
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is responsible for maintaining the [[war grave]]s of 1.7 million service personnel who died in the First and Second World Wars fighting for Commonwealth member states. Founded in 1917 (as the Imperial War Graves Commission), the commission has constructed 2,500 [[war cemetery|war cemeteries]], and maintains individual graves at another 20,000 sites around the world.<ref name="Ten Key Things About War Graves">{{cite news|title=Ten Key Things About War Graves|first=Annie|last=Dare|newspaper=[[The Observer]]|date=15 October 2000|page=29}}</ref> The vast majority of the latter are civilian cemeteries in the United Kingdom. In 1998, the CWGC made the records of its buried available online to facilitate easier searching.<ref name="Millions trace war dead on Internet">{{cite news|title=Millions trace war dead on Internet|first=Michael|last=Binyon|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=22 January 1999|page=3}}</ref>

Commonwealth war cemeteries often feature similar [[horticulture]] and architecture, with larger cemeteries being home to a [[Cross of Sacrifice]] and [[Stone of Remembrance]]. The CWGC is notable for marking the graves identically, regardless of the rank, country of origin, race, or religion of the buried.<ref name="Millions trace war dead on Internet"/>{{NoteTag|Each headstone contains the national emblem or regimental badge, rank, name, unit, date of death and age of each casualty inscribed above an appropriate religious symbol and a more personal dedication chosen by relatives.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cemeteries of the Great War By Sir Edwin Lutyens |first=Jeroen |last=Geurst |year=2010 |publisher=010 Publishers |isbn=978-90-6450-715-1}}</ref>}} It is funded by voluntary agreement by six Commonwealth members, in proportion to the nationality of the casualties in the graves maintained,<ref name="Ten Key Things About War Graves" /> with 75 per cent of the funding coming from the United Kingdom.<ref name="Millions trace war dead on Internet"/>

===Commonwealth of Learning===
{{Main|Commonwealth of Learning}}

The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government|heads of government]] to encourage the development and sharing of open learning/distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. COL is helping developing nations improve access to quality education and training.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.col.org/about/|title=About the Commonwealth of Learning|access-date=11 April 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411163836/https://www.col.org/about/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Commonwealth Local Government Forum ===
{{Main|Commonwealth Local Government Forum}}

The Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF) is a global local government organisation, bringing together local authorities, their national associations and the ministries responsible for local government in the member countries of the Commonwealth. CLGF works with national and [[local government]]s to support the development of [[Democracy|democratic values]] and good local governance and is the associated organisation officially recognised by [[Commonwealth Heads of Government]] as the representative body for local government in the Commonwealth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/organisation/commonwealth-local-government-forum-clgf|title=Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF) {{!}} The Commonwealth|website=thecommonwealth.org|date=31 July 2013|language=en|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-date=1 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201155851/http://thecommonwealth.org/organisation/commonwealth-local-government-forum-clgf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

CLGF is unique in bringing together central, provincial and local spheres of government involved in local government policy and decision-making. CLGF members include local government associations, individual local authorities, ministries dealing with local government, and research and professional organisations who work with local government. Practitioner to practitioner support is at the core of CLGF's work across the Commonwealth and within the region, using CLGF's own members to support others both within and between regions. CLGF is a member of the Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments, the formal partner of the UN Major Group of Local Authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gtf2016.org/about-us|title=Global Taskforce of Local and Regional Governments|website=globaltaskforce|access-date=23 February 2017|archive-date=11 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111201233/http://www.gtf2016.org/about-us|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{See also|British culture}}
Commonwealth countries share a common culture which includes the English language, sports, legal systems, education and government. These commonalities are the result of the association's heritage, having developed out of the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Commonwealth |url=https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/peace-rights-and-security/the-commonwealth/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade |language=en-NZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Representation in the Commonwealth |url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/uk-representation-in-the-commonwealth |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> Symbols of the Commonwealth include the [[Flag of the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth Flag]] and [[Commonwealth Day]]. [[Remembrance Day]] is commemorated across the Commonwealth.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Remembrance |url=https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/outreach/remembrance/ |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Commonwealth War Graces Commission |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembrance Day vs ANZAC Day explained |url=https://remembertoremember.com.au/blog/remembrance-day-vs-anzac-day-explained?dicbo=v4-9816lox-1076708621 |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=RSL Australia |language=en}}</ref> Celebrations for [[Guy Fawkes Night]] take place in some countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Slater |first=Jack |date=29 October 2022 |title=Do any other countries celebrate Bonfire Night? |url=https://metro.co.uk/2022/10/29/is-bonfire-night-only-in-the-uk-17662141/ |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Metro |language=en}}</ref>

Regarding the British identity of the Commonwealth, Kenyan academic [[Ali Mazrui]] posited, "in the ultimate analysis, what could a New Zealander have in common with a Jamaican or a Zambian, if not the bonds of a shared British-ness?"<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mazrui |first1=Ali Al Amin |title=Anglo-African Commonwealth |last2=Taylor |first2=D. |last3=Bradley |first3=Kenneth |date=1967 |publisher=Pergamon |isbn=978-0-08-012253-3 |pages=40–41}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=J. D. B. |title=Survey of Commonwealth affairs: problems of expansion 1953-1969 |date=1974 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-214999-2 |location=London New York Toronto |pages=434}}</ref><ref name=":7" />{{rp|62}}

===Sport===
[[File:Gahanga cricket stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Rwanda Cricket Stadium]], Kigali, Rwanda. Commonwealth membership has been credited with popularising the game in the country, which was never in the British Empire.]]

Many Commonwealth nations play similar sports that are considered quintessentially British in character, rooted in and developed under British rule or hegemony, including [[cricket]], [[association football]], [[rugby football|rugby]], [[field hockey]] and [[netball]]. These ties are particularly strong between the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa across [[rugby union]], cricket, netball, and field hockey, with Australia in [[rugby league]], with the Caribbean nations in cricket and netball, and with the Indian subcontinent [[Cricket in the Indian subcontinent|in cricket]] and hockey. Canada, by contrast, is dominated by North American sports, including baseball instead of cricket, basketball rather than netball, ice hockey rather than field hockey and Canadian football, rather than rugby union or league. Canada does, however, maintain small enthusiastic communities in all the more traditional Commonwealth sports, having reached the World Cup in each of them, and is the homeplace of the [[Commonwealth Games]], hosting the [[1930 British Empire Games|inaugural edition in Hamilton]] in 1930.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Perkin|first=Harold|date=September 1989|title=Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British Empire and Commonwealth |journal=International Journal of the History of Sport|volume=6|issue=2|pages=145–155|doi=10.1080/09523368908713685}}</ref>

This shared sporting landscape has led to the development of friendly national rivalries between the main sporting nations that have often defined their relations with each other, and in the cases of India, Australia and New Zealand, have played a major part in defining their emerging national character (in cricket, rugby league and rugby union). Indeed, said rivalries preserved close ties by providing a constant in international relationships, even as the Empire transformed into the Commonwealth.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Michael|last=Dawson|date=February 2006|title=Acting global, thinking local: 'Liquid imperialism' and the multiple meanings of the 1954 British Empire & Commonwealth Games|journal=International Journal of the History of Sport|volume=23|issue=1|pages=3–27|doi=10.1080/09523360500386419|doi-access=free}}</ref> Externally, playing these sports is seen to be a sign of sharing a certain Commonwealth culture; the adoption of [[Rwanda Cricket Association|cricket at schools in Rwanda]] was viewed as symbolic of the country's move towards Commonwealth membership.<ref>{{cite news|last=Clayton|first=Jonathan|title=Schoolboy cricketers bat their way to a place in the Commonwealth|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article2903598.ece|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=20 November 2007|access-date=27 March 2009|location=London|archive-date=8 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008004746/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article2903598.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mike |last=Pflanz|title=Rwanda in drive to join Commonwealth|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1558285/Rwanda-in-drive-to-join-Commonwealth.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1558285/Rwanda-in-drive-to-join-Commonwealth.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 July 2007|access-date=27 March 2009|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Rwanda's membership of the Commonwealth was credited with helping to popularise the sport domestically, with both men and women playing it in orphanages, schools, universities and cricket clubs.<ref name="Duncan">{{cite book |last=Duncan |first=Isabelle |title=Skirting the Boundary: A History of Women's Cricket |publisher=Robson Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781849545464 |location=London}}</ref>

The Commonwealth Games alongside the youth version, a quadrennial multi-sports event held in the middle year of an [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] cycle is the most visible demonstration of these sporting ties. The Games include standard multi-sports disciplines like athletics, swimming, gymnastics, weightlifting, boxing, field hockey, and cycling, but also includes sports popular in the Commonwealth that are distinct to the Games such as netball, squash and lawn bowls. They are also more avowedly political than events like the Olympics, promoting what are seen as Commonwealth values; historically, a history of shared military endeavour was celebrated and promoted, parasport and disability sport is fully integrated, and the Commonwealth Games Federation has publicly backed the rights of LGBT people, despite the continuing criminalisation of homosexuality in many Commonwealth countries.

===Literature===
{{See also|Commonwealth English|Postcolonial literature|Migrant literature|The Journal of Commonwealth Literature}}

The shared history of British presence has produced a substantial body of writing in many languages, known as Commonwealth literature.<ref>{{cite news|title=A report on stories from the outposts of Commonwealth literature|first=Douglas|last=Hill|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=1 October 1988|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=English Is a World Language – and That's to Be Prized|first=Robert|last=McCrum|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=13 October 2003|page=B15}}</ref> The Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies (ACLALS) has 11 branches worldwide and holds an international conference every three years.<ref name="Tunca 2018">{{cite web | last=Tunca | first=Daria | title=ACLALS: Association for Commonwealth Literature and Language Studies | website=ACLALS | date=27 September 2018 | url=http://www.aclals.ulg.ac.be/ | access-date=13 December 2018 | archive-date=16 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032000/http://www.aclals.ulg.ac.be/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Jennifer-Nasubuga-Makumbi.jpg|left|thumb|Ugandan-British novelist [[Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi]] won the [[Commonwealth Short Story Prize]] in 2014.]]
In 1987, the Commonwealth Foundation established the annual [[Commonwealth Writers' Prize]] "to encourage and reward the upsurge of new Commonwealth fiction and ensure that works of merit reach a wider audience outside their country of origin". Prizes are awarded for the best book and best first book in the Commonwealth; there are also regional prizes for the best book and best first book in each of four regions. Although not officially affiliated with the Commonwealth, the prestigious annual [[Booker Prize|Man Booker Prize]], one of the highest honours in literature,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Empire Writes Back|first=Pico|last=Iyer|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|date=12 February 1993|page=1}}</ref> used to be awarded only to authors from Commonwealth countries or former members such as Ireland and Zimbabwe. Since 2014, however, writers of any nationality have been eligible for the prize providing that they write originally in English and their novels are published by established publishers in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://manbookerprize.com/news/2013/12/12/meet-man-booker-prize-2014-judges|title=Meet the Man Booker Prize 2014 Judges|website=The Man Booker Prizes|date=12 December 2013|access-date=10 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Today, the Commonwealth Foundation awards the annual [[Commonwealth Short Story Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Short Story Prize |url=https://commonwealthfoundation.com/short-story-prize/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Commonwealth Foundation |language=en-GB |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202062846/https://commonwealthfoundation.com/short-story-prize/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Olive Schreiner00.jpg|thumb|South African writer [[Olive Schreiner]]]]
South African writer [[Olive Schreiner]]'s famous novel ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' was published in 1883 and New Zealander [[Katherine Mansfield]] published her first collection of short stories, ''[[In a German Pension]]'', in 1911. The first major novelist from the [[Indian English literature|Indian sub-continent]] to write in English, [[R. K. Narayan]], began publishing in England in the 1930s, thanks to the encouragement of English novelist [[Graham Greene]].<ref>{{cite book| editor-last=Drabble|editor-first=Margaret|title=The Oxford Companion to English Literature|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996}}</ref> Caribbean writer [[Jean Rhys]]' writing career began as early as 1928, though her most famous work, ''[[Wide Sargasso Sea]]'', was not published until 1966. South African [[Alan Paton]]'s famous ''[[Cry, the Beloved Country]]'' dates to 1948. [[Doris Lessing]] from [[Southern Rhodesia]], now Zimbabwe, was a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century. She won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007/index.html|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 2007|website=Nobelprize.org|access-date=10 June 2017|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810175617/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2007/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Salman Rushdie]] is another post-Second World War writer from the former British colonies who [[Migrant literature|permanently settled in the United Kingdom]]. Rushdie achieved fame with ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' (1981). His most controversial novel, ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1989), was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. [[V. S. Naipaul]] (born 1932), born in [[Trinidad]], was another immigrant, who wrote, among other things, ''[[A Bend in the River]]'' (1979). Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001.<ref name="nobelweb">{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/ | work = Literature | title = The Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 | publisher = Nobel Prize Outreach AB | access-date = 26 June 2016 | archive-date = 15 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120915131638/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2001/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

Many other Commonwealth writers have achieved an international reputation for works in English, including Nigerian novelist [[Chinua Achebe]], and playwright [[Wole Soyinka]]. Soyinka won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1986, as did South African novelist [[Nadine Gordimer]] in 1995. Other South African writers in English are novelist [[J. M. Coetzee]] (Nobel Prize 2003) and playwright [[Athol Fugard]]. Kenya's most internationally renowned author is [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]], author of novels, plays and short stories in English. Poet [[Derek Walcott]], from [[Saint Lucia]] in the Caribbean, was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992. An Australian, [[Patrick White]], a major novelist in this period, whose first work was published in 1939, won in 1973. Other noteworthy Australian writers at the end of this period are poet [[Les Murray (poet)|Les Murray]], and novelist [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]], who is one of only four writers to have won the [[Man Booker Prize|Booker Prize]] twice.<ref>Man Booker official site: [http://themanbookerprize.com/search/node/j%20g%20farrell J. G. Farrell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129070148/http://themanbookerprize.com/search/node/j%20g%20farrell |date=29 January 2017 }}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20120921205624/http://themanbookerprize.com/people/hilary-mantel Hilary Mantel]: [http://themanbookerprize.com/people/j-m-coetzee J. M. Coetzee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317185406/http://themanbookerprize.com/people/j-m-coetzee |date=17 March 2016 }}.</ref>

===Politics and judiciary===
[[File:Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi (2).jpg|thumb|[[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House, New Delhi]], India. The Commonwealth Charter states the Commonwealth's commitment to democracy, and many Commonwealth countries use the [[Westminster system]].]]
[[File:The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Beacon Event, Wellington.jpg|thumb|Lighting of a [[The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Beacons|jubilee beacon]] for [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II's Platinum Jubilee]] in 2022 in [[Wellington]], New Zealand]]
Commonwealth countries have similar legal and government systems, whilst the Commonwealth Charter includes commitments to democracy, human rights and the rule of law. Most Commonwealth countries have a [[Westminster system]] of [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] democracy, with elected legislatures, multi-party elections, [[responsible government]] and often two chambers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth of Nations |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/contemporary-context/ |access-date=21 March 2025 |website= |publisher=UK Parliament |language=en}}</ref> The [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] facilitates co-operation between legislatures across the Commonwealth, and the [[Commonwealth Local Government Forum]] promotes [[good governance]] among [[local government]] officials.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PBs9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2017: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-349-68398-7 |page=46 |access-date=27 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330165149/https://books.google.com/books?id=PBs9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |archive-date=30 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Nonetheless, Commonwealth leadership was criticised for admitting Gabon as a member at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Kigali, Rwanda – a country with poor human rights record – despite the fact that Gabon had been governed for 56 years by the kleptocratic Bongo family, until they were overthrown in a coup in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gruenbaum |first=Oren |date=8 September 2023 |title=Why was a country as corrupt as Ali Bongo's Gabon ever admitted to the Commonwealth? |url=https://www.commonwealthroundtable.co.uk/general/eye-on-the-commonwealth/why-was-a-country-as-corrupt-as-ali-bongos-gabon-ever-admitted-to-the-commonwealth/# |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=The Round Table |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Most Commonwealth countries use [[common law]], modelled on [[English law]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal |url=https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/?sectors=business/legal |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=Commonwealth of Nations |language=en-UK}}</ref> The Latimer House Principles adopted in 2003 reflect the [[separation of powers]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2023 |title=Commonwealth Latimer House Principles on the Three Branches of Government |url=https://www.cpahq.org/media/kafl4zuf/commonwealth_principles_cpa_sept_2023-v2_single.pdf |access-date=4 March 2025 |publisher=Commonwealth Parliamentary Association}}</ref> Judges are appointed by independent commissions in most Commonwealth countries, a change which took place across the Commonwealth in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and is reflected in the Cape Town Principles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corder |first=Hugh |date=11 March 2016 |title=How Commonwealth countries have forged a new way to appoint judges |url=https://theconversation.com/how-commonwealth-countries-have-forged-a-new-way-to-appoint-judges-56090 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Symbols===
The Commonwealth has adopted a number of symbols that represent the association of its members. The English language is recognised as a symbol of the members' heritage; as well as being considered a symbol of the Commonwealth, recognition of it as "the means of Commonwealth communication" is a prerequisite for Commonwealth membership.

The [[flag of the Commonwealth]] consists of the symbol of the Commonwealth Secretariat, a gold globe surrounded by emanating rays, on a dark blue field; it was designed for the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1973|second CHOGM]] in 1973, and officially adopted on 26 March 1976. 1976 also saw the organisation agree to a common date on which to commemorate [[Commonwealth Day]], the second Monday in March, having developed separately on different dates from [[Empire Day]] celebrations.<ref>''Flags of All Nations: Flags of the British Commonwealth of Nations'' (Brown, Son & Ferguson, 1952)</ref>

Also to mark the 60th anniversary (Diamond Jubilee) of the London Declaration in 2009, the Commonwealth Secretariat commissioned Paul Carroll to compose "The Commonwealth Anthem". The lyrics of the Anthem are taken from the 1948 [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealth-music-council.net/sapphire-jubilee-celebration-cd.html|title=A Celebration of Her Majesty's Sapphire Jubilee|website=Commonwealth Music Council|date=2016|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729081603/http://www.commonwealth-music-council.net/sapphire-jubilee-celebration-cd.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Commonwealth Youth Orchestra published renditions of the Anthem with and without an introductory narrative.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 September 2017 |title=Commonwealth Anthem (with introductory narrative) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bp4PCicIJl4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/Bp4PCicIJl4 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Commonwealth Youth Orchestra}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 March 2018 |title=Windsor Suite Commonwealth Anthem |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rns3N4nfo7I |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/rns3N4nfo7I |archive-date=15 December 2021 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Commonwealth Youth Orchestra}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
===Recognition===
In 2009, to mark the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Commonwealth, the [[Royal Commonwealth Society]] commissioned a poll of public opinion in seven of the member states: Australia, Canada, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, South Africa and the United Kingdom. It found that most people in these countries were largely ignorant of the Commonwealth's activities, aside from the [[Commonwealth Games]], and indifferent toward its future. Support for the Commonwealth was twice as high in developing countries as in developed countries; it was lowest in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043749/https://thercs.org/assets/Research-/Commonwealth-Conversation-Final-Report.pdf Royal Commonwealth Society, ''An Uncommon Association, a Wealth of Potential: Final Report of the Commonwealth Conversation'' (London, Royal Commonwealth Society, 2010)]}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author-link=Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah|first= Dhananjayan |last=Sriskandarajah |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/canada-commonwealth-and-the-key-to-relevance/article4279734/ |title=Canada, Commonwealth and the key to relevance |work=The Globe and Mail|date=21 July 2009 |access-date=18 April 2013 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510024750/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/canada-commonwealth-and-the-key-to-relevance/article4279734/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Elizabeth |last=Renzetti |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/commonwealth-quaint-historical-relic-or-meaningful-bloc/article4279618/ |title=Commonwealth: quaint historical relic or meaningful bloc? |work=The Globe and Mail |date=20 July 2009|access-date=18 April 2013 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510011926/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/commonwealth-quaint-historical-relic-or-meaningful-bloc/article4279618/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7931706.stm |title=Queen marks Commonwealth launch |work=BBC News |date=9 March 2009|access-date=5 August 2014 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810030912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7931706.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Countries|United Kingdom}}
* [[Anglosphere]]
* [[English-speaking world]]
* [[Commonwealth Caribbean]]
* [[List of Commonwealth of Nations countries by GDP]]
* [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], an equivalent grouping of [[Portuguese language|Portuguese-speaking]] countries and territories
* [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]] (OIF), an association of countries where the French language and French culture are prominent
* [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], consisting of [[Iberian Romance languages|Iberophone]] nations

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Ashton, Sarah R. "British government perspectives on the Commonwealth, 1964–71: An asset or a liability?". ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 35.1 (2007): 73–94.
* Bloomfield, Valerie. ''Commonwealth Elections 1945–1970'' (1976).
* Cook, Chris and John Paxton. ''Commonwealth Political Facts'' (Macmillan, 1978).
* Hall, H. Duncan. "The genesis of the Balfour declaration of 1926". ''Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics'' 1.3 (1962): 169–193.
* Holland, Robert F. ''Britain and the Commonwealth Alliance, 1918–39'' (Springer, 1981).
* {{cite book |last1=Jebb |first1=Richard |author-link=Richard Claverhouse Jebb|title=The Empire and the century |year = 1905 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=332–348 |chapter=[[s:The Empire and the century/Imperial Organization|Imperial Organization]]}}
* Lloyd, Lorna. ''Diplomacy with a difference: the Commonwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880–2006'' (Brill, 2007).
* McIntyre, W. David. "The strange death of dominion status". ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 27.2 (1999): 193–212.
* McIntyre, W. David. ''The commonwealth of nations: Origins and impact, 1869–1971'' (University of Minnesota Press, 1977); Comprehensive coverage giving London's perspective on political and constitutional relations with each possession.
* McIntyre, W. David. ''A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth'', Palgrave, 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-333-96310-4}}.
* McIntyre, W. David. "The Unofficial Commonwealth Relations Conferences, 1933–59: Precursors of the Tri-sector Commonwealth." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 36.4 (2008): 591–614.
* Madden, Frederick and John Darwin, eds. ''The Dependent Empire, 1900–1948: Colonies, Protectorates, and the Mandates'' (1994), 908 pp. [https://www.questia.com/library/91753673/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202045423/https://www.questia.com/library/91753673/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates |date=2 February 2017 }}
* Maitland, Donald. ed. ''Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe'' (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001) [http://vm3.ehaus2.co.uk/macmillan/resources/sample-chapters/9780333800133_sample.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819203743/http://vm3.ehaus2.co.uk/macmillan/resources/sample-chapters/9780333800133_sample.pdf |date=19 August 2018 }}
* [[Mansergh, Nicholas]] ''The Commonwealth in the World'', [[University of Toronto Press]], 1982. {{ISBN|978-0-8020-2492-3}}.
* Moore, R.J. ''Making the New Commonwealth'', Clarendon Press, 1988. {{ISBN|978-0-19-820112-0}}.
* Murphy, Philip. ''Monarchy and the End of Empire: The House of Windsor, the British Government, and the Postwar Commonwealth'' (Oxford UP 2013) {{doi|10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214235.001.0001}}
* Perkin, Harold. "Teaching the nations how to play: sport and society in the British empire and Commonwealth". ''International Journal of the History of Sport'' 6.2 (1989): 145–155.
* Shaw, Timothy M. ''Commonwealth: Inter- and Non-State Contributions to Global Governance'', Routledge, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-415-35120-1}}
* Srinivasan, Krishnan. ''The rise, decline and future of the British Commonwealth'' (Springer, 2005).
* Wheare, K. C. ''The Constitutional Structure of the Commonwealth'', Clarendon Press, 1960. {{ISBN|978-0-313-23624-2}}.
* Williams, Paul D. "Blair's Britain and the Commonwealth". ''The Round Table'' 94.380 (2005): 381–391.
* Winks, Robin, ed. ''The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources'' (1966) [https://www.questia.com/library/95979771/the-historiography-of-the-british-empire-commonwealth online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623131142/https://www.questia.com/library/95979771/the-historiography-of-the-british-empire-commonwealth |date=23 June 2017 }}
{{refend}}

===Primary sources===
{{refbegin}}
* Madden, Frederick, ed. ''The End of Empire: Dependencies since 1948: Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: The West Indies, British Honduras, Hong Kong, Fiji, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the Falklands'' (2000) [https://www.questia.com/library/120072134/the-end-of-empire-dependencies-since-1948-select online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819204658/https://www.questia.com/library/120072134/the-end-of-empire-dependencies-since-1948-select |date=19 August 2018 }} 596pp
* Madden, Frederick, and John Darwin, ed. ''The Dependent Empire: 1900–1948: Colonies, Protectorates, and Mandates'' (1963), 908pp [https://www.questia.com/read/91753692/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050706/https://www.questia.com/read/91753692/the-dependent-empire-1900-1948-colonies-protectorates |date=2 February 2017 }}
* Mansergh, Nicholas, ed. ''Documents and Speeches on Commonwealth Affairs, 1952–1962'' (1963), 804pp [https://www.questia.com/library/1817157/documents-and-speeches-on-commonwealth-affairs-1952-1962 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819212015/https://www.questia.com/library/1817157/documents-and-speeches-on-commonwealth-affairs-1952-1962 |date=19 August 2018 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Wikisource|Territories forming part of the Commonwealth|British Nationality Act (1981 c 61) Annex B – The territories forming part of the Commonwealth}}
* [https://thecommonwealth.org/ Commonwealth Secretariat]
* [https://commonwealthfoundation.com/ Commonwealth Foundation]

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{{Commonwealth of Nations topics}}
{{Commonwealth of Nations}}
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Prabh Deep

2026-03-20T06:51:21Z

KrisMchugh15039: Made new data

{{Short description|Indian rapper, singer, songwriter and music producer (born 1993)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prabh Deep
| image = Prabh Deep SXSW Sydney 2024.jpg
| caption = Prabh Deep at [[SXSW Sydney]], October 2024
| alt =
| birth_name = Prabhdeep Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|12|26}}<ref>{{citation | url= https://mtvhustle.in/prabh-deep-biography/ |title= Prabh Deep: Biography, Height, Age, Career, and More|access-date= 4 February 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi)|Tilak Nagar]], Delhi, India
| years_active = 2017–present
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Rapper
* Songwriter
* Music producer
}}
| net_worth =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| genre = {{flat list|
* [[Music of Punjab|Punjabi]]
* [[Hip-Hop music|Hip-Hop]]
* [[Desi hip hop]]
* [[Underground music]]
}}
| label = Azadi Records
| website = {{URL|https://prabhdeepmusic.com| Prabh Deep Music}}
}}
}}

'''Prabhdeep Singh''' (born 26 December 1993), better known by his stage name, '''Prabh Deep''', is an Indian [[rapper]], [[songwriter]] and [[music producer]]. He gained recognition in the [[Indian music]] industry after the release of his debut album ''Class-Sikh'' which debuted at number 2 on [[iTunes]] India albums chart and quickly ranked up to number 1 by the end of the year.<ref name=":1">{{cite news | last=Karkare | first=Aakash | title=2017: The year when Indian hip-hop cemented its place on the music charts | date=27 December 2017 | url=https://qz.com/india/1166165/hard-kaur-divine-prabh-deep-sofia-ashraf-the-year-when-indian-hip-hop-cemented-its-place-on-the-music-charts/}}</ref>

==Early life==
Prabh Deep was born on 26 December 1993 in the [[West Delhi]] suburb of [[Tilak Nagar (Delhi)|Tilak Nagar]] to a Sikh family. His mother, Jaswinder Kaur, was a small-scale businesswoman. His father, Manmohan Singh, had lost his father and four brothers during a killing spree by angry mobs during the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 riots]] in [[Nangloi Jat]], and developed addictions while struggling with the [[post-traumatic stress]]. The family was, therefore, supported by the earnings through the hair salon run by Prabh Deep's mother.<ref name="GQ Prabh Deep">{{cite news | last=Kappal | first=Bhanuj | title=What makes Prabh Deep Indian rap's next big thing | date=1 December 2017 | url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/what-makes-prabh-deep-indian-raps-next-big-thing | publisher=GQ India| access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>

Prabh Deep decided to drop out of high school right before his 12th standard [[board examination]] on account of the pointlessness of the [[Education in India|Indian education system]]. His mother supported his decision to quit school to build his own path in music.<ref name="Indian Express Prabh Deep">{{cite news | last=Majumdar | first=Anushree | title=Good Kid in a Mad City: Meet Prabh Deep, a Delhi rapper who has taken the Indian hip-hop scene by storm | date=12 December 2017 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/prabh-deep-sagar-a-delhi-rapper-who-has-taken-the-indian-hip-hop-scene-by-storm-4975720/ | publisher=Indian Express| access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>

The increasing financial troubles of the family, as well as bullying in school, eventually got him involved in a [[street gang]], partaking in streetfights, petty jobs such as selling second-hand phones and motorbikes at a mark-up and acting as a middleman for money lenders. Later on, he also had a short stint as a [[salesman]] at a garment shop and as a call centre executive for three years before pursuing a full-time career in music.<ref name="Indian Express Prabh Deep" />

==Career==

=== 2008: Career beginnings ===
Around the summer of 2008, Prabh Deep and his childhood friend Happu witnessed a dance crew performing stunts in a park. Impressed by the urban dance form, he and Happu joined a [[hip-hop dance]] group in the neighbouring area of [[Vikaspuri]] and spent the next few years practising [[b-boying]].<ref name="GQ Prabh Deep" /><ref name="Indian Express Prabh Deep" /> While continuing his jobs as a call centre executive and salesman, Prabh Deep maintained close contact with the Delhi hip-hop circuit while undergoing a slow transition from a dancer to an [[emcee]].<ref name="The Hindu Prabh Deep" />

=== 2015-2019: Debut album, Azadi Records and Bollywood ===
Through rapper Zan Twoshadez and hip-hop culture researcher Jaspal Singh, Prabh Deep was introduced to the open mic nights and similar events in Delhi that laid the foundation of his rapping career. In 2015, Prabh Deep connected with indie music producer Sez on the Beat on Facebook and began co-producing music. Sez signed him to the indie record Azadi Records.<ref name="The Hindu Prabh Deep" /> The entirety of ''Class-Sikh'' was produced in Sez's home studio.<ref name="Indian Express Prabh Deep" /> According to [[NPR Music|''NPR Music'']], ''Class-Sikh'' focused on various themes, including an honest portrayal from a Sikh's perspective of the 1984 riots that followed then- president [[Indira Gandhi]]'s death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balram |first=Dhruva |date=March 29, 2019 |title=As 'Gully Boy' Inches Indian Hip-Hop Into The Mainstream, Its Underground Soldiers On |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/03/29/707662752/as-gully-boy-inches-indian-hip-hop-into-the-mainstream-its-underground-soldiers |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=[[NPR Music]]}}</ref> Released on October 16, 2017, it was one of the first [[Indian hip-hop]] albums to debut at number 2 on [[iTunes]] India albums chart and quickly ranked up to number 1 by the end of the year.<ref name=":1" />

Prabh Deep marked his entry in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] with his song "Sherni" for [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s 2018 drama ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news | last=Ghosh | first=Devarsi | title=Amit Trivedi's 'Manmarziyaan' soundtrack has something for everyone | date=28 September 2018 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/894635/amit-trivedis-manmarziyaan-soundtrack-has-something-for-everyone| publisher=The Scroll| access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> The following year, Prabh Deep released his self-produced debut EP, ''K I N G''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-01-07 |title=On the Cover: Prabh Deep, India's Most Fearless Rapper |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/on-the-cover-prabh-deep-indias-most-fearless-rapper/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2020-present: ''Tabia'', departure from Azadi Records and further successes ===
He also wrote and performed the song "Toofan Main" for the original soundtrack of the [[Amazon Prime]] crime series [[Paatal Lok|''Paatal Lok'']].<ref>{{cite web | last=Arora | first=Simran | title=Prabh Deep Decodes His Creative Process, His New EP & Working On Paatal Lok's 'Toofan Main' | date=29 May 2020 | url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/features/76755-prabh-deep-decodes-his-creative-process-his-new-ep-working-on-paatal-loks-toofan-main.html| publisher=MensXP |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref>

The year 2021 marked the release of his sophomore album, ''Tabia''. Prabh Deep had been working on the album since 2019, even visiting Karma Studios in Thailand to work on the album. Akshay Kapoor of ''The Indian Music Diaries'' describes the album as Prabh's "[[Bildungsroman]]" while Sean D of ''LiFTED Asia'' described it as a "concept driven album that explores themes of multiplicities within oneself".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapoor |first=Akshay |date=March 22, 2021 |title=Review: The Bildungsroman Of Albums- Prabh Deep’s Sophomore LP ‘Tabia’ |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/the-bildungsroman-of-albums-prabh-deeps-sophomore-lp-tabia/ |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=The Indian Music Diaries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D |first=Sean |date=March 16, 2021 |title=Indian rapper-creative Prabh Deep drops intensely personal sophomore album Tabia on Azadi Records |url=https://liftedasia.com/article/indian-rapper-prabh-deep-drops-album-tabia-azadi-records |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=LiFTED Asia}}</ref> It also became the first Indian hip-hop album to be reviewed by [[Pitchfork (website)|''Pitchfork'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabh Deep: Tabia |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/prabh-deep-tabia/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabh Deep's quantum leap forward |url=https://liftedasia.com/id/articles/prabh-deeps-quantum-leap |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=liftedasia.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, he released his third album, ''Bhram''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Syan |first=Shirleen |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Review: Prabh Deep’s BHRAM Plows On Man-Made Illusions and A Melancholic Journey of Self-Acceptance |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/prabh-deeps-bhram-plows-on-man-made-illusions-and-a-melancholic-journey-of-self-acceptance/ |access-date=January 6, 2026 |website=The Indian Music Diaries}}</ref> In 2023, he released his surprise collaborative EP with [[Raftaar]], ''PRAA'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aurelius |first=Marcus |date=February 27, 2023 |title=PRAA: Raftaar & Prabh Deep is a collab straight from a parallel universe |url=https://liftedasia.com/article/praa |access-date=January 6, 2026 |website=LiFTED Asia}}</ref> as well as the deluxe version of his third studio album, ''Bhram'', featuring guest appearances from fellow Azadi Records signees [[Seedhe Maut]] and Ahmer, and Raftaar, [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], and GD-47.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2023-03-08 |title=Prabh Deep Releases Deluxe Version of 'Bhram' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/prabh-deep-new-album-bhram-deluxe/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> This also marked his last release with the label, and soon after, he departed from the label.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Sanjana |date=December 20, 2023 |title=Mo Joshi on Azadi Records raising international funding, Prabh Deep’s exit and the hunt for India’s first global music sensation |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/mo-joshi-on-azadi-records-usd-10-million-international-funding-prabh-deeps-exit-and-the-hunt-for-indias-first-global-music-sensation |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=GQ India}}</ref> He also appeared on the 2023 season of [[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio Bharat]], performing the song "Taqdeer" alongside [[Rashmeet Kaur]], Donn Bhat & Sakur Khan Sufi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Musicians should collaborate more: Rashmeet Kaur on new Coke Studio Bharat song 'Taqdeer' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Apr/02/musicians-should-collaborate-more-rashmeet-kaur-on-new-coke-studio-bharat-song-taqdeer-2561959.html |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In November 2023, he was chosen as a supporting act for American rapper [[50 Cent]]'s show in Mumbai, as part of [[The Final Lap Tour]], alongside rappers [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]], Yung Raja and SVDP, however, Divine's performance was canceled at the last minute due to technical difficulties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Rolling Stone |date=2023-10-20 |title=DIVINE, Prabh Deep, SVDP and Yung Raja to Support 50 Cent at His Mumbai Concert |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/divine-prabh-deep-svdp-and-yung-raja-to-support-50-cent-at-his-mumbai-concert/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-28 |title=‘The Final Lap Tour’: 50 Cent lights up Mumbai, but DIVINE cancels his performance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-final-lap-tour-50-cent-lights-up-mumbai-but-divine-cancels-his-performance/article67582885.ece |access-date=2026-01-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2024, he released the sequel to his debut EP, ''KING Returns'', and also collaborated with John Jacobs for his new eyewear line, The Turban Edit Collection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trivedi |first=Aaryaman |date=January 15, 2023 |title=Prabh Deep on ‘KING Returns’ EP and Collaboration with John Jacobs |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/prabh-deep-on-king-returns-ep-and-collaboration-with-john-jacobs/ |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> In the same year, he released his debut mixtape, ''DSP,'' featuring [[Faris Shafi]], Dhanji, GD-47 and Sickflip, among others. He made his screen debut with [[JioCinema]]'s [[Khalbali Records|''Khalbali Records'']], alongside fellow rappers like Ahmer, Agsy, EPR Iyer and Yungsta and also contributed to the soundtrack of the series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=September 24, 2024 |title=Prabh Deep Discusses Why He Turned Actor for ‘Khalbali Records’ |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/prabh-deep-khalbali-records-dsp-mixtape/ |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>

In 2025, he contributed to the soundtrack of the web-series, ''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]'', on the track, "Hum Dum".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=September 11, 2025 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia’s Do You Wanna Partner Gets Power-Packed Music By Jasleen Royal, Prabhdeep And Rajan Batra |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/tamannaah-bhatias-do-you-wanna-partner-gets-power-packed-music-by-jasleen-royal-prabhdeep-and-rajan-batra-ws-kl-9564749.html |access-date=January 28, 2026 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=Prime Video & Believe India Serve Up Fresh Sounds with Jasleen Royal, Prabhdeep & Rajan Batra for Upcoming Hindi Original Series Do You Wanna Partner |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/prime-video-believe-india-serve-up-fresh-sounds-with-jasleen-prabhdeep-rajan-batra-for-do-you-wanna-partner-1902773 |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Artistry==
===Influences===
Prabh Deep cites [[Eminem]] and [[Dr. Dre]] as his idols.<ref name="The Hindu Prabh Deep">{{cite news | last=Varma | first=Aditya | title=Prabh Deep and his musical tryst with West Delhi's ghettos | date=22 January 2018 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/prabh-deep-and-his-musical-tryst-with-west-delhis-ghettos/article22490753.ece| work=The Hindu| access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref>

===Themes and genres===
Prabh Deep is described as an innovative lyricist whose music has socially conscious origins. Throughout his album ''Class-Sikh'', his music revolved around the hidden, grimy underbelly scenery of suburbs of [[Delhi]].<ref name="Indian Express Prabh Deep" /> For his album ''Class-Sikh'', he picked up various bits and pieces from his personal experiences including the story of his childhood friend Abu's fall into drug addiction, crime and eventually murder. His music is described as slang-inflected with bits of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]].<ref name="National News Prabh Deep">{{cite news | last=Kappal | first=Bhanuj | title=New Delhi rapper Prabh Deep is becoming known for his socially conscious rhymes | date=30 November 2017 | url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/new-delhi-rapper-prabh-deep-is-becoming-known-for-his-socially-conscious-rhymes-1.680157| publisher=The National News| access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref> His song ''Suno'' narrates the complex and unfortunate education system of India that leads to suicides and drug overdoses by the youth in India. He also discussed issues like [[2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown]] in ''Elaan'', violence-instigating politics by the governments of global superpowers including the US and India in ''King'' and the violence and brutalities of the hidden underbelly of Delhi in ''Toofan Main''.<ref name="Tribune Punjab">{{cite news | last=Singh Grewal | first=Amolak | title=Prabh Deep, the Punjabi rapper Punjab doesn't know | date=10 January 2021 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/prabh-deep-the-punjabi-rapper-punjab-doesnt-know-196459| publisher=The National News| access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> ''Amar'' is an introspective track, with him talking about preparing for death and his soul's immortality through his art.<ref name=":0" /> His critically-acclaimed track ''Chitta,'' revolves around a character representing Prabh Deep himself, and his interactions in a world ruled by the corrupt, the wealthy and the powerful; as well as the deep-rooted problems in India's neighbourhoods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prabh Deep: 'Chitta' is based on a character made up in my mind |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200529-prabhdeep-chitta-based-on-character-made-my |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Sharmindrila |date=2020-09-11 |title='Chitta': Prabh Deep's animated music video holds a mirror to drug abuse and power structures of the society |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/chitta-prabh-deeps-animated-music-video-holds-a-mirror-to-drug-abuse-and-power-structures-of-the-society/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=AnimationXpress |language=en-US}}</ref> His album ''Tabia'' explores the themes of self discovery, spiritual awakening, pride and humility.<ref>{{Cite web |author=News9 Staff |date=2021-12-30 |title=Prabh Deep, Mali, Shantanu Pandit: The musicians who delivered 2021's best albums |url=https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/music/prabh-deep-mali-shantanu-pandit-the-musicians-who-delivered-2021s-best-indie-albums-143605 |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=NEWS9LIVE |language=en}}</ref>

==Discography==

=== Film music ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film / Series
!Song
!Artist(s)
|-
|2018
|''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
|Sherni
|Prabh Deep
|-
|2020
|[[Paatal Lok|''Paatal Lok'']]
|Toofan Main
|Prabh Deep & Sez on the Beat
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
| rowspan="2" |[[Khalbali Records|''Khalbali Records'']]
|Tham Ja
| rowspan="2" |Prabh Deep
|-
|Majbur Mazdur
|-
|2025
|''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]''
|Hum Dum
|Prabh Deep, Vasu Raina
|}

