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Uyyala Jampala

2026-05-06T22:48:51Z

KraigYee56:

{{short description|2013 Telugu film directed by Virinchi Varma}}

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uyyala Jampala
| image = Uyyala Jampala Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Virinchi Varma]]
| writer = Virinchi Varma [[Ram Mohan P]] [[Raj Tarun]]
| producer = Ram Mohan P [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Avika Gor|Avika]]
* Raj Tarun
}}
| cinematography = Vishwa Devabattula
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]] Venkata Krishna Chikkala
| music = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| studio = Sun Shine Cinemas [[Annapurna Studios]]
| distributor = Suresh Productions
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2013|12|25}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|80 lakhs|link=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2013-12-27/Uyyala-Jampala-satellite-rights-fetches-record-price/80574 |title=Uyyala Jampala satellite rights fetches record price |website=[[The Hans India]] |date=27 December 2013 |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215533/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2013-12-27/Uyyala-Jampala-satellite-rights-fetches-record-price/80574 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = ₹11 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2013 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2013/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>
}}
'''''Uyyala Jampala''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romantic drama|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Virinchi Varma]], produced by [[Ram Mohan P]] and [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] under Sunshine Cinema in association with [[Annapurna Studios]], starring [[Avika Gor]] and [[Raj Tarun]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/uyyala-jampala-strikes-a-chord-with-audience/article5509223.ece|title='Uyyala Jampala' strikes a chord with audience|first=Suresh|last=Krishnamoorthy|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 December 2013|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929172833/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/uyyala-jampala-strikes-a-chord-with-audience/article5509223.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Uyyala-Jampala-to-premiere-on-April-13/articleshow/33447701.cms|title=Uyyala Jampala to premiere on April 13|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 April 2014|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007152202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Uyyala-Jampala-to-premiere-on-April-13/articleshow/false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/regional/avika-gors-serial-a-hit-in-the-telugu-market-636598|title=Avika Gor's serial a hit in the Telugu market|website=NDTVMovies.com|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=26 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726002110/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/avika-gors-serial-a-hit-in-the-telugu-market-636598|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Uyyala Jampala'' received positive reviews from critics who appreciated the performances and technical aspects of the film. Gor and Tarun won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut (Telugu)|Best Female Debut]] and the [[SIIMA Award for Best Male Debut (Telugu)|Best Male Debut]], respectively, at the [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]. The film was remade in Bengali as ''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]'' (2015) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Krishna-Rukku]]'' (2016).

== Plot ==
The film is narrated by the protagonist, Soori. He wants to confess his love for his cousin Umadevi. Soori and Umadevi have quarreled since childhood. Umadevi is the daughter of Rangaraju, the younger brother of Soori's mother. Her family lives in a mansion, while Soori and his widowed mother live in a small house beside the mansion. Soori maintains fish ponds near the village. His friend Kodanda is a techie and gossip. A second friend Vasu is a gullible person who always has a "Be positive" attitude. A local belle Sunitha is infatuated with Soori, and is Umadevi's close friend. To tease Umadevi, Soori flirts with Sunitha.

Meanwhile, Umadevi falls in love with a techie Parthu. When Soori observes her neglecting him, he gets suspicious thus he along with Vasu follow Umadevi and find her with Parthu. They learn that Parthu is a mechanic who works in the nearby town's Hero Motorcorp outlet. Soori calls Parthu and tells him that he wants to purchase the bike Parthu uses. After a test drive, Soori beats up Parthu. The wounded Parthu asks Umadevi to elope with him as Parthu's father is trying to arrange a marriage for him. When Umadevi expresses her fear, Parthu announces that he would kill himself if she refuses his request, so she agrees.

After packing her dresses, gifts presented by Parthu, and her ornaments, Umadevi escapes from her house that night and boards a bus with Parthu. Rangaraju creates havoc in his house, and Soori finds out with the help of Sunitha that Umadevi is in [[Tuni]], a major town in East Godavari District. When Parthu and Umadevi exit the bus, Parthu's friends try to kidnap her and Parthu tries to snatch her ornaments. Soori comes with Kodanda and Vasu and rescues Umadevi. Umadevi realizes that Parthu was trapping her when Soori admits with a grin that the love letter written by Parthu for Uma is of hen's blood, but not his own. In a rage Uma beats him.

Umadevi stays at Soori's house as her father is angry with her. She learns from her aunt about true love. She realizes that Suri has true love for her because he pays for pani puri for Uma, buys her a phone, stops her marriage with one of his friends as she asked, and accepts the blame.

Later, Umadevi tells Sunitha that Suri loves her, and not Sunitha which leads to a series of comic situations between them. Later, since Suri stops Uma's marriage, her angry father forbids her to come into his house. Suri declares that he will find a perfect match for Uma. Uma's father was happy when Suri arranged Uma's marriage with a businessman who is a childhood classmate who had huge crush on Umadevi.

Suri's mother is not interested in this marriage. She shouts at him and says that he will miss Uma only after her marriage which makes Suri realize his feelings for Umadevi. Further, Umadevi's actions make Suri believe that she is also in love with him, but he stays quiet. On the day before marriage, Uma thanks Suri for all the beautiful memories, and for all his help and tearfully they agree that he will not attend the marriage. Seeing this, Uma adds sleeping pills in the Lassi and later decides to confess her feelings to Suri, as shown at the beginning of the movie. He sees Uma running towards him. She explains that her marriage has been stopped. He asks why. She discloses that she mixed pills in the Lassi and gave it to the groom, which causes Suri to laugh. When asked why he was running towards the house, he explains that he cannot live without her. They reconcile and marry with the consent of their parents happily ever after.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Avika Gor|Avika]] as Uma Devi
** Kalyani and Pranavi Manukonda as Young Uma Devi
* [[Raj Tarun]] as Suri
** Sai, Kasi and Nikhil Devadula as Young Suri
* [[Punarnavi Bhupalam]] as Sunita
* [[Ravi Varma (Kakinada actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Ranga Raju, Uma Devi’s father
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Murali
* Anitha Chowdary as Saraswathi, Suri's mother
* Peela Gangadhar as Vasu
* Alluri Hanuma as Kodanda
* Shashank Srivatsavaya as Pardhu
* Geethanjali as Rama Devi
* Tenali Shakuntala as Suri's grandmother
* Parvathi as Subhadra, Uma Devi's mother
* Saagi Subba Raju as Suri's grandfather
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music and background score was composed by [[Sunny M.R.]]

{{Infobox album
| name = Uyyala Jampala
| tagline =
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| cover =
| released = 15 December 2013
| recorded = 2013
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 23:39
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| prev_title = [[Swamy Ra Ra]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Rowdy Fellow]]
| next_year = 2014
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 23:39
| title1 = Uyyalaina Jampalaina
| lyrics1 = Vasu Valaboju
| extra1 = Harshika Gudi, [[Anudeep Dev]]
| length1 = 4:23
| title2 = Lapak Lapak Aiypothundi
| lyrics2 = Vasu Valaboju
| extra2 = Harshika Gudi, Bindu, Deepu
| length2 = 5:28
| title3 = Nijamga Idi Nenenaa
| lyrics3 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra3 = Sunny M.R., Harshika Gudi
| length3 = 4:32
| title4 = Mana Bandham
| lyrics4 = Vasu Valaboju
| extra4 = Sunny M.R.
| length4 = 4:38
| title5 = Dher Tak Chala (Hindi)
| lyrics5 = Ashish Pandit
| extra5 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length5 = 4:38
}}

== Critical reception ==
Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote: "The movie impresses despite having a predictable plot, with good dialogues, a reasonable length and amazing cinematography." Kavirayani added that, "Full marks to director Virinchi Varma for telling such a touching tale of delicate romance set against a beautiful rural backdrop, with debutante actor Raj Tarun and Avika Gor."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131227/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/uyyala-jampala-review-predictable-love-story-narrated|title='Uyyala Jampala' Review: A predictable love story narrated well|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani|date=28 December 2013|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=12 February 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020093050/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131227/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/uyyala-jampala-review-predictable-love-story-narrated|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Remake==
The film was remade in Bengali as ''[[Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey]]'' (2015) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Krishna-Rukku]]'' (2016).{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt3290676}}
{{Nagarjuna (actor)}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Virinchi Varma]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Annapurna Studios films]]

Manikchak Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T06:51:02Z

KraigYee56: New First Article Nd Citations

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{About|the Assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|its namesake community development block|Manikchak|its namesake village|Manikchak, Malda}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manikchak
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Manikchak.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Manikchak Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sabitri Mitra]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]
| constituency_no = 49
| established = 1951
| electors = 253,353
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Manikchak Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 49 Manikchak Assembly constituency covers [[Manikchak (community development block)|Manikchak]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Milki, Fulbaria and Sovanagar [[gram panchayat]]s of [[English Bazar (community development block)|English Bazar]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 12 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Manikchak Assembly constituency is part of No. 8 [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/> It was earlier part of [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Pashupati Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|1957
!colspan="3"|''No seat''
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sowrindra Mohan Misra
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|R.S. Singhi
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Arun Chandra Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|rowspan="2"|Jokhilal Mandal
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Subodh Choudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|rowspan="2"|Jokhilal Mandal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Subodh Choudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[Ram Probesh Mondal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Asima Chowdhuri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[Sabitri Mitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Md. Mottakin Alam]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Sabitri Mitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Manikchak}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kavita Mandal
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abu Syed|party=Aam Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Gour Chandra Mandal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Debajyoti Sinha
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ansarul Hoque(Kalu Pradhan)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Manikchak}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sabitri Mitra]]
|votes = 110,234
|percentage = 53.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Gour Chand Mandal|votes=76,356|percentage=37.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Md. Mottakin Alam]]|votes=11,555|percentage=6.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Anil Ch. Mandal|votes=2,743|percentage=1.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chanchala Karmakar|votes=1,740|percentage=1.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Mukti Party|candidate=Amal Kumar Rabidas|votes=1,519|percentage=1.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=1,367|percentage=1.00|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=Rest of the candidates|votes=~1,500|percentage=1.00|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Manikchak constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=49| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602184855/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=49| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 2 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Manikchak | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Md. Mottakin Alam]]|votes=78472|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Sabitri Mitra]]|votes=65869|percentage=|change=-2.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian People's Forward Bloc|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=80.14|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
In the 2011 elections, [[Sabitri Mitra]] of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival Ratna Bhattacharya of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Manikchak constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=49| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602184855/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=49| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 2 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Manikchak | publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Sabitri Mitra]]
|votes = 64,641
|percentage = 46.20
|change = +4.23#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ratna Bhattacharya
|votes = 58,424
|percentage = 41.75
|change = -2.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipankar Panday
|votes = 8,003
|percentage = 5.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian People's Forward Bloc
|candidate = Lutpha Khatub
|votes = 5,194
|percentage = 3.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Chanchala Karmakar
|votes = 3,668
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 139,930
|percentage = 80.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +6.77#
}}
{{Election box end}}

Ramprabesh Mandal, who had filed his nomination as an Independent candidate was a rebel Congress candidate. He withdrew on the last day for withdrawal of nominations.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110405/jsp/siliguri/story_13810000.jsp| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120913061558/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110405/jsp/siliguri/story_13810000.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 13 September 2012|title = Rebel in Malda Cong family refuses to bend | publisher =The Telegraph, 5 April 2011 |access-date = 8 April 2011}}</ref>

.# Swing based on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.
===1977–2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> state assembly elections, Asima Chowdhuri of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Manikchak assembly seat defeating her nearest rival Ram Probesh Mondal of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Ram Probesh Mondal of Congress defeated Subodh Choudhary of CPI(M) in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Subodh Choudhary of CPI(M) defeated Ram Probesh Mondal of Congress in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Jokhilal Mandal of Congress in 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Jokhilal Mandal of Congress defeated Subodh Choudhary of CPI(M) in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Subodh Choudhary of CPI(M) defeated Jokhilal Mandal of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp47.htm | title = 47 - Manikchak Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Jokhilal Mandal of Congress won in 1972<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> and 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Arun Chandra Jha of Congress won in 1969.<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> R.S.Singhi of [[Swatantra Party]] won in 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> Sowrindra Mohan Misra of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> The Manikchak seat was not there in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Pashupati Jha of Congress won from the Manikchak seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

Police Parade Ground (Anantapur)

2026-05-05T22:57:45Z

KraigYee56: starting initial page added tags

{{Short description|Cricket ground}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Police Parade Ground
| nickname =
| image =
| caption =
| country = India

| location = [[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6746|77.5939|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map =
| establishment = 1962
| demolished =
| last used = 2009
| seating_capacity =
| owner =
| architect =
| contractor =
| operator =
| tenants = [[Andhra cricket team]]

| date = 14 April
| year = 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57877.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Police Parade Ground''' formerly known as '''Police Training College Ground'''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/889.html | title=Ground: Police Parade Ground | publisher=CricketArchive | accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref> is a cricket ground in [[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/grounds_for_country_14_Andhra.html | title=Grounds in Andhra Pradesh | publisher=CricketArchive | accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref> It was used as the home ground for [[Andhra cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57877.html | title=Police Parade Ground | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref> The ground was first used on 28 December 1962 to host a [[First-class cricket|first-class]] match between Andhra and [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the [[1962–63 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/889_f.html | title=First-class matches played on Police Parade Ground | publisher=CricketArchive | accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref> It hosted four [[First-class cricket|Women's first-class]] matches in the [[Inter State Women's Competition|2008–09 Inter State Women's Competition]]. Eight [[List A cricket|Women's List A]] matches of the [[2008–09 Senior Women's One Day League]] were also played on this ground.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/889_wa.html | title=Women's List A matches played on Police Parade Ground | publisher=CricketArchive | accessdate=14 April 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/889.html Police Parade Ground] at [[CricketArchive]]

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Anantapur district]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Results of the 2004 Indian general election by constituency

2026-04-30T16:44:13Z

KraigYee56: starting a details more to come.

{{Short description|none}}
{{one source|date=December 2020}}

To constitute India's 14th Lok Sabha, general elections were held in April–May 2004. The results were announced on 13 May 2004. The main contenders were two alliance groups of the Incumbent National Democratic Alliance and the Opposition Congress+ led by Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress respectively.

This article describes the performance of various political parties. For the performance of individual candidates, please see, [[List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha]].

'''Results of the [[2004 Indian general election]] by [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|parliamentary constituency]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/2004-election-results.html|title = 2004 India General (14th Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>