=== Albums and EPs ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Album / EP
!Track
!Artist(s)
!Produced by
|-
| rowspan="12" |2017
| rowspan="12" |''Class-Sikh''
|Intro
| rowspan="12" |Prabh Deep & Sez on the Beat
| rowspan="12" |Sez on the Beat
|-
|Suno
|-
|I don't Care
|-
|Abu
|-
|Click Clack
|-
|Kal (Future)
|-
|Kal
|-
|G Maane
|-
|Bullshit
|-
|Murder
|-
|Oye Oye
|-
|Classsikh
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
| rowspan="6" |''K I N G''
|Maya
|Prabh Deep ft. Archit Anand & Hashbass
| rowspan="6" |Prabh Deep
|-
|Kala
| rowspan="5" |Prabh Deep
|-
|Amar
|-
|Khat
|-
|Hira
|-
|King
|-
| rowspan="15" |2021
| rowspan="15" |''Tabia''
|Tabia
| rowspan="5" |Prabh Deep
| rowspan="3" |Prabh Deep
|-
|Qafir
|-
|Paapi
|-
|Preet
|Prabh Deep & Lambo Drive
|-
|Taqat
|Prabh Deep & IDEK?
|-
|Alope
|Prabh Deep ft. Zan Twoshadez
|Prabh Deep, Tienas, RaySon4 7 & Zero Chill
|-
|Antar
|Prabh Deep
| rowspan="2" |Richard Craker
|-
|Abaad
|Prabh Deep ft. SYPS
|-
|Qaabu
| rowspan="7" |Prabh Deep
|Prabh Deep & Lambo Drive
|-
|Huqum
| rowspan="2" |Richard Craker
|-
|Babur
|-
|Waqaf
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Gyani
|Richard Craker
|-
|Sthir
| rowspan="2" |Prabh Deep
|-
|Safar
|-
| rowspan="8" |2022
| rowspan="8" |''Bhram''
|Paisa
| rowspan="3" |Prabh Deep
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Shaurat
|Prabh Deep & Lambo Drive
|-
|Rishte
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Nafrat
|Prabh Deep ft. SYPS
|Prabh Deep & EMi EMi
|-
|Izzat
| rowspan="4" |Prabh Deep
| rowspan="3" |Prabh Deep
|-
|Khayal
|-
|Inayat
|-
|Tajurba
|Prabh Deep & Lambo Drive
|-
| rowspan="17" |2023
| rowspan="4" |''PRAA''
|ABBU
| rowspan="4" |[[Raftaar]] & Prabh Deep
|Tonybasu
|-
|BADNAAM
|Lambo Drive
|-
|HELLO
|Anywaywell
|-
|TRAP PRAA
|Umair
|-
| rowspan="13" |''Bhram (Deluxe)''
|Paisa
|Prabh Deep
| rowspan="2" |Prabh Deep
|-
|Sukoon
|Prabh Deep ft. GD 47 & [[Seedhe Maut|Encore ABJ]]
|-
|Shaurat
| rowspan="2" |Prabh Deep
|Prabh Deep & Lambo Drive
|-
|Rishte
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Nafrat
|Prabh Deep ft. SYPS
|Prabh Deep & EMi EMi
|-
|Izzat
|Prabh Deep
| rowspan="6" |Prabh Deep
|-
|Samaaj
|Prabh Deep ft. [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|-
|Shaitaan
|Prabh Deep ft. [[Seedhe Maut|Calm]]
|-
|Khayal
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Inayat
|Prabh Deep ft. Ahmer
|-
|Sagar
|Prabh Deep ft. Scuti
|-
|Tajurba
|Prabh Deep ft. [[Raftaar]]
|Prabh Deep, Baajewala & Lambo Drive
|-
|Wapas
|Prabh Deep
|Prabh Deep
|-
| rowspan="15" |2024
| rowspan="6" |''KING Returns''
|Yaadan
|Prabh Deep
| rowspan="6" |Prabh Deep
|-
|Babaji
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Girgit
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Daang
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Ethe Rakh
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Bachpan
|Prabh Deep
|-
| rowspan="9" |''DSP''
|Daang V1
|Prabh Deep
|Prabh Deep
|-
|Ustaadi
|Prabh Deep ft. [[Faris Shafi]]
|Scuti
|-
|Zum!!!
|Prabh Deep ft. Big Calo, SYPS
|LLoke
|-
|8-FIGGAAH!
|Prabh Deep ft. GD47
|SYPS
|-
|O.T.M
|Prabh Deep ft. Alistair Alvin, KAEM, Dhanji
|Prabh Deep, Scuti
|-
|Rapha
|Prabh Deep ft. Scuti
|Scuti, SYPS
|-
|Wajood
|Prabh Deep ft. Scuti
|Scuti
|-
|Hood-Robin
|Prabh Deep ft. Scuti
|Scuti
|-
|Veer-G
|Prabh Deep ft. Sickflip
|Sickflip
|}

=== Singles and collaborations ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Track
!Artist(s)
!Produced by
!Note(s)
|-
| rowspan="4" |2015
|Chi Chi
|Prabh Deep ft. MC Heam
|
|
|-
|Capital Punishment - New Delhi Cypher
|Raga, Marco, KeepSake, KrazyClip, Slyck, Yungsta & Prabh Deep
| rowspan="2" |Sez on the Beat
|
|-
|Feel Me
|Prabh Deep
|
|-
|Time and Age
|Slyck Twoshadez
| rowspan="2" |Prabh Deep
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2016
|Forever Grateful
|Slyck Twoshadez ft. Prabh Deep
|From the mixtape ''PharmaSlyck'' by Slyck Twoshadez
|-
|Loco
|Prabh Deep & [[Calm]]
|
| rowspan="3" |From the ''New Delhi Mixtape - Khatarnaak''
|-
|Hip Hop Is A School
|Prabh Deep & Sun-j (Agnastik)
|
|-
|Ilaka
|MC Heam & Prabh Deep
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Classsikh Maut
|[[Seedhe Maut]], Prabh Deep & Sez on the Beat
|Sez on the Beat
|From the EP ''2 Ka Pahada'' by Seedhe Maut
|-
|Suede Gully
|[[Divine (rapper)|Divine]], Prabh Deep, Khasi Bloodz & Madurai Souljour
|
|Promotional song for [[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|Class-Sikh Maut, Vol. II
|Prabh Deep, [[Seedhe Maut]] & Sez on the Beat
| rowspan="4" |Sez on the Beat
|
|-
|Vekhi Ja
|Prabh Deep & Sez on the Beat
|
|-
|Sauce
|Prabh Deep, Sez on the Beat & Lit Happu
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
|K.O.
|Prabh Deep & Sez on the Beat
|
|-
|Cyclone
|Tienas & Prabh Deep
|Harman
|From the album ''O'' by Tienas
|-
|Elaan
|Ahmer, Sez on the Beat & Prabh Deep
|Sez on the Beat
|From the album ''Little Kid, Big Dreams'' by Ahmer & Sez on the Beat
|-
|Coolie
|[[Sarathy Korwar]] ft. Delhi Sultanate & Prabh Deep
|
|From the album ''More Arriving'' by Sarathy Korwar
|-
|Only My Name
|Smokey The Ghost ft. Prabh Deep
|Sez on the Beat
|
|-
|Tofa
|Prabh Deep
| rowspan="7" |Prabh Deep
|
|-
|Fly
|Prabh Deep
|Featured in the compilation ''Vibe Presents: Urban Asia, Vol. 3''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong label b2 Music releases VIBE Presents: Urban Asia Vol 3 |url=https://mixmag.asia/read/hong-kong-label-b2-music-releases-vibe-vol3-new-releases |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Mixmag Asia}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|Pandemic
|Prabh Deep
|
|-
|Chitta
|Prabh Deep
|
|-
|Chitta (Remix)
|Prabh Deep ft. [[Yung Raja]]
|
|-
|2021
|Ateet
|Prabh Deep
|
|-
|2022
|Dosh
|Prabh Deep
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|Taqdeer
|Prabh Deep, [[Rashmeet Kaur]], Donn Bhat & Sakur Khan Sufi
|Donn Bhat & Ankur Tewari
|From "[[Coke Studio (Indian TV program)|Coke Studio Bharat]]"
|-
|THAPPAD!
|Prabh Deep
|Fantom
|
|-
|2024
|NALLA NERAM
|Yung Raja, Prabh Deep
|RIIDEM, Flo Moser
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|FIZA
| rowspan="2" |Prabh Deep
| rowspan="2" |Scuti
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2025 |title=Desi Renaissance Weekly Picks: Prabh Deep, Ikka, Brodha V & More |url=https://desirenaissance.com/best-new-desi-hip-hop-songs-august-14-2025/ |access-date=December 26, 2025 |website=Desi Renaissance}}</ref>
|-
|Diwani
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.prabhdeepmusic.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabh Deep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Rappers from Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century rappers]]

Bompuka Island

2026-03-14T18:41:14Z

KrisMchugh15039:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Bompuka Island
| native_name = Poahat
| native_name_link = Nicobarese language
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| map_caption = Location of Bompuka Island in [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8.24|N|93.235|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Nicobar Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| total_islands = 1
| major_islands = {{hlist|Bompuka }}
| area_km2 = 9.31
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 4.5
| width_km = 2.5
| coastline_km = 13.3
| elevation_m = 193
| highest_mount = <ref>
{{cite book
| date = January 2016
| title = Ebook Sailing guide / Guide nautique
| url =http://www.sea-seek.com/ebook/Andaman_sea.pdf
| publisher = Sea Seek
| pages = 34
}}</ref>
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Nicobar district|Nicobar]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Nicobar Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = [[Subdivisions of India]]
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[Nancowry Subdivision]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 =
| country_largest_city = Poahat
| country_largest_city_population = 0
| population = 0
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 = 0
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Hindu]], [[Nicobarese people|Nicobarese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03192
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
|additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|32.0|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|28.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| label7 = Census Code| data7 = 35.638.0002.645045
| label8 = Official Languages| data8 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Teressa language|Teressa]] (regional)
}}
}}

'''Bompuka Island''', also known as Poahat, is an island of [[India]], in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].

==Geography==
The Island is located 3.5 km east from [[Teressa (Nicobar Islands)|Teressa]].
The island has dense forest and some portions have grass. There is thick coconut palm growth on the shores around the island.
Abandoned Poahat Village lies on the W side of the island. The portion of sea between the Teressa and Bompuka islands provides a good shelter for ships.

== Demographics ==
The Island had 2 villages: Poahat at the north, and Yatkirana at the south. Both abandoned. The former villagers still maintain Coconut, Tuber Crops<ref>{{citation|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Development Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC&q=bompuka&pg=PA120|publisher=India. Planning Commission |page=120|isbn=9788171886524|year=2008}}</ref> as seasonal villagers from Teressa come to live on the island for a short period, carrying all requirements from Teressa Island.
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Bompuka Island has 0 households. The Entire population of 21 people moved to [[Teressa (Nicobar Islands)|Teressa]] following the tsunami, although they have attempted to restore habitation on the island, unsuccessfully.

==Administration==
The island belongs to the [[Subdivisions of India|township]] of [[Nancowry tehsil|Nancowry]] of [[Teressa (Nicobar Islands)|Teressa]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |title=Tehsils |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Image gallery==
<gallery widths=180>
File:Map of Nicobar Islands-en.png|Map
File:Nicobar islands bompoka.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{Nicobar district |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bompuka}}
[[Category:Tehsils of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Teressa Taluk]]
[[Category:Islands of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]
[[Category:Nicobar district]]
[[Category:Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

City of Gold (2010 film)

2026-03-04T09:49:01Z

KrisMchugh15039: content update

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = City of Gold - Mumbai 1982: Ek Ankahee Kahani
| image = City of Gold (2010 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| producer = Arun Rangachari
| screenplay = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] Jayant Pawar
| story = Jayant Pawar
| starring = [[Ankush Chaudhari]] [[Siddharth Jadhav]] [[Sachin Khedekar]] [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] [[Karan Patel]]
| music = [[Ajit Parab]]
| cinematography = Ajith V. Reddy
| editing = Sarvesh Parab
| studio = [[DAR Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|04|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi Marathi
| budget =
}}

'''''City of Gold''''' is a 2010 Indian [[political thriller film]]. The film was [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]'s 17th film, having previously directed critically acclaimed films such as ''[[Astitva]]'' and ''[[Viruddh... Family Comes First]]''. It was adapted from Jayant Pawar's Marathi play, ''Adhantar'', with Pawar going on to co-write the film's screenplay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mill-workers-will-relive-1982-strike-on-silver-screen-1366784|title=Mill workers will relive 1982 strike on silver screen {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2010-04-03|work=dna|access-date=2018-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref> The film explores the life of [[Mumbai]]'s mill workers after the [[Girangaon|Mumbai mills]] shut down in response to the [[Great Bombay Textile Strike]] of the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-city-of-gold-is-hardhitting/113865-8-66.html?from=tn|title=Masand: ''Lalbaug Parel'' is hard-hitting|last=Masand|first=Rajeev|date=24 April 2010|accessdate=24 April 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709070924/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-city-of-gold-is-hardhitting/113865-8-66.html?from=tn|archive-date=2012-07-09|url-status=dead|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2010/04/24/6170/|title=Subhash K. Jha speaks about ''Lalbaug Parel'' |date=24 April 2010|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The film opened to mixed reviews, though it was commended for its themes and acting.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/04/23215858/Film-Review--City-of-Gold.html?h=B|title=Film Review: ''Lalbaug Parel''|date=24 April 2010|publisher=[[Live Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=507|title=Anupama Chopra's review: ''Lalbaug Parel''|date=23 April 2010|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=24 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426104437/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=507|archive-date=26 April 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It was [[Multiple-language version|simultaneously shot]] in Marathi as '''''Lalbaug Parel'''''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-dont-fear-failure-mahesh-manjrekar/112905-8.html|title=I don't fear failure: Mahesh Manjrekar|last=Parande|first=Shweta|date=8 April 2010|newspaper=IBN|accessdate=18 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711080333/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-dont-fear-failure-mahesh-manjrekar/112905-8.html|archive-date=11 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is the story of a family of mill workers in [[Mumbai]]. It follows the workers as politics and greed rise in Mumbai and exposes the collusion between the ''[[triumvirate]]'' of big business, the political establishment, and the trade union leaders who ostensibly were charged with protecting the rights of the mill workers.

Baba Dhudu narrates his story to his fiance. He is the son of a mill worker and has two brothers, Naru and Mohan, and a sister, Manju. Along with his parents, they stay in a congested locality of Parel. Mohan has a regular job as an accountant, while Naru and Baba are jobless. Naru is a local strongman and bashes anyone who crosses him or his friends. Baba aspires to be a professional playwright and spends time in writing, which his family despises as this does not bring any income for the family. His father is retired from the mill and fighting for his retirement dues from the mill, which is on the verge of closing down. The mill is managed by the son-in-law of the owner, Mr. Khaitan, who is a very hard-nosed, selfish person. His aim is the close-down of the mill and establishing a real estate business over the mill land, which is worth gold in today's market. In order to convert the mill into a commercial complex, he needs a [[No Objection Certificate|NOC]] from the mill workers as well as their resignation letters. Mill workers are adamant over their dues and are not willing to sacrifice their jobs. Rane and Govind are their leaders, and Dr. Sawant is the union leader and fights the legal battle for the mill workers. Govind is short-tempered and always willing to physically fight with the owners, while Rane is practical and feels legal recourse is the best way to get justice.

The mill workers are fighting for dues of six months, and one fine day it is announced that the mill would be closed down. Mill workers go on strike, and a local politician becomes involved.

Meanwhile, Naru gets involved with local don Parshya Bhai and starts running errands for him along with his friends. Mohan, who is a hardcore cricket buff, one fine day siphons off Rs. 25,000 from his company to bet on a match, which he loses. Baba rescues him from the police after settling the dues by selling his kidney, unknown to his family. Manju becomes pregnant and is distraught when she discovers that her lover is already married. Her father gets a paralytic attack due to this and is bedridden. He requests Rane to marry his daughter, which he accepts.

The local politician intervenes, and mill workers agree to give NOC but not resignation, and it is decided that a part of the mill would be restored. But the very night when the mill is supposed to resume, it is blown away by an explosion, presumably by the owner. Now nothing in hand, the mill workers sit on a strike. Things go from bad to worse, and they start selling off their personal possessions to survive. Some of the ladies get into prostitution, while kids get into mugging. There is a constant face-off between owners and mill workers. In a fit of rage one fine day, Govind assaults the brother-in-law of the owner. He is enraged at this action and hires Parshya Bhai to kill Govind. Parshya Bhai assigns the task to Naru but does not tell him who the target is. Naru shoots Govind dead, only to realise later that he has shot down the father of his best friend, 'Speedbreaker'. Naru goes into hiding. Later, his father dies out of shock at the news. Naru later confronts Parshya Bhai, who tricked him by not paying his share of the contract. He kills him with the help of his friends. Naru is in turn killed by Speedbreaker, and he takes over the gang of Parshya Bhai. The mill owner finally comes up with some cash, and the mill workers give in and agree to sign required legal documents for a very small part of their original compensation.

Rane is distraught that just as the court is about to give its verdict, the owners have tricked them, taking advantage of their desperate situation.

Sometime later, Baba finally achieves his dream of becoming a professional playwright and is about to take his mother to the first show of his play. His mother is overwhelmed by his success, and after a long, hard life, she finally sees some hope. When she reads his name in the newspaper, she dies out of shock.

Baba finishes his narration and takes his fiance to meet all the characters he had narrated in his story. Rane is still delusional that he will win the legal battle; the rest of them have got their lives back on track, and Speedbreaker runs his gang along with his friends.

==Production==
The director of the film Mahesh Manjrekar writes in the director notes:<blockquote>"When I took a sabbatical from Hindi cinema close to four years ago, I promised myself that if and only if an exceptional subject came my way would I venture back to do a Hindi film. ''Lalbaug Parel'' is that subject."</blockquote>After completing the script in 2007, Manjrekar decided to wait until he could find a producer who would be willing to do a film without musical numbers. Eventually, [[DAR motion pictures|DAR Motion Pictures]] produced the film.

===Legal issues===
After the film's release the family of [[Dutta Samant]] served Mahesh Manjrekar with legal notice, claiming that the film wrongly placed the blame for the mills' closure on Samant. They also objected to Manjrekar's portrayal of the mill workers' children, saying they were shown as "goons".<ref>{{cite news|title=Filmmaker Manjrekar Gets Notice on 'Lalbaug-Parel'|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?679891|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711045841/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?679891|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2012|accessdate=18 September 2011|newspaper=Outlook India|date=20 April 2010}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Anna
* [[Seema Biswas]] as Aai
* [[Ankush Choudhary]] as Baba
* [[Anusha Dandekar]] as Manasi
* [[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as Mohan
* Veena Jamkar as Manju
* [[Karan Patel]] as Naru
* [[Siddharth Jadhav]] as Speed Breaker
* [[Satish Kaushik]] as Mama
* [[Kashmera Shah]] as Mami
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as Mahendra
* Ganesh Yadav as Parshya Bhai
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Arvind Rane
* [[Vinay Apte]] as Govind
* [[Kishore Pradhan]] as Khaitan Sheth
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]] as Doctor Saheb
* Shyam Mashalkar as Nojh Dharmu
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as Shalu / Naru's girlfriend
* [[Resham Tipnis]] as Dancer in the Laavni song "Tuzya girnicha vajude bhonga"
*Mayur Padwal As Datadya
*Vaibhav Padwal As Boing
*Mitesh Bawkar
*Kuldeep Patkar
*Jagruti More

==Soundtrack==
===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| title1 = Tuzya girnicha vajude bhonga – Laavani Dance
| extra1 =
| length1 = 3:07
}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cityofgoldthefilm.com/ Official website]
* {{IMDb title|1608768|City of Gold}}
*[http://www.marathimirchi.com/marathi/categories.php?cat_id=182 Lalbaug Parel Movie Stills]

{{ Mahesh Manjrekar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:City Of Gold}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2010 multilingual films]]
[[Category:DAR Motion Pictures films]]

City of Gold (2010 film)

2026-03-04T09:49:01Z

KrisMchugh15039: content update

Rajambal (1951 film)

2026-03-04T05:03:26Z

KrisMchugh15039: Made a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rajambal 1951 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. M. Krishnaswamy
| screenplay = [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Rajambal''|J. R. Rangaraju}}
| producer = V. C. Subburaman M. Radhakrishnan R. M. Krishnaswamy
| starring = [[R. S. Manohar]] P. K. Saraswathi [[K. Sarangapani]] [[Madhuri Devi]]
| cinematography = R. M. Krishnaswamy
| editing = C. V. Raju Pal G. Yadav
| music = M. S. Gnanamani
| studio = Aruna Films
| distributor = Giridhar Pictures<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 1951 |title=Rajambal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19510912&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1951|9|14|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 209 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Rajambal''''' is a 1951 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by R. M. Krishnaswamy. The film stars [[R. S. Manohar]] and P. K. Saraswathi. It is based on the play of the same name by J. R. Rangaraju. The film was released on 14 September 1951.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1951 – ராஜாம்பாள் – அருணா பிலிம்ஸ் |trans-title=1951 – Rajambal – Aruna Films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails22.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170618013028/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails22.asp |archive-date=18 June 2017 |access-date=18 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story is of a judicial officer who misuses his office to achieve his personal needs.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=3 January 2009 |title=Rajambal 1951 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Rajambal-1951/article15934288.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170618013456/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Rajambal-1951/article15934288.ece |archive-date=18 June 2017 |access-date=18 June 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Cast ==
List adapted from the film's song book<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.Rajambal_R.M.Krishnaswamy_1951/23.%20Rajambal_R.M.Krishnaswamy_1951.pdf |title=இராஜாம்பாள் |publisher=Aruna Films |year=1951 |language=ta |access-date=1 September 2024 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]] as Gopalan
* [[S. Balachander]] as Natesan
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Detective Govindan
* [[B. R. Panthulu]] as Saminatha Sastri
* [[M. V. Mani]] as Lawyer Duraisami Iyengar
* (Friend) Ramasami as Ramanna
* T. N. Sivathanu as Neelamega Sastri
* Stunt Somu as Narasimhalu Naidu
* P. Sundar Rao as Manavala Naidu
* Kulathu Mani as Judge
* V. K. Karthikeyan as Murugan
* T. V. Sethuraman as Muniyan
{{Col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* P. K. Saraswathi as Rajambal
* [[Madhuri Devi]] as Lokasundari
* C. R. Rajakumari as Balambal
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Kanakavalli
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Mangalam
* K. S. Angamuthu as Pankajam
* P. S. Gnanam as Pavadai
* K. S. Adilakshmi as Rukmani
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by V. C. Subbaraman and M. Radhakrishnan together with R. M. Krishnaswamy who also directed the film and handled the cinematography. C. V. Raju and Paul G. Yadav did the editing. The screenplay was based on a stage play with the same name written by J. R. Rangaraju. Dialogues were penned by [[A. T. Krishnaswamy]]. T. V. Sarma was in charge of art direction while the choreography was done by Kumar. Still photography was done by R. N. Nagaraja Rao. The film was processed at [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Vijaya]] laboratory.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref name="hindu" />

This film is the debut for [[R. S. Manohar]]. He was working in the Postal Department and was acting in stage dramas as an amateur artiste.<ref name="hindu" />

This is the second version of the stage play. It was filmed earlier in 1935 with the same title, [[Rajambal (1935 film)|Rajambal]] directed by A. Narayanan.<ref name="hindu" />

== Censorship ==
Film historian [[Randor Guy]] says when the producer went to renew the certificate, the then Regional Censor Officer G. T. Sastri, who was the toughest ever censor officer, not only refused to renew the certificate but also asked to surrender the negatives of the film as the subject of the story "was illegal, immoral and anti-social".<ref name="hindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music for songs was composed by M. S. Gnanamani while background score was by [[S. Balachander]].<ref name="hindu" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=25 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Length
|-
| "Kani Mozhi Maathae" || [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[P. Leela]]|| rowspan="9" |[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:25
|-
| "Thathina Theen Pasi Theeruma" || P. Leela & group ||
|-
| "Vaazhvu Uyara Vendum" || rowspan=3|[[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]|| 03:02
|-
| "Ahaa Haa Manaiviyaaven" || 03:00
|-
| "Theeraadha Thunbam Thaanaa" ||
|-
| "Jayame Vaazhvil Peruvaen" || P. Leela || 02:53
|-
| "Idhaya Thaamarai Malara Cheyvadhum" || [[V. N. Sundaram]] & P. Leela ||
|-
| "Maathar Maniye Vaa" || [[S. Balachander]] & P. Leela || 03:09
|-
| "Ullondru Vaithu" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]||
|-
| "Oru Thinusaa Irukudhu" || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & [[K. Sarangapani]]|| Ku. Sa. Krishnamoorthy || 02:55
|}

== Reception ==
The film fared moderately at the box office. According to Randor Guy, it is "Remembered for R. S. Manohar’s film debut, ‘Veena’ Balachandar’s performance and background score and for being the first production of RMK."<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1951 Indian films]]
[[Category:1951 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1951 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Gnanamani]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Manasology (film)

2026-03-04T04:40:14Z

KrisMchugh15039: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manasology
| image = Manasology VCD Cover.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD Cover
| native_name = 
| director = Deepak Aras
| writer = Deepak Aras Ashok Maddhur (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Deepak Aras
| starring = [[Amulya]] [[Rakesh Adiga|Rakesh]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sugnan
| editing = Jo Ni Harsha
| music = [[J. Anoop Seelin]]
| studio = Cinisparsha Creations
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|9|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Manasology''''' ({{Translation|Study of the heart}}){{efn|The title can also mean the study of Manas, the character played by [[Rakesh Adiga|Rakesh]].}} is a 2011 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by Deepak Aras and starring his sister [[Amulya]] and [[Rakesh Adiga|Rakesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/amoolyas-brother-deepak-is-a-director/articleshow/33063067.cms|title=Amoolya's brother Deepak is a director|date=1 April 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226050959/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/amoolyas-brother-deepak-is-a-director/articleshow/33063067.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/192978/movie-guide.html|title=Movie Guide.|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=23 September 2011|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226003857/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/192978/movie-guide.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film released to negative reviews and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-southmeet-the-band-of--boys-of-kannada-films/20120925.htm|title=Meet the Band of boys of Kannada films|date=25 September 2012|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Girish|last=S.|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=4 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104072959/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-southmeet-the-band-of--boys-of-kannada-films/20120925.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is based on a true story of an incident that happened to a girl in Bangalore. She was stressed and in the hospital. She was in love with a boy whom she had never met with in real life and had only talked over the phone with.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2011/mar/29/manasology-to-hit-theatres-soon-239535.html|title='Manasology' to hit theatres soon|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=29 March 2011|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226003901/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2011/mar/29/manasology-to-hit-theatres-soon-239535.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Amulya]] as Sihi
*[[Rakesh Adiga|Rakesh]] as Manas
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Sihi's father
*Manjunath Raj
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]

== Production ==
The film was shot in Bangalore and Mysore. The film completed most of its shooting by March 2011.<ref name="N"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[J. Anoop Seelin|Anoop Seelin]]. The lyrics were written by Arasu Anthare and Ashok Maddur. The songs were released under the label [[Anand Audio]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Manasaalogy |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/manasaalogy/r2t0qZmjEtc_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=4 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704151947/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/manasaalogy/r2t0qZmjEtc_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Manasaalogy
| extra1 = J. Anoop Seelin, Apoorva Sridhar, Sunitha S. Murali
| length1 = 3:41
| title2 = Acchu Mecchu Preethi Hucchu
| extra2 = Rithisha Padmanabh, Harsha Sadananda
| length2 = 5:23
| title3 = Kambani Tumbida
| extra3 = J. Anoop Seelin
| length3 = 4:12
| title4 = Narkakkilsi
| extra4 = J. Anoop Seelin, Oscar Aloysius
| length4 = 4:19
| title5 = Preethiya Sarathi
| extra5 = [[M. D. Pallavi]]
| length5 = 4:35
| title6 = Mankutimma
| extra6 = Rabeendra Soragavi, J. Anoop Seelin
| length6 = 4:26
| total_length = 26:36
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film a negative review criticizing the story, acting and music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-manasology/20110926.htm|title=Review: Manasology can be avoided|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|date=26 September 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106000235/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-manasology/20110926.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "''Manasology'' suffers because of immature handling. Avoid it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-manasology-disappoints-403983.html|title=Kannada Review: 'Manasology' disappoints|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=[[News 18]]|date=25 September 2011|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106000233/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-manasology-disappoints-403983.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Webdunia'' also gave the film a negative review.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.webdunia.com/article/kannada-cinema-review/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6-%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF-111092400024_1.htm|title=ಮನಸಾಲಜಿ ಚಿತ್ರವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ಲಾಜಿಕ್ ಇಲ್ಲದ ಟ್ರ್ಯಾಜಿಡಿ|language=kn|author=ಇಳಯರಾಜ|work=Webdunia|access-date=2023-02-26|archive-date=2023-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226010906/https://kannada.webdunia.com/article/kannada-cinema-review/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6-%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF-111092400024_1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13906482}}

[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]

Kahin Aur Chal

2026-03-04T03:51:49Z

KrisMchugh15039: Updated article with clearer structure

{{more citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kahin Aur Chal
| image = Kahin Aur Chal.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]]
| producer = [[Jal Mistry]]
| writer = Vijay Anand
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring = [[Dev Anand]] [[Asha Parekh]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1968}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kahin Aur Chal''''' (English: "Let's Go Elsewhere") is a Hindi film that was released in 1968.<ref>Sanjit Narwekar, ''Directory of Indian film-makers and films''. Flicks Books (1994), p. 13</ref> It was written and directed by [[Vijay Anand (filmmaker)|Vijay Anand]] and stars his older brother [[Dev Anand]]. [[Asha Parekh]] is the heroine. [[Shubha Khote]], [[Madan Puri]] are part of the supporting cast. [[Shankar Jaikishan]] composed the music. [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Asha Bhosle]] are the playback singers. It was produced by [[Jal Mistry]], who was also the cinematographer.

==Plot==
It is a thriller in which the hero is suspected of a crime and is on the run. Shail ([[Dev Anand]]) works as an engine driver, and he is devastated when he finds his wife Leela (Padma Chavan) having an affair with his friend Paul ([[Madan Puri]]). He shoots Paul and then runs away. Feeling guilty, he jumps into the water to kill himself. Rajni ([[Asha Parekh]]) finds him in the water and saves him. She nurses him back to health and they fall in love. However, Shail cannot forget his past. It turns out that Paul has survived, and he and Leela are spending Shail's money. Shail decides to take revenge with Rajni's help. A motif that happens throughout the film is that Rajni looks forward to the time when Shail's train reaches the station for two minutes, every day.

==Cast==
*[[Dev Anand]]- Shail
*[[Asha Parekh]]- Rajni
*[[Madan Puri]]- Paul

==Music==
#"O Laxmi O Sarsu, O Sheela, O Rajni Dekho Kya Kya Lekar Aaya" - [[Mohammed Rafi]]
#"Dubate Huye Dil Ko Tinake Kaa Sahaaraa Bhi Nahin" - Mohammed Rafi
#"Zindagi Seharaa Bhi Hai Aur Zindagi Gulashan Bhi Hai" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
#"Re Aane Wale Aa" - Lata Mangeshkar
#"Shokh Ankhe Dekh Kar Surat Per Pyar Aa Hi Gaya" - Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
#"Pani Pe Barse Jab Pani" - Lata Mangeshkar

==Production==
According to filmmaker Vijay Anand's biography "Ek Hota Goldie", written by Anita Padhye, the film had a long troubled production. The film's financier Tolaram Jalan signed the biggest names of the 1960s Hindi cinema (Dev Anand, Asha Parekh, Shankar-Jaikishen, Vijay Anand). Filming began in 1963. Anand felt he was making a good film, but it ran into financial problems. Jalan stopped paying cast and crew and took the film from Anand, because he wanted a flop film to adjust his income taxes. It was eventually released in a single theater in 1968 and then quickly pulled from circulation. It hasn't been released on DVD or is on any streaming platform. However, the songs are available online.

==Reception==

Leading lady [[Asha Parekh]] wrote in her 2017 memoir ''The Hit Girl'': "The project ran into financial problems, the end-result suffered, and did not fare well at the box office."

==Trivia==
[[Asha Parekh]] wrote in her memoir that she found the song "Zindagi Sehra Bhi Hai" to be melodious, which she often listens to online.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0154702}}
{{Vijay Anand}}

[[Category:Films directed by Vijay Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:1968 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Sone Ka Dil Lohe Ke Haath

2026-03-03T23:25:43Z

KrisMchugh15039: add details further and updated info

{{Not to be confused with|Sone Ke Hath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sone Ka Dil Lohe Ke Haath
| image = Sone Ka Dil Lohe Ke Haath.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Naresh Kumar HN|Naresh Kumar]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajendra Kumar]]|[[Vidya Sinha]]}}
| music = [[Usha Khanna]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sone Ka Dil Lohe Ke Haath''''' ({{lit|Heart of gold, hand of iron}}) is a 1978 [[Bollywood]] [[action film]] directed by [[Naresh Kumar HN|Naresh Kumar]].<ref>[https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/sone-ka-dil-lohe-ka-haath Sone Ka Dil Lohe Ke Haath] in Hindi</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=647 |isbn=9781135943189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&dq=Sone+Ka+Dil+Lohe+Ke+Haath&pg=PT308 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=July 10, 2014 |format=Ebook |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |editor-first1=Ashish |editor-last1=Rajadhyaksha |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last2=Willemen}}</ref><ref name="Alimchand">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJfSDwAAQBAJ&dq=Sone+Ka+Dil+Lohe+Ke+Haath&pg=PT229 |page=229 |title=Jubilee Kumar: The Life and Times of a Superstar|isbn=9789388322409 |date=February 25, 2020
|format=Ebook |publisher=[[Hachette India]] |first1=Seema Sonik |last1=Alimchand}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dv4AAAAQBAJ&dq=Sone+Ka+Dil+Lohe+Ke+Haath&pg=PA257 |pages=257, 267 |title=Different Bodies: Essays on Disability in Film and Television|isbn=9780786465354 |date=September 20, 2013 |type=Paperback |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland, Incorporated]] |editor-first1=Marja Evelyn |editor-last1=Mogk |editor-first2=Marja |editor-last2=Mogk}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0jvCwAAQBAJ&dq=Sone+Ka+Dil+Lohe+Ke+Haath&pg=PA100 |chapter=Yesudas: I like Mohd Rafi’s Voice |page=100 |title=Remembering Mohammed Rafi |first1=Vijay |last1=Poolakkal |isbn=9781329501775 |date=March 10, 2014 |type=Paperback |publisher=[[Lulu.com|Lulu Press, Incorporated]] }}</ref> Kumar stars in a physically demanding and tension-filled role.<ref name="Link">{{cite news |year=1978 |title=Violent Ways |volume=21 |page=35 |work=[[Link (Indian magazine)|Link]] |publisher=United India Periodicals |number=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGtDAAAAYAAJ&q=Sone+Ka+Dil+Lohe+Ke+Haath}}</ref> The film did "average [[box office]]."<ref name="Alimchand" />

==Cast==
*[[Rajendra Kumar]] as Shankar<ref name="Link"/>
*[[Vidya Sinha]] as Parvati
*[[Mala Sinha]] as Mother
*[[Dara Singh]] as Nihalchand
*[[Nazir Hussain]] as Balkishan
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Dancer
*[[Kamal Kapoor]] as Dinanath Mathur
*[[Viju Khote]] as Birju
*[[Ram Mohan]] as Ramu Ustad
*[[Jagdish Raj]] as Police Inspector

==Music==
All songs were penned by [[Asad Bhopali]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Sone Ka Dil, Lohe Ke Haath"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Yeh To Kal Ki Hai Baat"
| [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]]
|-
| "Aaya Re Aaya Khilonewala"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Mohabbat Ho Gayi Hai, Qayamat Ho Gayi Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0392784|title=Sone Ka Dil Lohe Ke Haath}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1978 action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Usha Khanna]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1970s-action-film-stub}}

Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum

2026-03-03T21:15:59Z

KrisMchugh15039: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum
| image =
| caption =
| director = Chandrasekharan
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* K Shanmukham
* C Gangadharan sons
* M P Mohanan
}}
| writer = [[V. Sekhar]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' by V. Sekhar}}
| screenplay = [[Babu Pallassery]]
| starring = [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Jagadish]] [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Harishree Ashokan]] [[KPAC Lalitha]] [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] [[Charmila]] [[Bindu Panicker]]
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = Sreesankar
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = Sree Sakthi Productions
| distributor = Sree Sakthi Productions
| released = {{Film date|1997|1|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum''''' ({{Translation|Arjunan Pillai and five children}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed and produced by Chandrasekharan. The film stars [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Jagadish]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Harishree Ashokan]], [[KPAC Lalitha]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[Charmila]], [[Baiju Santhosh]] and [[Bindu Panicker]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Mohan Sithara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3043|title=Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3695 |title=Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum |accessdate=2014-10-27 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027153357/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3695 |archivedate=27 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/arjunan-pillayum-anchu-makkalum-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027161644/http://spicyonion.com/title/arjunan-pillayum-anchu-makkalum-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>
It is a remake of the 1996 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]''.

==Plot==
Arjunan Pillai is an autocratic father who sees his four daughters as burdens to be married off to anyone whatsoever but is fondly attached to his spoilt son Ajayan. Through a broker Adjustment Ayyappan, he arranges his elder daughters Jayalakshmi and Jayaprabha to be married to the rather old caterer Sudhakaran and low-earning municipality employee Thankakkuttan respectively, neither of who have any education comparable to them. Despite strong objections from the two daughters and his wife Sarada, he goes on with the marriage highhandedly. When the third daughter Jayasree stands up to him to support her sisters and mother, he decides to punish her by marrying her too off quickly to an autodriver Uthaman on the same day, earning her no-objection by lying that Uthaman runs an automobile workshop rather than drive someone else's auto.

Arjunan Pilla's only dream is to get his only son Ajayan married to a rich family.

Fortunately for the three sisters, their husbands, though low-earning, are responsible, loving, and simple human beings. Thankakkuttan, for e.g., loves his wife Jayaprabha dearly even though she denied him sex, even drugging him on their first night. When Uthaman's real status is revealed inevitably one day, all sisters and Sarada realise how wretched a father Arjunan Pillai is, and the sisters move out of the house to their husbands' homes.

Arjunan Pilla finally succeeds in his dream of seeking a rich alliance for Ajayan with the businessman K. G. P. Menon. However, Ajayan's wife Seetha and her father Menon are scheming greedy cheaters conniving to appropriate Arjuna Pilla's properties for themselves.

Uthaman, Sudhakaran and Thankakuttan plans to make their wives ask for Rs. 1 lakh each from their father for starting business but Arjunan Pilla refuses. Arjunan Pillai later divests all his properties (amounting to ~10 lakhs) to Ajayan for taking a loan. Though Sharada refuses the action Arjunan Pillai goes forward resulting in Sharada's death. Ajayan later misappropriates Arjunan Pillai's properties after Sharada's Death cheating his father and throws Arjunan Pillai and Jayasudha out of their home. They seek refuge under Parameswaran and his wife Madhavi who shelters them . The three sons-in-law fight together along with Arjunan Pillai to retrieve the family property from Ajayan. K. G. P Menon, the father-in-law of Ajayan, tries to break the unity of the sons-in-law of Arjunan Pilla but they stay together. Winning the court case, they get back the property and Ajayan in turn gets incriminated for cheating.

Arjunan Pillai, Uthaman, Sudhakaran and Thankakuttan prepares for marriage of Jayasudha. Though Ajayan tries to sabotage the marriage with the help of his father-in-law K.G.P. Menon all tries end in vain. Finally Ajayan disrupts the marriage function of Jayasudha but Arjunan Pillai's hell breaks loose and start beating Ajayan. Finally Ajayan realizes his mistake seeking apology from Arjunan Pillai for his actions and the whole family joyfully celebrates Jayasudha's marriage.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Arjunan Pillai
*[[Jagadish]] as Uthaman, Jayasree's Husband
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Sudhakaran, Jayalekshmi's Husband
*[[Harishree Ashokan]] as Thankakuttan, Jayaprabha's Husband
*[[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Ajayan, S/o Arjunan Pillai
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Parameswaran, Arjunan Pillai's Friend
*Salu Kuttanadu as Adjustment Ayyappan, Marriage Brocker
*[[C. I. Paul]] as K. G. P. Menon, Geetha's Father
*[[KPAC Lalitha]] as Sharada W/o Arjunan Pillai
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Jayalakshmi D/o Arjunan Pillai
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Jayaprabha, D/o Arjunan Pillai
*[[Charmila]] as Jayasree, D/o Arjunan Pillai
*Amitha Sebastian as Jayasudha, D/o Arjunan Pillai
*Dharsana as Geetha, Ajayan's Wife
*[[Cherthala Lalitha]] as Madhavi W/o Parameswaran
*[[Ottapalam Pappan]] as Nellissery Viswanatha Menon
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Mohan Sithara]] and the lyrics were written by [[Bichu Thirumala]] and Kaithapram.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Evide Nin Daivaamsham" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Kaithapram]] || 5:46
|-
| 2 || "Manchaadi Chundathum" || [[K. S. Chithra]], Chorus || [[Bichu Thirumala]] || 4:44
|-
| 3 || "Moham Manassilittu" || [[Pradip Somasundaran]], Chorus || Bichu Thirumala || 5:16
|-
| 4 || "Vellikkinnam Niranju" || K. J. Yesudas || Kaithapram || 4:20
|}
==Trivia==

* This movie was shot in Ottapalam near in Palakkad District of Kerala.

==Sexual Assault Allegations During Shoot==
Lead actress [[Charmila]] revealed that M. P. Mohanan, one of the producers, barged into her room one night along with his friends during the shoot and tried to disrobe and gangrape her. The revelation came as part of a string of similar revelations by female artistes that rocked Malayalam film industry immediately following the publication of the [[Hema Committee| Hema Committee Report]] in August 2024. She narrated how her male assistant who tried to protect her was also attacked and she barely escaped from the hotel and was carried away to safety by autorickshaw drivers on the street. She added that even though she herself escaped narrowly, some of the junior artistes in the set were not so lucky and were gangraped.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/31/charmila-mohanan-hariharan-metoo-allegations-malayalam-cinema.html|accessdate=2024-09-01|publisher=www.onmanorama.com |title=Actor Charmila levels rape, sexual harassment allegations against producer Mohanan, director Hariharan }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0355214|Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1997 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy-drama films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Kaalamega Karigindhi

2026-03-03T09:09:33Z

KrisMchugh15039: Made pg...

{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Singara Mohan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kaalamega Karigindhi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Singara Mohan
| writer = Singara Mohan
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = Mare Siva Shankar
| starring = {{plain list|
* Vinay Kumar
* Shravani Majjari
* Aravind Mudigonda
* Nomina Tara
}}
| cinematography = Vineeth Pabbathi
| editing = Ra Yogesh
| music = Gudappan
| studio = Singaara Creative Works
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|3|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kaalamega Karigindhi''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Singara Mohan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2025-03-20 |title='Kaalamega Karigindhi' Praised as a Poetic Love Story |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kaalamega-karigindhi-praised-as-a-poetic-love-story-955678 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> The film features Vinay Kumar, Shravani Majjari, Aravind Mudigonda and Nomina Tara in important roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Kaalamega Karigindhi review: 'కాలమే కరిగింది' మూవీ రివ్యూ.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/kaalamega-karigindhi-movie-review-rating-public-talk-full-details-ta-211847 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

The film was released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-03-11 |title="Kaalamega Karigindhi" to release in theaters on March 21 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kaalamega-karigindhi-to-release-in-theaters-on-march-21 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Telangana Today |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314165823/https://telanganatoday.com/kaalamega-karigindhi-to-release-in-theaters-on-march-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Phanindra, in his 30's goes back to school. While roaming around the school, he reminds of his first love. With his unanswered questions where is she now?, did she still love him etc.

==Cast==
* Vinay Kumar as Phanindra
* Aravind Mudigonda as Young Phanindra
* Shravani Majjari as Bindu
* Nomina Tara as Young Bindu

== Music ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Gudappan
| title1 = Vesavi Shishirama
| length1 = 2:20
| lyrics1 = Singara Mohan
| extra1 = Surendra Adithe, Aishwarya Daruri
| title2 = Dharee Dhaatina Moham
| length2 = 3:41
| lyrics2 = Singara Mohan
| extra2 = Sai Madhav, Aishwarya Daruri
| title3 = Oohalona Oosulaade
| length3 = 5:22
| lyrics3 = Singara Mohan
| extra3 = Sai Madhav, Aishwarya Daruri
| title4 = Vaalinaa Chooputho
| length4 = 2:04
| lyrics4 = Singara Mohan
| extra4 = Surendra Adithe, Aishwarya Daruri
| title5 = Gathamadhi Viduvadhi
| length5 = 3:36
| lyrics5 = Singara Mohan
| extra5 = Ananya Sri
| title6 = Thanu Jathagaa
| length6 = 3:20
| lyrics6 = Sharath Chandra Thirunagari
| extra6 = Krishna Tejasvi
| title7 = O Cheliya Naalona
| length7 = 3:28
| lyrics7 = Singara Mohan
| extra7 = Ishaq Vali
| title8 = Naa Yadhapai Vaale
| length8 = 1:58
| lyrics8 = Singara Mohan
| extra8 = Aishwarya Daruri
| title9 = Ye Dhaarilo Ye Malupulo
| length9 = 3:52
| lyrics9 = Singara Mohan
| extra9 = Surendra Adithe, Ananya Sri
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Kaalamega Karigindhi'' was released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-03-10 |title=Kaalamega Karigindhi..? to release on March 21 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/10/kaalamega-karigindhi-to-release-on-march-21 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sakshi Post|''Sakshi Post'']] gave a rating of 2,75 out of 5 and wrote that "Singara Mohan crafts a simple yet deeply emotional tale, brought to life by sincere performances and technical brilliance".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Kaalamega Karigindhi Movie Review and Rating: A Poetic Love Story that Touches Hearts |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/kaalamega-karigindhi-movie-review-and-rating-poetic-love-story-touches-hearts-389543 |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> Aditya Devulapallu of [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']] rated the film 2 out of 5 and wrote that "Had ''Kaalamega Karigindhi'' trusted its own visual poetry a little more, had it let its silences speak, it might have created waves. Instead, it remains a film that leaves you both in awe of its craftsmanship and quietly longing for an intermission".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-03-23 |title=Kaalamega Karigindhi movie review: An exhaustingly poetic take on first love |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Mar/23/kaalamega-karigindhi-movie-review-an-exhaustingly-poetic-take-on-first-love |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=18246324|title=Kaalamega Karigindhi}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]

Saithan

2026-03-03T03:07:04Z

KrisMchugh15039: created new stub - done

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Pradeep Krishnamoorthy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saithan
| image = Saithan poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pradeep Krishnamoorthy
| producer = Fathima Vijay Antony
| screenplay = Pradeep Krishnamoorthy
| based_on = {{based on|''Aaah!''|[[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vijay Antony]]
* [[Arundhati Nair]]
}}
| music = [[Vijay Antony]]
| cinematography = [[Pradeep Kalipurayath]]
| editing = Veera Senthil Raj
| studio = Vijay Antony Film Corporation
| distributor = Auraa Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|12|01}}
| runtime = 115 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=''Saithan'' (12A) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/saithan-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117062932/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/saithan-film |archive-date=17 November 2016 |access-date=16 November 2016 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Saithan''''' ({{translation|Demon}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological film|psychological horror]] [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |date=November 29, 2016 |title='Saithan' is a Tamil thriller and action film |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/saithan-is-a-tamil-thriller-and-action-film-1.1937341 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513114438/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/saithan-is-a-tamil-thriller-and-action-film-1.1937341 |archive-date=13 May 2019 |access-date=13 May 2019 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> written and directed by Pradeep Krishnamoorthy in his directoral debut . The film stars [[Vijay Antony]] in a [[dual role]] as father and son with [[Arundhati Nair]], [[Charuhasan]], [[Y. G. Mahendra]], Siddhartha Shankar and [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] amongst others forming the secondary cast. Based on the novel ''Aaah!'' by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2016 |title=Saithan Review: A semi-inspired performance of a novel adapted to the big screens |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/dec/02/saithan-review-a-semi-inspired-performance-of-a-novel-adapted-to-the-big-screens-1544923.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001213416/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/dec/02/saithan-review-a-semi-inspired-performance-of-a-novel-adapted-to-the-big-screens-1544923.html |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> it revolves around a software engineer who gets into trouble after he starts hearing strange voices asking him to kill a woman named Jayalakshmi. The film was released theatrically on 1 December 2016.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
Dinesh ([[Vijay Antony]]) and his boss ([[Y. G. Mahendran|Y. G. Mahendra]]) visiting a psychiatrist. Dinesh tells the doctor that he had been listening to a voice for a few days, and it has been troubling him. the voice sounds like that of God. The doctor asks Dinesh to come along with him for a personal treatment where Dinesh tells him that he had killed his friend Ravi. The doctor asks Dinesh to relax and hypnotises him in his sleep.

It is revealed that Dinesh had been recently married to an orphan Aishwarya ([[Arundhati Nair]]), who had contacted him through a matrimonial site. After their return from their honeymoon trip, Dinesh starts hallucinating and listening to voices in his head. His best friend Ravi, who comes to help him, gets killed in a car accident due to Dinesh. Dinesh catches the bus and goes a prostitute's place, named Jayalakshmi. Dinesh tries to kill the prostitute as voices had told him to do so. But, she runs away, and people catch him.

The psychiatrist hypnotises Dinesh and sends him back to when he was ten years old. The voice in Dinesh's head keeps telling him to die, and Dinesh sees miserable things around him. After the treatment, the doctor tells Dinesh not to wander off alone and tells his boss that Dinesh has got disturbed memories of his past life.

On returning home, a disturbed Dinesh aimlessly runs away from home and reaches Tanjavore in a train. He hears the same voice in his head directing him to that village, and he names Sharma, Gopal, Natraj and Jayalakshmi. As soon as he gets down, he hires an auto to find what happened to him and who is the voice. Upon investigating, he finds a picture of Sharma (Vijay Antony in his previous life) was a respected bachelor who adopted a boy Gopal and later married Jayalakshmi (Arundhati Nair). Things go smooth until Nataraj ([[Arav Nafeez|Arav]]) enters the school. Jayalakshmi and Nataraj get close and have a baby who takes the name of Sharma as his father. Though the talks go through the village, Sharma still loves and cares for the baby. One day when Nataraj passes through Sharma's house, an angry Sharma tries to rush out and confront Nataraj. In this chaos, the baby falls down and dies. Jayalakshmi runs away after this incident. Two weeks later, both Sharma and Gopal are found dead on the banks of a river and Jayalakshmi, Nataraj, are absconding. The case gets closed as they are not tracked down.

Unknown to everyone is that, Jayalakshmi returns and meets Sharma asking for forgiveness, which he readily does. Jayalakshmi feeds him food which is poisoned, and later Nataraj and Jayalakshmi kill him and Gopal for killing their baby. Then, they abandon their bodies near a river bank and run away.

A disturbed Dinesh wakes up to find himself in the mental asylum. Aishwarya comes to feed him. Dinesh, who has Sharma's soul inside him, charges upon Aishwarya, who looks like Jayalakshmi. He is sedated and left inside his room for a few days, where Sharma refuses to accept leave Dinesh's body. In the meanwhile, Aishwarya goes missing leaving behind a letter after she gets a call from Thomas.

It is revealed that Aishwarya had married Dinesh, just to test a drug on him. But guilt drives her to become a good husband-loving woman, and she refuses to do any harm to him. The drug had caused him to remember his past. Thomas calls up Dinesh and asks him to bring back the shreds of evidence that were stolen from his guest house. When Dinesh comes with it, the gang, Aishwarya had worked for, reveals to Dinesh that she was a prostitute. Dinesh asks to take Aishwarya away with him. A scuffle ensues, and Dinesh is drugged with high doses of the chemical. This causes him to get extra ordinary power while his body is taken over by Sharma, and he takes down everyone and heads to finish Aishwarya. Now Sharma confronts Aishwarya thinking her to be Jayalakshmi, and is at the verge of killing her. Aishwarya, who is pregnant with Dinesh's child, tells him that she doesn't know what he is speaking about and that she is sorry for Dinesh's condition. She also puts forward a wish to be his wife and the mother of his child. She also saves him from getting killed by Dr. Christopher (Kamal Krishna), who runs the drug scam. In the process of saving Dinesh, she gets injured. Sharma, who is in Dinesh's body kills Dr. Christopher.

Aishwarya, Dinesh and Dinesh's mother are in the hospital where Aishwarya is being treated. They get a call from the neighbor that a woman, Jayalakshmi, had come to visit Dinesh. Dinesh goes to his house, where he is informed that, that lady had died and that she had asked him for an apology. When Dinesh sees her, he notices that she has a photo held in her hand (The 50 year old photo of herself and Sharma in it). The Jayalakshmi he appeared to have seen wasn't the real Jayalakshmi. It wasn't his wife, but another lady ([[Remya Nambeesan|Ramya Nambeesan]]). Jayalakshmi had died without Sharma avenging her death. Sharma had left Dinesh's body for good as he is going to be a father soon.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijay Antony]] in a [[dual role]] as
**Dinesh
**Sharma
*[[Arundhati Nair]] as Aishwarya / Jayalakshmi
*[[Y. G. Mahendra]] as Dinesh's boss
*[[Meera Krishnan]] as Dinesh's mother
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Psychiatrist
*[[Charuhasan]] as "Yettu" Arumugam
*[[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] as Ravi
*[[Aarav]] as Nataraj
*Siddhartha Shankar as Thomas
*Kamal Krishna as Dr. Christopher
*Vijay Sarathy as Auto Driver
*Vinitha as Ravi's wife
*[[Ramya Nambeesan]] as Jayalakshmi (cameo)
}}

== Production ==
In June 2014, Vijay Antony announced that he was working on a project titled ''Saithan'', which would begin after the completion of his impending films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2014 |title=Acting, my priority: Vijay Antony |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/acting-my-priority-vijay-antony/article6108788.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210122751/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/acting-my-priority-vijay-antony/article6108788.ece |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Bike racer [[Alisha Abdullah]] also revealed that she would be a part of the film during an interview in October 2014, stating that it was a [[psychological thriller]] and based on the novel, ''[[The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Alisha Abdullah and Vijay Antony in Saitaan |url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/alisha-abdullah-and-vijay-antony-in-saitaan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215121942/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/alisha-abdullah-and-vijay-antony-in-saitaan/ |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Paitandy |first=Priyadarshini |date=4 November 2014 |title=Queen of the tarmac |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/queen-of-the-tarmac/article6564091.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901180802/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/queen-of-the-tarmac/article6564091.ece |archive-date=1 September 2020 |access-date=10 February 2016 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She later did not feature in the film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-23 |title=I was offered the movie Saithan but I refused to take it up: Alisha Abdullah |url=http://sportzwiki.com/news/offered-movie-didnt-take-alisha-abdullah/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001053101/http://sportzwiki.com/news/offered-movie-didnt-take-alisha-abdullah/ |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-01 |work=Sportzwiki |language=en-US}}</ref> while the director chose to adapt [[Sujatha (writer)|Writer Sujatha]]'s novella ''Aah'' into the plot of the film. The film began production during March 2016 and was completed in November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2015 |title=Vijay Antony began working for Shaitan |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-vijay-antony-began-working-for-shaitan-vijay-antony-shaitan-11-03-1510548.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312101315/http://www.tamilstar.com/news-id-vijay-antony-began-working-for-shaitan-vijay-antony-shaitan-11-03-1510548.htm |archive-date=12 March 2015 |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=Tamilstar.com}}</ref> [[Arav]], who later became popular with the show ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil|Bigg Boss]]'', made his acting debut with this film, and had no lines of dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-24 |title=Life after Saithan... |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/241216/life-after-saithan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001053755/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/241216/life-after-saithan.html |archive-date=1 October 2017 |access-date=2017-10-01 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
Soundtrack was composed by Vijay Antony. The album was released on November 3, 2016. The song "Yedhedho" which appeared in ''Sattapadi Kutram'' (2011) was again retained in the film.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ladukio
| length1 = 4:13
| lyrics1 = Annamalai
| extra1 = [[Vijay Antony]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| title2 = Jayalakshmi
| length2 = 3:56
| lyrics2 = Annamalai
| extra2 = Vijay Antony, Yazin Nizar
| title3 = Yededho
| length3 = 3:18
| lyrics3 = Eknaath
| extra3 = Vijay Antony
| title4 = Opaari
| length4 = 2:18
| lyrics4 = [[Chinnaponnu]]
| extra4 = Vijay Antony, Chinnaponnu
| title5 = Saithan Theme
| length5 = 1:27
| lyrics5 = [[Ko. Sesha]]
| extra5 = Vijay Antony
| title6 = Saithan (Title Track)
| length6 = 2:35
| lyrics6 = Instrumental
| extra6 = Vijay Antony
| total_length = 16:67
}}

== Marketing ==
Vijay Antony came up with a unique promotional strategy by releasing the first 5 minutes of the film as sneak peek.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2016 |title=Saithan – 5 minutes |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/14220/saithan---first-5-minutes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120064751/http://www.moviecrow.com/News/14220/saithan---first-5-minutes |archive-date=20 November 2016 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
When the makers initially launched the teaser of Saithan with the theme song penned by late lyricist Annamalai, few Hindu groups have raised objections to the using of Sanskrit slokas in the background music of the film. As a result, Vijay Antony has taken down the offended teaser and re-release the teaser with the revised lyrics penned by lyricist Ko Sesha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2017 |title=Vijay Antony's 'Saithan' teaser faces flak |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-antonys-saithan-teaser-faces-flak/articleshow/54693238.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327100221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-antonys-saithan-teaser-faces-flak/articleshow/54693238.cms |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Times Of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhavanishankar |first=Jyothsna |date=October 16, 2016 |title=Scenes in the teaser demanded powerful lyrics |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-antony-withdraws-saithan-teaser.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007174307/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-antony-withdraws-saithan-teaser.html |archive-date=7 October 2016 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Saithan received positive reviews from both the audience and critics and it was a success at the box office.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt6286666}}

[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pradeep Krishnamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Antony]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about substance abuse]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]

Hukmdev Narayan Yadav

2026-02-27T18:06:27Z

KrisMchugh15039: fixed article and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hukmdev Narayan Yadav
| image = The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for the year 2014 to Shri Hukmdev Narayan Yadav, at a function, at Parliament House, in New Delhi.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Yadav receiving the [[Outstanding Parliamentarian Award]] in 2018.
| office = [[Union Minister]] for [[Textiles]]
| term_start = 21 November 1990
| term_end = 21 June 1991
| primeminister = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| predecessor = [[Sharad Yadav]]
| successor = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| office1 = [[Union Minister of State]] for [[Agriculture]]
| term_start1 = 2 November 2001
| term_end1 = 22 May 2004
| predecessor1 = [[Shripad Naik]]
| successor1 = [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
| term_start2 = 13 October 1999
| term_end2 = 27 May 2000
| predecessor2 = [[Sompal Shastri]]
| successor2 = [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| office3 = [[Union Minister of State]] for [[Shipping]]
| term_start3 = 7 November 2000
| term_end3 = 2 November 2001
| predecessor3 = ''Office established''
| successor3 = [[Shripad Naik]]
| office4 = [[Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Surface Transport]]
| term_start4 = 27 May 2000
| term_end4 = 2 November 2001
| predecessor4 = [[Debendra Pradhan]]
| successor4 = [[Shripad Naik]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 7 July 1980
| term_end5 = 6 July 1986
| constituency5 = [[Bihar]]
| constituency6 = [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| constituency7 = [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| predecessor7 = [[Shakeel Ahmad]]
| successor7 = [[Shakeel Ahmad]]
| term6 = 16 May 2009 — 23 May 2019
| term7 = 6 October 1999 — 16 May 2004
| successor6 = [[Ashok Kumar Yadav]]
| constituency8 = [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]
| term_start8 = 2 December 1989
| term_end8 = 13 March 1991
| predecessor8 = Ram Shreshth Khirhar
| successor8 = [[Nawal Kishore Rai]]
| constituency9 = [[Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency|Madhubani]]
| predecessor9 = [[Bhogendra Jha]]
| successor9 = [[Shafiqullah Ansari]]
| term_start9 = 23 March 1977
| term_end9 = 22 August 1979
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| footnotes =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| term =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] [[Janata Party]] [[Janata Dal]] [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|11|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = Bijuli, [[Darbhanga]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship = [[India]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| spouse = Sudesh Yadav<ref name="Profile" />
| partner =
| children = 3 including [[Ashok Kumar Yadav]]
| parents =
| residence = Bijuli, [[Darbhanga]] and [[New Delhi]]
| alma_mater = Chandradhari Mithila College
| occupation = [[Politician]] and [[Agriculturist]]
| website = 
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
| honorific_prefix =
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| education = [[Graduation|Graduate]]<ref name="Profile" />
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| 1namedata1 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 1blankname1 = Prime Minister
| 2namedata2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 2blankname2 = Prime Minister
| 3namedata3 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 3blankname3 = Prime Minister
| 4namedata4 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 4blankname4 = Prime Minister
}}
'''Hukmdev Narayan Yadav''' (born 17 November 1939) is a politician from [[Bihar]], who has been [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister for Textiles]], whilst also serving as a [[Union Minister of State]] and long-serving influential member of the [[Lok Sabha]]. He is the recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] India's third highest civilian award. He represented the [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]] constituency of [[Bihar]] in 1977, 1999, 2009, 2014 and 1989 from Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency. He was with the [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] in 1960s and various faces of [[Janata Dal]] and its off-shoots in 1980s, before he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Profile">{{cite web |title=Hukmdev Narayan Yadav |url=https://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/hukmdev-narayan-yadav |work=National Portal of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=17 March 2017 |archive-date=18 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318001559/https://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/hukmdev-narayan-yadav |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/muslims-in-india-are-descendants-of-hindus-says-bjp-mp-hukumdev-narayan-yadav-4775675/|title=Majority of Muslims in India are descendants of Hindus: BJP MP Hukumdev Narayan Yadav|access-date=31 July 2017|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731195149/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/muslims-in-india-are-descendants-of-hindus-says-bjp-mp-hukumdev-narayan-yadav-4775675/|url-status=live}}</ref> Yadav is known for his fiery speeches in the parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAVlpJQqG-I|title=Hukmdev Narayan Yadav Excellent Speech In Lok Sabha - Tears Into Congress - PM Modi - Mango News|last=Mango News|date=29 April 2016|access-date=29 March 2019|publisher=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816201355/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAVlpJQqG-I&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G8D71yL0hI|title=Shri Hukmdev Narayan Yadav's speech on discussion during price rise in the country, 28.07.2016|last=Bharatiya Janata Party|date=28 July 2016|access-date=29 March 2019|publisher=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810115953/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G8D71yL0hI&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-LD0XHoCuk|title=Shri Hukmdev Narayan Yadav's speech in the discussion on The General Budget(2015-16): 16.03.2015|last=Bharatiya Janata Party|date=18 March 2015|access-date=29 March 2019|publisher=[[YouTube]]|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223031052/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-LD0XHoCuk|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2018, Yadav was recipient of [[Outstanding Parliamentarian Award]] for the period of 2014-2017 and was felicitated at an event at the central hall of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-amid-chaos-in-parliament-mps-awarded-outstanding-parliamentarian-awards-for-2014-2017-period-2644515|title=Amid chaos in Parliament, MPs awarded Outstanding Parliamentarian Awards for 2014-2017 period|website=Dnaindia.com|access-date=2018-08-01|language=en-US|archive-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802011225/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-amid-chaos-in-parliament-mps-awarded-outstanding-parliamentarian-awards-for-2014-2017-period-2644515|url-status=live}}</ref> Yadav is also the father of politician [[Ashok Kumar Yadav]], a Bharatiya Janata Party MP in the Lok Sabha.

==Education and background==
Yadav is a Graduate. An agriculturist by profession, he is also a political figure and a social worker.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=528&lastls=16|access-date=2021-08-01|website=loksabhaph.nic.in|archive-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801081748/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=528&lastls=16|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with Indranath Jha (commonly known as indu master ) of Damodarpur (Benipatti), Yadav was very active in BJP outreach in [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]; after the death of Indranath Jha, he took all the responsibility.<ref name="Profile" />

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
|-
| 01 || 1960 || 1968 || Gram Pradhan, Bijuli Panchayat (two terms)
|-
| 02 || 1965 || 1967 || President, Prakhand Panchayat Samiti, [[Darbhanga]]
|-
| 03 || 1967 || 1967 || Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 04 || 1967 || 1967 || Member, Public Accounts Committee, Rules Committee and Committee on Petitions
|-
| 05 || 1967 || 1967 || Chief Whip, Sanyukt Socialist Party (SANSOPA), Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 06 || 1969 || 1969 || Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 07 || 1969 || 1969 || Member, Public Accounts Committee, Rules Committee and Committee on Petitions
|-
| 08 || 1969 || 1969 || Chief Whip, Sanyukt Socialist Party (SANSOPA), Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 09 || 1972 || 1972 || Member, Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 10 || 1972 || 1972 || Member, Public Accounts Committee, Rules Committee and Committee on Petitions
|-
| 11 || 1972 || 1972 || Chief Whip, Sanyukt Socialist Party (SANSOPA), Bihar Legislative Assembly
|-
| 12 || 1971 || 1971 || President, Zila Parishad (District Board)
|-
| 13 || 1972 || 1972 || President, Sanyukt Socialist Party (SANSOPA), [[Darbhanga]]
|-
| 14 || 1974 || 1977 || General Secretary, [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], [[Bihar]]
|-
| 15 || 1977 || 1979 || Member of 6th Lok Sabha, [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|-
| 16 || 1977 || 1979 || General Secretary, [[Janata Party]], [[Bihar]]
|-
| 17 || 1977 || 1979 || Secretary, [[Parliamentary Committee]], [[Bihar]]
|-
| 18 || 1980 || 1980 || Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 19 || 1980 || 1986 || Chief Whip, Lok Dal, Rajya Sabha
|-
| 20 || 1980 || 1986 || President, Election Committee, [[Lok Dal]], [[Bihar]]
|-
| 21 || 1982 || 1984 || Deputy Leader, [[Rajya Sabha]]
|-
| 22 || 1983 || 1983 || National General Secretary, [[Janata Party]]
|-
| 23 || 1983 || 1984 || Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
|-
| 24 || 1985 || 1986 || Member, Committee on Official Language
|-
| 25 || 1985 || 1988 || President, [[Janata Party]], [[Bihar]]
|-
| 26 || 1989 || - || Re-elected to 9th Lok Sabha (2nd term) [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|-
| 27 || 1989 || 1990 || Member, Business Advisory Committee
|-
| 28 || 1990 || 1990 || Member, Committee on Public Undertakings, Consultative Committee & Ministry of Finance
|-
| 29 || 1990 || 1990 || Deputy leader, Janata Dal, Lok Sabha
|-
| 30 || 1990 || 1991 || Union Cabinet Minister, Textiles and Food Processing Industries
|-
| 31 || 1999 || - || Re-elected to 13th Lok Sabha (3rd term) [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|-
| 32 || 1999 || 2000 || [[Union Minister of State]], Agriculture
|-
| 33 || 2000 || 2000 || [[Union Minister of State]], Surface Transport
|-
| 34 || 2000 || 2001 || [[Union Minister of State]], Shipping
|-
| 35 || 2001 || - || [[Union Minister of State]], Agriculture
|-
| 36 || 2009 || 2014 || Re-elected to 15th Lok Sabha (4th term), [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|-
| 37 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Committee on Agriculture
|-
| 38 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Committee on Government Assurances
|-
| 39 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Committee on Official Language
|-
| 40 || 2009 || 2014 || Member, Consultative Committee, Urban Development
|-
| 41 || 2014 || 2019|| Re-elected to 16th Lok Sabha (5th term), [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–2019}}
{{16th LS members from Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Hukmdev Narayan}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:People from Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Samyukta Socialist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]

Deepa Subramanian

2026-02-24T11:15:07Z

KrisMchugh15039: put up new data

{{Short description|Art curator}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepa Subramanian
| image = File:Deepa Subramanian in 2025 at Galerie De'Arts, Santa Monica, CA.png
| alt =
| caption = Deepa Subramanian at Galerie De'Arts, Santa Monica, CA. 2025.
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1968
| birth_place = [[Chennai, India]]
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| occupation = Art curator and gallerist
| years_active =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Deepa Subramanian''' (born 1968) is an [[Indian-American]] [[curator]], art [[gallerist]] and an entrepreneur [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/deepa-subramanian-desa-india/articleshow/25272741.cms?] based in [[Los Angeles, California]], [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Deepa Subramanian - Art Gallerist & Curator |url=https://shoutoutla.com/meet-deepa-subramanian-art-gallerist-curator/ |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=Shoutout LA |date=June 6, 2022}}</ref>

She grew up in [[Chennai, India]], and graduated from [[Madras University]] in 1988. In 2001, she co-founded a [[supply chain]] management business in [[Chemical industry|pharmaceutical chemicals]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tabassum |first1=Ayesha |title=Of chemicals and colors |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/deepa-subramanian-desa-india/articleshow/25272741.cms?|date=November 5, 2013}}</ref>

In March 2009, she founded Galerie De'Arts, a contemporary art gallery in [[Bangalore, India]] in the precinct, Barton Centre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sketching the Soul of a Metropolis |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/aug/11/sketching-the-soul-of-a-metropolis-646352.html?botrequest=true |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=New Indian Express |date=August 11, 2014 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123113628/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/aug/11/sketching-the-soul-of-a-metropolis-646352.html?botrequest=true |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Galerie De'Arts represented established and emerging artists from [[South India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madhukar |first1=Jayanthi |title=It takes two to tango |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/it-takes-two-to-tango/articleshow/21400136.cms |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=April 11, 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521055218/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/it-takes-two-to-tango/articleshow/21400136.cms |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramdev |first1=Darshana |title=Urban Legend: Painting with the colours of the wind - Gurudas Shenoy|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/180519/urban-legend-painting-with-the-colours-of-the-wind-gurudas-shenoy.html |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=May 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Making art works affordable |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2011/Apr/20/making-art-works-affordable-246116.html |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=May 16, 2012}}</ref> She has curated several art exhibitions in Bangalore, India and has worked with pioneering artists like [https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/its-black-its-white/article8008357.ece S.G.Vasudev] , [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/contemporary-but-pioneers/articleshow/21676297.cms Yusuf Arakkal] and [[Balan Nambiar]] [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/States-best/article15454805.ece]. The gallery closed post-COVID-19 in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Govindarajan |first1=Nirmala |title=Art and the city |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/art-and-bangalore/article6292229.ece |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=August 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=An artsy wedding soirée in Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/an-artsy-wedding-soire-in-bengaluru/articleshow/69699681.cms |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=Times of India |date=June 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Govindarajan |first1=Nirmala |title=Where words and canvas converge |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/where-words-and-canvas-converge/article7706844.ece |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=September 30, 2015}}</ref>

In 2017, she moved to [[Los Angeles, California]]. Since 2018, she has been curating art exhibitions in the [[United States]] including "Intersections" which she co-curated for the PST Art, an initiative by the [[J. Paul Getty Museum]], and "1:1" a digital art show for the DNA Digital Art Festival, Santa Monica. In 2025. She founded Galerie De’Arts in [[Santa Monica, CA]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Discoveries - 16 Nov — 2 Dec 2024 at the bG Gallery in Santa Monica, United States |url=https://www.meer.com/en/85374-discoveries |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=Meer Art Magazine |date=November 22, 2024 |archive-date=10 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210181446/https://www.meer.com/en/85374-discoveries |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

She was first appointed Arts Commissioner of [[Santa Monica, California]] for term June 25, 2019 to June 30, 2023. She was appointed a second time for the term July 25, 2023 to June 30, 2027. She also serves as Chair, Public Arts Committee within the Santa Monica Arts Commission, which is an advisory body to the City Council. Deepa was one of the jurors along with Christine Messineo, Director, Americas, Frieze Art Fair and [[Anne Ellegood]] Executive Director of the [[Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art]] for the selection of Edgar Ramirez's art work, ''Baji'' (2023) for the Santa Monica Art Bank Collection at the [[Frieze Art Fair]] Los Angeles, 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Scarlet |title=City of Santa Monica acquires Edgar Ramirez painting from Frieze Los Angeles |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/02/18/city-of-santa-monica-acquires-edgar-ramirez-painting-at-frieze |access-date=5 October 2025 |publisher=The Art Newspaper |date=February 18, 2023}}</ref>

== Pharmaceutical/Neutraceutical Industry ==
In 2001, Subramanian co-founded DESA India, a Supply Chain Management company in Pharmaceutical Chemicals in Bangalore, India. She founded DESA Life Sciences, LLC, Santa Monica, California in 2019, an SCM space in Neutraceuticals..

==Notable curatorial works==
* ''Summer in Bloom: A floral interpretation by [[Astrid Preston]]'', Galerie De'Arts, June 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hazard |first1=Elizabeth |title=Summer is in Bloom for Artist Astrid Preston |url=https://splashmags.com/2025/07/summer-is-in-bloom-for-artist-astrid-preston/ |access-date=16 September 2025 |publisher=Splash Magazines |date=July 24, 2025}}</ref>
* ''"Intersections" for the PST Art, Art and Science Collide'', an initiative by the [[J. Paul Getty Museum|J.Paul Getty Museum]], [Co-curated by Om Bleicher, Sung-Hee-Son and Deepa Subramanian], 2025<ref>{{cite web |title=Discoveries - Getty PST (Now Online) Art & Science Collide |url=https://santamonica.bgartdealings.com/show/bg-gallery-discoveries-getty-pst-art-and-science-collide |website=bG Gallery |access-date=4 October 2025 |archive-date=15 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815054615/https://santamonica.bgartdealings.com/show/bg-gallery-discoveries-getty-pst-art-and-science-collide |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* ''"Intersect Aspen'', bG Gallery [booth], [[Aspen, Colorado]], 2025
* Scottsdale Arts Festival, bG Gallery [booth], [[Scottsdale, Arizona]], 2025
* Art Miami, [[Art Basel Miami Beach|Art Basel]], bG Gallery [booth], Miami Beach, Florida, 2025
* Outsider Art Fair, bG Gallery [booth], New York, NY, 2025
* ''1:1'', DNA Digital Art Festival, Santa Monica, CA, 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=1:1 - September 5th-10th at bG Gallery |url=https://www.dnafestivalsm.com/events/1-to-1 |website=DNA Festival Santa Monica |access-date=4 October 2025 |archive-date=4 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004163222/https://www.dnafestivalsm.com/events/1-to-1 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* ''[[Louise Marler|LA Marler]] Solo'', [[LA Art Show|L.A. Art Show]], Los Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA, 2023
* ''Midcentury Modern - Modernism Art & Design Show, Palm Springs'', Palm Springs, CA, 2022
* ''Plugged-Unplugged'', LA Marler, Ocean Park, Santa Monica, CA, 2022<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hazard |first1=Elizabeth |title=Plugged: Unplugged with Mixed Media Artist L.A. Marler |url=https://fineartglobe.com/artists/plugged-unplugged-with-mixed-media-artist-l-a-marler/ |publisher=Fine Art Globe |date=December 12, 2022}}</ref>
* ''Meditative musings: Berta Negari'', Santa Monica, CA, 2022
* Palm Springs Modernism Art and Design Show [booth], Palm Springs, CA, 2022
* ''Enhanted India'', bG Gallery, Santa Monica, CA, 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Enchanted India - art exhibition |url=https://www.artweek.com/events/united-states/art-exhibition/santa-monica/enchanted-india |access-date=4 October 2025 |publisher=Art Week |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716150508/https://www.artweek.com/events/united-states/art-exhibition/santa-monica/enchanted-india |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* ''Intersections'', Mike Saijo, bG Gallery, Santa Monica, CA, 2020
* "Poetry in colours" , Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, 2014 [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/rhyme-on-a-canvas/articleshow/45323284.cms]
* "Black and White" S.G.Vasudev and [[Jogen Chowdhury|Jogen Choudhary]], [[Ritz-Carlton Bangalore|The Ritz Carlton, Bangalore]], 2015 [Co-curated by Deepa Subramanian and Jyothirmoy Bhattacharya] [https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/its-black-its-white/article8008357.ece]
* "Tribute to Ramanujan"- Poetry by [[A. K. Ramanujan|A.K.Ramanujan]] and Drawings by [[S. G. Vasudev|S.G.Vasudev]], Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, 2016 [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/300716/ramanujans-verse-vasudevs-strokes-converse.html]
* "Contemporary Pioneers Karnataka" a tribute to [[K. K. Hebbar|K.K.Hebbar]] conceptualised by [[Yusuf Arakkal]], Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/States-best/article15454805.ece 2011]
* "Contemporary Pioneers Karnataka" -a tribute to Yusuf Arakkal, [[Rangoli Metro Art Center|Rangoli Metro Art Centre]], Bangalore, 2017 [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/190517/something-about-this-tent-just-got-bigger.html]
* "Monsoon Moods" Milind Nayak, Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, 2017 [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/lured-by-the-rains/articleshow/61905696.cms]
* "Fly like a bird: Birds in contemporary art" Rekha Hebbar Rao, Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2015/Apr/21/artist-wistfully-traces-paths-of-birds-now-absent-from-our-skies-745234.html]
* "Of Masters and heroes" Art residency curated by Vidhya Gnana Gouresan, Singapore and co-curated by Deepa Subramanian 2013 [https://bangalore.explocity.com/articles/candid-art/]
* "Of sounds and silences" Raviram Ramakrishnan, Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, Aug 2013 [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/silent-strokes-of-creative-splendour/articleshow/21172716.cms]
* "The Lotus Pond" Milind Nayak, Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, Nov [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/nostalgia-in-full-bloom/articleshow/21485011.cms 2011]
* "The unfolding of the self" Shan Re, Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, Nov 2011 [https://www.news18.com/news/india/invoking-emotions-in-contemporary-art-394909.html]
* "Magic of myriad colours" Paresh Hazra and Aditi Hazra, [[Taj West End Bangalore|The Taj West End]], Bangalore, Nov 2012 [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/memory-and-imagination/article4085238.ece]
* "Charcoal and Gold" Paresh Hazra, Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore,Oct 2010, [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/hazras-art-of-gold/articleshow/21753975.cms]
* "The many faces of India" 1 MG Mall, Bangalore, 2015 [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/plebians-rangoli-metro-art-centre-milind-nayak/articleshow/46078942.cms]
* "Intelligence in the field" by Surendra Kumar Sagar and illustrations by Bharati Sagar, Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore [https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/where-words-and-canvas-converge/article7706844.ece]
* "Holy Cow" P.Gnana,Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, May [https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-love-with-the-cow/article2065516.ece 2011]
* "From Hong Kong to India" Shailaja Gidwani, Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, 2012 [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/Meditative-impressions/article16206121.ece]
* "Dreams and Realities" Kazi Anirban, Galerie De'Arts, Bangalore, Apr 2010 [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/painting-black-humor/articleshow/21885962.cms]
* "The state of Zen" Shan Re and Romi Revola , Galerie De'Arts, Dec [https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/Artistic-notes/article16854540.ece#google_vignette 2009]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.galeriedeartsconsultancy.com/ Galerie De'Arts]

[[Category:Women curators]]
[[Category:Indian women curators]]
[[Category:American women curators]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:American art curators]]

Iqbal Hossain Apu

2026-02-20T21:24:02Z

KrisMchugh15039: adjust lead based on references and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{distinguish|Iqbal Hossain}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Iqbal Hossain Apu
| native_name = ইকবাল হোসেন অপু
| native_name_lang = bn

| constituency_MP = [[Shariatpur-1]]
| parliament = Bangladesh
| term_start = 30 January 2019
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[B.M Muzammel Haque]]

| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|2 February 1966|df=y}}
| nationality = Bangladeshi
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
}}
'''Iqbal Hossain Apu''' (born 2 February 1966)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Constituency 221|url=http://parliament.gov.bd/index.php/en/mps/members-of-parliament/current-mp-s/list-of-11th-parliament-members-english/309-mps-category/mps-of-11th-parliament/3781-constituency-221-11th-en|access-date=2021-05-27|website=Bangladesh Parliament}}</ref> is a member of the [[Bangladesh Awami League]]'s central Executive committee and is the former member of parliament from [[Shariatpur-1]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/176041|title=AL announces nominees for 230 constituencies|work=The Independent|location=Dhaka|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/202672/shariatpur-a-monthly-review-meeting-of-law-and-order-review--committee-was-held-at-sadar-upazila-conference-room-on-thursday-among-others-iqbal-hossain-apu-newly--elected-mp-from-shariatpur--1-seat-was-present-as-chief-advisor-of-the-committee.html|title=Shariatpur: A monthly review meeting of Law and Order Review Committee was held at Sadar Upazila Conference Room on Thursday. Among others, Iqbal Hossain Apu, newly- elected MP from Shariatpur -1 Seat was present as Chief Advisor of the Committee|work=The New Nation|language=en|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> He was vice chairman for board of trustees in [[Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhakatimes24.com/2021/12/29/244086/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE|title=অতীশ দীপঙ্কর ইউনিভার্সিটিতে সুবর্ণজয়ন্তীর আলোচনা সভা|date=29 December 2021|language=bn|website=Dhaka Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain Apu, Iqbal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:People from Shariatpur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology trustees]]
[[Category:11th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Shaitan Ka Saala

2026-02-05T04:48:06Z

KrisMchugh15039: created data - done

{{Short description|2019 song by Sohail Sen, Vishal Dadlani and Farhad Samji}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Shaitan Ka Saala
| type = single
| cover = Shaitan Ka Saala cover.jpg
| caption = Song cover
| artist = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Sohail Sen]]
| album = [[Housefull 4 (soundtrack)|Housefull 4]]
| language = Hindi
| released = 7 October 2019
| recorded = 2019
| studio = {{ubl|[[YRF Studios]], [[Mumbai]]|[[Eric Pillai|Future Sound of Bombay]], Mumbai|Saba Studios, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]|[[Dance music|dance]]||[[Pop music|pop]]|[[Filmi]]}}
| length = 2:27
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| singer =
| writer =
| composer = [[Sohail Sen]]
| lyricist = [[Farhad Samji]]
| producer = [[Sohail Sen]]
| tracks = # "[[Ek Chumma]]"
# "'''Shaitan Ka Saala'''"
# "The Bhoot Song"
# "Chammo"
# "Badla"
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|id=oCBDl58lBoU|title="Shaitan Ka Saala"}}
}}
}}

"'''Shaitan Ka Saala'''" is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song, composed by [[Sohail Sen]], who also sung the track with [[Vishal Dadlani]]. Lyrics were written by [[Farhad Samji]] for the [[Housefull 4 (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2019 Indian film ''[[Housefull 4]]''. It was released on 6 October 2019, as the second single from the album, through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/video/housefull-4-new-song-shaitan-ka-saala-out-featuring-akshay-kumar-kriti-sanon-watch-video/262898|title=Housefull 4 new song Shaitan Ka Saala आउट, अक्षय कुमार का दिखा 600 साल पुराना अंदाज|date=7 October 2019|website=www.timesnowhindi.com|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919105350/https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/video/housefull-4-new-song-shaitan-ka-saala-out-featuring-akshay-kumar-kriti-sanon-watch-video/262898|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was the recreated version of "Bala Bala" by Tony Montana Music.

Upon release, the song received positive reviews by audience and critics. "Shaitan Ka Saala" was the 2019's fastest 100 million views gainer on [[YouTube]], and emerged as the most popular song of 2019.