== Results by constituency ==

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |State
! colspan="3" |Parliamentary Constituency
! colspan="4" |Winner
! colspan="4" |Runner-up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
!No.
!Name
!Type
!Candidate
!Colspan=2|Party
!Votes
!Candidate
!Colspan=2|Party
!Votes
|-
! [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| 1
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Lok Sabha constituency)|Andaman & Nicobar Islands]]
| GEN
| [[Manoranjan Bhakta]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 85,794
| [[Bishnu Pada Ray]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 55,294
| 30,500
|-
! rowspan="42" |[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srikakulam]]
| GEN
| [[Kinjarapu Yerran Naidu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,61,906
| [[Killi Krupa Rani]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,30,027
| 31,879
|-
| 2
| [[Parvathipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parvathipuram]]
| (ST)
| [[Kishore Chandra Deo]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,21,788
| [[Dadichiluka Veera Gouri Sankara Rao|Veera Gouri Sankara Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,14,370
| 7,418
|-
| 3
| [[Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bobbili]]
| GEN
| [[Kondapalli Pydithalli Naidu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,73,922
| [[Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi|Jhansi Laxmi Botcha]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,42,574
| 31,348
|-
| 4
| [[Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Visakhapatnam]]
| GEN
| [[N. Janardhana Reddy|Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,24,122
| [[M. V. V. S. Murthi]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,93,551
| 1,30,571
|-
| 5
| [[Bhadrachalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrachalam]]
| (ST)
| [[Babu Rao Mediyam|Midiyam Babu Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,73,148
| KPRK Phaneeswaramma
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,19,342
| 53,806
|-
| 6
| [[Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anakapalli]]
| GEN
| [[Pappala Chalapathirao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,85,406
| Nanda Gopal Gandham
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,69,992
| 15,414
|-
| 7
| [[Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kakinada]]
| GEN
| [[M. M. Pallam Raju|Mallipudi Mangapati Pallam Raju]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,10,982
| [[Mudragada Padmanabham]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,53,730
| 57,252
|-
| 8
| [[Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajahmundry]]
| GEN
| [[Vundavalli Aruna Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,13,927
| Kantipudi Sarvarayudu
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,65,107
| 1,48,820
|-
| 9
| [[Amalapuram (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amalapuram]]
| (SC)
| [[G. V. Harsha Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,50,346
| Dunna Janardhana Rao
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,08,861
| 41,485
|-
| 10
| [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasapur]]
| GEN
| [[Chegondi Venkata Harirama Jogaiah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,02,761
| [[Krishnam Raju|U. V. Krishnam Raju]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,38,349
| 64,412
|-
| 11
| [[Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)|Eluru]]
| GEN
| [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,99,191
| [[Bolla Bulli Ramaiah]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,75,900
| 1,23,291
|-
| 12
| [[Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machilipatnam]]
| GEN
| [[Badiga Ramakrishna]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,87,127
| [[Ambati Brahmanaiah]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,36,786
| 50,341
|-
| 13
| [[Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vijayawada]]
| GEN
| [[Lagadapati Rajagopal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,19,624
| [[Aswani Dutt|Chalasani Ashwini Dutt]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,05,037
| 1,14,587
|-
| 14
| [[Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenali]]
| GEN
| [[Vallabhaneni Balasouri]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,66,843
| [[Ummareddy Venkateswarlu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 2,88,287
| 78,556
|-
| 15
| [[Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guntur]]
| GEN
| [[Rayapati Sambasiva Rao]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,66,221
| Yemparala Venkateswara Rao
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,36,429
| 1,29,792
|-
| 16
| [[Bapatla (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bapatla]]
| GEN
| [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,11,099
| [[D. Ramanaidu|Daggubati Ramanaidu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,17,017
| 94,082
|-
| 17
| [[Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
| GEN
| [[Mekapati Rajamohan Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,81,310
| Maddi Lakshmaiah
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,95,055
| 86,255
|-
| 18
| [[Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ongole]]
| GEN
| [[Magunta Sreenivasulu Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,46,584
| Bathula Vijaya Bharathi
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,40,563
| 1,06,021
|-
| 19
| [[Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nellore]]
| (SC)
| [[Panabaka Lakshmi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,50,129
| Balakondaiah Karupotala
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,21,905
| 1,28,224
|-
| 20
| [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupathi]]
| (SC)
| [[Chinta Mohan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,10,961
| Nandipaku Venkataswamy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,11,633
| 1,99,328
|-
| 21
| [[Chittoor (SC) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittoor]]
| GEN
| [[D. K. Adikesavulu Naidu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,54,128
| Ravuri Venkata Swamy
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,91,990
| 62,138
|-
| 22
| [[Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajampet]]
| GEN
| [[Sai Prathap Annayyagari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,69,797
| Gunipati Ramaiah
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 2,91,712
| 78,085
|-
| 23
| [[Kadapa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddapah]]
| GEN
| [[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,61,431
| [[M. V. Mysura Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,29,757
| 1,31,674
|-
| 24
| [[Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hindupur]]
| GEN
| [[G. Nizamuddin]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,19,744
| [[B K Parthasarathi]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,17,904
| 1,840
|-
| 25
| [[Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantapur]]
| GEN
| [[Anantha Venkatarami Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,58,925
| [[Kalava Srinivasulu]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,85,521
| 73,404
|-
| 26
| [[Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurnool]]
| GEN
| [[Kotla Jayasurya Prakasha Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,33,529
| [[K. E. Krishnamurthy]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,32,431
| 1,01,098
|-
| 27
| [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]]
| GEN
| [[S. P. Y. Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,58,526
| [[Shobha Nagi Reddy|Bhuma Shobha Nagi Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,46,847
| 1,11,679
|-
| 28
| [[Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagarkurnool]]
| (SC)
| [[Manda Jagannath]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,05,046
| K.S.Ratnam
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 3,05,396
| 99,650
|-
| 29
| [[Mahabubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahabubnagar]]
| GEN
| [[Devarakonda Vittal Rao]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,28,764
| Yelkoti Yella Reddy
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,80,857
| 47,907
|-
| 30
| [[Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hyderabad]]
| GEN
| [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
| bgcolor=#009F3C|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
| 3,78,854
| G Subash Chanderji
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,78,709
| 1,00,145
|-
| 31
| [[Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Secunderabad]]
| GEN
| [[Anjan Kumar Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,85,710
| [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,16,952
| 68,758
|-
| 32
| [[Siddipet (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siddipet]]
| (SC)
| [[Sarve Satyanarayana|Sarvey Satyanarayana]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,93,879
| K Lingaiah
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,54,907
| 1,38,972
|-
| 33
| [[Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medak]]
| GEN
| [[Aelay Narendra|A. Narendra]]
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 4,53,738
| P Ramachandra Reddy
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,29,972
| 1,23,766
|-
| 34
| [[Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nizamabad]]
| GEN
| [[Madhu Goud Yaskhi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,42,142
| Syed Yousuf Ali
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,04,271
| 1,37,871
|-
| 35
| [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]]
| GEN
| [[Madhusudhan Reddy Takkala]]
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 4,15,429
| [[Samudrala Venugopal Chary]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,74,455
| 40,974
|-
| 36
| [[Peddapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Peddapalli]]
| (SC)
| [[Gaddam Venkatswamy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,72,207
| [[Chellamalla Suguna Kumari|C Suguna Kumari]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,09,072
| 2,63,135
|-
| 37
| [[Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimnagar]]
| GEN
| [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 4,51,199
| [[C. Vidyasagar Rao|Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,20,031
| 1,31,168
|-
| 38
| [[Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hanamkonda]]
| GEN
| [[B. Vinod Kumar|Boianapalli Vinod Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 4,96,048
| Chada Suresh Reddy
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 2,78,981
| 2,17,067
|-
| 39
| [[Warangal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Warangal]]
| GEN
| [[Dharavath Ravinder Naik]]
| bgcolor=#FFC0CB|
| [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| 4,27,601
| Bodakunti Venkateshwarlu
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,08,339
| 19,262
|-
| 40
| [[Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khammam]]
| GEN
| [[Renuka Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,18,047
| [[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 4,09,159
| 1,08,888
|-
| 41
| [[Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalgonda]]
| GEN
| [[Suravaram Sudhakar Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 4,79,511
| [[Indrasena Reddy|Nallu Indrasena Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,23,360
| 56,151
|-
| 42
| [[Miryalguda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Miryalguda]]
| GEN
| [[Jaipal Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,72,169
| Vangala Swamy Goud
| bgcolor=#FFFF00|
| [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| 3,55,262
| 2,16,907
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| GEN
| [[Kiren Rijiju]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,23,951
| [[Kamen Ringu]]
| bgcolor=#CCCCFF|
| [[Arunachal Congress]]
| 76,527
| 47,424
|-
| 2
| [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East]]
| GEN
| [[Tapir Gao]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 83,335
| [[Wangcha Rajkumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 38,341
| 44,994
|-
! rowspan="14" |[[Assam]]
| 1
| [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karimganj]]
| (SC)
| [[Lalit Mohan Suklabaidya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,21,059
| [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,29,111
| 91,948
|-
| 2
| [[Silchar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Silchar]]
| GEN
| [[Santosh Mohan Dev]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,46,215
| [[Kabindra Purkayastha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,24,895
| 21,320
|-
| 3
| [[Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency)|Autonomous District]]
| (ST)
| [[Biren Sing Engti]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,25,937
| Elwin Teron
| bgcolor=#EE0000|
| [[Autonomous State Demand Committee]]
| 1,01,808
| 24,129
|-
| 4
| [[Dhubri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhubri]]
| GEN
| [[Anwar Hussain (politician)|Anwar Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,76,588
| Afzalur Rahman
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 2,59,966
| 1,16,622
|-
| 5
| [[Kokrajhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kokrajhar]]
| (ST)
| [[Sansuma Khunggur Bwiswmuthiary]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 6,89,620
| Sabda Ram Rabha
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 2,05,491
| 4,84,129
|-
| 6
| [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]]
| GEN
| [[A. F. Golam Osmani]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,66,972
| [[Kumar Deepak Das]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 1,98,847
| 68,125
|-
| 7
| [[Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gauhati]]
| GEN
| [[Kirip Chaliha]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,53,250
| [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,92,099
| 61,151
|-
| 8
| [[Mangaldoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangaldoi]]
| GEN
| [[Narayan Chandra Borkataky]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,45,863
| [[Madhab Rajbangshi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,15,997
| 29,866
|-
| 9
| [[Tezpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tezpur]]
| GEN
| [[Moni Kumar Subba]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,89,847
| [[Padma Hazarika]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 2,19,402
| 70,445
|-
| 10
| [[Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowgong]]
| GEN
| [[Rajen Gohain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,42,704
| Bisnu Prasad
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,11,292
| 31,412
|-
| 11
| [[Kaliabor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaliabor]]
| GEN
| [[Dip Gogoi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,01,893
| [[Keshab Mahanta]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 2,34,695
| 67,198
|-
| 12
| [[Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jorhat]]
| GEN
| [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,23,624
| [[Drupad Borgohain]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1,72,332
| 51,292
|-
| 13
| [[Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dibrugarh]]
| GEN
| [[Sarbananda Sonowal]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 2,20,944
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Tasa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,02,390
| 18,554
|-
| 14
| [[Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakhimpur]]
| GEN
| [[Arun Kumar Sarmah]]
| bgcolor=#99CCFF|
| [[Asom Gana Parishad]]
| 3,00,865
| [[Ranee Narah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,72,717
| 28,148
|-
! rowspan="40" |[[Bihar]]
| 1
| [[Bagaha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagaha]]
| (SC)
| [[Kailash Baitha]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,37,989
| Hiralal Ram
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 1,72,614
| 65,375
|-
| 2
| [[Bettiah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bettiah]]
| GEN
| [[Raghunath Jha]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,11,590
| [[Madan Prasad Jaiswal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,86,919
| 24,671
|-
| 3
| [[Motihari (Lok Sabha constituency)|Motihari]]
| GEN
| [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,48,596
| [[Radha Mohan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,51,572
| 97,024
|-
| 4
| [[Gopalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
| GEN
| [[Sadhu Yadav|Anirudh Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,36,016
| Prabhu Dayal Singh
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 1,43,097
| 1,92,919
|-
| 5
| [[Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Siwan]]
| GEN
| [[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Mohammad Shahabuddin]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,17,511
| [[Om Prakash Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,13,933
| 1,03,578
|-
| 6
| [[Maharajganj (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
| GEN
| [[Prabhunath Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,83,506
| Jitendra Swami
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,37,041
| 46,465
|-
| 7
| [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chapra]]
| GEN
| [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,28,882
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,68,459
| 60,423
|-
| 8
| [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hajipur]]
| (SC)
| [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 4,77,495
| [[Chhedi Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,39,694
| 2,37,801
|-
| 9
| [[Vaishali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vaishali]]
| GEN
| [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,61,503
| [[Vijay Kumar Shukla]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 2,55,568
| 1,05,935
|-
| 10
| [[Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarpur]]
| GEN
| [[George Fernandes]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,70,127
| Bhagwan Lal Sahani
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,60,434
| 9,693
|-
| 11
| [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]
| GEN
| [[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1946)|Sitaram Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,26,165
| [[Nawal Kishore Rai]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,28,160
| 98,005
|-
| 12
| [[Sheohar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sheohar]]
| GEN
| [[Sitaram Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,03,243
| Mohammad Anwarul Haque
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,29,360
| 73,883
|-
| 13
| [[Madhubani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhubani]]
| GEN
| [[Shakeel Ahmad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,28,182
| [[Hukmdev Narayan Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,41,103
| 87,079
|-
| 14
| [[Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhanjharpur]]
| GEN
| [[Devendra Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,23,400
| [[Jagannath Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,10,565
| 12,835
|-
| 15
| [[Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darbhanga]]
| GEN
| [[Mohammad Ali Ashraf Fatmi|Ali Ashraf Fatmi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4,27,672
| [[Kirti Azad]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,84,209
| 1,43,463
|-
| 16
| [[Rosera (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rosera]]
| (SC)
| [[Ram Chandra Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 3,94,240
| [[Dasai Chowdhary]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,55,829
| 1,38,411
|-
| 17
| [[Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Samastipur]]
| GEN
| [[Alok Kumar Mehta]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4,37,457
| Ram Chandra Singh
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,10,674
| 1,26,783
|-
| 18
| [[Barh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barh]]
| GEN
| [[Vijay Krishna (politician)|Vijay Krishna]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4,26,856
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,89,168
| 37,688
|-
| 19
| [[Balia, Bihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balia]]
| GEN
| [[Surajbhan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 2,33,869
| Shatrughna Prasad Singh
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1,57,642
| 76,227
|-
| 20
| [[Saharsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharsa]]
| GEN
| [[Ranjeet Ranjan]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 3,50,426
| [[Dinesh Chandra Yadav (Indian politician)|Dinesh Chandra Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,19,639
| 30,787
|-
| 21
| [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]]
| GEN
| [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,44,301
| [[Sharad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,74,314
| 69,987
|-
| 22
| [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
| (SC)
| [[Sukdeo Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,16,677
| Ramji Das Rishideo
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
| 1,88,933
| 27,744
|-
| 23
| [[Kishanganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kishanganj]]
| GEN
| [[Mohammed Taslimuddin]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4,20,331
| [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,59,834
| 1,60,497
|-
| 24
| [[Purnia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purnea]]
| GEN
| [[Uday Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,44,426
| [[Pappu Yadav|Rajesh Ranjan]]
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 2,31,543
| 12,883
|-
| 25
| [[Katihar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katihar]]
| GEN
| [[Nikhil Kumar Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,88,922
| [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Tariq Anwar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,86,357
| 2,565
|-
| 26
| [[Banka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banka]]
| GEN
| [[Giridhari Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,39,880
| [[Digvijay Singh (Bihar politician)|Digvijay Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,35,211
| 4,669
|-
| 27
| [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]]
| GEN
| [[Sushil Kumar Modi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,45,151
| Subodh Ray
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 2,27,298
| 1,17,853
|-
| 28
| [[Khagaria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khagaria]]
| GEN
| [[Rabindra Kumar Rana]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 3,22,440
| [[Renu Kumari Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,55,317
| 67,123
|-
| 29
| [[Munger (Lok Sabha constituency)|Monghyr]]
| GEN
| [[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4,53,286
| [[Monazir Hassan]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,37,359
| 1,15,927
|-
| 30
| [[Begusarai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Begusarai]]
| GEN
| [[Lalan Singh|Rajiv Ranjan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,01,562
| [[Krishna Sahi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,81,071
| 20,491
|-
| 31
| [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]]
| GEN
| [[Nitish Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 4,71,310
| Kumar Pushpanjay
| bgcolor=#0093DD|
| [[Lok Janshakti Party]]
| 3,68,914
| 1,02,396
|-
| 32
| [[Patna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patna]]
| GEN
| [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4,33,853
| [[C. P. Thakur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,95,291
| 38,562
|-
| 33
| [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]]
| GEN
| [[Kanti Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,99,422
| Ram Naresh Ram
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
| 1,49,679
| 1,49,743
|-
| 34
| [[Buxar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buxar]]
| GEN
| [[Lalmuni Chaubey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,05,980
| [[Dadan Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,51,114
| 54,866
|-
| 35
| [[Sasaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sasaram]]
| (SC)
| [[Meira Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,16,673
| [[Muni Lall]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,58,411
| 2,58,262
|-
| 36
| [[Bikramganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikramganj]]
| GEN
| [[Ajit Kumar Singh (born 1962)|Ajit Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,05,363
| [[Ram Prasad Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,46,575
| 58,788
|-
| 37
| [[Aurangabad (Bihar Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| GEN
| [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,90,009
| [[Sushil Kumar Singh (politician)|Sushil Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,82,549
| 7,460
|-
| 38
| [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jahanabad]]
| GEN
| [[Ganesh Prasad Singh]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4,00,063
| [[Arun Kumar (Bihar politician)|Arun Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 3,53,625
| 46,438
|-
| 39
| [[Nawada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nawada]]
| (SC)
| [[Virchandra Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4,89,992
| [[Sanjay Paswan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,33,986
| 56,006
|-
| 40
| [[Gaya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gaya]]
| (SC)
| [[Rajesh Kumar Manjhi]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 4,64,829
| Balbir Chand
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,61,895
| 1,02,934
|-
! [[Chandigarh]]
| 1
| [[Chandigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandigarh]]
| GEN
| [[Pawan Kumar Bansal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,39,880
| [[Satya Pal Jain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 94,632
| 45,248
|-
! rowspan="11" |[[Chhattisgarh]]
| 1
| [[Sarguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja]]
| (ST)
| [[Nand Kumar Sai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,57,108
| [[Khelsai Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,53,656
| 1,03,452
|-
| 2
| [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]]
| (ST)
| [[Vishnudeo Sai|Vishnu Deo Sai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,29,057
| Rampukar Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,92,326
| 36,731
|-
| 3
| [[Janjgir-Champa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]]
| GEN
| [[Karuna Shukla]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,03,655
| [[Charan Das Mahant]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,92,326
| 11,329
|-
| 4
| [[Bilaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]]
| (SC)
| Punnulal Mohle
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,24,729
| Basant Pahre
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,43,176
| 81,553
|-
| 5
| [[Sarangarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sarangarh]]
| (SC)
| [[Guharam Ajgalle]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,42,575
| [[Paras Ram Bhardwaj|Parasram Bhardwaj]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,83,457
| 59,118
|-
| 6
| [[Raipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raipur]]
| GEN
| [[Ramesh Bais]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,76,029
| [[Shyama Charan Shukla]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,46,510
| 1,29,519
|-
| 7
| [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
| GEN
| [[Ajit Jogi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,14,647
| [[Vidya Charan Shukla]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,96,142
| 1,18,505
|-
| 8
| [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]]
| (ST)
| [[Sohan Potai]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,74,294
| Ganga Potai Thakur
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,00,668
| 73,626
|-
| 9
| [[Bastar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bastar]]
| (ST)
| [[Baliram Kashyap]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,12,893
| [[Mahendra Karma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,58,520
| 54,373
|-
| 10
| [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]]
| GEN
| [[Tarachand Sahu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,82,757
| [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,21,289
| 61,468
|-
| 11
| [[Rajnandgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajnandgaon]]
| GEN
| [[Pradeep Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,14,520
| [[Devwrat Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 300197
| 14,323
|-
! [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| 1
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dadra And Nagar Haveli]]
| (ST)
| [[Mohanbhai Sanjibhai Delkar]]
| bgcolor=#FFCC66|
| [[Bharatiya Navshakti Party]]
| 34,665
| Sitaram Gavli
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 21,772
| 12,893
|-
! [[Daman and Diu]]
| 1
| [[Daman and Diu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Daman and Diu]]
| GEN
| [[Dahyabhai Vallabhbhai Patel|Patel Dahyabhai Vallabhbhai]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 27,523
| [[Gopal Kalan Tandel|Gopalbhai Tandel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 26,916
| 607
|-
! rowspan="7" |[[Delhi]]
| 1
| [[New Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|New Delhi]]
| GEN
| [[Ajay Maken]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,05,415
| [[Jagmohan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 92,631
| 12,784
|-
| 2
| [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi]]
| GEN
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,40,654
| [[R. K. Anand]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,24,649
| 16,005
|-
| 3
| [[Outer Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Delhi]]
| GEN
| [[Sajjan Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 8,55,543
| [[Sahib Singh Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 6,31,753
| 2,23,790
|-
| 4
| [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi]]
| GEN
| [[Sandeep Dikshit]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 6,69,527
| [[Lal Bihari Tiwari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,39,748
| 2,29,779
|-
| 5
| [[Chandni Chowk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandni Chowk]]
| GEN
| [[Kapil Sibal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,27,396
| [[Smriti Irani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 47,981
| 79,415
|-
| 6
| [[Delhi Sadar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Delhi Sadar]]
| GEN
| [[Jagdish Tytler]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,40,073
| [[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,24,099
| 15,974
|-
| 7
| [[Karol Bagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karol Bagh]]
| (SC)
| [[Krishna Tirath]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,38,596
| [[Anita Arya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,00,967
| 37,629
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Goa]]
| 1
| [[North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panaji]]
| GEN
| [[Shripad Naik|Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,44,842
| [[Wilfred de Souza]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 88,629
| 56,213
|-
| 2
| [[South Goa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mormugao]]
| GEN
| [[Churchill Alemao]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,64,432
| [[Ramakant Angle]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,13,908
| 50,524
|-
! rowspan="26" |[[Gujarat]]
| 1
| [[Kachchh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kutch]]
| GEN
| [[Pushpdan Shambhudan Gadhavi|Pushpdan Gadhavi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,21,057
| Shailendrasinh Jadeja
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,92,067
| 28,990
|-
| 2
| [[Surendranagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surendranagar]]
| GEN
| [[Somabhai Gandalal Koli Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,19,872
| Savshibhai Makwana
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,85,928
| 33,944
|-
| 3
| [[Jamnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamnagar]]
| GEN
| [[Vikrambhai Arjanbhai Madam|Vikrambhai Madam]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,04,468
| [[Chandresh Patel Kordia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,98,875
| 5,593
|-
| 4
| [[Rajkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajkot]]
| GEN
| [[Vallabhbhai Kathiria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,20,604
| [[Balvantbhai Manvar|Balvantbhai Bachubhai Manvar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 1,76,634
| 1,43,970
|-
| 5
| [[Porbandar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Porbandar]]
| GEN
| [[Harilal Madhavjibhai Patel|Harilal Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,29,113
| [[Vitthal Radadiya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,23,410
| 5,703
|-
| 6
| [[Junagadh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Junagadh]]
| GEN
| [[Jashubhai Dhanabhai Barad|Jashubhai Barad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,29,712
| [[Bhavna Chikhalia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,88,791
| 40,921
|-
| 7
| [[Amreli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amreli]]
| GEN
| [[Virjibhai Thummar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,20,649
| [[Dileepbhai Sanghani|Dileep Sanghani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,18,619
| 2,030
|-
| 8
| [[Bhavnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhavnagar]]
| GEN
| [[Rajendrasinh Ghanshyamsinh Rana|Rajendrasinh Rana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,47,336
| [[Gigabhai Gohil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,66,910
| 80,426
|-
| 9
| [[Dhandhuka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhandhuka]]
| (SC)
| [[Ratilal Kalidas Varma|Ratilal Varma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,49,322
| Yogendra Makwana
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,26,528
| 22,794
|-
| 10
| [[Ahmedabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmedabad]]
| GEN
| [[Harin Pathak]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,01,853
| Rajkumar Gigraj Gupta
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,24,248
| 77,605
|-
| 11
| [[Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gandhinagar]]
| GEN
| [[L. K. Advani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 5,16,120
| [[Gabhaji Thakor]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,98,982
| 2,17,138
|-
| 12
| [[Mahesana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mehsana]]
| GEN
| [[Jivabhai Ambalal Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,39,643
| [[Nitinbhai Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,25,132
| 14,511
|-
| 13
| [[Patan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
| (SC)
| [[Mahesh Kumar Kanodia|Mahesh Kanodia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,73,970
| [[Praveen Rashtrapal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,50,346
| 23,624
|-
| 14
| [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]]
| GEN
| [[Harisinh Pratapsinh Chavda|Harisinh Chavda]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,01,148
| [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,94,220
| 6,928
|-
| 15
| [[Sabarkantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sabarkantha]]
| GEN
| [[Madhusudan Mistry]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,16,483
| [[Ramilaben Bara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,76,555
| 39,928
|-
| 16
| [[Kapadvanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kapadvanj]]
| GEN
| [[Shankersinh Vaghela]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,20,338
| [[Liladhar Vaghela]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,40,903
| 79,435
|-
| 17
| [[Dahod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dohad]]
| (ST)
| [[Babubhai Khimabhai Katara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,28,154
| [[Prabha Kishor Taviad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,27,793
| 361
|-
| 18
| [[Godhra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godhra]]
| GEN
| [[Bhupendrasinh Prabhatsinh Solanki|Bhupendrasinh Solanki]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,95,550
| Rajendrasinh Balvantsinh Patel
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,41,831
| 53,719
|-
| 19
| [[Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaira]]
| GEN
| [[Dinsha Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,44,037
| Shubhanginiraje Ranjitsinh Gaekwad
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,87,288
| 56,749
|-
| 20
| [[Anand (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anand]]
| GEN
| [[Bharatsinh Madhavsinh Solanki|Bharatsinh Solanki]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,07,762
| Jayprakash Vaghajibhai Patel
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,46,677
| 61,085
|-
| 21
| [[Chhota Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhota Udaipur]]
| (ST)
| [[Naranbhai Rathwa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,46,855
| [[Ramsinh Rathwa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,10,616
| 36,239
|-
| 22
| [[Vadodara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baroda]]
| GEN
| [[Jayaben Thakkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,16,089
| Satyajitsinh Gaekwad
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,09,486
| 6,603
|-
| 23
| [[Bharuch (Lok Sabha constituency)|Broach]]
| GEN
| [[Mansukhbhai Vasava]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,99,630
| Muhammad Patel
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,27,428
| 72,202
|-
| 24
| [[Surat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surat]]
| GEN
| [[Kashiram Rana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 5,08,076
| Chandravadanbhai Pithawala
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,57,513
| 1,50,563
|-
| 25
| [[Mandvi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandvi]]
| (ST)
| [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,86,592
| [[Mansinh Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,13,210
| 1,73,382
|-
| 26
| [[Valsad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulsar]]
| (ST)
| [[Kishanbhai Vestabhai Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,21,769
| [[Manibhai Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,77,283
| 44,486
|-
! rowspan="10" |[[Haryana]]
| 1
| [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]]
| (SC)
| [[Selja Kumari|Kumari Selja]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,15,264
| [[Rattan Lal Kataria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,80,329
| 2,34,935
|-
| 2
| [[Kurukshetra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kurukshetra]]
| GEN
| [[Naveen Jindal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,62,054
| [[Abhay Singh Chautala]]
| bgcolor=#666600|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 2,01,864
| 1,60,190
|-
| 3
| [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
| GEN
| [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,18,948
| [[I. D. Swami|Ishwar Dayal Swami]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,54,186
| 1,64,762
|-
| 4
| [[Sonipat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sonepat]]
| GEN
| [[Kishan Singh Sangwan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,33,477
| [[Dharam Pal Singh Malik]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,25,908
| 7,569
|-
| 5
| [[Rohtak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rohtak]]
| GEN
| [[Bhupinder Singh Hooda]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,24,235
| [[Captain Abhimanyu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,73,800
| 1,50,435
|-
| 6
| [[Faridabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridabad]]
| GEN
| [[Avtar Singh Bhadana]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,57,284
| Mohd Ilyas
| bgcolor=#666600|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 2,05,355
| 1,51,929
|-
| 7
| [[Mahendragarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahendragarh]]
| GEN
| [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,58,714
| [[Sudha Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,48,373
| 2,10,341
|-
| 8
| [[Bhiwani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]]
| GEN
| [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,90,936
| [[Surender Singh]]
| bgcolor=#CC00CC|
| [[Haryana Vikas Party]]
| 2,66,532
| 24,404
|-
| 9
| [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar]]
| GEN
| [[Jai Parkash]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,07,210
| [[Surender Singh Barwala]]
| bgcolor=#666600|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 2,24,442
| 1,82,768
|-
| 10
| [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa]]
| (SC)
| [[Atma Singh Gill]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,49,397
| Sushil Indora
| bgcolor=#666600|
| [[Indian National Lok Dal]]
| 2,77,922
| 71,475
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Shimla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Simla]]
| (SC)
| [[Dhani Ram Shandil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,11,182
| Hira Nand Kashyap
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,03,002
| 1,08,180
|-
| 2
| [[Mandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandi]]
| GEN
| [[Pratibha Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,57,623
| [[Maheshwar Singh (Kullu politician)|Maheshwar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,91,057
| 66,566
|-
| 3
| [[Kangra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kangra]]
| GEN
| [[Chander Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,14,555
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,96,764
| 17,791
|-
| 4
| [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| GEN
| [[Suresh Chandel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,13,243
| [[Ram Lal Thakur]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,11,628
| 1,615
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 1
| [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
| GEN
| [[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]]
| bgcolor=#FF3D3D|
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 1,27,653
| Nizamuddin Bhat
| bgcolor=#990099|
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| 1,17,758
| 9,895
|-
| 2
| [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| GEN
| [[Omar Abdullah]]
| bgcolor=#FF3D3D|
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 98,422
| Ghulam Nabi Lone
| bgcolor=#990099|
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| 75,263
| 23,159
|-
| 3
| [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]]
| GEN
| [[Mehbooba Mufti]]
| bgcolor=#990099|
| [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]
| 74,436
| [[Mirza Mehboob Beg]]
| bgcolor=#FF3D3D|
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 35,498
| 38,938
|-
| 4
| [[Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ladakh]]
| GEN
| [[Thupstan Chhewang]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 66,839
| [[Hassan Khan (politician)|Hassan Khan]]
| bgcolor=#FF3D3D|
| [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
| 41,126
| 25,713
|-
| 5
| [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]
| GEN
| [[Lal Singh Chaudhary (politician)|Chaudhary Lal Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,40,872
| [[Chaman Lal Gupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,93,697
| 47,175
|-
| 6
| [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]]
| GEN
| [[Madan Lal Sharma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,19,994
| [[Nirmal Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,02,426
| 17,568
|-
! rowspan="14" |[[Jharkhand]]
| 1
| [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| (ST)
| [[Hemlal Murmu]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 2,26,411
| [[Thomas Hansda]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,23,437
| 2,974
|-
| 2
| [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]]
| (ST)
| [[Shibu Soren]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 3,39,542
| Sone Lal Hembrom
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,24,527
| 1,15,015
|-
| 3
| [[Godda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Godda]]
| GEN
| [[Furqan Ansari|Furkan Ansari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,73,138
| [[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,46,384
| 26,754
|-
| 4
| [[Chatra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chatra]]
| GEN
| [[Dhirendra Agarwal]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 1,21,464
| [[Inder Singh Namdhari]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 1,02,609
| 18,855
|-
| 5
| [[Kodarma (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kodarma]]
| GEN
| [[Babulal Marandi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,66,656
| Champa Verma
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 2,11,712
| 1,54,944
|-
| 6
| [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| GEN
| [[Tek Lal Mahto]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 3,50,255
| [[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,00,461
| 1,49,794
|-
| 7
| [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhanbad]]
| GEN
| [[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,55,499
| [[Rita Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,36,121
| 1,19,378
|-
| 8
| [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| GEN
| [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,84,035
| [[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,68,614
| 15,421
|-
| 9
| [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| GEN
| [[Sunil Kumar Mahato]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 3,96,056
| [[Abha Mahato]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,90,423
| 1,05,633
|-
| 10
| [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]]
| (ST)
| [[Bagun Sumbrai]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,21,343
| [[Laxman Giluwa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,62,147
| 59,196
|-
| 11
| [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| (ST)
| [[Sushila Kerketta]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,18,158
| [[Kariya Munda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,66,932
| 51,226
|-
| 12
| [[Lohardaga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lohardaga]]
| (ST)
| [[Rameshwar Oraon]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,23,920
| [[Dukha Bhagat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,33,665
| 90,255
|-
| 13
| [[Palamau (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palamau]]
| (SC)
| [[Manoj Kumar (Jharkhand politician)|Manoj Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| 2,06,733
| [[Braj Mohan Ram]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,51,589
| 55,144
|-
| 14
| [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
| GEN
| [[Bhubneshwar Prasad Mehta]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 3,56,058
| [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,50,730
| 1,05,328
|-
! rowspan="28" |[[Karnataka]]
| 1
| [[Bidar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bidar]]
| (SC)
| [[Ramchandra Veerappa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,12,838
| [[Narsingrao Suryawanshi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,89,217
| 23,621
|-
| 2
| [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]]
| GEN
| [[Iqbal Ahmed Saradgi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,12,601
| [[Basavaraj Patil Sedam]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,55,130
| 57,471
|-
| 3
| [[Raichur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raichur]]
| GEN
| [[Venkatesh Nayak|A. Venkatesh Naik]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,89,424
| Raja Madangopal Nayak
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 2,88,916
| 508
|-
| 4
| [[Koppal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koppal]]
| GEN
| [[K. Virupaxappa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,56,158
| Nagappa Saloni
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,12,535
| 43,623
|-
| 5
| [[Bellary (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bellary]]
| GEN
| [[G. Karunakara Reddy]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,18,978
| [[K. C. Kondaiah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,87,299
| 31,679
|-
| 6
| [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davanagere]]
| GEN
| [[G. M. Siddeshwara]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,70,499
| [[S. S. Mallikarjun]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,37,823
| 32,676
|-
| 7
| [[Chitradurga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chitradurga]]
| GEN
| [[N. Y. Hanumanthappa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,22,609
| P Kodandaramaiah
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 2,85,149
| 37,460
|-
| 8
| [[Tumkur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tumkur]]
| GEN
| [[S. Mallikarjunaiah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,03,016
| Jagadeesh D L
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 3,00,665
| 2,351
|-
| 9
| [[Chikballapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikballapur]]
| GEN
| [[R. L. Jalappa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,76,204
| [[Shashi Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 3,16,182
| 60,022
|-
| 10
| [[Kolar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolar]]
| (SC)
| [[K. H. Muniyappa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,85,582
| D S Veeraiah
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,73,947
| 11,635
|-
| 11
| [[Kanakapura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanakapura]]
| GEN
| [[Tejashwini Gowda|Tejashwini See Ramesh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,84,238
| [[Ramachandra Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,67,575
| 1,16,663
|-
| 12
| [[Bangalore North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore North]]
| GEN
| [[H. T. Sangliana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,73,502
| [[C. K. Jaffer Sharief]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,43,144
| 30,358
|-
| 13
| [[Bangalore South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore South]]
| GEN
| [[Ananth Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,86,682
| [[M. Krishnappa (Born 1953)|M. Krishnappa]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,24,411
| 62,271
|-
| 14
| [[Mandya (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandya]]
| GEN
| [[Ambareesh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,11,116
| S Ramegowda
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 2,86,678
| 1,24,438
|-
| 15
| [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]]
| (SC)
| [[Kagalvadi M. Shivanna]]
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 3,16,661
| A Siddaraju
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,72,672
| 43,989
|-
| 16
| [[Mysore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mysore]]
| GEN
| [[C. H. Vijayashankar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,16,442
| A S Guruswamy
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 3,06,292
| 10,150
|-
| 17
| [[Mangalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mangalore]]
| GEN
| [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,84,760
| [[Veerappa Moily]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,51,345
| 33,415
|-
| 18
| [[Udupi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi]]
| GEN
| [[Manorama Madhwaraj]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,69,627
| [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,40,624
| 29,003
|-
| 19
| [[Hassan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hassan]]
| GEN
| [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 4,62,625
| [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,72,320
| 1,90,305
|-
| 20
| [[Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikmagalur]]
| GEN
| [[D. C. Srikantappa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,41,391
| B L Shankar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,67,719
| 73,672
|-
| 21
| [[Shimoga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shimoga]]
| GEN
| [[Sarekoppa Bangarappa]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,50,097
| [[Ayanur Manjunath]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,73,952
| 76,145
|-
| 22
| [[Uttara Kannada (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanara]]
| GEN
| [[Anant Kumar Hegde]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,33,174
| [[Margaret Alva]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,60,948
| 1,72,226
|-
| 23
| [[Dharwad South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad South]]
| GEN
| [[Manjunath Kunnur]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,42,759
| I G Sanadi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,97,647
| 1,45,112
|-
| 24
| [[Dharwad North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharwad North]]
| GEN
| [[Pralhad Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,85,084
| B S Patil
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,02,006
| 83,078
|-
| 25
| [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]]
| GEN
| [[Suresh Angadi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,10,843
| [[Amarsinh Vasantrao Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,26,090
| 84,753
|-
| 26
| [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]]
| (SC)
| [[Ramesh Jigajinagi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,79,580
| SB Ghatage
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,36,088
| 43,492
|-
| 27
| [[Bagalkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bagalkot]]
| GEN
| [[P. C. Gaddigoudar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,59,451
| RS Patil
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,92,068
| 1,67,383
|-
| 28
| [[Bijapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijapur]]
| GEN
| [[Basangouda Patil Yatnal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,44,905
| Somanagouda Patil
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,07,372
| 37,533
|-
! rowspan="20" | [[Kerala]]
| 1
| [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]]
| GEN
| [[P. Karunakaran]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,37,284
| N A Mohammed
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,29,028
| 1,08,256
|-
| 2
| [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cannanore]]
| GEN
| [[A. P. Abdullakutty]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,35,058
| [[Mullappally Ramachandran]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,51,209
| 83,849
|-
| 3
| [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Badagara]]
| GEN
| [[P. Sathidevi|P. Satheedevi]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,29,294
| [[M. T. Padma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,98,705
| 1,30,589
|-
| 4
| [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calicut]]
| GEN
| [[M. P. Veerendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 3,40,111
| [[V. Balram]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,74,785
| 65,326
|-
| 5
| [[Manjeri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Manjeri]]
| GEN
| [[T. K. Hamza]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,26,920
| [[K. P. A. Majeed]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]
| 3,79,177
| 47,743
|-
| 6
| [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]]
| GEN
| [[E. Ahamed]]
| bgcolor=#008000|
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League Kerala State Committee]]
| 3,54,051
| P.P. Suneer
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 2,51,293
| 1,02,758
|-
| 7
| [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palghat]]
| GEN
| [[N. N. Krishnadas]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,75,144
| V. S. Vijaya Raghavan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,76,986
| 98,158
|-
| 8
| [[Ottapalam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ottapalam]]
| (SC)
| [[S. Ajaya Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,95,928
| K. A. Thulasi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,25,518
| 70,410
|-
| 9
| [[Thrissur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trichur]]
| GEN
| [[C. K. Chandrappan]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 3,20,960
| [[A. C. Jose]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,74,999
| 45,961
|-
| 10
| [[Mukundapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mukundapuram]]
| GEN
| [[Lonappan Nambadan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,75,175
| Padmaja Venugopal
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,58,078
| 1,17,097
|-
| 11
| [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]
| GEN
| [[Sebastian Paul]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 3,23,042
| Edward Edezhath
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,52,943
| 70,099
|-
| 12
| [[Muvattupuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muvattupuzha]]
| GEN
| [[P. C. Thomas]]
| bgcolor=#CC3399|
| [[Indian Federal Democratic Party]]
| 2,56,411
| [[P. M. Ismail]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 2,55,882
| 529
|-
| 13
| [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam]]
| GEN
| [[K. Suresh Kurup]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,41,213
| [[Anto Antony]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,98,299
| 42,914
|-
| 14
| [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]
| GEN
| [[Francis George (Kerala politician)|Francis George]]
| bgcolor=#CC6600|
| [[Kerala Congress]]
| 3,53,905
| [[Benny Behanan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,84,521
| 69,384
|-
| 15
| [[Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alleppey]]
| GEN
| [[K. S. Manoj]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,35,494
| [[V. M. Sudheeran]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,34,485
| 1,009
|-
| 16
| [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikara]]
| GEN
| [[C. S. Sujatha]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 2,78,281
| [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,70,867
| 7,414
|-
| 17
| [[Adoor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adoor]]
| (SC)
| [[Chengara Surendran]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 3,32,216
| [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,77,682
| 54,534
|-
| 18
| [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Quilon]]
| GEN
| [[P. Rajendran]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,55,279
| Sooranad Rajasekharan
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,44,208
| 1,11,071
|-
| 19
| [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]]
| GEN
| [[Varkala Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 3,13,615
| [[M. I. Shanavas]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,62,870
| 50,745
|-
| 20
| [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Trivandrum]]
| GEN
| [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 2,86,057
| [[V. S. Sivakumar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,31,454
| 54,603
|-
! [[Lakshadweep]]
| 1
| [[Lakshadweep (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lakshadweep]]
| (ST)
| [[P. Pookunhi Koya]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 15,597
| [[P. M. Sayeed]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 15,526
| 71
|-
! rowspan="29" |[[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Morena (Lok Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
| (SC)
| [[Ashok Chhaviram Argal|Ashok Argal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,61,337
| Barelal Jatav
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,14,017
| 1,47,320
|-
| 2
| [[Bhind (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhind]]
| GEN
| [[Ram Lakhan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,34,712
| [[Satyadev Katare]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,27,766
| 6,946
|-
| 3
| [[Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gwalior]]
| GEN
| [[Ramsevak Singh (Babuji)|Ramsevak Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,46,467
| [[Jaibhan Singh Pawaiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,10,603
| 35,864
|-
| 4
| [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna]]
| GEN
| [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,33,954
| Harivallabh Shukla
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,47,594
| 86,360
|-
| 5
| [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
| (SC)
| [[Virendra Kumar Khatik|Virendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,90,974
| Uttam Khatik
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,42,983
| 1,47,991
|-
| 6
| [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]]
| GEN
| [[Ramkrishna Kusmaria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,32,458
| [[Satyavrat Chaturvedi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,20,677
| 1,11,781
|-
| 7
| [[Damoh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Damoh]]
| GEN
| [[Chandrabhan Bhaiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,71,869
| Tilak Singh Lodhi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,77,274
| 94,595
|-
| 8
| [[Satna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satna]]
| GEN
| [[Ganesh Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,39,706
| [[Rajendra Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,56,116
| 83,590
|-
| 9
| [[Rewa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rewa]]
| GEN
| [[Chandramani Tripathi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,32,021
| Pradeep Kumar Patel
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| 1,87,269
| 44,752
|-
| 10
| [[Sidhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sidhi]]
| (ST)
| [[Chandrapratap Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,10,198
| Tilakraj Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,60,633
| 49,565
|-
| 11
| [[Shahdol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahdol]]
| (ST)
| [[Dalpat Singh Paraste]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,10,034
| [[Rajesh Nandini Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,80,685
| 29,349
|-
| 12
| [[Balaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balaghat]]
| GEN
| [[Gaurishankar Bisen]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,93,982
| Kankar Munjare
| bgcolor=#1F75FE|
| [[Janata Party]]
| 1,05,893
| 88,089
|-
| 13
| [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]]
| (ST)
| [[Faggan Singh Kulaste]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,38,073
| Heera Singh Markam
| bgcolor=purple|
| [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party]]
| 1,73,176
| 64,897
|-
| 14
| [[Jabalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jabalpur]]
| GEN
| [[Rakesh Singh (politician)|Rakesh Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,11,646
| Vishwanath Dubey
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,12,115
| 99,531
|-
| 15
| [[Seoni (Lok Sabha constituency)|Seoni]]
| GEN
| [[Neeta Pateriya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,68,195
| Kalyani Pandey
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,73,394
| 94,801
|-
| 16
| [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]]
| GEN
| [[Kamal Nath]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,08,563
| [[Prahlad Singh Patel]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,44,855
| 63,708
|-
| 17
| [[Betul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Betul]]
| GEN
| [[Vijay Kumar Khandelwal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,88,007
| Rajendra Jaiswal
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,30,467
| 1,57,540
|-
| 18
| [[Hoshangabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshangabad]]
| GEN
| [[Sartaj Singh (politician)|Sartaj Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,54,659
| Omprakash Raghuvanshi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,18,250
| 136,409
|-
| 19
| [[Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhopal]]
| GEN
| [[Kailash Chandra Joshi|Kailash Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 5,61,563
| Sajid Ali
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,55,558
| 3,06,005
|-
| 20
| [[Vidisha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vidisha]]
| GEN
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,28,030
| Narbada Prasad Sharma
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,67,304
| 2,60,726
|-
| 21
| [[Rajgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajgarh]]
| GEN
| [[Lakshman Singh (politician)|Lakshman Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,83,135
| Shambhoo Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,46,423
| 36,712
|-
| 22
| [[Shajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shajapur]]
| (SC)
| [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,24,004
| Shyam Malviya
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,55,817
| 1,68,187
|-
| 23
| [[Khandwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khandwa]]
| GEN
| [[Nandkumar Singh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,36,724
| Amitabh Mandloi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,33,987
| 1,02,737
|-
| 24
| [[Khargone (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khargone]]
| GEN
| [[Krishna Murari Moghe]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,21,762
| Tarachand Shivaji Patel
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,63,145
| 58,617
|-
| 25
| [[Dhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhar]]
| (ST)
| [[Chhatar Singh Darbar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,45,468
| [[Umang Singhar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,12,857
| 32,611
|-
| 26
| [[Indore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Indore]]
| GEN
| [[Sumitra Mahajan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 5,08,107
| Rameshwar Patel
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,14,171
| 1,93,936
|-
| 27
| [[Ujjain (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ujjain]]
| (SC)
| [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,69,744
| [[Premchand Guddu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,99,341
| 70,403
|-
| 28
| [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhabua]]
| (ST)
| [[Kantilal Bhuria]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,22,257
| Relam Chauhan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,41,975
| 80,282
|-
| 29
| [[Mandsour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandsaur]]
| GEN
| [[Laxminarayan Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,23,478
| Rajendra Singh Gautam
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,83,845
| 1,39,633
|-
! rowspan="48" |[[Maharashtra]]
| 1
| [[Rajapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajapur]]
| GEN
| [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 2,64,001
| [[Sudhir Sawant]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,83,102
| 80,899
|-
| 2
| [[Ratnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri]]
| GEN
| [[Anant Geete]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 3,34,690
| Govindrao Nikam
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 1,85,722
| 1,48,968
|-
| 3
| [[Kolaba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolaba]]
| GEN
| [[A. R. Antulay]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,12,225
| [[Vivek Patil]]
| bgcolor=#BC0000|
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
| 2,80,355
| 31,870
|-
| 4
| [[Mumbai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South]]
| GEN
| [[Milind Deora]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,37,956
| [[Jayawantiben Mehta]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,27,710
| 10,246
|-
| 5
| [[Mumbai South Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai South Central]]
| GEN
| [[Mohan Rawale]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 1,28,536
| [[Sachin Ahir]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 1,06,348
| 22,188
|-
| 6
| [[Mumbai North Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North Central]]
| GEN
| [[Eknath Gaikwad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,56,282
| [[Manohar Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 2,42,953
| 13,329
|-
| 7
| [[Mumbai North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North East]]
| GEN
| [[Gurudas Kamat]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,93,420
| [[Kirit Somaiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,94,020
| 99,400
|-
| 8
| [[Mumbai North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North West]]
| GEN
| [[Sunil Dutt]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,85,755
| [[Sanjay Nirupam]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 3,38,397
| 47,358
|-
| 9
| [[Mumbai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mumbai North]]
| GEN
| [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 5,59,763
| [[Ram Naik]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 5,11,492
| 48,271
|-
| 10
| [[Thane (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thane]]
| GEN
| [[Paranjape Prakash Vishvanath|Prakash Paranjape]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 6,31,414
| [[Vasant Davkhare]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 6,09,156
| 22,258
|-
| 11
| [[Dahanu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dahanu]]
| (ST)
| [[Damodar Barku Shingada|Damodar Shingada]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,86,004
| [[Chintaman Vanaga]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,22,641
| 63,363
|-
| 12
| [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]]
| GEN
| [[Devidas Anandrao Pingale|Devidas Pingale]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,07,613
| Dashrath Patil
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 2,92,555
| 15,058
|-
| 13
| [[Malegaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malegaon]]
| (ST)
| [[Harischandra Devram Chavan|Harischandra Chavan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,18,259
| [[Haribahu Shankar Mahale]]
| bgcolor=#138808|
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 2,13,731
| 4,528
|-
| 14
| [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]]
| (ST)
| [[Bapu Hari Chaure]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,10,714
| [[Ramdas Rupla Gavit]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,02,949
| 7,765
|-
| 15
| [[Nandurbar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandurbar]]
| (ST)
| [[Manikrao Hodlya Gavit|Manikrao Gavit]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,51,911
| Natawadkar Suhas Jayant
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,44,290
| 1,07,621
|-
| 16
| [[Erandol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Erandol]]
| GEN
| [[Annasaheb M. K. Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,89,559
| [[Vasantrao More]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,81,418
| 8,141
|-
| 17
| [[Jalgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalgaon]]
| GEN
| [[Y. G. Mahajan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,98,865
| Ulhas Patil
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,78,219
| 20,646
|-
| 18
| [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]]
| (SC)
| [[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 3,69,975
| [[Mukul Wasnik]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,10,068
| 59,907
|-
| 19
| [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akola]]
| GEN
| [[Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre|Sanjay Dhotre]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,13,323
| Laxmanrao Tayade
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,06,952
| 1,06,371
|-
| 20
| [[Washim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Washim]]
| GEN
| [[Bhavana Gawali]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 3,58,682
| [[Manohar Naik]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,97,784
| 60,898
|-
| 21
| [[Amravati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amravati]]
| GEN
| [[Anant Gudhe]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 2,03,216
| [[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,88,982
| 14,234
|-
| 22
| [[Ramtek (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramtek]]
| GEN
| [[Mohite Subodh Baburao|Subodh Mohite]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 2,76,720
| [[Shrikant Jichkar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,62,618
| 14,102
|-
| 23
| [[Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagpur]]
| GEN
| [[Vilas Muttemwar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,73,769
| Atal Bahadur Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,74,286
| 99,483
|-
| 24
| [[Bhandara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhandara]]
| GEN
| [[Shishupal Natthu Patle|Shishupal Patle]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,77,388
| [[Praful Patel]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,74,379
| 3,009
|-
| 25
| [[Chimur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chimur]]
| GEN
| [[Mahadeo Shivankar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,36,711
| [[Jogendra Kawade]]
| bgcolor=#999900|
| [[Peoples Republican Party]]
| 2,37,937
| 98,774
|-
| 26
| [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur]]
| GEN
| [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,66,014
| [[Nareshkumar Chunnalal Puglia|Naresh Puglia]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,06,191
| 59,823
|-
| 27
| [[Wardha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wardha]]
| GEN
| [[Suresh Ganapat Wagmare|Suresh Wagmare]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,69,045
| [[Prabha Rau]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,65,857
| 3,188
|-
| 28
| [[Yavatmal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Yavatmal]]
| GEN
| [[Harising Nasaru Rathod]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,98,513
| [[Uttamrao Deorao Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,41,709
| 56,804
|-
| 29
| [[Hingoli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hingoli]]
| GEN
| [[Suryakanta Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,27,944
| [[Shivaji Mane]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 3,15,399
| 12,545
|-
| 30
| [[Nanded (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nanded]]
| GEN
| [[D. B. Patil|Digamber Bapuji Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,61,282
| [[Bhaskarrao Bapurao Khatgaonkar Patil|Bhaskarrao Khatgaonkar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,36,947
| 24,335
|-
| 31
| [[Parbhani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Parbhani]]
| GEN
| [[Tukaram Renge Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 3,39,318
| [[Suresh Warpudkar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,83,147
| 56,171
|-
| 32
| [[Jalna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalna]]
| GEN
| [[Raosaheb Danve]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,69,630
| [[Uttamsingh Pawar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,08,298
| 61,332
|-
| 33
| [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| GEN
| [[Chandrakant Khaire]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 4,77,900
| [[Ramkrishna Baba Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,55,977
| 1,21,923
|-
| 34
| [[Beed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Beed]]
| GEN
| [[Jaisingrao Gaikwad Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 4,25,051
| [[Prakashdada Solanke]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,77,639
| 47,412
|-
| 35
| [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]]
| GEN
| [[Rupatai Patil Nilangekar|Rupatai Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,04,500
| [[Shivraj Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,73,609
| 30,891
|-
| 36
| [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]]
| (SC)
| [[Kalpana Ramesh Narhire|Kalpana Narhire]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 2,94,436
| Kondiba Laxman Dhobale
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,92,787
| 1,649
|-
| 37
| [[Solapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sholapur]]
| GEN
| [[Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,16,188
| Ujwalatai Shinde
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,10,390
| 5,798
|-
| 38
| [[Pandharpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pandharpur]]
| (SC)
| [[Ramdas Athawale]]
| bgcolor=#000080|
| [[Republican Party of India (A)]]
| 3,47,215
| Nagnath Dattatray Kshirsagar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,47,522
| 99,693
|-
| 39
| [[Ahmednagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ahmednagar]]
| GEN
| [[Tukaram Gangadhar Gadakh|Tukaram Gadakh]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,62,938
| [[N. S. Pharande]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,87,861
| 75,077
|-
| 40
| [[Kopargaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kopargaon]]
| GEN
| [[Balasaheb Vikhe Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,56,688
| Murkute Bhanudas Kashinath
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 2,69,357
| 87,331
|-
| 41
| [[Khed (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khed]]
| GEN
| [[Shivajirao Adhalarao Patil]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 3,60,501
| Ashok Mohol
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 3,39,691
| 20,810
|-
| 42
| [[Pune (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pune]]
| GEN
| [[Suresh Kalmadi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,73,774
| [[Pradeep Rawat (politician)|Pradeep Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,00,598
| 73,176
|-
| 43
| [[Baramati (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramati]]
| GEN
| [[Sharad Pawar]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 6,34,555
| Prithviraj Sahebrao Jachak
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,11,580
| 4,22,975
|-
| 44
| [[Satara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Satara]]
| GEN
| [[Laxmanrao Pandurang Jadhav (Patil)]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 2,81,577
| [[Hindurao Naik Nimbalkar]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 2,77,620
| 3,957
|-
| 45
| [[Karad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karad]]
| GEN
| [[Shriniwas Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 4,36,732
| Mankumare Vasant Dnyandev
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 2,40,002
| 1,96,730
|-
| 46
| [[Sangli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangli]]
| GEN
| [[Prakashbapu Vasantdada Patil]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,05,048
| Deepak Mhaisalkar
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,23,425
| 81,623
|-
| 47
| [[Ichalkaranji (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ichalkaranji]]
| GEN
| [[Nivedita Sambhajirao Mane|Nivedita Mane]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 4,22,272
| Sanjay Shamrao Patil
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 3,21,223
| 101,049
|-
| 48
| [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]]
| GEN
| [[Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik|Sadashivrao Mandlik]]
| bgcolor=#00B2B2|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| 4,01,922
| [[Dhananjay Mahadik]]
| bgcolor=#FF6634|
| [[Shiv Sena]]
| 3,87,169
| 14,753
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Manipur]]
| 1
| [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| GEN
| [[Thokchom Meinya]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,54,055
| [[Moirangthem Nara]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 1,04,722
| 49,333
|-
| 2
| [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| (ST)
| [[Mani Charenamei]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 2,29,634
| D. Loli Adanee
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,47,441
| 82,193
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Meghalaya]]
| 1
| [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong]]
| GEN
| [[Paty Ripple Kyndiah]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,90,058
| S. Loniak Marbaniang
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,19,162
| 70,896
|-
| 2
| [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]
| GEN
| [[P. A. Sangma|Purno Agitok Sangma]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| 1,91,938
| [[Mukul Sangma]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,19,175
| 72,763
|-
! [[Mizoram]]
| 1
| [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| (ST)
| [[Vanlalzawma]]
| bgcolor=#2E5694|
| [[Mizo National Front]]
| 1,82,864
| [[Laltluangliana Khiangte]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
| 1,59,170
| 23,694
|-
! [[Nagaland]]
| 1
| [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| GEN
| [[W. Wangyuh]]
| bgcolor=#990066|
| [[Naga People's Front]]
| 6,98,128
| [[K. Asungba Sangtam]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,46,109
| 4,52,019
|-
! rowspan="21" |[[Odisha]]
| 1
| [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]]
| (ST)
| [[Sudam Marndi]]
| bgcolor=#8A0000|
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
| 2,60,529
| [[Bhagirathi Majhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,52,557
| 7,972
|-
| 2
| [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]]
| GEN
| [[Mahamegha Bahan Aira Kharbela Swain|Kharabela Swain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 5,53,087
| Niranjan Panda
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,16,132
| 2,36,955
|-
| 3
| [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| (SC)
| [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,89,200
| [[Muralidhar Jena]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,94,431
| 94,769
|-
| 4
| [[Jajpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jajpur]]
| (SC)
| [[Mohan Jena]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,52,177
| Amiya Kanta Mallik
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,00,711
| 51,466
|-
| 5
| [[Kendrapara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kendrapara]]
| GEN
| [[Archana Nayak]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,53,276
| [[Srikant Kumar Jena]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,66,433
| 86,843
|-
| 6
| [[Cuttack (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuttack]]
| GEN
| [[Bhartruhari Mahtab]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,96,750
| [[Jayanti Patnaik]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,23,552
| 1,73,198
|-
| 7
| [[Jagatsinghpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jagatsinghpur]]
| GEN
| [[Brahmananda Panda]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,66,383
| [[Ranjib Biswal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,09,121
| 57,262
|-
| 8
| [[Puri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puri]]
| GEN
| [[Braja Kishore Tripathy]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,62,248
| [[Pinaki Misra]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,01,288
| 60,960
|-
| 9
| [[Bhubaneswar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhubaneswar]]
| GEN
| [[Prasanna Kumar Patasani]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,37,762
| [[Soumya Ranjan Patnaik]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,25,483
| 1,12,279
|-
| 10
| [[Aska (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aska]]
| GEN
| [[Harihar Swain|Hari Har Swain]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 3,81,526
| Ramkrushana Patnaik
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,48,924
| 1,32,602
|-
| 11
| [[Berhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampur]]
| GEN
| [[Chandra Sekhar Sahu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,55,973
| [[Anadi Charan Sahu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,04,316
| 51,657
|-
| 12
| [[Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)|Koraput]]
| (ST)
| [[Giridhar Gamang]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,34,748
| Papanna Mutika
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 2,91,481
| 43,267
|-
| 13
| [[Nabarangpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nowrangpur]]
| (ST)
| [[Parsuram Majhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,59,989
| Chandra Sekhar Majhi
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,22,957
| 37,032
|-
| 14
| [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]]
| GEN
| [[Bikram Keshari Deo]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,57,079
| [[Bhakta Charan Das]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,22,957
| 34,122
|-
| 15
| [[Phulbani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulbani]]
| (SC)
| [[Sugrib Singh]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 3,37,951
| Abhimanyu Behera
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,18,679
| 19,272
|-
| 16
| [[Bolangir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolangir]]
| GEN
| [[Sangeeta Kumari Singh Deo]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,22,912
| [[Sarat Pattanayak]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,22,230
| 1,00,682
|-
| 17
| [[Sambalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambalpur]]
| GEN
| [[Prasanna Acharya]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 3,90,556
| [[Sanjay Bhoi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,75,786
| 14,770
|-
| 18
| [[Deogarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deogarh]]
| GEN
| [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,26,092
| [[Sriballav Panigrahi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,46,996
| 79,096
|-
| 19
| [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| GEN
| [[Tathagata Satpathy]]
| bgcolor=#006400|
| [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| 4,23,539
| [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,00,657
| 1,22,882
|-
| 20
| [[Sundargarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sundargarh]]
| (ST)
| [[Jual Oram]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,36,562
| [[Frida Topno]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,96,886
| 39,676
|-
| 21
| [[Keonjhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Keonjhar]]
| (ST)
| [[Ananta Nayak]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,55,702
| Nilakantha Nayak
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,06,493
| 49,209
|-
! [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| 1
| [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| GEN
| [[M. Ramadass]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 2,41,653
| [[Lalitha Kumaramangalam]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,72,472
| 69,181
|-
! rowspan="13" |[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 1
| [[Gurdaspur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gurdaspur]]
| GEN
| [[Vinod Khanna]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,87,612
| [[Sukhbans Kaur Bhinder]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,62,629
| 24,983
|-
| 2
| [[Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amritsar]]
| GEN
| [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,94,223
| [[R. L. Bhatia|Raghunandan Lal Bhatia]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,84,691
| 1,09,532
|-
| 3
| [[Tarn Taran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tarn Taran]]
| GEN
| [[Rattan Singh Ajnala]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,64,646
| Sukhbinder Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,08,252
| 56,394
|-
| 4
| [[Jalandhar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jullundur]]
| GEN
| [[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,44,619
| [[Naresh Gujral]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,11,156
| 33,463
|-
| 5
| [[Phillaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phillaur]]
| (SC)
| [[Charanjit Singh Atwal]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,24,512
| [[Santosh Chowdhary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,25,628
| 98,884
|-
| 6
| [[Hoshiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hoshiarpur]]
| GEN
| [[Avinash Rai Khanna]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,89,815
| Darshan Singh Mattu
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 1,85,444
| 1,04,371
|-
| 7
| [[Ropar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ropar]]
| (SC)
| [[Sukhdev Singh Libra]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,47,631
| [[Shamsher Singh Dullo]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,13,994
| 33,637
|-
| 8
| [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| GEN
| [[Preneet Kaur]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,09,917
| Kanwaljit Singh
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,86,250
| 23,667
|-
| 9
| [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]]
| GEN
| [[Sharanjit Singh Dhillon]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,29,234
| [[Manish Tewari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,99,694
| 29,540
|-
| 10
| [[Sangrur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sangrur]]
| GEN
| [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 2,86,828
| Arvind Khanna
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,59,551
| 27,277
|-
| 11
| [[Bathinda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhatinda]]
| (SC)
| [[Paramjit Kaur Gulshan]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,23,394
| Kaushalya Chaman Bhaura
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 2,60,752
| 62,642
|-
| 12
| [[Faridkot (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faridkot]]
| GEN
| [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 4,75,928
| Karan Kaur Brar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,40,649
| 1,35,279
|-
| 13
| [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ferozepur]]
| GEN
| [[Zora Singh Maan]]
| bgcolor=#BD710F|
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
| 3,57,102
| [[Jagmeet Singh Brar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,45,563
| 11,539
|-
! rowspan="25" |[[Rajasthan]]
| 1
| [[Ganganagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ganganagar]]
| (SC)
| [[Nihalchand|Nihalchand Meghwal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,31,475
| [[Bharat Ram Meghwal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,24,082
| 7,393
|-
| 2
| [[Bikaner (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bikaner]]
| GEN
| [[Dharmendra]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 5,17,802
| [[Rameshwar Lal Dudi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,60,627
| 57,175
|-
| 3
| [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]]
| GEN
| [[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,00,718
| [[Balram Jakhar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,70,864
| 29,854
|-
| 4
| [[Jhunjhunu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhunjhunu]]
| GEN
| [[Sis Ram Ola]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,74,168
| [[Santosh Ahlawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,50,813
| 23,355
|-
| 5
| [[Sikar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikar]]
| GEN
| [[Subhash Maharia]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,67,546
| Narayan Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,12,863
| 54,683
|-
| 6
| [[Jaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaipur]]
| GEN
| [[Girdhari Lal Bhargava]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,80,730
| [[Pratap Singh Khachariyawas]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,73,544
| 1,07,186
|-
| 7
| [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]]
| GEN
| [[Sachin Pilot]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,69,935
| [[Kartar Singh Bhadana]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,55,070
| 1,14,865
|-
| 8
| [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]]
| GEN
| [[Karan Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,46,833
| [[Mahant Chandnath]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,38,462
| 8,371
|-
| 9
| [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur]]
| GEN
| [[Vishvendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,19,904
| Ved Prakash
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,08,555
| 1,11,349
|-
| 10
| [[Bayana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bayana]]
| (SC)
| [[Ramswaroop Koli]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,65,051
| Mahendra Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,05,427
| 59,624
|-
| 11
| [[Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sawai Madhopur]]
| (ST)
| [[Namo Narain Meena]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,67,553
| [[Jaskaur Meena]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,56,390
| 1,11,163
|-
| 12
| [[Ajmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ajmer]]
| GEN
| [[Rasa Singh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,14,788
| Haji Habibur Rehman
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,86,812
| 1,27,976
|-
| 13
| [[Tonk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tonk]]
| (SC)
| [[Kailash Chandra Meghwal|Kailash Meghwal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,15,717
| Nand Kishore Bairwa
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,57,205
| 58,512
|-
| 14
| [[Kota (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kota]]
| GEN
| [[Raghuveer Singh Koshal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,98,314
| Hari Mohan Sharma
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,26,536
| 71,778
|-
| 15
| [[Jhalawar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhalawar]]
| GEN
| [[Dushyant Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,03,845
| Sanjay Gurjar
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,22,266
| 81,579
|-
| 16
| [[Banswara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banswara]]
| (ST)
| [[Dhan Singh Rawat (Rajasthan politician)|Dhan Singh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,69,239
| Prabhulal Rawat
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,47,556
| 21,683
|-
| 17
| [[Salumber (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salumber]]
| (ST)
| [[Mahaveer Bhagora]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,81,659
| [[Bheru Lal Meena]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,56,885
| 24,774
|-
| 18
| [[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]]
| GEN
| [[Kiran Maheshwari]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,98,059
| [[Girija Vyas]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,23,184
| 74,875
|-
| 19
| [[Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chittorgarh]]
| GEN
| [[Shrichand Kriplani]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,75,385
| Vishwa Vijay Singh
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,39,615
| 1,35,770
|-
| 20
| [[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara]]
| GEN
| [[V. P. Singh Badnore]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,17,292
| Kailash Vyas
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,56,640
| 60,652
|-
| 21
| [[Pali (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pali]]
| GEN
| [[Pusp Jain]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,64,114
| Surendra Kumar Surana
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,00,876
| 63,238
|-
| 22
| [[Jalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalore]]
| (SC)
| [[Susheela Laxman Bangaru|Bangaru Susheela]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,21,255
| [[Buta Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,82,063
| 39,192
|-
| 23
| [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barmer]]
| GEN
| [[Manvendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 6,31,851
| [[Sona Ram|Sonaram Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,59,963
| 2,71,888
|-
| 24
| [[Jodhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jodhpur]]
| GEN
| [[Jaswant Singh Bishnoi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 4,34,352
| [[Badri Ram Jakhar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,91,857
| 42,495
|-
| 25
| [[Nagaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaur]]
| GEN
| [[Bhanwar Singh Dangawas]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,84,657
| Ram Raghunath Choudhary
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2,14,030
| 70,627
|-
! [[Sikkim]]
| 1
| [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| GEN
| [[Nakul Das Rai]]
| bgcolor=#FFFC06|
| [[Sikkim Democratic Front]]
| 1,53,409
| [[Biraj Adhikari]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 60,258
| 93,151
|-
! rowspan="39" |[[Tamil Nadu]]
| 1
| [[Chennai North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras North]]
| GEN
| [[C. Kuppusami]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 5,70,122
|Sukumar Nambiar. M N
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3,16,583
|2,53,539
|-
| 2
| [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras Central]]
| GEN
| [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,16,329
| Balaganga N
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 1,82,151
| 1,34,178
|-
| 3
| [[Chennai South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madras South]]
| GEN
| [[T. R. Baalu]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 5,64,578
| Bader Sayeed
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,43,838
| 2,20,740
|-
| 4
| [[Sriperumbudur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sriperumbudur]]
| (SC)
| [[A. Krishnaswamy]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 5,17,617
| P. Venugopal
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,82,271
| 2,35,346
|-
| 5
| [[Chengalpattu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chengalpattu]]
| GEN
|[[A. K. Moorthy]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 4,31,643
| K.N. Ramachandra
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,82,919
| 1,48,724
|-
| 6
| [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arakkonam]]
| GEN
|[[R. Velu]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 3,86,911
| Shanmugam N.
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,84,715
| 1,02,196
|-
| 7
| [[Vellore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vellore]]
| GEN
|[[K. M. Kader Mohideen]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,36,642
| Santhanam. A
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,58,032
| 1,78,610
|-
| 8
| [[Tirupattur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirupattur]]
| GEN
| [[D. Venugopal]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,53,786
| Subramani. K. G
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,72,884
| 1,80,902
|-
| 9
| [[Vandavasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vandavasi]]
| GEN
|[[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
| bgcolor=#996699|
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,94,903
| R Rajalakshmi
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,43,470
| 1,51,433
|-
| 10
| [[Tindivanam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tindivanam]]
| GEN
|[[K. Dhanaraju]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 3,67,849
| Arunmozhithevan. A
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,76,685
| 91,164
|-
| 11
| [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cuddalore]]
| GEN
| [[K. Venkatapathy]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,00,059
| Rajendran. R
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,68,707
| 1,31,352
|-
| 12
| [[Chidambaram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chidambaram]]
| (SC)
| [[E. Ponnuswamy]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 3,43,424
| [[Thol. Thirumavalavan]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| 2,55,773
| 87,651
|-
| 13
| [[Dharmapuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dharmapuri]]
| GEN
| [[R. Senthil]]
| bgcolor=#99FF00|
| [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| 3,97,540
| [[P. D. Elangovan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,81,450
| 2,16,090
|-
| 14
| [[Krishnagiri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagiri]]
| GEN
| [[E. G. Sugavanam]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,03,297
| Nanje Gowdu. K
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,84,075
| 1,19,222
|-
| 15
| [[Rasipuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rasipuram]]
| (SC)
| [[K. Rani (politician)|K. Rani]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,84,170
| Anbalagan. S
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,49,637
| 1,34,533
|-
| 16
| [[Salem (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salem]]
| GEN
|[[K. V. Thangkabalu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,44,591
| Rajasekaran. A
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,68,964
| 1,75,627
|-
| 17
| [[Tiruchengode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchengode]]
| GEN
|[[Subbulakshmi Jagadeesan]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|5,01,569
| [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|3,22,172
|1,79,397
|-
| 18
| [[Nilgiris (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nilgiris]]
| GEN
| [[R. Prabhu]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,94,121
| [[Master Mathan|M Master Mathan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,57,619
| 2,36,502
|-
| 19
| [[Gobichettipalayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gobichettipalayam]]
| GEN
| [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,26,826
| N. R Govindarajar
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,12,349
| 2,14,477
|-
| 20
| [[Coimbatore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Coimbatore]]
| GEN
| [[K. Subbarayan]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 5,04,981
| [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 3,40,476
| 1,64,505
|-
| 21
| [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pollachi]]
| (SC)
|[[C. Krishnan (MDMK politician)|C. Krishnan]]
| bgcolor=#996699|
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,64,988
| Murugan. G
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,44,067
| 1,20,921
|-
| 22
| [[Palani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palani]]
| GEN
| [[S. K. Kharventhan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,48,900
| Kishore Kumar. K
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,17,407
| 2,31,493
|-
| 23
| [[Dindigul (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dindigul]]
| GEN
|[[N. S. V. Chitthan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,07,116
| Jeyaraman. M
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,51,945
| 1,55,171
|-
| 24
| [[Madurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madurai]]
| GEN
| [[P. Mohan (Madurai politician)|P. Mohan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,14,433
| [[A. K. Bose]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,81,593
| 1,32,840
|-
| 25
| [[Periyakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Periyakulam]]
| GEN
|[[J. M. Aaroon Rashid]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,46,851
| [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,25,696
| 21,155
|-
| 26
| [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karur]]
| GEN
|[[K. C. Palanisamy (DMK politician)|K. C. Palanisamy]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,50,407
| Palanichamy Raja. N
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,59,531
| 1,90,876
|-
| 27
| [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli]]
| GEN
| [[L. Ganesan]]
| bgcolor=#996699|
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,50,907
| [[M. Paranjothi]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,34,182
| 2,16,725
|-
| 28
| [[Perambalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Perambalur]]
| (SC)
| [[Andimuthu Raja|A. Raja]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,89,708
| [[M. Sundaram]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,36,375
| 1,53,333
|-
| 29
| [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayiladuthurai]]
| GEN
|[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,11,160
| [[O. S. Manian]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,15,469
| 1,95,691
|-
| 30
| [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
| (SC)
|[[A. K. S. Vijayan]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,63,389
| Archunan. P J
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,47,166
| 2,16,223
|-
| 31
| [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur]]
| GEN
| [[S. S. Palanimanickam]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,00,986
| Thangamuthu. K
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,81,838
| 1,19,148
|-
| 32
| [[Pudukkottai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pudukkottai]]
| GEN
| [[S. Regupathy]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,66,133
| Ravichandran. A
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,09,637
| 1,56,496
|-
| 33
| [[Sivaganga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivaganga]]
| GEN
| [[P. Chidambaram]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 4,00,393
| Karuppiah. S P
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,37,668
| 1,62,725
|-
| 34
| [[Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ramanathapuram]]
| GEN
| [[M. S. K. Bhavani Rajenthiran]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,35,287
| Murugesan. C
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,25,337
| 1,09,950
|-
| 35
| [[Sivakasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sivakasi]]
| GEN
| [[A. Ravichandran]]
| bgcolor=#996699|
| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 4,69,072
| Kannan. P
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,04,555
| 1,64,517
|-
| 36
| [[Tirunelveli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tirunelveli]]
| GEN
| [[R. Dhanuskodi Athithan]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 3,70,127
| Amirtha Ganesan R
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,03,052
| 1,67,075
|-
| 37
| [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]]
| (SC)
| [[M. Appadurai]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 3,48,000
| [[S. Murugesan (AIADMK politician)|S. Murugesan]]
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,25,824
| 1,22,176
|-
| 38
| [[Tiruchendur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchendur]]
| GEN
| [[V. Radhika Selvi]]
| bgcolor=#DD1100|
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 3,94,484
| Thamodaran. T
| bgcolor=#007500|
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| 2,12,803
| 1,81,681
|-
| 39
| [[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]]
| GEN
| [[A. V. Bellarmin]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,10,091
| [[Pon Radhakrishnan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 2,45,797
| 1,64,294
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Tripura]]
| 1
| [[Tripura West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura West]]
| GEN
| [[Khagen Das]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,96,843
| Nirmala Dasgupta
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 1,12,207
| 3,84,636
|-
| 2
| [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| (ST)
| [[Baju Ban Riyan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| 4,14,230
| Pulin Bihari Dewan
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| 1,03,494
| 3,10,736
|-
! rowspan="80" |[[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 1
| [[Bijnor (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bijnor]]
| (SC)
|[[Munshiram Singh]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|3,01,599
|Ghan Shyam Chandr Kharwar
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,21,424
|80,175
|-
| 2
|[[Amroha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amroha]]
|GEN
|[[Harish Nagpal]]
| bgcolor=#D3D3D3|
| [[Independent Politician|Independent]]
|2,87,522
|[[Mahmood Madani]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|2,69,638
|17,884
|-
| 3
|[[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]]
|Gen
|[[Shafiqur Rahman Barq]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,18,079
|[[Chandra Vijay Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,82,239
|35,840
|-
| 4
|[[Rampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rampur]]
|Gen
|[[Jaya Prada]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,89,390
|[[Noor Bano (politician)|Begum Noor Bano]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2,039,16
|85,474
|-
| 5
|[[Sambhal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sambhal]]
|Gen
|[[Ram Gopal Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|3,57,049
|Tarannum Aqeel
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,58,988
|1,98,061
|-
| 6
|[[Badaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Budaun]]
|Gen
|[[Saleem Iqbal Shervani]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,65,713
|Brijpal Singh Shakya
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,14,391
|51,322
|-
| 7
|[[Aonla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aonla]]
|Gen
|[[Sarvraj Singh|Kunwar Sarvraj Singh]]
| bgcolor=#003366|
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|1,53,322
|Raj Veer Singh
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,46,451
|6,871
|-
| 8
|[[Bareilly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bareilly]]
|Gen
|[[Santosh Gangwar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,69,651
|Akbar Ahmad Dumpy
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,10,007
|59,644
|-
| 9
|[[Pilibhit (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pilibhit]]
|Gen
|[[Maneka Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,55,615
|Satyapal Gangwar
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,52,895
|1,02,720
|-
| 10
|[[Shahjahanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shahjahanpur]]
|Gen
|[[Jitin Prasada]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2,20,763
|[[Rammurti Singh Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,38,931
|81,832
|-
| 11
|[[Kheri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kheri]]
|Gen
|[[Ravi Prakash Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,24,602
|Daud Ahmad
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,12,842
|11,760
|-
| 12
|[[Shahabad, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Shahabad]]
|Gen
|[[Iliyas Azmi]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,10,171
|Satya Dev Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,63,802
|46,369
|-
| 13
|[[Sitapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitapur]]
|Gen
|[[Rajesh Verma (Sitapur politician)|Rajesh Verma]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,71,733
|Mukhtar Anees
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,66,499
|5,234
|-
| 14
|[[Misrikh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Misrikh]]
|(SC)
|[[Ashok Kumar Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,07,062
|[[Sushila Saroj]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,87,659
|19,403
|-
| 15
|[[Hardoi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hardoi]]
|(SC)
|[[Usha Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,03,445
|Shiv Prasad Verma
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,64,242
|39,203
|-
| 16
|[[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lucknow]]
|Gen
|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3,24,714
|[[Madhu Gupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,06,339
|2,18,375
|-
| 17
|[[Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mohanlalganj]]
|(SC)
|[[Jai Prakash]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,48,578
|Radhe Lal
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,46,010
|2,568
|-
| 18
|[[Unnao (Lok Sabha constituency)|Unnao]]
|GEN
|[[Brajesh Pathak]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,78,366
|Deepak Kumar
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,60,605
|17,761
|-
| 19
|[[Raebareli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raebareli]]
|GEN
|[[Sonia Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|3,78,107
|[[Ashok Singh (politician, born 1955)|Ashok Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,28,342
|2,49,765
|-
| 20
|[[Pratapgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pratapgarh]]
|GEN
|[[Akshay Pratap Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,38,137
|[[Ratna Singh|Rajkumari Ratna Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,68,865
|69,272
|-
| 21
|[[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]]
|GEN
|[[Rahul Gandhi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|3,90,179
|Chandra Parkash Mishra
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|99,326
|2,90,853
|-
| 22
|[[Sultanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sultanpur]]
|GEN
|[[Mohammad Tahir Khan]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,61,564
|Shailendra Pratap Singh
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,59,754
|1,01,810
|-
| 23
|[[Ambedkar Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Akbarpur]]
|(SC)
|[[Mayawati]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|3,25,019
|[[Shankhlal Majhi|Shankh Lal Manjhi]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,66,750
|58,269
|-
| 24
|[[Faizabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Faizabad]]
|GEN
|[[Mitrasen Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,07,285
|[[Lallu Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,73,799
|33,486
|-
| 25
|[[Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bara Banki]]
|(SC)
|[[Kamla Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,96,370
|[[Ram Sagar Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,75,448
|20,922
|-
| 26
|[[Kaiserganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kaiserganj]]
|GEN
|[[Beni Prasad Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,19,920
|[[Arif Mohammad Khan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,07,260
|12,660
|-
| 27
|[[Bahraich (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bahraich]]
|GEN
|[[Rubab Sayda]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,88,949
|Bhagat Ram Mishra
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,62,615
|26,334
|-
| 28
|[[Balrampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balrampur]]
|GEN
|[[Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,70,941
|[[Rizwan Zaheer]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,18,328
|52,613
|-
| 29
|[[Gonda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gonda]]
|GEN
|[[Kirti Vardhan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,51,947
|Ghan Shyam Shukla
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,14,949
|36,998
|-
|30
|[[Basti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basti]]
|(SC)
|[[Lal Mani Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,55,223
|[[Sriram Chauhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,29,849
|25,374
|-
|31
|[[Domariyaganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Domariaganj]]
|GEN
|[[Mohammed Muqueem]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,02,544
|[[Jagdambika Pal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,49,642
|52,902
|-
|32
|[[Khalilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khalilabad]]
|GEN
|[[Bhalchandra Yadava]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,34,712
|[[Bhishma Shankar Tiwari]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,07,689
|27,023
|-
|33
|[[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bansgaon]]
|(SC)
|[[Mahaveer Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,80,388
|Sadal Prasad
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,63,947
|16,441
|-
|34
|[[Gorakhpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gorakhpur]]
|GEN
|[[Yogi Adityanath]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3,53,647
|[[Jamuna Nishad|Jamuna Prasad Nishad]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,11,608
|1,42,039
|-
|35
|[[Maharajganj (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj]]
|GEN
|[[Pankaj Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,28,702
|Akhilesh Singh
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,63,903
|64,799
|-
|36
|[[Padrauna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Padrauna]]
|GEN
|[[Baleshwar Yadav (politician)|Baleshwar Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#908007|
| [[National Loktantrik Party]]
|2,06,850
|[[Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh|R. P. N. Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,98,428
|8,422
|-
|37
|[[Deoria (Lok Sabha constituency)|Deoria]]
|GEN
|[[Mohan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,37,664
|[[Prakash Mani Tripathi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,85,438
|52,226
|-
|38
|[[Salempur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Salempur]]
|GEN
|[[Hari Kewal Prasad|Harikeval Prasad]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,95,570
|[[Bholanath and Devendra Pandey|Bhola Pandey]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,79,317
|16,253
|-
|39
|[[Ballia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ballia]]
|GEN
| [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
|2,70,136
|Kapildeo Yadav
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,89,082
|81,054
|-
|40
|[[Ghosi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghosi]]
|GEN
| [[Chandradeo Prasad Rajbhar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,01,468
|Bal Krishna
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,80,456
|21,012
|-
|41
|[[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Azamgarh]]
|GEN
| [[Ramakant Yadav (politician)|Ramakant Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,58,216
|[[Durga Prasad Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,51,248
|6,968
|-
|42
|[[Lalganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Lalganj]]
|(SC)
| [[Daroga Prasad Saroj]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,83,473
|[[Bali Ram]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,40,742
|42,731
|-
|43
|[[Machhlishahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Machhlishahr]]
|GEN
|[[Umakant Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,37,438
|Chandra Nath Singh
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,82,056
|55,382
|-
|44
|[[Jaunpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jaunpur]]
|GEN
|[[Parasnath Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,19,614
|Om Prakash Dubey
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,92,489
|27,125
|-
|45
|[[Saidpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saidpur]]
|(SC)
|[[Tufani Saroj]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,31,989
|R A Prasad
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,02,179
|29,810
|-
|46
|[[Ghazipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghazipur]]
|GEN
|[[Afzal Ansari]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|4,15,687
|[[Manoj Sinha]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,88,910
|2,26,777
|-
|47
|[[Chandauli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandauli]]
|GEN
|[[Kailash Nath Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,04,625
|[[Ananda Ratna Maurya]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,02,956
|1,669
|-
|48
|[[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]]
|GEN
|[[Rajesh Kumar Mishra (born 1950)|Rajesh Kumar Mishra]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2,06,904
|[[Shankar Prasad Jaiswal]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,49,468
|57,436
|-
|49
|[[Robertsganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Robertsganj]]
|(SC)
|[[Lalchandra|Lal Chandra Kol]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,89,521
|[[Pakaudi Lal Kol]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,79,159
|10,362
|-
|50
|[[Mirzapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mirzapur]]
|GEN
|[[Narendra Kumar Kushwaha]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,01,942
|[[Virendra Singh (Mirzapur)|Virendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,65,530
|36,412
|-
|51
|[[Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Phulpur]]
|GEN
|[[Atique Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,65,432
|[[Keshari Devi Patel]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,01,085
|64,347
|-
|52
|[[Allahabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Allahabad]]
|GEN
|[[Rewati Raman Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,34,008
|[[Murli Manohar Joshi]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,05,625
|28,383
|-
|53
|[[Chail (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chail]]
|(SC)
|[[Shailendra Kumar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,96,206
|Vachaspati
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,95,576
|630
|-
|54
|[[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]]
|GEN
|[[Mahendra Prasad Nishad]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,63,568
|Achal Singh
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,11,000
|52,568
|-
|55
|[[Banda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banda]]
|GEN
|[[Shyama Charan Gupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,85,099
|[[Ram Sajeevan]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,28,795
|56,304
|-
|56
|[[Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency)|Hamirpur]]
|GEN
|[[Rajnarayan Budholiya]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,20,917
|[[Ashok Kumar Singh Chandel]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,83,763
|37,154
|-
|57
|[[Jhansi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhansi]]
|GEN
|[[Chandrapal Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,38,782
|Babu Lal Kushwaha
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,12,483
|26,299
|-
|58
|[[Jalaun (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalaun]]
|(SC)
|[[Bhanu Pratap Singh Verma]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,95,228
|[[Ghanshyam Anuragi]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,68,437
|26,791
|-
|59
|[[Ghatampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatampur]]
|(SC)
|[[Radhey Shyam Kori]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,60,117
|[[Pyare Lal Sankhwar]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,49,805
|10,312
|-
|60
|[[Bilhaur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bilhaur]]
|GEN
|[[Raja Ram Pal]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,23,195
|Lal Singh Tomar
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,98,793
|24,412
|-
|61
|[[Kanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanpur]]
|GEN
|[[Sriprakash Jaiswal]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2,11,109
|[[Satyadev Pachauri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,98,793
|12,316
|-
|62
|[[Etawah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etawah]]
|GEN
|[[Raghuraj Singh Shakya]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|3,67,807
|[[Sarita Bhadauria]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,77,650
|1,90,157
|-
|63
|[[Kannauj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannauj]]
|GEN
|[[Akhilesh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|4,64,367
|Thakur Rajesh Singh
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,56,994
|3,07,373
|-
|64
|[[Farrukhabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Farrukhabad]]
|GEN
|[[Chandra Bhushan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,76,129
|Louise Khurshid
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,73,384
|2,745
|-
|65
|[[Mainpuri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mainpuri]]
|GEN
|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|4,60,470
|Ashok Shakya
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,22,600
|3,37,870
|-
|66
|[[Jalesar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalesar]]
|GEN
|[[S. P. Singh Baghel]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,87,091
|Pratyendra Pal Singh
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,81,023
|1,06,068
|-
|67
|[[Etah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Etah]]
|GEN
|[[Devendra Singh Yadav]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,76,156
|Ashok Ratan Shakya
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,24,821
|51,335
|-
|68
|[[Firozabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozabad]]
|(SC)
|[[Ram Ji Lal Suman]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,12,383
|Kishori Lal Mahaur
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,57,595
|54,788
|-
|69
|[[Agra (Lok Sabha constituency)|Agra]]
|GEN
|[[Raj Babbar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|2,43,094
|Murari Lal Mittal
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,85,752
|57,342
|-
|70
|[[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathura]]
|GEN
|[[Manvendra Singh (Mathura politician)|Manvendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,87,400
|[[Chaudhary Laxmi Narayan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,49,268
|38,132
|-
|71
|[[Hathras (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hathras]]
|(SC)
|[[Kishan Lal Diler]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,75,049
|Ram Vir Singh Bhaiyaji
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,52,212
|22,837
|-
|72
|[[Aligarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aligarh]]
|GEN
|[[Bijendra Singh]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,67,142
|[[Sheela Gautam]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,64,351
|2,791
|-
|73
|[[Khurja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khurja]]
|(SC)
|[[Ashok Kumar Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,14,701
|Ravi Gautam
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,73,551
|41,150
|-
|74
|[[Bulandshahr (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bulandshahr]]
|GEN
|[[Kalyan Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,58,284
|Badrul Islam
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|2,41,633
|16,651
|-
|75
|[[Hapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hapur]]
|GEN
|[[Surendra Prakash Goel]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2,35,114
|[[Ramesh Chand Tomar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,92,751
|42,363
|-
|76
|[[Meerut (Lok Sabha constituency)|Meerut]]
|GEN
|[[Mohammed Shahid Akhlaq]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2,52,518
|[[Malook Nagar]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|1,83,182
|69,336
|-
|77
|[[Baghpat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baghpat]]
|GEN
|[[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|3,53,181
|Aulad Ali
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,32,543
|2,20,638
|-
|78
|[[Muzaffarnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Muzaffarnagar]]
|GEN
|[[Chaudhary Munawwar Hasan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|3,06,225
|[[Amar Pal Singh]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,37,220
|69,005
|-
|79
|[[Kairana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kairana]]
|GEN
|[[Anuradha Choudhary]]
| bgcolor=#330066|
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
|5,23,923
|Shahnawaz
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,81,509
|3,42,414
|-
|80
|[[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saharanpur]]
|GEN
|[[Rasheed Masood]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|3,53,272
|[[Mansoor Ali Khan (politician)|Mansoor Ali Khan]]
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|3,26,444
|26,828
|-
! rowspan="5"|[[Uttarakhand]]
|1
|[[Tehri Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tehri Garhwal]]
|GEN
|[[Manabendra Shah]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,67,395
|[[Vijay Bahuguna]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2,49,949
|17,446
|-
|2
|[[Garhwal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Garhwal]]
|GEN
|[[B. C. Khanduri]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,57,726
|[[Tejpal Singh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2,06,764
|50,962
|-
|3
|[[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)|Almora]]
|GEN
|[[Bachi Singh Rawat]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,25,742
|Renuka Rawat
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2,15,690
|10,052
|-
|4
|[[Nainital (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital]]
|GEN
|[[K. C. Singh Baba]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|2,75,658
|Vijay Bansal
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,26,474
|49,184
|-
|5
|[[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haridwar]]
|(SC)
|[[Rajendra Kumar Badi]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Samajwadi Party]]
|1,57,331
|Bhagwan Das
| bgcolor=#22409A|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|1,19,672
|37,659
|-
! rowspan="42"|[[West Bengal]]
|1
|[[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
|(SC)
|[[Hiten Barman]]
| bgcolor=#800080|
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|4,90,982
|Girindra Nath Barman
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,64,413
|2,26,569
|-
|2
|[[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]
|(ST)
|[[Joachim Baxla]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|3,84,252
|[[Manoj Tigga]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,39,128
|1,45,124
|-
|3
|[[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
|GEN
|[[Minati Sen]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,24,163
|Parash Datta
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,43,558
|1,80,605
|-
|4
|[[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
|GEN
|[[Dawa Narbula]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|3,96,973
|Moni Thapa
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|2,95,557
|1,01,416
|-
|5
|[[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
|GEN
|[[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|4,21,904
|Minati Ghosh
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|3,82,757
|39,147
|-
|6
|[[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat]]
|(SC)
|[[Ranen Barman]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|4,15,298
|Manomohan Ray
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3,44,152
|71,146
|-
|7
|[[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
|GEN
|[[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|4,12,913
|Pranab Das
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|3,01,805
|1,11,108
|-
|8
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
|GEN
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|4,31,647
|[[Abul Hasnat Khan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|3,94,787
|36,860
|-
|9
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
|GEN
|[[Abdul Mannan Hossain]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|4,61,895
|[[Moinul Hassan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,46,415
|15,480
|-
|10
|[[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
|GEN
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|5,08,095
|[[Promothes Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|4,09,194
|98,901
|-
|11
|[[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnagar]]
|GEN
|[[Jyotirmoyee Sikdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|3,97,561
|[[Satyabrata Mookherjee]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3,77,174
|20,387
|-
|12
|[[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]]
|(SC)
|[[Alakesh Das]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5,60,176
|Nilima Nag
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|5,50,185
|9,991
|-
|13
|[[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
|GEN
|[[Subrata Bose]]
| bgcolor=#800080|
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|5,20,384
|[[Ranjit Kumar Panja]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|5,08,224
|12,160
|-
|14
|[[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
|GEN
|[[Ajay Chakraborty]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|4,62,605
|[[Sujit Bose (politician)|Sujit Bose]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,80,521
|1,82,084
|-
|15
|[[Jaynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Joynagar]]
|(SC)
|[[Sanat Kumar Mandal]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|4,50,043
|Asit Baran Thakur
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,19,522
|2,30,521
|-
|16
|[[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
|(SC)
|[[Basudeb Barman]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,40,862
|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanick]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|3,58,834
|82,028
|-
|17
|[[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
|GEN
|[[Samik Lahiri]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,30,890
|[[Saugata Roy]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,77,106
|1,53,784
|-
|18
|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
|GEN
|[[Sujan Chakraborty]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5,05,396
|[[Krishna Bose]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|4,15,728
|89,668
|-
|19
|[[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
|GEN
|[[Tarit Baran Topdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,43,048
|[[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)|Arjun Singh]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,77,977
|1,65,071
|-
|20
|[[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|GEN
|[[Amitava Nandy]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|6,19,325
|[[Tapan Sikdar]]
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|5,21,073
|98,252
|-
|21
|[[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
|GEN
|[[Sudhangshu Seal]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1,51,772
|[[Subrata Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|1,08,768
|43,004
|-
|22
|[[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
|GEN
|[[Mohammed Salim (politician)|Mohammed Salim]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|2,84,427
|[[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,10,647
|73,780
|-
|23
|[[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
|GEN
|[[Mamata Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|3,93,561
|[[Rabin Deb]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|2,95,132
|98,429
|-
|24
|[[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
|GEN
|[[Swadesh Chakraborty]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,89,444
|[[Bikram Sarkar]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,42,507
|2,46,937
|-
|25
|[[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
|GEN
|[[Hannan Mollah]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,24,749
|[[Rajib Banerjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,72,634
|1,52,115
|-
|26
|[[Srerampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
|GEN
|[[Santasri Chatterjee]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,04,082
|Akbar Ali Khandoker
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,72,634
|1,31,448
|-
|27
|[[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
|GEN
|[[Rupchand Pal]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,96,890
|[[Indrani Mukherjee]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|3,29,924
|1,66,966
|-
|28
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
|GEN
|[[Anil Basu]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|7,44,464
|Swapan Kumar Nandi
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|1,51,962
|5,92,502
|-
|29
|[[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
|GEN
|[[Gurudas Dasgupta]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|5,41,513
|Hema Choubey
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,62,035
|2,79,478
|-
|30
|[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|GEN
|[[Lakshman Chandra Seth]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5,07,228
|[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|4,49,848
|57,380
|-
|31
|[[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
|GEN
|[[Prasanta Pradhan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,64,743
|[[Nitish Sengupta]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|4,05,553
|59,190
|-
|32
|[[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
|GEN
|[[Prabodh Panda]]
| bgcolor=#FF4A4A|
| [[Communist Party of India]]
|4,80,034
|Rahul Sinha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|3,19,274
|1,60,760
|-
|33
|[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
|(ST)
|[[Rupchand Murmu]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5,09,045
|Nityananda Hembram
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|1,57,702
|3,51,343
|-
|34
|[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|GEN
|[[Bir Singh Mahato]]
| bgcolor=#800080|
| [[All India Forward Bloc]]
|3,41,057
|Shantiram Mahato
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,95,339
|1,45,718
|-
|35
|[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|GEN
|[[Basudeb Acharia]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,17,798
|Deb Prasad Kundu
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|1,87,469
|2,30,329
|-
|36
|[[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur]]
|(SC)
|[[Susmita Bauri]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5,18,507
|Janardan Saha
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|1,86,678
|3,31,829
|-
|37
|[[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur]]
|(SC)
|[[Sunil Khan]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5,05,250
|Shib Narayan Saha
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,27,742
|2,77,508
|-
|38
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|GEN
|[[Bikash Chowdhury]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|3,69,832
|[[Moloy Ghatak]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|2,45,514
|1,24,318
|-
|39
|[[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
|GEN
|[[Nikhilananda Sar]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|6,73,091
|Anindya Gopal Mitra
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,01,740
|4,71,351
|-
|40
|[[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
|GEN
|[[Mahboob Zahedi]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|4,94,716
|[[Sultan Ahmed (Indian politician)|Sultan Ahmed]]
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|351367
|143,349
|-
|41
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|GEN
|[[Somnath Chatterjee]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|5,04,836
|Nirmal Kumar Maji
| bgcolor=#3CB371|
| [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
|1,94,531
|3,10,305
|-
|42
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
|(SC)
|[[Ram Chandra Dome]]
| bgcolor=#FF0000|
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|3,72,294
|Gopal Chandra Das
| bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|1,80,682
|1,91,612