== Composition ==
[[Farhad Samji]], who is also the director of ''[[Housefull 4]]'' wrote the song in 20 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/housefull-4-the-bala-song-was-written-in-only-20-minutes/articleshow/71608784.cms|title=महज 20 मिनट में लिखा गया था 'हाउसफुल 4' का 'बाला' सॉन्‍ग|website=Navbharat Times|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919105351/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/housefull-4-the-bala-song-was-written-in-only-20-minutes/articleshow/71608784.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sohail Sen]] composed the track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/videogallery/housefull-4-shaitan-ka-saala-video-akshay-kumar-sohail-sen-feat-vishal-dadlani-1502807794.html|title=Housefull 4: Shaitan Ka Saala Video | Akshay Kumar | Sohail Sen Feat. Vishal Dadlani|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=8 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206030831/https://www.thestatesman.com/videogallery/housefull-4-shaitan-ka-saala-video-akshay-kumar-sohail-sen-feat-vishal-dadlani-1502807794.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-akshay-kumar-starrer-film-housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-sala-teaser-released-see-here-full-video-19644907.html|title=Housefull Song Bala: शैतान का साला गाने का टीजर रिलीज, ऐसा है अक्षय कुमार का लुक - Akshay Kumar Starrer Film Housefull 4 Song shaitan ka sala teaser Released see here full video|website=Jagran|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007132426/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-akshay-kumar-starrer-film-housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-sala-teaser-released-see-here-full-video-19644907.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later it was recorded by [[Vishal Dadlani]] and Sen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bala-ka-intezaar-hua-khatam-akshay-kumar-releases-shaitan-ka-saala-song-from-housefull4-10005165|title='Bala ka intezaar hua khatam': Akshay Kumar releases 'Shaitan Ka Saala' song from Housefull 4|date=8 October 2019|website=English Jagran|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919105510/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/bala-ka-intezaar-hua-khatam-akshay-kumar-releases-shaitan-ka-saala-song-from-housefull4-10005165|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-akshay-kumars-character-bala-will-take-you-on-a-joyride-with-his-witty-antics/articleshow/71481089.cms|title='Housefull 4' song 'Shaitan Ka Saala': Akshay Kumar's character Bala will take you on a joyride with his witty antics|newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919105352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-akshay-kumars-character-bala-will-take-you-on-a-joyride-with-his-witty-antics/articleshow/71481089.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was the recreated version of "Bala Bala" by Tony Montana Music.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/housefull-4-akshay-kumars-bala-song-was-shot-in-eight-hours-but-took-six-months-for-remake-rights/articleshow/71609144.cms|title=Housefull 4: Akshay Kumar's 'Bala' song was shot in eight hours but took six months for remake rights|newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919105510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/housefull-4-akshay-kumars-bala-song-was-shot-in-eight-hours-but-took-six-months-for-remake-rights/articleshow/71609144.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> After six months, the makers officially got the rights to remake the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/housefull-4-akshay-kumars-bala-song-took-6-months-to-get-remake-rights|title=Housefull 4: Akshay Kumar's 'Bala' song took 6 months to get remake rights|website=Free Press Journal|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2023-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021092602/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/housefull-4-akshay-kumars-bala-song-took-6-months-to-get-remake-rights|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] revealed that approval of lyrics also took two months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-talks-in-detail-about-shaitan-ka-saala-song-from-housefull-4/articleshow/71615975.cms|title=Akshay Kumar talks in detail about 'Shaitan Ka Saala' song from 'Housefull 4'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=October 23, 2019|access-date=April 26, 2024|archive-date=March 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318013046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-talks-in-detail-about-shaitan-ka-saala-song-from-housefull-4/articleshow/71615975.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier the song was supposed to remake for the film ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]'' (2019), but the plan was dropped as the makers didn't get the rights of the original track.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ayushmann-khurrana-gives-bala-twist-akshay-kumars-shaitan-ka-saala-song-housefull-4/|title=Ayushmann Khurrana gives a Bala twist to Akshay Kumar's 'Shaitan Ka Saala' song from Housefull 4 4 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021111142/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ayushmann-khurrana-gives-bala-twist-akshay-kumars-shaitan-ka-saala-song-housefull-4/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-bala-praises-bala-akshay-kumar-has-a-special-message-for-ayushmann-khurrana/articleshow/71487071.cms|title=When 'Bala' praises 'Bala: Akshay Kumar has a special message for Ayushmann Khurrana|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-bala-praises-bala-akshay-kumar-has-a-special-message-for-ayushmann-khurrana/articleshow/71487071.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Music video choreographed by [[Ganesh Acharya]] was shot in eight hours.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-talks-in-detail-about-shaitan-ka-saala-song-from-housefull-4/articleshow/71615975.cms|title=Akshay Kumar talks in detail about 'Shaitan Ka Saala' song from 'Housefull 4'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318013046/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-talks-in-detail-about-shaitan-ka-saala-song-from-housefull-4/articleshow/71615975.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The video has 14th century settings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Housefull-4-Get-ready-to-meet-14th-centurys-Raavan-Bala-in-Shaitan-Ka-Saala-21859156|title=Housefull 4: Meet 14th century's Raavan, Bala, in Shaitan Ka Saala|date=6 October 2019|website=Mid-day|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104402/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/Housefull-4-Get-ready-to-meet-14th-centurys-Raavan-Bala-in-Shaitan-Ka-Saala-21859156|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
[[File:Pooja Hegde at Housefull 4 press meet in Hyderabad (1).jpg|[[Pooja Hegde]] at "Shaitan Ka Saala" song launch|thumb]]

The teaser of "Shaitan Ka Saala" was unveiled by the makers on 6 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/housefull-4-check-out-the-teaser-of-shaitan-ka-saala-featuring-akshay-kumar-out-36591.html|title=Housefull 4: Check out the teaser of Shaitan Ka Saala featuring Akshay Kumar out | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922074508/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/housefull-4-check-out-the-teaser-of-shaitan-ka-saala-featuring-akshay-kumar-out-36591.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-housefull-4-akshay-shares-the-teaser-of-the-song-bala-looks-unique-nodal-2490307.html|title='Housefull 4': अक्षय ने शेयर किया सॉन्ग 'बाला' का टीजर, दिखा अनोखा अंदाज|date=6 October 2019|website=News18 हिंदी|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104511/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-housefull-4-akshay-shares-the-teaser-of-the-song-bala-looks-unique-nodal-2490307.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 October 2019, the song was released on all streaming platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/housefull-4-shaitan-ka-sala-song-out-akshay-kumar-is-at-his-crazy-best-as-prince-bala-from-1419-1607026-2019-10-07|title=Housefull 4 Shaitan Ka Saala song out: Akshay Kumar is at his crazy best as prince Bala from 1419|date=7 October 2019|website=India Today|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104513/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/housefull-4-shaitan-ka-sala-song-out-akshay-kumar-is-at-his-crazy-best-as-prince-bala-from-1419-1607026-2019-10-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/peppy-grooving-song-shaitan-ka-saala-from-housefull-4-out-now-watch-video-1087802|title=VIDEO: Peppy Grooving Song 'Shaitan Ka Saala' From 'Housefull 4' Out Now!|date=8 October 2019|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003060517/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/peppy-grooving-song-shaitan-ka-saala-from-housefull-4-out-now-watch-video-1087802|url-status=live}}</ref> The song launch event was held at Hyderabad, with [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Kriti Sanon]] and [[Pooja Hegde]] launching the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-launched-hyderabad-1652894/|title=Housefull 4 Song Shaitan ka Saala launched in Hyderabad|date=October 8, 2019|website=The Siasat Daily – Archive|access-date=April 26, 2024|archive-date=April 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426101720/https://archive.siasat.com/news/housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-launched-hyderabad-1652894/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/housefull-4-akshay-kumar-shows-up-as-a-bald-man-for-bala-song-launch-twins-in-black-with-his-ladies/|title=Housefull 4: Akshay Kumar shows up as a bald man for Bala song launch, twins in black with his ladies 4 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=October 8, 2019|access-date=April 26, 2024|archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021103428/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/housefull-4-akshay-kumar-shows-up-as-a-bald-man-for-bala-song-launch-twins-in-black-with-his-ladies/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
Abhishek Singh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "The refrain of “Bala” is matched by Sen and Dadlani calling out Farhad Samji’s simple lyrics. The song is a danceable and catchy one, but has little else going for it. Its simple beat and repetitive lyrics ensure that it is memorable but it is perhaps best to play in the background as you’re doing other things."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/housefull-4-song-shaitaan-ka-saala-akshay-kumar-video-6057782/|title=Housefull 4 song Shaitan Ka Saala: A repetitive rework|date=7 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819062128/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/housefull-4-song-shaitaan-ka-saala-akshay-kumar-video-6057782/|url-status=live}}</ref> Zarafshan Shiraz of ''[[India.com]]'' wrote "Akshay Kumar's Bala symbolises creepiness as he grooves like a scorpion in new track."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-out-akshay-kumar-dancing-like-scorpion-will-turn-you-speechless-3797609/|title=Housefull 4, Shaitan Ka Saala, Akshay Kumar, Vishal Dadlani, Farhad Samji|website=www.india.com|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104401/https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-out-akshay-kumar-dancing-like-scorpion-will-turn-you-speechless-3797609/|url-status=live}}</ref> Shaheen Irani of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' wrote "the tunes by Sohail Sen make you want to listen to the song more. Lyrics by Farhad Samji deserve a special mention, since the lyrics, combined with the dance moves choreographed by Ganesh Acharya, are the highlights of the song. The sets and costume too work their magic, but it is hard to move your eyes from Akshay Kumar's antics to focus too much on them."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-akshay-kumar-as-bala-is-so-evil-naughty-and-funny-it-s-charming-2795388|title='Housefull 4' song 'Shaitan Ka Saala': Akshay Kumar as 'Bala' is so evil, naughty and funny it's charming|website=DNA India|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104402/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-akshay-kumar-as-bala-is-so-evil-naughty-and-funny-it-s-charming-2795388|url-status=live}}</ref> A ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' critic wrote the song "run fast and loose in the lyrics department."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/housefull-4-song-bala-akshay-kumar-dials-up-the-crazy-to-play-the-bald-king-watch-video/story-4yuwkx0Ce7SjZX2SXAWdzJ.html |title=Housefull 4 song Bala: Akshay Kumar dials up the crazy to play the bald king, watch video | Bollywood - Hindustan Times |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104515/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/housefull-4-song-bala-akshay-kumar-dials-up-the-crazy-to-play-the-bald-king-watch-video/story-4yuwkx0Ce7SjZX2SXAWdzJ.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Impact ==
Soon after the release, the song started trending on internet.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-featuring-akshay-kumar-is-out-netizens-react/articleshow/71485818.cms|title='Housefull 4' song 'Shaitan Ka Saala' featuring Akshay Kumar is out; netizens react!|newspaper=The Times of India|date=October 8, 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/housefull-4-song-shaitan-ka-saala-featuring-akshay-kumar-is-out-netizens-react/articleshow/71485818.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> "Shaitan Ka Saala" was the 2019's fastest 100 million views gainer on [[YouTube]], and emerged as the most popular song of 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shaitan-ka-saala-song-crosses-100-million-views-on-youtube-akshay-kumar-celebrates-with-fans-1617145-2019-11-08|title=Shaitan Ka Saala song crosses 100 million views on YouTube, Akshay Kumar celebrates with fans|date=October 7, 2019|website=India Today|access-date=2024-04-26|archive-date=2022-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126163546/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shaitan-ka-saala-song-crosses-100-million-views-on-youtube-akshay-kumar-celebrates-with-fans-1617145-2019-11-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-excited-as-shaitan-ka-sala-song-crosses-hundred-millions-on-youtub/594540|title=यूट्यूब पर बाला सॉन्ग को मिले 100 मिलियन व्यूज! अक्षय कुमार ने किया मजेदार ट्वीट|website=Zee News|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104405/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-excited-as-shaitan-ka-sala-song-crosses-hundred-millions-on-youtub/594540|url-status=live}}</ref> The song was well received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-ranveer-singh-grooves-to-akshay-kumars-song-shaitan-ka-saala-from-housefull-4/articleshow/71484907.cms|title=Watch: Ranveer Singh grooves to Akshay Kumar's song 'Shaitan Ka Saala' from 'Housefull 4'|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-ranveer-singh-grooves-to-akshay-kumars-song-shaitan-ka-saala-from-housefull-4/articleshow/71484907.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood-housefull-4-shaitan-ka-saala-song-out-665511|title=Shaitan Ka Saala Release: अक्षय कुमार की 'हाउसफुल 4' का नया गाना 'शैतान का साला' हुआ रिलीज|first1=Swati|last1=Singh|first2=India TV|last2=Hindi|date=7 October 2019|website=India TV Hindi|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104407/https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood-housefull-4-shaitan-ka-saala-song-out-665511|url-status=live}}</ref> The "Bala Challenge" hookstep was trending on social media and was recreated by many, in many short-video and social media platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-the-bala-challenge-funny-video-akshay-kumar-started-bala-challenge-and-housefull-4-actor-fans-dance-on-shaitan-ka-saala-2788387.html |title=The Bala Challenge funny video: Akshay Kumar started Bala Challenge and Housefull 4 actor fans dance on Shaitan Ka Saala सोशल मीडिया पर छाया 'शैतान का साला बाला', यूजर्स फनी वीडियो बनाकर ले रहे हैं 'Bala Challenge', देख नहीं रोक पाएंगे अपनी हंसी, एंटरटेनमेंट न्यूज़ |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104408/https://www.livehindustan.com/entertainment/story-the-bala-challenge-funny-video-akshay-kumar-started-bala-challenge-and-housefull-4-actor-fans-dance-on-shaitan-ka-saala-2788387.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ranveer Singh]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranveer-singh-takes-akshay-kumar-s-bala-challenge-dances-like-crazy-to-shaitan-ka-saala-watch/story-iVzlJu2lrQO9vCA1c84iOM.html |title=Ranveer Singh takes Akshay Kumar's Bala challenge, dances like crazy to Shaitan Ka Saala. Watch | Bollywood - Hindustan Times |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928173820/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranveer-singh-takes-akshay-kumar-s-bala-challenge-dances-like-crazy-to-shaitan-ka-saala-watch/story-iVzlJu2lrQO9vCA1c84iOM.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Diljit Dosanjh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kareena-kapoor-dilijit-dosanjh-take-akshay-kumars-bala-challenge-with-kiara-advani-2341761.html|title=Kareena Kapoor, Dilijit Dosanjh Take Akshay Kumar's Bala Challenge with Kiara Advani|date=11 October 2019|website=News18|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104408/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kareena-kapoor-dilijit-dosanjh-take-akshay-kumars-bala-challenge-with-kiara-advani-2341761.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kiara Advani]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-kareena-kapoor-and-kiara-advani-give-akshay-kumars-viral-song-bala-a-new-twist/articleshow/71535274.cms|title=Watch: Kareena Kapoor and Kiara Advani give Akshay Kumar's viral song 'Bala' a new twist|newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104518/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/watch-kareena-kapoor-and-kiara-advani-give-akshay-kumars-viral-song-bala-a-new-twist/articleshow/71535274.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Riteish Deshmukh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-riteish-deshmukhs-bala-saala-confusion-as-co-stars-kriti-sanon-riteish-deshmukh-bobby-deol-kriti-kharbanda-and-pooja-hegde-groove-to-akshay-kumars-song-inside-housefull-4-express-is-fun-3808966/|title=Akshay Kumar, Shaitan Ka Saala, Housefull 4, Kriti Sanon, Riteish Deshmukh|date=16 October 2019|website=www.india.com|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104909/https://www.india.com/entertainment/bollywood-news-riteish-deshmukhs-bala-saala-confusion-as-co-stars-kriti-sanon-riteish-deshmukh-bobby-deol-kriti-kharbanda-and-pooja-hegde-groove-to-akshay-kumars-song-inside-housefull-4-express-is-fun-3808966/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ayushmann Khurrana]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-wishes-akshay-kumar-good-luck-with-electrifying-dance-video-bala-ko-pukara-bala-aa-gaya/story-KZFkuGA33Oh1YeKMcsD7rL.html |title=Ayushmann Khurrana wishes Akshay Kumar good luck with electrifying dance video: 'Bala ko pukara, Bala aa gaya' | Bollywood - Hindustan Times |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=19 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919105030/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-wishes-akshay-kumar-good-luck-with-electrifying-dance-video-bala-ko-pukara-bala-aa-gaya/story-KZFkuGA33Oh1YeKMcsD7rL.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Varun Sharma]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/varun-dhawan-takes-akshay-kumars-bala-challenge-choreographer-ganesh-acharya/|title=Varun Dhawan takes up Akshay Kumar's Bala Challenge with choreographer Ganesh Acharya : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 October 2019|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919105018/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/varun-dhawan-takes-akshay-kumars-bala-challenge-choreographer-ganesh-acharya/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/cricket-sports/watch-5-david-warners-dance-akshay-kumar-song-bala-shaitan-ka-saala-song-virat-kohli-laughs-qaruh7|title=Watch: '5 David Warners' dance to Akshay Kumar's 'Bala Shaitan Ka Saala' song; Virat Kohli can't stop laughing|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210210158/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/cricket-sports/watch-5-david-warners-dance-akshay-kumar-song-bala-shaitan-ka-saala-song-virat-kohli-laughs-qaruh7|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Arjun Kapoor]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/actor-arjun-kapoor-performs-bala-challenge-given-by-akshay-kumar-for-housefull-4/articleshow/71554488.cms|title=करीना और रणवीर के बाद Arjun Kapoor ने किया 'बाला चैलेंज', मजेदार है विडियो|date=11 October 2019|website=Navbharat Times|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104912/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/actor-arjun-kapoor-performs-bala-challenge-given-by-akshay-kumar-for-housefull-4/articleshow/71554488.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Manish Paul]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/arjun-kapoor-and-manish-paul-take-bala-challenge-to-wish-housefull-4-team-best-of-luck-1608292-2019-10-11|title=Arjun Kapoor and Manish Paul take Bala challenge to wish Housefull 4 team best of luck|date=11 October 2019|website=India Today|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426061643/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/arjun-kapoor-and-manish-paul-take-bala-challenge-to-wish-housefull-4-team-best-of-luck-1608292-2019-10-11|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Varun Dhawan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bala-challenge-varun-dhawan-shows-how-he-goes-to-coolie-no-1-set-everyday-1608812-2019-10-13|title=Bala challenge: Varun Dhawan shows how he goes to Coolie No 1 set everyday|date=13 October 2019|website=India Today|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426061644/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bala-challenge-varun-dhawan-shows-how-he-goes-to-coolie-no-1-set-everyday-1608812-2019-10-13|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kriti Sanon]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/holi-2021-varun-dhawan-and-kriti-sanon-dance-the-night-away-to-hookah-bar-shaitan-ka-saala-with-bhediya-team-watch-101616990344302.html |title=Holi 2021: Varun Dhawan and Kriti Sanon dance the night away to Hookah Bar, Shaitan Ka Saala with Bhediya team. Watch | Bollywood - Hindustan Times |access-date=19 September 2024 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203204809/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/holi-2021-varun-dhawan-and-kriti-sanon-dance-the-night-away-to-hookah-bar-shaitan-ka-saala-with-bhediya-team-watch-101616990344302.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Raveena Tandon]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/video/bollywood/raveena-tandon-accept-akshay-kumar-bala-challenge-and-dance-on-shaitan-ka-saala-pzm188/videoshow-3t355x|title=अक्षय की एक्स गर्लफ्रेंड ने एक्सेप्ट किया बाला चैलेंज, शैतान का साला पर रवीना ने किया जबर्दस्त डांस|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919105056/https://hindi.asianetnews.com/video/bollywood/raveena-tandon-accept-akshay-kumar-bala-challenge-and-dance-on-shaitan-ka-saala-pzm188/videoshow-3t355x|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Neeti Mohan]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/housefull-4-bollywood-stars-at-their-funniest-for-balachallenge-dancing-to-shaitan-ka-saala-signature-step-from-akshay-kumar-starrer-1091061|title=Housefull 4: Varun Dhawan, Ayushmann Khurrana, Shakti Mohan & Others Meet #BalaChallenge Dancing To Akshay Kumar's 'Shaitan Ka Saala'|date=15 October 2019|website=news.abplive.com|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426060654/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/housefull-4-bollywood-stars-at-their-funniest-for-balachallenge-dancing-to-shaitan-ka-saala-signature-step-from-akshay-kumar-starrer-1091061|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shakti Mohan]] too recreated the hook-step.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-s-bala-challenge-shakti-mohan-and-neeti-mohan-s-groove-will-leave-you-speechless-vishal-dadlani-struggles-to-keep-up/5da5777a87fb571eff7e2816|title=Akshay Kumar's Bala Challenge: Shakti Mohan And Neeti Mohan's Groove Will Leave You Speechless; Vishal Dadlani Struggles To Keep Up | SpotboyE|website=www.spotboye.com|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=16 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016205310/https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-s-bala-challenge-shakti-mohan-and-neeti-mohan-s-groove-will-leave-you-speechless-vishal-dadlani-struggles-to-keep-up/5da5777a87fb571eff7e2816|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].

{{div col}}
* [[Sohail Sen]]{{spaced ndash}} composer, vocal
* [[Farhad Samji]]{{spaced ndash}} lyricist
* [[Vishal Dadlani]]
* [[Luke Toulson]]{{spaced ndash}} vocal
* [[Ganesh Acharya]]{{spaced ndash}} choreographer
* Yogesh Moore{{spaced ndash}} shehnai
* Sameer Sen{{spaced ndash}} rhythm arranger
* [[Eric Pillai]]{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer, mastering engineer, programmer
* Nishad Bhatt{{spaced ndash}} programmer
{{div col end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Chart performances for "Shaitan Ka Saala"
! scope="col" |Chart (2019)
! scope="col" |Peak
position
|-
! scope="row" |[[United Kingdom]] ([[Official Charts Company|Asian Music Chart Top 40]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20191108/asian/|title=Asian Music Chart on 8/11/2019|website=Official Charts|access-date=19 September 2024|archive-date=19 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919104914/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20191108/asian/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|29
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==
*{{YouTube|id=oCBDl58lBoU|title="Shaitan Ka Saala"}}
*{{YouTube|id=e0j_YW5QnoQ|title="Shaitan Ka Saala" (full video version)}}

{{Housefull}}
{{T-Series}}

[[Category:2019 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Pop-folk songs]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]

List of awards and nominations received by Girish Kasaravalli

2026-02-04T21:09:05Z

KrisMchugh15039: done

{{short description|None}}

[[File:Girish_kasaravalli_2.jpg|thumbnail|Girish Kasaravalli at BVB on the occasion of screening of Kurmavatara.]]
The following categories indicate the most prominent film Awards and honours won by [[Girish Kasaravalli]]<ref>[http://theseventhart.info/2011/03/13/the-films-of-girish-kasaravalli/ The Films Of Girish Kasaravalli « The Seventh Art]</ref><ref>''Filmography of Sixty Eminent Indian Movie-makers, Along with Their Short Biographical Notes'', by Rajata Raya. Published by Cine Society, Mosaboni, 1983. ''Page 266''.</ref>

==[[National Film Awards]]==
;[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]
*1977: [[Ghatashraddha]]
*1986: [[Tabarana Kathe]]
*1997: [[Thaayi Saheba]]
*2001: [[Dweepa]]

;National Film Award for Best Experimental Film
* 1975: Avashesh

;[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Non-Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Non-Feature Film)]]
* 2013: Ananthamurthy – Not A Biography...But A Hypothesis

;[[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts / Cultural Film]]
* 2020: Naadada Navaneeta Dr PT Venkateshkumar

;[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]]
*2005: [[Hasina (film)|Hasina]]

;[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]]
*2009: [[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri]]

;[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
*1988: Bannada Vesha
*1989: [[Mane (film)|Mane]]
*1995: [[Kraurya]]
*2007: [[Gulabi Talkies]]
*2009: [[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri]]
*2011: [[Koormavatara]]

==International honours==
*South Asian Cinema Foundation's 'Excellence in Cinema' Crystal Globe Award 2009
*Lifetime Achievement Award at 10th Jaffna International Cinema Festival.<ref>https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Sep/08/girish-kasaravalli-to-receive-lifetime-achievement-award-at-jaffna-international-cinema-festival#google_vignette</ref>

;[[Ghatashraddha]] - 1977
*The Catholic Jury Award
*Ducats Award at the Manneham Film Festival Germany

;Akramana - 1979
*Won the "Moitra award" at the Asian Film Festival at Jakarta, [[Indonesia]]
*Was screened at the Asian and Cairo Film Festivals

;[[Dweepa]] - 2001
*Won Best film at Moscow film festival

;[[Hasina (film)|Hasina]] - 2004
*Best Film With a Social Issues at Asia Pacific Film Festival Berlin
*Best Film script and Best film of Human Interest at Barcelona film festival

;[[Naayi Neralu]] - 2006
*Best Film At KARA International Film Festival, Karachi
*Best Indian Film at Osian's Cinefan Jury award
*Best Indian Film at MAMI International Film Festival Mumbai

;[[Gulabi Talkies]] - 2007
*Best Indian Film At Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian & Arab Cinema
*Jury Award at Asian Film Festival, Vesoul
*Best Script at Lavente Film Festival Italy

;[[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri]] - 2009
*Best Film At Asiatica Filmmediale. Rome
*NETPAC Award at Asiatica Filmediale, Rome
*INALCO Jury Award Asian Film Festival, Vesoul
*Screened at Imagine India Film Festival Madrid

Illiralare Allige Hogalare - 2020
*Director’s Vision Award 2021 at the 18th Indian Film Festival Stuttgart (Germany)
*Best Child Actor at Imagineindia Film Festival, Madrid (Spain)
*Best Film (Critic) At Rome International Film Festival

==[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]==
;[[Ghatashraddha]] - 1977-78
*Best Film
*Best Director
*Best Script

;Mooru Darigalu - 1981-82
*Second Best Film
*Best Director
*Best Script

;[[Tabarana Kathe]] - 1986-87
*Best Film
*Best Direction

;[[Mane (film)|Mane]] - 1989-90
*Special Jury Award
*Best Script

;[[Kraurya]] - 1995-96
*Second Best Film

;[[Thaayi Saheba]] - 1997-98
*Best Film
*Best Director

;[[Dweepa]] - 2001-02
*Best Film
*Best Director

;[[Hasina (film)|Hasina]] - 2004-05
*Best Film On Social Issues

;[[Naayi Neralu]] - 2005-06
*Best Film
*Best Director

;[[Gulabi Talkies]] - 2007-08
*Best Film
*Best Director
*Best Script

;[[Koormavatara]] - 2011
*Second Best Film

;[[Puttanna Kanagal Award]] - 1997-98

==[[Filmfare Awards South]]==
;[[Thaayi Saheba]] - 1998
*Best Film
*Best Direction

;[[Dweepa]] - 2006
*Best Film
*Best Direction

;[[Kanasemba Kudureyaneri]] - 2009
*Best Direction

==See also==
*[[Parallel cinema]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20120402031952/http://biffes.in/2ndBiffes2008.html
*[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/girish-kasaravalli-kurmavatara-national-award-070312.html Oneindia]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Girish Kasaravalli awards}}
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian film director]]

Electoral system

2026-02-01T15:26:37Z

KrisMchugh15039: enhanced content additionally and corrected details

{{Short description|Method by which voters make a choice between options}}
{{For|a mathematical representation and treatment of electoral systems|Social welfare function}}
{{Electoral systems|expanded=Social and collective choice}}

An '''electoral system''' is a set of rules and mechanisms used to determine the results of an [[election]]. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments and also in non-political settings such as business, [[nonprofit organization]]s and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, [[Suffrage|who is allowed to vote]], [[Nomination rules|who can stand]] as a [[candidate]], how many votes are cast by each voter, [[Voting method|how ballots are marked and cast]], how the ballots are counted or weighed, how votes translate into the election outcome (seats), limits on [[Campaign finance|campaign spending]], and other factors affect the process. Political elections are defined by constitutions or electoral laws, are typically conducted by [[election commission]]s, and may use one or more electoral systems for different offices.

Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. When electing a [[legislature]], areas may be divided into constituencies with one or more representatives or the electorate may elect representatives as a single unit. Voters may vote directly for an individual candidate or for a list of candidates put forward by a [[political party]] or [[Electoral alliance|alliance]]. There are many variations in electoral systems.

The [[Mathematics|mathematical]] and [[Normative economics|normative]] study of voting rules falls under the branches of [[economics]] called [[Social choice theory|social choice]] and [[mechanism design]], but the question has also engendered substantial contributions from [[Political science|political scientists]], [[Analytic philosophy|analytic philosophers]], [[Computer science|computer scientists]], and [[Mathematics|mathematicians]]. The field has produced several major results, including [[Arrow's impossibility theorem]] (showing that [[ranked voting]] cannot eliminate the [[spoiler effect]]) and [[Gibbard's theorem]] (showing it is impossible to design a [[Strategyproofness|straightforward]] voting system, i.e. one where it is always obvious to a [[Strategic voting|strategic voter]] which ballot they should cast).

==Types==
{{Main|List of electoral systems|List of electoral systems by country}}The most common categorizations of electoral systems are: single-winner vs. multi-winner systems; at-large contests versus district contests; and [[proportional representation]] vs. [[winner-take-all system]]s vs. [[Mixed electoral system|mixed systems]], which may combine a variety of election systems. As well, the formula used to determine the winners is critical - [[plurality voting|plurality]] (relative standings), majority of votes (50 percent plus 1), quota (a mathematically determined amount equal to less than the majority, such as used in [[single transferable voting]]), or some super-majority such as 60 percent.<ref>Britannica "Electoral system" https://www.britannica.com/topic/electoral-system accessed December 7, 2025</ref>

[[File:Electoral systems map simplified.svg|thumb|Map showing the main types electoral systems used to elect candidates to the [[lower house|lower]] or sole ([[Unicameralism|unicameral]]) house of national legislatures in 2022:

{{legend|#dd0000|Winner-take-all representation (majoritarian or majorizing)}}
{{legend|#0044d9|Proportional representation}}
{{legend|#dd00dd|Mixed-member majoritarian representation}}
{{legend|#9100b5|Mixed-member proportional representation}}
{{legend|#FFD42A|Semi-proportional representation (non-mixed)}}
{{legend|#72411f|Indirect elections}}
{{legend|#b3b3b3|In transition}}
{{legend|#000000|No election (e.g. monarchy)}}]]

=== Single-winner and winner-take-all systems ===
In all cases, where only a single winner is to be elected, the electoral system is winner-take-all. The same can be said for elections where only one person is elected per district. When district elections are winner-take-all, the electoral system as a whole produces dis-proportional results. Where multiple winners are elected at once (in the same district), [[plurality block voting]] may elect members of just one party so may be considered winner-take-all.

In [[general ticket|party block voting]], voters can only vote for the list of candidates of a single party, with the party receiving the most votes winning all seats, even if that party receives only a minority of votes. This is also described as winner-take-all. This is used in five countries as part of mixed systems.<ref name="IDEA" />

==== Plurality voting - first past the post and block voting ====
[[File:Lower House FPTP.svg|thumb|right|Countries that use exclusively first-past-the-post for [[lower house]] or [[unicameral]] legislatures]]

[[Plurality voting method|Plurality voting]] is a system in which the candidate(s) with the largest number of votes wins, with no requirement to get a majority of votes. In cases where there is a single position to be filled, it is known as [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]. This is the second-most-common electoral system for national legislatures (after [[proportional representation]]). Altogether at least 58 countries use FPTP and single-member districts to elect all or some of the members of a national-level legislative chamber,<ref name="IDEA">[http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/world.cfm Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523184045/http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/world.cfm |date=2017-05-23 }} IDEA</ref> the vast majority of which are current or former British colonies or U.S. territories. It is also the second-most-common system used for presidential elections, being used in 19 countries. The [[two-round system]] is the most common system used to elect a president.<ref name=IDEA/>

In cases where there are multiple positions to be filled, most commonly in cases of multi-member constituencies, there are several types of plurality electoral systems. Under [[Plurality-at-large voting|block voting]] (also known as multiple non-transferable vote or plurality-at-large), voters have as many votes as there are seats and can vote for any candidate, regardless of party, but give only one vote to each preferred candidate. The most-popular candidates are declared elected, whether they have a majority of votes or not and whether or not that result is proportional to the way votes were cast. Eight countries use this system.<ref name=IDEA/>

[[Cumulative voting]] allows a voter to cast more than one vote for the same candidate, in multi-member districts. Its effect may be proportional to the same degree that [[Single non-transferable vote|single non-transferable voting]] or [[limited voting]] is, thus it is often called semi-proportional.

[[Approval voting]] is a choose-all-you-like voting system that aims to increase the number of candidates that win with majority support.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenster |first=Mark |date=1983 |title=Approval Voting: Do Moderates Gain? |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25791202 |journal=Political Methodology |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=355–376 |jstor=25791202 |access-date=2024-05-24}}</ref> Voters are free to pick as many candidates as they like and each choice has equal weight, independent of the number of candidates a voter supports. The candidate with the most votes wins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://electionscience.org/approval-voting-faqs/ |title=What is Approval Voting? |author= |website=Election Science |publisher=The Center for Election Science |access-date=2024-05-24 |quote=Voters can vote for as many candidates as they want. The votes are tallied, and the candidate with the most votes wins!}}</ref>

==== Runoff systems ====
[[File:Electoral systems for heads of state map.svg|thumb|Countries by electoral system used to (directly) elect their Head of State (President):{{legend|#a02c5a|[[Two-round system]]}}{{Legend|#631c39|Election by [[Legislature]]}}{{Legend|#72411f|Election by electoral college}}{{legend|#ff0000|[[First-past-the-post]]}}{{legend|#ff80e5|[[Instant-runoff voting]]}}{{Legend|#3f3f3f|Not elected (mostly monarchies)}}]]
A runoff system is one in which a candidates receives a majority of votes to be elected, either in a runoff election or final round of vote counting. This is sometimes referred to as a way to ensure that a winner must have a majority of votes, although usually only a plurality is required in the last round (when three or more candidates move on to the runoff election), and sometimes even in the first round winners can avoid a second round without achieving a majority. In social choice theory, runoff systems are not called majority voting, as this term refers to [[Condorcet method|Condorcet-methods]].

There are two main groups of runoff systems, those in one group use a single round of voting achieved by voters casting [[Ranked voting system|ranked votes]] and then using vote transfers if necessary to establish a majority, and those in the other group use two or more rounds of voting, to narrow the field of candidates and to determine a winner who has a majority of the votes. Both are primarily used for single-member constituencies or election of a single position such as mayor.

If a candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, then the system is simple [[first past the post voting]]. But if no one has a majority of votes in first round, the systems respond in different ways.

Under [[instant-runoff voting]] (IRV), when no one wins a majority in first round, runoff is achieved through vote transfers made possible by voters having ranked candidates in order of preference, with lower preferences used as back-up preferences. This system is used for parliamentary elections in [[Australia]] and [[Papua New Guinea]]. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, the votes of the least-popular candidate are transferred as per marked second preferences and added to the totals of surviving candidates. This is repeated until a candidate achieves a majority. The count ends any time one candidate has a majority of votes but it may continue until only two candidates remain, at which point one or other of the candidates will take a majority of votes still in play.

A different form of single-winner preferential voting is the [[contingent vote]] where voters do not rank all candidates, but rank just two or three. If no candidate has a majority in the first round, all candidates except the top two are excluded. If the voter gave first preference to one of the excluded candidates, the vote is transferred to the next usable back-up preferences if possible, or otherwise put in the exhausted pile. The resulting vote totals are used to determine the winner by majority. This system is used in [[Sri Lanka]]n presidential elections, with voters allowed to give three preferences.<ref>[http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2813/ Sri Lanka: Election for President] IFES</ref>

The other main form of runoff system is the [[two-round system]], which is the most common system used for presidential elections around the world, being used in 88 countries. It is also used, in conjunction with single-member districts, in 20 countries for electing members of the legislature.<ref name="IDEA" /> If no candidate achieves a majority of votes in the first round of voting, a second round is held to determine the winner. In most cases the second round is limited to the top two candidates from the first round, although in some elections more than two candidates may choose to contest the second round; in these cases the second-round winner is not required to have a majority of votes, but may be elected by having a plurality of votes.

Some countries use a modified form of the two-round system, so going to a second round happens less often. In [[Ecuador]] a candidate in the presidential election is declared the winner if they receive more than 50 percent of the vote or 40% of the vote and are 10% ahead of their nearest rival,<ref>[http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2265/ Ecuador: Election for President]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031538/http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2265/ |date=2016-12-24 }} IFES</ref> In Argentina, where the system is known as [[Ballotage in Argentina|ballotage]], election is achieved by those with majority or if they have 45% and a 10% lead.

In some cases, where a certain level of support is required, a runoff may be held using a different system. In [[United States presidential election|U.S. presidential elections]], when no candidate wins a majority of the [[Electoral College (United States)|United States Electoral College]] (using seat count, not votes cast, as is used in the winner-take-all systems described above), a [[contingent election]] is held by the House of Representatives, not the voters themselves. The House contingency election sees three candidates go on to the last round and the Representatives of each state vote as a single unit, not as individuals, with the state's votes going to the plurality winner of the State members' votes.

An [[exhaustive ballot]] sees multiple rounds of voting (where no one has majority in first round). The number of rounds is not limited to two rounds, but sees the last-placed candidate eliminated in each round of voting, repeated until one candidate has majority of votes. Due to the potentially large number of rounds, this system is not used in any major popular elections, but is used to elect the Speakers of parliament in several countries and members of the [[Swiss Federal Council]].

In some systems, such as election of the speaker of the United States House of Representatives, there may be multiple rounds held without any candidates being eliminated (unless by a candidate's own resignation) until a candidate achieves a majority.

==== Positional systems ====
[[Positional voting|Positional systems]] like the [[Borda Count]] are ranked voting systems that assign a certain number of points to each candidate, weighted by position. The most popular such system is [[first-preference plurality]]. This system is intended to elect broadly acceptable options or candidates, rather than those preferred by a majority.<ref>Lippman, David. [https://www.opentextbookstore.com/mathinsociety/current/VotingTheory.pdf Voting Theory] opentextbookstore.com</ref> This system is used to elect the ethnic minority representatives seats in the Slovenian parliament.<ref>{{Citation |last=Filipovska |first=Majda |title=Republic of Slovenia. The Documentation and Library Department of the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia |date=1998 |work=Parliamentary Libraries and Research Services in Central and Eastern Europe |pages=194–207 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110954098.194 |access-date=2023-11-13 |publisher=De Gruyter Saur |doi=10.1515/9783110954098.194 |isbn=978-3-598-21813-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How do elections work in Slovenia? |url=https://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/how-do-elections-work-in-slovenia/ |accessdate=25 February 2024 |website=www.electoral-reform.org.uk}}</ref>

The Dowdall system is used in [[Nauru]] for parliamentary elections and sees voters rank the candidates. First preference votes are counted as whole numbers, the second preferences by two, third preferences by three, and so on; this continues to the lowest possible ranking.<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2227_B.htm Nauru Parliament: Electoral system] IPU</ref> The totals for each candidate determine the winners.<ref name="IDG" />

=== Multi-winner systems ===
Multi-winner systems include both proportional systems and non-proportional multi-winner systems, such as [[general ticket|party block voting]] and plurality block voting. A voter can cast one vote, as many votes as the number of seats to fill, or something in between ([[limited voting]]).

==== Proportional systems ====
[[File:Proportional voting systems.svg|thumb|Countries by proportional electoral system (lower house or unicameral legislature): {{legend|#0000b3|Party list (closed list)}}
{{legend|#00a693|Party list (open list)}}
{{legend|#0066FF|Party list (partly-open list)}}
{{legend|#126180|Panachage party list (open list)}}
{{legend|#5a2ca0|Mixed-member proportional (seat linkage) type compensatory, some additional compensation for overhang seats (New Zealand)}}
{{legend|#9100b5|Mixed-member proportional (seat linkage) type compensatory, no additional compensation for overhang seats}}
{{legend|#3737C8|Personalized proportional (Germany)}}
{{legend|#37C871|Single transferable vote}}]]

[[Proportional representation]] is the most widely used type of electoral system to elect national legislatures. All or some members of the parliaments of over a hundred countries are elected by a form of PR.<ref>{{cite web|title=How many countries around the world use PR?|url=https://electoral-reform.org.uk/how-many-countries-around-the-world-use-proportional-representation/|website=Electoral Reform}}</ref> These systems elect multiple members in one contest, whether that is at-large, as in a city-wide election at the city level or state-wide or nation-wide at those levels, or in multi-member districts at any level.

[[Party-list proportional representation]] is the single most common electoral system and is used by 80 countries, and involves seats being allocated to parties based on party vote share.

In [[closed list]] systems voters do not have any influence over which candidates are elected to fill the party seats, but in [[open list]] systems voters are able to both vote for the party list and for candidates (or only for candidates). Voters thus have means to sometimes influence the order in which party candidates will be assigned seats. In some countries, notably [[Israel]] and the [[Netherlands]], elections are carried out using 'pure' proportional representation, with the votes tallied on a national level before assigning seats to parties. (There are no district seats, only at-large.) However, in most cases several multi-member constituencies are used rather than a single nationwide constituency, giving an element of geographical or local representation. Such may result in the distribution of seats not reflecting the national vote totals of parties. As a result, some countries that use districts have [[leveling seat]]s that are awarded to some of the parties whose seat proportion is lower than their proportion of the vote. Levelling seats are either used at the regional level or at the national level. Such [[Mixed-member proportional representation|mixed member proportional]] systems are used in New Zealand and in Scotland. (They are discussed below.)

List PR systems usually set an [[electoral threshold]], the minimum percentage of the vote that a party must obtain to win levelling seats or to win seats at all. Some systems allow a go around of this rule. For instance, if a party takes a district seat, the party may be eligible for top-up seats even if its percentage of the votes is below the threshold.

Different methods are used to allocate seats in proportional representation systems. Party-list systems use two main methods: [[highest averages method|highest average]] and [[Largest remainder method|largest remainder]]. Highest average systems involve dividing the votes received by each party by a ''divisor'' or ''vote average'' that represents an idealized [[seats-to-votes ratio]], then rounding normally. In the largest remainder system, parties' vote shares are divided by an [[electoral quota]]. This usually leaves some seats unallocated, which are awarded to parties based on which parties have the largest number of "leftover" votes.

[[Single transferable vote]] (STV) elects multiple winners in a single contest using multi-member districts. Each voter casts a ballot with first preference and can [[Ranked voting system|rank]] other candidates, rather than voting for a party list. The secondary preferences are contingency votes used if needed. STV is used in [[Malta]], the [[Republic of Ireland]] and Australia (partially). To be certain of being elected, a candidate must achieve a quota (the [[Droop quota]] being the most common). Candidates that achieve the quota are elected. If necessary to fill seats, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated and the votes cast for them are redistributed to the second preferences on the ballots in question. Surplus votes held by elected candidates may also be transferred. Eventually all seats are filled by candidates who have passed the quota or by those still in the running when there are only as many remaining candidates as the number of remaining open seats.<ref name="IDG">[http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/glossary.cfm# Glossary of Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611050900/http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/glossary.cfm|date=2017-06-11}} IDEA</ref>

Under [[single non-transferable vote]] (SNTV), multi-member districts are used. Each voter can vote for only one candidate, with the candidates receiving the most votes declared the winners, whether any of them have a majority of votes or not. This system, often described as semi-proportional, is used in [[Kuwait]], the [[Pitcairn Islands]] and [[Vanuatu]] and formerly in Japan.<ref name="IDEA" />

==== Mixed systems ====
[[File:Electoral systems map mixed.svg|thumb|Countries using a mixed electoral system (lower house or unicameral legislature): '''Compensatory'''
{{legend|#5a2ca0|Mixed-member proportional ([[seat linkage]]) type compensatory}}
{{legend|#8D5FD3|[[Vote linkage]] type partially compensatory (supermixed)}}
{{legend|#ffaaee|Majority jackpot}}
{{legend|#dd85ad|Two round majority jackpot}}
'''Non-compensatory'''
{{legend|#FF00CC|Parallel voting (Party list + FPTP)}}
{{legend|#8B008B|Parallel voting (Party list + TRS)}}
{{legend|#DA0077|Parallel voting (Party list + BV/PBV)}}
{{legend|#550088|[[Majority bonus]] (fusion)}}
]]

In several countries, [[mixed electoral system|mixed systems]] are used to elect the legislature. These include [[parallel voting]], [[Mixed-member majoritarian representation|mixed-member majoritarian]], and [[mixed-member proportional representation]].

In non-compensatory, parallel voting systems, which are used in 20 countries,<ref name=IDEA/> members of a legislature are elected by two different methods; part of the membership is elected by a winner-take-all election system in single-member constituencies and the other part by proportional representation. The results of the constituency contests have no effect on the outcome of the proportional vote.<ref name=IDG/>

In compensatory [[Mixed-member proportional representation|mixed-member systems]] levelling seats are allocated to balance nation-wide or regional disproportionality produced by the way seats are won in constituency contests. The [[Mixed-member proportional representation|mixed-member proportional systems]], in use in eight countries, provide enough compensatory seats to ensure that many parties have a share of seats approximately proportional to their vote share.<ref name=IDEA/> Most of the MMP countries use a PR system at the district level, thus lowering the number of levelling seats that are needed to produce proportional results. Of the MMP countries, only New Zealand and Lesotho use single-winner [[first-past-the-post voting]] in their districts. Scotland uses a regionalized MMP system where levelling seats are allocated in each region to balance the disproportionality produced in single-winner districts within the region. Variations of this include the [[Additional Member System]], and [[Alternative Vote Plus]], in which voters cast votes for both single-member constituencies and multi-member constituencies; the allocation of seats in the multi-member constituencies is adjusted to achieve an overall seat allocation proportional to parties' vote share by taking into account the number of seats won by parties in the single-member constituencies.

Some MMP systems are insufficiently compensatory, and this may result in [[overhang seat]]s, where parties win more seats in the constituency system than they would be entitled to based on their vote share. Some MMP systems have mechanism (another form of top-up) where additional seats are awarded to the other parties to balance out the effect of the overhang. Germany in 2024 passed a new election law where district overhang seats may be denied, over-riding the district result in the pursuit of overall proportionality.<ref>"Overhang seats" https://www.bundeswahlleiterin.de/en/service/glossar/u/ueberhangmandate.html accessed March 19, 2025</ref>

[[Vote linkage mixed system]]s are also compensatory, however they usually use different mechanism than seat linkage (top-up) method of MMP and usually aren't able to achieve proportional representation.

Some electoral systems feature a [[majority bonus system]] to either ensure one party or coalition gains a majority in the legislature, or to give the party receiving the most votes a clear advantage in terms of the number of seats. [[San Marino]] has a modified two-round system, which sees a second round of voting featuring the top two parties or coalitions if no party takes a majority of votes in the first round. The winner of the second round is guaranteed 35 seats in the 60-seat [[Grand and General Council]].<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2273_B.htm Consiglio grande e generale: Electoral system] IPU</ref> In [[Greece]] the party receiving the most votes was given an additional 50 seats,<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2125_B.htm Hellenic Parliament: Electoral system] IPU</ref> a system which was abolished following the [[2019 Greek legislative election|2019 elections]].

===Primary elections===
[[Partisan primary|Primary election]]s are a feature of some electoral systems, either as a formal part of the electoral system or informally by choice of individual political parties as a method of selecting candidates, as is the case in [[Primary elections in Italy|Italy]]. Primary elections limit the possible adverse effect of [[vote splitting]] by ensuring that a party puts forward only one party candidate. In [[Primary elections in Argentina|Argentina]] they are a formal part of the electoral system and take place two months before the main elections; any party receiving less than 1.5% of the vote is not permitted to contest the main elections.

In the United States, there are both partisan and non-partisan [[Primary elections in the United States|primary elections]]. In non-partisan primaries, the most-popular nominees, even if only one party, are put forward to the election.

===Indirect elections===
Some elections feature an [[indirect election|indirect electoral system]], whereby there is either no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election; in these systems the final vote is usually taken by an [[electoral college]]. In several countries, such as [[Mauritius]] or [[Trinidad and Tobago]], the post of President is elected by the legislature. In others like [[India]], the vote is taken by an electoral college consisting of the national legislature and state legislatures. In the [[United States]], the president is indirectly elected using a two-stage process; a popular vote in each state elects members to the [[Electoral College (United States)|electoral college]] that in turn elects the President. This can result in a situation where a candidate who receives the most votes nationwide does not win the electoral college vote, as most recently happened in [[2000 United States presidential election|2000]] and [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]].

=== Proposed and lesser-used systems ===
In addition to the current electoral systems used for political elections, there are numerous other systems that have been used in the past, are currently used only in private organizations (such as electing board members of corporations or student organizations), or have never been fully implemented.

====Ranked voting systems====
[[Ranked voting|Ranked vote systems]] include [[Bucklin voting]], the various [[Condorcet method]]s ([[Copeland's method|Copeland's]], [[Dodgson's method|Dodgson's]], [[Kemeny–Young method|Kemeny-Young]], [[Maximal lotteries]], [[Minimax Condorcet|Minimax]], [[Nanson's method|Nanson's]], [[Ranked pairs]], [[Schulze method|Schulze]]), the [[Coombs' method]] and [[positional voting system|positional voting]].

====Cardinal voting systems====
Among the [[Cardinal voting methods|Cardinal electoral systems]], the best known is [[range voting]], where any number of candidates are scored from a set range of numbers. A very common example of range voting are the 5-star ratings used for many customer satisfaction surveys and reviews. Other cardinal systems include [[satisfaction approval voting]], [[highest median voting rules|highest median rules]] (including the [[majority judgment]]), and the [[D21 – Janeček method]] where voters can cast positive and negative votes.

==== Weighted votes ====
Historically, some countries used [[weighted voting]] systems. These allocated a greater weight to the votes of some voters than others. This could be done indirectly by allocating more seats to a certain group of a similar size, or the same number of seats to differently sized groups (such as the [[Prussian three-class franchise]]), which are both breaks from the one person one vote rule.

Differential weighting can also be achieved directly by differently weighting the votes cast. This was used in colonial [[Rhodesia]] for the [[1962 Southern Rhodesian general election|1962]] and [[1965 Rhodesian general election|1965 elections]]. The elections featured two voter rolls (the 'A' roll being largely European and the 'B' roll largely African); the seats of the House Assembly were divided into 50 constituency seats and 15 district seats. Although all voters could vote for both types of seats, 'A' roll votes were given greater weight for the numerous constituency seats and 'B' roll votes greater weight for the fewer district seats.

Weighted systems are used in corporate elections, with votes weighted to reflect stock ownership. Conversely the [[Rochdale principles]] used by that pioneer consumer cooperative called for one person one vote, irrespective of the holdings of each member.

==== Unusual Proportional Representation systems ====
Most countries in the world use proportional representation but some PR systems are relatively scarce.

Unusual proportional systems that use [[Ranked voting|ranked votes]] include [[single transferable voting]] variants, such as [[CPO-STV]], [[Schulze STV]] and the [[Wright system]].

[[Single non-transferable voting]], [[limited voting]] and [[cumulative voting]] ensure that both most-popular party and at least one other party elect representatives. They are described as semi-proportional.

[[Dual-member proportional representation]] is a proposed system with two members elected to represent each constituency, one with the most votes cast in the district and one to ensure proportionality of the combined results using votes cast in the district and elsewhere. [[Biproportional apportionment]] is a system where the total number of votes is used to calculate the number of seats each party is due, followed by a calculation of the constituencies in which the seats should be awarded in order to achieve the total due to them.

Some proportional voting systems use rating. They include [[Thiele's voting rules]] and [[Phragmen's voting rules|Phragmen's voting rule]]. A special case of [[Thiele's voting rules]] is [[Proportional approval voting|Proportional Approval Voting]]. Some proportional systems that may be used with either ranking or rating include the [[Method of equal shares|Method of Equal Shares]] and the [[Expanding approvals rule|Expanding Approvals Rule]].

==Rules and regulations==
In addition to the specific method of electing candidates, electoral systems are also characterised by their wider rules and regulations, which are usually set out in a country's [[constitution]] or [[Election law|electoral law]]. Participatory rules determine [[nomination rules|candidate nomination]] and [[voter registration]], in addition to the location of [[polling places]] and the availability of [[online voting]], [[postal voting]], and [[absentee ballot|absentee voting]]. Other regulations include the selection of voting devices such as paper [[ballots]], [[machine voting]] or [[open ballot system]]s, and consequently the type of [[vote counting systems]], verification and [[Election audits|auditing]] used.

[[File:Compulsory voting.svg|thumb|
{{Color sample|#ff5555}} Compulsory voting, enforced 
{{Color sample|#ffaaaa}} Compulsory voting, not enforced 
{{Color sample|#5599ff}} Compulsory voting, enforced (only men) 
{{Color sample|#aaccff}} Compulsory voting, not enforced (only men) 
{{Color sample|#ffff66}} Historical: the country had compulsory voting in the past.]]

Electoral rules place limits on suffrage and candidacy. Most countries's electorates are characterised by [[universal suffrage]], but there are differences on the [[Voting age|age at which people are allowed to vote]], with the youngest being 16 and the oldest 21. People may be disenfranchised for a range of reasons, such as being a serving prisoner, being declared bankrupt, having committed certain crimes or being a serving member of the armed forces. Similar limits are placed on candidacy (also known as passive suffrage), and in many cases the age limit for candidates is higher than the voting age. A total of 21 countries have [[compulsory voting]], although in some there is an upper age limit on enforcement of the law.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html Suffrage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109020202/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2123.html |date=2008-01-09 }} CIA World Factbook</ref> Many countries also have the [[none of the above]] option on their ballot papers.

In systems that use [[Electoral district|constituencies]], [[Apportionment (politics)|apportionment]] or districting defines the area covered by each constituency. Where constituency boundaries are drawn has a strong influence on the likely outcome of elections in the constituency due to the geographic distribution of voters. Political parties may seek to gain an advantage during [[redistricting]] by ensuring their voter base has a majority in as many constituencies as possible, a process known as [[gerrymandering]]. Historically [[rotten and pocket boroughs]], constituencies with unusually small populations, were used by wealthy families to gain parliamentary representation.

Some countries have minimum turnout requirements for elections to be valid. In Serbia this rule caused multiple re-runs of presidential elections, with the 1997 election re-run once and the 2002 elections re-run three times due insufficient turnout in the [[Serbian presidential election, September–October 2002|first]], [[December 2002 Serbian presidential election|second]] and [[2003 Serbian presidential election|third]] attempts to run the election. The turnout requirement was scrapped prior to the [[2004 Serbian presidential election|fourth vote]] in 2004.<ref>[http://www.dw.com/en/pro-western-candidate-wins-serbian-presidential-poll/a-1248319 Pro-Western Candidate Wins Serbian Presidential Poll] Deutsche Welle, 28 June 2004</ref> Similar problems in [[Belarus]] led to the [[1995 Belarusian parliamentary election|1995 parliamentary elections]] going to a fourth round of voting before enough parliamentarians were elected to make a [[quorum]].<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2027_95.htm Elections held in 1995] IPU</ref>

[[Reserved political positions|Reserved seats]] are used in many countries to ensure representation for ethnic minorities, women, young people or the disabled. These seats are separate from general seats, and may be elected separately (such as in Morocco where a separate ballot is used to elect the 60 seats reserved for women and 30 seats reserved for young people in the House of Representatives), or be allocated to parties based on the results of the election; in [[Jordan]] the reserved seats for women are given to the female candidates who failed to win constituency seats but with the highest number of votes, whilst in [[Kenya]] the Senate seats reserved for women, young people and the disabled are allocated to parties based on how many seats they won in the general vote. Some countries achieve minority representation by other means, including requirements for a certain proportion of candidates to be women, or by exempting minority parties from the electoral threshold, as is done in [[Poland]],<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2255_B.htm Sejm: Electoral system] IPU</ref> [[Romania]] and [[Serbia]].<ref>[http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2355_B.htm Narodna skupstina: Electoral system] IPU</ref>

==History==
===Pre-democratic===
In [[ancient Greece]] and [[History of Italy|Italy]], the institution of suffrage already existed in a rudimentary form at the outset of the historical period. In the early [[Monarchy#History|monarchies]] it was customary for the king to invite pronouncements of his people on matters in which it was prudent to secure its assent beforehand. In these assemblies the people recorded their opinion by clamouring (a method which survived in [[Sparta]] as late as the 4th century BCE), or by the clashing of [[spear]]s on [[shield]]s.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Vote and Voting|volume=28|page=216}}</ref>

===Early democracy===
Voting has been used as a feature of democracy since the 6th century BCE, when democracy was introduced by the [[Athenian democracy]]. However, in Athenian democracy, voting was seen as the least democratic among methods used for selecting public officials, and was little used, because elections were believed to inherently favor the wealthy and well-known over average citizens. Viewed as more democratic were assemblies open to all citizens, and [[selection by lot]], as well as rotation of office.

Generally, the taking of votes was effected in the form of a poll. The practice of the Athenians, which is shown by inscriptions to have been widely followed in the other states of Greece, was to hold a show of hands, except on questions affecting the status of individuals: these latter, which included all [[lawsuit]]s and proposals of [[ostracism]], in which voters chose the citizen they most wanted to exile for ten years, were determined by secret ballot (one of the earliest recorded elections in Athens was a [[Plurality voting|plurality vote]] that it was undesirable to win, namely an ostracism vote). At [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] the method which prevailed up to the 2nd century BCE was that of division ({{lang|la|discessio}}). But the system became subject to intimidation and corruption. Hence a series of laws enacted between 139 and 107 BCE prescribed the use of the ballot ({{lang|la|tabella}}), a slip of wood coated with wax, for all business done in the assemblies of the people.
For the purpose of carrying resolutions a simple majority of votes was deemed sufficient. As a general rule equal value was made to attach to each vote; but in the popular assemblies at Rome a system of voting by groups was in force until the middle of the 3rd century BCE by which the richer classes secured a decisive preponderance.<ref name="EB1911" />

Most elections in the early [[history of democracy]] were held using plurality voting or some variant, but as an exception, the state of [[Venice]] in the 13th century adopted approval voting to elect their Great Council.<ref name="JJ1">{{cite web |first1=J.J. |last1=O'Connor |first2=E. F. |last2=Robertson |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Voting.html |title=The history of voting |website=MacTutor History of Mathematics |date=August 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411012440/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Voting/ |archive-date= Apr 11, 2021}}</ref>

The Venetians' method for [[Doge of Venice#Selection of the Doge|electing the Doge]] was a particularly convoluted process, consisting of five rounds of drawing lots ([[sortition]]) and five rounds of approval voting. By drawing lots, a body of 30 electors was chosen, which was further reduced to nine electors by drawing lots again. An [[electoral college]] of nine members elected 40 people by approval voting; those 40 were reduced to form a second electoral college of 12 members by drawing lots again. The second electoral college elected 25 people by approval voting, which were reduced to form a third electoral college of nine members by drawing lots. The third electoral college elected 45 people, which were reduced to form a fourth electoral college of 11 by drawing lots. They in turn elected a final electoral body of 41 members, who ultimately elected the Doge. Despite its complexity, the method had certain desirable properties such as being hard to game and ensuring that the winner reflected the opinions of both majority and minority factions.<ref name="dogeelection">Miranda Mowbray and Dieter Gollmann (2007) [http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2007/HPL-2007-28R1.pdf Electing the Doge of Venice: Analysis of a 13th Century Protocol]</ref> This process, with slight modifications, was central to the politics of the [[Republic of Venice]] throughout its remarkable lifespan of over 500 years, from 1268 to 1797.

===Development of new systems===
[[Jean-Charles de Borda]] proposed the [[Borda count]] in 1770 as a method for electing members to the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. His method was opposed by the [[Marquis de Condorcet]], who proposed instead the method of pairwise comparison that he had devised. Implementations of this method are known as [[Condorcet method]]s. He also wrote about the [[Condorcet paradox]], which he called the ''intransitivity of majority preferences''. However, recent research has shown that the philosopher [[Ramon Llull]] devised both the Borda count and a pairwise method that satisfied the Condorcet criterion in the 13th century. The manuscripts in which he described these methods had been lost to history until they were rediscovered in 2001.<ref>G. Hägele and F. Pukelsheim (2001) "[https://www.math.uni-augsburg.de/htdocs/emeriti/pukelsheim/2001a.html Llull's writings on electoral systems]", ''Studia Lulliana'' Vol. 3, pp. 3–38</ref>

Later in the 18th century, [[Apportionment (politics)|apportionment methods]] came to prominence due to the [[United States Constitution]], which mandated that seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]] had to be allocated among the states proportionally to their population, but did not specify how to do so.<ref name="JM">[http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-apportion1 Apportionment: Introduction] American Mathematical Society</ref> A variety of methods were proposed by statesmen such as [[Alexander Hamilton]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and [[Daniel Webster]]. Some of the apportionment methods devised in the United States were in a sense rediscovered in Europe in the 19th century, as seat allocation methods for the newly proposed method of party-list proportional representation. The result is that many apportionment methods have two names; ''Jefferson's method'' is equivalent to the [[D'Hondt method]], ''Webster's method'' is the [[Sainte-Laguë method]], and ''Hamilton's method'' is identical to the Hare largest remainder method.<ref name=JM/>

The [[single transferable vote]] (STV) election system was devised by [[Carl Andræ]] in [[Denmark]] in 1855 and in the [[United Kingdom]] by [[Thomas Hare (political scientist)|Thomas Hare]] in 1857. STV elections were first held in Denmark in 1856. An STV variant (under the name [[Hare-Clark]]) in [[Tasmania]] was adopted temporarily in 1896 after its use was promoted by [[Andrew Inglis Clark]]. Over the course of the 20th century, STV was subsequently adopted by Ireland and Malta for their national elections, in Australia for [[Australian Senate|Senate]] elections and state elections, as well as by many municipalities around the world.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Farrell |first1=David M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKA6TmU667wC |title=The Australian Electoral System |last2=McAllister |first2=Ian |publisher=[[University of New South Wales Press|UNSW Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=9780868408583 |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20231206111236/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Australian_Electoral_System/jKA6TmU667wC?hl=en |archive-date=6 December 2023 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref>

Party-list proportional representation began to be used to elect European legislatures in the early 20th century, starting in Switzerland, with [[Belgium]] the first to implement it at the national level for its [[1900 Belgian general election|1900 general elections]]. Since then, proportional and semi-proportional methods have come to be used in almost all democratic countries, with most exceptions being former [[British Empire|British]] and [[French colonial empire|French]] colonies.

===Single-winner innovations===
Perhaps influenced by the rapid development of multiple-winner STV, theorists published new findings about single-winner methods in the late 19th century. Around 1870, [[William Robert Ware]] proposed applying STV to single-winner elections, yielding [[instant-runoff voting]] (IRV). Soon, mathematicians began to revisit Condorcet's ideas and invent new methods for Condorcet completion; [[Edward J. Nanson]] combined the newly described instant-runoff voting with the Borda count to yield a new Condorcet method called [[Nanson's method]].

Charles Dodgson, better known as [[Lewis Carroll]], proposed the straightforward Condorcet method known as [[Dodgson's method]]. He also proposed a proportional representation system based on multi-member districts, quotas as minimum requirements to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through [[proxy voting]].<ref>Charles Dodgson (1884) ''Principles of Parliamentary Representation''</ref>

Ranked voting electoral systems eventually gathered enough support to be adopted for use in government elections. In [[Australia]], IRV was first adopted in 1893 and STV in 1896 (Tasmania). IRV continues to be used along with STV today.

In the United States, during the early 20th-century [[progressive era]] some municipalities began to use [[Supplementary voting system|supplementary voting]] and [[Bucklin voting]]. However, a series of court decisions ruled Bucklin to be unconstitutional, while supplementary voting was soon repealed in every city that had implemented it.<ref>Tony Anderson Solgård and Paul Landskroener (2002) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090204174848/http://www2.mnbar.org/benchandbar/2002/oct02/voting.htm Municipal Voting System Reform: Overcoming the Legal Obstacles]", Bench & Bar of Minnesota, Vol. 59, no. 9</ref>

The use of [[game theory]] to analyze electoral systems led to discoveries about the effects of certain methods. Earlier developments such as [[Arrow's impossibility theorem]] had already shown the issues with [[ranked voting]] systems. Research led [[Steven Brams]] and [[Peter C. Fishburn|Peter Fishburn]] to formally define and promote the use of [[approval voting]] in 1977.<ref>Poundstone, William (2008) ''Gaming the Vote: Why Elections Aren't Fair (and What We Can Do About It)'', Hill and Young, p. 198</ref> Political scientists of the 20th century published many studies on the effects that the electoral systems have on voters' choices and political parties,<ref>Duverger, Maurice (1954) ''Political Parties'', Wiley {{ISBN|0-416-68320-7}}</ref><ref>Douglas W. Rae (1971) ''The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws'', Yale University Press {{ISBN|0-300-01517-8}}</ref><ref>Rein Taagapera and Matthew S. Shugart (1989) ''Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems'', Yale University Press</ref> and on political stability.<ref>Ferdinand A. Hermens (1941) ''Democracy or Anarchy? A Study of Proportional Representation'', University of Notre Dame.</ref><ref>Arend Lijphart (1994) ''Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990'' Oxford University Press {{ISBN|0-19-828054-8}}</ref> A few scholars also studied which effects caused a nation to switch to a particular electoral system.<ref>Arend Lijphart (1985) "The Field of Electoral Systems Research: A Critical Survey" Electoral Studies, Vol. 4</ref><ref>Arend Lijphart (1992) "Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary and Poland, 1989–1991" ''Journal of Theoretical Politics'' Vol. 4 (2), pp. 207–223</ref><ref>Stein Rokkan (1970) ''Citizens, Elections, Parties: Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Process of Development'', Universitetsforlaget</ref><ref>Ronald Rogowski (1987) "Trade and the Variety of Democratic Institutions", ''International Organization'' Vol. 41, pp. 203–24</ref><ref>[[Carles Boix]] (1999) "Setting the Rules of the Game: The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies", ''American Political Science Review'' Vol. 93 (3), pp. 609–624</ref>

===Recent reform efforts===
{{Main|Electoral reform}}A new push for [[electoral reform]] occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s. Proposals were made to replace plurality-based systems in government elections with other methods. [[New Zealand]] adopted mixed-member proportional representation for the [[1996 New Zealand general election|1996 general elections]], it having been approved by referendums in [[1990 New Zealand electoral reform referendum|1990]] and [[1993 New Zealand electoral reform referendum|1993]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Resource-material-STV-Information-Index |title=STV Information |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20231206121221/https://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Resource-material-STV-Information-Index |url-status=live |publisher=[[Department of Internal Affairs]] }}</ref> Bulgaria, Romania, Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Bosnia-Herzegovina also adopted PR in the 1990s.

After many states' electoral college caucus was determined by only a minority of state voters in the contested [[2000 United States presidential election|2000 presidential elections]] in the United States, several municipalities adopted [[instant-runoff voting]]. In 2020 a referendum adopting [[approval voting]] in [[St. Louis]] passed with 70% support.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=St. Louis, Missouri, Proposition D, Approval Voting Initiative (November 2020) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/St._Louis,_Missouri,_Proposition_D,_Approval_Voting_Initiative_(November_2020) |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref> However, a [[2020 Massachusetts Question 2|Massachusetts referendum]] the same year on whether or not to use instant-runoff voting to elect most state representatives was defeated by a 10-point margin.

In Canada, three separate referendums on adoption of [[single transferable vote]] or other PR electoral system were held since 2004 but producing no reform (in [[2005 British Columbia electoral reform referendum|2005]] (when a majority of voters voted for change), [[2009 British Columbia electoral reform referendum|2009]], and [[2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum|2018]]).

In the [[United Kingdom]], a [[2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum|2011 referendum]] on IRV saw the proposal rejected by a two-to-one margin.

====Repeals and backlash====
Some cities that adopted instant-runoff voting subsequently returned to [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]]. Studies have found voter satisfaction with IRV falls dramatically the first time a race produces a result different from first-past-the-post.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cerrone |first1=Joseph |last2=McClintock |first2=Cynthia |date=August 2023 |title=Come-from-behind victories under ranked-choice voting and runoff: The impact on voter satisfaction |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12544 |journal=Politics & Policy |language=en |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=569–587 |doi=10.1111/polp.12544 |issn=1555-5623|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The United Kingdom used a form of [[instant-runoff voting]] for local elections prior to 2022, before returning to [[First-past-the-post voting|first-past-the-post]] over concerns regarding the system's complexity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Past the Post to be introduced for all local mayoral and police and crime commissioner elections |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/first-past-the-post-to-be-introduced-for-all-local-mayoral-and-police-and-crime-commissioner-elections |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> Ranked-choice voting has been implemented in two states and banned in 10 others<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosenbaum |first=Jason |title=Missouri joins other red states in trying to stamp out ranked choice voting |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/06/05/nx-s1-4969563/ranked-choice-voting-bans |work=NPR}}</ref> (in addition to other states with constitutional prohibitions on the rule).

In November 2024, voters in the U.S. decided on 10 ballot measures related to electoral systems. Nine of the ballot measures aimed to change existing electoral systems, and voters rejected each proposal. One, in Missouri, which banned ranked-choice voting (RCV), was approved. Voters rejected ballot measures to enact ranked-choice voting and other electoral system changes in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, and Oregon, as well as in Montana and South Dakota. In Alaska, voters rejected a ballot initiative 50.1% to 49.9% to repeal the state's top-four primaries and ranked-choice voting general elections, a system that was adopted via ballot measure in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results for ranked-choice voting (RCV) and electoral system ballot measures, 2024 |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Results_for_ranked-choice_voting_(RCV)_and_electoral_system_ballot_measures,_2024 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref>

==Comparison==
{{main|Comparison of electoral systems}}

Electoral systems can be compared by different means:

# Define criteria mathematically, such that any electoral system either passes or fails. This gives perfectly objective results, but their practical relevance is still arguable.
# Define ideal criteria and use simulated elections to see how often or how close various methods fail to meet the selected criteria. This gives results which are practically relevant, but the method of generating the sample of simulated elections can still be arguably biased.
# Consider criteria that can be more easily measured using real-world elections, such as [[Gallagher index|the Gallagher index]], [[political fragmentation]], [[voter turnout]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lijphart |first=Arend |date=March 1997 |title=Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.2307/2952255 |jstor=2952255 |s2cid=143172061}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blais |first1=Andre |year=1990 |title=Does proportional representation foster voter turnout? |journal=European Journal of Political Research |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=167–181 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6765.1990.tb00227.x}}</ref> [[wasted vote]]s, [[political apathy]], complexity of [[vote counting]], and [[barriers to entry]] for new political movements<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Tullock, Gordon |year=1965 |title=Entry Barriers in Politics |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816288 |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=55 |issue=1/2 |pages=458–466 |jstor=1816288 |accessdate=25 February 2024}}</ref> and evaluate each method based on how they perform in real-world elections or evaluate the performance of countries with these electoral systems.
#A 2019 peer-reviewed [[meta-analysis]] based on 1,037 regressions in 46 studies finds that countries with majoritary kind of electoral rules would be more "fiscally virtuous" since they would exhibit better fiscal balances in the pre-electoral period, which may be explained by less spending distortion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Persson|first1=T. |last2=Tabellini |first2=G. |year=2003 |title=Do Electoral Cycles Differ Across Political Systems? |journal= Working Papers 232, IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research), Bocconi University |doi=10.2139/ssrn.392643 |s2cid=5357676 |url=https://igier.unibocconi.eu/publications/working-papers/do-electoral-cycles-differ-across-political-systems|doi-access=free}}</ref> The meta-analysis also notes that countries with proportional kind of electoral rules would have bigger pre-electoral revenue cuts than other countries.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cazals|first1=A. |last2=Mandon |first2=P. |year=2019 |title=Political Budget Cycles: Manipulation by Leaders versus Manipulation by Researchers? Evidence from a Meta-Regression Analysis. |journal=[[Journal of Economic Surveys]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=274–308 |doi=10.1111/joes.12263 |s2cid=158322229 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joes.12263|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Gibbard's theorem]], built upon the earlier [[Arrow's impossibility theorem|Arrow's theorem]] and the [[Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem]], to prove that for any single-winner deterministic voting methods, at least one of the following three properties must hold:

# The process is [[Dictatorship mechanism|dictatorial]], i.e. there is a single voter whose vote chooses the outcome.
# The process limits the possible outcomes to two options only.
# The process is not straightforward; the optimal ballot for a voter "requires [[strategic voting]]", i.e. it depends on their beliefs about other voters' ballots.

According to a 2005 survey of electoral system experts, their preferred electoral systems were in order of preference:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bowler|first1=Shaun|last2=Farrell|first2=David M.|last3=Pettit|first3=Robin T.|date=2005-04-01|title=Expert opinion on electoral systems: So which electoral system is "best"?|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13689880500064544|journal=Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties|volume=15|issue=1|pages=3–19|doi=10.1080/13689880500064544|s2cid=144919388|issn=1745-7289|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

# Mixed member proportional
# Single transferable vote
# Open list proportional
# Alternative vote
# Closed list proportional
# Single member plurality
# Runoffs
# Mixed member majoritarian
# Single non-transferable vote

==Systems by elected body==
{{main|List of electoral systems by country}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
{{Electoral systems maps}}

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Deliberative democracy]]
*[[Electronic voting]]
*[[Matrix vote]]
*[[Psephology]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.aceproject.org ACE Electoral Knowledge Network]
* [https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/esd_english_0.pdf The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124234215/https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/esd_english_0.pdf |date=2020-11-24 }} IDEA

{{Voting methods}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Electoral systems| ]]

Varun Unni

2026-01-31T13:57:17Z

KrisMchugh15039: created post - done

{{short description|Indian composer and singer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Varun Unni
| image = File:Photo_of_Malayalam_Music_Composer_Varun_Unni.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Devika Ashok|2019}}
| origin =
| instrument = {{Flatlist|
* Keyboard
* piano
* drums
}}
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* [[Composer|Film composer]]
* music director
* singer
}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Film score]]|[[Soundtrack|OST]]|soundtrack|[[jazz]]|rock|[[blues]]|[[Indian music]]|[[Hindustani music]]}}
| years_active = 2012{{Endash}}present
| website =
| label =
}}

'''Varun Unni''' is an Indian composer and singer, who predominantly composes for [[television commercials]]. He has also composed for a few feature films, having debuted with the 2012 Malayalam film ''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]''.
==Early life and career==
Varun Unni was born on 15 July 1989 in [[Kochi]], Kerala. He did his schooling at Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Vaduthala in [[Kochi]] and went on to graduate from engineering at Adi Shankara College of Engineering, Kalady.

Although devoid of any background in films, Varun's first priority was always film music. After training at Kalabhavan, he went on to work with bands like ''Highway Haze'' and ''Flying Squad''. He lists [[Bob Marley]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Hans Zimmer]] and [[A. R. Rahman]] as his greatest influences.<ref name=www.thehindu.com>{{cite news |author= K. Pradeep |year=2013 |title = On Song|newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/on-song/article4504810.ece|access-date=2 May 2013 }}</ref>

== Film composing career ==
Though his debut film bombed at the box office, Varun's debut work "Ayyo" from [[Annum Innum Ennum]] was noticed.<ref name="www.thehindu.com"/>
His second film with the same team failed again at the box-office. He shifted focus to composing jingles for advertisement films and associated with famous brands like Chemmanur and MCR. In 2017, he was offered the [[Kannada language|Kannada]] film ''Kempegowda-2'', a spin-off of ''[[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]]'', the Kannada remake of ''[[Singam]]''. The film opened to a favourable response and Varun subsequently signed more films in Kannada, including ''Kongka Pass'' with the same team. However he shifted focus to jingles until 2025, when he signed four films, each in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada.

==Music videos==
===''Smile''===
In 2013, Varun produced a social cause album titled ''Smile'' featuring five singles by [[Shwetha Mohan]] as well as songs by upcoming singers [[Suchith Suresan]] and [[Yazin Nizar]]. It was released by the indie music label Tune4 Music.<ref name=DeccanChronicle>{{cite web |author= Serin Sam |year=2013 |title = A reason to smile for Varun Unni|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131209/entertainment-mollywood/article/reason-smile-varun-unni|access-date=2 February 2016 }}</ref>

===''Second Rain''===
In 2017, Varun Unni composed the music for the music movie ''Second Rain'' (Peyyum Mazhaye), produced and directed by [[Lijo Augustin]], with cinematography by [[A. Kumaran]] of ''[[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|Thanga Magan]]'' fame.

The video also featured [[Arundhati (actress)|Arundhati]], who starred in the Tamil film ''[[Saithan]]''. The lyrics and video of the song narrate a tale of romance where rain acts as the predominant backdrop to important moments in the love story of a young couple. The video also features a short climactic fight sequence, for which Varun composed the background score.

The song was released via [[Muzik 247]]. The vocals were by [[Shweta Mohan]] and [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], with programming by [[Ashwin Sivadas]].<ref name=DeccanChronicle2>{{cite web |author= Vidya Nair |year=2017 |title = Striking the right chord |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/110717/striking-the-right-chord-1.html|access-date=11 July 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name=NewIndianExpress>{{cite web |author= Express News Service |year=2017 |title = 'Second Rain' makes a splash on Social Media|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/11/second-rain-makes-a-splash-on-social-media-1626894.html|access-date=12 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name=Mathrubhumi>{{cite web |author= Mathrubhumi News |year=2017 |title = സോഷ്യല്‍ മീഡിയയില്‍ തരംഗമായി മ്യൂസിക് മൂവി 'സെക്കന്‍ഡ് റെയിന്‍'
|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/second-rain-malayalam-music-movie-music-album-1.2080783|access-date=12 July 2017 }}</ref>

==Return to feature films==
As of 2025, Varun has signed films [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] languages. His first release of 2025 was the Tamil film ''[[The Door (2025 film)|The Door]]'', directed by Jaiidev starring [[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]] in the lead role.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-14 |title=Bhavana plays lead in brother Jaiiddev's directorial, The Door |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bhavana-plays-lead-in-brother-jaiiddevs-directorial-the-door/articleshow/100963577.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=Bhavana to return to Tamil industry after 13 years with horror film The Door |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/actor-bhavana-return-tamil-industry-horror-film-the-door-jaiiddev-naveen-8648314/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> His next was the Kannada film ''[[Rakshasa (2025 film)|Rakshasa]]'' starring [[Prajwal Devaraj]]. Both films tanked at the box-office. His third release, the Malayalam film Azadi opened to mixed reviews, but the music received an overwhelmingly positive response.<ref>{{cite web | title=Azadi movie review: Sreenath Bhasi's jailbreak drama struggles to break free of clichés, is shackled to a terrible twist | date=24 May 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/azadi-movie-review-sreenath-bhasi-jailbreak-drama-struggles-to-break-free-of-cliches-is-shackled-to-terrible-twist-10025371/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title='Azadi' review: Sreenath Bhasi stars in an engaging prison break film with strong performances | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/05/23/azadi-movie-review-malayalam-film-sreenath-bhasi-raveena-ravi-lal-vani-viswanath.html }}</ref> Varun was praised for elevating the movie experience to another level with his [[background score]].<ref>{{cite web | title=ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിക്കുന്ന ജയിൽ ബ്രേക്ക്, ഞെട്ടിക്കുന്ന ക്ലൈമാക്‌സ്; പ്രതീക്ഷകൾക്കപ്പുറം 'ആസാദി' | date=23 May 2025 | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/malayalam-movie-azadi-review-1.10607494 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=ചിത്രച്ചേച്ചി പാടി, ഞാനാണ് ഈ പാട്ടിന്റെ കമ്പോസര്‍ എന്ന് മറന്ന് നിന്നുപോയി {{!}} വരുണ്‍ ഉണ്ണി അഭിമുഖം, Varun Unni,Music director Varun Unni,Varun Unni composer,Azadi music director,the door composer,news | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/azadi-music-director-varun-unni-interview-1.10623051 | access-date=2025-08-11 | website=www.mathrubhumi.com | date=30 May 2025 }}</ref>

==Film discography==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width=30 | Year
! width=180 | Film
! width=70 | Language
! width=65 | Songs
! width=65 | Background score
! Notes
|-align="center"
|-
| rowspan="1"|2013 || ''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || {{yes}} ||{{no}} || One song
|-
| rowspan="1"|2013 || ''[[Escape from Uganda]]'' || Malayalam || {{yes}} ||{{no}} || Three songs
|-
| rowspan="1"|2019 || ''[[Kempegowda 2]]'' || [[Kannada]]|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} || Kannada debut<ref name="NIE">{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/apr/13/komal-back-with-kempegowda-2-1963650.html| title = Komal back with Kempegowda 2- The New Indian Express| date = 13 April 2019}} </ref> Spin-off of ''[[Kempe Gowda (film)|Kempe Gowda]]'', the Kannada remake of ''[[Singam]]''
|-
| rowspan="4"|2025 || ''[[The Door (2025 film)|The Door]]''<ref name="auto"/>|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} || Tamil debut.
|-
|''[[Rakshasa (2025 film)|Rakshasa]]''<ref>{{Cite web | title=I will have a packed 2025: Prajwal Devaraj | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/13/i-will-have-a-packed-2025-prajwal-devaraj | access-date=2025-08-11 | website=www.newindianexpress.com | date=13 December 2024 }}</ref> || Kannada || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
|''[[Sreenath Bhasi|Azadi]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/azadi-malayalam-cinema-jo-george-vani-viswanath-sreenath-bhasi-1.8991415 | title=ആസാദി ടൈറ്റിൽ ലോഞ്ച് | date=16 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/aug/02/sreenath-bhasi-lal-and-saiju-kurup-headline-new-thriller-46203.html | title=Sreenath Bhasi, Lal and Saiju Kurup headline new thriller | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=2 August 2023 }}</ref> || Malayalam || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Kothapallilo Okappudu]]''|| Telugu || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Unni, Varun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

List of Nagpur Metro stations

2026-01-28T17:22:28Z

KrisMchugh15039:

{{short description|Stations of the Nagpur Metro}}
{{Use Indian English|date = September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{GeoGroup|article=Category:Nagpur Metro stations}}
[[File:Nagpur Metro rail map.png|thumb|400px|Nagpur Metro rail map]]

This is a list of all stations of the [[Nagpur Metro]], a [[rapid transit]] system serving the city of [[Nagpur]] in the [[Vidarbha]] region of [[Maharashtra]], India.