|}

==See also==
*[[Results of the 2009 Indian general election by parliamentary constituency]]
*[[Results of the 2004 Indian general election by party]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2004 Indian general election by state or union territory| ]]
[[Category:Results of general elections in India]]
[[Category:2004 Indian general election]]

2009–10 Bangladesh Tri-Series

2026-04-29T21:05:26Z

KraigYee56:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series=Tri-Series in Bangladesh in 2010
|image=
|caption=
|date=4–13 January 2010
|place=[[Bangladesh]]
|result= Won by {{cr|SRI}}
|player of series=[[Kumar Sangakkara]] (SL)
|team1={{cr|IND}}
|team2={{cr|BAN}}
|team3={{cr|SRI}}
|captain1=[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
|captain2=[[Shakib Al Hasan]]
|captain3=[[Kumar Sangakkara]]
|runs1= [[Virat Kohli]] (275)
|runs2= [[Mahmudullah]] (193)
|runs3= [[Sangakkara]] (274)
|wickets1= [[Harbhajan Singh]] (6)
|wickets2= [[Naeem Islam]] (3)
|wickets3= [[Chanaka Welegedara]] (8)
|previous= [[Tri-Series in Bangladesh in 2008–09|2009]]
|next=[[2017–18 Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series|2018]]
}}

The '''Tri-Series in Bangladesh in 2010''' was a [[One Day International]] [[cricket]] tournament for the Idea Cup which was held in [[Bangladesh]] from 4 January to 13 January 2010. The tournament involved the national teams of [[India cricket team|India]], [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]].<ref name="triseries">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/content/series/434245.html?template=fixtures |title=Fixtures, Schedule |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The tournament was won by [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] who defeated [[India cricket team|India]] in the final match which was held on 13 January 2010.

==Background==
'''India''': Indian team's key batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]] opted out of the tournament in order to rest for the [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2009–10|tests against Bangladesh]] which were scheduled to be held after this tournament.<ref name="triseries1">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/content/story/441139.html |title=Tendulkar opts out of Bangladesh tri-series |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Tendulkar was replaced by [[Rohit Sharma]] in the 16-man squad. The fast bowlers [[Ishant Sharma]] and [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] were dropped and replaced by [[Sreesanth]] and [[Ashok Dinda]] and spinner [[Pragyan Ojha]] was replaced by [[Amit Mishra]].<ref name="triseries1"/>

'''Sri Lanka''': Sri Lanka made various changes to its side due to the poor performance of players such as [[Sanath Jayasuriya]], [[Chamara Kapugedera]], [[Lasith Malinga]] and [[Ajantha Mendis]] in the recently concluded [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2009–10|tour of India]] and injuries to players namely [[Mahela Jayawardene]], [[Angelo Mathews]] and bowlers [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] and [[Dilhara Fernando]].<ref name="triseries2">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/content/story/441711.html |title=Sri Lanka make sweeping changes for Bangladesh tri-series |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> However [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] suffered a groin injury in the first match against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] and missed the two successive matches of the tournament.<ref name="tri-series">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/content/story/442423.html |title=Dilshan to miss game against India due to groin injury |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Other players who suffered injuries were, [[Chamara Silva]] who fractured his thumb during the training and [[Muthumudalige Pushpakumara]] who injured his shoulder in the second match of the tournament against [[India cricket team|India]]. To fill the void in the squad, Sri Lanka brought [[Mahela Jayawardene]], [[Dinesh Chandimal]] and [[Mahela Udawatte]] into the team.<ref name="tri-series2">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/content/story/442767.html |title=Mahela Jayawardene arrives to bolster injury-hit squad |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

'''Bangladesh''': Bangladesh went into the tournament without their fast bowler, [[Mashrafe Mortaza]] who failed to recover from his knee injury. The [[Bangladesh]]i squad also featured two former [[Indian Cricket League|ICL]] players, opener [[Shahriar Nafees]] and batsman [[Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Aftab Ahmed]]. The squad also featured an uncapped player, [[Shafiul Islam]] who is a fast bowler.<ref name="triseries3">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/content/story/441851.html |title=Mashrafe Mortaza not picked for tri-series |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Just before the start of the tournament Bangladesh fast bowler [[Mohammad Nazmul Hossain|Nazmul Hossain]] was ruled out of the tri-series because of his injury and was replaced by [[Shahadat Hossain]] in the squad.<ref name="tri-series3">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/content/story/442036.html |title=Injured Nazmul Hossain out of tri-series |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Squads for the Tri-Series
| #
|[[Image:Flag of India.svg|39px]] [[India cricket team|India]]
|[[Image:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|54px]] [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]
|[[Image:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|45px]] [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]
|-
| 1
| [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] (Captain & WK)
| [[Kumar Sangakkara]] (Captain & WK)
| [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] (Captain & WK)
|-
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| 2
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Virender Sehwag]] (Vice-Captain)
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (Vice-Captain)
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Shakib Al Hasan]] (Vice-Captain)

|-
| 3
| [[Gautam Gambhir]]
| [[Upul Tharanga]]
| [[Mohammad Ashraful]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| 4
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Virat Kohli]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Thilan Samaraweera]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]]
|-
| 5
| [[Suresh Raina]]
| [[Thilina Kandamby]]
| [[Tamim Iqbal]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| 6
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Rohit Sharma]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Chamara Silva]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Syed Rasel]]
|-
| 7
| [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
| [[Lahiru Thirimanne]]
| [[Raqibul Hasan (cricketer, born 1987)|Raqibul Hasan]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| 8
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Harbhajan Singh]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Thissara Perera]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Mahmudullah]]
|-
| 9
| [[Zaheer Khan]]
| [[Muthumudalige Pushpakumara]]
| [[Shahadat Hossain]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| 10
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Ashish Nehra]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Malinga Bandara]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Naeem Islam]]
|-
| 11
| [[Yuvraj Singh]]
| [[Suraj Randiv]]
| [[Imrul Kayes]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| 12
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Sudeep Tyagi]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Thilan Thushara]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Rubel Hossain]]
|-
| 13
| [[Dinesh Karthik]]
| [[Suranga Lakmal]]
| [[Shafiul Islam]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| 14
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Sreesanth]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Nuwan Kulasekara]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Shahriar Nafees]]
|-
| 15
| [[Ashok Dinda]]
| [[Chanaka Welegedara]]
| [[Aftab Ahmed (Bangladeshi cricketer)|Aftab Ahmed]]
|-
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| 16
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"| [[Amit Mishra]]
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"|
| style="background-color:#F0E68C"|
|-
|}

==Matches==

===Group stage===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! width="40"|Pos
! width="120"|Team
! width="40"|P
! width="40"|W
! width="40"|L
! width="40"|NR
! width="40"|T
! width="60"|Points
! width="60"|[[Net run rate|NRR]]
! width="150"|For
! width="150"|Against
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 1 ||align="left"|{{cr|IND}}||4||3||1||0||0||13||+0.753||1039 (173.1 overs)||1039 (194.1 overs)
|- align="center" bgcolor="ccffcc"
| 2 ||align="left"|{{cr|SRI}}||4||3||1||0||0||12||-0.051||1009 (181.5 overs)||1002 (182.4 overs)
|- align="center" bgcolor="ffcccc"
| 3 ||align="left"|{{cr|BAN}}||4||0||4||0||0||0||-0.684||1052 (200.0 overs)||1059 (178.1 overs)
|-
|}

{|
|-
| style="background-color:#ccffcc; border:0.7px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;" |
| = Qualified for Finals ||
| style="background-color:#ffcccc; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; width:2em;" |
| = Did not qualify
|}

{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 4 January 2010 [[Day/Night cricket|D/N]]
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 260/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 261/3 (44.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Ashraful]] 75 (94)
| wickets1 = [[Suranga Lakmal]] 2/63 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] 104 (122)
| wickets2 = [[Mahmudullah]] 1/32 (6 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/match/434258.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] (Ban) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] (SL)
| rain =Points: Sri Lanka 4, Bangladesh 0.
*''Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.''
*''[[Shafiul Islam]] made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut for [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]].''
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 5 January 2010 [[Day/Night cricket|D/N]]
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 279/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 283/5 (48 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 74 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Chanaka Welegedara]] 5/66 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Thilan Samaraweera]] 105[[not out|*]] (106)
| wickets2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 3/47 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/current/match/434259.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Nadir Shah (umpire)|Nadir Shah]] (Ban) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Thilan Samaraweera]] (SL)
| rain = Points: Sri Lanka 4, India 0.
*''Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.''
*''[[Lahiru Thirimanne]] made his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut for [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].''
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 7 January 2010 [[Day/Night cricket|D/N]]
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 296/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 297/4 (47.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Imrul Kayes]] 70 (100)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 1/33 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 101[[not out|*]] (107)
| wickets2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 1/45 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/match/434260.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] (Ban) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] (Ind)
| rain = Points: India 4, Bangladesh 0.
*''Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.''
*''Bangladesh posted their highest total against a Test-playing nation, putting up a total of 296.''
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 8 January 2010 [[Day/Night cricket|D/N]]
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 249/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 252/1 (42.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 47 (75)
| wickets1 = [[Thissara Perera]] 2/32 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Upul Tharanga]] 118[[not out|*]] (126)
| wickets2 = [[Naeem Islam]] 1/35 (5 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/current/match/434261.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Upul Tharanga]] (SL)
| rain = Points: Sri Lanka 4, Bangladesh 0
*''Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.''
*''The opening partnership of 215 runs by [[Upul Tharanga]] and [[Mahela Jayawardene]] is the 3rd highest partnership for 1st wicket and 4th highest partnership for any wicket for Sri Lanka in [[One Day International|ODI]] [[cricket]].''
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 10 January 2010 [[Day/Night cricket|D/N]]
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 213 (46.1 overs)
| score2 = 214/2 (32.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Kumar Sangakkara]] 68 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 71[[not out|*]] (68)
| wickets2 = [[Thissara Perera]] 1/32 (5 overs)
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/match/434262.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] (Ban) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Zaheer Khan]] (Ind)
| rain = Points: India 5, Sri Lanka 0.
*''Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.''
}}
----
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 11 January 2010 [[Day/Night cricket|D/N]]
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 247/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 249/4 (43 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 85 (97)
| wickets1 = [[Ashish Nehra]] 2/58 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 102[[not out|*]] (95)
| wickets2 = [[Naeem Islam]] 2/35 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/current/match/434263.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind)
| rain = Points: India 4, Bangladesh 0.
*''India won the toss and elected to field.''
}}

===Final===
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 13 January 2010 [[Day/Night cricket|D/N]]
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 245 (48.2 overs)
| score2 = 249/6 (48.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Suresh Raina]] 106 (115)
| wickets1 = [[Nuwan Kulasekara]] 4/48 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mahela Jayawardene]] 71[[not out|*]] (81)
| wickets2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 2/41 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/current/match/434264.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]
| umpires = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] (Ban) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Nuwan Kulasekara]] (SL)
| rain = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
*''[[Virender Sehwag]] became the sixth Indian batsman to score over 7000 ODI runs.''
}}

==Tournament statistics==

===Team===

====Highest totals====

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" width="70%"
|+Highest team total ''(Top 5)''
! Score (Overs)
! Country
! Versus
! Venue
! Date
|-
| '''297'''-4 (47.3)
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 07-01-2010
|-
| '''296'''-6 (50)
| {{cr|BAN}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 07-01-2010
|-
| '''283'''-5 (48)
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 05-01-2010
|-
| '''279'''-9 (50)
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 05-01-2010
|-
| '''261'''-3 (44.5)
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 04-01-2010
|-
| colspan=5|Source: [http://stats.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=5598;type=tournament Cricinfo.com]
|}

===Batting===

====Most runs in the tournament====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Most runs ''(Top 5)''
! Player
! Team
! [[Cricket statistics#General statistics|M]]
! [[Innings (cricket)|I]]
! [[Not out|NO]]
! Total
! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]]
! [[Cricket statistics#Batting statistics|50s]]
! [[Cricket statistics#Batting statistics|100s]]
! [[Cricket statistics#Batting statistics|HS]]
! [[Strike rate#Batting strike rate|S/R]]
! 4s
! 6s
|-
| align="left"|[[Virat Kohli]] ||align="left"| {{cr|IND}} || 5 || 5 || 2 || '''275''' || align="right"| 91.0 || 2 || 1 ||align="right"| 102* || align="right"|96.49 ||28 ||align="right"|0
|-
| align="left"|[[Kumar Sangakkara]] || align="left"|{{cr|SRI}} || 5 || 5 || 1 || '''274''' || align="right"| 68.05 || 4 || 0 || align="right"| 74 || align="right"|92.56 ||33 || align="right"|0
|-
| align="left"|[[Suresh Raina]] || align="left"|{{cr|IND}} || 5 || 4 || 2 || '''210''' || align="right"| 105.0 || 1 || 1 || align="right"|106 || align="right"|94.59 ||20 || align="right"|2
|-
| align="left"|[[Mahmudullah]] ||align="left"| {{cr|BAN}} || 4 || 4 || 3 || '''193''' || align="right"| 48.5 || 2 || 0 || align="right"|64* || align="right"|98.46 ||18 ||align="right"|2
|-
| align="left"|[[Tillakaratne Dilshan]] || align="left"|{{cr|SRI}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || '''186''' || align="right"| 37.2 || 1 || 1 ||align="right"| 104 || align="right"|96.37 ||28 || align="right"|0
|-
| colspan=13 align="left"| ''Source: [http://stats.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5598;type=tournament Cricinfo.com]''
|}

====Highest individual scores====

{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest scores ''(Top 5)''
! Runs
! [[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
! Batsman
! Country
! Versus
! Venue
! Date
! Strike rate
|-
| '''118*'''
| 126
| [[Upul Tharanga]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 08-01-2010
| align="right"|93.65
|-
| '''108'''
| 117
| [[Mahela Jayawardene]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 08-01-2010
| align="right"|92.30
|-
| '''106'''
| 115
| [[Suresh Raina]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{cr|SRI}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 13-01-2010
| align="right"|92.17
|-
| '''105*'''
| 106
| [[Thilan Samaraweera]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 05-01-2010
| align="right"|99.05
|-
| '''104'''
| 122
| [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 04-01-2010
| align="right"|85.24
|-
|colspan=8|''Source: [http://stats.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=5598;type=tournament Cricinfo.com]''
|}

====Highest partnerships of the tournament====

{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest Partnerships ''(Top 5)''
! Runs (Balls)
! Wicket
! Partnerships
! Country
! Versus
! Venue
! Date
|-
| '''215''' (227)
| 1st
| [[Upul Tharanga]]/[[Mahela Jayawardene]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 08-01-2010
|-
| '''152''' (161)
| 4th
| [[Virat Kohli]]/[[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]]
| {{cr|IND}}
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 07-01-2010
|-
| '''148''' (152)
| 2nd
| [[Tillakaratne Dilshan]]/[[Kumar Sangakkara]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|BAN}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 04-01-2010
|-
| '''122''' (124)
| 3rd
| [[Kumar Sangakkara]]/[[Thilan Samaraweera]]
| {{cr|SRI}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 05-01-2010
|-
| '''106''' (128)
| 6th
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]]/[[Mahmudullah]]
| {{cr|BAN}}
| {{cr|IND}}
| [[Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium|Dhaka]]
| 11-01-2010
|-
|colspan=7|''Source: [http://stats.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?id=5598;type=tournament Cricinfo.com]''
|}

===Bowling===

====Most wickets in the tournament====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Most wickets ''(Top 5)''
! Player
! Team
! Matches
! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
! [[Over (cricket)|Mdns]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|Wkts]]
! [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|BBI]]
! [[Bowling average|Avg]]
! [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Econ]]
! [[Strike rate#Bowling strike rate|S/R]]
! [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|4wi]]
! [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|5wi]]
|-
| align="left"|[[Chanaka Welegedara]] || align="left"|{{cr|SRI}} || 4 || 33.4 || 2 || 209 || '''8''' || 5/66 || 26.12 ||6.20 || 25.2 || 0 || 1
|-
| align="left"|[[Nuwan Kulasekara]] || align="left"|{{cr|SRI}} || 3 || 30.0 || 2 || 142 || '''7''' || 4/48 || 20.28 || 4.73 || 25.7 || 1 || 0
|-
| align="left"|[[Thissara Perera]] || align="left"|{{cr|SRI}} || 4 || 29.2 || 1 || 140 || '''6''' || 2/27 || 23.33 || 4.77 || 29.3 || 0 || 0
|-
| align="left"|[[Harbhajan Singh]] || align="left"|{{cr|IND}} || 3 || 29.0 || 1 || 144 || '''6''' || 3/47 || 24.00 || 4.96 || 29.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| align="left"|[[Suraj Randiv]] || align="left"|{{cr|SRI}} || 5 || 45.0 || 1 || 193 || '''5''' || 2/40 || 38.60 || 4.28 || 54.0 || 0 || 0
|-
| colspan=13 align="left"|''Source: [http://stats.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=5598;type=tournament Cricinfo.com]''
|}

===Fielding===

====Most catches in the tournament====

{| class="wikitable"
|+Only players with 2 catches or more are listed
! Catches
! Player
! Team
! Matches
! Innings
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center"|'''4''' || [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cr|IND}} || align="center"|5|| 5
|-
| [[Thilan Samaraweera]] || {{cr|SRI}} || align="center"|5 || 5
|-
| rowspan=2 align="center"|'''3''' || [[Gautam Gambhir]] || {{cr|IND}} || align="center"|5 || 5
|-
| [[Suresh Raina]] || {{cr|IND}} || align="center"|5 || 5
|-
| rowspan=3 align="center"|'''2''' || [[Suranga Lakmal]] || {{cr|SRI}} || align="center"|3|| 3
|-
| [[Chanaka Welegedara]] || {{cr|SRI}} || align="center"|4|| 4
|-
| [[Yuvraj Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || align="center"|5|| 5
|-
|colspan=5|''Source: [http://stats.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?id=5598;type=tournament Cricinfo.com]''
|}

===Wicket-keeping===

====Most dismissals in the tournament====
{| class="wikitable"
! Dismissals (stumpings)
! Player
! Team
! Matches
! Innings
|-
| '''7''' (0) || [[Kumar Sangakkara]] || {{cr|SRI}} || align="center"|5||5
|-
| '''4''' (0) || [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] || {{cr|BAN}} || align="center"|4||4
|-
| '''3''' (1) || [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] || {{cr|IND}} || align="center"|5||5
|-
|colspan=5|''Source: [http://stats.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?id=5598;type=tournament Cricinfo.com]''
|}

==Media coverage==

===Television===
*[[NEO Cricket]] (live) - India, Hong Kong, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh
*[[Doordarshan]] (live) - India's matches only
*[[Zee Sports]] (live) - United States of America
*[[Commonwealth Broadcasting Network]] (live) - Canada
*[[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]] (live) - Australia
*[[Sky Sports]] (live) - United Kingdom
*[[Supersport (TV channel)|Supersport]] (live) – South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe
*[[Eurosport]] (live) - Europe
*[[StarHub]] (pay per view) - Malaysia and Singapore

===Online===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090122220855/http://espn.go.com/broadband/espn360/index Espn360.com (Free) - USA]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/tri-bdesh2010/content/series/434245.html Tri-Nation Tournament in Bangladesh 2009/10]

{{International cricket in 2009-10}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2009-10 Bangladesh Tri-Series}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2009–10]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Bangladesh|2009-10]]
[[Category:2010 in Bangladeshi sport]]

Subhash Tripathi

2026-04-29T19:56:15Z

KraigYee56: Creating Entry

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subhash Tripathi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|12|31}}
| birth_place = [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh
| constituency = [[Payagpur Assembly constituency|Payagpur]]
| office = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = Mukesh Srivastava
| successor =
| father = Gyan Prakash Tripathi
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| education = Master of Arts
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]]
| office1 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = January 1998
| term_end1 = January 2004
| constituency1 = ''Bahraich Shravasti Local Authorities''
}}
'''Subhash Tripathi''' (born 31 December 1955) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Payagpur Assembly constituency]] of the [[Bahraich district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18287/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref name="DB">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/payagpur/news/subhash-tripathi-became-mla-for-the-second-time-a-wave-of-happiness-among-the-supporters-129492865.html |title=पयागपुर में फिर खिला कमल:दूसरी बार विधायक बने सुभाष त्रिपाठी, समर्थकों में खुशी की लहर |language=hi |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/subhash-tripathi |title=Subhash Tripathi |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref name="ON">{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/subhash-tripathi/ |title=Subhash Tripathi, BJP MLA from Payagpur |website=ourneta.com}}</ref>

==Early life==

Tripathi was born on 31 December 1955 in [[Bahraich]], Uttar Pradesh,<ref name="ON"/> to a Hindu family of Gyan Prakash Tripathi.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Krishna Tripathi in 1980,<ref name="ON"/> and they have two children.<ref name="UPLA"/>

== Education==

Tripathi completed his post-graduation with a Master of Arts in psychology at the [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]], [[Faizabad]], Uttar Pradesh, in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3330 |title=Subhash Tripathi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PAYAGPUR(BAHRAICH) |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To
!Constituency!! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || January 1998 || January 2004
| ''Bahraich-Shravasti LA''||
Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
|
|-
| 02 || March 2017 || March 2022
| [[Payagpur Assembly constituency|Payagpur]]|| Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/><ref name="DB"/>
|-
| 03 || March 2022 || Incumbent
| [[Payagpur Assembly constituency|Payagpur]]|| Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/><ref name="DB"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Payagpur Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, Subhash}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Bahraich]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University alumni]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mir Quasem Mondal

2026-04-29T09:13:15Z

KraigYee56: New The Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Mir Quasem Mondal, MLA
| image =
| other_names =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]], [[West Bengal]]
| constituency1 =
| term_start1 = 1987
| term_end1 = 1996
| birth_date = 1931
| birth_place = [[Nadia district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|01|28|1931|12|06|df=y}}
| source =
}}

'''Mir Quasem Mondal''' was an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]], who served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]] constituency in [[Nadia district]] for three consecutive terms from 1987 to 1996. Representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPIM), he spent 15 years contributing to the development of the [[Chapra, Nadia (community development block)|Chapra]] constituency.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ganashakti E-paper |url=http://bangla.ganashakti.co.in/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=bangla.ganashakti.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-14 |title=West Bengal 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3191-west-bengal-1991/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mir Quasem Mondal was born in 1931. He received his primary education from a local school, and later became a school teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==

* 1964: Selected as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] member.<ref name=":0" />
* 1987: Elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the [[Chapra, Nadia (community development block)|Chapra]] constituency for the first time, representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]].<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
* 1991 and 1996: Re-elected as the MLA for Chapra constituency for two consecutive terms<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>
* 1987-1996: Served a total of 15 years as the MLA<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 2 August 2014}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died on 28 January 2024.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mondal, Mir Quasem}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali communists]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]

Chandreswar Prasad Sinha

2026-04-24T23:27:28Z

KraigYee56: Done

{{Short description|Indian jurist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Chandreswar Prasad Sinha
| office = [[Governor of Assam]]
| status = [[Acting (law)|Acting]]
| image =
| term_end = 14 October 1959
| term_start = 23 August 1959
| predecessor = [[Saiyid Fazal Ali]]
| successor = [[Satyavant Mallannah Shrinagesh]]
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|4th Chief Justice]] of [[Gauhati High Court]]
| term_start1 = 21 February 1959
| term_end1 = 31 January 1961
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| predecessor1 = Sarjoo Prasad
| successor1 = Holiram Deka
| office2 = Judge of [[Patna High Court]]
| term_start2 = 16 June 1950
| term_end2 = 20 February 1959
| appointer2 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| occupation = Jurist
| birth_date = {{birth date|1901|2|1|df=y}}
}}
'''Chandreswar Prasad Sinha''' (born 1 February 1901 - death date unknown) was an Indian jurist who served as 4th the chief justice of [[Gauhati High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Hon'ble Chief Justices of Gauhati High Court |url=https://ghconline.gov.in/index.php/former-honourable-chief-justices-of-gauhati-high-court/ |website=National Informatics Centre, Assam State Center, Guwahati}}</ref> He also served as the [[Governor of Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Governors |url=https://www.rajbhavanassam.gov.in/past_governor1.php |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=www.rajbhavanassam.gov.in}}</ref> from 23 August 1959 to 14 October 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVERNORS OF ASSAM LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY — SINCE 1937 |url=https://assambidhansabha.org/governorsince |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Assam Legislative Assembly |language=en}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Justice Sinha was born on 1 February 1901 and completed his [[Master of Arts|M. A.]] in 1923 and [[LL.B]] in 1925. He started practising in [[Patna High Court]] in April 1925 and was appointed as the judge of the said high court on 16 June 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appointment of C. P. Sinha as Chief Justice of Assam High Court |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/archives/appointment-shri-justice-kl-bapna-justice-rajasthan-high-court-perform-duties-chief}}</ref> He served in that capacity till his appointment as chief justice of Gauhati High Court (then known as Assam High Court) on 21 February 1959.

During his tenure as chief justice of Assam high court the then governor of Assam Justice [[Saiyid Fazl Ali]] died in office, thus to fulfil this vacancy justice C. P. Sinha stepped into the shoes of governor of Assam in acting capacity form 23 August 1959<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Governors, Hon'ble Chief Ministers and Chief Secretaries of Assam {{!}} General Administration {{!}} Government of Assam, India |url=https://gad.assam.gov.in/information-and-services/honble-governors-honble-chief-ministers-and-chief-secretaries-assam |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=gad.assam.gov.in}}</ref> and served as such till 14 October 1959<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASSAM GOVERNOR LIST |url=https://www.oneindia.com/assam-governors-list/ |website=Oneindia}}</ref> when [[S. M. Shrinagesh]] was appointed as new permanent governor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=List of Governors of Assam (1947–2022) |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-governors-of-assam-1642478471-1 |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{Governors of Assam}}

[[Category:Governors of Assam]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]

Sanjaya Kumar Mishra

2026-04-23T09:03:51Z

KraigYee56: Creating New Bio

{{Short description|Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=January 2022}}
{{citation style|date=January 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjaya Kumar Mishra
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Jharkhand High Court|14th Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| term_start = 20 February 2023
| term_end = 28 December 2023
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| term_start1 = 24 December 2021
| term_end1 = 27 June 2022
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]]
| term_start2 = 11 October 2021
| term_end2 = 19 February 2023
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator2 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start3 = 7 October 2009
| appointer3 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator3 = [[K.G. Balakrishnan]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|12|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Balangir]], [[Orissa]]
| term_end3 = 10 October 2021
| alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]
}}

'''Sanjaya Kumar Mishra''' (born 29 December 1961) is an Indian former judge, who served as the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Jharkhand High Court]]. He was a [[judge]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of Jharkhand, India |url=https://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/judges_summary.php?jpi=ODc= |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in}}</ref> He previously served as [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Uttarakhand High Court]] and judge of [[Orissa High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-12 |title=Justice Sanjaya Kumar Mishra takes oath as judge of U'khand HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/justice-sanjaya-kumar-mishra-takes-oath-as-judge-of-ukhand-hc/articleshow/86946604.cms |access-date=2024-12-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Education and career ==
Born in [[Balangir|Bolangir]] town of [[Odisha]], Justice Sanjaya Kumar Mishra started schooling at Tikra Upper Primary School. He passed the Higher Secondary Certificate Examination from Prithviraj High School, Bolangir in 1977. He completed B.Com.(Hons.) from [[Rajendra College, Bolangir]] in 1982 and [[Master of Commerce|M.Com.]] from [[Delhi University]] in 1984.

He got [[LL.B.]] degree from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] in 1987. From March, 1988, he joined profession and started practice in Bolangir District Courts under the guidance of his father, Shri Markanda Mishra. For some time, he acted as Honorary Law Lecturer of Bolangir Law College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Judge {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack |url=https://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/former-judge/hon-ble-mr-justice-sk-mishra/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=www.orissahighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Sanjaya Kumar}}
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju (born 1950)

2026-04-20T08:50:04Z

KraigYee56: starting new post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Distinguish|Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Poosapati Ananda Gajapati Raju
| image = AnandGR.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1950|7|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vizianagaram]], [[Vizianagaram estate]] (now in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|03|26|1950|7|17|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency1 = [[Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bobbili]]
| term_start1 = 1984
| term_end1 = 1989
| constituency = [[Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bobbili]]
| term_start = 1991
| term_end = 1996
| predecessor1 = [[P. V. G. Raju]]
| successor1 = [[Kemburi Ramamohan Rao]]
| predecessor = [[Kemburi Ramamohan Rao]]
| successor = [[Kondapalli Pydithalli Naidu]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| children = 3
}}
'''Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju''' Vijayanagaram Pusapati royalist, former minister, Chairman of Mansa Trust.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-27 |title=Pusapati Ananda Gajapathi Raju no more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/Pusapati-Ananda-Gajapathi-Raju-no-more/articleshow/51568866.cms |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-26 |title=Anand Gajapathi Raju passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Anand-Gajapathi-Raju-passes-away/article14176262.ece |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He was born on 17 July 1950, as the first child of [[Pusapati Vijayarama Gajapati Raju|Maharaja PVG Raju]] and Kusumagajapati. His brother [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]] and sister Sunita Devi. He completed his primary education in Scindia School Gwalior. He went to Madras Loyola College for his bachelors in economics, holds an MBA from American Stetson University education and a PhD in economics from [[Andhra University]]. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in Humanistic Studies by the Inter-American University of Florida, USA in 2003. He received his PhD from Andhra University in 2009. He held a flying licence and was an active member of madras flying club. He enjoyed playing cricket and tennis. He became the Chairman of MANSAS Trust and the hereditary trustee of Simhachalam Temple in 1995, remaining in this prestigious post until the end of his life in 2016. He was married twice, divorced his ex wife in 1991 and remarried his current wife in 1998.

==Political career==
In 1980, he contested as [[Janata Party (Secular)]] candidate for the 7th Lok Sabha elections in the Anakapalle constituency and lost to the Congress contestant [[S. R. A. S. Appala Naidu]] by a margin of 2,43,968 votes. He joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] in 1983 and made his political debut. 1983 Elected Member of Legislative Assembly from Bhimunipatnam Legislative Assembly Constituency. He served as a minister of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and twice as a Member of Parliament. His brother is Union Minister [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju]]. He was first elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of [[Bheemili Assembly constituency|Bhimili]]. He served as Minister of Education and Health in Nandamuri [[N. T. Rama Rao|Taraka Rama Rao]]'s cabinet. In 1984, Bobbili won as MP on behalf of TDP. Later he disagreed with NTR and joined Congress. In the 1989 elections, Bobbili contested for the Lok Sabha and lost.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-19 |title=1989 India General (9th Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1989-election-results.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319185705/http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1989-election-results.html |archive-date=2016-03-19 }}</ref> Won the 1991 elections. He contested the 1996 and 1998 Lok Sabha elections from Visakhapatnam and lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 India General (11th Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1996-election-results.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> He has been staying away from politics since 1998.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Death==
Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju died at 8.30 am on 26 March 2016 while undergoing treatment for severe chest pain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-27 |title=మాజీ మంత్రి ఆనందగజపతి కన్నుమూత |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/anandagajapati-former-minister-passes-away-327017 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Pusapati Ananda Gajapati}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party (Secular) politicians]]

Khushbu (sepak takraw)

2026-04-19T19:30:01Z

KraigYee56: done.

{{Short description|Indian sepak takraw player}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Khusbhu
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| residence =
| birth_date = 24 June 1995
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 1.58 m
| weight =
| country =
| sport = [[Sepak takraw]]
| event =
| pb =
| club =
| coach =
| alma_mater =
| retired =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Sepak takraw at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Sepak takraw at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Sepak takraw at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's regu|Women's regu]]}}
}}

'''Khusbhu''' (born 24 June 1995) is an Indian [[sepak takraw]] player. She won a bronze medal in the [[Sepak takraw at the 2022 Asian Games|women's regu]] event at the [[2022 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/SEW/AG2022-_SEW_C73A_SEWWREGU--------------SFNL000200--.pdf |title=Asian Games Results |date=2 October 2023 |publisher=Asian Games, Hangzhou 2022 |access-date=2 October 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006083044/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/resAG2022-/pdf/AG2022-/SEW/AG2022-_SEW_C73A_SEWWREGU--------------SFNL000200--.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/historic-bronze-for-india-in-womens-sepaktakraw-at-asian-games/articleshow/104211622.cms?from=mdr |title=Historic bronze for India in women's sepaktakraw at Asian Games |date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |newspaper=[[Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/asian-games-2023-hangzhou-sepaktakraw-schedule-results-points-table-india |title=Asian Games 2023 sepaktakraw: India's results, scores and points table |date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |publisher=olympics.com}}</ref> The Indian team consisting of [[Maipak Devi Ayekpam]], [[Chaoba Devi Oinam]], Khushbu, Priya Devi Elangbam and Leirentom [[Bi Devi Elangbam]] lost [[Thailand]] 10–21, 13–21 in the semifinals. In Sepak Takraw both losing semifinalists get the bronze medals.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Jinhua News |date=6 October 2023 |title=India wins first-ever medal in women's sepak takraw at Asian Games |url=https://www.business-standard.com/sports/asian-games/india-wins-first-ever-medal-in-women-s-sepaktakraw-at-asian-games-123100600710_1.html |access-date=14 October 2023 |website=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=India win first-ever Asian Games medal in women's sepaktakraw, clinch bronze in regu team event |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/india-win-first-ever-asian-games-medal-in-womens-sepaktakraw-clinch-bronze-in-regu-team-event/articleshow/104213175.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 October 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|sepaktakraw/athlete-profile-n2001883-khushbu}}
* {{InterSportStats|3000582085}}

[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian sepak takraw players]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in sepak takraw]]
[[Category:Sepak takraw players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sepak takraw players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}

Samuel Mar Irenios

2026-04-18T06:24:45Z

KraigYee56: Creating New Pg

{{short description|Indian bishop}}{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = His Excellency Most Rev. Dr. Samuel Mar Irenios
| title = Bishop of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta]]
| church = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]
| diocese = [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta]]
| appointed = 10 April 2018
| enthroned = 7 June 2019
| predecessor = [[Yoohanon Chrysostom]]
| ordination = 22 December 1978
| ordained_by = [[Benedict Gregorios]]
| consecration = 25 January 2010
| consecrated_by = [[Baselios Cleemis]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|5|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kadammanitta]],[[Kerala]]
| previous_post = Auxiliary Bishop [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum]]
}}

'''His Excellency Most Rev. Dr. Samuel Mar Irenios''' (born 13 May 1952) is an Indian [[Syro-Malankara Catholic]] [[clergyman]], [[educator]], and [[prelate]]. He is currently [[bishop]] of the [[Eparchy]] of [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Pathanamthitta|Pathanamthitta]] of the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]. He succeeded [[Yoohanon Chrysostom|Yoohanon Chrysostom Kalloor]] on 7 June 2019 and became the second bishop of the eparchy, which was erected in 2010.<ref name="Hierarchy">{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bkattuk.html |title=Catholic-Hierarchy.org |author=}}</ref>

==Family and education==
Mar Irenios was born 13 May 1952 in [[Kadammanitta]] in [[Pathanamthitta District]], [[Kerala]] of his parents K. C. Thomas and Annamma Kattukallil. He received secondary education at Government High School, Kadamanitta, did a pre-degree course at [[Mar Ivanios College]], [[Trivandrum]], minor seminary at [[St. Aloysius Seminary, Trivandrum|St. Aloysius, Trivandrum]],<ref>[https://www.mallasserycatholic.church St Mary’s Malankara Syrian Catholic Church Mallassery website, ''Lights Guiding Us'']</ref> and philosophy and theology at St. Joseph's Pontifical Seminary, [[Aluva|Aluva (Alwaye)]].

He also holds BA, MA, and PhD degrees in [[Malayalam]] language and [[Malayalam literature|literature]] from the [[University of Kerala]]. The doctorate was awarded in 1995 for a dissertation on [[Malayalam poetry]].

Mar Irenios also studied at the [[Tantur Ecumenical Institute]] in [[Jerusalem]].
<ref name="Bulletin">{{cite web |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/04/10/180410a.html |title=Holy See Press Office ''Bulletin'' April 10, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Profile">{{cite web |url=http://marivanios.ac.in/FormerPrincipalProfile/H.E.%20Samuel%20Mar%20Irenios.pdf |title=Mar Ivanios College Former Principal Profile}}</ref>

==Ministry and academic service==
Mar Irenios was ordained to the priesthood 22 December 1978 for the archeparchy of [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Major Archeparchy of Trivandrum|Trivandrum]] by its Archbishop [[Benedict Gregorios|Benedict Varghese Gregorios Thangalathil]] and served in a number of parishes.

He was editor-in-chief of ''Christhava Kahalam'', the official journal of the Trivandrum archeparchy, and the archeparchy's [[Synkellos|syncellus]] (episcopal vicar) (2007–10). He was [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Vice Rector]] of St. Aloysius Minor Seminary (1978-1985); [[Lecturer]], [[Bursar]] (1985 to 1995), eventually Principal of Mar Ivanios College; and Principal of [[St John's College, Anchal]] (2000-2006).

He has served on many academic boards including the Board of Studies of the University of Kerala, the Academic Council of [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]], [[Kalady]], and the [[Literacy in India|National Literacy Mission]].

Mar Irenios has published extensively. His works include ''Karutha Chiriyude Kavi'', on the poetry of [[Ayyappa Paniker]], and ''Prakashathinte Utsavam'', reflections on life broadcast on [[All India Radio]] in Trivandrum. He edited ''Dhanya Jeevitham'' and ''Visvasavum Vikasanavum'', two anthologies on the life and vision of the archbishop who ordained him, Benedict Mar Gregorios. He is a
regular broadcaster and contributor to print media.
<ref name="Bulletin" />
<ref name="Profile" />

==Episcopacy==
On 25 January 2010 Mar Irenios was appointed [[auxiliary bishop]] of Trivandrum and [[titular bishop]] of [[Tamalluma]]. He was ordained bishop 13 March 2010 by Major Archbishop, Moran Mor [[Baselios Cleemis]] Catholicos. On 10 April 2018 Mar Irenios was appointed [[coadjutor bishop]] of Pathanamthitta and succeeded when Mar Chrysostom resigned on 7 June 2019.
<ref name="Hierarchy" />
<ref name="Bulletin" />

==Controversies==
Mar Irenios and his five priests were arrested on 6 February 2022 on charges of alleged illegal sand mining, but Church officials said they are being implicated in the case. Bishop Samuel Mar Irenios and five priests including a vicar general of Pathanamthitta Diocese in southern Kerala state were arrested by neighboring Tamil Nadu state's crime branch officials accusing them of illegally mining river sand. The case pertains to large-scale mining of river sand from a plot of land adjacent to a check dam on Thamirabarani river near Pottal in Tamil Nadu's Tirunelveli district. The 300-acre plot is owned by the Pathanamthitta diocese and was leased out to Manuel George for farming.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian bishop, priests arrested for illegal sand mining - UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-bishop-priests-arrested-for-illegal-sand-mining/96032 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=ucanews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250330/indian-bishop-priests-arrested-for-illegal-sand-mining-operations-on-church-owned-land|title=Indian bishop, priests arrested for illegal sand mining operations on Church-owned land|last=McKeown|first=Jonah|date=8 February 2022|location=[[Denver]]|publisher=[[Catholic News Agency]]|access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kattukallil, Samuel Irenios}}
[[Category:Indian Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Syro-Malankara bishops]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]

Fish pulimunchi

2026-04-17T09:35:20Z

KraigYee56: Started

{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

[[File:Bhutai Pulimunchi.jpg|thumb|Bhutai Pulimunchi which is made using [[Sardines]]]]

'''Fish Pulimunchi''' is a [[Mangaloreans|Mangalorean]] fish based dish of coastal [[Karnataka]] in southwest India. The dish uses [[tamarind]], a distinctive ingredient in traditional Mangalorean cuisine, to impart tanginess.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2011 |title=Flaming hot |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/888292559 |access-date=2024-05-05 |work=Mint |location=New Delhi |id={{ProQuest|888292559}} }}</ref>It can be made of many fishes like [[mackerel|Bangude]], [[sardines|Bhutai]], etc. Another local fish dish is Fish Masala, which is popular in the coastal districts of [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi]].

== Background ==

Pulimunch/pulimunchi literally means "a gravy rich in tamarind juice". Mangalorean Fish Masala can be considered a "modern fast food" version of the traditional Fish Pulimunchi.

==Preparation and ingredients==
The recipe for Fish Pulimunchi follows a blend of dry condiments like red chill, coriander, jeera, mustard, fenugreek seeds, dry roasted with turmeric, ginger, pepper corn. This is made into paste with tamarind juice or pulp, 3-4 pods of garlic, curry leaves and onion. Later tempered with little oil and curry leaves and the fish added with the curry paste and cooked till done. It is traditionally prepared in clay pots which enhances the taste of the curry. Tastes best with red rice.

Preparing [[Mangalorean]] Fish Masala involves stewing skinned and cleaned fish in a thick gravy. Even though the gravies for most [[seafood]] dishes consumed along the [[Arabian Sea]] coast have generous amounts of grated [[coconut]], the Fish Masala gravy does not. The ingredients for the gravy are [[garlic]], [[coriander]], [[Chili powder|red chilli powder]], [[ginger]], [[onion]] and [[tomato]]es. However, in coastal [[Kerala]] generous amounts of grated coconut is used. The tomatoes give a tangy taste to the dish. Recently, restaurants serving this dish have started using tomato puree and ketchups that are readily available in the market. Freshly chopped coriander leaves are used to garnish this dish.

==See also==

* [[South Indian cuisine]]
* [[Cuisine of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian fish dishes]]
[[Category:South Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Mangalorean cuisine]]
[[Category:Fish dishes]]

Tirunavalur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:52:00Z

KraigYee56: Creating A Article

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Tamil Nadu Legislative assembly, in India}}
{{coord|10|47|15|N|78|46|35|E|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

'''Thirunavalur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Kallakurichi district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Thindivanam]] | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party =
| mla =
| name = Thirunavalur
| electors= 1,66,440
| reservation =
| abolished= 2008
}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[L. Arumugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| V. Subramanian
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[T. N. G. A. Manoharan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[A. V. Balasubramaniyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[J. Pannerselvam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[A. J. Manikannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. G. P. Gnanamoorthy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[R. Kumaraguru]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirunavalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Kumaraguru]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,235 |percentage=45.49% |change=-7.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Veerapandian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,048 |percentage=40.57% |change=1.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Udhayakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=11,366 |percentage=9.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Verapathiran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,116 |percentage=1.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Muthukumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,596 |percentage=1.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Partheban |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=672 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. M. Pandurngan |party=Independent politician |votes=601 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Samykannu |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=308 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Vijayaragavan |party=Independent politician |votes=295 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumaraguru |party=Independent politician |votes=279 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Periyasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=180 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,187 |percentage=4.92% |change=-8.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=125,832 |percentage=75.60% |change= 7.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,440 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirunavalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. G. P. Gnanamoorthy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,115 |percentage=52.51% |change=22.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. J. Manikannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,342 |percentage=39.39% |change=-1.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Poorani |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,549 |percentage=4.04% |change=-10.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ranganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,787 |percentage=2.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ethirajan |party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,786 |percentage=1.59% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,773 |percentage=13.12% |change=1.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,579 |percentage=67.67% |change= -4.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,402 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirunavalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. J. Manikannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,983 |percentage=41.28% |change=11.68% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. G. P. Gnanamoorthy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,547 |percentage=29.61% |change=-29.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Balasubramaniyan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,505 |percentage=14.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Subramaniyan |party=Independent politician |votes=7,238 |percentage=6.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Anbalagan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=6,570 |percentage=6.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gnanasekar |party=Independent politician |votes=872 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Arumugham |party=Republican Party of India |votes=324 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Balaji |party=Independent politician |votes=274 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. George Fathima |party=Independent politician |votes=235 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,436 |percentage=11.67% |change=-17.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,548 |percentage=71.67% |change= -0.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,662 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirunavalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=J. Panneer Selvam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=56,353 |percentage=58.80% |change=35.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Bala Subramaniyam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,367 |percentage=29.60% |change=-11.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Abbaiagan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=10,328 |percentage=10.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sankar Alias Adisankar |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Abbay |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=292 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Anantharanganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=199 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,986 |percentage=29.20% |change=10.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,835 |percentage=72.07% |change= -2.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,727 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirunavalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Bala Subramaniyan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,948 |percentage=41.46% |change=1.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kannan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,640 |percentage=23.03% |change=-26.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Manickam Alias Pandian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,907 |percentage=18.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. G. A. Manoharan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,826 |percentage=13.65% |change=-36.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. George |party=Independent politician |votes=953 |percentage=1.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Bhuvaraga Murthi |party=Independent politician |votes=684 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dhandapani |party=Independent politician |votes=631 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=559 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sankar Alias Athisankar |party=Independent politician |votes=289 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Selvambal |party=Independent politician |votes=231 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arulmani |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,308 |percentage=18.42% |change=8.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,948 |percentage=74.75% |change= -2.68% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,141 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirunavalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. G. A. Menoharan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,539 |percentage=49.79% |change=1.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Balasubramanian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,566 |percentage=40.00% |change=-8.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=7,226 |percentage=8.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankar Adisankar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,087 |percentage=1.34% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,973 |percentage=9.79% |change=9.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,418 |percentage=77.43% |change= 5.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,818 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirunavalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Subramanian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,517 |percentage=48.29% |change=20.52% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. G. A. Manoharan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,344 |percentage=48.06% |change=13.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,749 |percentage=2.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Duraivelaven |party=Independent politician |votes=1,017 |percentage=1.34% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=173 |percentage=0.23% |change=-6.96% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,627 |percentage=71.60% |change= 2.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,743 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.32% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thirunavalur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=L. Arumugam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,087 |percentage=34.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Subramanian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,132 |percentage=27.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramamoorthi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,257 |percentage=17.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Lakshminarayanan |party=Janata Party |votes=7,479 |percentage=10.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Yesadian |party=Independent politician |votes=3,862 |percentage=5.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Krishnaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=761 |percentage=1.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Gopalakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=714 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Veeraswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=357 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Narasimha Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=248 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,955 |percentage=7.19% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,897 |percentage=69.27% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,702 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Gajjala Konda

2026-04-13T06:58:50Z

KraigYee56:

{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gajjalakonda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.752| 79.3921|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Markapur mandal|Markapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 224
| population_total = 4,567
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 523315
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08596
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Gajjalakonda''' is a village in [[Markapur mandal]], [[Markapuram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] State, India.

==Grama Panchayat==

Shri. has been elected as sarpanch<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.129.6/netnrega/Panchayat_contact_address_dtl.aspx?lflag=eng&typ=a&page=b&state_name=ANDHRA+PRADESH&state_code=02&district_name=PRAKASAM&district_code=0208&block_name=Markapur&block_code=0208009&fin_year=2015-2016&source=national&Digest=cu+GKjyE9vyaGTS9+5zH7Q|title=Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)|website=164.100.129.6|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref> for Gajjalakonda Grama Panchayat for 5 years. His tenure will end on 1 August 2018.

Elected members of Gajjalakonda Village to local body for the term of 5 Years i.e., from 2 August 2013, to 1 August 2018.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Serial No !! Ward No !! Elected Member
|-
| 01 || Ward 1 || Gundavarapu Lakshmi Devi
|-
| 02 || Ward 2 || Gajjalakonda Nageswara Rao
|-
| 03 || Ward 3 || Jammulamudi Vengaiah
|-
| 04 || Ward 4 || Jammulamudi Salmon
|-
| 05 || Ward 5 || K Kumari
|-
| 06 || Ward 6 || B. Venkata Ramanamma
|-
| 07 || Ward 7 || P. Prabhavathi
|-
| 08 || Ward 8 || Gadda Chennamma
|-
| 09 || Ward 9 || T. Lakshmamma
|-
| 10 || Ward 10 || Nadikattu Ramireddy
|-
| 11 || Ward 11 || Adimulapu Lalithamma
|-
| 12 || Ward 12 || Chilaka Saravothama Reddy
|-
| 13 || Ward 13 || Batthula Nagaiah
|}

==Demographics==

There are total 1093 families residing. The Gajjalakonda village has population of 4567 of which 2388 are males while 2179 are females as per Population Census 2011.

In Gajjalakonda village population of children with age 0-6 is 502 which makes up 10.99% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Gajjala Konda village is 912 which is lower than Andhra Pradesh state average of 993. Child Sex Ratio for the Gajjala Konda as per census is 880, lower than Andhra Pradesh average of 939.

Gajjalakonda village has lower literacy rate compared to Andhra Pradesh. In 2011, literacy rate of Gajjala Konda village was 56.14% compared to 67.02% of Andhra Pradesh. In Gajjala Konda Male literacy stands at 69.21% while female literacy rate was 41.87%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manamarkapur.com/about.php|title=Markapur {{!}} About Us|last=iThemesLab|website=www.manamarkapur.com|language=en|access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pramarkapgajjalgp.appr.gov.in/# Gajjalakonda Grama Panchayat]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

==See also==

[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]

Y. S. Srinath

2026-04-08T13:57:44Z

KraigYee56: Creating Details

{{Short description|Indian jockey (born 1976)}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Srinath Yenangur Srinath''' (born 13 July 1976) is a champion [[jockey]] from Bangalore who has ridden over 1250 winners, including 94 graded races. He was the first Indian Jockey to win more than 25 races outside of India and has won many important classics.

== Career ==

Srinath started riding at the age of 12 in amateur races, following the footsteps of his father, who was beside an amateur rider a horse owner as well. At the age of 18, he started riding as a professional and soon became one of India's most talented riders.{{Peacock inline|date=April 2026}}

Some of Srinath's achievements include:
* Between 2016 and 2020, Srinath won 35 group races in centres all over India (Mumbai, Pune, Calcutta, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mysore).
* On 1 March 2020 and 3 March 2019, Srinath made a remarkable achievement by winning he Indian Invitation Cup on Adjudicate twice in a row, at different centres and with breaking track records on both occasions.
* Srinath was invited to ride at the annual International Jockeys Meet in Mauritius in November 2019, where his winner was adjudged as one of the top 5 rides of the weekend.
* Another achievement was winning the Indian Invitation Cup at three consecutive meetings at the Hyderabad Race Club (2009, 2014 and 2019), which was the first time in history that this happened.
* Of course, his Indian Derby winner on Alaindair in 2013, and winning with Autonomy (Invitation Cup) and Pronto Pronto (Bangalore Derby), winning four Hyderabad monsoon Derby’s are some of his proud achievements.
* His most fond memories are of being saddle partner of Oasis Star that was owned by Mr. Shapoor Mistry, which brought him to race in Dubai at the inaugural racing carnival at the Meydan in 2010.
* Other highlights in his early career are winning his first big race in Bangalore with Estocade in 1997 (Super Mile Cup), his first Bangalore Derby winner with Allaire in 2000. Winning his first Indian St Leger in Bombay with Warsaw Pact in 2002.), and a surprising and thrilling win on Riyasat in the Indian Oaks 2009.

==Notable races==

* The Indian Turf Invitation Cup 2020 in Mysore
* The Invitation Cup in 2009, 2014 and 2019 thrice in Hyderabad
* The [[McDowell's Indian Derby]] at [[Royal Western India Turf Club Ltd. (RWITC)]] in 2014
* The [[Bangalore Derby]] in 2000 and 2011
* The McDowell Indian St Leger Grade 1 at Royal Western India Turf Club Ltd. (RWITC) in 2002, 2005, 2010 & 2017
* The Indian Oaks Grade 1 at Royal Western India Turf Club Ltd. (RWITC) in 2009
* The Deccan Derby Grade 1 at Hyderabad Race Club (HRC) in 2007, 2008, 2016 and 2017
* The Super Mile Cup Grade 1 in 1997 and 2011
* The Sprinters Cup Grade 1 in 2003, 2005, 2008 and 2009.

== International experience ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Place !! Details
|-
|2019
|Mauritius
|International Jockeys Weekend
|-
| 2010 || Meydan, Dubai || Racing Carnival
|-
| 2009 || Doha, Qatar || Arab Horse Racing
|-
| 2007 || Macau, China || 36 rides, 3 wins
|-
| 2003 || Macau, China || 30 rides, 5 wins
|-
| 2000 || Macau, China || 156 rides, 28 wins
|-
| 1996 || Manila, Philippines || The International Jockey’s meet
|}

==References==
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiarace.com/FullReview.aspx?ReviewId=3519 |title=Stunning Alaindair Wins Mcdowell Signature Derby |website=Indiarace.com |date=2014-02-02 |access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-ys-srinath-ends-7-year-itch-1959089 |title=YS Srinath ends 7-year itch |website=Dnaindia.com |date=2014-02-03 |access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.racingpulse.in/mainevent/default.aspx?eid=3|title=THE INDIAN TURF INVITATION CUP (GR.1) - special page - Racing pulse - Hores Racing Main Event Section of Racing India|access-date=16 June 2016|archive-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617171433/http://www.racingpulse.in/mainevent/default.aspx?eid=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sportinglife.com/racing/profiles/jockey/1961 Find current record at sportinglife.com]
*https://www.facebook.com/yssfanclub/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinath, Y.S.}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian jockeys]]

Sa La Te Sa La Na Te

2026-04-08T07:32:37Z

KraigYee56: starting first stub from scratch

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian Marathi-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sa La Te Sa La Na Te
| image = Sa La Te Sa La Na Te Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Santosh Kolhe
| writer = Santosh Kolhe Shrikant Bojewar Tejesh Ghadage
| producer = Santosh Kolhe
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Sainkeet Kamat
*Richa Agnihotri
*[[Chhaya Kadam]]
*[[Upendra Limaye]]
}}
| cinematography = Vinayak Jadhav
| editing = Sachin Natekar
| music = Rohit Nagbhide
| studio = Studio Logical Thinkers
| distributor = Platoon Distributions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|17|MIFF|2025|02|7}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Sa La Te Sa La Na Te''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed, co-written, and produced by Santosh Kolhe under the banner of Studio Logical Thinkers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2025 |title=Sa La Te Sa La Na Te Movie : 'स ला ते स ला ना ते' चित्रपटाचा उत्कंठा वाढवणारा टीजर! |url=https://prahaar.in/2025/01/11/sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-to-be-released-for-the-audience-nitin-gadkari-released-the-film-teaser/ |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Prahaar.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The film features Sainkeet Kamat, Richa Agnihotri, [[Chhaya Kadam]] and [[Upendra Limaye]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2025 |title=स ला ते स ला ना ते' मध्ये उपेंद्र लिमयेनी साकारली हसनभाईची भूमिका |url=https://www.timemaharashtra.com/entertainment/in-sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-upendra-limayen-played-the-role-of-hasanbhai/109405/ |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Time Maharashtra |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Shruti |date=24 January 2025 |title=Sa La Te Sa La Na Te Movie: पत्रकार आणि पर्यावरणप्रेमींच्या नात्याची गोष्ट; 'स ला ते स ला ना ते' चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर रिलीज |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/upendra-limaye-and-chhaya-kadam-film-sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-trailer-has-been-released-svk01 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref> It follows the story of a news channel [[journalist]] and an [[environmentalist]], exploring their relationship in the [[Vidarbha|Vidarbha region]] of [[Maharashtra]]. The film's cinematography is handled by Vinayak Jadhav, with editing by Sachin Natekar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=30 December 2024 |title='स ला ते स ला ना ते' चित्रपटाचे अनोखे पोस्टर लाँच; पत्रकार आणि पर्यावरणप्रेमींच्या नात्यांची उलडणार गोष्ट! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/marathi/marathi-upcoming-movie-sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-first-poster-released-736697.html |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Sainkeet Kamat as Tejas Deshmukh
* Richa Agnihotri as Samidha Palkar
* [[Chhaya Kadam]] as Inspector Jayshree Borade<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Photos: छाया कदम लवकरच 'या' चित्रपटात झळकणार; प्रथमच साकारणार 'ही' भूमिकेत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/4779879/marathi-actress-chhaya-kadam-upcoming-sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-movie-police-officer-role-for-first-time-sdn-96/8/ |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Upendra Limaye]] as Hasanbhai<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=20 January 2025 |title='स ला ते स ला ना ते' चित्रपटामध्ये उपेंद्र लिमये यांची लक्षवेधी भूमिका! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/marathi/upendra-limaye-eye-catching-role-in-the-movie-sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-758469.html |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
* Padmanabh Bind
* Mangal Kenkare
* Vandana Vaknis
* Sudesh Mhashilkar
* Ramesh Chandne
* Siddhirupa Karmarkar

== Music ==
A promotional [[Rapping|rap]] song was released a week before the film's release, featuring Sainkeet Kamat and Richa Agnihotri. The song is sung by Sujay Jibberish and Aastha Lohar, with composition by Aniruddha Nimkar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=31 January 2025 |title=नात्याची गोष्ट सांगणाऱ्या "स ला ते स ला ना ते" चित्रपटाचे प्रमोशनल साँग व्हॅलेन्टाईन डे च्या निमित्ताने लाँच! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/marathi/the-song-prem-mhanje-from-the-movie-sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-was-released-on-the-occasion-of-valentines-day-769624.html |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film premiered at the 3rd Mysuru International Film Festival, where it received the Best Indian Feature Film - Special Jury Award. It was subsequently screened at the 20th Third Eye Asian Film Festival and the [[Jaipur International Film Festival]].

The first official poster of the film was launched at [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park]] in [[Borivali]] in the presence of the film's producers, directors and artists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=18 December 2024 |title=सिंपल छाया कदम आता डॅशिंग अंदाजात दिसणार, 'स ला ते स ला ना ते' मधला अभिनेत्रीचा लूक पाहिलात का ? |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-marathi-movie-actress-chhaya-kadam-new-dashing-look-goes-viral-on-social-media-see-pics-725275.html |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref> The poster featured a road passing through a forest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |date=30 December 2024 |title='स ला ते स ला ना ते' चित्रपटाचं अनोखं पोस्टर लॉन्च; पण चित्रपटाला असं नाव का दिलं? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/s-la-te-sa-la-na-te-marathi-movie-poster-launch-at-borivali-sanjay-gandhi-national-park-tiger-safari-know-all-details-1335869 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref> On 10 January 2025, the teaser was released in [[Nagpur]] by [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Union Road Transport and Highways Minister]] [[Nitin Gadkari]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarashtra |date=11 January 2025 |title='स ला ते स ला ना ते' येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस; केंद्रीय मंत्री नितीन गडकरी यांच्या हस्ते चित्रपटाच्या टीझरचे प्रकाशन! |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/bollywood/sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-to-be-released-for-the-audience-nitin-gadkari-released-the-film-teaser-748696.html |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Manasvi |date=11 January 2025 |title=Sa La Te Sa La Na Te Movie: "स ला ते स ला ना ते' चित्रपटाचा उत्कंठा वाढवणारा टीजर रिलीज; अभिनेत्री छाया कदम आणि अभिनेता उपेंद्र लिमयेंचा लूक वेधतोय लक्ष |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/sa-la-te-sa-la-na-te-new-marathi-movie-teaser-relased-by-nitin-gadkari-enterainment-update-msc01 |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=Marathi News Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref> On 23 January, actor-director [[Nagraj Manjule]] launched the film's trailer in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2025 |title=Nagraj Manjule : नागराज मंजुळेंच्या हस्ते स ला ते स ला ना ते चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर लाँच |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/nagraj-manjule-trailer-launch-of-sala-te-sala-na-te-by-nagraj-manjule/841483/#goog_rewarded |access-date=3 February 2025 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee (s)
!Result
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|2023
|Mysuru International Film Festival
|Best Indian Feature Film (Special Jury Award)
| rowspan="3" |''Sa La Te Sa La Na Te''
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |2024
| rowspan="9" |Aaryans Sanman
|Best Film
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Updated |first=CineBuster Online {{!}} |date=25 November 2024 |title='Aaryans Navdurga Sanman Award' and 'Aaryans Samman Film-Drama 2024' Nomination Ceremony announced! - Latest News, Breaking News, National News, World News, India News, Bollywood News, Business News, Politics News, Sports News, Entertainment News - CineBuster |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/aaryans-navdurga-sanman-award-and-aaryans-samman-film-drama-2024-nomination-ceremony-announced/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='आर्यन सन्मानासाठी' कलाकृती पाठविण्याचे आवाहन |url=https://www.mahamtb.com/Encyc/2024/8/22/Aryan-sanman.html |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=www.mahamtb.com |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Film Critics
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
| rowspan="2" |Santosh Kolhe
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Story
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Screenplay
| rowspan="2" |Shrikant Bojewar, Tejesh Ghadage
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dialogue
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Richa Agnihotri
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Chhaya Kadam]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editor
|Sachin Natekar
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=35314986}}

[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about environmental issues]]
[[Category:Films about tigers]]
[[Category:Films about journalism]]
[[Category:Films set in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Forest administration in India]]
[[Category:Tigers in India]]

Kolkata biryani

2026-04-07T03:54:20Z

KraigYee56: stub.

{{Short description|Indian rice dish}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Kolkata biryani
| image = Kolkata mutton biryani.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Kolkata biryani with two pieces of mutton (goat meat), an egg and a potato.
| country = India
| region = [[Kolkata]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = {{plainlist|
*[[Basmati rice]]
*[[Goat meat]]
*[[Chicken as food|Chicken]]
*Vegetables
*Spices
}}
| variations =
| calories =
}}
{{Indian cuisine}}
'''Kolkata biryani''' ({{langx|bn|কোলকাতা বিরিয়ানি}}) is a spicy [[rice dish|rice-based dish]], a local tradition originating from [[Mughlai cuisine]].{{sfn|Srividya|2017|p=32}} The name of the dish comes from the city of [[Kolkata]] in West Bengal. Rice is used as the base ingredient, and meat, eggs, [[potato]]es and [[spice]]s are added. It is best known for its use of potatoes, and is famous for its light blend of spices.

Although there is uncertainty about the exact origin of [[biryani]], it is believed to have originated in [[Iran]].{{sfn|Srividya|2017|p=32}} Historians and experts agree that the dish known as modern day "Biryani" was invented in Delhi during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal period]]. The Kolkata style of Biryani was invented in the 1850s and 1860s.{{sfn|Srividya|2017|p=32}}

Kolkata biryani is very popular in the city of Kolkata and its [[Neighbourhoods in Kolkata Metropolitan Area|suburbs]], also popular throughout West Bengal outside [[Kolkata metropolitan region]].

== History of origin ==
The Kolkata biryani originated in the kitchen of [[Nawab Wajid Ali Shah]] during his exile in [[Calcutta]], after he was dethroned by the British [[East India Company]] in 1856.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Rupak |title=The Red Hibiscus |date=28 January 2017 |publisher=eBooks2go Incorporated |isbn=9781618135650 |page=44 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Red_Hibiscus/Nn4ADgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Biryani was one of his favourite cuisines. But for being in exile, he faced severe financial problems. To cut the costs, the amount of spices were decreased and the meat-to-rice ratio was lowered in the biryani.<ref>{{cite news |title=নবাবের পকেটের টান নাকি ‘পেট রোগা’ বাঙালি, বিরিয়ানিতে আলু যোগের নেপথ্যে কে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/ananda-utsav/food-and-recipes/the-untold-history-of-why-potato-became-a-star-in-kolkata-biryani-dgtl-photogallery/cid/1631392?slide=1 |access-date=7 April 2026 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=7 September 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Hence, the new biryani prepared, was much subtle and lighter in texture compared to the Lucknow biryani. Since meat was expensive, the cooks added large chunks of potatoes to fill the void created by lowered number of meat chunks. Over time, as biryani became popular among the masses, potato became a signature ingredient of the Kolkata biryani.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karmakar |first1=Kalyan |title=The Travelling Belly: Eating Through India's By-Lanes |date=20 December 2016 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789350099117 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Travelling_Belly/AsORDQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref>

Few sources suggest a different reason behind the presence of potato in the Kolkata biryani. In the early 16th century, potatoes, chillies and tomatoes were cultivated for the first time in India by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]]. Potatoes were mainly cultivated in [[Surat]], but since the cultivation was low and it was not easily available, potatoes were considered as an exotic vegetable.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Srishti |title=Here's how Wajid Ali Shah made the Kolkata Biryani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/heres-how-wajid-ali-shah-made-the-kolkata-biryani/articleshow/58622647.cms |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=11 May 2017}}</ref> During [[Nawab Wajid Ali Shah]]'s exile in [[Metiabruz]], Calcutta, the chefs added potato to biryani as an experiment.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Deepanjan |title=Who put the Potato in the Kolkata Biryani? |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/living-culture/who-put-the-potato-in-the-kolkata-biryani |access-date=7 April 2026 |work=Peepul Tree |date=5 January 2022}}</ref> Nawab liked the potato cooked with [[saffron]] spices and henceforth, potato was always added whenever biryani was prepared. The nobles also loved potato when royal biryani was served to them. At their homes, they asked their wives to add potatoes whenever biryani was prepared and over time, potatoes became an intangible part of the Kolkata biryani.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh Bhandari |first1=Kabir |title=The curious case of potato in Kolkata biryani and how the British fed us a lie |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/the-curious-case-of-potato-in-kolkata-biriyani-and-how-the-british-fed-us-a-lie/story-k1smJjNz1QhxyyVZVdNyKN.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 April 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite tech report |last1=Srividya |first1=V. |title=Tracing the Trails of the Nawabi Dish – Biryani |date=15 November 2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/38483629/Tracing_the_Trails_of_the_Nawabi_Dish_Biryani_pdf?auto=download |publisher=University of Delhi}}
* {{Cite tech report |last1=Pal |first1=Dr. Arghya |title=Tracing the Trails of the Nawabi Dish – Biryani |date=2022 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362814096_Kolkata_Biryani_and_what_we_can_learn_about_migration_from_it |publisher=All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli}}

==External links==

[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:West Bengal cuisine]]
[[Category:Goat dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Chicken and rice dishes]]
[[Category:Chicken dishes]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]

Architecture of Mumbai

2026-03-24T15:50:48Z

KraigYee56: reworked references per sources for accuracy

{{Short description|Overview of architecture in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
The architecture of '''[[Mumbai]]''' blends [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]], [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], [[Art Deco]], Indo-Saracenic & Contemporary architectural styles. Many buildings, structures and historical monuments remain from the colonial era. Mumbai, after Miami, has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1913/19130670.htm|title=Mumbai, Past and Present|work=[[The Hindu]]|volume=19|issue=13|date=22 June – 5 July 2002|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-date=4 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104045432/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1913/19130670.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://urbanarchitecture.in/mumbais-latest-endangered-species-its-art-deco-heritage.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629020315/http://urbanarchitecture.in/mumbais-latest-endangered-species-its-art-deco-heritage.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2012 |title=Mumbai's latest endangered species: its art deco heritage |publisher=Urban architecture.in |date=4 January 2009 |access-date=15 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artdecomumbai.com/|title=Art Deco Mumbai: Discover the city's heritage vimap|website=artdecomumbai.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-22|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028201407/http://www.artdecomumbai.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Styles==

===Victorian Gothic architecture===
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| total_width = 220
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Mumbai 03-2016 66 Victoria Terminus.jpg
| caption1 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]
| image2 = Mumbai 03-2016 65 BMC Building.jpg
| caption2 = [[Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai|Municipal Corporation Building]]
| footer_align = center
| footer = Buildings designed in the [[gothic revival]] style by [[Frederick William Stevens]].<ref name=UNESCO2/>
| align =
| width =
| alt1 =
}}

Mumbai Architecture came to be present through the British in the 18th and early 19th centuries. At first, it was the [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] style of architecture but later, the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Victorian Gothic style]] (also known as Gothic revival) came to dominate the city. Where the neoclassical has an orderly, monochromatic presence, the Gothic style is expressive, disjointed, with surfaces of lively colors, beautified with carved and narrative elements, consisting of flying buttresses, lancet windows, and stained glass. At first, due to the immense freed space it obtained, Gothic buildings only served as churches, as religious buildings built by people of the 11th century. However, soon enough there came a need for public halls, parliament houses, mansions, and the Gothic era was the solution. Indian architects came to analyze this style and represent it and put it into play in relation with the climate, and in relation to society's plans and sensibilities. This style, the blend of Gothic and contemporary styles, is what came to be known as "Mumbai Gothic."

According to writer [[Jan Morris]], "Mumbai is one of the most characteristically Victorian cities in the world, displaying all the grand effrontery of Victorian eclecticism".<ref name="Profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaprofile.com/heritage/bombayarchitecture.htm|title=Bombay's British Architecute - The Gothic and the Ethnic|publisher=India profile|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-date=26 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426175411/http://www.indiaprofile.com/heritage/bombayarchitecture.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The British influence on buildings in the city is evident from the colonial era. However, the architectural features include a range of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches and Tudor casements often inter-fused with traditional Indian features.<ref name="Profile" />

Mumbai City Hall was built during the period 1820 and 1835, by Colonel [[Thomas Cowper]]. The [[University of Mumbai|Fort campus of the University of Mumbai]] and [[Rajabai Tower]], [[Saint Xavier's College]], The Secretariat, Telegraph Office, [[Wilson College, Mumbai|Wilson College]], and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945/|title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus)|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119002148/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/945|archive-date=2019-01-19|url-status=live|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref> are also fine examples of gothic architecture in the city.<ref name="UNESCO2">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5740/|title=The Victorian & Art Deco Ensemble of Mumbai|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316011333/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5740/|archive-date=2018-03-16|url-status=live|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref>

==== Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus ====
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2020}}
[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] is a historic [[Train station#Terminus|terminal train station]] and [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.

The terminus was designed by British architectural engineer [[Frederick William Stevens]] in the style of [[Victorian Italianate]] [[Gothic Revival architecture]]. Its construction began in 1878, in a location south of the old [[Bori Bunder railway station]], and was completed in 1887, the year marking [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|50 years of Queen Victoria's rule]], the building being named, Victoria Terminus.

The station's name was changed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (station code CSMT) in March 1996 to honour [[Shivaji]], the 17th-century founder of the [[Maratha Empire]], whose name is often preceded by [[Chhatrapati]], a royal title. In 2017, the station was again renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (code CSMT), where [[Maharaj]] is also a royal title. However, both the former initials "VT" and the current, "CSMT", are commonly used.

The terminus is the headquarters of India's [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]. It is one of the busiest railway stations in India, serving as a terminal for both long-distance- and [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]] trains.

The railway station was built to replace the [[Bori Bunder railway station]], in the [[Bori Bunder]] area of Mumbai, a prominent port and warehouse area known for its imports and exports. Since Mumbai became a major port city at the time, a bigger station was built to meet its demands, and was named Victoria Terminus, after the then reigning Empress of India, Queen Victoria. The station was designed by the consulting British architect [[Frederick William Stevens]]. Work began in 1878. He received ₹1,614,000 (US$23,000) as the payment for his services. Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman [[Axel Haig]]. The final design bears some resemblance to [[St Pancras railway station]] in [[London]]. [[George Gilbert Scott|GG Scott]]'s plans for Berlin's parliament building had been published four years before, and also has marked similarities to the station's design.

The station took ten years to complete, the longest for any building of that era in Bombay. This famous architectural landmark in a Gothic-revival style was built as the headquarters of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway|Great Indian Peninsular Railway]].

The station building is designed in the High [[Victorian Gothic]] style of architecture. The building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture.

====Fort campus of the University of Mumbai====
The [[Rajabai Tower]] in [[South Mumbai]] is located in the confines of the [[Fort (area)|Fort]] campus of the [[University of Mumbai]], and was constructed between 1869 and 1878.<ref name="Profile" /> It was designed by Sir [[George Gilbert Scott]], an English architect, and was modeled on [[Clock Tower, Palace of Westminster|Big Ben]], the clock tower of the United Kingdom's houses of Parliament in London.<ref name="Mumbai.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbai.org.uk/rajbai-tower.html|title=Rajabai Tower|publisher=Mumbai.org.uk|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-date=22 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822035156/http://www.mumbai.org.uk/rajbai-tower.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The tower stands at a height of 85 m (280 ft) and at the time it was the tallest building in India. The tower fuses [[Venice|Venetian]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] styles.<ref name="Mumbai.org"/> It is built out of the locally available buff coloured [[Kurla]] stone and [[stained glass]].<ref name="Mumbai.org"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mu.ac.in/service_library.html |title=About |publisher=[[University of Mumbai]] |access-date=15 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809041508/http://mu.ac.in/service_library.html |archive-date=9 August 2009 }}</ref>

[[File:Rajabai under Const.jpg|thumb|left|A file photo of University of Mumbai taken in the 1870s. Rajabai Clock Tower here seen shrouded in scaffolding was completed in 1878]]

==== Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Market ====
{{see also|Crawford Market Fountain}}
Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai(formally Crawford Market) in south Mumbai was named after [[Arthur Crawford]], the first [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai|Municipal Commissioner]] of the city. The building, completed in 1869, was donated to the city by [[Cowasji Jehangir]]. In 1882, the building was the first market in India to be lit up by electricity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaibombay-hotels.com/attractions-mumbai/crawford-market.html|title=Crawford Market|publisher=Mumbai Bombay Hotels|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815031555/http://www.mumbaibombay-hotels.com/attractions-mumbai/crawford-market.html|archive-date=15 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> The edifice is a blend of Norman, Flemish and Gothic architectural styles.<ref name="AA">{{cite web|url=http://americanairlines.wcities.com/en/record/,320124/683/record.html|title=Mahatma Jyotirao Phule Market (Crawford Market)|publisher=[[American Airlines]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120054848/http://americanairlines.wcities.com/en/record/%2C320124/683/record.html|archive-date=20 November 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=15 August 2009}}</ref> The [[frieze]]s on the outside entrance depicting Indian farmers, and the stone fountains inside, were designed by [[Lockwood Kipling]], father of novelist [[Rudyard Kipling]].<ref name="AA" /> The market covers an area of 22,471 sq m (24,000 sq ft) which 5,515 sq m (6,000 sq ft) is occupied by the building itself. The structure was built using coarse buff coloured Kurla stone, with redstone from [[Vasai]].

==== Watson's Hotel ====
[[File:Watson's-Hotel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Watson's Hotel]]]]
[[Watson's Hotel]], currently known as the Esplanade Mansion, is located in the [[Kala Ghoda]] area of Mumbai and is India's oldest surviving [[cast iron]] building.<ref name="toast">{{cite news|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=135972|title=Now listed as 'endangered', Watson's Hotel was once toast of Bombay|last=Choudhury|first=Chitrangada|date=24 June 2005|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=15 August 2009|publisher=[[Express Group]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612050214/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=135972|archive-date=12 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was named after its original owner John Watson and designed by civil engineer [[Rowland Mason Ordish]], who was also associated with the [[St Pancras Station]] in London. The building was fabricated in England between 1867 and 1869 from [[cast iron]] components and was assembled and constructed on site. The external cast-iron frame closely resembles other high-profile 19th century buildings such as London's [[The Crystal Palace|Crystal Palace]]. The main façade of the hotel is distinguished by wide, open balconies on each floor that connected the guest rooms, which were built around the [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] in a courtyard arrangement.<ref name="mirror">{{cite news|title=India's 'cast iron' bldg crumble|date=2 July 2005|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|publisher=[[Times Group]]}}</ref>

Neglect of the building has resulted in decay and, despite its listing as a Grade II–A heritage structure, the building is now in a dilapidated state. The condition of the building was publicized by Italian architect [[Renzo Piano]] and heritage activists, and as a result of their efforts, the building was listed in June 2005 on the list of "100 World Endangered Monuments" by the [[World Monuments Fund]], a New York-based NGO.<ref name="rediff">{{cite news|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/jun/21mum.htm|title=Mumbai's Watson's Hotel in endangered structures list|last=Joshi|first=Monika|date=21 June 2005|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-date=2 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202055840/http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/jun/21mum.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Indo-Saracenic===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai 01.jpg
| caption1 = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]]
| image2 = Gateway of India (13985936311).jpg
| caption2 = [[Gateway of India]]
| footer_align = center
| footer = Buildings designed in the [[Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture|Indo-Saracenic style]] by [[George Wittet]].
| align =
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}}
The [[Indo-Saracenic]] style developed in the second half of the 19th century, combining Islamic and Hindu architectural styles with its characteristic domes, arches, stained glasses, spires, and minarets. The [[Gateway of India]] and [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] are good examples of this architectural type in the city.