Nagpur Metro is the [[List of metro systems|13th]] metro system in India. It is built and operated by the [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]. Its first section was inaugurated on 7 March 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nagpur-metro-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-to-open-for-public-on-womens-day-2059661.html|title=Nagpur Metro Flagged Off by PM Modi, to Open For Public on Women's Day |website=[[News18]]|date=7 March 2019 |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> and opened for the public on 8 March 2019, with the [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)|Orange Line]]. On 26 January 2020, the Aqua Line was partially inaugurated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-nagpur-metro-2861432.html|title=PM Modi inaugurates Nagpur Metro|date=7 March 2019|website=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref> Nagpur Metro has 37 metro stations, with a total route length of {{convert|38.2|km|mi|abbr=}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2020|title=Maha Metro opens first section of Aqua Line of Nagpur Metro Rail project|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/maha-metro-opens-first-section-of-aqua-line-of-nagpur-metro-rail-project/|access-date=10 June 2020|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref> On 11 December 2022, PM Modi inaugurated the entire metro route length of {{convert|38.2|km|mi|abbr=}}.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Nagpur Metro, Flags Off 6th Vande Bharat Train |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-nagpur-metro-flags-off-6th-vande-bharat-train-3596721 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Metro stations ==
{| class="wikitable" width="30%"
|style="background-color:#AFEEEE"|†
|Terminal station
|-
|style="background-color:#FFFF99"|*
|Transfer station
|-
|style="background-color:#F5DEB3"|††
|Transfer station to [[Indian Railways]] / [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]]
|-
|style="background-color:#F0E68C"|#*
|Terminal and transfer station to [[Indian Railways]] / [[Inter State Bus Terminals|ISBT]]
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" style=font-size:95%; width="100%"
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Sr. No.
! colspan="2" width="28%" |Metro Station
! rowspan="2" width="13%" |Line
! rowspan="2" width="13%" |Opened
! rowspan="2" width="8%" |Layout
! rowspan="2" width="28%" |Notes
! rowspan="2" width="5%" |Ref.
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
!1
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Agrasen Square}}
|align="center"|अग्रसेन चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!2
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Airport}}
|align="center"|एअरपोर्ट
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|7 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationnext.com/airport-metro-station-finished-product-ahead-of-architectural-drawing-tweets-nagpur-metro/|title=Airport metro station finished product ahead of architectural drawing tweets nagpur metro|publisher=Nation Next|date=10 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
!3
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Airport South}}
|align="center"|एअरपोर्ट साउथ
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|7 March 2019
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|Access to [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/exhibition-on-nagpur-metro-on-view-at-airport-south-stn/articleshow/68310309.cms|title=Exhibition on Nagpur metro on view at airport south station|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 March 2019|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
!4
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Ajni Square}}
|align="center"|अजनी चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|7 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/nagpur-gets-a-double-decker-infra-boost-flyover-viaduct-inaugurated-in-the-orange-city-see-details/2130243/|title=Nagpur gets a double decker infra boost flyover viaduct inaugurated in the orange city see details|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=17 November 2020|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
!5
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Ambedkar Square}}
|align="center"|आंबेडकर चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!6
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Automotive Square}}
|align="center"|ऑटोमोटिव्ह चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!7
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Bansi Nagar}}
|align="center"|बंसी नगर
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|25 September 2020
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=ar1/>
|-
!8
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Chhatrapati Square}}
|align="center"|छत्रपती चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|6 April 2021
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Chhatrapati-Square-flyover-to-be-demolished-in-Sept/articleshow/52696068.cms|title=Chhatrapati Square flyover to be demolished in September|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 June 2016|access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
!9
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Chitar Oli Chowk}}
|align="center"|चितारओळी चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=ar1/>
|-
!10
|style="background-color:#F5DEB3" align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Congress Nagar}}††
|align="center"|काँग्रेस नगर
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|6 April 2021
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|Interchange with [[Ajni railway station]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/youth-killed-as-bike-jumps-speedbreaker-at-rahate-colony/06151248|title=Youth Killed as bike jumps speedbreaker at rahate colony|work=Nagpur Today|date=15 June 2020|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
!11
|style="background-color:#F5DEB3" align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Cotton Market}}
|align="center"|कॉटन मार्केट
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|21 September 2023
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-09-23|title=Gap between platform, train high also at Cotton Mkt stn|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/gap-between-platform-train-high-also-at-cotton-mkt-stn/articleshow/103879337.cmsaccess-date=2024-10-04|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
!12
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Dharampeth College}}
|align="center"|धरमपेठ महाविद्यालय
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|6 April 2021
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 Apr 2021|title=4 new Metro stations operational from today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/4-new-metro-stations-operational-from-today/articleshow/81920428.cms|access-date=21 August 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
!13
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Dosar Vaishya Square}}
|align="center"|दोसर वैश्य चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!14
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Gaddi Godam Square}}
|align="center"|गड्डीगोदाम चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!15
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Indora Square}}
|align="center"|इंदोरा चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!16
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Institution of Engineers}}
|align="center"|इन्स्टिट्युशन ऑफ इंजिनिअर्स
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|26 January 2020
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2019/08/24/construction-of-new-institute-of-engineers-metro-station-reach-3-completed/|title=Construction of new engineers metro station reach 3 completed|work=The Live Nagpur|date=24 August 2019|accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
!17
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Jaiprakash Nagar}}
|align="center"|जयप्रकाश नगर
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|7 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/jaiprakash-nagar-metro-station-to-open-soon/articleshow/72062056.cms|title=Jaiprakash nagar metro station to open soon|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 November 2019|access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
!18
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Jhansi Rani Square}}
|align="center"|झाशी राणी चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|26 January 2020
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/jhansi-rani-square-munje-chowk-rd-closed-for-a-mth/articleshow/79416611.cms|title=Jhansi Rani square munje chowk road closed for a month|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 November 2020|access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
!19
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Kadvi Chowk}}
|align="center"|कडबी चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!20
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Kasturchand Park}}
|align="center"|कस्तुरचंद पार्क
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|21 August 2021
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=21 August 2021|title=Nagpur Metro extension: Stretch between Sitabuldi, Kasturchand Park inaugurated|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/nagpur-metro-extension-stretch-between-sitabuldi-kasturchand-park-inaugurated-7463317/|access-date=21 August 2021|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
!21
|style="background-color:#F0E68C" align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Khapri}}#*
|align="center"|खापरी
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|7 March 2019
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|Interchange with Khapri railway station
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2020/5/19/Underpass-to-provide-direct-link-to-Khapri-Metro-station-from-Wardha-Road.html|title=Underpass to provide direct link to Khapri metro station from Wardha|work=[[The Hitavada]]|date=19 May 2020|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
!22
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|LAD Square}}
|align="center"|एलएडी चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|25 September 2020
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=ar1>{{Cite web|date=4 September 2020|title=Four more Metro stations ready, CMRS inspection this month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/4-more-metro-stations-ready-cmrs-inspection-this-month/articleshow/77919816.cms|access-date=5 January 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
!23
|style="background-color:#AFEEEE" align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Lokmanya Nagar}}†
|align="center"|लोकमान्य नगर
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|26 January 2020
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/site-of-lokmanya-nagar-metro-station-changed/articleshow/57482531.cms|title=Site of Lokmanya Nagar metro station changed|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 March 2017|access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
!24
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Nagpur Railway Station}}
|align="center"|नागपूर रेल्वे स्थानक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!25
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Nari Road}}
|align="center"|नारी रोड
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!26
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|New Airport}}
|align="center"|न्यू एअरपोर्ट
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|7 March 2019
|align="center"|At-grade
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nagpur-metro-greenest-in-country-here-is-a-look-at-other-cities-5778335/|title=Nagpur Metro greenest in Country here is a look at other cities|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 June 2019|access-date=15 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
!27
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Prajapati Nagar}}
|align="center"|प्रजापती नगर
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!28
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Rachana Ring Road Junction}}
|align="center"|रचना रिंग रोड जंक्शन
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|10 December 2020
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=nn/>
|-
!29
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Rahate Colony}}
|align="center"|रहाटे कॉलनी
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
|align="center"|7 March 2019
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/4-more-metro-stations-ready-cmrs-inspection-this-month/articleshow/77919816.cms|title=4 More metro stations ready cmrs inspection this month|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 September 2020|access-date=5 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
!30
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Shankar Nagar Square}}
|align="center"|शंकर नगर चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|10 December 2020
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=nn>{{Cite web|title=Shankar Nagar, Rachna Junction metro stations get CRMS clearance|url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/shankar-nagar-rachna-junction-metro-stations-get-crms-clearance/12081425|access-date=5 January 2021|website=Nagpur Today}}</ref>
|-
!31
| style="background-color:#FFFF99" align="center" |{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Sitabuldi}}*
| align="center" |सिताबर्डी
| align="center" |{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}} {{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
| align="center" |7 March 2019
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/metro-work-on-sitabuldi-and-prajapati-nagar-line-finished/articleshow/71828009.cms|title=Metro work on sitabuldi and Prajapati nagar line finished|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 October 2019|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
!32
| align="center" |{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Subhash Nagar}}
| align="center" |सुभाष नगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
| align="center" |26 January 2020
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/lokmanya-subhash-nagar-metro-stretch-likely-to-be-ready-soon/articleshow/68442778.cms|title=Lokmanya-Subhash Nagar metro stretch likely to be ready soon|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 March 2019|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
!33
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Telephone Exchange}}
|align="center"|टेलिफोन एक्स्चेंज
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!34
| align="center" |{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Ujjwal Nagar}}
| align="center" |उज्ज्वल नगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
| align="center" |6 April 2021
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/15-days-on-sewage-continues-to-flow-into-ujjwal-nagar-wells-houses/articleshow/63020216.cms|title=15 Days on sewage continues to flow into ujjwal nagar wells houses|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2018|access-date=23 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
!35
|align="center"|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Vaishnodevi Square}}
|align="center"|वैष्णोदेवी चौक
|align="center"|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
|align="center"|11 December 2022
|align="center"|Elevated
|align="center"|–
|<ref name=":3"/>
|-
!36
| align="center" |{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Vasudev Nagar}}
| align="center" |वासुदेव नगर
| align="center" |{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|aqua|broute}}
| align="center" |26 January 2020
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/cmrs-clears-vasudeo-nagar-metro-station/articleshow/73340278.cms|title=CMRS clears vasudeo nagar metro station|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 January 2020|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
!37
| align="center" |{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Zero Mile Freedom Park}}
| align="center" |झिरो माइल फ्रीडम पार्क
| align="center" |{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|orange|broute}}
| align="center" |21 August 2021
| align="center" |Elevated
| align="center" |–
|<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
|}

== Statistics ==
{| class="₠wikitable" width="35%"
|Total number of metro stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''37'''
|-
| width="25%" |Number of interchange stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''1'''
|-
| width="25%" |Number of elevated stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''34'''
|-
| width="25%" |Number of underground stations
| width="5%" align="center" |'''0'''
|-
| width="25%" |Number of stations at-grade
| width="5%" align="center" |'''3'''
|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Chennai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Coimbatore Metro stations]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Jaipur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kochi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[List of Madurai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Noida Metro stations]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[List of Navi Mumbai Metro Stations]]
*[[List of Pune Metro stations]]
*[[List of Surat Metro stations]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}
{{Nagpur}}

[[Category:Lists of metro stations in India|Nagpur Metro]]
[[Category:Nagpur Metro stations|*]]
[[Category:Nagpur-related lists|Metro stations]]

Manellore

2026-01-28T07:19:39Z

KrisMchugh15039: general expanded page per standard format and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Manellore
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.4528933|80.0129679|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk|Gummidipoondi]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 23
| population_total = 4534
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 601202
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628570
| footnotes =
}}
'''Manellore''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It was formerly known as Manyalavur. Manellore's economy has a broad agriculture & handloom base.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Manellore has 1203 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 74.2%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 4534 || 2174 || 2360
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 483 || 223 || 260
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 1568 || 759 || 809
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 381 || 189 || 192
|-
| Literates || 3006 || 1616 || 1390
|-
| Workers (all) || 1916 || 1323 || 593
|-
| Main workers (total) || 971 || 808 || 163
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 26 || 26 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 185 || 162 || 23
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 101 || 68 || 33
|-
| Main workers: Other || 659 || 552 || 107
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 945 || 515 || 430
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 43 || 39 || 4
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 612 || 306 || 306
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 62 || 17 || 45
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 228 || 153 || 75
|-
| Non-workers || 2618 || 851 || 1767
|}

==Transport==

Distance from major places:
* '''Madharpakkam''' - 02 km
* '''Gummidipoondi''' - 16 km
* '''Kavaraipettai''' - 22 km
* '''Uthukottai''' - 22 km
* '''Ponneri''' - 38 km
* '''Chennai''' - 58 km (Road)
* '''Kanyakumari''' - 824 km (Railway)
* '''Gudalur''' (via Connoor)- 718 km (Road)
* '''Rameshwaram''' - 739 km (Railway)
* '''Madurai''' - 548 km
* '''Coimbatore''' - 562 km

Andhra Pradesh
* '''Satyavedu''' - 6 km
* '''Sullerpet''' - 35 km
* '''Srikalahasti''' - 63 km
* '''Puttur''' - 63 km
* '''Tirupati''' - 103 km

==Education==
'''Primary schools''':
* Panchayat Union Primary School
* CSI Primary School

'''Secondary schools''':
* Govt.Hr.Sec School - Manellore
* Govt.Girls.High.Sec School - Manellore.

==Key Members==
* Counselor - P.S.Gunasekar
* President - M.Lawrance

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden

2026-01-22T17:22:11Z

KrisMchugh15039: further updated citations to improve readability also and added references

{{Short description|Public park in Pune, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Pu La Deshpande Garden, Pune
| photo = Pu La Deshpande garden 5.JPG
| photo_width = 300
| photo_caption =
| type = Public park
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| map =
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| lat_d =
| long_d =
| region =
| area =
| created =
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| status =
| website =
}}

'''Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden''' or '''Pu La Deshpande Udyan''' is one of the largest gardens in Pune located on Tanaji Malusare road (Sinhgad road) in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India.

==Details==
The garden was inspired by the 300-year-old [[Kōraku-en|Kōraku-en Garden]] in [[Okayama]], so it is also called the Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden. The garden has naturally flowing water from a canal, and this flow has been spread across the garden. The garden is well maintained, and walking on the lawn is not allowed. The garden is built across 10 acres. The style is devised in such a way that people can take a walk through a garden enjoying the landscape, which changes along the garden paths. Visitors can see colourful fish from on top of a small bridge in the center of garden. This Japanese garden has been named after [[Pu La Deshpande]], a well known Marathi writer from [[Maharashtra]], India.

===Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden - Phase II===
The phase 2 of this garden is known as Mughal Garden and is a replica of the Mughal garden in [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi]]. BJP corporator took up project to install [[Surya Namaskar]] statues and those have been opened to public on 19 June 2017 by [[Mukta Tilak]].<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/bjp-corporator-takes-up-project-to-install-surya-namaskar-statues/ BJP corporator take up project to install Surya Namaskar statues]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140814072311/http://www.virtualpune.in/Pu%20La%20Deshpande%20Garden%2C%20Pune Pu La Deshpande Garden, Pune]</ref><ref>[http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110103/5120416899031243085.htm News in Sakal newspaper in Marathi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414004122/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110103/5120416899031243085.htm |date=2014-04-14 }}</ref>

==Events==
Well known film shootings have taken place at this garden such as the shoot for popular Bollywood actor [[Salman Khan|Salman Khan's]] song "I Love you" from the movie "[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]"

==Transport==
The garden is located at Sinhagad road and can be reached by bus, taxi or Auto Rickshaw. This garden is a busy place during the weekends and school holidays.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pu La Deshpande Garden}}
* [https://archive.today/20130128135051/http://mbtest.maayboli.com/node/12108 Article in Maayboli in Marathi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140414004122/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110103/5120416899031243085.htm News in Sakal newspaper in Marathi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110412103427/http://www.punemate.com/2011/04/pu-la-deshpande-garden-pune.html Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden (Pu La Deshpande Garden) punemate.com]
* [http://wikimapia.org/568659/Pu-La-Deshpande-Garden Pu La Deshpande Garden, Pune (Wikimapia)]
* [https://pune-okayamafriendshipgarden.com/ Pune-Okayama Friendship Garden Official Website]

{{Pune topics}}

[[Category:Parks in Pune]]
[[Category:Gardens in India]]
[[Category:India–Japan relations]]

{{Garden-stub}}
{{Pune-geo-stub}}

Tum Hi Aana

2026-01-19T18:12:00Z

KrisMchugh15039: created a pg - done

{{short description|2018 Hindi ballad song by Jubin Nautiyal}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Tum Hi Aana
| type = single
| image = Tum Hi Aana.jpg
| artist = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| album = [[Marjaavaan]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| released = 3 October 2019
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=09}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| writer =
| composer = [[Payal Dev]]
| lyricist = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|RemShT6JAHw|''Tum Hi Aana''}}
| type = single
}}
}}
'''"Tum Hi Aana"''' ({{Translation|You, please come back}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song from the soundtrack of the Indian feature film, ''[[Marjaavaan]]'' (2019). The [[Pop music|pop]] [[ballad]] was released by major Indian label [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 3 October 2019 as a single from the soundtrack. It was composed by [[Payal Dev]], written by Kunaal Verma, and sung by [[Jubin Nautiyal]]. The melody of the song occurred to Dev, while she was working on a different track.

The song received positive reviews from film critics, the majority of whom complimented its composition. The song peaked at number one and two on the [[Official Charts Company]] Asian Music Charts and ''[[The Times of India]]'' [[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi]] Top 20 Chart, respectively. The music video features [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Tara Sutaria]] reprising their characters in ''Marjaavaan''.

== Background and composition ==
{{Listen
| filename = Tum Hi Aana.ogg
| title = Tum Hi Aana
| description = Main chorus of the song.
| pos = right
}}
Indian music composer [[Payal Dev]] described her composition for "Tum Hi Aana" as follows:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Here's how 'Tumhi aana' from 'Marjaavaan' was born|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/heres-how-tumhi-aana-from-marjaavaan-was-born/articleshow/71422907.cms|date=3 October 2019|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315132856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/heres-how-tumhi-aana-from-marjaavaan-was-born/articleshow/71422907.cms|archive-date=15 March 2020|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

{{Cquote
| quote = While working on another single, this melody came to my mind and I recorded on my phone. It so happened, that I, Jubin and Kunaal, were in a music sitting of another single and I made them hear the melody I had recorded.
}}
After recording the melody, Kunal Verma instantly wrote "some lines", claimed Dev. The singer [[Jubin Nautiyal]], who was also present, "instantly loved it and accepted to record a scratch of the song".<ref name=":2" /> Nautiyal said that the record label [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] also loved the song.<ref name=":2" /> "Tum Hi Aana" was suggested to the director [[Milap Zaveri]] by the director of T-Series, [[Bhushan Kumar]], when the latter was narrating the script of ''Marjaavaan.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title='Tum Hi Aana' is the soul of 'Marjaavaan'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tum-hi-aana-is-the-soul-of-marjaavaan/articleshow/71407400.cms|last=Maheshwri|first=Neha|date=3 October 2019|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502152501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tum-hi-aana-is-the-soul-of-marjaavaan/articleshow/71407400.cms|archive-date=2 May 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> Furthermore, Zaveri said, "[[Bhushan Kumar]] made me listen to the scratch and I was immediately sold on it. I couldn't have asked for a better song to describe the situation".<ref name=":0" /> "Tum Hi Aana" was written by Verma and performed by Nautiyal.<ref name=":2" />

Dev originally composed the song as a "romantic" track, but had to change the composition due to the film's romantic and sad theme.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Tum Hi Aana makes me feel lucky as a composer: Payal Dev|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200108-tum-hi-aana-makes-me-feel-lucky-composer|last=Owal|first=Minal|date=8 January 2020|website=RadioandMusic|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124234543/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200108-tum-hi-aana-makes-me-feel-lucky-composer|archive-date=24 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> The lyrics were also altered to suit the theme.<ref name=":3" /> Dev used multiple instruments for her composition, including the [[sarangi]], [[flute]], [[piano]], and [[mouth organ]], "to give it the right amount of emotions".<ref name=":2" /> The song was called a [[Pop music|pop]] [[ballad]] in press reviews.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marjaavan's Tum Hi Aana Song: Sidharth Malhotra And Tara Sutaria Bring Love Ballad of Year in Jubin Nautiyal's Voice|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/marjaavaans-tum-hi-aana-song-sidharth-malhotra-and-tara-sutaria-bring-love-ballad-of-year-in-jubin-nautiyals-voice-3792309/|date=3 October 2019|website=India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502184525/https://www.india.com/entertainment/marjaavaans-tum-hi-aana-song-sidharth-malhotra-and-tara-sutaria-bring-love-ballad-of-year-in-jubin-nautiyals-voice-3792309/|archive-date=2 May 2020|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> Milap Zaveri described the song as being "all about emotions, passion and heartbreak".<ref name=":0" /> The director compared the song with other tracks, saying "It's on the lines of "[[Bekhayali]]" and "[[Galliyan]]" from the films ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' and ''[[Ek Villain]]'', respectively".<ref name=":0" />

== Release and reception ==
The single version of "Tum Hi Aana" was released on 3 October 2019, for [[Music download|digital download]] by the record label [[T-Series (company)|Super Cassettes Industries Private Limited]] (T-Series).{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} The happy, sad, and duet versions were all released on 27 November 2019 through the aforementioned label.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

"Tum Hi Aana" was met with positive reviews from film critics. The staff of ''[[Asian News International]]'' wrote that the song will "tug your heartstrings as it is all about emotions and heartbreak".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title='Tum Hi Aana' song from 'Marjaavaan' will choke you with emotions|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tum-hi-aana-song-from-marjaavaan-will-choke-you-with-emotions|date=3 October 2019|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128181937/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tum-hi-aana-song-from-marjaavaan-will-choke-you-with-emotions|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> Abhishek Singh, writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', expressed that the song "can be a bit much with how sad it is" but in the verdict, he wrote "[the song] is worth listening to at least once. If you’re into it, you’ll probably end up having it on repeat".<ref>{{Cite web|title=India is listening to Marjaavaan's Tum Hi Aana|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-marjaavaan-tum-hi-aana-6054691/|last=Singh|first=Abhishek|date=5 October 2019|website=[[The Indian Express]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128182326/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-marjaavaan-tum-hi-aana-6054691/|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> Devarsi Ghosh of [[Scroll.in]] said that the song is "fabulous" and praised Nautiyal, stating that: "It is undoubtedly the best composition Nautiyal has sung till date".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bollywood music 2019: 'Kalank' title track and 'Bekhayali' from 'Kabir Singh' among the best songs|url=https://scroll.in/reel/945628/bollywood-music-2019-kalank-title-track-and-bekhayali-from-kabir-singh-among-the-best-songs|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|date=28 December 2019|website=[[Scroll.in]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128183109/https://scroll.in/reel/945628/bollywood-music-2019-kalank-title-track-and-bekhayali-from-kabir-singh-among-the-best-songs|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> The staff of ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised the song, writing that it will "make you teary-eyed for sure".<ref>{{Cite web|title='Marjaavan' song 'Tum Hi Aana': This heart-touching track showcases Sidharth Malhotra and Tara Sutaria's painful separation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/marjaavan-song-tum-hi-aana-this-heart-touching-track-showcases-sidharth-malhotra-and-tara-sutarias-painful-separation/articleshow/71419192.cms|date=3 October 2019|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128183600/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/marjaavan-song-tum-hi-aana-this-heart-touching-track-showcases-sidharth-malhotra-and-tara-sutarias-painful-separation/articleshow/71419192.cms|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> The staff from Koimoi praised the composer, "Dev has done the music composition really well and the symphony at the back mixed with flutes tunes is absolutely mellow to the ears".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tum Hi Aana From Marjaavaan: Sidharth Malhotra & Tara Sutaria's Soulful Track Strikes A Chord|url=https://www.koimoi.com/videos/tum-hi-aana-from-marjaavaan-sidharth-malhotra-tara-sutarias-soulful-track-strikes-a-chord/|date=3 October 2019|website=|publisher=Koimoi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005003751/https://www.koimoi.com/videos/tum-hi-aana-from-marjaavaan-sidharth-malhotra-tara-sutarias-soulful-track-strikes-a-chord/|archive-date=5 October 2019|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

[[Times Now]]'s Gaurang Chauhan claimed that, "The melodious tune and Jubin's soothing voice will instantly transport you back to the good old days of the 90s".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marjaavaan song Tum Hi Aana: Sidharth Malhotra and Tara Sutaria love track with transport you back to the 90s|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/marjaavaan-song-tum-hi-aana-sidharth-malhotra-and-tara-sutaria-love-track-with-transport-you-back-to-the-90s/499096|last=Chauhan|first=Gaurang|date=3 October 2019|website=|publisher=Times Now|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128184130/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/marjaavaan-song-tum-hi-aana-sidharth-malhotra-and-tara-sutaria-love-track-with-transport-you-back-to-the-90s/499096|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> The staff of Indian magazine [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|''Outlook'']] cited the song for having "won acclaim and popularity" for Dev.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tum hi aana success feels magical: Composer Payal Dev|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tum-hi-aana-success-feels-magical-composer-payal-dev/1663572|date=15 November 2019|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502175359/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/tum-hi-aana-success-feels-magical-composer-payal-dev/1663572|archive-date=2 May 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> [[News18]]'s staff wrote, "The soulful romantic number Tum Hi Aana is a tear-jerker, to say the least".<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Marjaavan Song Tum Hi Aana Showcases Sidharth Malhotra, Tara Sutaria's Painful Separation|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/marjaavan-song-tum-hi-aana-showcases-sidharth-malhotra-tara-sutarias-painful-separation-2332099.html|date=3 October 2019|website=News18|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004154628/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/marjaavan-song-tum-hi-aana-showcases-sidharth-malhotra-tara-sutarias-painful-separation-2332099.html|archive-date=4 October 2019|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Rafat Sami from the ''Glamsham'' regarded, "Verma's lyrics, though filmy, touch the heart and are simple and relatable".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marjavaan Music Review|url=https://www.glamsham.com/en/marjavaan-music-review|last=Rafat|first=S.|date=4 October 2019|website=Glamsham|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129083835/https://www.glamsham.com/en/marjavaan-music-review|archive-date=29 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Keyur Seta of Cinestaan believed that the song is "[[Motif (narrative)|Motif]]" throughout ''Marjaavaan.''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marjaavaan review: The film doesn't even reach the height of Riteish Deshmukh's character|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/marjaavaan-38950|last=Seta|first=Keyur|date=15 November 2019|website=Cinestaan|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129084211/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/marjaavaan-38950|archive-date=29 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> DJ Munks from ''BizAsia'' wrote that, " [the song] does have a very deeply moving and soulful instrumentation that makes this a gorgeous melody to listen to".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Music Review: 'Marjaavaan'|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/music-review-marjaavaan/|last=Munks|first=D. J.|date=16 October 2019|website=BizAsia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019094537/https://www.bizasialive.com/music-review-marjaavaan/|archive-date=19 October 2019|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

== Music video ==
{{multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| width = 180
| image1 = Sidharth Malhotra at IIFA awards 2014.jpg
| alt1 = Sidharth Malhotra in 2014
| image2 = Tara Sutaria at an event for Bobbi Brown India.jpg
| alt2 = Tara Sutaria in 2019
| footer = The song's music video features [[Sidharth Malhotra]] and [[Tara Sutaria]], pictured top and bottom, respectively.
| total_width =
| caption1 =
| caption2 =
}}

The music video was released on 2 October 2019 to [[YouTube]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} Zoya ([[Tara Sutaria]]) plays a mute character alongside Raghu ([[Sidharth Malhotra]]) in ''Marjaavaan'', a goon who falls in love with her.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tum Hi Aana from Marjaavaan exudes pain|url=https://www.filmfare.com/videos/songs/tum-hi-aana-from-marjaavaan-exudes-pain-36524.html|last=Pathak|first=Vedanshi|date=3 October 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004132010/https://www.filmfare.com/videos/songs/tum-hi-aana-from-marjaavaan-exudes-pain-36524.html|archive-date=4 October 2019|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> Within the film Raghu is a loyal goon to the local thug Narayan Anna ([[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]), who orders Raghu to kill Zoya, not knowing that Raghu loves her because she was an eyewitness of a crime that Narayan Anna's son Vishnu [[Riteish Deshmukh]] committed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marjaavaan Review|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/marjaavaan/critic-review/marjaavaan-movie-review/|date=15 November 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221164443/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/marjaavaan/critic-review/marjaavaan-movie-review/|archive-date=21 December 2019|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref> In the music video for "Tum Hi Aana", Raghu is sentenced to jail for murdering Zoya and reminisces about his dead lover.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title='Tum Hi Aana' song from 'Marjaavaan' will choke you with emotions|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tum-hi-aana-song-from-marjaavaan-will-choke-you-with-emotions|date=3 October 2019|website=The Free Press Journal|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128181937/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tum-hi-aana-song-from-marjaavaan-will-choke-you-with-emotions|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref> Two days after its release, "Tum Hi Aana" crossed over 14 million views on YouTube. Within a few weeks, the song had received over 50 million views on YouTube.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Commercial performance ==
"Tum Hi Aana" debuted and peaked at number one on the [[Official Charts Company]] Asian Music Charts and spent a total of 30 weeks on the chart.<ref name=":7" /> The song reached number two on ''[[The Times of India]]'' [[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi]] Top 20, where it spent a total of nine weeks on the chart.<ref name=":8" />

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+
! scope="col" |Chart (2019)
! scope="col" |Peak position
|-
! scope="row" | Asian Music Charts ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Asian Music Chart Top 40|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/|website=|publisher=Official Charts Company|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127193449/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-download-chart/|archive-date=27 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
|1
|-
! scope="row" |[[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi]] Top 20 ''([[The Times of India]]'')<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Music Chart – The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/musicchart/6692253.cms?chartid=1&periodtype=4&date=2019-12-14|website=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128185651/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/musicchart/6692253.cms?chartid=1&periodtype=4&date=2019-12-14|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=28 January 2020}}</ref>
|2
|}

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tum Hi Aana Full Video| date=23 November 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RemShT6JAHw|via=YouTube|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203061929/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RemShT6JAHw|archive-date=3 December 2019|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

* Jubin Nautiyal – lead vocals
* Payal Dev – music
* Kunal Verma – lyrics
* Aditya Dev – music producer

== Track listings ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Original Version
| title1 = Tum Hi Aana
| length1 = 4:09
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Happy Version<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tum-hi-aana-happy-version-from-marjaavaan-single/1489495726|title=Tum Hi Aana (Happy Version) [From "Marjaavaan"] – Single by Jubin Nautiyal & Payal Dev|publisher=iTunes Store|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502175051/https://music.apple.com/us/album/tum-hi-aana-happy-version-from-marjaavaan-single/1489495726|archive-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
| title1 = Tum Hi Aana
| length1 = 2:49
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Sad Version<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tum-hi-aana-sad-version-from-marjaavaan-single/1489497800|title=Tum Hi Aana (Sad Version) [From "Marjaavaan"] – Single by Jubin Nautiyal & Payal Dev|publisher=iTunes Store|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502175126/https://music.apple.com/us/album/tum-hi-aana-sad-version-from-marjaavaan-single/1489497800|archive-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
| title1 = Tum Hi Aana
| length1 = 1:23
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Duet Version<ref name=":6">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tum-hi-aana-duet-version-from-marjaavaan-single/1489496613|title=Tum Hi Aana (Duet Version) [From "Marjaavaan"] – Single by Jubin Nautiyal, Dhvani Bhanushali & Payal Dev|publisher=iTunes Store|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502175153/https://music.apple.com/us/album/tum-hi-aana-duet-version-from-marjaavaan-single/1489496613|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
| title1 = Tum Hi Aana
| length1 = 4:08
}}

== Release history ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Country
! scope="col" |Date
! scope="col" |Format(s)
!Version
! scope="col" |Label
! scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}.
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |India
|3 October 2019
| rowspan="4" |[[Music download|Digital download]]
|Original
| rowspan="4" |[[T-Series (company)|Super Cassettes Industries Private Limited]]
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tum Hi Aana (From "Marjaavaan") – Single by Payal Dev & Jubin Nautiyal|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/tum-hi-aana-from-marjaavaan-single/1482235390|publisher=iTunes Store|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129072803/https://music.apple.com/in/album/tum-hi-aana-from-marjaavaan-single/1482235390|archive-date=29 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |27 November 2019
|Happy
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|Sad
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|Duet
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":6" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt11073652|title=Jubin Nautiyal: Tum Hi Aana}}

{{Jubin Nautiyal}}

[[Category:2010s ballads]]
[[Category:2019 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Jubin Nautiyal songs]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]

Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University

2026-01-17T04:14:08Z

KrisMchugh15039:

{{Short description|State university in Jind, Haryana, India}}
{{Notability|Org|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University logo.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = |
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date|2014}}
| closed = 
| type = State Govt. University
| parent =
| affiliation =
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Haryana]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Prof. (Dr.) Rampal Saini<ref>https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/at-jind-varsity-political-storm-over-students-accusing-faculty-members-of-sexual-caste-harassment/amp_articleshow/125750451.cms</ref>
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Jind]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|29.293342|N|76.338630|E|region:IN-HR_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus =
| language = [[English language|English]] & [[Hindi]]
| free_label =
| free =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| mascot = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| website = [http://www.crsu.ac.in/ Official website]
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University''' ('''CRSU'''), formerly '''Kurukshetra University Post Graduate Regional Centre''', is a [[State university (India)|state university]] in the city of [[Jind]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]. Established by the state Legislature Act 28 of 2014 on 24 July.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}.Its jurisdiction extends over Jind .

==History==

Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University was established as Kurukshetra University Post Graduate Regional Centre in August 2007. The university was established by [[Government of Haryana]] vide an ordinance on 4 July 2014. The [[university]] was inaugurated on 25 July 2014<ref name="About">{{Cite news |url=http://crsujind.org/about.aspx |title=About |access-date=1 March 2015 |publisher=University website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328144354/http://crsujind.org/about.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] as a State University.<ref name="State universities">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversity.aspx |title=State universities |access-date=1 March 2015 |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123735/https://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversity.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Earlier university affiliated all the college of education in Haryana state during 2016-17 with Dr. Savita Kumari Sheoran as its first Deputy Dean of Colleges

==See also==
* [[State University of Performing And Visual Arts]]
* [[State Institute of Film and Television]]
* [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://crsujind.org/}}

{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
{{Universities in Haryana}}
{{Education in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhary Ranbir Singh University}}
[[Category:2014 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2014]]
[[Category:Universities in Haryana]]
[[Category:Jind]]

Koothapadi

2026-01-06T00:20:28Z

KrisMchugh15039: Made a data

{{more citations needed|date=November 2025}}
'''Koothapadi''' is a [[town panchayat]] located in [[Dharmapuri district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/May/13/dharmapuri-forest-department-clarifies-evicted-people-are-caste-hindus-not-tribals|title=Dharmapuri forest department clarifies evicted people are caste Hindus, not tribals|first=Express News|last=Service|date=May 13, 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pretty-tough-battle-on-cards-in-tamil-nadus-star-seat-of-pennagaram/articleshow/52184995.cms?from=mdr|title=Pretty tough battle on cards in Tamil Nadu's star seat of Pennagaram|date=May 9, 2016|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

This town was previously a panchayat and was upgraded to a town panchayat in 2025 by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dharmapuri district]]

{{Dharmapuri-geo-stub}}

Aashiqui (soundtrack)

2025-12-24T11:03:02Z

KrisMchugh15039: made details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Aashiqui
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist =[[Nadeem–Shravan]]
| cover =Aashiqui (soundtrack).jpg
| border = yes
| alt = Album Cover of Aashiqui
| released = 26 December 1989
| recorded = 1989
| venue =
| studio = Sudeep Studios Pvt. Ltd.
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Music of Bollywood|Bollywood film soundtrack]]
*[[Filmi-ghazal]]
}}
| length = 58:13
| language = {{flatlist|
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Urdu]]
}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| director = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| producer = [[Gulshan Kumar]]
| prev_title = Pyar Pyar
| prev_year = 1990
| next_title = [[Apmaan Ki Aag]]
| next_year = 1990
}}
The [[soundtrack]] to the 1990 Hindi-language [[Romantic musical|romantic musical film]] ''[[Aashiqui]]'' features twelve songs composed by [[Nadeem–Shravan]] (a duo consisting of [[Nadeem Saifi]] and [[Shravan Rathod]]) and lyrics written by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]], Rani Mallik and Madan Pal. Released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 26 December 1989, it became the highest-selling [[Bollywood soundtrack]] of all time with around 2 crore units sold. Its success established the duo to become one of the leading music composers in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film industry]].

== Background ==

Nadeem–Shravan were recommended by singer [[Anuradha Paudwal]] to [[Gulshan Kumar]], the founder of [[Super Cassettes Industries]] (parent company of T-Series). Gulshan replied that his company was not producing films at that point time, instead interested on curating a [[studio album]] and asked the duo to record few songs, further adding that if he liked their compositions, he would recommend another producer who would express their interest on making a film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-24 |title=Lyricist Sameer Anjaan revealed why Gulshan Kumar refused to release Aashiqui: 'Mahesh Bhatt promised him…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/sameer-anjaan-lyricist-birthday-aashiqui-music-gulshan-kumar-mahesh-bhatt-nadeem-shravan-songs-7785775/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307191302/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/sameer-anjaan-lyricist-birthday-aashiqui-music-gulshan-kumar-mahesh-bhatt-nadeem-shravan-songs-7785775/ |archive-date=2022-03-07 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-24 |title=Nadeem Saifi's emotional tribute to his 'chhota bhai' Shravan Rathod: 'Saanson ki zaroorat hai jaise' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nadeem-saifi-shravan-rathod-emotional-tribute-7287093/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507044719/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nadeem-saifi-shravan-rathod-emotional-tribute-7287093/ |archive-date=2021-05-07 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The duo then brought lyricist [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]] and playback singer [[Kumar Sanu]], to record the songs under the tentative title ''Chahat''; the first song they recorded was "Main Duniya Bhula Doonga". After curating around five to six songs, director [[Mahesh Bhatt]] happened to hear them and was impressed with it, eventually deciding to write a story surrounding those songs which became ''Aashiqui''. He further insisted Sameer to write the title track, which became "Bas Ek Sanam Chaahiye".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=Shravan Rathod, Nadeem Saifi were the sound of '90s Bollywood and pioneers of the 'filmi ghazal' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/shravan-rathod-nadeem-saifi-were-the-sound-of-90s-bollywood-and-pioneers-of-the-filmi-ghazal-9557891.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430113911/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/shravan-rathod-nadeem-saifi-were-the-sound-of-90s-bollywood-and-pioneers-of-the-filmi-ghazal-9557891.html |archive-date=2021-04-30 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

After production being completed, Gulshan contacted Sameer saying that though people felt the film's music was great, it sounded more than an independent album rather than a soundtrack for the film, admitting that Gulshan eventually planned to release the album only instead of the film. Bhatt met Gulshan and assured that he would quit direction, if the soundtrack to the film becomes unsuccessful. As per the latter's suggestion, Mahesh eventually released a poster with lead pair Rahul Roy and Anu Agarwal were shown hiding under a jacket, in order to avoid revealing the actors in the promotional material. The album was eventually released on 26 December 1989, months before the film's theatrical release.<ref name=":0" /> Most of the songs fall under the [[filmi-ghazal]] genre, based on the [[ghazal]] style.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gregory D. Booth, Bradley Shope |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFBAQAAQBAJ&q=filmi+ghazal&pg=PA100 |title=More Than Bollywood: Studies in Indian Popular Music |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0199928859 |pages=100 |access-date=21 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201143814/https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFBAQAAQBAJ&q=filmi+ghazal&pg=PA100#v=snippet&q=filmi%20ghazal&f=false |archive-date=1 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="NettlArnold2000">{{cite book |last1=Nettl |first1=Bruno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA534 |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent |last2=Arnold |first2=Alison |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1 |pages=534 |access-date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509014125/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA534 |archive-date=9 May 2016}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| total_length = 57:00
| title1 = Jaan-E-Jigar Jaaneman
| note1 = Version 1
| lyrics1 = [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]]
| extra1 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| length1 = 5:12
| title2 = Main Duniya Bhula Doonga
| lyrics2 = Sameer
| extra2 = Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal
| length2 = 5:18
| title3 = Ek Sanam Chahiye Aashiqui Ke Liye
| note3 = Male
| lyrics3 = Sameer
| extra3 = Kumar Sanu
| length3 = 6:12
| title4 = Nazar Ke Samne
| lyrics4 = Sameer
| extra4 = Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal
| length4 = 5:35
| title5 = Tu Meri Zindagi Hai
| lyrics5 = Sameer
| extra5 = Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal
| length5 = 4:45
| title6 = Dil Ka Aalam (Not in film)
| lyrics6 = Madan Pal
| extra6 = Kumar Sanu
| length6 = 5:00
| title7 = Ab Tere Bin
| lyrics7 = Sameer
| extra7 = Kumar Sanu
| length7 = 5:46
| title8 = [[Dheere Dheere|Dheere Dheere Se Meri Zindagi Mein Aana]]
| lyrics8 = Rani Malik
| extra8 = Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal
| length8 = 5:29
| title9 = Mera Dil Tere Liye
| lyrics9 = Sameer
| extra9 = [[Udit Narayan]], Anuradha Paudwal
| length9 = 4:34
| title10 = Ek Sanam Chahiye Aashiqui Ke Liye
| note10 = Female
| lyrics10 = Sameer
| extra10 = Anuradha Paudwal
| length10 = 6:11
| title11 = Jaan-E-Jigar Jaaneman
| note11 = Version 2
| lyrics11 = Sameer
| extra11 = Kumar Sanu, Anuradha Paudwal
| length11 = 3:55
}}

== Reception ==
[[Rakesh Bandhu]] of [[PlanetBollywood.com]] described the soundtrack as "a collection of beautiful compositions" by the duo and assigned a score of 9 (out of 10).<ref name="Planet Bollywood">{{cite web |last=Bandhu |first=Rakesh |date=28 August 2011 |title=Aashiqui Music Review |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Music/Aashiqui/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103500/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Music/Aashiqui/ |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=23 October 2011 |website=PlanetBollywood.com}}</ref> Gautam Chintamani of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' described the duo's arrangement as "a mix of the traditional sounds of [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] and [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and the melody of [[R. D. Burman]] with a dash of [[Bappi Lahiri]] and [[Anand–Milind]]".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chintamani |first=Gautam |date=2016-07-01 |title=I am a Nadeem-Shravan fan and I am not ashamed to admit it |url=https://scroll.in/reel/810951/i-am-a-nadeem-shravan-fan-and-i-am-not-ashamed-to-admit-it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125160742/https://scroll.in/reel/810951/i-am-a-nadeem-shravan-fan-and-i-am-not-ashamed-to-admit-it |archive-date=2018-01-25 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> He also noted the similarities of "Jaane Jigar Jaaneman" with Lahiri's "Duniya Mein Tere Siva" from ''[[Aandhiyan]]'' (1990), and "Mera Dil Tere Liye" being inspired from [[John Farnham]]'s "[[You're the Voice]]".<ref name=":1" /> The Song Jaan-e-Jigar Janeman was copy from a song 1984 Pakistani movie Dooriyan " Bas Ek Tere Siwa sung by Mehnaz & Akhlaq Ahmed composedby Robin Ghosh" available on spotify also indian film Aandhiyan also a complete copy of said film with same song.