====Gateway of India====
The Gateway of India is one of the major monuments in the city, located in the [[Apollo Bunder]] area in [[South Mumbai]]. It is a distinct {{convert|26|m|ft|0}} high arch built from yellow [[basalt]] and [[reinforced concrete]].<ref name="bomcities">{{cite book|title=Bombay – The Cities Within|last=Dwivedi|first=Sharada|author2=Rahul Mehotra|publisher=India Book House|year=1995|isbn=978-81-85028-80-4|location=Mumbai}}</ref> Many elements of the arch are derived from the Islamic architectural styles of 16th century [[Gujarat]], the pillars are derived from the design of Hindu temples and the design of the Gateway's windows derive from [[Islamic architecture]].

The Gateway of India was built to commemorate the visit of [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] to Mumbai, prior to the [[Delhi Durbar]], in December 1911.<ref name="bomcities"/> The foundation stone was laid on 31 March 1911, by Governor of Bombay [[Sir George Sydenham Clarke]], and the final design of [[George Wittet]] was sanctioned in August 1914. The foundations were completed in 1920, and construction was finished in 1924.<ref name="bomcities"/> The building got the name the Gateway of India, because in the colonial era the Europeans entered India from this location, it was normally the first thing they would see while entering the country.

====Taj Hotel====
The [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower|Taj Mahal Palace]] hotel resort was commissioned by [[Tata Group|Tata]] and first opened its doors to guests on 16 December 1903. The original Indian architects were Sitaram Khanderao Vaidya and D. N. Mirza, and the project was completed by an English [[engineer]] W. A. Chambers. The cost of construction was £250,000 (£127 million today).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/27/mumbai-terror-attacks-india5|title=Mumbai Terror Attacks|last=Gray|first=Sadie|date=27 November 2008|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826185528/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/27/mumbai-terror-attacks-india5|archive-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=live|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> During World War I, the hotel was converted into a 600-bed hospital. The dome of the hotel is made from the same steel as used in the [[Eiffel Tower]]. Jamsedti Tata imported the same steel during that time. The hotel was the first in India to install and operate a steam elevator.

=== Art Deco ===
{{Main|Art Deco in Mumbai}}
The Deco period began in 1910 when Art Nouveau slid out of fashion. Art deco's linear symmetry was a distinct departure from the flowing asymmetrical organic curves of its predecessor style art nouveau. Art Deco is an eclectic style and designers drew inspiration from many sources. Artifacts from Ancient Egypt and Greece, Meso-America, Africa, Japan and China that had all been influential. Cubism, Orphism, Futurism and Constructivism provided an abstract, geometric language that was quickly assimilated into the Deco style and the high styles of European tradition continued to provide inspiration.
Art Deco had a unique impact in America, [[Art Deco architecture of New York City|especially in New York]]. Skyscrapers such as the [[Chrysler Building]] became icons of the new style, while jazz became the music of the city. The popularity of Hollywood films did much to promote Art Deco to an international audience worldwide.

Art Deco is one of Mumbai's least noticed architectural styles, though Mumbai and its suburbs possibly have the largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artdecomumbai.com/inventory/|title=Inventory {{!}} Art Deco|website=artdecomumbai.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-22|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122112045/http://www.artdecomumbai.com/inventory/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Also called ''Indo Deco'' or ''Bombay Deco''. {{cite news |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Ronojoy |title=Mumbai's Iconic Art Deco Buildings Were Made to Conquer Disease |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-30/how-india-s-bombay-deco-buildings-battle-disease |access-date=30 October 2020 |work=Bloomberg News |date=29 October 2020 |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030103316/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-30/how-india-s-bombay-deco-buildings-battle-disease |url-status=live }}</ref> Art Deco in India (and especially in Mumbai) evolved into a unique style that came to be called Deco-Saracenic. Essentially, it was a combination of the Islamic and the Hindu architectural styles. The main features of the Indo Saracenic Style were the construction of domes, arches, spires, stained glasses and minarets. The interiors have Victorian influences while the exterior was Indian. Deco details touch every architectural aspect – lamps, flooring, wood paneling, lifts, railings and grills, muntins, chhajjas or weather shades, plinth copings and mouldings, cornices, verandahs and balconies, bronze and stainless steel fittings, brackets, etched glass, ornamental sculptures that extended to names carved out in giant letters, facades that are very airy and built in stepped -back style, etc.
Mumbai's Art Deco stands out not only because it uses the easy blend of Deco-Saracenic but also because architects have used a variety of materials to express design freely. For instance, many buildings have been constructed entirely out of reinforced cement concrete but has a facing of Malad stone. Bharat Tiles, India's oldest tile manufacturers, also played an integral part in the shaping of Art Deco interiors. Some of the most visited architectural sites in Mumbai are:
* The Mahalakshmi Temple
* The Jahangir Art Gallery
* The High Court
* The General Post Office
* The Flora Fountain
* Regal Cinema

[[File:ErosTheater.jpg|thumb|right|[[Eros Cinema]]]] [[File:Metro-Cinema.jpg|thumb|left|Metro Cinema now [[Metro Adlabs|Metro Inox Cinemas]], designed by [[Thomas W. Lamb]].]]
Art Deco architecture in Mumbai developed during the 1930s and produced distinctly angular shaped buildings with facades. Mumbai has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world. The Art Deco style is also extremely popular amongst various Cinema halls that sprung up in the early to mid 20th Century including Metro Cinema, Eros Cinema, Liberty Cinema and even Regal Cinema. [[Eros Cinema]] is a typical art deco building, designed by architect [[Sohrabji Bhedwar]]. The foundation of Eros Cinema was laid in 1935.<ref name="India9">{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Eros-Cinema-64631.htm|title=Eros Cinema|publisher=India9.com|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-date=30 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030131138/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Eros-Cinema-64631.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The cinema opened in 1938 and construction of this building on the then newly reclaimed Backbay plot housing shops and other businesses, apart from the cinema, took about two and a half years to complete. Partially faced with red Agra sandstone, this building is painted cream. The two wings of this Art Deco building meet up in a central block. The foyer is in white and black marble with touches of gold. [[Marble]] staircases with chromium handrails lead up to the upper floor.<ref name="India9"/> The murals are in muted colours depicting Indian architectures.

The [[Metro Adlabs|Metro Inox Cinemas]], located on [[Mahatma Gandhi Road]], at Dhobitalao Junction is also a good example of the Art Deco style of architecture that appeared in the 1930s in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinematreasures.org/theater/1720/|title=Metro Big Cinema|publisher=Cinema Treasures|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-date=21 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221114109/http://cinematreasures.org/theater/1720|url-status=live}}</ref> The cinema features mainly Bollywood and Hollywood films.

==Contemporary architecture and development==
[[File:Bombay Stock Exchange.JPG|thumb|right|[[Bombay Stock Exchange]] building – an example of [[contemporary architecture]].]]{{Update section|date=August 2017}}
As the wealthiest city in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indicus.net/Media/index.php/mediahome/1442-demand-curve-india-needs-cities-network-for-easy-rural-urban-shift |title=Demand Curve - India needs cities network for easy rural urban shift |publisher=Indicus Analytics |access-date=15 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719190601/http://www.indicus.net/Media/index.php/mediahome/1442-demand-curve-india-needs-cities-network-for-easy-rural-urban-shift |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> Mumbai attracts an enormous amount of international investment and has seen a large number of modern high-rise office buildings and flats spring up in recent decades. In many parts of the city, particularly the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape away from the old part of the city. Mumbai has by far the largest number of skyscrapers in India, with 956 existing buildings and 272 under construction and many more planned as of August 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=102037|title=Tall Buildings of Mumbai|publisher=Emporis|access-date=15 August 2009|archive-date=5 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142558/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/?id=102037|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The tallest skyscrapers in Mumbai include the [[Palais Royale, Mumbai|Palais Royale]], [[The Imperial (Mumbai)|The Imperial]], and [[One Avighna Park]].

The [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]] (MMRDA) was established in 1974 by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] to manage the planning and co-ordination of development activities in the city and to overlook the architectural development of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/|title=Welcome to Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|publisher=[[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]|access-date=15 August 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090831070601/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/| archive-date= 31 August 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

In 1995 the Heritage Committee in Mumbai was established and, unifying architects, historians and citizens to preserve the city's tradition architectural heritage. A grading system has since been used under the heritage regulations to categorize buildings according to importance: the most important landmarks of national significance are categorized as Heritage Grade I, buildings of regional importance as Heritage Grade II and buildings of urban importance as Heritage Grade III.<ref name="The Hindu" />

{{Further|topic=the architecture and interior design firm|Talati and Panthaky}}

==Gallery==
{{gallery
|title=|width=212
|File:Crawford Market.png|[[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai]]
|File:Mumbai, India, Central Mumbai, Gothic style.jpg|Oriental Building
|File:Mumbai 03-2016 72 Flora Fountain.jpg|[[Flora Fountain]]
|File:Don bosco wadala mumbai.jpg|Don Bosco Wadala
|File:KnesetEliyahooSynagogue.JPG|[[Knesset Eliyahoo]] synagogue
|File:Mumbai 03-2016 41 Bombay High Court.jpg|[[Mumbai High Court]]
|File:Majestic House, Colaba.jpg|Majestic House
|File:David Sassoon Library.jpg|[[David Sassoon Library]]
}}

=== Places of worship ===
{{Gallery
|width=212
|File:Mount Mary Church (Bombay).jpg|[[Mount Mary Church]]
|File:Banganga temple shikhara.jpg|Banganga Temple
|File:Don bosco wadala mumbai.jpg|Don Bosco Wadala
|File:KnesetEliyahooSynagogue.JPG|[[Knesset Eliyahoo]] synagogue
|File:Afghan-Church, Bombay-FV.jpg|[[Afghan Church]]
|File:SEEPZ church 4.jpg|Ruins of [[St. John the Baptist Church, Mumbai|St. John the Baptist Church]] in [[Andheri]], built by the Portuguese [[Jesuits]] in 1579
|File:St thomas Cathedreal.jpg|[[St. Thomas Cathedral, Mumbai|St. Thomas Cathedral]] was the first [[Anglican]] church in Mumbai
|File:St. Michael's Church, Mahim 4.jpg|[[St. Michael's Church (Mumbai)|St. Michael's Church]] in [[Mahim]], oldest Portuguese [[Franciscan]] church in Mumbai, built in 1534
}}

=== Forts ===
{{gallery
|width = 212
|Image:Sewri fort courtyard.jpg|Serwani Fort, build by Prasana Jadhav Clan in 1909 to run a brothel
|Image:Castella de Aguada 7.jpg|Bandra Fort
21 January 2025|Image:Bassein Fort embellishment.jpg|Vasai fort main entrance with embellishments
|Image:Mahim Fort 3.jpg|Mahim Fort
|Image:Mumbai fort remains 6.jpg|Ft. St George's wall
|Image:Madh-fort5.jpg|[[Madh Fort]] from Versova
|title=}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Architecture of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Architecture Of Mumbai}}
[[Category:Mumbai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Architecture in India by city|Mumbai]]

History

2026-03-24T13:04:36Z

KraigYee56: small update structure further for accuracy

{{Short description|Study of the past}}
{{About|the academic discipline|a general history of human beings|Human history|a general history of Earth|History of Earth|other uses}}
{{Featured article}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=December 2024}}
{{TopicTOC-History}}

'''History''' is the systematic study of the [[past]], focusing primarily on the [[Human history|human past]]. As an [[academic discipline]], it analyses and interprets [[evidence]] to construct [[narrative]]s about what happened and explain why it happened. Some theorists categorize history as a [[social science]], while others see it as part of the [[humanities]] or consider it a hybrid discipline. Similar debates surround the purpose of history—for example, whether its main aim is theoretical, to uncover the [[truth]], or practical, to learn lessons from the past. In a more general sense, the term ''history'' refers not to an academic field but to the [[past]] itself, times in the past, or to individual texts about the past.

[[Historical research]] relies on [[Primary source|primary]] and [[secondary sources]] to reconstruct past events and validate interpretations. [[Source criticism]] is used to evaluate these sources, assessing their authenticity, content, and reliability. Historians strive to integrate the perspectives of several sources to develop a coherent narrative. Different schools of thought, such as [[positivism]], the [[Annales school|''Annales'' school]], [[Marxism]], and [[postmodernism]], have distinct [[methodological]] approaches.

History is a broad discipline encompassing many branches. Some focus on specific [[Periodization|time periods]], such as [[ancient history]], while others concentrate on particular [[geographic]] regions, such as the [[history of Africa]]. Thematic categorizations include [[political history]], [[military history]], [[social history]], and [[economic history]]. Branches associated with specific research methods and sources include [[quantitative history]], [[comparative history]], and [[oral history]].

History emerged as a field of inquiry in [[Ancient history|antiquity]] to replace myth-infused narratives, with influential early traditions originating in [[ancient Greece|Greece]], [[ancient China|China]], and later in the [[Islamic world]]. Historical writing evolved throughout the ages and became increasingly professional, particularly during the 19th century, when a rigorous methodology and various academic institutions were established. History is related to many fields, including [[historiography]], [[philosophy]], [[education]], and [[politics]].

== Definition ==

As an [[academic discipline]], history is the study of the past with the main focus on the human past.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kragh|1987|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OX7d7u_2rF4C&pg=PA41 41]}} | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 1. History and its representation}} | {{harvnb|Collingwood|1967|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MWDxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 § 4. History and the Philosophy of History]}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=193–194}} | {{harvnb|Collingwood|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pTucAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9]}} }}</ref> It conceptualizes and describes what happened by collecting and analysing [[evidence]] to construct [[narrative]]s. These narratives cover not only how events developed over time but also why they happened and in which contexts, providing an explanation of relevant background conditions and [[Causality|causal]] mechanisms. History further examines the meaning of historical events and the underlying [[Motivation|human motives]] driving them.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 1. History and its representation}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=140–143}} | {{harvnb|Munslow|2001}} | {{harvnb|Evans|2001}} }}</ref>

In a slightly different sense, ''history'' refers to the past events themselves. Under this interpretation, history is what happened rather than the academic field studying what happened. When used as a [[countable noun]], ''a history'' is a representation of the past in the form of a history text. History texts are cultural products involving active [[Interpretation (philosophy)|interpretation]] and reconstruction. The narratives presented in them can change as historians discover new evidence or reinterpret already-known sources. The past itself, by contrast, is static and unchangeable.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tucker|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVdNxyFiKsC&pg=PA2 xii, 2]}} | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}} | {{harvnb|Evans|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8-zMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=193–194}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=140–143}} }}</ref> Some historians focus on the interpretative and explanatory aspects to distinguish histories from [[chronicle]]s, arguing that chronicles only catalogue events in chronological order, whereas histories aim at a comprehensive understanding of their causes, contexts, and consequences.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Evans|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8-zMCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|p=196}} }}</ref>{{efn|Some authors restrict the term ''history'' to the factual series of past events and use the term ''[[historiography]]'' for the study of those events. Others use the term ''history'' for the study and representation of the past. They characterize historiography as a [[metatheory]] studying the methods and historical development of this academic discipline.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tucker|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVdNxyFiKsC&pg=PA2 xii, 2]}} | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]}} }}</ref>}}

History has been primarily concerned with written documents. It focused on [[recorded history]] since the [[invention of writing]], leaving [[prehistory]]{{efn|Some theorists identify [[protohistory]] as a distinct period after prehistory that spans from the invention of writing to the first attempts to record history.<ref>{{harvnb|Kipfer|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA457 457–458]}}</ref>}} to other fields, such as [[archaeology]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300 300]}} | {{harvnb|Renfrew|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CooTRuA3kAC&pg=PA172 172]}} }}</ref> Its scope broadened in the 20th century as historians became interested in the human past before the invention of writing.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA299 299–300]}} | {{harvnb|Ackermann|Schroeder|Terry|Upshur|2008|p=xvii}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LMMtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 17–18]}} | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 v, 1]}} }}</ref>{{efn|Big History, formulated by the historian David Christian in the late 1980s, reaches back even further to the Big Bang, covering the cosmological development of the universe and the biological evolution of life in addition to human history.<ref name="auto4">{{harvnb|Hesketh|2023|pp=1–4, 41}}</ref>}}

Historians debate whether history is a [[social science]] or forms part of the [[humanities]]. Like social scientists, historians formulate [[hypotheses]], gather objective evidence, and present arguments based on this evidence. At the same time, history aligns closely with the humanities because of its reliance on subjective aspects associated with interpretation, [[storytelling]], human experience, and [[cultural heritage]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 114–115]}} | {{harvnb|Parrott|Hake|1983|pp=121–122}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=50–52}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=196–197}} }}</ref> Some historians strongly support one or the other classification while others characterize history as a hybrid discipline that does not belong to one category at the exclusion of the other.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=50–52}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=196–197, 415–416}} }}</ref> History contrasts with ''[[pseudohistory]]'', a label used to describe practices that deviate from historiographical standards by relying on disputed historical evidence, selectively ignoring genuine evidence, or using other means to distort the historical record. Often motivated by specific [[Ideology|ideological agendas]], pseudohistorical practices mimic [[historical method]]ology to promote biased, misleading narratives that lack rigorous analysis and scholarly consensus.<ref name="auto1">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Allchin|2004|pp=179–180}} | {{harvnb|Välimäki|Aali|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3kmHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57]}} }}</ref>

=== Purpose ===
Various suggestions about the purpose or value of history have been made. Some historians propose that its primary function is the pure discovery of [[truth]] about the past. This view emphasizes that the disinterested pursuit of truth is an [[end in itself]], while external purposes, associated with ideology or [[politics]], threaten to undermine the accuracy of historical research by distorting the past. In this role, history also challenges traditional [[myth]]s lacking factual support.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Southgate|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PR11 xi–xii, 1, 57]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=50–52}} }}</ref>{{efn|Early historians, such as Herodotus and Thucydides, already criticised the accounts of Homer and other poets as fantastic and inaccurate.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lefkowitz|2008|pp=353–354}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21–24]}} | {{harvnb|Shankman|Durrant|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oTn7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96 96]}} }}</ref>}}

A different perspective suggests that the main value of history lies in the lessons it teaches for the present. This view is based on the idea that an [[Historical consciousness|understanding of the past]] can guide [[decision-making]], for example, to avoid repeating previous mistakes.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120–121]}} | {{harvnb|Southgate|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PA11 11–12, 57–58]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=26, 50–52}} }}</ref> A related perspective focuses on a general understanding of the [[human condition]], making people aware of the diversity of [[human behavior|human behaviour]] across different contexts{{em dash}}similar to what one can learn by visiting foreign countries.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 121–122]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=50–52}} }}</ref> History can also foster [[social cohesion]] by providing people with a [[collective identity]] through a shared past, helping to preserve and cultivate cultural heritage and values across generations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 121]}} | {{harvnb|Southgate|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PA38 38–39, 175–176]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=50–51}} }}</ref> For some scholars, including [[Whig historians]] and the Marxist scholar [[E. H. Carr]], history is a key to understanding the present<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Jenkins|1995|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mW_rXrXGXa8C&pg=PA53 53]}} | {{harvnb|Haviland|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=khYVsKMvQZIC&pg=PA6 6]}} }}</ref> and, in Carr's case, shaping the future.<ref name="Evans2002p2">{{Harvnb|Evans|2002|p=2}}</ref>

History has sometimes been used for political or ideological purposes, for instance, to justify the status quo by emphasising the respectability of certain traditions or to promote change by highlighting past injustices.<ref>{{harvnb|Southgate|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PR11 xi–xii 49–51, 175–176]}}</ref> In extreme forms, evidence is intentionally ignored or misinterpreted to construct misleading narratives, which can result in pseudohistory or [[historical denialism]].<ref name="auto1"/>{{efn|[[Historical revisionism]], a related outlook, seeks to overturn established perspectives on history. This can take a variety of forms, from the introduction of new evidence and methods which counter current thinking, to criticising the value or significance of historical events or actors. Some theorists use the term ''revisionism'' in a neutral sense for any rejection or reinterpretation of mainstream views. Others associate it with practices that disregard genuine evidence and incorporate intensely skeptical and [[Relativism|relativist]] views to justify pseudohistorical perspectives, attempting to discredit established knowledge of historical events through epistemic criticism.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tucker|2008|pp=1–10}} | {{harvnb|Evans|1999|pp=238–243}} | {{harvnb|Buchanan|2010}} | {{harvnb|Fronza|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vWBODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4]}}}}</ref>}} Influential examples are [[Holocaust denial]], [[Armenian genocide denial]], [[Nanjing Massacre denial]], and [[Holodomor denial]].<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|Sinclair|2024|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCDgEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA417 417–418]}}</ref>

===Etymology===
[[File:POxy v0017 n2099 a 01 hires - cropped.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a damaged text written in black ink|Fragment of the ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' by [[Herodotus]], an Ancient Greek historical text<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22]}}</ref>]]

The word ''history'' comes from the [[Ancient Greek]] term {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἵστωρ|ἵστωρ]]}} ({{Transliteration|grc|histōr}}), meaning {{gloss|learned, wise man}}. It gave rise to the Ancient Greek word {{lang|grc|[[wikt:ἱστορία|ἱστορία]]}} ({{Transliteration|grc|historiā}}), which had a wide meaning associated with inquiry in general and giving testimony. The term was later adopted into [[Classical Latin]] as {{lang|la|historia}}. In [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman times]], the meaning of the term shifted, placing more emphasis on narrative aspects and the art of presentation rather than focusing on investigation and testimony.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=193–195}} | {{harvnb|Stevenson|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA831 831]}} | {{harvnb|HarperCollins|2022}} | {{harvnb|Joseph|Janda|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8F_O12CS9L8C&pg=PA163 163]}} | {{harvnb|HarperCollins|2003|p=99}} | {{harvnb|OED Staff|2024}} }}</ref>

The word entered [[Middle English]] in the 14th century via the [[Old French]] term {{lang|fro|histoire}}.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|HarperCollins|2022}} | {{harvnb|Joseph|Janda|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8F_O12CS9L8C&pg=PA163 163]}} | {{harvnb|Stevenson|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=anecAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA831 831]}} }}</ref> At this time, it meant {{gloss|story, tale}}, encompassing both factual and fictional narratives. In the 15th century, its meaning shifted to cover the branch of knowledge studying the past in addition to narratives about the past.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Joseph|Janda|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8F_O12CS9L8C&pg=PA163 163]}} | {{harvnb|Hoad|1993|p=217}} | {{harvnb|Cresswell|2021|loc=§ History}} | {{harvnb|OED Staff|2024}} }}</ref> In the 18th and 19th centuries, the word ''history'' became more closely associated with factual accounts and evidence-based inquiry, coinciding with the professionalization of historical inquiry, a meaning still dominant in contemporary usage.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=195–196}} | {{harvnb|HarperCollins|2022}}}}</ref> The dual meaning, referring to both mere stories and factual accounts of the past, is present in the terms for history in many other European languages. They include the French {{lang|fr|histoire}}, the Italian {{lang|it|storia}}, and the German {{lang|de|Geschichte}}.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Berkhofer|2022|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bNnpEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10–11]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|p=141}} }}</ref>

== Methods ==
{{main|Historical method}}
The historical method is a [[Methodology|set of techniques]] historians use to research and interpret the past, covering the processes of collecting, evaluating, and synthesizing evidence.{{efn|Understood in a narrow sense, the historical method is sometimes limited to the evaluation or criticism of sources.<ref>{{harvnb|Ritter|1986|p=268}}</ref>}} It seeks to ensure scholarly rigour, accuracy, and reliability in how historical [[evidence]] is chosen, analysed, and interpreted.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fazal|2023|p=140}} | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|pp=1–2}} | {{harvnb|Ahlskog|2020|pp=1–2}} | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 9–10 ]}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|p=268}} }}</ref> Historical research often starts with a [[research question]] to define the scope of the inquiry. Some research questions focus on a simple description of what happened. Others aim to explain why a particular event occurred, refute an existing theory, or confirm a new hypothesis.<ref>{{multiref| {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19–20]}} | {{harvnb|Bhat|2019|p=203}}}}</ref>

=== Sources and source criticism ===
To answer research questions, historians rely on various types of evidence to reconstruct the past and support their conclusions. Historical evidence is usually divided into [[Primary source|primary]] and [[secondary sources]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=57–58}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=143–144}} }}</ref> A primary source is a source that originated during the period that is studied. Primary sources can take various forms, such as official documents, letters, diaries, eyewitness accounts, photographs, and audio or video recordings. They also include historical remains examined in [[archaeology]], [[geology]], and the [[medical sciences]], such as artefacts and [[fossil]]s unearthed from [[excavations]]. Primary sources offer the most direct evidence of historical events.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=54–58}} | {{harvnb|Storey|2013|p=32}} }}</ref>

[[File:Collections Archive, St. Petersburg Museum of History, St. Petersburg, FL.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of archive storage area; on the left, the hand cranks to operate shelving units; on the right, the shelves of one unit containing storage boxes|Archives preserve large quantities of original sources for researchers to access.<ref>{{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59–60]}}</ref>]]
A secondary source is a source that analyses or interprets information found in other sources.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 37]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=57–58}} }}</ref> Whether a document is a primary or a secondary source depends not only on the document itself but also on the purpose for which it is used. For example, if a historian writes a text about slavery based on an analysis of historical documents, then the text is a secondary source on slavery and a primary source on the historian's opinion.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 37]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=57–59}} }}</ref>{{efn|The exact definitions of ''primary source'' and ''secondary source'' are disputed and there is not always consensus on how a particular source should be categorized. For example, if a person was not present at a riot but reports on it shortly after it happened, some historians consider this report a primary source while others see it as a secondary source.<ref>{{harvnb|Tosh|2002|p=57}}</ref>}} Consistency with available sources is one of the main standards of historical works. For instance, the discovery of new sources may lead historians to revise or dismiss previously accepted narratives.<ref>{{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=56–57}}</ref> To find and access primary and secondary sources, historians consult [[archive]]s, [[libraries]], and [[museum]]s. Archives play a central role by preserving countless original sources and making them available to researchers in a systematic and accessible manner. Thanks to technological advances, historians increasingly rely on online resources, which offer vast digital [[database]]s with methods to search and access specific documents.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 40–45]}} | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59–60]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|p=56}} }}</ref>

[[Source criticism]] is the process of analysing and evaluating the information a source provides.{{efn|[[Leopold von Ranke]]'s emphasis on source evaluation significantly influenced the practice of historical research.<ref>{{harvnb|Tosh|2002|p=87}}</ref>}} Typically, this process begins with external criticism, which evaluates the authenticity of a source. It addresses the questions of when and where the source was created and seeks to identify the author, understand their reasons for producing the source, and determine if it has undergone some type of modification since its creation. Additionally, the process involves distinguishing between original works, copies, and deceptive forgeries.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 70–71]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=59, 87–88}} | {{harvnb|Topolski|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OMZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA432 432]}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=84–86}} }}</ref>

Internal criticism evaluates the content of a source, typically beginning with the clarification of the meaning within the source. This involves disambiguating individual terms that could be misunderstood but may also require a general translation if the source is written in an unfamiliar language.{{efn|Historians consider the context and time of the document to understand the meanings of the terms it uses. For example, if a document uses the word ''awful'', they have to decide whether it expresses the modern meaning {{gloss|terrible}} or the historical meaning {{gloss|worthy of awe}}.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=90–91}} | {{harvnb|Gil|Marsen|2022|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9RRoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT24 24]}} }}</ref>}} Once the information content of a source is understood, internal criticism is specifically interested in determining accuracy. Critics ask whether the information is reliable or misrepresents the topic and further question whether the source is comprehensive or omits important details. One way to make these assessments is to evaluate whether the author was able, in principle, to provide a faithful presentation of the studied event. Other approaches include the assessment of the influences of the author's intentions and prejudices, and cross-referencing information with other credible sources. Being aware of the inadequacies of a source helps historians decide whether and which aspects of it to trust, and how to use it to construct a narrative.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 70–71]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=59, 87–88, 91–92}} | {{harvnb|Topolski|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OMZ9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA432 432]}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=84–86}} }}</ref>

=== Synthesis and schools of thought ===
The selection, analysis, and criticism of sources result in the validation of a large collection of mostly isolated statements about the past. As a next step, sometimes termed ''historical synthesis'', historians examine how the individual pieces of evidence fit together to form part of a larger story.{{efn|This becomes particularly challenging if different sources provide seemingly contradictory information.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=140, 171}} | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|p=71}} }}</ref>}} Constructing this broader perspective is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the topic as a whole. It is a creative aspect{{efn|The creativity and imagination needed for this step is one of the reasons why some theorists understand history as an [[The arts|art]] rather than a [[science]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tosh|2002|p=141}}</ref>}} of historical writing that reconstructs, interprets, and explains what happened by showing how different events are connected.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Berkhofer|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1uvGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49–50]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=139–143}} }}</ref> In this way, historians address not only which events occurred but also why they occurred and what consequences they had.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=142–143}} | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 1. History and its representation}} }}</ref> While there are no universally accepted techniques for this synthesis, historians rely on various interpretative tools and approaches in this process.<ref>{{harvnb|Tosh|2002|p=140}}</ref>

[[File:Auguste Comte.jpg|thumb|alt=Drawing of a seated man in formal dark clothes|[[Auguste Comte]] articulated [[positivism]], advocating a science-based approach to history.<ref>{{harvnb|Wright|2006}}</ref>]]

One tool to provide an accessible overview of complex developments is the use of [[periodization]], which divides a timeframe into different periods, each organized around central themes or developments that shaped the period. For example, the [[three-age system]] is traditionally used to divide early human history into [[Stone Age]], [[Bronze Age]], and [[Iron Age]] based on the predominant materials and technologies during these periods.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78]}} | {{harvnb|Lucas|2004|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T-bmSSHFA9oC&pg=PA50 50–51]}} | {{harvnb|Christian|2015|pp=5–6}} }}</ref> Another methodological tool is the examination of silences, gaps or omissions in the historical record of events that occurred but did not leave significant evidential traces. Silences can happen when contemporaries find information too obvious to document but may also occur if there are specific reasons to withhold or destroy information.<ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77 77–78]}}</ref>{{efn|For example, [[Martha Washington]] burned all private letters between her and her husband [[George Washington]], leaving decades worth of silences on their relationship.<ref>{{harvnb|Oberg|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aHpzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 17]}}</ref> Another cause of silences, the existence of a [[taboo]], such as a taboo against [[homosexuality]], can have the effect that little information on the topic is recorded.<ref name="auto"/> The practice of erasing names of deceased people considered enemies from public record is known as ''[[damnatio memoriae]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Hedrick|2000|p=xii}}</ref>}} Conversely, when large [[dataset]]s are available, [[Quantitative history|quantitative approaches]] can be used. For instance, economic and social historians commonly employ [[statistical analysis]] to identify patterns and trends associated with large groups.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=244–245}} | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|pp=81, 92–93}} }}</ref>

Different schools of thought often come with their own methodological implications for how to write history.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|pp=13–14, 88}} | {{harvnb|Berkhofer|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1uvGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49–50]}} | {{harvnb|Lloyd|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVdNxyFiKsC&pg=PA371 371–372]}} }}</ref> [[Positivism|Positivists]] emphasize the scientific nature of historical inquiry, focusing on [[empirical evidence]] to discover [[Objectivity (science)|objective truths]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|p=13}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=166, 185}} }}</ref> In contrast, [[Postmodernism|postmodernists]] reject [[grand narratives]] that claim to offer a single, objective truth. Instead, they highlight the [[Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)|subjective]] nature of historical interpretation, which leads to a multiplicity of divergent perspectives.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=22, 185}} | {{harvnb|Berkhofer|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1uvGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 45, 78]}} }}</ref> [[Marxism|Marxists]] interpret historical developments as expressions of economic forces and [[class struggle]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|pp=13–14}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=27, 224–225}} }}</ref> The [[Annales school|''Annales'' school]] highlights long-term social and economic trends while relying on quantitative and interdisciplinary methods.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|pp=110–111}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=121, 133}} }}</ref> [[Feminist history|Feminist historians]] study the role of [[gender]] in history, with a particular interest in analysing the experiences of women to challenge [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] perspectives.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|pp=113–114}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|p=238}} }}</ref>

==Areas of study==
History is a wide field of inquiry encompassing many branches. Some branches focus on a specific time period, while others concentrate on a particular geographic region or a distinct theme. Specializations of different types can usually be combined; for example, a work on economic history in ancient Egypt merges temporal, regional, and thematic perspectives. For topics with a broad scope, the amount of primary sources is often too extensive for an individual historian to review, forcing them to either narrow the scope of their topic or also rely on secondary sources to arrive at a wide overview.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=108–109}} | {{harvnb|Lemon|1995|p=112}} | {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=34–35}} | {{harvnb|Veysey|1979|p=1}} }}</ref>

=== By period ===
Chronological division is a common approach to organizing the vast expanse of history into more manageable segments. Different [[Periodization|periods]] are often defined based on dominant themes that characterize a specific time frame and significant events that initiated these developments or brought them to an end. Depending on the selected context and level of detail, a period may be as short as a decade or longer than several centuries.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78]}} | {{harvnb|Christian|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYLrRXaZrAkC&pg=PA97 97–99]}} | {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|p=34}} }}</ref> A traditionally influential approach divides [[human history]] into [[prehistory]], [[ancient history]], [[post-classical history]], [[early modern history]], and [[modern history]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Van Nieuwenhuyse|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bhLbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 375]}} | {{harvnb|Christian|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYLrRXaZrAkC&pg=PA98 98–99]}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2001|loc=Table of Contents}} | {{harvnb|Christian|2015|p=7}} }}</ref>{{efn|There are disagreements about when exactly each period starts and ends. Alternative subdivisions may use overlapping or radically different time frames.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Christian|2015|pp=5–7}} | {{harvnb|Northrup|2015|pp=110–111}} }}</ref>}} Depending on the region and theme, the time frames covered by these periods can vary and historians may use entirely different periodizations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Christian|2015|pp=5–6}} | {{harvnb|Northrup|2015|pp=110–111}} }}</ref> For example, traditional periodizations of [[Chinese history]] follow the [[Dynasties of China|main dynasties]],<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hsu|1993|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EJeNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 161]}} | {{harvnb|Arcodia|Basciano|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=h4NSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR15 xv]}} }}</ref> and the division into [[Pre-Columbian era|pre-Columbian]], [[European colonization of the Americas|colonial]], and post-colonial periods plays a central role in the [[history of the Americas]].<ref>{{harvnb|Northrup|2015|p=111}}</ref>

[[File:Lucy Mexico.jpg|thumb|upright=.6|alt=Photo of the skeleton of a female hominin in a standing position, displayed in a museum|Historians draw on evidence from various fields to examine prehistory, including fossils like [[Lucy (hominid)|Lucy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 27, 43–44]}}</ref>]]
The study of prehistory includes the examination of the evolution of [[Hominini|human-like species]] several million years ago, leading to the emergence of [[Homo sapiens|anatomically modern humans]] about 200,000 years ago.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1, 10]}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=17–20}} | {{harvnb|Aldenderfer|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s5X3EAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA4 4]}} }}</ref> Subsequently, [[Recent African origin of modern humans|humans migrated out of Africa]] to populate most of the earth. Towards the end of prehistory, technological advances in the form of new and improved tools led many groups to give up their established [[nomadic]] lifestyle, based on [[hunting and gathering]], in favour of a [[sedentary]] lifestyle supported by [[Neolithic Revolution|early forms of agriculture]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Christian|2015|p=2}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=17–20}} | {{harvnb|Wragg-Sykes|2016|pp=195, 199, 211, 221}} }}</ref> The absence of written documents from this period presents researchers with unique challenges. It results in an interdisciplinary approach relying on other forms of evidence from fields such as [[archaeology]], [[anthropology]], [[palaeontology]], and [[geology]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Aldenderfer|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s5X3EAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 1]}} | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 v]}} }}</ref>

Historians studying the ancient period examine the [[Cradles of civilization|emergence of the first major civilizations]] in regions such as [[Mesopotamia]], Egypt, the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley]], China, and Peru, beginning approximately 3500 BCE in some regions. The new social, economic, and political complexities necessitated the [[Invention of writing|development of writing systems]]. Thanks to advancements in agriculture, surplus food allowed these civilizations to support larger populations, leading to [[urbanization]], the establishment of trade networks, and the emergence of regional empires. In the later part of the ancient period, sometimes termed the ''classical period'', societies in China, India, Persia, and the Mediterranean expanded further, reaching new cultural, scientific, and political heights. Meanwhile, influential religious systems and philosophical ideas were first formulated, such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], [[Judaism]], and [[Greek philosophy]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=19–32}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|pp=1–2, 89–90}} | {{harvnb|Ackermann|Schroeder|Terry|Upshur|2008|pp=xxix–xxxix}} }}</ref>

In the study of post-classical or medieval history, which began around 500 CE, historians note the growing influence of major religions. [[Missionary]] religions, like Buddhism, [[Christianity]], and [[Islam]], spread rapidly and established themselves as [[world religions]], marking a cultural shift as they gradually replaced other belief systems. Meanwhile, inter-regional trade networks flourished, leading to increased technological and cultural exchange. Conquering many territories in Asia and Europe, the [[Mongol Empire]] became a dominant force during the 13th and 14th centuries.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=33–36}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|pp=193–194, 291–292}} }}</ref>

Historians focused on early modern history, which started roughly in 1500 CE, commonly highlight how European states rose to global power. As [[gunpowder empires]], they explored and [[Colonialism|colonized]] large parts of the world. As a result, the Americas were integrated into the global network, triggering a vast [[Columbian exchange|biological exchange]] of plants, animals, people, and diseases.{{efn|New diseases and European military aggression and exploitation had severe consequences in the form of a drastic loss of life and cultural disruption among Indigenous communities in the Americas.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|p=36}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|p=401}} }}</ref>}} The [[Scientific Revolution]] prompted major discoveries and accelerated technological progress. It was accompanied by other intellectual developments, such as [[humanism]] and the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], which ushered in [[secularization]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=36–39}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|pp=401–402}} }}</ref>

[[File:Adolph Menzel - Eisenwalzwerk - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|alt=Oil painting of worker in an iron rolling mill|The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on economic and social life, marking the transition from [[Agrarian society|agrarian]] to [[industrial societies]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pozdnyakova|Golikov|Peters|Morozova|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_xlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}}</ref>]]
In the study of modern history, which began at the end of the 18th century, historians are interested in how the [[Industrial Revolution]] transformed economies by introducing more efficient modes of production. Western powers [[Age of Imperialism|established vast colonial empires]], gaining superiority through industrialized military technology. The increased international exchange of goods, ideas, and people marked the beginning of [[globalization]]. Various social revolutions challenged [[autocratic]] and colonial regimes, paving the way for [[democracies]]. Many developments in fields like science, technology, economy, living standards, and human population accelerated at unprecedented rates. This happened despite the widespread destruction caused by two [[world wars]], which rebalanced international power relations by undermining European dominance.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=39–46}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|pp=537–538, 677–678, 817–818}} }}</ref>

=== By geographic location ===
Areas of historical study can also be categorized by the geographic locations they examine.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=108–109}} | {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=34, 46–47}} }}</ref> [[Geography]] plays a central role in history through its influence on [[food production]], [[natural resources]], economic activities, political boundaries, and cultural interactions.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Diamond|1999|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PWnWRFEGoeUC&pg=PA22 22, 25–32]}} | {{harvnb|Darby|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PA14 14]}} | {{harvnb|Baker|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e8yf5JcefpAC&pg=PA23 23]}} | {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=34, 46–47}} }}</ref>{{efn|Emphasizing the central relation between geography and history, [[Jules Michelet]] wrote in the 1869 preface of his ''Histoire de France'': "without geographical basis, the people, the makers of history, seem to be walking on air".<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Darby|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Vl4ZfpnP7NwC&pg=PA14 14]}} | {{harvnb|Michelet|1871|p=[https://books.google.be/books?id=7CkJAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR5 v]}} }}</ref>}} Some historical works limit their scope to small regions, such as a village or a settlement. Others focus on broad territories that encompass entire continents, like the histories of Africa, Asia, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=108–109}} | {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=46–47}} }}</ref>

[[File:Pyramids of the Giza Necropolis.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of the Pyramids of Giza, with the three main pyramids at the center against a blue sky in the background|The [[Pyramids of Giza]] showcase the lasting heritage of the ancient Egyptian civilization.<ref>{{harvnb|Ackermann|Schroeder|Terry|Upshur|2008|pp=373–374}}</ref>]]
The [[history of Africa]] begins with the examination of the evolution of anatomically modern humans.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fisher|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ytx1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 127]}} | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=17–20}} }}</ref> Ancient historians describe how the invention of writing and the establishment of civilization happened in [[ancient Egypt]] in the 4th millennium BCE.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Iliffe|2007|p=5}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=24–25}} }}</ref> Over the next millennia, other notable civilizations and kingdoms formed in [[Nubia]], [[Kingdom of Aksum|Axum]], [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]], [[Ghana Empire|Ghana]], [[Mali Empire|Mali]], and [[Songhai Empire|Songhay]].<ref>{{harvnb|Asante|2024|p=92}}</ref> Islam began spreading across North Africa in the 7th century CE and became the dominant faith in many empires. Meanwhile, trade along the [[trans-Saharan route]] intensified.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Shillington|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rxtHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 93–94]}} | {{harvnb|Iliffe|2007|pp=2, 42–45}} }}</ref> Beginning in the 15th century, millions of Africans were enslaved and forcibly transported to the Americas as part of the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Shillington|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rxtHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 103]}} | {{harvnb|Iliffe|2007|pp=131–132}} }}</ref> Most of the continent [[Scramble for Africa|was colonized]] by European powers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{harvnb|Iliffe|2007|pp=193–195}}</ref> Amid rising [[African nationalism|nationalism]], African states gradually [[Decolonisation of Africa|gained independence]] in the aftermath of [[World War II]], a period that saw economic progress, rapid population growth, and struggles for political stability.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Shillington|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rxtHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA417 417]}} | {{harvnb|Iliffe|2007|pp=242, 253, 260, 267–268}} }}</ref>

Historians studying the [[history of Asia]] note the arrival of anatomically modern humans around 100,000 years ago.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 15]}} | {{harvnb|Headrick|2009|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qG2tPzkN6HUC&pg=PA6 6]}} | {{harvnb|Wragg-Sykes|2016|p=199}} }}</ref> They explore Asia's role as one of the cradles of civilization, with the emergence of some of the first ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, and China beginning in the 4th and 3rd millennia BCE.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Mason|2005|pp=17–18}} | {{harvnb|Murphey|Stapleton|2019|pp=10–13}} | {{harvnb|Cotterell|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PR13 xiii, 3–4]}} | {{harvnb|AASA|2011|pp=3–4}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=24–25}} }}</ref> In the following millennia, civilisations on the Asian continent gave birth to all major world religions and several influential philosophical traditions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, [[Taoism]], Christianity, and Islam.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Cotterell|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PR13 xiii–xiv]}} | {{harvnb|AASA|2011|pp=3–4}} }}</ref> Other developments were the establishment of the [[Silk Road]], which facilitated trade and cultural exchange across [[Eurasia]], and the formation of powerful empires, such as the Mongol Empire.<ref name="auto3">{{multiref|{{harvnb|Cotterell|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PA256 256–257]}}|{{harvnb|Mason|2005|pp=77–78}}}}</ref> European influence grew over the following centuries, ushering in the modern era. It culminated in the 19th and early 20th centuries when many parts of Asia came under direct colonial control [[Decolonisation of Asia|until the end of World War II]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Mason|2005|pp=111–112, 167–168}} | {{harvnb|Murphey|Stapleton|2019|pp=282–283}} | {{harvnb|Cotterell|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9_vVTWXK5kQC&pg=PR17 xvii–xviii]}} | {{harvnb|Rana|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ67CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 13–14]}} }}</ref> The post-independence period was characterized by modernization, economic growth, and a steep increase in population.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Murphey|Stapleton|2019|p=445}} | {{harvnb|Mason|2005|p=1}} | {{harvnb|Rana|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ67CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 13–14]}} }}</ref>
[[File:Greecemap-en.svg|alt=A map of Ancient Greece, showing both sides of the Aegean Sea|thumb|Due to its influence on Western culture and philosophy, [[Ancient Greece]] is an important area of study for historians of Europe.<ref name="Roberts 1997 Importance">{{harvnb|Roberts|1997|loc=§ The Importance of the Classical Past, § The Greeks, § An Attempt to Summarize}}</ref>]]
In the study of the [[history of Europe]], historians describe the arrival of the first anatomically modern humans about 45,000 years ago.<ref>{{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}}</ref> They explore how in the first millennium BCE the [[Ancient Greeks]] contributed key elements to the [[Western culture|culture]], [[Western philosophy|philosophy]], and politics associated with the [[Western world]],<ref name="Roberts 1997 Importance"/> and how their cultural heritage influenced the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Roberts|1997|loc=§ The Importance of the Classical Past, § The Rise of Roman Power, § Empire}} | {{harvnb|Black|2021|loc=§ What is Europe?}} }}</ref> The [[medieval period]] began with the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in the 5th century CE and was marked by the [[spread of Christianity]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Roberts|1997|loc=§ Decline and Fall in the West, § Christiandom}} | {{harvnb|Black|2021|loc=§ What is Europe?}} }}</ref> Starting in the 15th century, European exploration and colonization interconnected the globe, while cultural, intellectual, and scientific developments transformed Western societies.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Roberts|1997|loc=§ Launching Modern History 1500–1800}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=36–39}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|pp=401–402}} }}</ref> From the late 18th to the early 20th centuries, European global dominance was further solidified by the Industrial Revolution and the establishment of large overseas colonies.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Roberts|1997|loc=§ The European Age}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=39–42}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|pp=677–678}} }}</ref> It came to an end because of the devastating effects of two world wars.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Roberts|1997|loc=§ Europe's Twentieth Century: The Era of European Civil War}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|p=44}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|pp=677–678}} }}</ref> In the following [[Cold War]] era, the continent was divided into a [[Western bloc|Western]] and an [[Eastern bloc]]. They pursued political and economic integration in the aftermath of the Cold War.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Roberts|1997|loc=§ Europe in the Cold War and After, § European Integration}} | {{harvnb|Alcock|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5FmHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA266 266–268]}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=39–46}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|pp=677–678, 817–818}} | {{harvnb|Andrén|2022|pp=298, 304}}}}</ref>

Historians examining the history of the Americas document the arrival of the first humans around 20,000 to 15,000 years ago.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fisher|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ytx1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 127]}} | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} }}</ref> The Americas were home to some of the earliest civilizations, like the [[Norte Chico civilization]] in South America and the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] and [[Olmec civilization]]s in Central America.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Ackermann|Schroeder|Terry|Upshur|2008|pp=xvii–xix}} | {{harvnb|Fernández-Armesto|2003|loc=§ Between Colonizations: The Americas' First 'Normalcy'}} | {{harvnb|Dorling Kindersley|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8rqpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 94–95]}} }}</ref> Over the next millennia, major empires arose beside them, such as the [[Teotihuacan]], [[Aztec]], and [[Inca empire]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fernández-Armesto|2003|loc=§ Between Colonizations: The Americas' First 'Normalcy'}} | {{harvnb|Dorling Kindersley|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8rqpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 94–95]}} }}</ref> Following the arrival of the Europeans from the late 15th century onwards, the spread of newly introduced diseases drastically reduced the local population. Together with colonization, it led to the collapse of major empires as demographic and cultural landscapes were reshaped.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fernández-Armesto|2003|loc=§ Colonial Americas: Divergence and its Limits, § The Independence Era}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=36–38}} | {{harvnb|Dorling Kindersley|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8rqpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95 95]}} }}</ref> [[Decolonization of the Americas|Independence movements]] in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the formation of new nations across the Americas.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fernández-Armesto|2003|loc=§ The Independence Era}} | {{harvnb|Raab|Rinke|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gQuWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20]}} }}</ref> In the 20th century, the United States emerged as a dominant global power and a key player in the Cold War.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fernández-Armesto|2003|loc=§ The American Century}} | {{harvnb|Bulliet|Crossley|Headrick|Hirsch|2015|pp=817–818}} }}</ref>

In the study of the [[history of Oceania]], historians note the arrival of humans about 60,000 to 50,000 years ago.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12]}} | {{harvnb|Lawson|2024|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T6j4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57]}} | {{harvnb|d'Arcy|2012|loc=§ Indigenous Exploration and Colonization of the Region}} }}</ref> They explore the establishment of [[Indigenous peoples of Oceania|diverse regional societies and cultures]], first in Australia and Papua New Guinea and later also on other [[Pacific Islands]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lawson|2024|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T6j4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 32, 57]}} | {{harvnb|d'Arcy|2012|loc=§ Indigenous Exploration and Colonization of the Region}} }}</ref> The arrival of the Europeans in the 16th century prompted significant transformations, and by the end of the 19th century, most of the region had come under Western control.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lawson|2024|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T6j4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59–60, 85–86]}} | {{harvnb|d'Arcy|2012|loc=§ The Intersection of European and Indigenous Worlds, § The Impact of Pre-Colonial European Influences, § European Settler Societies and Plantation Colonies}} }}</ref> Oceania became involved in various conflicts during the world wars and experienced [[Decolonisation of Oceania|decolonization in the post-war period]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|d'Arcy|2012|loc=§ Times of Anxiety: World Wars, Pandemic, and Economic Depression, § Post-War Themes: The Nuclear Pacific, Decolonization, and the Search for Identity}} | {{harvnb|Lawson|2024|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T6j4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR12 xii, 2, 96]}} }}</ref>

=== By theme ===
Historians often limit their inquiry to a specific theme.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=34–35}} | {{harvnb|Yurdusev|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Mb6DDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 24]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|p=109}} | {{harvnb|Gardiner|1988|pp=1–3}} }}</ref> Some propose a general subdivision into three major themes: [[political history]], [[economic history]], and [[social history]]. However, the boundaries between these branches are vague and their relation to other thematic branches, such as [[intellectual history]], is not always clear.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=109, 122}} | {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=34–35}} | {{harvnb|Gardiner|1988|pp=1–3}} }}</ref>

Political history studies the organization of [[Power (social and political)|power]] in society, examining how power structures arise, develop, and interact. Throughout most of recorded history, [[State (polity)|states]] or state-like structures have been central to this field of study. It explores how a state was [[political system|organized internally]], like [[Political faction|factions]], [[Political party|parties]], leaders, and other political institutions. It also examines which [[policies]] were implemented and how the state interacted with other states.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=109–110}} | {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=35–36}} }}</ref> Political history has been studied since antiquity by historians such as Herodotus and Thucydides, making it one of the oldest branches of history, while other major subfields have only become established branches in the past century.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|p=110}} | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16–17, 33–34, 41]}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21–25]}} }}</ref>

[[File:Trébuchet Castelnaud.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a reconstructed medieval trebuchet on a stone platform against a cloudy sky in the background|Military history studies armed conflicts, including advancements in military technology, like [[trebuchet]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Devries|2004}}</ref>]]
[[Diplomatic history|Diplomatic]] and [[military history]] are associated with political history. Diplomatic history examines [[international relations]] between states. It covers [[foreign policy]] topics such as negotiations, strategic considerations, [[treaties]], and conflicts between nations as well as the role of [[international organizations]] in these processes.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=112–113}} | {{harvnb|Watt|Adams|Bullen|Brauer|1988|pp=131–133}} }}</ref> Military history studies the impact and development of [[armed conflict]]s in human history. This includes the examination of specific events, like the analysis of a particular battle and the discussion of the different causes of a war. It also involves more general considerations about the evolution of warfare, including advancements in [[military technology]], [[Military strategy|strategies]], [[Military tactics|tactics]], [[Military logistics|logistics]], and institutions.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Howard|Bond|Stagg|Chandler|1988|pp=4–5}} | {{harvnb|Morillo|2017|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MDBEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9 § 1. An Introduction to Military History]}} }}</ref>

Economic history examines how [[commodities]] are produced, exchanged, and consumed. It covers economic aspects such as the use of land, [[Work (human activity)|labour]], and [[Capital (economics)|capital]], the [[supply and demand]] of goods, the costs and [[means of production]], and the [[distribution of income]] and [[distribution of wealth|wealth]]. Economic historians typically focus on general trends in the form of impersonal forces, such as [[inflation]], rather than the actions and decisions of individuals. If enough data is available, they rely on quantitative methods, like statistical analysis. For periods before the modern era, available data is often limited, forcing economic historians to rely on scarce sources and extrapolate information from them.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=122–124}} | {{harvnb|Coleman|Floud|Barker|Daunton|1988|pp=31–32}} }}</ref>

Social history is a broad field investigating social phenomena, but its precise definition is disputed. Some theorists understand it as the study of everyday life outside the domains of politics and economics, including cultural practices, family structures, community interactions, and education. A closely related approach focuses on experience rather than activities, examining how members of particular social groups, like [[social class]]es, [[Race (human categorization)|races]], [[gender]]s, or [[age group]]s, experienced their world. Other definitions see social history as the study of social problems, like poverty, disease, and crime, or take a broader perspective by examining how whole [[societies]] developed.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Samuel|Breuilly|Clark|Hopkins|1988|pp=48–51}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=125–127}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2021}} }}</ref> Closely related fields include [[cultural history]], [[gender history]], and [[religious history]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Collinson|Brooke|Norman|Lake|1988|pp=58–59}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=101, 236–237, 286}} | {{harvnb|Burke|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hKukDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8 § Introduction]}} }}</ref>

Intellectual history is the history of ideas and studies how concepts, philosophies, and [[ideologies]] have evolved. It is particularly interested in academic fields but not limited to them, including the study of the beliefs and prejudices of ordinary people. In addition to studying intellectual movements themselves, it also examines the cultural and social contexts that shaped them and their influence on other historical developments.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=272–273}} | {{harvnb|Collini|Skinner|Hollinger|Pocock|1988|pp=105–106, 109–110}} }}</ref> As closely related fields, the [[history of philosophy]] investigates the development of philosophical thought<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Santinello|Piaia|2010|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gC2J3V7_TPUC&pg=PA487 487–488]}} | {{harvnb|Verene|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hkDX-dxMHpoC&pg=PA6 6–8]}} }}</ref> while the [[history of science]] studies the evolution of scientific theories and practices, such as the scientific contributions of [[Charles Darwin]] and [[Albert Einstein]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Porter|Shapin|Schaffer|Young|1988|pp=78–79}} | {{harvnb|Williams|2024|loc=§ Lead section}} }}</ref> [[Art history]], another connected discipline, examines historical [[works of art]] and the development of artistic activities, [[Artistic style|styles]], and [[artistic movement|movements]]. It includes a discussion of the cultural, social, and political contexts of art production.<ref>{{harvnb|Potts|House|Hope|Gretton|1988|pp=96–104}}</ref>

[[Environmental history]] studies the relation between humans and their environment. It seeks to understand how humans and the rest of nature have affected each other in the course of history.<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-WZNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}</ref> Other thematic branches include [[constitutional history]], [[legal history]], [[urban history]], [[business history]], [[history of technology]], [[medical history]], [[history of education]], and [[people's history]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=101, 112–113, 124–125, 127, 129}} | {{harvnb|Yapp|Bayly|Clarence-Smith|Abel|1988|pp=155, 158}} | {{harvnb|Antonellos|Rantall|2017|p=115}} | {{harvnb|Buchanan|2024|loc=Lead section}} | {{harvnb|Ramsay|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv9yAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA283 283]}} }}</ref>

=== Others ===
Some branches of history are characterized by the [[Methodology|methods]] they employ, such as [[quantitative history]] and [[digital history]], which rely on [[Quantitative research|quantitative methods]] and [[digital media]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=244–245}} | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|pp=81, 92–93}} | {{harvnb|Zaagsma|2023|loc=§ Introduction}} | {{harvnb|Jordanova|2000|pp=49–50}} }}</ref> [[Comparative history]] compares historical phenomena from distinct times, regions, or cultures to examine their similarities and differences.<ref>{{harvnb|Wong|2005|pp=416–417}}</ref> Unlike most other branches, [[oral history]] relies on oral reports rather than written documents, encompassing eyewitness accounts, [[hearsay]], and communal [[legend]]s. It reflects the personal experiences, interpretations, and [[Memory|memories]] of common people, showcasing how people subjectively remember the past.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Sitton|Mehaffy|Davis|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xcwc7iAa1vkC&pg=PA4 4]}} | {{harvnb|Abrams|2016|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bluaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 2. The Peculiarities of Oral History]}} | {{harvnb|Miller|2024|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SjOvU2iJ6JwC&pg=PA157 157–158]}} | {{harvnb|Thomson|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BnEnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80]}} }}</ref> [[Counterfactual history]] uses [[counterfactual thinking]] to examine alternative courses of history, exploring what could have happened under different circumstances.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Zhao|2023|pp=9–10}} | {{harvnb|Birke|Butter|Köppe|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VcgLgAedZ-IC&pg=PA7 7]}} }}</ref> Certain branches of history are distinguished by their theoretical outlook, such as [[Marxist history|Marxist]] and [[feminist history]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|pp=13–14, 113–114}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=27, 224–225, 238}} | {{harvnb|Veysey|1979|p=1}} }}</ref>

[[File:Map of the World (1820).jpg|thumb|alt=An old double-hemisphere map of the world|[[World history]] examines history on a global level, incorporating the whole of [[human history]].<ref name="auto5">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Christian|2015|p=3}} | {{harvnb|Stearns|2010|pp=11–13, 17–20}} }}</ref>]]

Some distinctions focus on the scope of the studied topic. [[Big History]] is the branch with the broadest scope, covering everything from the [[Big Bang]] to the present, incorporating elements of [[cosmology]], geology, [[biology]], and anthropology.<ref name="auto4"/> [[World history (field)|World history]] is another branch with a wide topic. It examines human history as a whole, starting with the evolution of human-like species.<ref name="auto5"/> The terms ''[[macrohistory]]'', ''mesohistory'', and ''[[microhistory]]'' refer to different scales of analysis, ranging from large-scale patterns that affect the whole globe to detailed studies of [[Local history|local contexts]], small communities, [[family history|family histories]], particular individuals, or specific events.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Bod|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KaOcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 260]}} | {{harvnb|O'Hara|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=We7QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 176]}} }}</ref> Closely related to microhistory is the genre of [[historical biography]], which recounts an individual's life in its historical context and the legacy it left.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=113–115}} | {{harvnb|De Armond|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r0nCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 75]}} }}</ref>

[[Public history]] involves activities that present history to the [[general public]]. It usually happens outside the traditional academic settings in contexts like [[museum]]s, [[historical site]]s, [[heritage tourism]], and popular media.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Glassberg|1996|pp=7–8}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=xiv–xv}} | {{harvnb|Stanton|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tV41DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224 224]}} }}</ref>

== Evolution of the discipline ==
Before the invention of writing, the preservation and transmission of historical knowledge were limited to oral traditions.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Fagan|Durrani|2019|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dB24DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT54 § Written Records, Oral History, and Archaeology]}} | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=1–3, 295}} }}</ref> Early forms of historical writing mixed facts with mythological elements, such as the ''[[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'' from [[ancient Mesopotamia]] and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', an [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] text attributed to [[Homer]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 20–21]}} | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Lefkowitz|2008|pp=353–354}} }}</ref> Published in the 5th century BCE, the ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'' by [[Herodotus]]{{efn|Herodotus is traditionally considered the "father of history" but has also been called the "father of lies" because not all of his accounts were reliable.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22–23]}}</ref>}} was one of the foundational texts of the Western historical tradition, putting more emphasis on rational and evidence-based inquiry than the stories of Homer and other poets.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21–23]}} | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 1. Ancient through Medieval}} | {{harvnb|Lefkowitz|2008|pp=354–355}} }}</ref> [[Thucydides]] followed and further refined Herodotus's approach but focused more on particular political and military developments in contrast to the wide scope and [[ethnographic]] elements of Herodotus's work.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23–24]}} | {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 1. Ancient through Medieval}} | {{harvnb|Lefkowitz|2008|p=356}} }}</ref> [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historiography was heavily influenced by Greek traditions. It often included not only historical facts but also [[Ethics|moral judgments]] of [[historical figure]]s.{{efn|This aspect is also found to some degree in works of Greek historians, including Herodotus and [[Polybius]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 26]}} | {{harvnb|Comber|2006|pp=38–39}} }}</ref>}} Early Roman historians used an [[annalistic]] style, arranging past events by year with little commentary, while later ones preferred a more narrative and analytical approach.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28–30, 34]}} | {{harvnb|Comber|2006|pp=38–40, 42–43}} }}</ref>

[[File:『史記』唐写本.jpg|thumb|alt=The Book of Rivers and Canals from Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian|[[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Shiji]]'' or ''Records of the Grand Historian'' was a foundational work in [[Chinese historiography]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 40–41]}} | {{harvnb|Lo|1998}} }}</ref>]]

[[Chinese historiography|Another complex tradition of historical writing]] emerged in [[ancient China]], with early precursors starting in the late 2nd millennium BCE. It considered annals the highest form of historical writing and emphasized verification through sources. This tradition was associated with [[Confucian philosophy]] and closely tied to the government in the form of the [[Dynasties of China|ruling dynasty]], each responsible for writing the [[Twenty-Four Histories|official history of its predecessor]]. Chinese historians established a coherent and systematic method for recording historical events earlier than other traditions.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35–39, 41–42]}} | {{harvnb|Morgan|2006|pp=14–15}} }}</ref> Of particular influence was the work of [[Sima Qian]], whose meticulous research method and inclusion of alternative viewpoints shaped subsequent historiographical standards.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 39–43]}} }}</ref> In [[ancient India]], [[Indian historiography|historical narratives]] were closely associated with [[religion in India|religion]]. They often mixed factual accounts with supernatural elements, as seen in works like the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Vašíček|2008|pp=33–34}} | {{harvnb|Bayly|2006|pp=664–665}} | {{harvnb|Singh|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA18 18–19]}} }}</ref>

In Europe during the [[medieval period]], history was primarily documented by the [[clergy]] in the form of chronicles. [[Christianity|Christian]] historians drew from [[Greco-Roman]] and [[Jewish]] traditions and reinterpreted the past from a religious perspective as a narrative highlighting God's divine plan.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49–50]}} | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Breisach|2005|loc=§ Christian Traditional Historiography}} }}</ref> Influential contributions shaping this tradition were made by the historians [[Eusebius of Caesarea]] and [[Bede]] and by the theologian [[Augustine of Hippo]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49–52, 55]}} | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Breisach|2005|loc=§ Christian Traditional Historiography}} }}</ref> In the Islamic world, historical writing was similarly influenced by religion, interpreting the past from a [[Muslim]] perspective. It placed great importance on the [[isnad|chain of transmission]] to preserve the authority of historical accounts.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 56–57]}} | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Breisach|2005|loc=§ Islamic Traditional Historiography}} | {{harvnb|Morgan|2006|pp=9–10}} }}</ref> [[Al-Tabari]] wrote a comprehensive history, spanning from the creation of the world to his present day. [[Ibn Khaldun]] reflected on philosophical issues underlying the practice of historians, such as universal patterns shaping historical changes and the limits of historical truth.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57, 60]}} | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Breisach|2005|loc=§ Islamic Traditional Historiography}} | {{harvnb|Morgan|2006|pp=11, 14}} }}</ref>

With the emergence of the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907 CE) in China, historical writing became increasingly institutionalized as a bureau for the writing of history was established in 629 CE. The bureau oversaw the establishment of [[Veritable Records]], a comprehensive compilation serving as the basis of the standard national history. Tang dynasty historians emphasized the difference between actual events that occurred in the past and the way these events are documented in historical texts.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 64–65]}} | {{harvnb|Breisach|2005|loc=§ Chinese Traditional Historiography}} }}</ref> Historical writing in the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279 CE) happened in a variety of historical genres, including encyclopedias, biographies, and historical novels, while history became a standard subject in the [[Imperial examination|Chinese educational system]].<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 68–69, 84]}}</ref> Influenced by the Chinese model, a [[Historiography of Japan|tradition of historical writing emerged in Japan]] in the 8th century CE. Like in China, historical writing was closely related to the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial household]], but Japanese historians placed less importance on critical source evaluation than their Chinese counterparts.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 67–68]}} | {{harvnb|Breisach|2005|loc=§ Japanese Traditional Historiography}} }}</ref>

During the [[Renaissance]] and the [[early modern period]] (approximately 1500 to 1800), the different historical traditions came increasingly into contact with each other.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84]}}</ref> Starting in 14th-century Europe, the Renaissance led to a shift away from medieval religious outlooks towards a renewed interest in the earlier classical tradition of Greece and Rome. [[Renaissance humanism|Renaissance humanists]] used sophisticated text criticism to scrutinize earlier religious historical works, which contributed to the [[secularization]] of historical writing. During the 15th to 17th centuries, historians placed greater emphasis on the [[didactic]] role of history, using it to promote the established order or argue for a return to an idealised vision of the past. As the invention of the [[printing press]] made written documents more accessible and affordable, interest in history expanded outside the [[clergy]] and [[nobility]]. At the same time, [[empiricist]] thought associated with the [[Scientific Revolution]] questioned the possibility of arriving at universal historical truths.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78, 89, 124]}} | {{harvnb|Breisach|2005|loc=§ The Age of Anthropocentric Historiography}} | {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 2. Humanism through Renaissance}} | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 26–27]}}}}</ref> During the [[Age of Enlightenment]] in the 18th century, historical writing was influenced by [[rationalism]] and [[scepticism]]. Aiming to challenge traditional authority and dogma through reason and empirical methods, historians tried to uncover deeper patterns and meaning in the past, while the scope of historical inquiry expanded with an increased focus on societal and economic topics as well as [[Comparative history|comparisons between different cultures]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 129–130, 134, 166–167]}} | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46–51]}}}}</ref>

In China during the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644), public interest in historical writings and their availability also increased. In addition to the continuation of the Veritable Records by official governmental historians, non-official works by private scholars flourished. These scholars tended to use a more creative style and sometimes challenged orthodox accounts.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 99–100]}} | {{harvnb|Mittag|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jMMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 27–28]}} | {{harvnb|Ng|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jMMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60–62]}} }}</ref> In the Islamic world, new traditions of historical writings emerged in the [[Safavid Empire|Safavid]], [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]s.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 101–106]}} | {{harvnb|Quinn|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GhIMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–4, 8–10]}} }}</ref> Meanwhile, in the [[Americas]], European explorers recorded and interpreted indigenous narratives, which had been passed down through oral and [[pictographic]] practices. These views sometimes contested traditional European perspectives.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5, 106–114]}}</ref>

[[File:Jebens, Adolf - Leopold von Ranke (detail) - 1875.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of an older man with white hair dressed in a formal black garment with an ornate badge on his chest|[[Leopold von Ranke]] revolutionized the standards of historical scholarship by introducing a thorough evaluation of primary sources.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176 176–177]}} }}</ref>]]

Historical writing was transformed in the 19th century as it became more [[Professionalization|professional]] and science-oriented. Following the work of [[Leopold von Ranke]], a systematic method of source criticism was widely accepted while [[academic institution]]s dedicated to history were established in the form of university departments, professional associations, and journals.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 174–177]}} | {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 5. 19th Century Scientific Historiography}} | {{harvnb|Moloughney|Zarrow|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cs89EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2]}}}}</ref> In tune with this scientific outlook, [[Auguste Comte]] formulated the school of [[positivism]] and aimed to discover general laws of history, similar to the [[Scientific law|laws of nature]] studied by physicists.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 5. 19th Century Scientific Historiography}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 184–185]}} }}</ref> Building on the philosophy of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], [[Karl Marx]] proposed one such general law in his theory of [[historical materialism]], arguing that economic forces and [[class struggle]] are the fundamental drivers of historical change.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 187–189]}} | {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=§ 4. 19th Century Teleological Systems}} }}</ref> Another influential development was the spread of European historiographical methods, which became the dominant approach to the academic study of the past worldwide.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5–6, 196–197, 215–216]}}</ref>

In the 20th century, traditional historical assumptions and practices were challenged while the scope of historical research broadened.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 216–217, 279–280]}} | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} }}</ref> The [[Annales school|''Annales'' school]] used insights from [[sociology]], [[psychology]], and [[economics]] to study long-term developments.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 229–230]}} }}</ref> [[Authoritarian regime]]s, like [[Nazi Germany]], the [[Soviet Union]], and China, manipulated historical narratives for [[ideological]] purposes.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239 239–240, 242–245]}}</ref> Various historians covered unconventional perspectives, focusing on the experiences of [[marginalized groups]] through approaches such as [[history from below]], [[microhistory]], [[oral history]], and [[feminist history]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA232 232, 247–249, 255–256]}} }}</ref> [[Postcolonialism]] aimed to undermine the hegemony of the Western approach and [[postmodernism]] rejected the claim to a single universal truth in history.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262 262–264, 268–269]}}</ref> [[Intellectual history|Intellectual historians]] examined the historical development of ideas.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA251 251–252]}} | {{harvnb|Collini|Skinner|Hollinger|Pocock|1988|pp=105–107}} }}</ref> In the second half of the century, renewed attempts to write [[World history (field)|histories of the world]] as a whole gained momentum, while technological advances fostered the growth of [[Quantitative history|quantitative]] and [[digital history]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Moore|2006|pp=918–919}} | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 6, 297–300]}} | {{harvnb|Wright|2006}} }}</ref>

== Related fields ==
===Historiography===
{{Main|Historiography}}
[[File:Bust of Ibn Khaldun (Casbah of Bejaia, Algeria).jpg|thumb|upright=.8|alt=Bust of a man with a turban and a beard|[[Ibn Khaldun]] was an influential figure in Islamic historiography.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60]}}</ref>]]

Historiography is the study of the methods and development of historical research. Historiographers examine what historians do, resulting in a [[metatheory]] in the form of a history of history. Some theorists use the term ''historiography'' in a different sense to refer to written accounts of the past.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Woolf|2019|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1lN-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 3]}} | {{harvnb|Tucker|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVdNxyFiKsC&pg=PA2 xii, 2]}} | {{harvnb|Ritter|1986|pp=188–189}} | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 4. Historiography and the Philosophy of History}} }}</ref>

A central topic in historiography as a metatheory focuses on the standards of [[evidence]] and reasoning in historical inquiry. Historiographers examine and codify how historians use sources to construct narratives about the past, including the analysis of the interpretative assumptions from which they proceed. Closely related issues include the [[Writing style|style]] and [[rhetorical]] presentation of works of history.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 4. Historiography and the Philosophy of History}} | {{harvnb|Lloyd|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVdNxyFiKsC&pg=PA371 371, 374]}} }}</ref>

By comparing the works of different historians, historiographers identify schools of thought based on shared research methods, assumptions, and styles.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 4. Historiography and the Philosophy of History}} | {{harvnb|Cheng|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Jot-bWsBS0C&pg=PA1 1–2]}} }}</ref> For example, they examine the characteristics of the [[Annales school|''Annales'' school]], like its use of quantitative data from various disciplines and its interest in economic and social developments taking place over extended periods.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Howell|Prevenier|2001|pp=110–111}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=121, 133}} | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 4. Historiography and the Philosophy of History}} }}</ref> Comparisons also extend to whole eras from ancient to modern times. This way, historiography traces the development of history as an academic discipline, highlighting how the dominant methods, themes, and research goals have changed over time.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 4. Historiography and the Philosophy of History}} | {{harvnb|Bentley|2006|pp=xi, xv}} | {{harvnb|Cheng|2012|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Jot-bWsBS0C&pg=PA1 1–2]}} }}</ref>

=== Philosophy of history ===
{{main|Philosophy of history}}
The philosophy of history{{efn|''Historical theory'' is a closely related term sometimes used as a synonym.<ref>{{harvnb|Paul|2015|pp=xv, 2–3, 12–13}}</ref>}} investigates the theoretical foundations of history. It is interested both in the past itself as a series of interconnected events and in the academic field studying this process. Insights and approaches from various branches of philosophy are relevant to this endeavour, such as [[metaphysics]], [[epistemology]], [[hermeneutics]], and [[ethics]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Carr|2006|loc=Lead section}} | {{harvnb|Jensen|loc=Lead section}} | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=Lead section, § 1. History and its representation}} | {{harvnb|Paul|2015|p=10}} }}</ref>

In examining history as a process, philosophers explore the basic entities that make up historical phenomena. Some approaches rely primarily on the beliefs and actions of individual humans, while others include [[collective]] and other general entities, such as [[civilization]]s, [[institution]]s, [[ideologies]], and social forces.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=Lead section, § 1. History and its representation}} | {{harvnb|Paul|2015|p=10}} }}</ref> A related topic concerns the nature of [[Causality|causal mechanisms]] connecting historic events with their causes and consequences.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stanford|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PijhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 85–87]}} | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 3.3 Causation in history}} }}</ref> One view holds that there are general laws of history that determine the course of events, similar to the [[Scientific law|laws of nature]] studied in the [[natural sciences]]. According to another perspective, causal relations between historic events are unique and shaped by contingent factors.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Carr|2006|loc=§ 2. "Critical" Philosophy of History: Philosophical Reflection on Historical Knowledge}} | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 3.1 General laws in history?, § 3.3 Causation in history}} }}</ref> Historically, some philosophers have suggested that the general direction of the course of history follows large patterns. According to one proposal, history is cyclic, meaning that on a sufficiently large scale, individual events or general trends [[Historic recurrence|repeat]]. Another such theory asserts that history is a linear, [[teleological]] process moving towards a predetermined goal.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 2.2 Does history possess directionality?}} | {{harvnb|Stanford|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PijhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 74–75]}} | {{harvnb|Paul|2015|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Kleingeld|2006|p=xxi}} }}</ref>{{efn|Some philosophers have followed [[Francis Fukuyama]] in arguing that the "[[The End of History and the Last Man|end of history]]" has already arrived based on the claim that the ideological evolution of humanity has reached its endpoint.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lemon|2003|pp=390–391}} | {{harvnb|Jackson|Xidias|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kEkrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 21]}} }}</ref>}}

The topics of philosophy of history and historiography overlap as both are interested in the standards of [[Historical thinking|historical reasoning]]. Historiographers typically focus more on describing specific methods and developments encountered in the study of history. Philosophers of history, by contrast, tend to explore more general patterns, including evaluative questions about which methods and assumptions are correct.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 4. Historiography and the philosophy of history}} | {{harvnb|Heller|2016|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TFf7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT190 § 14. The Specificity of Philosophy of History]}} }}</ref> Historical reasoning is sometimes used in philosophy and other disciplines as a method to explain phenomena. This approach, known as [[historicism]], argues that understanding something requires knowledge of its unique history or how it evolved. For instance, historicism about [[truth]] states that truth depends on historical circumstances, meaning that there are no transhistorical truths. Historicism contrasts with approaches that seek a timeless and universal understanding of their subject matter.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Lemon|2003|p=125}} | {{harvnb|Stanford|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PijhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 155]}} | {{harvnb|Carr|2006|loc=§ 4. Historicity, Historicism and the Historicization of Philosophy}} | {{harvnb|Vision|2023|loc=§ VI Truth Epistemologized: 6. Historicism}} }}</ref>

==== Historical objectivity ====
Diverse debates in the philosophy of history focus on the possibility of an [[Objectivity (science)|objective]] account of history. Various theorists argue that this ideal is not achievable, pointing to the [[Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)|subjective]] nature of [[Interpretation (philosophy)|interpretation]], the narrative aspect of history, and the influence of personal values and biases on the perspective and actions of both historic individuals and historians. According to one view, some particular facts are objective, for example, facts about when a drought occurred or which army was defeated. However, this view does not ensure general objectivity since historians have to interpret and synthesize facts to arrive at an overall narrative describing large trends and developments.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Little|2020|loc=§ 3.2 Historical objectivity}} | {{harvnb|Carr|2006|loc=§ 2. "Critical" Philosophy of History: Philosophical Reflection on Historical Knowledge}} | {{harvnb|Stanford|1998|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PijhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50–53]}} | {{harvnb|Paul|2015|p=10}} | {{harvnb|Carr|1990|pp=7–8, 21–22}} | {{harvnb|Evans|1999|pp=1–4}}}}</ref> As a result, some historians, such as [[G. M. Trevelyan]] and [[Keith Jenkins]], assert that all history is biased, arguing that historical narratives are never free of subjective presuppositions and value judgments.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Dray|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4NEVEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58]}} | {{harvnb|Wineburg|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PIZuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 56]}} | {{harvnb|Fasolt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4RdTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR19 xix]}} | {{harvnb|Trevelyan|1947|pp=1–2}} | {{harvnb|Groot|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ayt-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 173]}} | {{harvnb|Jenkins|2003|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nCyJ26nIuRgC&pg=PR11 xi–xii, 44–45]}} }}</ref>

Some outlooks associated with realism, [[empiricism]], and reconstructionism,<ref>{{Harvnb|Donnelly|Norton|2012|pp=35–39}}</ref> conceptualise history as the search for truth or knowledge, which they see as recoverable through rigorous evaluation and careful interpretation of evidence.<ref name="auto6">{{Harvnb|Jenkins|2003|pp=16–18}}</ref>{{efn|The German historian [[Leopold von Ranke]] was among the most important proponents of this scientific approach in the 19th century.<ref>{{Harvnb|Donnelly|Norton|2012|pp=35–36}}</ref> Key modern scholars taking this view include Sir [[Geoffrey Elton]], [[Arthur Marwick]] and [[E. P. Thompson]].<ref name="auto6"/>}} Other scholars critique this view, emphasising the subjective and partial nature of historical knowledge.{{efn|These critiques rest on arguments including that: it is impossible to recover the totality of the past; as events have already passed, accounts cannot be verified against events but against other accounts; historical writing is mediated and constructed by the historian and the process of narrative construction involves interpretation and selective readings;<ref>{{Harvnb|Jenkins|2003|pp=12–15}}</ref> and evidence itself is necessarily subjective as its content is mediated through its maker and its survival through processes of selection.<ref>{{multiref|{{Harvnb|Carr|1990|pp=16–19}}|{{Harvnb|Donnelly|Norton|2012|pp=112–113}}}}</ref> From this viewpoint, hindsight and modern theorising also allow historians to piece together evidence and put forward interpretations that are only visible after the fact and do so from a biased perspective, meaning that history as the known past is a human creation.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jenkins|2003|p=15}}</ref>}} [[Perspectivism|Perspectivists]] claim that historical perspectives are inherently subjective, as they require selecting particular sources and inquiries, and ascertaining what information can be regarded as historical fact. They argue that statements can only be objective within or relative to one of several competing historical perspectives.<ref>{{harvnb|Kragh|1987|pp=56–57}}</ref> A stronger [[Skepticism|scepticist]] or [[Relativism|relativist]] outlook states that no historical knowledge can be proven objective.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Kragh|1987|pp=58–60}}|{{harvnb|Tucker|2008|pp=3–4}}}}</ref>{{efn|Among the proponnents of the more relativist viewpoint was [[E. H. Carr]], whose ''[[What Is History?]]'' (1961) examined how historical and social contexts impact the way historians choose and analyse facts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Davies|1990|p=160}}</ref>}} This emphasis on subjectivities has been extended by [[postmodernism|postmodernist]] theories that suggest that it is impossible to know the past objectively, adding that meaning is created through human-made texts, the language of which "constitute our world as we perceive it".<ref>{{Harvnb|Donnelly|Norton|2012|p=100}}</ref>{{efn|Some scholars argue that recognising the subjective nature of historical sources has the benefit of opening up new areas of research and new ways of engaging with historical subjects; it also provides new approaches for analysing sources, critiquing dominant narratives, and allowing historians to engage with different concepts.<ref>{{Harvnb|Summerfield|2019|loc=§ Introduction}}</ref>}} Neo-realists have responded to this trend by reemphasising the centrality of empiricist methodologies to historical analysis. They acknowledge the influence of subjective evaluations but contend that historical truth is reachable nonetheless.<ref name="DonnellyNorton104-106">{{Harvnb|Donnelly|Norton|2012|pp=104–106}}</ref>{{efn|Scholars advocating for this view include [[Richard J. Evans]].<ref name="DonnellyNorton104-106"/>}}

===Education===
[[File:Girls at Albany Senior School in Enfield during a lesson on American History, 1943. D13781.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photo of a highschool classroom of girls looking to the front while their teacher stands behind them and explains|History is a standard school subject in most countries.<ref name="Metzger 2018 2">{{harvnb|Metzger|Harris|2018|p=2}}</ref>]]

History is part of the school [[curriculum]] in most countries.<ref name="Metzger 2018 2"/> Early history education aims to make students interested in the past and familiarize them with fundamental concepts of historical thought. By fostering a basic historical awareness, it seeks to instil a [[Personal identity|sense of identity]] by helping them understand their cultural roots.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Hughes|Cox|Godard|2013|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=33guAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–5, 10–11]}} | {{harvnb|Metzger|Harris|2018|p=3}} | {{harvnb|Levstik|Thornton|2018|pp=476–477}} | {{harvnb|Cooper|1995|pp=3–4}} }}</ref> It often takes a narrative form by presenting children with simple stories, which may focus on historic individuals or the origins of local holidays, festivals, and food.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Levstik|Thornton|2018|p=477}} | {{harvnb|Cooper|1995|pp=110–112}} }}</ref> More advanced history education encountered in [[secondary school]] covers a broader spectrum of topics, ranging from ancient to modern history, at both local and global levels. It further aims to acquaint students with historical research methodologies, including the abilities to interpret and critically evaluate historical claims.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Sharp|Dallimore|Bedford|Kerby|2021|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=edxBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 66–67, 71]}} | {{harvnb|Hunt|2006|p=49}} | {{harvnb|Phillips|2008|pp=34, 48–50}} }}</ref>

History teachers employ a variety of [[teaching methods]]. They include narrative presentations of historical developments, questions to engage students and prompt [[critical thinking]], and discussions on historical topics. Students work with historical sources directly to learn how to analyse and interpret evidence, both individually and in group activities. They engage in historical writing to develop the skills of articulating their thoughts clearly and persuasively. [[Educational assessment|Assessment]] through oral or written tests aims to ensure that learning goals are reached.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|van Hover|Hicks|2018|pp=407–408}} | {{harvnb|Metzger|Harris|2018|pp=6–7}} | {{harvnb|Hunt|2006|p=36}} | {{harvnb|Grant|2018|pp=422–428}} }}</ref> Traditional methodologies in history education often present numerous facts, like dates of significant events and names of historical figures, which students are expected to memorize. Some modern approaches, by contrast, seek to foster a more active engagement and a deeper interdisciplinary understanding of general patterns, focusing not only on what happened but also on why it happened and its lasting historical significance.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Metzger|Harris|2018|p=6}} | {{harvnb|Cooper|1995|p=2}} | {{harvnb|Liu|Wang|Zhang|Zhu|2024|p=623}}}}</ref>

History education in [[state school]]s serves a variety of purposes. A key skill is historical literacy, the ability to comprehend, critically analyse, and respond to historical claims. By making students aware of significant developments in the past, they can become familiar with various contexts of human life, helping them understand the present and its diverse cultures. At the same time, history education can foster a sense of [[cultural identity]] by connecting students with their heritage, traditions, and practices, for example, by introducing them to iconic elements ranging from national landmarks and monuments to historical figures and traditional festivities.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Metzger|Harris|2018|pp=3, 6–7}} | {{harvnb|Sharp|Dallimore|Bedford|Kerby|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=edxBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49]}} | {{harvnb|Hunt|2006|pp=6–7}} | {{harvnb|Miguel-Revilla|López-Torres|Ortuño-Molina|Molina-Puche|2024|pp=1–2}}}}</ref> Knowledge of a shared past and cultural heritage can contribute to the formation of a [[national identity]] and prepares students for active [[citizenship]]. This political aspect of history education may spark disputes about which topics school [[textbook]]s should cover. In various regions, it has resulted in so-called ''history wars'' over the curriculum.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Sharp|Dallimore|Bedford|Kerby|2021|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=edxBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49]}} | {{harvnb|Zajda|2015|pp=5–6}} }}</ref> It can lead to a biased treatment of controversial topics in an attempt to present their national heritage in a favourable light.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Girard|Harris|2018|p=258}} | {{harvnb|Schneider|2008|pp=107–108}} }}</ref>{{efn|For example, some [[Japanese history textbook controversies|Japanese high school history textbooks have faced various criticisms]] for downplaying Japan's colonial and wartime activities.<ref>{{harvnb|Schneider|2008|pp=107–108}}</ref>}}

[[File:Tokyo National Museum Toyokan P1145505.jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of a museum gallery showcasing a collection of historic artefacts|[[Informal education]] provided by exhibitions of historic artefacts in museums is part of [[public history]].<ref name="auto2">{{multiref | {{harvnb|Stoddard|2018|pp=631–632}} | {{harvnb|Clark|Grever|2018|p=181}} }}</ref>]]

In addition to the [[formal education]] provided in public schools, history is also taught in [[Informal education|informal settings]] outside the classroom. [[Public history]] takes place in locations like [[museum]]s and memorial sites, where selected artefacts are often used to tell specific stories.<ref name="auto2"/> It includes [[popular history]], which aims to make the past accessible and appealing to a wide audience of non-specialists in media such as books, television programmes, and online content.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Clark|Grever|2018|pp=181, 184}} | {{harvnb|Korte|Paletschek|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=S6DJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 7–8]}} }}</ref> Informal history education also happens in [[oral tradition]]s as narratives about the past are transmitted across generations.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Leavy|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zk6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4]}} | {{harvnb|Abrams|2016|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bluaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT37 2. The Peculiarities of Oral History]}} }}</ref>

=== Other fields ===
History employs an interdisciplinary [[methodology]], drawing on findings from fields such as [[archaeology]], [[geology]], [[genetics]], [[anthropology]], and [[linguistics]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 v]}} | {{harvnb|Kamp|Legêne|Rossum|Rümke|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vt_IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36]}} | {{harvnb|Manning|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iuv_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1–2]}} | {{harvnb|Norberg|Deutsch|2023|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_VXGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 15]}} | {{harvnb|Aldenderfer|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s5X3EAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 1]}} }}</ref>{{efn|They are sometimes grouped under the label ''[[auxiliary sciences of history]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Renier|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xU77CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 111–112]}}</ref>}} Archaeologists study human-made historical artefacts and other forms of [[material culture]]. Their findings provide crucial insights into past human activities and cultural developments.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 v, 1, 15]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=11, 55}} }}</ref> The interpretation of archaeological evidence presents challenges that differ from standard historical work with written documents. At the same time, it offers new possibilities by presenting information that was not recorded, allowing historians to access the past of non-literate societies and marginalized groups within literate societies by studying the remains of their material culture. Before the advent of modern archaeology in the 19th century, [[antiquarianism]] laid the groundwork for this discipline and played a vital role in preserving historical artefacts.<ref>{{harvnb|Gaskell|Carter|2020|pp=1–5}}</ref>

Geology and other [[earth sciences]] help historians understand the environmental contexts and physical processes that affected past societies, including [[climate]] conditions, landscapes, and natural events.<ref>{{harvnb|Manning|2020|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iuv_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2–3]}}</ref> Genetics provides key information about the evolutionary origins of humans as a species, [[human migration]], [[ancestry]], and [[demographic]] changes.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4, 10, 13–16]}} | {{harvnb|Relethford|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AuSvIa2xNHQC&pg=PA237 237]}} }}</ref> Anthropologists investigate [[human culture]] and behaviour, such as [[social structure]]s, [[belief system]]s, and ritual practices. This knowledge offers contexts for the interpretation of historical events.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tuniz|Vipraio|2016|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW1BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 v, 1, 11, 19]}} | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=34, 205}} }}</ref> [[Historical linguistics]] studies the development of languages over time, which can be crucial for the interpretation of ancient documents and can also provide information about migration patterns and cultural exchanges.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Tosh|2002|pp=90, 186–187}} | {{harvnb|Lewis|2012|loc=§ The Disciplines of Space and Time}} }}</ref> Historians further rely on evidence from various other fields belonging to the [[Physical sciences|physical]], [[Biological sciences|biological]], and [[social sciences]] as well as the [[humanities]].<ref>{{harvnb|Manning|2020|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iuv_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 3]}}</ref>

In virtue of its relation to [[ideology]] and national identity, history is closely connected to [[politics]] and historical theories can directly impact political decisions. For example, [[irredentist]] attempts by one state to annex territory of another state often rely on historical theories claiming that the disputed territory belonged to the first state in the past.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Southgate|2005|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXrMbXUsQ8C&pg=PR11 xi, 21]}} | {{harvnb|Arnold|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lSsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 121]}} | {{harvnb|White|Millett|2019|pp=419–421}} }}</ref> History also plays a central role in so-called ''historical religions'', which base some of their core doctrines on historical events. For instance, [[Christianity]] is often categorized as a historical religion because it is centred around historical events surrounding [[Jesus Christ]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Wiles|1978|pp=4–6}} | {{harvnb|Johnson|2024|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CTEeEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT226 § 10. Historiography and History]}} | {{harvnb|Law|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vdZshKnGRCMC&pg=PA1 1]}} }}</ref> History is relevant to many fields through the study of their past, including the [[history of science]], [[history of mathematics|mathematics]], [[history of philosophy|philosophy]], and [[history of art|art]].<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Porter|Shapin|Schaffer|Young|1988|pp=78–79}} | {{harvnb|Verene|2008|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hkDX-dxMHpoC&pg=PA6 6–8]}} | {{harvnb|Potts|House|Hope|Gretton|1988|pp=96–104}} }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|History}}
* [[Glossary of history]]
* [[Outline of history]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{notelist|30em}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==

* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ Internet History Sourcebooks Project] See also [[Internet History Sourcebooks Project]] (Collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts for educational use)
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RRR

2026-03-22T13:21:15Z

KraigYee56:

{{Short description|2022 Indian film by S. S. Rajamouli}}
{{About|the 2022 Indian film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = RRR
| image = RRR Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| writer =
| screenplay = S. S. Rajamouli
| story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Sai Madhav Burra]]}}
}}
| producer = [[D. V. V. Danayya]]
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]]
* [[Ram Charan]]
* [[Ajay Devgn]]
* [[Alia Bhatt]]
* [[Shriya Saran]]
* [[Samuthirakani]]
* [[Ray Stevenson]]
* [[Alison Doody]]
* [[Olivia Morris]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Visual effects by
| data1 = [[V. Srinivas Mohan]]
}}
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Pen Studios]] [[DVV Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|03|25}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| runtime = 182 minutes<ref>{{cite news |last1=Seta |first1=Fenil |title=RRR Censor report: 'F***ing' and 'B***h' removed from the Telugu version; makers had voluntarily reduced the film's duration by 5 minutes in December 2021 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rrr-censor-report-fing-bh-removed-telugu-version-makers-voluntarily-reduced-films-duration-5-minutes-december-2021/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408235503/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/rrr-censor-report-fing-bh-removed-telugu-version-makers-voluntarily-reduced-films-duration-5-minutes-december-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Certificate Detail|url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292100000971|access-date=14 April 2022|archive-date=14 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414172917/https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292100000971|url-status=live}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR}}550 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=RRR: rajamouli-team-spend-huge-budget |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/rajamouli-team-spend-huge-budget-rrr-movie-promotions-1407501 |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=Sakshi |language=te |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322174339/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/rajamouli-team-spend-huge-budget-rrr-movie-promotions-1407501 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6173|title=RRR (2022) - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}1,300{{ndash}}1,387 crore{{efn|name="rrrboc"}}
}}

'''''RRR'''''{{efn|The title's [[#Marketing|expanded form]] is {{transliteration|te|ISO|Roudraṁ Raṇaṁ Rudhiraṁ }} ({{translation|"Rage, War, Blood"}}) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], however, "RRR" (abbreviated in English from "Rise, Roar, Revolt") is used as the common title across all dubbed versions, with their respective full forms in those languages.|name=Title}} is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Period film|period]] [[action drama]] film directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]], who co-wrote the screenplay with [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Julia |date=13 March 2023 |title='Naatu Naatu' From 'RRR' Wins Best Original Song |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/12/movies/oscars-naatu-naatu-best-original-song.html |access-date=18 June 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Produced by [[D. V. V. Danayya]] under DVV Entertainment, the film stars [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Ram Charan]] as fictionalised versions of Indian revolutionaries [[Komaram Bheem]] and [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]], respectively. It also features [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Ray Stevenson]], [[Alison Doody]] and [[Olivia Morris]] in supporting roles. It marks the Telugu film debuts of Devgn, Bhatt, Stevenson, Doody and Morris. The film is a fictionalised tale of two historical freedom fighters, set in the Indian pre-independence era.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maizels |first=Nathan |date=26 August 2022 |title='RRR' Intertwines the History of Revolution With Some of the World's Greatest Epic Stories |url=https://collider.com/rrr-revolution-epics-komaram-bheem-alluri-sitarama-raju/ |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Collider |language=en |quote=The story is also a historical fiction based on two revolutionaries, Komaram Bheem and Alluri Sitarama Raju.}}</ref>

Rajamouli conceptualised the film by reimagining the lives of Sitarama Raju and Bheem, envisioning their meeting in 1920s [[Delhi]] as two formidable forces uniting to battle [[British Raj|British colonial]] rule. The film was officially announced in March 2018, and [[principal photography]] began in November 2018 in [[Hyderabad]]. The production faced delays due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and concluded in August 2021. ''RRR'' was shot extensively across India, with additional sequences filmed in [[Ukraine]] and [[Bulgaria]]. The [[RRR (soundtrack)|film's songs and background score]] were composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]], with cinematography by [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] and editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]. [[Sabu Cyril]] served as the production designer, and [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] supervised the visual effects.