== Sales and records ==
Aashiqui became the highest-selling soundtrack album in the history of Indian music industry.<ref name="india-today">{{cite journal |last=Chandra |first=Anupama |date=15 November 1994 |title=Bollywood hinges on Hindi film music industry, fans soak up wacky new sounds |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19941115-bollywood-hinges-on-hindi-film-music-industry-fans-soak-up-wacky-new-sounds-809899-1994-10-31 |journal=[[India Today]] |access-date=7 May 2019 |quote=In 1990, he released the breakthrough album, ''Aashiqui''. An estimated two{{nbsp}}[[crore]] [2{{nbsp}}million] tapes of the film were sold, with T-Series producing 80,000 to 90,000 units a day.}}</ref> Each cassette of the film's soundtrack was priced at ₹22.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2021-04-23 |title=Nadeem-Shravan made 1990s Bollywood melodious |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/nadeem-shravan-made-1990s-bollywood-melodious/article34391928.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310180440/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/nadeem-shravan-made-1990s-bollywood-melodious/article34391928.ece |archive-date=2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |quote=The price of a cassette, released by T-Series, was Rs. 22 (much less than what was charged by most labels), if I remember correctly.}}</ref> It sold over 2 crore units upon release, becoming the best-selling [[Bollywood soundtrack]] of all time.<ref name="boi90s">{{cite web |date=2 January 2010 |title=Music Hits 1990{{ndash}}1999 (Figures in Units) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2 January 2010 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Urquhart |first=Jeremy |date=2022-07-02 |title=The 10 Most Popular Movie Soundtracks of All Time, Ranked by Total Sales |url=https://collider.com/most-popular-movie-soundtracks-of-all-time-ranked-by-total-sales/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713102823/https://collider.com/most-popular-movie-soundtracks-of-all-time-ranked-by-total-sales/ |archive-date=2022-07-13 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref> According to [[Bhushan Kumar]], the current chairman and managing director of T-Series, no other Hindi film soundtrack had managed to surpass its records.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLR6li54Upg |title=EXCLUSIVE: Nobody has broken the music record of Aashiqui |date=2013-04-22 |language=Hindi |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=2024-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327025421/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLR6li54Upg |archive-date=2019-03-27 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

''Aashiqui''<nowiki/>'s soundtrack was ranked at number 15 on the [[BBC Asian Network]] website,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Network – Top 40 Soundtracks of All Time |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/top40_soundtracks_10_01.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530050854/http://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/top40_soundtracks_10_01.shtml |archive-date=30 May 2015 |access-date=9 June 2011 |publisher=[[BBC Asian Network]]}}</ref> while [[PlanetBollywood.com]] ranked it at number 4 on their "100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks of All Time",<ref>{{cite web |title=100 Greatest Bollywood Soundtracks Ever – Part 4 – Planet Bollywood Features |url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=s022608074151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080229204413/https://planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=s022608074151 |archive-date=29 February 2008 |access-date=11 March 2012 |publisher=PlanetBollywood.com}}</ref> and at 76 on "Top 100 Bollywood Albums" by ''[[Film Companion]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2017-11-08 |title=Top 100 Bollywood Albums |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/top-100-bollywood-albums |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823092047/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/top-100-bollywood-albums |archive-date=2023-08-23 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The success of ''Aashiqui'''s soundtrack eventually impacted the [[Music of Bollywood|musical styles of Bollywood]] with the revival of [[filmi-ghazal]] music in the early 1990s.<ref name="ghazal">{{cite journal |date=1994 |title=India Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmkpAQAAIAAJ |journal=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Living Media]] |page=342 |quote=In 1990, the super-success of Nadeem–Shravan's ''Aashiqui'' ushered in the era of ghazal-type romantic music as in ''Saajan'', ''Dil'', ''Phool aur Kaante'', ''Deewana''.}}</ref> Popular film soundtracks such as ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'' (1990), ''[[Saajan]]'' (1991), ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' (1991) and ''[[Deewana (1992 film)|Deewana]]'' (1992) particularly fall in that genre.<ref name="ghazal" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-01 |title=Signature tunes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-signature-tunes-6912552/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106041622/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/dilwale-dulhania-le-jayenge-signature-tunes-6912552/ |archive-date=2020-11-06 |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> With the success of ''Aashiqui'', T-Series established as the leading music label in India;<ref name="Nihalani">{{cite book |last1=Nihalani |first1=Govind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT44 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Saibal |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179910665 |page=20 |quote=Songs made a triumphal return to mainstream Hindi cinema with the success of the music of a low-budget Mahesh Bhatt film, ''Aashiqui'', which was produced by T-Series, a small-time company that had begun life peddling pirated Hindi film songs. |access-date=11 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120143828/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT44 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> its annual earnings grew from {{INR|20 crore|link=}} in 1985, to {{INR|200 crore|link=}} in 1991 and {{INR|500 crore|link=}} in 1997.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhargava |first1=Simran |date=15 January 1991 |title=As music market expands rapidly, India becomes one of the largest producers of cassettes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19910115-as-music-market-expands-rapidly-india-becomes-one-of-the-largest-producers-of-cassettes-813888-1991-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110616/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19910115-as-music-market-expands-rapidly-india-becomes-one-of-the-largest-producers-of-cassettes-813888-1991-01-15 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |access-date=19 September 2013 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="outlook">{{cite journal |date=25 August 1997 |title=The Mafia Calls The Shots |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-mafia-calls-the-shots/204098 |url-status=live |journal=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084237/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-mafia-calls-the-shots/204098 |archive-date=12 December 2017 |access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref>

''Aashiqui'' established Nadeem–Shravan's popularity as a leading music composer in the Hindi film industry during the early-1990s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandra |first1=Anupama |last2=Shetty |first2=Kavitha |date=11 November 1993 |title=Hitting the Right Notes |url=http://www.anupamachopra.com/media/pdf/Audio_Cassette_Industry_Hitting_The_Right_Notes_Nov_11_1993.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602233617/http://www.anupamachopra.com/media/pdf/Audio_Cassette_Industry_Hitting_The_Right_Notes_Nov_11_1993.pdf |archive-date=2 June 2012 |access-date=2 June 2012 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, following the murder of T-Series founder Gulshan Kumar by the [[Mumbai underworld]] syndicate [[D-Company]], the duo's film career came to a halt with Nadeem Saifi initially accused of involvement, before later being [[exonerated]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff on the NeT: Music director Nadeem accused of killing Gulshan Kumar |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/sep/01super.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711162621/https://m.rediff.com/news/sep/01super.htm |archive-date=11 July 2015 |access-date=3 April 2019 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref> and eventually made a comeback in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Farooqui |first=Mazhar |date=11 May 2016 |title=Exclusive: 'I request Narendra Modi to help me get justice' |url=http://gulfnews.com/xpress/news/exclusive-i-request-narendra-modi-to-help-me-get-justice-1.1825520 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124190043/http://gulfnews.com/xpress/news/exclusive-i-request-narendra-modi-to-help-me-get-justice-1.1825520 |archive-date=24 November 2016 |access-date=24 November 2016 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref>

A cover version of the song "[[Dheere Dheere]]" was composed and performed by [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]] and released as a [[Single (music)|single]] on 2 September 2015, with an accompanying [[music video]] featuring [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]].<ref name="in">{{cite web |last1=Nijhara |first1=Apoorva |date=1 September 2015 |title=Hrithik Roshan and Sonam Kapoor in Dheere Dheere Se: Watch Aashiqui 2.0 in this Honey Singh song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-roshan-and-sonam-kapoor-in-dheere-dheere-se-watch-aashiqui-2-0-in-this-honey-singh-song-291133-2015-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917165637/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-roshan-and-sonam-kapoor-in-dheere-dheere-se-watch-aashiqui-2-0-in-this-honey-singh-song/1/462128.html |archive-date=17 September 2015 |access-date=6 September 2015 |website=India Today |url-status=live |publisher=Living Media India Limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrithik Roshan, Sonam Kapoor Star in Honey Singh's Version of 1990 Hit Dheere Dheere |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hrithik-sonam-star-in-honey-singhs-dheere-dheere-from-1990s-aashiqui-1212977 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414145914/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/hrithik-sonam-star-in-honey-singhs-dheere-dheere-from-1990s-aashiqui-1212977 |archive-date=2021-04-14 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Although the song was commercially successful,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sen |first1=Sushmita |date=4 September 2015 |title=Hrithik, Sonam's 'Dheere Dheere' Song Crosses 5 Million Views [VIDEO] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/hrithik-sonams-dheere-dheere-song-crosses-5-million-views-video-645350 |accessdate=6 September 2015 |website=IBT |publisher=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref> Nadeem Saifi criticised Singh for not crediting the original artists of the song and claimed that he did not obtain permission from the composers to recreate the version.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=IBTimes Staff |date=2016-05-08 |title=Yo Yo Honey Singh was in 'nappies' when I composed 'Dheere Dheere Se' song, says irked Nadeem Saif |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/yo-yo-honey-singh-was-nappies-when-i-composed-dheere-dheere-se-song-says-irked-nadeem-saif-677895 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613003310/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/yo-yo-honey-singh-was-nappies-when-i-composed-dheere-dheere-se-song-says-irked-nadeem-saif-677895 |archive-date=2016-06-13 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=International Business Times India |language=en}}</ref> he demanded legal action against Singh regarding the same, albeit Singh described the song as a tribute to the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=We should bring back Indian flavour in our music: Nadeem Saifi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/we-should-bring-back-indian-flavour-in-our-music-nadeem-saifi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128193244/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/we-should-bring-back-indian-flavour-in-our-music-nadeem-saifi/ |archive-date=2016-01-28 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Aashiqui 2 (soundtrack)|''Aashiqui 2'' (soundtrack)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1989 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:Filmi soundtracks]]
[[Category:Ghazal albums]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Musical film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]

Chennai Rainbow Pride

2025-12-05T02:56:43Z

KrisMchugh15039: started a stub - done

{{short description|LGBTIQA+ Pride March in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
The '''Chennai Rainbow Pride''' March has been held by members of Tamil Nadu LGBTIQA+ communities every June since 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/chennai-news/chennai-witnesses-gay-pride-march-for-the-fourth-year-489649|title=Chennai witnesses Gay Pride March for the fourth year| date=24 June 2012 | first=Sanjay | last=Pinto | publisher=NDTV | access-date=30 May 2018 }}</ref> The pride march is organised under the banner Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition (earlier under the banner Chennai Rainbow Coalition until 2013), which is a collective of LGBT individuals, supporters, and organizations working on human rights and healthcare for the LGBTQIA community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennaipridemonth.com |title=Chennai Pride Month |access-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629222042/http://chennaipridemonth.com/ |archive-date=June 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennaipride.net |title=Welcome Page |website=Chennai Pride |access-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> The Pride March occurs on the final Sunday of June every year. The Pride March is usually preceded by a month-long series of events organized by NGOs and organizations to inculcate awareness and support for the LGBTQ community, such as panel discussions, film screenings, and cultural performances. The Chennai Vaanavil Suyamariyadhai Perani a.k.a. Chennai Rainbow Self-Respect March is known for being inter-sectional in nature as it addresses issues with multiple axes such as caste, class, religion coupled with gender discrimination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/06/30/chennai-rainbow-pride/|title=The Intersectionality Of Chennai Rainbow Pride|last=Writer|first=Guest|date=2017-06-29|website=Feminism In India|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>

[[File:Chennai LGBTQ Pride March.jpg|thumb|Participants holding the banner of Chennai Rainbow Pride]]

The march took place at Marina Beach from 2009 to 2011, and Elliot's Beach, Besant Nagar in 2012. Since 2013, the venue has been Egmore, beginning at Rajarathinam Stadium. The Chennai Pride is the only Indian pride march whose pride march coincides with the global Pride Month, which is celebrated annually in June.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-pride-parade-marches-into-9th-year/articleshow/59316104.cms|title=Chennai pride parade marches into 9th year - Times of India ►|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-06-30}}</ref>

== History ==

=== 2009 ===
Chennai held its very first queer pride march on 28 June 2009. The March happened at the [[Marina Beach]]; from the Triumph of Labour Statue to the Mahatma Gandhi Statue. The slogan of the march was taken from the words of the Tamil poet [[Subramania Bharati|Bharatiyar]]: "Hues may vary, but humanity does not." ({{Langx|ta|வண்ணங்கள் வேற்றுமைப்பட்டால், அதில் மானுடர் வேற்றுமையில்லை}}).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://orinam.net/MediaRelease_ChennaiPrideMarch.pdf |title=Chennai to Host Rainbow Pride March on Sunday June 28, 2009 |publisher=Chennai Rainbow Pride Coalition |date=June 26, 2009 |access-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> The march demanded that parents of LGBT youth and healthcare facilitators stop inhumane practices like "[[conversion therapy]]". It also demanded that HIV testing follow national government protocols of pre-test counseling, post-test counseling, and respecting the confidentiality of client.<ref name=":0" />

The police were reluctant to grant permission for the Pride March. Permission was finally granted when the police were told that the parade was being held to thank Ms [[Kanimozhi]], a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] politician, for helping start the Transgender Welfare Board in the state (a Board that became inactive when the AIADMK party came to power).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/transgender-welfare-board-in-limbo/article7764631.ece|title=TN's Transgender Welfare Board in limbo|last=Hamid|first=Zubeda|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-marches-forward-lgbtq-community-tamil-nadu-can-only-envy-progress-next-door-59448|title=As Kerala marches forward, LGBTQ community in Tamil Nadu can only envy the progress next door|date=2017-03-29|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-07-07}}</ref>

Around 200 people from the LGBT community along with their family and friends formed the core group for the march. There were prominent figures from the community such as [[Kalki Subramaniam]], a trans woman who runs the [[Sahodari Foundation]] and the TV anchor [[Rose Venkatesan]], also a trans woman.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-turns-up-to-support-gay-march/articleshow/4713552.cms|title=Chennai turns up to support gay march - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> Many others joined in at various points during the evening, with posters and slogans denouncing [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] of the IPC.

The preceding week also saw a lot of several events in the run-up to the Pride March. There were cultural performances, panel discussions on the colonial construction of the [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] law, a film screening of the Oscar-winning film [[Milk (2008 American film)|Milk]], and also a support group for parents and siblings of LGBTQ individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanjukta.wordpress.com/2009/06/21/queer-pride-india-2009-celebrations-begin-in-all-the-five-metros/|title=Queer Pride India 2009: Celebrations in all major cities|last=Sanjukta|date=2009-06-21|website=This Is My Truth|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref>

=== 2010 ===
The 2010 Pride March was held on 27 June 2010. It was preceded by a month-long series of events, including a debate on homosexuality and family values; an LGBT performance festival; a poetry reading event; a meeting of parents of LGBT people; art, slogan, placard and beauty contests; and film screenings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Month-long-programmes-to-highlight-visibility-of-alternative-sexualities/article16240526.ece |title=Month-long programmes to highlight visibility of alternative sexualities |date=June 3, 2010 |work=The Hindu |access-date=October 14, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The 2010 Pride march celebrated the landmark judgment by the Delhi High Court that read down [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]] (which was unfortunately reversed by the Supreme Court in 2013). It also called for an end to bigotry and violence against the LGBTQ community and lamented the loss of Prof. [[Ramchandra Siras|Shrinivas Ramachandra Siras]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://orinam.net/Chennaipride/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Chennai_Pride_2010_Press_release.pdf|title=Chennai Pride 2010 Press Release}}</ref> It demanded that hijras and other transgender communities in India be recorded in the 2011 national census in the category corresponding to their gender of choice, and not limited by the currently available binary choices of 'male' and 'female'.<ref name=":1" /> It also called for affordable and appropriate healthcare, the stop of unscientific as well as sensitive and inclusive media reportage.<ref name=":2" />

The march began at the Triumph of Labour statue at the [[Marina Beach]] and ended at the Lighthouse, and saw about 300 participants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-gay-pride-parade-taken-out-along-marina-beach-in-chennai-1402417|title=Gay pride parade taken out along Marina Beach in Chennai {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2010-06-28|work=dna|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2011 ===
The 2011 Pride March was held on 26 June 2011. It saw over 300 members of the LGBTQ community along with their friends and family march on Marina Beach.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Theres-a-rainbow-at-the-end-of-their-tunnel/articleshow/9007301.cms|title=There's a rainbow at the end of their tunnel - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> The march was the culmination of a month-long series of events including panel discussions, sensitisation programmes, groups meetings and film screenings highlighting the concerns of the LGBT community, which were organised by several NGOS. The participants emphasised the need for the Supreme Court to uphold the 2009 Delhi High Court that struck down Section 377.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-proud-celebration-of-lgbt-identity/article2137355.ece|title=A proud celebration of LGBT identity|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2012 ===
The 2012 Pride March was held on 24 June 2012 on Elliots's Beach Road, Besant Nagar. As in past years, it used the words of the Tamil poet [[Thiruvalluvar]] as its rallying cry: "Can love be shackled?" ({{Langx|ta|அன்பிற்கும் உண்டோ அடைக்குந்தாழ்?}})<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://orinam.net/Chennaipride/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Chennai_Pride_2012_Press_release_English.pdf|title=Chennai Pride 2012 Press Release English}}</ref> Just like the previous years, the March was preceded by activities over the entire month of June such as panel discussions, a three-day film festival, cultural performances in honour of LGBTQ individuals who had lost their lives, as well as poster and placard making sessions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/chennai-pride-non-corporate-and-inclusive120612/|title=Chennai Pride is non-corporate and inclusive|date=2012-06-12|work=Gay Star News|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en-GB|archive-date=16 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916095445/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/chennai-pride-non-corporate-and-inclusive120612/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The March called upon the Supreme Court to uphold the 2009 Delhi High Court that struck down Section 377. It commended the policy decisions of the government in its inclusion of the LGBTQ population in its drafting of the 12th National Five Year Plan. It also requested that the Tamil Nadu government continue and build on the work of the Aravani Welfare Board that was instituted for the welfare of the trans woman community. Like other years, it called for an end to violence and discrimination against LGBTQ people in healthcare and educational institutions, as well as within the family, and in representation in the media.<ref name=":3" />

2012 was also the first time that the Pride March saw the inclusion and support of corporate bodies and companies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/Rainbow-parade-goes-corporate/articleshow/14389412.cms?|title=Rainbow parade goes corporate - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-17}}</ref> However, the organizers maintained that they did not accept donations from the corporate bodies as they wanted to keep the March free from corporate influence.<ref name=":4" />

=== 2013 ===
The 2013 Pride march was Chennai's fifth Pride March and held on 29 June 2013. This time, the venue was shifted to Egmore, from Rajarathinam Stadium to Langs Garden Road, as police permission for protests was only available at this venue, and not at Marina or Besant Nagar beaches. The march still saw a participation of about 350 people. One of the new demands in 2013 was to extend the services of the transgender welfare board to all sexual minorities.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-many-hues-of-pride/article4866749.ece|title=The many hues of pride|last=Venugopal|first=Vasudha|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en}}</ref> There was also a long-pending demand raised for the clarity in inheritance laws.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/its-a-long-road-ahead-for-the-lgbt-community-in-chennai/article4774296.ece|title=It's a long road ahead for the LGBT community in Chennai|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-17|language=en}}</ref>

The March saw some opposition. At the venue, a group of twelve people, who called themselves ‘Members of Christian Fellowship,’ held banners opposing homosexuality and distributed copies of the New Testament. However, the march went on as planned.<ref name=":5" />

The run-up to the March included cultural performances, film festivals, sensitisation workshops, parents meets and panel discussions on workplace diversity over the month of June.<ref name=":6" />

=== 2014 ===
The 2014 Pride march was held on 29 June 2014. The march celebrated the historic [[NALSA v UOI|NALSA judgment]], in which the Supreme Court recognised the rights of the transgender community, and lamented the Supreme Court's 2013 judgment that overturned the 2009 judgment by the Delhi High Court Court which had struck down Section 377.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orinam.net/Chennaipride/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/ChennaiPride2014_PressRelease_English.pdf |title=Media Release: For Immediate Release |date=May 30, 2014 |publisher=Chennai Rainbow Pride |access-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref> The "Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition" held cultural programmes, seminars, film screening and parents' meet as part of the run-up to the pride.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Chennai/LGBT-Rainbow-Pride-march-to-be-held-in-Chennai-on-June-29/articleshow/35788462.cms|title=LGBT 'Rainbow Pride' march to be held in Chennai on June 29 - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rainbow-coalition-marches-on/article6161418.ece|title=Rainbow coalition marches on|author=Staff Reporter|date=2014-06-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-11|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== 2015 ===
Starting from Rajarathinam Stadium, Egmore to Mahatma Gandhi Road, Nungambakkam, the Chennai Pride March 2015 was held on 28 June 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-tamil-nadu-rainbow-coalition-hold-lgbt-parade-cultural-programme-in-chennai-2099763|title=Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition hold LGBT parade, cultural programme in Chennai {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2015-06-28|work=dna|access-date=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}</ref> The month long celebrations also saw plays by a theatre group, panel discussions, a story-telling workshop, film festival and a panel discussion, "Society and LGBT Community-building bridges".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/lgbt-members-undertake-pride-parade-in-chennai/91283/|title=LGBT members undertake 'Pride Parade' in Chennai|date=2015-06-28|work=The Financial Express|access-date=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pride-month-coming-close-heres-who-else-celebrated-31733|title=With Pride Month coming to a close, here's who else celebrated|date=2015-07-01|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-05-11}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
Taking the same route as the previous year, the Chennai Pride March was held on 26 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://orinam.net/chennai-rainbow-pride-2016/|title=Chennai Rainbow Pride 2016 {{!}} orinam|date=2016-06-26|work=orinam|access-date=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}</ref> The main focus of the year were just two demands – equal rights and dismissal of Section 377. The March saw about 600-odd members who walked about 2.5 km and also observed silence for the Orlando killings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/my-body-my-decision-chennai-s-lgbtq-activists-rally-for-equal-rights-again/story-2KU1mM9LwbUFCzUKJ9OEDP.html|title=My body, my decision: Chennai's LGBTQ activists rally for equal rights again|date=2016-06-27|work=www.hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-05-11|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/270616/lgbt-pride-march-in-chennai-presses-for-their-rights.html|title=LGBT pride march in Chennai presses for their rights|date=2016-06-27|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2018-05-11|language=en}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
The ninth Chennai Rainbow Pride March was held on 25 June 2017. The March culminated a month-long series of events for Pride Month, including sensitization programmes on sexuality and gender-identity, cultural performances, health information talks, solidarity events, films and poster making sessions. The Chennai Pride held a special focus on intersectionality, with its posters and press release raising issues against [[Hindi imposition]] in South India, Hindutva politics, and cultural erasure.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/06/30/chennai-rainbow-pride/|title=The Intersectionality Of Chennai Rainbow Pride {{!}} Feminism in India|date=2017-06-30|work=Feminism In India|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> Its press release stated that it stood in "solidarity with the Dalit community, people with disability, farmers, sex workers of all genders, other minorities, women, and all others struggling against oppression."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orinam.net/Chennaipride/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/CRP2017_English_PressRelease.pdf |title=Press Release: Chennai's Ninth Rainbow Pride Month: June 2017 |date=2017 |publisher=Chennai Rainbow Pride |access-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref>

The March saw some controversy when some corporate organisations attempted to distribute branded merchandise, which is not allowed by the Chennai Pride organisers. The Chennai Pride has strict guidelines about corporate sponsorship – employees are allowed to wear clothing with their company's brand or logo, but are not allowed to have any sort of branding in their placards or distribute marketing merchandise. The Pride March organisers confiscated the branding material.<ref name=":7" />

=== 2018 ===
The 2018 Chennai Rainbow Pride March celebrated ten years of Chennai Rainbow Pride, and was held on 24 June 2018. The Pride followed the same route as the previous year, that commenced at Rajarathinam Stadium in Egmore and ended at Albert theatre via Langes garden road.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/06/29/chennai-rainbow-pride-2018/|title=In Photos: The 10th Chennai Rainbow Pride 2018 {{!}} Feminism In India|date=2018-06-29|work=Feminism In India|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/we-re-queer-we-re-here-pictures-chennai-s-10th-rainbow-pride-march-83647|website=www.thenewsminute.com|access-date=2019-06-15|title='We're queer, we're here!': Pictures from Chennai's 10th rainbow pride march|date=25 June 2018}}</ref> The decadal celebration of the 'Chennai Vaanavil Suyamariyadhai Perani' a.k.a. 'Chennai Rainbow Self-Respect march' witnessed around 700 members of different genders and sexualities marching, dancing and raising slogans this year.<ref name="thenewsminute.com"/>

A wide range of topics including sex work, marital rape, institutionalized discrimination were discussed. They demanded stringent implementation of the 2014 NALSA [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]] judgement which includes legal recognition for person's transition within the male and female spectrum, social welfare schemes, better healthcare facilities, etc.<ref name="thenewsminute.com"/>

As with previous years, the Pride March demanded that the Supreme Court reverse the [[Suresh Kumar Koushal vs. Naz Foundation|Koushal judgment]] of 11 December 2013, which had reversed the 2009 Delhi High Court's reading down of Section 377. The March opposed the contentious Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill 2016, seeking instead a bill that complied with the 2014 NALSA Judgment which ensured the rights of transgender persons in India. The press release also stated its usual demands of access to stigma-free healthcare, discrimination-free workplaces, LGBTIQA+ inclusive counselling services in educational institutions and workplace, formation of support groups and reservation for transgender people in educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orinam.net/Chennaipride/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/CRP2018_PressRelease_English.pdf |title=Chennai Rainbow Pride Marks Its Tenth Year in June 2018 |date=June 1, 2018 | publisher=Chennai Rainbow Pride |access-date=April 19, 2021}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute.com"/>

=== 2019 ===
The 11th Chennai Rainbow Pride March took place on July 1, 2019, marking an especially celebratory event as it was the first march since the partial decriminalization of Section 377.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Alagarsamy |first=Hamsadhwani |date=2019-07-01 |title=In Photos: Chennai Rainbow Self-Respect Pride 2019 |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/07/02/chennai-rainbow-self-respect-pride-2019/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> Organized by the Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition, the event saw hundreds of participants, including members of the LGBTQIA+ community and allies, marching to raise awareness on a variety of social issues, including consent, equality, and feminism.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2019-07-01 |title=Chennai Pride March 2019: Madras Rainbow marches on... |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/nation/2019/Jul/01/chennai-pride-march-2019-madras-rainbow-marches-on-102369.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

This year’s march, which began at Adithanar Road Junction on Langs Garden Road, Pudupet, was marked by vibrant colors, parai beats, and a strong sense of community.<ref name=":8" /> The change in venue from Rajarathinam Stadium was a last-minute adjustment, but it did not dampen the spirit of inclusivity and intersectionality. Chants and placards highlighted the intersectional issues of casteism, fascism, and class discrimination, reflecting the march’s ongoing commitment to addressing broader social injustices alongside LGBTQIA+ rights.<ref name=":9" />

In contrast to previous years, the 2019 Pride Parade had a noticeably more upbeat and celebratory tone, with fewer chants against Section 377, reflecting the progress made in LGBTQIA+ rights. The march concluded with performances by prominent queer figures and allies, celebrating the strides made by the community over the past year. Notably, the event saw increased participation from younger individuals and garnered international attention, with attendees expressing pride in the growth and inclusivity of Chennai’s Pride movement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-01 |title=This chennai pride parade was happy and upbeat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/this-chennai-pride-parade-was-happy-and-upbeat/articleshow/70025270.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2020-2021 ===
Initiated in 2009, the Chennai Rainbow Pride March went on a two-year hiatus in 2020 and 2021. This pause was a precautionary measure against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, during which many Pride volunteers were dedicated to relief work and resource mobilization in response to the crisis. The focus shifted towards supporting affected communities and addressing urgent needs brought on by the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Pride |url=https://orinam.net/chennai-pride-2/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=orinam |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== 2022 ===
The 2022 Chennai Rainbow Pride was held on 26 June 2022, following a two-year hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Organized by the Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition, the march began at Langs Garden Road in Egmore, the same starting point as previous years. This year's Pride witnessed a vibrant and lively atmosphere as LGBTQIA+ community members and allies gathered to celebrate love, identity, and acceptance. The event included not only the march but also cultural performances, such as music, dance, and a fashion show by the transmasculine community, showcasing the diversity and creativity of the participants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 26, 2022 |title=Hundreds participate in rainbow pride walk in city |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hundreds-participate-in-rainbow-pride-walk-in-city/article65568229.ece |access-date=October 14, 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Approximately 1,000 participants joined the parade, donning colorful outfits, face paint, and carrying banners and flags that represented the spectrum of gender and sexuality. The celebrations also included the inauguration of the Transgender Dance Academy, which highlighted the increasing recognition and support for transgender rights within the broader community. Additional events such as poetry sessions, film screenings, and workshops were planned to continue the Pride Month celebrations throughout June.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=Chennai to host pride parade after a gap of two years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chennai-pride-parade-gap-of-two-years-7987148/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In addition to celebrating Pride, the marchers also took the opportunity to demand equality and respect for all, continuing the tradition of the Pride March being both a celebration and a protest. The event was marked by joy and solidarity as participants danced to traditional music, Bollywood songs, and the beats of dhols, emphasizing the community's resilience and spirit of resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-06-27 |title=Strides of pride at the Chennai Rainbow Pride Parade 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Jun/26/strides-of-pride-at-thechennai-rainbow-pride-parade-2022-2470034.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pride Parade 2022 Chennai Gleams In Colours Of Rainbow Pride Parade, Dance To Tunes Of Love {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.india.com/viral/viral-video-chennai-pride-parade-2022-chennai-streets-gleams-in-colours-of-rainbow-pride-parade-dance-to-tunes-of-love-watch-5477452/ |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===
The 2023 Chennai Rainbow Pride March, held on 2 July 2023, marked a significant milestone as it became the largest Pride event in the city's history. The march saw over 5,500 participants parading down Langs Garden Road, Egmore, in a vibrant display of rainbow colors, flags, and banners.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhavani |first=Subbu Karuppayee |date=2023-06-27 |title=Pride month 2023 {{!}} Chennai's rainbow march celebrates the queer community and bold fashion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/pride-month-2023-chennais-rainbow-march-celebrates-the-queer-community-and-bold-fashion/article67015215.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It featured lively dance performances, chanting, and participants showcasing bold, pride-themed attire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 25, 2023 |title=Hundreds celebrate Pride Month at Chennai Rainbow Pride and Self Respect Walk 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hundreds-gather-to-celebrate-pride-month-at-chennai-rainbow-pride-and-self-respect-walk-2023/article67008650.ece |access-date=October 14, 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Despite the celebratory atmosphere, challenges such as queerphobia and media insensitivity were highlighted. Participants reported experiencing online abuse and discriminatory remarks, and concerns were raised about the adequacy of police support and the authenticity of corporate backing.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Archita |last1=Raghu |first2=Diya Maria |last2=George |date=2023-07-11 |title=Protecting pride beyond parade |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/Jul/10/protecting-pride-beyond-parade-2593078.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2024 ===
The 2024 Chennai Rainbow March, held on June 30, marked the 16th edition of this annual event and drew a record-breaking crowd of approximately 5,000 participants. Organized by the Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition, the march began at Rajarathinam Stadium and concluded at Ramada in Egmore, following the tradition of previous years. The event, which took place under the vibrant lights of the Ripon Building illuminated in rainbow colors, highlighted the intersectionality of identity and activism within the LGBTQIA+ community. Participants carried rainbow flags and placards with politically charged slogans, emphasizing the blend of personal identity and political advocacy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Francis |first=Nitika |date=2024-07-03 |title=At Chennai Pride, the personal meets the political |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/at-chennai-pride-the-personal-meets-the-political/article68362469.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The march also became a platform for fashion expression, with participants showcasing a variety of DIY outfits, ranging from metallic bomber jackets to sequined turbans. Despite the city's humid weather, attendees embraced bold and creative fashion, transforming the streets into a dynamic runway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Sanjana |date=2024-07-01 |title=Pride Month {{!}} Fashion takes the centrestage for LGBTQIA+ community at Chennai's Pride parade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/pride-month-fashion-takes-the-centrestage-for-lgbtqia-community-at-chennais-pride-parade/article68355119.ece |access-date=2024-08-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The march maintained its roots as a protest, with activists stressing the importance of keeping Pride a grassroots movement, free from corporate influence. The smooth execution of the event, with the support of local authorities, was a testament to the growth and resilience of the parade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=George |first=Diya Maria |date=2024-07-01 |title=Pride amid prejudice: 5K people attend Chennai's self-respect parade |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Jul/01/pride-amid-prejudice-5k-people-attend-chennais-self-respect-parade |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tamil sexual minorities|Tamil Sexual Minorities]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{LGBT in India}}
{{Asia topic|LGBT culture in}}
{{LGBTcultureworldwide}}
{{Pride parades}}

[[Category:LGBTQ culture in Chennai]]
[[Category:Pride parades in India]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2009]]
[[Category:Organised events in Chennai]]

Wahiduddin Khan

2025-10-30T20:22:12Z

KrisMchugh15039: further adjusted citations further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1925–2021)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Wahiduddin Khan
| image = Maulanawahiduddin.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1925|1|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|4|21|1924|12|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi, Delhi]], India
| occupation = Islamic Scholar, Islamic Spiritual Leader, Speaker and Author
| website = {{URL|www.maulanawahiduddinkhan.com}}
| genre = [[Islamic literature]]
| notableworks = [[Tazkirul Quran]]
| awards = [[Padma Vibhushan]]
| children = 7, including [[Zafarul Islam Khan]] [[Farida Khanam (scholar)|Farida Khanam]] [[Saniyasnain Khan]]
| spouse = Sabi'a Khatoon
| resting_place = Panjpeeran Qabristan, near Basti Hazrat Nizamuddin, [[New Delhi]]
| citizenship = India
| nationality = Indian
| language = Urdu, English, Hindi, Punjabi
}}

'''Wahiduddin Khan''' (1 January 1925 – 21 April 2021), known with the honorific "Maulana", was an Indian [[Islam]]ic scholar and peace activist and author known for having written a commentary on the Quran and having translated it into contemporary English.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/oct/03/all_muslim_sects_should_agree_disagree_maulana_wahiduddin_khan.html |title=All Muslim sects should agree to disagree: Maulana Wahiduddin Khan | Indian Muslims |access-date=17 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515053638/http://www.indianmuslims.info/news/2007/oct/03/all_muslim_sects_should_agree_disagree_maulana_wahiduddin_khan.html |archive-date=15 May 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>[http://www.goodword.net/read_quran_online.aspx A new translation of the Quran by Maulana Wahiduddin Khan]. goodword.net. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103092327/http://www.goodword.net/read_quran_online.aspx |date=3 January 2010 }}</ref> He was listed in "[[the 500 Most Influential Muslims]]" of the world.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |url=https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/wahiduddin-khan/ |title=The Muslim 500: Wahiduddin-Khan |date=30 May 2018 |language=en-US |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/22-Indians-among-worlds-influential-Muslims/articleshow/49315830.cms |title=Times of India on 22 most influential Muslims in India |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 October 2015 |language=en-US |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> He was also the founder of the [[Centre for Peace and Spirituality]] (CPS).<ref name=":4" /> In 1993, he asked the Muslims to relinquish claims over [[Babri Masjid]] site.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maulana-wahiduddin-khan-the-advocate-of-religious-harmony-who-told-muslims-to-relinquish-babri-claims-7284552/ |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan: The advocate of religious harmony who told Muslims to relinquish Babri claims|newspaper=The Indian Express |date=22 April 2021 }}</ref> Khan had also embarked on a peace march through Maharashtra along with [[Sushil Kumar (Jain monk)]] and [[Chidanand Saraswati]] post the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]]. Khan wrote over 200 books on several aspects of Islam and established the [[Centre for Peace and Spirituality]] to promote interfaith dialogue.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan dies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/maulana-wahiduddin-khan-dies-7284055/ |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Khan received the Demiurgus Peace International Award, and India's third-highest civilian honour, the [[Padma Bhushan]], in January 2000;<ref>Tamara Sonn & Mary Williamsburg, (2004), ''A Brief History of Islam'', Blackwell. {{ISBN|1-4051-0902-5}}.</ref> the National Citizens' Award, presented by [[Mother Teresa]] and the [[Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award]] (2009).<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim scholar gets Sadhbhavana Award |url=http://www.sify.com/news/muslim-scholar-gets-sadhbhavana-award-news-national-kiuvkdbhgdg.html |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=6 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822003932/http://sify.com/news/muslim-scholar-gets-sadhbhavana-award-news-national-kiuvkdbhgdg.html |archive-date=22 August 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second-highest civilian honour, in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=LIVE: Ram Vilas Paswan, Keshubhai Patel, Tarun Gogoi awarded Padham Bhushan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/republic-day-awards-2021-live-updates-101611567932534.html |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He died in [[Delhi]] from [[COVID-19]] complications in April 2021 at the age of 96.<ref name=":11">[http://muslimmirror.com/eng/world-renowned-islamic-scholar-maulana-wahiduddin-khan-passes-away-in-delhi/ World renowned Islamic scholar Maulana Wahiduddin Khan passes away in Delhi]</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Khan was born a family of Pathan landlords in Village Badharia, in district [[Azamgarh]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]] (present day [[Uttar Pradesh]]), India in 1925.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/maulana_wahiduddin_index.html |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan |access-date=30 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919225335/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/maulana_wahiduddin_index.html |archive-date=19 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> Khan lost his father at the age of four and was raised by his mother Zaibunnisa and his uncle, Sufi Abdul Hamid Khan.<ref name=":7">{{cite web |title=India's Islamic scholar Maulana Wahiduddin Khan dies of COVID-19 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/22/india-mourns-scholar-maulana-wahiduddin-khan |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> He received his education at a traditional seminary, Madrastaul Islahi, in Sarai Mir (Azamgarh) in 1938.<ref name="ToI">{{cite web |title=Famed Islamic scholar Maulana Wahiduddin dead |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/famed-islamic-scholar-maulana-wahiduddin-dead/articleshow/82187190.cms |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=Narendra Modi leads India tributes to Islamic scholar Maulana Wahiduddin Khan |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/narendra-modi-leads-india-tributes-to-islamic-scholar-maulana-wahiduddin-khan-1.1208997 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> Khan spent six years completing his ''alim'' course and graduated in 1944.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

He was also a member of the central Majlis-e-Shura of Jamaat-e-Islami, but due to ideological differences, he withdrew from the party in 1963 and published his critique under the name of Tabir Ki Ghalti (''Error Of Interpretation''). He was married to Sabi'a Khatoon.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Jamaat-e Islami==
His commitment to the Jamaat helped him move up the Jama'at's hierarchy. He was appointed, in a few years after, as a member of its Central Committee. He wrote regularly for the Jama'at's Urdu journal. Khan did not remain for long with the Jama'at, as he thought that the Jama'at's agenda was not only impractical but not in keeping with what Islam expected of the Muslims of India. He came to the conclusion that the Jama'at-e Islami's political approach was ill-suited to the needs and conditions of the Muslim minority in India. He began airing his differences with the Jama'at's ideology and policies even while still a senior leader of the Jama'at, but as these differences began to grow, he decided to quit the organisation in 1962 after serving it for ten years.<ref name=":11" />

== Works ==
Khan founded the Quran Foundation (under the aegis of CPS International) on 2 April 2015. The aim of the foundation was to translate and disseminate copies of the Quran and Islamic material globally by promoting religious understanding amongst people to reveal 'as it is’ as a religion of peace.<ref name=":12" />

He established the Islamic Centre in New Delhi in 1970.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":8" /> In 2001, Khan established the '[[Centre for Peace and Spirituality]]’.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Tribute To Maulana Wahiduddin Khan |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-a-tribute-to-maulana-wahiduddin-khan/381046 |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=www.outlookindia.com|date=11 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=KO |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan: A Life Devoted To Fostering Trust & Goodwill |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/04/24/maulana-wahiduddin-khan-a-life-devoted-to-fostering-trust-goodwill/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=Kashmir Observer |date=24 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12" />

Khan launched the 'Maulana Wahiduddin Khan Peace Foundation.'<ref>{{cite web |title=A conversation with Islamic scholar Maulana Wahduddin Khan |url=https://www.indcatholicnews.com/news/29305 |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=www.indcatholicnews.com|date=26 January 2016 }}</ref>

== Thoughts and ideology ==
=== Islam an ideology of peace ===
In his book ''The Ideology of Peace'', Khan writes that history abounds with preachers of peace. He says that in centuries no revolution in the true sense of the word has been brought about based on peace. He writes that for peace, the human need is not enough to make him exercise restraint and remain peaceable. Man needs an ideology that convinces him at the conscious level of the necessity to keep the peace at all times. According to Khan, this ideology is the one presented in Islam.<ref name="Khan 2015">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhhvPgAACAAJ |title=The Ideology of Peace: Towards a Culture of Peace |date=2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-129-1 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Hudaybiya Model: peace, not justice ===
In his book ''The Prophet of Peace'', Khan writes that the greatest fallacy entertained by people of a militant cast of minds is that they think true peace is accompanied by justice. Khan objects to the mentality of "peace without justice is no peace at all." Khan says that the life of the [[Islamic]] prophet [[Muhammad]] provides a telling example of this wisdom. Khan argues that the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya|Hudaybiya treaty]] was a biased and unjust peace treaty based on its terms. However, Muhammad considered it due to a 10-year no-war pact. It took the form of a written pledge from his opponents that they would not initiate any hostilities against him and that they would let him and his followers live in peace in Madinah. According to Khan, the acceptance of the Hudaybiyah treaty resulted into the success of Muhammad's mission. Khan writes that justice can only be within discussion after peace is exercised. He writes, "Asking for justice before peace is like placing the cart before the horse."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIrAAwAAQBAJ&q=The+Prophet+of+Peace+Wahiduddin |title=The Prophet of Peace: Teachings of the Prophet Muhammad |date=3 December 2009 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-775-2 |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Islam and politics ===
Khan disagrees with many of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani ideas. Khan argues that al-Afghani made the notion of a political revolution into a religious duty, a binding obligation, like prayers and fasting. Discrediting the religious credentials of political Islam, Khan writes: "The movement was the result of anti-Western rather than pro-Islam feelings."<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Dahlkvist |first=Mattias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rVCzAEACAAJ&q=The+Politics+of+Islam,+Non-Violence,+and+Peace+The+Thought+of+Maulana+Wahiduddin+Khan |title=The Politics of Islam, Non-violence, and Peace: The Thought of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan in Context |date=2019 |publisher=Umeå universitet |isbn=978-91-7855-145-3 |pages=291 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Refuting political interpretation of Islam ===
In time Wahiduddin emerged as a critic of [[Abul A'la Maududi]]'s Islamist ideas, which he saw as reactionary rather than authentically Islamic. From Khan's perspective, Maududi was treating politics as the center of Islamic activity, when ''[[tawhid]]'' (the oneness of God) is the actual heart of Islam, and the call to ''tawhid'' through ''[[dawah]]'' should be the center of all Islamic activity. His concern has been to demolish the political interpretation of Islam.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