Made on a budget of ₹550 [[crore]],<ref name="b1" /> ''RRR'' was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] at the time of its release. The film was released theatrically on 25 March 2022 and became the first Indian film to be released in [[Dolby Cinema]] format. It received universal critical acclaim for its direction, screenwriting, cast performances, cinematography, soundtrack, action sequences and [[VFX]]. With ₹223 crore worldwide on its first day, ''RRR'' recorded the highest opening-day earned by an Indian film at the time. It emerged as the highest-grossing film in its home market of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], grossing over ₹406 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR Closing Collections : ముగిసిన ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్ థియేట్రికల్ రన్.. టోటల్‌ కలెక్షన్స్ ఇవే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-jr-ntr-ram-chara-rajamoulis-rrr-movie-theatrical-run-closed-and-total-box-office-collections-ta-1315178.html |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |date=28 May 2022 |language=te |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620093310/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-jr-ntr-ram-chara-rajamoulis-rrr-movie-theatrical-run-closed-and-total-box-office-collections-ta-1315178.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film grossed ₹1,300–1,387 crore worldwide, setting several box office records for an Indian film, becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|fifth highest-grossing Indian film]], the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|third highest-grossing Telugu film]] and the [[List of Indian films of 2022|highest grossing Indian film of 2022 worldwide]].{{efn|name="rrrboc"|''RRR''{{'s}} reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹1,300 crore (''[[News18 India]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Student No. 1 To RRR, A Look At The Box Office Collections Of SS Rajamouli Films |website=[[News18 India]] |date=28 September 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/student-no-1-to-rrr-a-look-at-the-box-office-collections-of-ss-rajamouli-films-8595579.html |access-date=3 October 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091535/https://www.news18.com/movies/student-no-1-to-rrr-a-look-at-the-box-office-collections-of-ss-rajamouli-films-8595579.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=TS |first=Sudhir |date=9 May 2024 |title=Opinion: Will Modi's attempt to ride on 'RR' be an electoral blockbuster in Telangana? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/story/will-modis-attempt-to-ride-on-rr-be-an-electoral-blockbuster-in-telangana-opinion-2537018-2024-05-09 |access-date=3 October 2024 |magazine=[[India Today]] |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007092013/https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/story/will-modis-attempt-to-ride-on-rr-be-an-electoral-blockbuster-in-telangana-opinion-2537018-2024-05-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]''<ref name="DNA1October2024">{{cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |title=Baahubali with Prabhas, Vikramarkudu with Ravi Teja, RRR with Ram Charan, now Jr NTR? Decoding SS Rajamouli's 'curse' |website=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=1 October 2024 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-baahubali-prabhas-vikramarkudu-ravi-teja-rrr-ram-charan-now-jr-ntr-devara-decoding-ss-rajamouli-curse-3110753 |access-date=3 October 2024 |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091935/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-baahubali-prabhas-vikramarkudu-ravi-teja-rrr-ram-charan-now-jr-ntr-devara-decoding-ss-rajamouli-curse-3110753 |url-status=live }}</ref>) – ₹1,387 crore (''[[NDTV India]]''<ref>{{cite web |last=Saini |first=Narendra |title=बेटे की आरआरआर ने बॉक्स ऑफिस पर कमाए थे 1300 करोड़ रुपये, सुपरस्टार पापा के साथ आया तो दी साल की सबसे बड़ी फ्लॉप |website=[[NDTV India]] |date=18 September 2024 |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/rrr-film-earned-1300-crores-at-box-office-but-when-ram-charan-came-with-superstar-father-chiranjeevi-give-biggest-flop-of-the-year-6591148 |access-date=3 October 2024 |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003140823/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/rrr-film-earned-1300-crores-at-box-office-but-when-ram-charan-came-with-superstar-father-chiranjeevi-give-biggest-flop-of-the-year-6591148 |url-status=live }}</ref>)}}

''RRR'' was considered one of the [[National Board of Review: Top Ten Films|ten best films]] of the year by the [[National Board of Review]], making it only the second non-English language film ever to make it to the list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title=SS Rajamouli Calls National Award Win For RRR A 'Bonus' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/national-awards-2023-rrrs-ss-rajamouli-conferred-with-best-popular-film-providing-wholesome-entertainment-article-104494851 |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 January 2023 |title=Oscar nominee RRR: Why the Indian action spectacle is charming the West |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64286680 |access-date=18 June 2025 |language=en-GB |quote=It has been included in several prestigious lists of best films of 2022, including that of the British Film Institute and National Board of Review in the US.}}</ref> The song "[[Naatu Naatu]]" won the Oscar for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] at the [[95th Academy Awards]], making it the first song from an Asian film to win in this category. The win made ''RRR'' the first and only Indian [[feature film]] to win an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 March 2023 |title=Oscars 2023: RRR's Naatu Naatu wins best original song |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64935389 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313112208/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64935389 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2023 |title=Naatu Naatu creates history with Oscar win, is 1st ever Indian song to do so |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/naatu-naatu-creates-history-with-oscar-win-is-1st-ever-indian-song-to-do-so-101678677688411.html |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313045008/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/naatu-naatu-creates-history-with-oscar-win-is-1st-ever-indian-song-to-do-so-101678677688411.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film became the third Indian film and first Telugu film to receive nominations at the [[80th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]], including [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]], and won [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "Naatu Naatu", making it the [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards|first Indian]] (as well as the first Asian) nominee to win the award.<ref name=":21">{{Cite news |title=RRR' bags two Golden Globe Award nominations; Alia Bhatt congratulates team, Shekhar Kapur says 'path to the Oscars becomes clearer' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rrr-bags-two-golden-globe-award-nominations-alia-bhatt-congratulates-team-shekhar-kapur-says-path-to-the-oscars-becomes-clearer/articleshow/96188627.cms |work=TOI |access-date=13 December 2022 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220124201/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rrr-bags-two-golden-globe-award-nominations-alia-bhatt-congratulates-team-shekhar-kapur-says-path-to-the-oscars-becomes-clearer/articleshow/96188627.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Davis">{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=12 December 2022 |title='RRR' Roars With Golden Globe Noms for Original Song and Non-English Language Film |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/rrr-golden-globes-nominated-1235456635/ |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=15 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215035735/https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/rrr-golden-globes-nominated-1235456635/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''RRR'' also won the awards for [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]] and [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Best Song]] at the [[28th Critics' Choice Awards]]. At the [[69th National Film Awards]], the film won six awards, including [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Feature Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] (Keeravani) and [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] ([[Kaala Bhairava]] for "Komuram Bheemudo").<ref>{{Cite news |title=28th Critics Choice Awards: 'RRR' wins Best Foreign Language Film, Best Song award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/28th-critics-choice-awards-rrr-wins-best-foreign-language-film-best-song-award/articleshow/97017623.cms |access-date=21 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards: 'RRR', 'Pushpa - The Rise' lead as Telugu films grab 10 awards; Allu Arjun is best actor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/69th-national-film-awards-rrr-pushpa-the-rise-lead-as-telugu-films-grab-10-awards-allu-arjun-is-best-actor/article67231122.ece/ |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> ''RRR'' also fetched the state Telangana Gaddar Film Award for Best Feature Film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=30 May 2025 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732 |title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu |work=Times Now |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==

During the [[British Raj]] in 1920, the oppressive Governor Scott Buxton and his wife Catherine, visit a forest in [[Adilabad]], where Malli, an artistically talented girl from the [[Gondi people|Gond]] tribe, applies [[Mehndi|Mehendi]] artwork on Catherine's hands while singing folk music. She decides to abduct Malli. Enraged, the tribe's guardian, [[Komaram Bheem]], embarks for [[Delhi]] to rescue her, disguising himself as a Muslim named Akhtar. The [[Nizamate of Hyderabad]] warns Buxton's office of the impending danger and advises them to return the child. Undeterred, Catherine enlists [[Alluri Sitarama Raju|Alluri Sitarama "Ram" Raju]], an ambitious [[Indian Imperial Police]] officer, to quell the threat, promising a promotion should he capture Bheem alive or a bounty otherwise.

Ram and his uncle Venkateswarulu attend a [[Indian independence movement|pro-independence gathering]] in disguise, where Bheem's aide Lachhu attempts to recruit them into Bheem's plot. On the way to Bheem's hideout, Lachhu discerns Ram's identity and flees. Shortly afterward, Ram and Bheem witness a child getting trapped by a [[train wreck]] and work together to rescue him. Unaware of their opposing allegiances, they form a close friendship.

With Ram's help, Bheem courts an Englishwoman named Jenny, discovering that she is staying with the Buxtons. Following a party where Ram and Bheem [[Naatu Naatu|out-dance the pompous English attendees]], Jenny invites Bheem to her residence, where he finds Malli and promises to free her soon after. Meanwhile, Ram locates Lachhu and apprehends him. While being interrogated, Lachhu sets a [[banded krait]] onto Ram and warns him of his imminent death, since the British have no antidote for its venom and that the antidote is only known to the Gonds. Bheem finds Ram, saves his life, and divulges his tribal identity and mission, unaware of Ram's true identity.

That night, at an event to honour Governor Buxton, Bheem's men barge into his residence with a truck filled with wildlife, including tigers and deer; they maul Buxton's guards, creating havoc among the guests. Angered that Ram arrives and fights Bheem; Bheem is forced to stand down when Buxton holds Malli at gunpoint. Bheem is arrested and Ram is promoted.

A flashback reveals that Ram's father Alluri Venkatarama Raju was a revolutionary who hoped to arm his village with [[British military rifles|British rifles]], but was killed by soldiers in the [[British Indian Army]] before he got the chance. Ram, who had promised his dying father that he would get guns to arm his village, subsequently left his village and fear his fiancée Sita to become a mole within the police - his promotion for having captured Bheem finally giving him access to the gun shipments. At Bheem's public flogging, Ram attempts to persuade him to recant his actions; Bheem chooses flogging instead. Bheem sings in defiance of his injuries, inciting the assembled crowd into rebellion, and further enlightening Ram, who realises that Bheem's courage inspires people in a way that mere weapons cannot. He persuades Buxton to execute Bheem in secrecy in front of Malli while preparing an ambush to rescue both of them, but Buxton deduces the plan, and Ram is hospital injured while rescuing Malli. Bheem, who mistakes Ram as trying to hurt Malli, bludgeons Ram and escapes with Malli. Ram is arrested for treason and imprisoned in solitary confinement.

Months later, Bheem, who is hiding with his group and Malli in [[Hathras]], is cornered by the colonial authorities. Sita, who had arrived there to collect Ram's body after his hanging, rescues them by claiming that the people there had smallpox, which deters the officers in the British Indian Army. Unaware of Bheem's identity, she reveals Ram's anti-colonial objectives and his impending execution. Realising his folly, Bheem vows to save him.

With Jenny's assistance, Bheem infiltrates the barracks where Ram is detained and frees him. The pair retreat to a nearby forest, where they defeat soldiers with a [[longbow]] taken from a [[Rama]] shrine and a spear. Taking the fight to Buxton, they hurl a flaming motorcycle into the barracks' [[Magazine (artillery)|magazines]], setting it afire. Bheem steals a cache of guns for Ram before the barracks explode, killing many soldiers and Catherine. Cornering a wounded Buxton, Ram has Bheem execute Buxton with a British rifle, fulfilling their respective objectives. Ram is reunited with Sita, and Bheem and Malli are reunited with their group. Raju and Sita return to their village with a cache of guns salvaged from the ruins of the barracks, and Bheem and his group return to Adilabad, where Malli is reunited with her mother. Raju asks Raju how he could ever repay him, following which Raju asks Ram to teach him to write. The film ends with Ram teaching Raju to write on a canvas with blood as the village folk watch.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] as [[Komaram Bheem]], a [[Gondi people|Gond]] tribal leader from [[Telangana]] who fought against the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] for the liberation of [[Hyderabad State]]
* [[Ram Charan]] as [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]], a revolutionary leader from [[Andhra Pradesh]] who waged an armed campaign against the [[British Raj]]
** Varun Buddhadeva as Young Rama Raju
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Alluri Venkatarama Raju, Rama Raju's late father
* [[Alia Bhatt]] as Sita, Rama Raju's fiancé
** [[Spandan Chaturvedi]] as Young Sita
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Sarojini, Venkatarama Raju's wife and Rama Raju's late mother
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Alluri Venkateswarulu Raju, Venkatarama Raju's brother and Rama Raju's uncle
* [[Ray Stevenson]] as Governor Scott Buxton
* [[Alison Doody]] as Catherine Buxton
* [[Olivia Morris]] as Jennifer "Jenny"
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Jangu, Bheem's companion
* [[Makarand Deshpande]] as Peddayya, Bheem's companion
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Venkat Avadhani, special advisor to the Nizam
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as Lacchu
* [[Edward Sonnenblick]] as Edward
* Mark Bennington as Cunningham
* Eduard Buhac as Jake
* Preet Gadrana as Stone Thrower
* R. Bhakti Klein as DSP Philip Green
* Ahmareen Anjum as Loki, Malli's mother
* Twinkle Sharma as Malli
* Chakri as Chinna, Rama Raju's brother
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]] as himself in the song "Etthara Jenda" (special appearance)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Alluri Sita Rama Raju statue.jpg
| image2 = Komaram Bheem.jpg
| direction = horizontal
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| width1 = 150
| width2 = 150
| footer = [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] (''left'') and [[Komaram Bheem]] (''right''), the real-life Indian revolutionaries fictionalised in the film
}}

In October 2017, in an interview with [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']], [[S. S. Rajamouli]] announced two projects after ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017) with producers [[D. V. V. Danayya]] of DVV Entertainment and K. L. Narayana. Rajamouli prioritised his work on the former, which was touted to be a [[Drama (film and television)|social drama film]], and which would be followed by Narayana's production with actor [[Mahesh Babu]].<ref name=":24">{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title='Baahubali' Helmer Sets Next Two Films |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/ss-rajamouli-bahhhubali-1202587970/ |date=12 October 2017 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404041044/https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/ss-rajamouli-bahhhubali-1202587970/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2017, Rajamouli shared a picture with [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Ram Charan]] through his social media handles, hinting their inclusion in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 2017|title=After Baahubali, SS Rajamouli (almost) announces next but it has no Prabhas in it|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/after-baahubali-ss-rajamouli-almost-announces-next-but-it-has-no-prabhas-in-it/story-5UTittPYN2Qi4Mm9A3nQRN.html|access-date=10 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415071234/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/after-baahubali-ss-rajamouli-almost-announces-next-but-it-has-no-prabhas-in-it/story-5UTittPYN2Qi4Mm9A3nQRN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rajamouli came across real-life stories about the lives of Rama Raju and Bheem and connected the coincidences between them, imagining what would have happened had they met, and been friends.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Orlin |first=Scott |date=27 November 2022 |title=RRR (India) |url=https://goldenglobes.com/articles/rrr-india/ |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=[[Golden Globe Awards]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

The film was announced in March 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 March 2018|title=SS Rajamouli confirms Jr NTR-Ram Charan in his next|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntr-ram-charan-ss-rajamouli-film-rrr-5107468/|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072734/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntr-ram-charan-ss-rajamouli-film-rrr-5107468/|url-status=live}}</ref> with the tentative title ''RRR'', an abbreviation for Rajamouli, Ram Charan, and Rama Rao.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SS Rajamouli's next film to be wrapped up in 18 months?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ss-rajamouli-s-next-film-be-wrapped-18-months-80985|access-date=5 June 2020|work=The News Minute|date=9 May 2018|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072734/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ss-rajamouli-s-next-film-be-wrapped-18-months-80985|url-status=live}}</ref> The tentative title ''RRR'' was later confirmed to be the film's official title as Rajamouli felt that a universal title across the languages was essential for a film of such scale.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sD0AxUO0qug|title=SS Rajamouli Exclusive Interview About RRR And LockDown {{!}} Jr NTR {{!}} NTV Entertainment|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072737/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sD0AxUO0qug|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Subhash K.|date=13 April 2020|title="Initially RRR was just a working title, but it became so popular that we adopt it" – S S Rajamouli|work=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/initially-rrr-just-working-title-became-popular-adopt-s-s-rajamouli/|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401074242/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/initially-rrr-just-working-title-became-popular-adopt-s-s-rajamouli/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the film began in November 2018 in [[Hyderabad]] and continued until August 2021, owing to delays caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. It was filmed extensively across India, with a few sequences filmed in [[Ukraine]] and [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2023 |title=RRR's Naatu Naatu was shot at {{sic|Ukra|nian|hide=y}} President Zelenskyy's official residence |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/naatu-naatu-rrr-golden-globes-award-shooting-location-ukraine/ |access-date=18 February 2025 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Rajamouli's father [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] gave the original story and Rajamouli scripted the film, which he worked on for six months.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=14 March 2022 |title=Everything you need to know about SS Rajamouli, Ram Charan and Jr NTR's #RRR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-and-jr-ntrs-rrr/articleshow/68405775.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401102236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-and-jr-ntrs-rrr/articleshow/68405775.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2018, writer [[Sai Madhav Burra]] was signed for the dialogues for the film in the primary language ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]),<ref>{{Cite news|title='RRR' dialogue writer reveals interesting news about the Ram Charan and NTR starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-dialogue-writer-reveals-interesting-news-about-the-ram-charan-and-ntr-starrer/articleshow/77015138.cms|access-date=25 January 2021|work=The Times of India|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401102546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-dialogue-writer-reveals-interesting-news-about-the-ram-charan-and-ntr-starrer/articleshow/77015138.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> whereas dialogues in other versions were written by [[Madhan Karky]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=7 July 2020|title=Madhan Karky reveals interesting details about SS Rajamouli's RRR movie story|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/madhan-karky-reveals-interesting-details-about-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-movie-story-824006|access-date=3 June 2021|website=ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603044425/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/madhan-karky-reveals-interesting-details-about-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-movie-story-824006|url-status=live}}</ref> Varadaraj Chikkaballapura ([[Kannada]]),<ref>{{Citation |title=RRR Trailer (Telugu) - NTR, Ram Charan, Ajay Devgn, Alia Bhatt {{!}} SS Rajamouli {{!}} 25 March 2022 | date=8 December 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgBoMJy386M |language=en |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608225635/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgBoMJy386M |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mankombu Gopalakrishnan|Mamkombu Gopalakrishnan]] ([[Malayalam]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=When I do a Rajamouli film, I also become part of cinema history: Shobi Thilakan |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/04/26/rajamouli-film-cinema-history-shobi-thilakan.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111233001/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2022/04/26/rajamouli-film-cinema-history-shobi-thilakan.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and Riya Mukherjee ([[Hindi]]).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shedde |first=Meenakshi |date=27 March 2022 |title=Tutti Frutti RRR |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/tutti-frutti-rrr-23220104 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Mid-day |language=en |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608122613/https://www.mid-day.com/news/opinion/article/tutti-frutti-rrr-23220104 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajamouli retained several technicians from his previous projects. The crew consists of [[M. M. Keeravani]] as the [[music director]], [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] as the [[Cinematographer|director of photography]], [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] as the [[Film editing|film editor]], [[Sabu Cyril]] as the [[production designer]], [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] handling the [[Visual effects supervisor|visual effects supervision]], and [[Rama Rajamouli]] as the [[costume designer]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|title=SS Rajamouli repeats 'Baahubali' technicians for RRR|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-repeats-baahubali-technicians-for-rrr/articleshow/66586405.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027141527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-repeats-baahubali-technicians-for-rrr/articleshow/66586405.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Nick Powell was the stunt director for the film, and handled the choreography for the climax action sequences in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=K.|first=Janani|date=3 March 2021|title=SS Rajamouli shoots RRR climax, Hollywood stunt director Nick Powell joins team|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ss-rajamouli-shoots-rrr-climax-hollywood-stunt-director-nick-powell-joins-team-1774974-2021-03-03|access-date=10 August 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100833/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ss-rajamouli-shoots-rrr-climax-hollywood-stunt-director-nick-powell-joins-team-1774974-2021-03-03|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the start of film production, both Rama Rao and Charan had attended a special workshop in mid-November 2018, in order to train physically and intensively for their roles in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2018|title=Production date of SS Rajamouli's film with Ram Charan and Jr NTR announced|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/production-date-ss-rajamouli-s-film-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-announced-76745|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072735/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/production-date-ss-rajamouli-s-film-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-announced-76745|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Junior NTR and Ram Charan to attend a special workshop for Rajamouli's multi-starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/junior-ntr-and-ram-charan-to-attend-a-special-workshop-for-rajamoulis-multi-starrer/articleshow/66097505.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401101036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/junior-ntr-and-ram-charan-to-attend-a-special-workshop-for-rajamoulis-multi-starrer/articleshow/66097505.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

''RRR'' is an entirely fictitious story incorporating the lives of two real-life Indian revolutionaries, namely [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] and [[Komaram Bheem]], who fought against the [[British Raj]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] respectively. Charan plays Rama Raju while Rama Rao plays Komaram Bheem. The plot explores their stay in [[Delhi]] of the 1920s before they begin the fight for their country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2019 |title='RRR' is fictitious story based on two greatest freedom fighters: SS Rajamouli |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/mar/15/rrr-is-fictitious-story-based-on-two-greatest-freedom-fighters-1951300.html |access-date=25 March 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072735/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/mar/15/rrr-is-fictitious-story-based-on-two-greatest-freedom-fighters-1951300.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajamouli stated that there had been a coincidence between the two Telugu tribal leaders and the events surrounding over them.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2019|title=SS Rajamouli's RRR to explore blind spot in history|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamouli-rrr-ram-charan-jr-ntr-dd-danayya-5626048/|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072735/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamouli-rrr-ram-charan-jr-ntr-dd-danayya-5626048/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=When I read about Alluri Sitarama Raju and Komaram Bheem, it was exciting to know that their story is similar. They never met each other. What if they had met? What if they had got inspired by each other? That is what RRR is about. It is completely fictitious. The film is mounted on a very large scale. We had to do a lot of research for it. To know costumes, their dialect, their way of living and that is why it took so much time for us to get this together.|author=S. S. Rajamouli<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-14|title=RRR press meet: Highlights|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-press-meet-live-updates-5625810/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100107/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-press-meet-live-updates-5625810/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

=== Casting ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Alia Bhatt at Mukesh Ambani’s residence for Ganesh Chaturthi celebration (20).jpg
| image2 = Ray Stevenson March 18, 2014 (cropped).jpg
| image3 = Ajay Devgn.jpg
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| total_width = 150
| width3 = 200
| width1 = 200
| width2 = 200
| footer = [[Alia Bhatt]] (''top''), [[Ray Stevenson]] (''middle'') and [[Ajay Devgn]] (''bottom'') made their debut in [[Telugu cinema]] (Tollywood) in this film.
}}

In March 2019, Rajamouli finalised the cast. The film marks the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut of [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Alia Bhatt]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=14 March 2019 |title=Alia Bhatt, Ajay Devgn's Telugu debut confirmed in SS Rajamouli's RRR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/alia-bhatt-ajay-devgn-s-telugu-debut-confirmed-in-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr/story-TM9D3b2ffrgOw9nfFoauLO.html |access-date=8 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608055742/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/alia-bhatt-ajay-devgn-s-telugu-debut-confirmed-in-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr/story-TM9D3b2ffrgOw9nfFoauLO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 March 2019|title=Alia Bhatt, Ajay Devgn roped in for Rajamouli's RRR; film releases on 30 July, 2020|work=Deccan Chronicle|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140319/alia-bhatt-ajay-devgn-roped-in-for-rajamoulis-rrr-film-releases-on.html|access-date=5 June 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605092314/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/140319/alia-bhatt-ajay-devgn-roped-in-for-rajamoulis-rrr-film-releases-on.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=14 March 2019|title=SS Rajamouli ropes in Alia Bhatt, Ajay Devgn for 'RRR'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ss-rajamouli-ropes-in-alia-bhatt-ajay-devgn-for-rrr/article26531198.ece|access-date=10 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100822/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ss-rajamouli-ropes-in-alia-bhatt-ajay-devgn-for-rrr/article26531198.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhatt was paired opposite Charan in the role of Sita, while Devgn would have an extended cameo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 March 2019|title=Alia Bhatt to play Sita in Rajamouli's 'RRR'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/alia-bhatt-play-sita-rajamoulis-rrr-98501|access-date=5 June 2020|work=The News Minute|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605092315/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/alia-bhatt-play-sita-rajamoulis-rrr-98501|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] actor [[Samuthirakani]] was roped in to play a crucial role.<ref name=":4" /> British actress [[Daisy Edgar-Jones]] was signed to be paired opposite Rama Rao,<ref name=":4" /> however, she left the project in April 2019 citing personal reasons, which later revealed to be scheduling conflicts to ''[[Normal People (miniseries)|Normal People]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2019|title=Daisy Edgar Jones opens up about quitting 'RRR', says 'I am unable to participate'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-daisy-edgar-jones-opens-up-about-quitting-rrr-says-i-am-unable-to-participate-2736873|access-date=18 June 2021|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202506/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-daisy-edgar-jones-opens-up-about-quitting-rrr-says-i-am-unable-to-participate-2736873|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Olivia Morris]] was cast as her replacement in November 2019. The same month, Irish actor [[Ray Stevenson]] was cast as the lead antagonist Scott, with [[Alison Doody]] joining in to play Lady Scott.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 November 2019|title=SS Rajamouli casts 'Thor' star Ray Stevenson and actresses Olivia Morris, Alison Doody in 'RRR'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ss-rajamouli-casts-thor-star-ray-stevenson-and-actresses-olivia-morris-alison-doody-in-rrr/article30027078.ece|access-date=10 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100834/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ss-rajamouli-casts-thor-star-ray-stevenson-and-actresses-olivia-morris-alison-doody-in-rrr/article30027078.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Chakri, Varun Buddhadev, [[Spandan Chaturvedi]] and Twinkle Sharma were the child artists for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=RRR: Meet the child artists of the Jr NTR, Ram Charan, Alia Bhatt starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-meet-the-child-artists-of-the-jr-ntr-ram-charan-alia-bhatt-starrer/articleshow/78352144.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530233819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-meet-the-child-artists-of-the-jr-ntr-ram-charan-alia-bhatt-starrer/articleshow/78352144.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'', Rama Rao said that they had carried out major research to portray their characters on screen. He was put on an 18-month training programme to get the right physical appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grater|first=Tom|date=12 May 2021|title='RRR' Star Jr NTR Gives First Interview About Mega-Budget Action Pic From 'Baahubali' Director S.S. Rajamouli|url=https://deadline.com/2021/05/rrr-star-jr-ntr-first-interview-about-mega-budget-action-pic-baahubali-director-s-s-rajamouli-1234753853/|access-date=13 May 2021|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100106/https://deadline.com/2021/05/rrr-star-jr-ntr-first-interview-about-mega-budget-action-pic-baahubali-director-s-s-rajamouli-1234753853/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' reported in March 2019 that Devgn will appear in the second half of the film during the flashback episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=16 March 2019 |title=Runtime Of Ajay Devgan's Role In RRR Revealed! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/runtime-of-ajay-devgans-role-in-rrr-revealed-512589 |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714053228/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/runtime-of-ajay-devgans-role-in-rrr-revealed-512589 |url-status=live }}</ref> Reports claimed that [[Keerthy Suresh]] and [[Priyamani]] were approached for a role in the film,<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2018 |title=Priyamani to star in #RRR? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/priyamani-to-star-in-rrr/articleshow/66919813.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/priyamani-to-star-in-rrr/articleshow/66919813.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=Keerthy Suresh in talks to star in SS Rajamouli's '#RRR' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-in-talks-to-star-in-ss-rajamoulis-rrr/articleshow/64778728.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/keerthy-suresh-in-talks-to-star-in-ss-rajamoulis-rrr/articleshow/64778728.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> before [[Shriya Saran]] confirmed her role opposite Devgn in June 2020.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 June 2020 |title=Shriya Saran confirms her presence in Rajamouli's RRR. Likely to play Ajay Devgn's wife |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shriya-saran-confirms-her-presence-in-rajamoulis-rrr-likely-to-play-ajay-devgns-wife/articleshow/76255769.cms |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104231034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shriya-saran-confirms-her-presence-in-rajamoulis-rrr-likely-to-play-ajay-devgns-wife/articleshow/76255769.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rahul Ramakrishna]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Talented comedian postpones his marriage for films|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/talented-comedian-postpones-his-marriage-for-films/articleshow/67055186.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/talented-comedian-postpones-his-marriage-for-films/articleshow/67055186.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]]<ref name="telugu.samayam.com">{{Cite news |date=30 January 2020 |title=RRR: "తారక్‌ను మూడు గెటప్స్‌లో చూశాను, ఫ్యాన్స్‌కి పండగే" |trans-title=RRR: "Saw Tarak in three getups, a festival for fans" |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/chatrapathi-sekhar-reveals-interesting-facts-about-jr-ntr-role-in-rrr/articleshow/73755128.cms |access-date=21 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]|language=te |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012034313/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/chatrapathi-sekhar-reveals-interesting-facts-about-jr-ntr-role-in-rrr/articleshow/73755128.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Rajeev Kanakala]] are cast in other supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=25 March 2022 |title=RRR: Junior NTR Pens A Gratitude Note As Fans Are Showing Off Unconditional Love |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rrr-junior-ntr-pens-a-gratitude-note-as-fans-are-showing-off-unconditional-love-735052 |access-date=8 June 2022 |newspaper=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608055742/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rrr-junior-ntr-pens-a-gratitude-note-as-fans-are-showing-off-unconditional-love-735052 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bhatt joined the sets in December 2020.<ref name=":13" /> She learnt to speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2020 |title=Alia Bhatt opens up about shooting in Telugu for 'RRR', reveals she was speaking her lines in her sleep |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/alia-bhatt-opens-up-about-shooting-in-telugu-for-rrr-reveals-she-was-speaking-her-lines-in-her-sleep/articleshow/79935410.cms |access-date=4 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104104232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/alia-bhatt-opens-up-about-shooting-in-telugu-for-rrr-reveals-she-was-speaking-her-lines-in-her-sleep/articleshow/79935410.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2021 |title=During the lockdown, I learned to speak Telugu over Zoom calls: Alia Bhatt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/during-the-lockdown-i-learned-to-speak-telugu-over-zoom-calls-alia-bhatt/articleshow/88235016.cms |access-date=4 January 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104104231/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/during-the-lockdown-i-learned-to-speak-telugu-over-zoom-calls-alia-bhatt/articleshow/88235016.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Design ===
[[Sabu Cyril]] served as the [[production designer]] for ''RRR''.<ref name=":7" /> Prior to starting the first shooting schedule, the team had constructed a set at an aluminium factory located in [[Hyderabad]], for filming an action sequence.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /> A [[Manduva Logili|manduva house]] was constructed for the film actors and technicians.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |title=Lavish 'Manduva' House for Rajamouli & Co on the sets of RRR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lavish-manduva-house-for-rajamouli-co-on-the-sets-of-rrr/articleshow/66603764.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/lavish-manduva-house-for-rajamouli-co-on-the-sets-of-rrr/articleshow/66603764.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The first schedule of the film's shooting was held at the Aluminium factory set for nearly 20 days.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=11 December 2018|title=First schedule of SS Rajamouli's multi-starrer 'RRR' wrapped up|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-schedule-ss-rajamouli-s-multi-starrer-rrr-wrapped-93193|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072757/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/first-schedule-ss-rajamouli-s-multi-starrer-rrr-wrapped-93193|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2020, it was reported that {{INRConvert|18|c|year=2020|mode=historical}} was spent for a set replicating an entire village in [[Gandipet]], where the team planned to film the sequences in this location post-[[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 lockdown]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Rs 18 crore! Is that the whopping amount spent on new set of SS Rajamouli's RRR in Hyderabad? |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/rs-18-crore-is-that-the-whopping-amount-spent-on-new-set-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-in-hyderabad/600934 |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=zoomtventertainment.com |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072756/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/rs-18-crore-is-that-the-whopping-amount-spent-on-new-set-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-in-hyderabad/600934 |url-status=live }}</ref> A set resembling the 20th-century [[Delhi]] was recreated at the [[Ramoji Film City]],<ref name=":13">{{Cite news|date=7 December 2020|title=Alia Bhatt joins SS Rajamouli's RRR shoot in Hyderabad|work=Mumbai Mirror|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/photos-alia-bhatt-joins-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-shoot-in-hyderabad/articleshow/79605140.cms|access-date=20 January 2021|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106102532/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/photos-alia-bhatt-joins-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-shoot-in-hyderabad/articleshow/79605140.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> where the team had undergone an extensive action schedule for 50 days, which involved night shoots.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=30 November 2020|title='RRR' team wraps up major action sequence in 50-day long schedule|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rrr-team-wraps-major-action-sequence-50-day-long-schedule-138710|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072748/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rrr-team-wraps-major-action-sequence-50-day-long-schedule-138710|url-status=live}}</ref> Another huge set was constructed by the art direction crew for a song shoot featuring Charan and Bhatt.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2021 |title=''RRR'' team to shoot a song features Ram Charan, Alia Bhatt this weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-team-to-shoot-a-song-features-ram-charan-alia-bhatt-this-weekend/articleshow/81392121.cms |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401101136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-team-to-shoot-a-song-features-ram-charan-alia-bhatt-this-weekend/articleshow/81392121.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The promotional [[music video]] for the film titled "Dosti" was filmed in July 2021, at a specially constructed set at the [[Annapurna Studios]] designed by Sabu Cyril and photographed by Dinesh Krishnan.<ref>{{Citation |title=Dosti Music Video (Telugu) - RRR - HemaChandra, MM Keeravaani {{!}} NTR, Ram Charan {{!}} SS Rajamouli | date=31 July 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPT_EIo89cc |language=en |access-date=24 February 2023 |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224130757/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPT_EIo89cc |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=RRR: Anirudh Ravichander and MM Keeravani have a music session for Ram Charan, Jr NTR, Alia Bhatt starrer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/rrr-anirudh-ravichander-and-mm-keeravani-have-a-music-session-for-ram-charan-jr-ntr-alia-bhatt-starrer/articleshow/84748088.cms|access-date=28 July 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726090823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/rrr-anirudh-ravichander-and-mm-keeravani-have-a-music-session-for-ram-charan-jr-ntr-alia-bhatt-starrer/articleshow/84748088.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RRR special promo song goes on floors in Hyderabad|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/21/rrr-special-promo-song-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-25613.html|access-date=10 August 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=21 July 2021 |language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100833/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/21/rrr-special-promo-song-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-25613.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Principal photography ===
The film's launch event with a ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' ceremony was held on 11 November 2018, which saw the attendance of noted personalities from the [[Telugu film industry]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabbeta |first=Ranjith Kumar |date=11 November 2018 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR launched in Hyderabad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamouli-rrr-launched-in-hyderabad-5441413/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=16 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016005452/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamouli-rrr-launched-in-hyderabad-5441413/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including [[Prabhas]] and [[Rana Daggubati]], who had worked with Rajamouli in the [[Baahubali (franchise)|''Baahubali'' franchise]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaubey |first=Pranita |date=11 November 2018 |title=RRR: Prabhas, Rana Daggubati And Others Attend S Rajamouli's Film Launch |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rrr-prabhas-rana-daggubati-and-others-attend-s-rajamoulis-film-launch-1945676 |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100824/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rrr-prabhas-rana-daggubati-and-others-attend-s-rajamoulis-film-launch-1945676 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2018|title=Prabhas surprises SS Rajamouli, Ram Charan and Jr NTR at RRR launch. See pics|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/prabhas-surprises-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-at-rrr-launch-see-pics/story-dYW1daVqxqJCXQtvf7cq7I.html|access-date=10 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100831/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/prabhas-surprises-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-at-rrr-launch-see-pics/story-dYW1daVqxqJCXQtvf7cq7I.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the film commenced on 19 November 2018 in Hyderabad at a specially erected set at an Aluminium factory in the location.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|date=19 November 2018|title=Jr NTR and Ram Charan'S RRR goes on the floors|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntr-ram-charan-ss-rajamouli-rrr-starts-rolling-5453190/|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100106/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/jr-ntr-ram-charan-ss-rajamouli-rrr-starts-rolling-5453190/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the first Indian film to be shot on [[Arri Alexa]] LF and Arri Signature Prime lens.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajamouli introduces new technology in his next|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jan/23/rajamouli-introduces-new-technology-in-his-next-9750.html|access-date=9 December 2021|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=23 January 2019 |language=en|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209142937/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jan/23/rajamouli-introduces-new-technology-in-his-next-9750.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Senthil Kumar told ''[[American Cinematographer]]'' that, he "avoided the use of overt stylization such as extreme color palettes and unrealistic camera moves, in favor of a more classical cinematographic approach".<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Marcks |first=Iain |date=31 October 2022 |title=Shooting Stars for RRR - The American Society of Cinematographers |url=https://ascmag.com/articles/shooting-stars-for-rrr |access-date=6 November 2022 |website=[[American Cinematographer]] |archive-date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106044251/https://ascmag.com/articles/shooting-stars-for-rrr |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming schedule was completed on 6 December 2018.<ref name="DC">{{cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=8 December 2018 |title=Rajamouli completes first shooting schedule for RRR |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/081218/rajamouli-completes-first-shooting-schedule-for-rrr.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215033340/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/081218/rajamouli-completes-first-shooting-schedule-for-rrr.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The team took a brief break before commencing the film's second schedule on 21 January 2019 at [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=#RRR': The second schedule of the SS Rajamouli's film starts today in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-the-second-schedule-of-the-ss-rajamoulis-film-starts-today-in-hyderabad/articleshow/67622447.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-the-second-schedule-of-the-ss-rajamoulis-film-starts-today-in-hyderabad/articleshow/67622447.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 270 days were spent shooting<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aguilar |first=Carlos |date=16 January 2023 |title=These 'difficult actors' said 'RRR' couldn't be done. Their director proved them wrong |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-01-16/rrr-stars-ram-charan-ntr-jr |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> with a single sequence - in which the two friends fight it out amid wild animals and fiery explosions - occupying a total of 65 nights.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=What Is RRR? All About the Award-Winning Film Generating Oscar Buzz |url=https://people.com/movies/rrr-movie-everything-to-know/ |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> An action sequence consisting of 1000 artists was filmed during February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2019 |title=RRR Buzz: 1000 fighters roped in for Ram Charan's action sequence? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-buzz-1000-fighters-roped-in-for-ram-charans-action-sequence/articleshow/67897755.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-buzz-1000-fighters-roped-in-for-ram-charans-action-sequence/articleshow/67897755.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> An extensive schedule was filmed in [[Vadodara]] for 10 days in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title='RRR': SS Rajamouli's next to be shot in Maharashtra and Gujarat|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rrr-ss-rajamoulis-next-to-be-shot-in-maharashtra-and-gujarat/articleshow/68689047.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027141528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rrr-ss-rajamoulis-next-to-be-shot-in-maharashtra-and-gujarat/articleshow/68689047.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A few scenes were also shot at [[Siddhpur]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":23" /> Another schedule was planned in [[Pune, Maharashtra]], however, it was called off following Charan's injury on the sets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2019|title=Ram Charan's injury stalls RRR shoot in Pune|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-charan-injury-leads-to-cancellation-of-rrr-shooting-in-pune-5656893/|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100822/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ram-charan-injury-leads-to-cancellation-of-rrr-shooting-in-pune-5656893/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rama Rao too faced a minor injury on the sets,<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 April 2019|title=After Ram Charan, Jr NTR gets injured on the sets of RRR?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-ram-charan-jr-ntr-gets-injured-on-the-sets-of-rrr-1509119-2019-04-24|access-date=10 August 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100826/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/after-ram-charan-jr-ntr-gets-injured-on-the-sets-of-rrr-1509119-2019-04-24|url-status=live}}</ref> resulting the team to take a break during the schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2019 |title=Wow! Epic action-sequence for Rajamouli's RRR will cost a whopping Rs 45 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/wow-epic-action-sequence-for-rajamoulis-rrr-will-cost-a-whopping-rs-45-crore/articleshow/69691034.cms |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401113333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/wow-epic-action-sequence-for-rajamoulis-rrr-will-cost-a-whopping-rs-45-crore/articleshow/69691034.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Ram Charan's introduction scene was reportedly shot for 32 days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2022 |title=Can you guess how many days it took to shoot Ram Charan's opening scene in 'RRR'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/can-you-guess-how-many-days-it-took-to-shoot-ram-charans-opening-scene-in-rrr-watch-this-bts-video/articleshow/92020274.cms |access-date=6 June 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605232759/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/can-you-guess-how-many-days-it-took-to-shoot-ram-charans-opening-scene-in-rrr-watch-this-bts-video/articleshow/92020274.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Araku Valley coffee plantations.jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Araku Valley]], where parts of the film were shot, including the opening scenes<ref name="araku"/>|left]]
After their recovery, an action sequence featuring Charan, Rama Rao and 2000 junior artists was shot, reportedly at a cost more than {{INRConvert|45|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Deepali |date=7 June 2019 |title=Rs 45-crore action sequence for SS Rajamouli's RRR! Details out |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-rs-45-crore-action-sequence-for-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-details-out-2757982 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405161329/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-rs-45-crore-action-sequence-for-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-details-out-2757982 |url-status=live }}</ref> Introductory sequences of Rama Rao and Charan costed the production upwards of {{INRConvert|40|c}}, a sum considered higher than the total budget of many small Indian films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2019 |title=S.S. Rajamouli to have one of the biggest opening scenes for Ram Charan and Jr NTR starrer 'RRR' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/s-s-rajamouli-to-have-one-of-the-biggest-opening-scenes-for-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-starrer-rrr/articleshow/70110825.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/s-s-rajamouli-to-have-one-of-the-biggest-opening-scenes-for-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-starrer-rrr/articleshow/70110825.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2019, the production headed to [[Bulgaria]] to film the second schedule where the crew shot crucial scenes featuring Rama Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2019 |title=RRR: Bulgaria schedule of SS Rajamouli's film begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-bulgaria-schedule-of-ss-rajamoulis-film-begins/articleshow/70854009.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531090738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-bulgaria-schedule-of-ss-rajamoulis-film-begins/articleshow/70854009.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The shoot was stalled during October 2019 as Rajamouli had to attend a screening of ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2019 |title=Jr NTR and Ram Charan's RRR shoot put on hold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-and-ram-charans-rrr-shoot-put-on-hold/articleshow/71633218.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-and-ram-charans-rrr-shoot-put-on-hold/articleshow/71633218.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2019, a song featuring Rama Rao and Charan was filmed at the [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=RRR buzz: Ram Charan and Junior NTR to shake their leg for a special folk song? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-buzz-ram-charan-and-junior-ntr-to-shake-their-leg-for-a-special-folk-song/articleshow/72040875.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100110/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-buzz-ram-charan-and-junior-ntr-to-shake-their-leg-for-a-special-folk-song/articleshow/72040875.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's official social media handle tweeted that 70% of the film's shoot had been wrapped as of November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2019 |title=RRR massive update! 70% shoot wrapped up; antagonists and replacement for Daisy Edgar Jones to be announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-massive-update-70-shoot-wrapped-up-antagonists-and-replacement-for-daisy-edgar-jones-to-be-announced/articleshow/72128944.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-massive-update-70-shoot-wrapped-up-antagonists-and-replacement-for-daisy-edgar-jones-to-be-announced/articleshow/72128944.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Rama Rao headed to the Modakondamma Temple forest area in the [[Paderu]]–[[Araku Valley|Araku]] road to film for five days in December 2019.<ref name="araku">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2019 |title=RRR Update! 'Komaram Bheem' Junior NTR heads to Vizag for shoot; gets papped at airport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-update-komaram-bheem-junior-ntr-heads-to-vizag-for-shoot-gets-papped-at-airport/articleshow/72452129.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-update-komaram-bheem-junior-ntr-heads-to-vizag-for-shoot-gets-papped-at-airport/articleshow/72452129.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":16" /> In January 2020, Charan began a week-long night shoot in the [[Vikarabad]] forest region.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=RRR Update! Ram Charan's night shoots in Vikarabad forests? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-update-ram-charans-night-shoots-in-vikarabad-forests/articleshow/73172874.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027141516/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-update-ram-charans-night-shoots-in-vikarabad-forests/articleshow/73172874.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ajay Devgn]] joined the film's shooting schedule on 21 January 2020 and wrapped his portions during February.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rrr-ajay-devgn-begins-shooting-for-ss-rajamoulis-film-co-starring-alia-bhatt-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-2167300|title=RRR: Ajay Devgn Begins Shooting For SS Rajamouli's Film, Co-Starring Alia Bhatt, Ram Charan And Jr NTR|date=21 January 2020|publisher=NDTV|access-date=26 May 2020|archive-date=16 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616144948/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rrr-ajay-devgn-begins-shooting-for-ss-rajamoulis-film-co-starring-alia-bhatt-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-2167300|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 October 2020|title=S.S. Rajamouli resumes shoot of long-delayed 'RRR' in Hyderabad|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/s-s-rajamouli-resumes-shoot-of-long-delayed-rrr-in-hyderabad-11601978953614.html|access-date=11 July 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711185843/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/s-s-rajamouli-resumes-shoot-of-long-delayed-rrr-in-hyderabad-11601978953614.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After the governments of [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Government of Telangana|Telangana]] granted permission to resume film shooting during June 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2020 |title=SS Rajamouli can't wait to be back on RRR sets: Shares a throwback photo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-cant-wait-to-be-back-on-rrr-sets-shares-a-throwback-photo/articleshow/76297875.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810102039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-cant-wait-to-be-back-on-rrr-sets-shares-a-throwback-photo/articleshow/76297875.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> a 2-day trial shoot was planned, but it was halted following the spike in COVID-19 cases in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=RRR Trial Shoot cancelled due to sudden spike in COVID-19 cases? Deets Inside! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-trial-shoot-cancelled-due-to-sudden-spike-in-covid-19-cases-deets-inside/articleshow/76441288.cms |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401105827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-trial-shoot-cancelled-due-to-sudden-spike-in-covid-19-cases-deets-inside/articleshow/76441288.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming was resumed in early October 2020 following the ease of the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]],<ref name=":17">{{Cite news|date=5 October 2020|title=SS Rajamouli resumes shooting for RRR|work=[[Cinema Express]]|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/05/ss-rajamouli-resumes-shooting-for-rrr-20607.html|access-date=10 August 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616195545/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/05/ss-rajamouli-resumes-shooting-for-rrr-20607.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Rajamouli shot for the promotional teaser for the film, titled "Ramaraju for Bheem", during this schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2022 |title=Ramaraju For Bheem teaser for RRR: Jr NTR introduced as Komaram Bheem by Ram Charan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ramaraju-for-bheem-teaser-for-rrr-jr-ntr-introduced-as-komaram-bheem-by-ram-charan/articleshow/78802519.cms |access-date=6 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406173229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ramaraju-for-bheem-teaser-for-rrr-jr-ntr-introduced-as-komaram-bheem-by-ram-charan/articleshow/78802519.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Abiding to [[Social distancing measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic|social restrictions]] related to the pandemic, the production unit was accommodated in a hotel in [[Madhapur]] and were barred from coming into contact with outsiders not belonging to the production.<ref name=":17" />