He claims that communal Muslim beliefs and practices are in opposition to authentic Islam by citing the Quran as saying that God "is the Lord of the Worlds" ''(rab il-aalimeen)''{{efn|name=quran1}} and that Muhammad is "a mercy to all mankind" ''(rahmat ul-aalimeen)''{{efn|name=quran21}}. Khan's position is that these Quranic references show that God and Muhammad are not significant for Muslims only. Hence, looking for the benefit of the Muslim community both in general and specifically through the building of an Islamic state is not the message of the Quran. Instead, the Quranic message and the example of Muhammad are for everybody and belong to everyone, not only to the Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dahlkvist |first=Mattias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rVCzAEACAAJ&q=The+Politics+of+Islam,+Non-Violence,+and+Peace+The+Thought+of+Maulana+Wahiduddin+Khan |title=The Politics of Islam, Non-violence, and Peace: The Thought of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan in Context |date=2019 |publisher=Umeå universitet |isbn=978-91-7855-145-3 |pages=185 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Accepting "political status quo-ism" ===
Khan says that the correct attitude towards politics in Islam is "political status quo-ism." Khan says that with political confrontation all the time, our energy will be spent fighting rivals instead of achieving something more productive. Instead, Khan thinks that Islam teaches that: "Politics is not the only important field of human activity. There are many other vital spheres of work, like education, business, industry, social reform, academic learning, scientific research etc." Hence, the principle of "political status quo-ism" means the opposite to a politics of change, or at least radical change or revolution. Another principle is the avoidance of "political movements" and, instead, a pragmatic focus on education, science, and business.<ref name=":13" />

=== Arguments against suicide bombings ===
Khan denounced martyrdom operations as, according to Islam, people can become martyrs, but they cannot court a martyr's death deliberately. He supports his own position on the debate with Surah Al-Anfal (eight chapter of the Quran). In Khan's commentary, he elaborates that the Surah only shows the responsibility to prepare military deterrent defences as a "demonstration of force." In Khan's words, "the verse offers us a peaceful strategy to counter the enemy." For this reason, he thinks that the Surah only means building a strong defence to deter warfare and attacks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIrAAwAAQBAJ&q=The+Prophet+of+Peace+Wahiduddin |title=The Prophet of Peace: Teachings of the Prophet Muhammad |date=3 December 2009 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-775-2 |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Existence of God ===
Khan believed that there is certainly a scientific basis for belief in the existence of God. But people generally fail to discover it for the simple reason that they try to apply a criterion that they wrongly believe to be scientific. They want a proof in terms of observation, whereas this is neither the scientific method nor the criterion by which to judge. He argues in his book ''God Arises'' that if one applies the right criterion, they will find that God is a proven fact.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZmNAgAAQBAJ&q=God+Arises+Wahiduddin |title=God Arises Evidence of God in Nature and in Science (Goodword) |date=11 January 2014 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-894-8 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Theme of the Quran: tadabbur, tafakkur, tawassum ===
According to Khan, the main themes of the Quran are enlightenment, closeness to God, peace and spirituality. The Quran uses several terms, tawassum, tadabbur, and tafakkur, which indicate the learning of lessons through reflection, thinking and contemplation on the signs of God scattered across the world.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7teAgAAQBAJ&q=quran+translation++Wahiduddin |title=Quran: A Simple English Translation (Goodword ! Koran) Chapter Introduction |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Goodword Books |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tazkiyah: re-engineering of minds towards peace and spirituality ===
Khan says that people are born spiritual but the multiple influences from society condition a man's personality or nurture one based on negative feelings. Khan says, we, therefore, have to consciously activate our mind and de-condition or purify it so as to develop our personality on positive lines as only a positive personality will find entry into paradise.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Khan has laid great emphasis on ‘tazkiyah’ which he has described as “an awakening of the mind or purification or deconditioning that leads to our personality development”.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dahlkvist |first=Mattias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rVCzAEACAAJ&q=The+Politics+of+Islam,+Non-Violence,+and+Peace+The+Thought+of+Maulana+Wahiduddin+Khan |title=The Politics of Islam, Non-violence, and Peace: The Thought of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan in Context |date=2019 |publisher=Umeå universitet |isbn=978-91-7855-145-3 |pages=215–216 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Muslims and scientific, secular education ===
In his paper titled "Muslims and the Scientific Education", Khan addresses the negative perception that Islam discourages Muslims from acquiring scientific education or does nothing to encourage it.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Khan argues that innumerable verses from the Quran and many sayings of Muhammad can be quoted which explicitly urge their readers to delve deeper into the mysteries of the earth and the heavens.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

For Khan "making a study of nature is to discover the Creator in His creation". Khan quotes Muslim history to contradict the supposition that Islam is an obstacle to scientific investigation.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

He quotes some achievements of Muslim scientists and doctors in the Middle Ages which he says were indeed surprising because of their tremendous scope.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muslims and the Scientific Education {{!}} CPS International |url=https://www.cpsglobal.org/content/muslims-and-scientific-education |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=www.cpsglobal.org}}</ref>

=== Pro-self activism and anti-self activism ===
In his article titled, "Pro-Self Activism, Anti-Self Activism", Khan writes that in the present age of professionalism, having a profession means living for others.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Khan explains that people live for others and hardly know their own self, for example, film actors live for their audiences, businessmen for their customers, lawyers for their clients, politicians for their voters, employees for their company bosses, and so on.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

This is why Khan says that so many people have become non-self actors which is a great loss for a person, as people almost always remain unaware of themselves. People frequently evaluate themselves according to others’ perceptions and not their own and are unable to unfold their real potential, and finally die in this state of unawareness, writes Khan.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

If people are judged on this basis, they can be put into three categories: anti-self activists, non-self activists, and pro-self activists. All persons fall into one or other of these categories, writes Khan.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

* He says that the worst case here is of anti-self activists, a term Khan uses to describe people who are embroiled in the gun and bomb culture; individuals who in the name of annihilating the enemy, are actually fighting with their own selves—sometimes in the sense of psychological killing and at other times in the sense of physical killing, explains Khan. According to Khan, violence, or terrorism, is a negation of God's creation plan for human beings. Indulging in violence means that, instead of properly utilising one's capabilities, one is doing nothing but getting oneself and others killed.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}
* The second category is that of non-self activists. Such people are gravely under-utilizing the potential given to them by their Creator. What they are doing with the gift given to them by the Creator will certainly not be acceptable to Him.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}
* The third case is that of pro-self activists. These people are performing their roles in accordance with the creation plan of the Creator. These are the people who discover themselves and also the world in which they find themselves. Through study and contemplation, they understand the higher realities and then rightly prepare themselves for the purpose for which the Creator has created them, writes Khan.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Khan concludes with, “People who belong to this pro-self activists category are human beings in the true sense. They make their plans according to the divine scheme of things. They turn their potential into actuality and thus develop themselves.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://cpsglobal.org/books/The-Age-of-Peace.pdf |title=The Age of Peace |publisher=Goodword Book |year=2015 |pages=149}}</ref>

=== Religion and scientific reasoning ===
In his book ''Religion and Science'', Khan argues that in the case of scientific truths, the validity of indirect or inferential argument is a matter of general acceptance. Since religious truths are proved by the logic of similar inferential arguments, it may legitimately be argued that they fall into the same intellectual bracket as scientific truths. As science proves any other facts, Wahiduddin Khan claims to prove the truth about religion in his books.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNonAAAAYAAJ&q=Religion+and+Science+Maulana+Wahiduddin+Khan |title=Religion and Science |date=1988 |publisher=Maktaba al-Risala |isbn=978-81-85063-19-5 |language=en}}</ref>

== Publications ==
The ''Ar-risala'' (The Message) [[Urdu language|Urdu]] magazine started in 1976, consisting of almost entirely his articles and writing. An English edition of the magazine started in February 1984 and a [[Hindi language|Hindi]] version started in December 1990. His articles include 'Hijacking — A Crime',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20000215a.html |title=Hijacking – A Crime |access-date=17 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817131825/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20000215a.html |archive-date=17 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> 'Rights of Women in Islam',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20000215b.html |title=Rights of Women in Islam |access-date=17 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214190009/http://jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20000215b.html |archive-date=14 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> 'The Concept of Charity in Islam'<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20000330a.html |title=The Concept of Charity in Islam |access-date=17 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119062711/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20000330a.html |archive-date=19 November 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 'The Concept of Jihad'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20000223a.html |title=The Concept of Jihad |access-date=17 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818143946/http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/insights/insight20000223a.html |archive-date=18 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== List of selected works ==
[[File:Signature of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan.jpg|thumb|Signature of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan]]
He "has authored over 200 books on Islam, inter-faith dialogue, social harmony, freedom of speech, prophetic wisdom, spirituality and coexistence in a multi-ethnic society" as well on Islam's relations with modernity and secularism.:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books by Maulana Wahiduddin Khan {{!}} CPS International |url=https://cpsglobal.org/books/mwk |access-date=24 March 2022 |website=cpsglobal.org}}</ref><ref>[https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/wahiduddin-khan/ Profile] on ''The Muslim 500''</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan – 17 products available |url=http://www.astrolabe.com/contributor/246/Maulana_Wahiduddin_Khan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025195102/http://www.astrolabe.com/contributor/246/Maulana_Wahiduddin_Khan.html |archive-date=25 October 2007 |access-date=17 August 2009}}</ref> Khan published his first book in 1955, which is ''Naye Ahd Ke Darwaze Par'' (''On the Threshold of a New Era''). His next work, ''Ilme Jadid Ka Challenge'' (''Islam and Modern Challenges'') was later published as ''God Arises''.

His book ''Al Islam'' has been published in English as ''The Vision of Islam''. In it, he presents the interpretation of the Islamic Scriptures in the modern idiom based on peace and spirituality.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

=== Tazkirul Quran ===
Khan translated the Quran in the modern scientific idiom. He translated the Quran in Urdu along with the commentary entitled Tazkirul Quran. The book is available in Hindi (''Pavitra Quran'') and Arabic (''Al Tazkirul Qaweem fi Tafseeril Quran il Hakeem'').

=== Kitab-e-Marefat ===
Khan has presented the counter ideology—an ideology of peace—in articles and books such as ''The Ideology of Peace'', The ''True Jihad'', ''Islam and Peace'', ''The Prophet of Peace: Teachings of The Prophet Muhammad'' published by Penguin Books, ''Islam and World Peace'' and ''Political Interpretation of Islam''. He explains the depths of God realisation in his book, ''Kitab-e-Marefat''.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

=== Translation of Quran ===
Khan with his team translated the Quran and commentary into English, which is published under the title, 'The Quran.' <ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />

"''Simple and direct, the book being extremely readable reaches out to a large audience, Muslims as well as non-Muslim …'' ."— Review of The Quran (English) by the Speaking Tree, Times of India, 16 May 2010{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

Besides English and Urdu, its translations are now available in Braille (English), German, Spanish, French, Hindi, Marathi, Telugu, and Malayalam and commentary in Arabic, Hindi, Telugu, and Marathi. Efforts are on to translate it into all International and Indian languages. He is the co-founder of Goodword books, a popular publisher of books on Islam.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

=== Bibliography ===

==== English Books ====
* ''A Case of Discovery''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4BGPgAACAAJ |title=A Case Of Discovery |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-039-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''A Treasury of the Quran''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkYhg6XsGrgC |title=A Treasury of the Quran |date=24 June 2021 |publisher=goodword |isbn=978-81-85063-11-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''About the Quran''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsbxAgAAQBAJ |title=About the Quran (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Calling People to God''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXfxAgAAQBAJ |title=Calling People to God (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-938-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Concerning Divorce''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLXcPAAACAAJ |title=Concerning Divorce |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=Goodword Books Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-87570-35-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Discovering God''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Discovering God {{!}} CPS International |url=https://cpsglobal.org/books/discovering-god |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=cpsglobal.org |isbn=9789386589637}}</ref>
* ''Explore Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oKbxAgAAQBAJ |title=Explore Islam (Goodword) |date=28 February 2014 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-940-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''God Arises: Evidence of God in Nature and in Science''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZmNAgAAQBAJ |title=God Arises Evidence of God in Nature and in Science (Goodword) |date=11 January 2014 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-894-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Hijab in Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wahiduddin |first=Khan Maulana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKixOAAACAAJ |title=Hijab in Islam |date=1995 |publisher=Islamic Centre |isbn=978-81-85063-77-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''In Search Of God''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQRBPgAACAAJ |title=In Search Of God |date=2003 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-291-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Indian Muslims: The Need for a Positive Outlook'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Waḥīduddīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Muslims: The Need for a Positive Outlook |date=1994 |publisher=Al-Risala Books |isbn=978-81-85063-80-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Introducing Islam: A Simple Introduction to Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Introducing Islam {{!}} CPS International |url=https://www.cpsglobal.org/books/introducing-islam |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=www.cpsglobal.org |isbn=9788187570585|last1=k̲h̲Ān̲ |first1=Vaḥīduddīn |year=1999 |publisher=Goodword Books }}</ref>
* ''Islam and Peace''<ref name="Khan 2004">{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwPAqD4Oji0C |title=Islam and Peace |last2=K̲h̲ān̲ |first2=Vaḥīduddīn |date=2004 |publisher=goodword |isbn=978-81-87570-28-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islam and the Modern Man''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vDgeAgAACAAJ |title=Islam and the Modern Man |date=1998 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-85063-98-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islam and World Peace''<ref name="Khan">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj1xrgEACAAJ |title=Islam and World Peace |date=22 June 2021 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-93-5179-032-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islam As It Is''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-Us92tGhxcC |title=Islam As It Is |date=1992 |publisher=goodword |isbn=978-81-87570-66-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islam In History''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0lMPgAACAAJ |title=Islam In History |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-037-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islam Pocket Guide''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyT2AgAAQBAJ |title=Islam Pocket Guide (Goodword) |date=3 March 2014 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-990-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islam Rediscovered: Discovering Islam From Its Original Sources''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwrVX0teITQC |title=Islam Rediscovered: Discovering Islam from Its Original Sources |last2=K̲h̲ān̲ |first2=Vaḥīduddīn |date=2002 |publisher=goodword |isbn=978-81-87570-40-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islam Stands The Test Of History''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VJPPgAACAAJ |title=Islam Stands The Test Of History |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-035-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islam: Creator of the Modern Age''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjuyAAAACAAJ |title=Islam: Creator of the Modern Age |date=25 September 2021 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-87570-30-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Islam and Peace''<ref name="Khan 2004"/>
* ''Islam and World Peace''<ref name="Khan"/>
* ''Jihad, Peace, and Inter-Community Relations in Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Waḥīduddīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfrwwAEACAAJ |title=Jihad, Peace, and Inter-community Relations in Islam |date=2010 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-1585-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Leading a Spiritual Life''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3qqzgEACAAJ |title=Leading-a-Spiritual-Life |date=25 September 2021 |publisher=Harpercollins 360 |isbn=978-93-5179-151-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Life Death and Beyond''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iuyzgEACAAJ |title=Life-Death-and-Beyond |date=28 September 2021 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-93-89766-23-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Man and God''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LL3xAgAAQBAJ |title=Man and God (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Man Know Thyself''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XCNsAAAACAAJ |title=Man Know Thyself |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=Goodword Books Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-87570-32-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Man Made Global Warming''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piP2AgAAQBAJ |title=Man Made Global Warming (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-984-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Manifesto of Peac''e<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YYllPgAACAAJ |title=Manifesto Of Peace |date=2002 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-042-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Moral Vision'' <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaTOAAAACAAJ |title=The Moral Vision |date= February 2000|publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-87570-01-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Muhammad: The Ideal Character''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDggAAAACAAJ |title=Muhammad: The Ideal Character |date=2000 |publisher=Goodword Books Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-87570-33-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Muhammad: A Prophet for All Humanity''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8xyO3fQkccC |title=Muhammad: A Prophet for All Humanity |date=2001 |publisher=goodword |isbn=978-81-85063-84-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Non-Violence And Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AREPwAACAAJ |title=Non-Violence And Islam |date=1998 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-030-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Non-Violence and Peace-Building in Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLayzgEACAAJ |title=Non-violence-and-peace-building |date=22 September 2021 |publisher=Harpercollins 360 |isbn=978-93-5179-158-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Peace in Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JrvxAgAAQBAJ |title=Peace in Islam (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Peace in Kashmir''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeWVzgEACAAJ |title=Peace in Kashmir |date=3 August 2021 |publisher=BLURB Incorporated |isbn=978-1-006-65773-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Peace in the Quran''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbvxAgAAQBAJ |title=Peace in the Quran (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Polygamy and Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QznpPAAACAAJ |title=Polygamy and Islam |date=1 July 2006 |publisher=Goodword Books Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-87570-34-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Principles of Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Waḥīduddīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I6sv1gzZ-2kC |title=Principles of Islam |date=2000 |publisher=goodword |isbn=978-81-85063-36-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Prophet Muhammad: A Simple Guide to His Life''<ref name="Khan 2002">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6A741_jikEC |title=The Prophet Muhammad: A Simple Guide to His Life |date=2002 |publisher=goodword |isbn=978-81-7898-094-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Quran Pocket Guide''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyX2AgAAQBAJ |title=Quran Pocket Guide (Goodword) |date=24 February 2014 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-991-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Quran: A Simple English Translation''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan (Translator) |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7teAgAAQBAJ |title=Quran: A Simple English Translation (Goodword ! Koran) |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Goodword Books |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Quran Teachings Made Simple''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Quran Teachings Made Simple |isbn=9788178987484}}</ref>
* ''Quran Teachings Made Simple for Women''
* ''Quranic Wisdom'' <ref>{{Cite book |title=Quranic Wisdom {{!}} CPS International |url=https://cpsglobal.org/books/quranic-wisdom |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=cpsglobal.org |isbn=9789351790518}}</ref>
* ''Ramadan Made Simple'' <ref>{{Cite book |title=Ramadan Made Simple |isbn=9788178987972}}</ref>
* ''Religion and Science''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Waḥīduddīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNonAAAAYAAJ |title=Religion and Science |date=1988 |publisher=Maktaba al-Risala |isbn=978-81-85063-19-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Search For Truth''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3hAPgAACAAJ |title=Search For Truth |date=1 January 2001 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-026-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Simple Wisdom: A Daybok of Spiritual Living'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Waḥīduddīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSnYAAAAMAAJ |title=Simple Wisdom: A Daybok of Spiritual Living |date=2005 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-110-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Tabligh Movement''<ref>{{Cite book |last=K̲h̲ān̲ |first=Vaḥīduddīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDvYAAAAMAAJ |title=Tabligh Movement |date=1986 |publisher=Islamic Centre |isbn=978-81-85063-15-7 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Tazkiya – The Purification of Soul''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tazkiyah Purification of the Soul {{!}} CPS International |url=https://www.cpsglobal.org/books/tazkiyah-purification-soul |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=www.cpsglobal.org |isbn=9788178988177}}</ref>
* ''The Alarm of Doomsday''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3jxAgAAQBAJ |title=The Alarm of Doomsday (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-939-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Call of the Qura''n<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEbPAAAACAAJ |title=The Call of the Quran |date=March 2000 |publisher=Goodword Books Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-87570-03-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Garden of Paradise''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CH72AAAACAAJ |title=The Garden of Paradise |date=1996 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-85063-05-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Good Life''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14RqzgEACAAJ |title=The Good Life |date=29 April 2021 |publisher=BLURB Incorporated |isbn=978-1-034-86927-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Ideology of Peace: Towards a Culture of Peace''<ref name="Khan 2015"/>
* ''The Issue of Blasphemy''
* ''The Man Islam Builds''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtBMPgAACAAJ |title=The Man Islam Builds |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-029-4 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Moral Vision''<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* ''The Prophet Muhammad: A Simple Guide to His Life''<ref name="Khan 2002"/>
* ''The Prophet of Peace: Teachings of the Prophet Muhammad''<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIrAAwAAQBAJ |title=The Prophet of Peace: Teachings of the Prophet Muhammad |date=3 December 2009 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-775-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Prophet of Peace''<ref name="books.google.com"/>
* ''The Purpose of Life''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3fxAgAAQBAJ |title=The Purpose of Life (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-936-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Quran: A Simple English Translation''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7teAgAAQBAJ |title=Quran: A Simple English Translation (Goodword ! Koran) |date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Goodword Books |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Prophetic Role of Noah''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AsSMzgEACAAJ |title=The Prophetic Role of Noah |date= July 2021|publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-93-89766-21-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Reality of Life''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7nbxAgAAQBAJ |title=The Reality of Life (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-937-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Revolutionary Role of Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EJOPgAACAAJ |title=The Revolutionary Role Of Islam |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-036-2 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Secret of a Successful Family Life''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahidduin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCzrAgAAQBAJ |title=The Secret of a Succeful Family Life (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |isbn=978-81-7898-983-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Secret of Success''<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Secret of Success {{!}} CPS International |url=https://www.cpsglobal.org/content/secret-success-0 |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=www.cpsglobal.org |isbn=9788194309581}}</ref>
* ''The Spirit of Salat'' (Goodword)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7rxAgAAQBAJ |title=The Spirit of Salat (Goodword) |date=27 January 2015 |publisher=Goodword Books |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Seeker's Guide''<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Seeker's Guide {{!}} CPS International |url=https://www.cpsglobal.org/books/seekers-guide |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=www.cpsglobal.org |isbn=9789386589262}}</ref>
* ''The Teachings of Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vVpzgEACAAJ |title=The Teachings of Islam |date=27 April 2021 |publisher=BLURB Incorporated |isbn=978-1-034-85965-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The True Face of Islam: Essays''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRJMDQAAQBAJ |title=The True Face of Islam: Essays |date=1 November 2015 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-93-5177-593-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The True Jihad: The Concepts of Peace, Tolerance, and Non-Violence in Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Waḥīduddīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWji9c32M1UC |title=The True Jihad: The Concepts of Peace, Tolerance, and Non-violence in Islam |date=2002 |publisher=goodword |isbn=978-81-7898-068-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Vision of Islam''<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Vision of Islam {{!}} CPS International |url=https://www.cpsglobal.org/books/vision-islam |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=www.cpsglobal.org |isbn=9788178989945}}</ref>
* ''Timeless Wisdom''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jGZDwAAQBAJ |title=Timeless Wisdom |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5322-415-8 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Uniform Civil Code''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3OQAAAACAAJ |title=Uniform Civil Code |date=1 January 2000 |publisher=Goodword Books Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-87570-36-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Woman Between Islam and Western Society''<ref>{{Cite book |title=Woman Between Islam and Western Society {{!}} CPS International |url=https://www.cpsglobal.org/books/woman-between-islam-and-western-society |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=www.cpsglobal.org |isbn=9788185063751|last1=Khan |first1=Maulana Wahiduddin |last2=k̲h̲Ān̲ |first2=Vaḥīduddīn |year=1995 }}</ref>
* ''Woman in Islamic Shari'ah'' <ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luFpzgEACAAJ |title=Woman in Islamic Shariah |date=28 April 2021 |publisher=BLURB Incorporated |isbn=978-1-034-84335-1 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Words of the Prophet Muhammad''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hZ_zgEACAAJ |title=Words of the Prophet Muhammad |date=7 June 2021 |publisher=BLURB Incorporated |isbn=978-1-034-86852-1 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Urdu Books ====
* ''Allah-o-Akbar'' ({{Nastaliq|اللہ اکبر}}) (Allah is Greatest)
* ''Al-Rabbaniah'' ({{Nastaliq|الربانیہ}})
* ''Amne-Aalam'' ({{Nastaliq|امن عالم}}) (The Peace of Universe)
* ''Aqliat-e-Islam'' ({{Nastaliq|عقلیت ِ اسلام}})
* ''Aqwal-e-Hikmat'' ({{Nastaliq|اقوال حکمت}})
* ''Asbaq-e-Tarikh'' ({{Nastaliq|اسباق تاریخ}}) (The Lessons of History)
* ''Asfar-e-Hind'' ({{Nastaliq|اسفار ہند}}) (Travelling in Hind)
* ''Aurat Mamare Insaniyat'' ({{Nastaliq|عورت معمار انسانیت}})
* ''Azmat-e-Islam'' ({{Nastaliq|عظمت اسلام}})
* ''Azmat-e-Qur'an'' ({{Nastaliq|عظمت قران}})
* ''Daur-e-Dawat'' ({{Nastaliq|دورِ دعوت}})
* ''Deen wa Shari'at'' ({{Nastaliq|دین و شریعت}})
* ''Deen-e-Insaniyat'' ({{Nastaliq|دین انسانیت}})
* ''Diary Vol. I (83-84)'' ({{Nastaliq|ڈائری جلد اول}})
* ''Fikr-e-Islami'' ({{Nastaliq|فکر اسلامی}})
* ''Hikmat-e-Islam'' ({{Nastaliq|حکمتِ اسلام}})
* ''Islam: Ek Ta'aruf'' ({{Nastaliq|اسلام ایک تعارف}}) (Islam: An Introduction)
* ''Islami Taalimaat'' ({{Nastaliq|اسلامی تعلیمات}}) (Islamic Teachings)
* ''Karwan-e-Millat'' ({{Nastaliq|کاروان ملت}})
* ''Khatoon-e-Islam'' ({{Nastaliq|خاتون اسلام}}) (Woman of Islam)
* ''Kitab-e-Marifat'' ({{Nastaliq|کتاب معرفت}})
* ''Kitab-e-Zindagi'' ({{Nastaliq|کتاب زندگی}}) (The Book of Life)
* ''[[Mazhab Aur Jadeed Challenge]]'' ({{Nastaliq|مذہب اور جدید چیلنج}})
* ''Mutale-Hadith'' ({{Nastaliq|مطالعہ حدیث}})
* ''Mutale-Qur'an'' ({{Nastaliq|مطالعہ قران}})
* ''Raz-e-Hayat'' ({{Nastaliq|رازِ حیات}}) (The Secret of Life)
* ''[[Tabeer Ki Ghalti]]'' ({{Nastaliq|تعبیر کی غلطی}}) (Error of Interpretation)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tabir Ki Ghalti {{!}} CPS International |url=https://cpsglobal.org/books/tabir-ki-ghalti |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=cpsglobal.org}}</ref>
* '''Tameer-e-Hayat'' ({{Nastaliq|تعمیر حیات}})
* ''Tasweer-e-Millat'' ({{Nastaliq|تصویر ملت}})
* ''[[Tazkirul Quran]]'' ({{Nastaliq|تذکیر القران}})

==== Hindi Books ====

* ''Paighambar-e-Islam Hazrat Muhammad ka Jiwan''
* ''Tazkirul Quran''
* ''Quran ki Mahima''
* Quran Translation in Hindi<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Maulana Wahiduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7hPBAAAQBAJ |title=क़ुरान मजीद Quran Translation in Hindi (Goodword): Translated by Maulana Wahiduddin Khan |date=20 August 2014 |publisher=Goodword Books |language=en}}</ref>

==== Punjabi Books ====

* ''Islam Ek Swabhik Dharm''
* ''Seerat-e-Rasool''
* ''Sachai di Talaash''

== Awards and recognition ==

* Named as "Islam's spiritual ambassador to the world" in the list of "[[The 500 Most Influential Muslims]]", in 2009.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan was an Islamic scholar who believed in dialogue |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/maulana-wahiduddin-khan-islamic-scholar-obituary-7285389/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=Renowned Islamic scholar Maulana Wahiduddin Khan in ICU after testing positive for Covid |url=https://theprint.in/india/renowned-islamic-scholar-maulana-wahiduddin-khan-in-icu-after-testing-positive-for-covid/639351/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Mohammed Wajihuddin|date=22 April 2021 |title=Padma awardee scholar Maulana Wahiduddin dies of Covid at 97 {{!}} India News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/famed-islamic-scholar-maulana-wahiduddin-dead/articleshow/82187190.cms |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web |title=Wahiduddin Khan |url=https://themuslim500.com/profiles/wahiduddin-khan/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=The Muslim 500 |date=30 May 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Padma Bhushan]] in [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–2009)|2000]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=In Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, India loses an advocate of inter-religious harmony to Covid-19 |url=https://theprint.in/india/in-maulana-wahiduddin-khan-india-loses-an-advocate-of-inter-religious-harmony-to-covid-19/643955/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=ANI |date=22 April 2021 |title=Maulana Wahiduddin will be remembered for his knowledge on spirituality: PM |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/maulana-wahiduddin-will-be-remembered-for-his-knowledge-on-spirituality-pm-121042200151_1.html |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=Highlights: Ram Vilas Paswan, Keshubhai Patel, Tarun Gogoi awarded Padma Bhushan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/republic-day-awards-2021-live-updates-101611567932534.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=2000-2000&Name=maulana%20wahiduddin%20khan |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite news |title='حق کی تلاش' پر زور دینے والے عالم مولانا وحید الدین کون تھے؟ |language=ur |work=BBC News اردو |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/regional-56853989 |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Padma Vibhushan]] in [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients|2021]]<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=Padma awardee and Islamic scholar Maulana Wahiduddin Khan dies at 96 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/padma-awardee-and-islamic-scholar-maulana-wahiduddin-khan-dies-at-96-101619054101435.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22"/>
* National Citizens' Award, presented by [[Mother Teresa]]<ref>{{cite web |date=10 August 2011 |title=Answer to Arun Shourie: 'Suffering is also a blessing' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/ideas/answer-to-arun-shourie-suffering-is-also-a-blessing-57845.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22"/>
* [[Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award]] in 2010 <ref>{{cite web |date=9 August 2010 |title=Wahiuddin Khan to get Rajiv Gandhi Sadbhavna Award |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/wahiuddin-khan-to-get-rajiv-gandhi-sadbhavna-award_647047.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=faheem |title=Maulana Wahiduddin to get Rajiv Gandhi Sadbhavna Award |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/maulana-wahiduddin-get-rajiv-gandhi-sadbhavna-award-0-127625/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |date=10 August 2010 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NATIONAL COMMUNAL HARMONY AWARDS WINNERS |url=https://nfch.nic.in/documents/Programmes/National-Communal-Harmony-Awards/List-of-Awardees.pdf |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=nfch.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=Noted Islamic scholar Maulana Wahiduddin Khan passes away at 96 |url=https://www.siasat.com/noted-islamic-scholar-maulana-wahiduddin-khan-passes-away-at-96-2127284/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="TwoCircles.net">{{cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=17 September 2015 |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan awarded with 'Life Time Achievement' award by ISNA |url=http://twocircles.net/2015sep17/1442501982.html |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Demiurgus Peace International Award by former Soviet President [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]<ref name=":22"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Milli Gazette |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01112002/0111200266.htm |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=www.milligazette.com}}</ref>
* Sayyidina Imam Al Hassan Ibn Ali Peace Award in Abu Dhabi in 2015<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1 May 2015 |title=PM Narendra Modi congratulates Islamic scholar Maulana Wahiduddin Kha on getting award |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/narendra-modi-islamic-scholar-maulana-wahiduddin-khan-sayyidina-imam-al-hassan-ibn-ali-peace-award-abu-dhabi-250960-2015-05-01 |access-date=19 March 2022 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2015 |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan conferred with Sayyidina Imam Al Hassan Ibn Ali Peace Award |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/maulana-wahiduddin-khan-conferred-with-sayyidina-imam-al-hassan-ibn-ali-peace-award-1430461188-1 |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>
* Lifetime achievement award by America's biggest Muslim organisation Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)<ref name="TwoCircles.net" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/1-community-news/13098-maulana-wahiduddin-khan/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=The Milli Gazette — Indian Muslims Leading News Source |language=en}}</ref>
* The Communal Harmony Award<ref>{{cite web |title=The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha |url=https://speakerloksabha.nic.in/speech/SpeechDetails.asp?SpeechId=279 |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=speakerloksabha.nic.in}}</ref>
* The National Amity Award<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last=mffcoexist |date=3 February 2013 |title=Inter-Faith Dialogue in Islam |url=https://mffcoexist.wordpress.com/2013/02/03/inter-faith-dialogue-in-islam/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |website=Forum for Peaceful Coexistence, Sri Lanka |language=en}}</ref>
* The Aruna Asaf Ali Sadbhavna Award<ref name=":3" />
* FIE Foundation Award<ref name=":3" />
* Urdu Academy Award<ref name=":3" />
* Ambassador of Peace award by the International Federation for World Peace in Korea
* The National Integration Award<ref name=":3" />
* The Diwaliben Mohan Lal Mehta Award<ref name=":3" />
* The Dilli Gaurav Award<ref name=":3" />

== Death ==
[[File:Grave of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan.jpg|thumb|Grave of Maulana Wahiduddin Khan]]
Wahiduddin Khan, died on 21 April 2021, ten days after he was admitted to Apollo Hospital in Delhi after he tested positive for coronavirus infection at the age of 96.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 April 2021 |title=Maulana Wahiduddin Khan dies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/maulana-wahiduddin-khan-dies-7284055/ |access-date=22 April 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was buried at Panjpeeran Qabristan near Basti Hazrat Nizamuddin, [[New Delhi]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

He is survived by two sons and two daughters.<ref name=":6" /> His son [[Zafarul Islam Khan|Zafar ul Islam]] is the former Chairman of the Delhi Minorities Commission.<ref name=":7"/><ref name=":22"/><ref name=":10">{{cite web |last=Haber7 |title=İslam alimi Mevlana Han, Kovid-19 nedeniyle vefat etti |url=https://www.haber7.com/dunya/haber/3091650-islam-alimi-mevlana-han-kovid-19-nedeniyle-vefat-etti |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=Haber7 |language=tr}}</ref> His other son, [[Saniyasnain Khan]] is also a children's book author. His daughter, Farida Khanum, is the translator of most of his books and is the chairperson of Centre for Peace and Spirituality.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2018 |title=Scholars divided on whether mosques are integral to Islam |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/scholars-divided-whether-mosques-integral-islam |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Farahi school]]
* [[List of peace activists]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=quran1|{{Cite Quran|1|2 | translator=p|s=ns| quote=Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds}}}}
{{efn|name=quran21|{{Cite Quran|21|107 | translator=[[Mustafa Khattab]]|s=ns| quote=We have sent you ˹O Prophet˺ only as a mercy for the whole world.}}}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://twocircles.net/2010may25/maulana_wahiduddin_khan_muslim_leadership_contemporary_india.html Maulana Wahiduddin Khan on Muslim leadership in contemporary India] – TCN News
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=d3Q7uZ8WpmMC&dq=Maulana+Wahiduddin+Khan&pg=PA49 Muslims in India since 1947: Islamic perspectives on inter-faith relations]
* [http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.wahiduddin/ The Quran, A new translation] by Wahiduddin Khan
* [http://www.alrisala.org/ Al-Risala Forum International]
* [http://www.goodwordbooks.com/ Goodword Books]
* [http://www.cpsglobal.org/ Centre for Peace and Spirituality]
* [http://www.skhan.org/ Saniyasnain Khan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828035208/http://www.skhan.org/ |date=28 August 2008 }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Wahiduddin}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Activists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian imams]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:Islamic philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian nonviolence advocates]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into English]]
[[Category:Urdu-language non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]

Ampar, Karnataka

2025-09-19T18:34:46Z

KrisMchugh15039: made a details...

{{distinguish|Ampar}}
{{short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ampar
| other_name = Amparu/Amparu Murkai
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
{{Coord|13.6499|74.8234|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Kundapur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4943<ref>{{cite web |title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK UDUPI |url=https://karnataka.census.gov.in/DCHB-PART-A/569.Udupi.pdf |website=karnataka.census.gov.in |publisher=Govt of Karnataka |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]], [[Kundagannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 576211
| registration_plate = KA
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Udupi
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ampar''' (also called Amparu/Amparu murkai) is a village located in the [[Kundapur]] taluk of [[Udupi district]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]].<ref name="Ampar">{{cite web |title=Ampar Population - Udupi, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/608715-ampar-karnataka.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=census2011 |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ampar is located approximately 15 kilometres from Kundapura town and is surrounded by rivers and forests. The village has a tropical monsoon climate, characterized by heavy rainfall during the monsoon season and moderate temperatures throughout the year.

==Demographics==
Ampar has a population comprising primarily [[Kannada]] speaking people, with [[Tulu language|Tulu]] also widely spoken. The local economy is largely based on agriculture, with rice, coconut, and areca nut being the main crops.

==Culture and festivals==
Ampar hosts cultural and religious events, with festivals such as [[Naga Panchami]], [[Diwali|Deepavali]], and [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] being significant. The village has several temples, including the Sri Mahalingeshwara Temple, which is a place of worship for the local community.

Traditional art forms like [[Yakshagana]] and Bhuta Kola are part of the village's cultural heritage and are performed on special occasions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ampar |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Ampar-608715 |website=localbodydata.com |publisher=localbodydata |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>

==Education==
The village has primary and secondary educational institutions. For higher education, students often travel to Kundapura or Udupi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ampar |url=https://localbodydata.com/village-Ampar-608715 |website=localbodydata.com |publisher=localbodydata |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>

==Connectivity==
Ampar is connected by road to Kundapura and nearby towns. Public and private bus services are commonly used. The nearest railway station is Kundapura Railway Station, and the closest airport is Mangalore International Airport, approximately 100 kilometres away.
== See also==
* [[Udupi]]
* [[Kundapur]]

== References==
{{reflist}}
{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

List of Odia films of 1979

2025-09-15T05:47:10Z

KrisMchugh15039: info

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1979:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1979 in film|1979]]'''
|-
|''[[Anuraga]]''||[[Nitai Palit]] ||[[Arun Misra]], [[Biren Mohanty]], [[Malavika Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Chinha Achinha]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Chinha Achinha|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407176/|access-date=2019-02-05}} {{unreliable?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Kumar Anand]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujata]] || ||
|-
|''[[Nijhum Rati Ra Saathi]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Nijhum Rati Ra Saathi|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407259/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[Biswajit Das (playwright)|Biswajit Das]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Mathua Vijay]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Mathura Bijaya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407246/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[A. Sanjeevi]] ||[[Shrikant (actor)|Shrikant]], [[Anita Das]], [[Rupalekha]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Nila Madhab]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Nila Madhaba|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407260/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[J. P. Bhagat]] ||[[Pratihari]], [[Mamata]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Samar Salim Saimon]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Samar Salim Saimon|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1402554/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[Sailaja Nanda]] ||[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujata]], [[Anita Das]] || ||
|-
|''[[Sautuni]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Sautuni|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407291/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[Akshya Mohanty]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Tandra Roy]], [[Anita Das]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Sri Jagannath (1979 film)|Sri Jagannath]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Sri Jagannath|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407297/|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>||[[Bijay Bhaskar]] ||[[Chakrapani (actor)|Chakrapani]], [[Meenushree]], [[Jharana Das]]|| ||
|-
|''[[SriKrushna Raas Leela]]''||[[Sona Mukherjee]] ||[[Rabindra (actor)|Rabindra]], [[Tapati]], [[Preeti Patnaik|Priti]]|| ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1979 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1979]]
[[Category:Lists of 1979 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1979 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1970s in Orissa]]

Chennai Spikers

2025-09-10T22:52:36Z

KrisMchugh15039: started new article - done

{{Short description|Franchise volleyball team based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox volleyball club
| image =
| clubname = Chennai Spikers
| founded = 2011
| manager = Jayakumar
| captain = J. Nadarajan
| leftarm1=FFAB00|body1 = FF0000|shorts1 = FFAB00|rightarm1=FFAB00
| leftarm2=FFAB00|body2 = FF0000|shorts2 = FFAB00|rightarm2=FFAB00
|league=[[Indian Volley League]]|position=}}
'''Chennai Spikers''', founded in 2011 was a franchise [[volleyball]] team based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] that played in the [[Indian Volley League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianvolleyleague.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=61|title=Chennai Spikers|access-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517054507/http://www.indianvolleyleague.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=61|archive-date=17 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chennai Spikers have won the first edition of the Indian Volley League in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/article2132488.ece|title= Chennai wins inaugural Indian Volley League | location=Chennai, India | publisher=The Hindu|first=V. V.|last=Subrahmanyam|date=25 June 2011}}</ref>

==Honours==
===League===
*'''[[Indian Volley League]]'''
**'''Champions (1):''' [[Indian Volley League|2011]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Volleyball in India}}
{{Indian Volley League}}
[[Category:Volleyball clubs in India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Sport in Chennai]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Tamil Nadu]]

{{Volleyball-team-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

David Pollock (judge)

2025-09-03T20:29:56Z

KrisMchugh15039: put up details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
'''Sir David Pollock''' (2 September 1780 – 22 May 1847) was a British barrister, and at the end of his life a judge in India.

==Life==
Born in London, David Pollock was the eldest son of David Pollock, a saddler of [[Charing Cross]], and his wife Sarah Homera Parsons, daughter of Richard Parsons of London, receiver-general of customs. He was of Scottish extraction, his grandfather, John Pollock, having been a native of Tweedmouth. Field-Marshal [[Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet|Sir George Pollock]] and [[Sir Frederick Pollock, 1st Baronet|Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock]], [[Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer]], were his brothers.<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB |wstitle= Pollock, David |volume= 46 |last= Rigg |first= James McMullen |author-link= |page = 63 |short=1}}</ref>

Pollock was educated at [[St Paul's School, London|St Paul's School]] and the [[University of Edinburgh]], but did not graduate.<ref name="DNB"/> On 28 January 1803 he was [[called to the bar]] at the [[Middle Temple]]. Pollock practised as a [[special pleader]] on the [[Home Circuit]], at the Kent sessions, and in the insolvent debtors' court. He [[King's Counsel|took silk]] in 1833, was appointed [[Recorder (judge)|Recorder]] of [[Maidstone]] in 1838, and commissioner of the insolvent debtors' court in 1842.<ref name="DNB"/>

By patent of 2 September 1846 Pollock was created a knight on succeeding [[Sir Henry Roper]] as [[List of chief justices of the Supreme Court of Bombay|Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Bombay]], where he was sworn in on 3 November 1847. He died of a liver complaint on 22 May 1847. His remains were interred in [[Bombay Cathedral]].<ref name="DNB"/>

==Family==
Pollock married, on 12 December 1807, Elizabeth Gore, daughter of John Atkinson, by whom he had seven sons and a daughter. Elizabeth Pollock died on 16 April 1841.<ref name="DNB"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

'''Attribution'''

{{DNB |wstitle= Pollock, David |volume= 46 |last= Rigg |first= James McMullen |author-link= |page = 63 |short=1}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pollock, David}}
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:1780 births]]
[[Category:1847 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at St Paul's School, London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:English barristers]]
[[Category:English King's Counsel]]
[[Category:19th-century King's Counsel]]
[[Category:British India judges]]

List of Ollywood films of 1970

2025-07-29T07:51:03Z

KrisMchugh15039: fixed issues

#REDIRECT [[List of Odia films of 1970]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}