In late-October, the team canned night shoots for the film and stills were revealed by the official social media handles for the film under the tagline ''#RRRDiaries''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=RRR update: Night shooting for SS Rajamouli's Ram Charan and Jr NTR starrer progressing at brisk pace |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-update-night-shooting-for-ss-rajamoulis-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-starrer-progressing-at-brisk-pace/articleshow/78899675.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-update-night-shooting-for-ss-rajamoulis-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-starrer-progressing-at-brisk-pace/articleshow/78899675.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=RRR: SS Rajamouli's Ram Charan and Jr NTR starrer shoot glimpse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-ss-rajamoulis-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-starrer-shoot-glimpse/articleshow/79103758.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-ss-rajamoulis-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-starrer-shoot-glimpse/articleshow/79103758.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The action sequences, which took place for 50 days, were completed by the end of November 2020.<ref name=":9" /> The production then moved to [[Mahabaleshwar]] to film a very brief schedule in early December 2020<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2020 |title=RRR shoot shifted to Mahabaleshwar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rrr-shoot-shifted-to-mahabaleshwar-659898 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224130802/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rrr-shoot-shifted-to-mahabaleshwar-659898 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2020 |title=Spotted: Jr NTR returns back to Hyderabad after shooting for RRR in Mahabaleshwar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spotted-jr-ntr-returns-back-to-hyderabad-after-shooting-for-rrr-in-mahabaleshwar/articleshow/79559739.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/spotted-jr-ntr-returns-back-to-hyderabad-after-shooting-for-rrr-in-mahabaleshwar/articleshow/79559739.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The production then moved to Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad for further filming.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> [[Alia Bhatt]] began filming her portions in Hyderabad in December 2020, during which key scenes involving her were shot.<ref name="pp:indtod">{{cite news|last=K.|first=Janani|date=6 December 2020|title=Alia Bhatt finally joins team RRR for shooting in Hyderabad. See stunning pic|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/alia-bhatt-finally-begins-shooting-for-rrr-see-stunning-pic-1747113-2020-12-06|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206065429/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/alia-bhatt-finally-begins-shooting-for-rrr-see-stunning-pic-1747113-2020-12-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |date=19 January 2021 |title=Ram Charan and Jr NTR commence climax shoot for SS Rajamouli's RRR |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-commence-climax-shoot-for-ss-rajamoulis-rrr/articleshow/80349348.cms |access-date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119150030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-commence-climax-shoot-for-ss-rajamoulis-rrr/articleshow/80349348.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming of the [[Climax (narrative)|climax]] scenes began in January 2021.<ref name=":18" /> Action director Nick Powell choreographed a few climax war-sequences in March 2021.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=Hollywood action choreographer Nick Powell joins the sets for RRR climax |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hollywood-action-choreographer-nick-powell-joins-the-sets-for-rrr-climax/articleshow/81305569.cms |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513120213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hollywood-action-choreographer-nick-powell-joins-the-sets-for-rrr-climax/articleshow/81305569.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A special song shoot featuring Charan and Bhatt was held during the same month.<ref name=":10" /> Though the filming was halted again due to the second wave of COVID-19,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jr NTR, Ram Charan's 'RRR' release delayed again due to pandemic? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-ram-charans-rrr-release-delayed-again-due-to-pandemic/articleshow/82629306.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-ram-charans-rrr-release-delayed-again-due-to-pandemic/articleshow/82629306.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> it was resumed in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=RRR update: Ram Charan resumes shooting for SS Rajamouli's film post-lockdown|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-update-ram-charan-resumes-shooting-for-ss-rajamoulis-film-post-lockdown/articleshow/83710788.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810102040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-update-ram-charan-resumes-shooting-for-ss-rajamoulis-film-post-lockdown/articleshow/83710788.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2021, the makers announced that except for two songs, the filming was completed and Charan and Rama Rao had completed their dubbing work in two languages,<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2021|title=SS Rajamouli's RRR shoot 'moving at rapid pace', only 2 songs left to shoot|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-movie-ss-rajamouli-wraps-entire-shooting-portion-except-for-two-songs-7380880/|access-date=11 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711185843/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-movie-ss-rajamouli-wraps-entire-shooting-portion-except-for-two-songs-7380880/|url-status=live}}</ref> and had completed the talkie portions for the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=#BigUpdate: SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' talkie portion completed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bigupdate-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-talkie-portion-completed/articleshow/83949795.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/bigupdate-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-talkie-portion-completed/articleshow/83949795.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Маріїнський палац в Києві .jpg|thumb|right|The "Naatu Naatu" song was filmed at the [[Mariinskyi Palace]] in capital [[Kyiv]] of Ukraine.]]
In August 2021, the final schedule of the film took place in [[Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Charan and Jr NTR head back to Hyderabad after wrapping up RRR Ukraine schedule|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-head-back-to-hyderabad-after-wrapping-up-rrr-ukraine-schedule-see-pics-1842703-|date=19 August 2021|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821081945/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-head-back-to-hyderabad-after-wrapping-up-rrr-ukraine-schedule-see-pics-1842703-2021-08-19|archive-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> The song "[[Naatu Naatu]]" was shot during the schedule at [[Mariinskyi Palace]], [[Kyiv]], which is the ceremonial residential palace of [[President of Ukraine]], filming took place some months before [[Russia invaded Ukraine]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 November 2021|title=Jr NTR on how 'Naatu Naatu' challenged him, Ram Charan – Telugu News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jr-ntr-on-how-naatu-naatu-challenged-him-ram-charan-telugu-news-301689|access-date=4 January 2022|website=IndiaGlitz.com|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615092621/https://www.indiaglitz.com/jr-ntr-on-how-naatu-naatu-challenged-him-ram-charan-telugu-news-301689|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":21" /> Barring a few shots, the entire shoot was completed on 26 August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR wraps filming |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamouli-wraps-filming-of-magnum-opus-rrr-7472126/ |website=The Indian Express |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=31 August 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604063841/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ss-rajamouli-wraps-filming-of-magnum-opus-rrr-7472126/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In an article published in March 2022, by [[Network18 Group|''News18'']], it was reported that at least 3000 technicians have worked on ''RRR'', while nine co-directors also contributed to the film. It took over 300 days to complete the shooting of the film. About 75 days had been allotted to film the action sequences, and 40 fighters from other countries took part in the film. At least 2500 crew people were also hired from London. Overseas locations including [[Netherlands]] was also used for shooting some important sequences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 March 2022 |title=3000 Technicians to 300 Days of Shooting, What Went Into the Making of RRR |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/3000-technicians-to-300-days-of-shooting-what-went-into-the-making-of-rrr-4907399.html |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=News18 |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419164829/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/3000-technicians-to-300-days-of-shooting-what-went-into-the-making-of-rrr-4907399.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''RRR'' began with a budget of between {{INRConvert|350|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} and {{INRConvert|400|c|year=2019|mode=historical}} in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 March 2019 |title=RRR budget revealed. The amount of Jr NTR and Ram Charan film will blow your mind |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-budget-revealed-the-amount-of-jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-film-will-blow-your-mind-1477860-2019-03-14 |access-date=8 May 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |archive-date=7 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507220654/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-budget-revealed-the-amount-of-jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-film-will-blow-your-mind-1477860-2019-03-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the budget was overrun by around {{INRConvert|150|c}} due to the delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhopatkar |first=Tejashree |date=30 December 2021 |title=SS Rajamouli: My family members are ruthless critics; they show no mercy in ripping apart my films if they don't like anything |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-my-family-members-are-ruthless-critics-they-show-no-mercy-in-ripping-apart-my-films-if-they-dont-like-anything/articleshow/88572528.cms |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |quote=Yes, it has increased. When we are spending hundreds of crores and when the whole world stops for the pandemic, the interest rates won't stop, they keep continuing. So the budgets increase. Because when the film is for three years, the cost of production will increase, the material will increase from year to year. So the budget has increased but that's fine!. And yes, the budget has exceeded 'Baahubali'. |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827062904/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-my-family-members-are-ruthless-critics-they-show-no-mercy-in-ripping-apart-my-films-if-they-dont-like-anything/articleshow/88572528.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> with the film's final budget estimated to be {{INRConvert|550|c}},<ref name="b1">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=RRR: జక్కన్న భారీ ప్లాన్.. ప్రమోషన్స్ కే రూ.20 కోట్లు! |trans-title=Jakkanna's grand plan..1000 crore target .. Rs 20 crore for promotions only! |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/rajamouli-team-spend-huge-budget-rrr-movie-promotions-1407501 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531181321/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/rajamouli-team-spend-huge-budget-rrr-movie-promotions-1407501 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="b2">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=RRR Budget {{!}} అంత భారీ బడ్జెట్ తో RRR సినిమాను తెరకెక్కించారా? |trans-title=Was RRR movie made on such a huge budget? |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/producer-danayya-spent-huge-budget-for-rrr-movie-494880 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601022316/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/producer-danayya-spent-huge-budget-for-rrr-movie-494880 |url-status=live }}</ref> thus making ''RRR'' the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] at the time of its release.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Nonika |title=It's 'Roaring' for attention |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/its-roaring-for-attention-380732 |website=[[The Tribune]] |date=25 March 2022 |quote=the most expensive Indian film (its budget of Rs 550 crore far exceeds Rajamouli's previous magnum opus Baahubali) |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524180131/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/its-roaring-for-attention-380732 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2022, according to the producer's application to the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] for ticket price hikes, the film's budget was {{INRConvert|336|c}} excluding the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] and the remunerations of the director and star cast.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR made on budget of ₹336 crore, amount excludes Ram Charan, Jr NTR and Alia Bhatt's salaries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-made-on-budget-of-rs-336-crore-amount-excludes-ram-charan-jr-ntr-and-alia-bhatt-s-salaries-101647598074069.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318175111/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-made-on-budget-of-rs-336-crore-amount-excludes-ram-charan-jr-ntr-and-alia-bhatt-s-salaries-101647598074069.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
[[Post-production]] of the film began simultaneously with the wrapping-up and continuation of film production. The dubbing process began during April 2020, with Rama Rao and Charan dubbing their portions for the film from their homes, and thus being the first persons to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Jr NTR, Ram Charan begin dubbing for SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' from home: Report |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jr-ntr-ram-charan-begin-dubbing-for-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-from-home-report-2820987 |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604045856/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-jr-ntr-ram-charan-begin-dubbing-for-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-from-home-report-2820987 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=RRR Buzz: Ram Charan and NTR kick-off dubbing formalities at home? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-buzz-ram-charan-and-ntr-kick-off-dubbing-formalities-at-home/articleshow/75136122.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-buzz-ram-charan-and-ntr-kick-off-dubbing-formalities-at-home/articleshow/75136122.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Both actors gave voiceovers for each other's introduction teasers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram Charan's voiceover turns out to be the biggest highlight of RRR Hindi teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charans-voiceover-turns-out-to-be-the-biggest-highlight-of-rrr-hindi-teaser/articleshow/78825571.cms |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027144541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charans-voiceover-turns-out-to-be-the-biggest-highlight-of-rrr-hindi-teaser/articleshow/78825571.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Jr NTR, Ram Charan begin dubbing for SS Rajamouli's magnum opus RRR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jr-ntr-ram-charan-begin-dubbing-for-ss-rajamouli-s-magnum-opus-rrr/story-ba38GGFhljhICuGKclAxGK.html |access-date=4 June 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604045858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/jr-ntr-ram-charan-begin-dubbing-for-ss-rajamouli-s-magnum-opus-rrr/story-ba38GGFhljhICuGKclAxGK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2021, the film producers reported that both actors had completed dubbing for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR nears completion as Jr NTR, Ram Charan finish dubbing in two languages |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-nears-completion-as-jr-ntr-ram-charan-finish-dubbing-in-two-languages-9763101.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100823/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-nears-completion-as-jr-ntr-ram-charan-finish-dubbing-in-two-languages-9763101.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 26 August 2021, after filming was completed, the film entered into an extensive post-production phase.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR shoot wrapped, post-production work is on! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rrr-shoot-wrapped-post-production-work-is-on-news-tamil-vi0knNdhbchab.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826143010/https://www.sify.com/movies/rrr-shoot-wrapped-post-production-work-is-on-news-tamil-vi0knNdhbchab.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2021 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> With three years already invested in the film, Rajamouli's decision to spend less time in [[post-production]] compared to his other films was due to future commitments, rising production costs, and filming postponements caused by COVID-19 restrictions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will His Decision Cost RRR? |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/will-his-decision-cost-rrr/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |work=mirchi9.com |date=12 July 2021 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629183027/https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/will-his-decision-cost-rrr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The dubbing works were completed by late October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2021 |title=Dubbing of SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' in Full Swing; Film to Premiere in Multiple Languages |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dubbing-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-in-full-swing-film-to-premiere-in-multiple-languages-4311101.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401084905/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dubbing-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-in-full-swing-film-to-premiere-in-multiple-languages-4311101.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Both Rama Rao and Charan dubbed their lines for four languages, namely Telugu, Hindi, Tamil and Kannada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=RRR: Among 4 Languages My Dubbing is Best in Kannada as per SS Rajamouli: Ram Charan |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rrr-among-4-languages-my-dubbing-best-kannada-per-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-843588 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=ibtimes.co.in |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604120131/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rrr-among-4-languages-my-dubbing-best-kannada-per-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-843588 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[V. Srinivas Mohan]] is the [[visual effects supervisor]] of the film, along with [[Framestore]] and the [[Moving Picture Company]] (MPC), the film's principal visual effects studio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=All we know about SS Rajamouli's VFX-heavy project 'RRR' so far |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/know-ss-rajamoulis-vfx-heavy-project-rrr-far/ |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=AnimationXpress |language=en-US |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220450/https://www.animationxpress.com/latest-news/know-ss-rajamoulis-vfx-heavy-project-rrr-far/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Alzahra VFX, [[Red Chillies VFX]], [[Ajay Devgn FFilms|NY VFXWaala]], Redefine, Knack Studios, [[Makuta VFX]], [[Digital Domain]], [[Rhythm and Hues Studios]], [[Method Studios]], [[Rodeo FX]], Technicolor VFX, [[Legend3D]], [[The Third Floor, Inc]], Clear Angle Studios, Halon Entertainment, 4DMax, and [[Cinesite]], among others, are responsible for some of the other visual effects in the film. In an interview, Mohan discussed the utilisation of [[Previsualization|pre-visualization]], [[LiDAR scanning]], and [[Light stage|light stage technology]] in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2020 |title=The teaser of SS Rajamouli's upcoming VFX-rich actioner 'RRR' is out, here's what we know so far |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/vfx/ram-charan-shares-a-teaser-of-the-upcoming-vfx-rich-rrr/ |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=AnimationXpress |language=en-US |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214443/https://www.animationxpress.com/vfx/ram-charan-shares-a-teaser-of-the-upcoming-vfx-rich-rrr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Extensive visual effects work took place for more than six months during the post-production process.<ref name=":6" /> The finishing work for ''RRR'' was performed at ANR Sound & Vision at [[Annapurna Studios]], by colorist BVR Shivakumar.<ref name=":23" />

The final copy of the film was ready by late November 2021, and was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) that month.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2021 |title=RRR Movie Censor Report: సెన్సార్ పూర్తి చేసుకున్న 'ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్'.. మూవీ రన్ టైమ్ ఎంతంటే? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/rrr-movie-has-completed-censor-formalities-rrr-movie-running-time-is-3-hours-6-minutes-50870 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317110814/https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/rrr-movie-has-completed-censor-formalities-rrr-movie-running-time-is-3-hours-6-minutes-50870 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 9 December 2021, the film received a [[U/A certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]], with a finalised runtime of 187 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2021 |title=RRR: Alia Bhatt, Ajay Devgn, Ram Charan, Jr NTR Starrer's Gets THIS Certificate |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/rrr-alia-bhatt-ajay-devgn-ram-charan-jr-ntr-starrers-gets-this-certificate-from-censor-officials-deets-inside |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=ZEE5 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602111939/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/rrr-alia-bhatt-ajay-devgn-ram-charan-jr-ntr-starrers-gets-this-certificate-from-censor-officials-deets-inside |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
{{Quote box
| width = 30%
| align = right
| quote = "I was interested in the coincidence of these two freedom fighters, both born in Andhra Pradesh and present-day Telangana, at the turn of the 20th century. They left their respective homes, disappeared for three-four years, and then came back to fight against the oppressors. But their modus operandi was the same. They were striking police stations, taking away the guns, arming the people, inspiring the people. Unfortunately, they both died at the hands of the British in the same way. But they never met. I thought: What if we make them meet, create a rift between them, and then make each one inspire the other?"
| source =  — [[S. S. Rajamouli]], on the genesis of the film.<ref name="openmag">{{Cite web |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |date=2022-04-01 |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/ |title=Cinema's Biggest Mythmaker |work=Open The Magazine |access-date=26 June 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626102823/https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/ss-rajamouli-cinemas-biggest-mythmaker/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
According to Rajamouli, ''RRR'' is about an "imaginary friendship between two superheroes".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Lipika |date=29 October 2021 |title=RRR is about an imaginary friendship between two superheroes: Rajamouli |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/291021/rrr-is-about-an-imaginary-friendship-between-two-superheroes-rajamoul.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403174359/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/291021/rrr-is-about-an-imaginary-friendship-between-two-superheroes-rajamoul.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He has said that the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh]], his home state, also had an impact in the conception of the film. "I had this thought that Komaram Bheem is from the [[Telangana]] region and Alluri Sitarama Raju is from the [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] region. So, if I can bring those two heroes together, it's my way of saying we are one, we are not separate," Rajamouli told [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] following the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=1 April 2022 |title=Indian Hitmaker S.S. Rajamouli Unpacks 'RRR' Success, Sets Mahesh Babu Project (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/ss-rajamouli-rrr-mahesh-babu-ram-charan-ntr-jr-1235219717/ |website=Variety |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403174359/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/ss-rajamouli-rrr-mahesh-babu-ram-charan-ntr-jr-1235219717/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a press meet, Rajamouli revealed that the film is inspired by [[Quentin Tarantino|Quentin Tarantino's]] ''[[Inglourious Basterds]]'' (2009). After watching it he felt, "[If] we are making a fictional story, we don't need to stick to historical accuracies."<ref name=":24" /> He cited, "''Inglourious Basterds'' is one of the biggest inspirations when it comes to my films, specifically ''RRR''. I was shell shocked when [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] dies in the film, and how the film brings it off as a big surprise."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=RRR will be stronger than Baahubali in terms of its emotions - SS Rajamouli |url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/rrr-will-be-stronger-than-baahubali-in-terms-of-its-emotions-ss-rajamouli/ |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=Only Kollywood |language=en-US |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925023206/https://www.onlykollywood.com/rrr-will-be-stronger-than-baahubali-in-terms-of-its-emotions-ss-rajamouli/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Siddarth |title=RRR Chennai Press Meet - Rajamouli |url=https://twitter.com/sidhuwrites/status/1469337104912060420 |access-date=3 June 2022 |via=Twitter |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603095220/https://twitter.com/sidhuwrites/status/1469337104912060420 |url-status=live }}</ref> The core idea to make this film came in Rajamouli's mind from ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries (film)|The Motorcycle Diaries]]'' (2004). He said, "The inspiration for ''RRR'' came from ''The Motorcycle Diaries''. I was fascinated by how a character named [[Che Guevara|Che]] transforms into a revolutionary called Guevara and have structured the characters of my protagonists around a common point, on similar lines".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2019 |title=''RRR'' is fictitious story based on two greatest freedom fighters: SS Rajamouli |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/mar/15/rrr-is-fictitious-story-based-on-two-greatest-freedom-fighters-1951300.html |website=The Indian express |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072735/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/mar/15/rrr-is-fictitious-story-based-on-two-greatest-freedom-fighters-1951300.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Countercurrents.org|Countercurrents.org's]] T. Navin notes

<blockquote>The friendship which develops between Ram and Bheem (as Akhtar) while attempting to rescue a child is one of human brotherhood. People cutting across all religions and regions are shown participating in their common fight against the Britishers. The film builds idea of love between religions, camaraderie of the struggling people and promotes the idea of inclusion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navin |first=T |date=31 March 2022 |title=Why RRR Is Not A Hindutva Propagating Film {{!}} Countercurrents.org |url=https://countercurrents.org/2022/03/why-rrr-is-not-a-hindutva-propagating-film/ |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610060204/https://countercurrents.org/2022/03/why-rrr-is-not-a-hindutva-propagating-film/ |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Some viewers in India and the Western world viewed their relationship through a queer lens, arguing that they were a [[Queer coding|queer coded]] romantic couple on social media; however, others responded, claiming that Westerners assigning such readings had misinterpreted Indian culture and male friendships.<ref>{{cite web |title=RRR labeled as a gay classic by Western audiences, Ram Gopal Varma reacts |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rrr-labeled-as-a-gay-classic-by-western-audiences-ram-gopal-varma-reacts-54304.html |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=Filmfare.com |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006162648/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/rrr-labeled-as-a-gay-classic-by-western-audiences-ram-gopal-varma-reacts-54304.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=6 October 2022|title=Explained: The Homoerotic undertones in Rajamouli's RRR and outrage over Resul Pookutty's comment|url=https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/explained-the-homoerotic-undertones-in-rajamoulis-rrr-and-outrage-over-resul-pookuttys-comment-10875691.html|date=6 July 2022|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Rajamouli reiterated that it was just a friendship, and how one should be unapologetic about showing men's friendship on screen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ss-rajamouli-on-political-correctness-in-films-8296566/|title=SS Rajamouli on political correctness in films: 'I can't be continuously worried about what people are going to say'|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 November 2022|access-date=29 November 2022|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129151730/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ss-rajamouli-on-political-correctness-in-films-8296566/|url-status=live}}</ref> American filmmaker [[Russo brothers|Joe Russo]] similarly found it to be "a really powerful story about brotherhood".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-rrr-great-movie-with-powerful-story-visuals-joe-russo-news-211395|title='RRR' Great Movie With Powerful Story, Visuals: Joe Russo|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=23 July 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723155510/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-rrr-great-movie-with-powerful-story-visuals-joe-russo-news-211395|url-status=live}}</ref>

''RRR'' borrows from India's two major [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] epics — ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The two protagonists of the film, [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] and [[Komaram Bheem]], who are based on real-life personalities, are also modelled after their namesakes from the Hindu mythology. Rama Raju shares the qualities of the supple and skilled [[Rama]] of ''Ramayana'' while Komaram Bheem is equivalent to the muscular and immovable [[Bhima]] of ''Mahabharata''. Like Rama Raju and Komaram Bheem, Rama and Bhima never met in mythology. The abduction of Sita, which is the central theme of ''Ramayana'' plays out in reverse in ''RRR,'' with Rama Raju being captured following a series of events. Komaram Bheem (who is also modelled after [[Hanuman]]), carries a message from Sita, and saves Rama Raju.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2022 |title=Mythological themes of SS Rajamouli's RRR: How Jr NTR, Ram Charan film borrows from Ramayan, Mahabharat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/ss-rajamouli-rrr-mythological-themes-jr-ntr-ram-charan-ramayan-mahabharat-7835946/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403174359/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/ss-rajamouli-rrr-mythological-themes-jr-ntr-ram-charan-ramayan-mahabharat-7835946/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]''{{'s}} Manoj Kumar wrote that unlike other Rajamouli's films, ''RRR'' addresses worldly matters such as "[[racism]], shared history of freedom struggle among different communities and the need for interfaith brotherhood."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar R |first=Manoj |date=29 March 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR is a hat tip to diversity, thumbs down to hate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/ss-rajamouli-rrr-is-a-hat-tip-to-diversity-thumbs-down-to-hate-7836698/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403174400/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/ss-rajamouli-rrr-is-a-hat-tip-to-diversity-thumbs-down-to-hate-7836698/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An article was published by ''[[The Times of India]]'' in April 2022 writing about how [[pan-Indian film]]s such as ''RRR'' are promoting violence. Speaking about the issue, writer [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] told that ''RRR'' showcased action as per the story and era it takes place in, not violence.<ref>{{Cite news |title=#BigStory: Are pan-India films promoting too much violence? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kgf-rrr-pushpa-are-pan-india-films-promoting-too-much-violence-bigstory/articleshow/91005138.cms |access-date=5 May 2022 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423134028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kgf-rrr-pushpa-are-pan-india-films-promoting-too-much-violence-bigstory/articleshow/91005138.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Kaveree Bamzai]] of [[Open (Indian magazine)|''Open'']] magazine writes this about Bheem's attack on the governor's palace

<blockquote>The animals, ranging from tigers to stags, run riot, tearing the enemy to bits. It is both a metaphor and a statement. A metaphor for the weaponisation of the Earth, a foreshadowing of climate change, and a statement on the tribal way of life in which the human apologises to the beast for taking advantage of it.</blockquote>

She noted that the film's layered storytelling emphasising the two conflicting ways in which Ram and Bheem fight for India's freedom is a theme that is appropriate to revisit in the nation's [[75th Year of Independence Day of India|75th year]] post-independence. She also notes,

<blockquote>The fight against the British is shown to be as plural as the actual freedom struggle was. Bheem, in fact, spends much of the movie disguised as a Muslim mechanic, Akhtar, and is given shelter by a family in Delhi. There is no pandering to the establishment in the movie, a hallmark of most movies emerging out of [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] currently.<ref name="openmag" /></blockquote>

Katie Rife of [[Polygon (website)|''Polygon'']] in her review of the film, felt that — betrayal, loyalty and legacy are the major themes of the film. Also, she opined that "''RRR'' is relatively light on music and romance, devoting much of its screen time to visual spectacle, gonzo action, and patriotic zeal. The dynamic between Bheem and Raju has shades of the macho bromance of [[John Woo]]'s 1980s movies, until the film transforms into a superhero team-up".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rife |first=Katie |date=25 March 2022 |title=The Indian action epic RRR finds the universal thrills in revolution |url=https://www.polygon.com/22996870/rrr-review-rise-roar-revolt |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Polygon |language=en-US |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412162050/https://www.polygon.com/22996870/rrr-review-rise-roar-revolt/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Times Internet|''MensXP'']] in their article praising Rajamouli, opined that strong representation of [[hero]]ism in the film was one of the key reasons for the film's success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2022 |title=With 'RRR' Blockbuster Success, 5 Things Every Filmmaker Should Learn From SS Rajamouli |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/news/104881-things-to-learn-from-ss-rajamouli-after-rrr-blockbuster-success.html |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=mensxp.com |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505144445/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/news/104881-things-to-learn-from-ss-rajamouli-after-rrr-blockbuster-success.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|RRR (soundtrack)}}

Rajamouli's older cousin and regular collaborator [[M. M. Keeravani]] composed the [[film score|score]] and the [[soundtrack]] of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2019|first=Kirubhakar|last=Purushothaman|title=RRR: Story, budget, full cast and all you need to know about SS Rajamouli film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-budget-to-new-cast-members-here-s-everything-about-ss-rajamouli-s-period-film-1478009-2019-03-14|access-date=3 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603040827/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-budget-to-new-cast-members-here-s-everything-about-ss-rajamouli-s-period-film-1478009-2019-03-14|url-status=live}}</ref> The audio rights of the film were purchased for {{INRConvert|25|c}}, by [[Lahari Music]] and [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], which was a record price for a South Indian album.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2021|title=T-Series and Lahari Music acquire RRR music rights|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/t-series-and-lahari-music-acquire-rrr-music-rights-1833063-2021-07-27|access-date=10 August 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729040230/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/t-series-and-lahari-music-acquire-rrr-music-rights-1833063-2021-07-27|url-status=live}}</ref> Lahari Music distributed the soundtrack in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam versions, whereas the Hindi version soundtrack is marketed by T-Series.<ref>{{Cite news|title=T-series acquires music rights for SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' starring Ram Charan, Jr. NTR, Alia Bhatt and Ajay Devgn|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/t-series-acquires-music-rights-for-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-starring-ram-charan-jr-ntr-alia-bhatt-and-ajay-devgn/articleshow/84761838.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100835/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/t-series-acquires-music-rights-for-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-starring-ram-charan-jr-ntr-alia-bhatt-and-ajay-devgn/articleshow/84761838.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

''RRR'' became the second non-[[English language|English]] language film to be screened at the [[Royal Albert Hall]]<ref>https://www.royalalberthall.com/tickets/events/2025/rrr-live</ref> in London, receiving a standing ovation.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Ram Charan And Jr NTR's Bromance Takes London By Storm |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/ram-charan-and-jr-ntrs-bromance-takes-london-by-storm-73744.html |magazine=Filmfare |date=12 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> The event featured a live performance of the film's score alongside the screening of the epic action film. A special Q&A session also took place on stage conducted by [[BBC Radio]] broadcaster and film critic Ashanti Omkar,<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04mv017</ref> with director [[S. S. Rajamouli|S.S. Rajamouli]], composer M.M. Keeravani, and lead actors [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|N.T. Rama Rao Jr.]] and [[Ram Charan]] in attendance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=RRR Roars: Inside Film's Screening At Royal Albert Hall In London |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rrr-gets-grand-screening-at-londons-royal-albert-hall-8391375 |work=NDTV |date=12 May 2025 |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Albert hall |url=https://www.royalalberthall.com/tickets/events/2025/rrr-live |website=www.royalalberthall.com |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> The first non-English film to be screened at the venue was ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'', which was also directed by S.S. Rajamouli with the score composed by M.M. Keeravani.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Baahubali The Beginning gets standing ovation at Royal Albert Hall |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-the-beginning-standing-ovation-royal-albert-hall-6078683/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 October 2019 |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
[[File:SS Rajamouli, Ram Charan, Alia Bhatt, N.T.Rama Rao Jr. At The RRR Press Meet in Chennai.jpg|thumb|Left to right: Rajamouli, Charan, Bhatt, Rama Rao and Danayya at the trailer launch event of the film's Tamil version in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].]]
The filmmakers invited fans to enter a naming contest by submitting their suggestions for the title of ''RRR'' in various languages.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 May 2019|title=Title Contest For RRR – Golden Opportunity For The Fans|url=https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2019/05/01/title-contest-for-rrr-golden-opportunity-for-the-fans|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi Post]]|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100107/https://english.sakshi.com/entertainment/2019/05/01/title-contest-for-rrr-golden-opportunity-for-the-fans|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 March 2020|title=Title of Rajamouli's 'RRR' announced|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/title-rajamoulis-rrr-announced-121084|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100113/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/title-rajamoulis-rrr-announced-121084|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 March 2020, the titles for ''RRR'' in various versions were revealed: {{transliteration|te|ISO|Raudraṁ Raṇaṁ Rudhiraṁ}} in Telugu,<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 March 2020|title=RRR poster: SS Rajamouli's next titled Roudram Ranam Rudhiram, unites Ram Charan, Jr NTR, Ajay Devgn. Watch video|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rrr-poster-ss-rajamouli-s-next-titled-roudram-ranam-rudhiram-unites-ram-charan-jr-ntr-ajay-devgn-watch-video/story-o66r3Z1gZUDF4Pl1m50FBN.html|access-date=10 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/rrr-poster-ss-rajamouli-s-next-titled-roudram-ranam-rudhiram-unites-ram-charan-jr-ntr-ajay-devgn-watch-video/story-o66r3Z1gZUDF4Pl1m50FBN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Rattam Raṇam Rauttiram}} in Tamil,<ref>{{Cite news|title='Ratham Ranam Rowthiram': Jr NTR reveals the role of Ram Charan in the film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ratham-ranam-rowthiram-jr-ntr-reveals-the-role-of-ram-charan-in-the-film/articleshow/74847909.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ratham-ranam-rowthiram-jr-ntr-reveals-the-role-of-ram-charan-in-the-film/articleshow/74847909.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> {{transliteration|kn|ISO|Raudra Raṇa Rudhira}} in Kannada, {{transliteration|ml|ISO|Rudhiram Raṇam Raudhram}} in Malayalam (all of which translate to 'Rage, War, Blood') and ''Rise Roar Revolt'' in the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Baahubali' filmmaker SS Rajamouli's next titled 'Rise Roar Revolt'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/mar/25/baahubali-filmmaker-ss-rajamoulis-next-titled-rise-roar-revolt-2121417.html|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=25 March 2020|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100824/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2020/mar/25/baahubali-filmmaker-ss-rajamoulis-next-titled-rise-roar-revolt-2121417.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The official social media handle for the film was launched during the film's announcement.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2021|first1=Janani|last1=K.|title=SS Rajamouli thanks RRR team and audience as making video trends on social media|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ss-rajamouli-thanks-rrr-team-and-audience-as-making-video-trends-on-social-media-1828972-2021-07-16|access-date=10 August 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717194129/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ss-rajamouli-thanks-rrr-team-and-audience-as-making-video-trends-on-social-media-1828972-2021-07-16|url-status=live}}</ref> During the second wave of COVID-19, the movie crew converted the official handle into a COVID-19 helpline offering information regarding the availability of emergency services in Telugu-speaking states as well as safety tips.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RRR movie's Twitter handle turns Covid helpline|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/apr/30/rrr-movies-twitter-handle-turns-covid-helpline-2296723.html|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=30 April 2021|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100828/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/apr/30/rrr-movies-twitter-handle-turns-covid-helpline-2296723.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2021, [[PVR Cinemas]] announced that more than 850 of its screens would be re-branded as "PVRRR" until the release and run of the film. That same month, Rajamouli and the PVR team unveiled the company's re-branded logo.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2021|title=SS Rajamouli and PVR collaborate for a first of its kind association; PVR will now be referred to as PVRRR|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ss-rajamouli-pvr-collaborate-first-kind-association-pvr-will-now-referred-pvrrr/|access-date=30 October 2021|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030043546/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ss-rajamouli-pvr-collaborate-first-kind-association-pvr-will-now-referred-pvrrr/|url-status=live}}</ref> After the song "Naatu Naatu" was released in November 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2021|title=RRR song Naatu Naatu: Ram Charan, Jr NTR raise a storm. Watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-song-naatu-naatu-ram-charan-jr-ntr-mass-anthem-7616383/|access-date=4 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203133254/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-song-naatu-naatu-ram-charan-jr-ntr-mass-anthem-7616383/|url-status=live}}</ref> the hook step choreographed by [[Prem Rakshith]] and performed by Charan and Rama Rao in the music video went viral.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RRR के 'Naatu Naatu' गाने का ऐसा खुमार, फ्रांस के दो शख्स का खुली सड़क पर डांस|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/french-men-groves-on-rrr-viral-song-naatu-naatu-on-street-fans-applaud-them-tmov-1372396-2021-12-13|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Aaj Tak|date=13 December 2021|language=hi|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104103541/https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/bollywood-news/story/french-men-groves-on-rrr-viral-song-naatu-naatu-on-street-fans-applaud-them-tmov-1372396-2021-12-13|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have recreated the hook step by recording themselves dancing to the song and posting their videos on social media.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2021|title=African TikTok Sensation Kili Paul Dances To RRR Song Naatu Naatu, Hope SS Rajamouli Saw This|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/african-tiktok-sensation-kili-paul-dances-rrr-song-naatu-naatu-hope-ss-rajamouli|access-date=2 January 2024|website=Sakshi Post|language=en|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102190916/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/african-tiktok-sensation-kili-paul-dances-rrr-song-naatu-naatu-hope-ss-rajamouli|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 22 October 2020, a [[teaser trailer]] was released, titled "Ramaraju for Bheem", coinciding with [[Komaram Bheem]]'s 119th birth anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SS Rajamouli directorial 'RRR' lands in political trouble over teaser featuring Bheem's character as Muslim|date=3 November 2020 |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/ss-rajamouli-directorial-rrr-lands-in-political-trouble-over-teaser-featuring-bheems-character-as-muslim-340127|access-date=30 June 2021|publisher=WION|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181331/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/ss-rajamouli-directorial-rrr-lands-in-political-trouble-over-teaser-featuring-bheems-character-as-muslim-340127|url-status=live}}</ref> A controversy was sparked over portrayal of Bheem's character.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2020|title=Who Was Komaram Bheem and Why is SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' Under Fire?|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/komaram-bheen-jr-ntr-ss-rajamouli-rrr-film-telengana-hindu-nationalist-gond|access-date=30 June 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181834/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/komaram-bheen-jr-ntr-ss-rajamouli-rrr-film-telengana-hindu-nationalist-gond|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FPJ Explains: What's controversial about SS Rajamouli's portrayal of Komaram Bheem in 'RRR'?|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/fpj-explains-whats-controversial-about-ss-rajamoulis-portrayal-of-komaram-bheem-in-rrr|access-date=30 June 2021|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181322/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/fpj-explains-whats-controversial-about-ss-rajamoulis-portrayal-of-komaram-bheem-in-rrr|url-status=live}}</ref> In the video, Rama Rao was seen wearing a skull cap, applying [[Kohl (cosmetics)|kohl]] on to his eyes and appearing dressed as a [[Muslims|Muslim]] man.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2020|title=The controversies around Jr NTR's character Komaram Bheem in Rajamouli's 'RRR'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/controversies-around-jr-ntrs-character-komaram-bheem-rajamoulis-rrr-136168|access-date=30 June 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181212/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/controversies-around-jr-ntrs-character-komaram-bheem-rajamoulis-rrr-136168|url-status=live}}</ref> Members from the tribal community of [[Adilabad]] and a few [[netizens]] have opposed this representation of an [[Adivasi]] leader from the [[Gondi people|Gond tribe]], as a Muslim man.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jr NTR's RRR Controversy: Komaram Bheem's grandson threatens to protest against the film; Here's why|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jr-ntrs-rrr-controversy-komaram-bheems-grandson-threatens-protest-against-film-heres-why-570531|access-date=30 June 2021|website=Pinkvilla|date=26 October 2020|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925023205/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jr-ntrs-rrr-controversy-komaram-bheems-grandson-threatens-protest-against-film-heres-why-570531|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2020, during a [[by-election]] campaign at [[Dubbak Assembly constituency|Dubbaka]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Telangana|Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s [[Telangana]] president [[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]] warned Rajamouli,<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title=Will set fire to every theatre showing RRR: BJP's Bandi Sanjay Kumar warns Rajamouli|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/will-set-fire-to-every-theatre-showing-rrr-bjp-leader-warns-ss-rajamouli-6913499/|access-date=30 June 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928080638/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/will-set-fire-to-every-theatre-showing-rrr-bjp-leader-warns-ss-rajamouli-6913499/|url-status=live}}</ref> and threatened that his cadre will vandalise the theatres and his properties, if he intended to hurt the sentiments of Hindus.<ref>{{Cite news|title='RRR' controversy: Telangana BJP Chief threatens violence if Bheem's portrayal remains unchanged|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-controversy-telangana-bjp-chief-threatens-violence-if-bheems-portrayal-remains-unchanged/articleshow/78982536.cms|access-date=30 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101634/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-controversy-telangana-bjp-chief-threatens-violence-if-bheems-portrayal-remains-unchanged/articleshow/78982536.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2020|title=SS Rajamouli Targeted by Telangana BJP Leaders Over Representation of Komaram Bheem in RRR: Report|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ss-rajamouli-targeted-by-telangana-bjp-leaders-over-representation-of-komaram-bheem-in-rrr-report-3032684.html|access-date=30 June 2021|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182913/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ss-rajamouli-targeted-by-telangana-bjp-leaders-over-representation-of-komaram-bheem-in-rrr-report-3032684.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, in an interview with ''[[Film Companion]]''{{'s}} [[Anupama Chopra]] in July 2021, writer Vijayendra Prasad clarified about the Bheem's appearance in the film, saying, "He is being [hunted] by the [[British Raj]]. So, he is trying to escape the people from British police. So, what is the best camouflage? Simple. He is playing a Muslim boy in that time so that he won't be [caught]."<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 July 2021|title=Vijayendra Prasad addresses RRR controversies, says SS Rajamouli film 'cannot be compared to Baahubali'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijayendra-prasad-on-rrr-controversy-ss-rajamouli-baahubali-7415179/|access-date=23 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723055553/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/vijayendra-prasad-on-rrr-controversy-ss-rajamouli-baahubali-7415179/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's [[behind-the-scenes]] video, titled "Roar of ''RRR''", was released on 15 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2021 |title=Roar of RRR: SS Rajamouli promises to outdo Baahubali success, confirms October release for Ram Charan-Jr NTR movie |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/roar-of-rrr-behind-the-scenes-ss-rajamouli-promises-to-outdo-baahubali-success-confirms-october-release-for-ram-charan-jr-ntr-film-7405635/ |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715061504/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/roar-of-rrr-behind-the-scenes-ss-rajamouli-promises-to-outdo-baahubali-success-confirms-october-release-for-ram-charan-jr-ntr-film-7405635/ |url-status=live |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2021 |title=Roar of RRR: Jr NTR and Ram Charan get into the skin of Komaram Bheem and Alluri Sitaramaraju |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/roar-of-rrr-jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-get-into-the-skin-of-komaram-bheem-and-alluri-sitaramaraju/articleshow/84431334.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Teaser trailer|official trailer]] was initially scheduled to be released on 3 December 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 December 2021|first=Rishita|last=Roy Chowdhury|title=Ram Charan and Jr NTR's RRR trailer launch postponed due to 'unforeseen circumstances'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-s-rrr-trailer-launch-postponed-due-to-unforeseen-circumstances-1882839-2021-12-01|access-date=4 January 2022|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104102027/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-s-rrr-trailer-launch-postponed-due-to-unforeseen-circumstances-1882839-2021-12-01|url-status=live}}</ref> but was postponed and released on 9 December 2021 in five languages, including Telugu.<ref name="Hindu-RRRtrailer-12092021">{{Cite news|date=9 December 2021|title='RRR' trailer: SS Rajamouli promises another epic for the ages|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-trailer-ss-rajamouli-promises-another-epic-for-the-ages/article37908199.ece|access-date=4 January 2022|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104090029/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-trailer-ss-rajamouli-promises-another-epic-for-the-ages/article37908199.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan-trailer-12092021">{{Cite news|date=9 December 2021|title=RRR trailer: Jr NTR fights off tiger, promises to give up life for 'brother' Ram Charan; Alia Bhatt gets no lines. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rrr-trailer-jr-ntr-fights-off-tiger-promises-to-give-up-life-for-brother-ram-charan-alia-bhatt-gets-beaten-up-watch-101639030087391.html|access-date=4 January 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103224427/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rrr-trailer-jr-ntr-fights-off-tiger-promises-to-give-up-life-for-brother-ram-charan-alia-bhatt-gets-beaten-up-watch-101639030087391.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Trailer launch events were held for the five versions of the film in [[Mumbai]] (Hindi),<ref>{{Cite news|title='RRR' trailer launch event: Jr NTR and Alia Bhatt make a head-turning appearance|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-trailer-launch-event-jr-ntr-and-alia-bhatt-make-a-head-turning-appearance/articleshow/88187251.cms|access-date=4 January 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104090027/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-trailer-launch-event-jr-ntr-and-alia-bhatt-make-a-head-turning-appearance/articleshow/88187251.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bangalore]] (Kannada)<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2021|title=After stunning in red saree, Alia Bhatt opts for black ethnic look worth Rs 1.25 lakh for RRR trailer launch event in Bangalore|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/after-stunning-in-red-saree-alia-bhatt-opts-for-black-ethnic-look-worth-rs-1-25-lakh-for-rrr-trailer-launch-event-in-bangalore-article-88208621|access-date=4 January 2022|publisher=Zoom TV|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104090028/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/after-stunning-in-red-saree-alia-bhatt-opts-for-black-ethnic-look-worth-rs-1-25-lakh-for-rrr-trailer-launch-event-in-bangalore-article-88208621|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Hyderabad]] (Telugu).<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2021|title=At RRR Media Interaction in Hyderabad, Alia Bhatt Impresses Everyone With Her Telugu|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/at-rrr-media-interaction-in-hyderabad-alia-bhatt-impresses-everyone-with-her-telugu-4550828.html|access-date=4 January 2022|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104090029/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/at-rrr-media-interaction-in-hyderabad-alia-bhatt-impresses-everyone-with-her-telugu-4550828.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing the trailer, ''[[The Times of India]]'' cited it as "Goosebumps overloaded".<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2021 |title=Jr NTR, Ram Charan's 'RRR' trailer review: Goosebumps overloaded |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-ram-charans-rrr-trailer-review-goosebumps-overloaded/photostory/88185444.cms |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622134211/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/jr-ntr-ram-charans-rrr-trailer-review-goosebumps-overloaded/photostory/88185444.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Praising the trailer cut, ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "SS Rajamouli promises another epic for the ages".<ref name="Hindu-RRRtrailer-12092021"/> Praising Rajamouli's work, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called it "an epic theatrical experience".<ref name="Hindustan-trailer-12092021"/> Roktim Rajpal of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' noted that the film has universal storyline and also felt that it is a "perfect multi-starrer" while comparing it with 1957 epic film ''[[Mayabazar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2021 |title='RRR' trailer: S S Rajamouli's new movie is a potential blockbuster |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rrr-trailer-s-s-rajamoulis-new-movie-is-a-potential-blockbuster-1059047.html |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622134211/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rrr-trailer-s-s-rajamoulis-new-movie-is-a-potential-blockbuster-1059047.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 December 2021, a prerelease event was held at Gurukul Ground near [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in Mumbai to promote the film's Hindi version.<ref name="pre-release">{{cite web |title='RRR' pre-release event: All you need to know about the big event in Mumbai! - Times of India |url=https://www.pehalnews.in/rrr-pre-release-event-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-big-event-in-mumbai-times-of-india/1420666/ |website=Pehal News |access-date=25 March 2022 |date=20 December 2021}}</ref> Hosted by [[Karan Johar]], the team invited [[Salman Khan]] as the chief guest.<ref name="pre-release" /> The television streaming rights for the event were acquired by [[Zee Network]]. It was telecasted on [[Zee TV]], [[Zee Cinema]] and [[Zee Cinemalu]] on 31 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The most wanted stream of RRR, Mumbai's pre release event will telecast on december 31st.|url=https://flashmorning.com/en/news/the-most-wanted-stream-of-rrrmumbais-pre-release-event-will-telecast-on-december-31st|access-date=4 January 2022|website=flashmorning.com|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925023206/https://flashmorning.com/en/news/the-most-wanted-stream-of-rrrmumbais-pre-release-event-will-telecast-on-december-31st|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The next day, it was made available on [[YouTube]]. To promote the film's Tamil version, a prerelease event was held on 27 December 2021 at [[Chennai Trade Centre]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siva Karthikeyan grabbed all attention at RRR event?|url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994459174/RRR-Event-in-Chennai-Promoting-movie-or-Siva-Karthikeyan|access-date=4 January 2022|website=indiaherald.com|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104100736/https://www.indiaherald.com/Breaking/Read/994459174/RRR-Event-in-Chennai-Promoting-movie-or-Siva-Karthikeyan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 December 2021|title=RRR pre release event: Ram Charan, Jr NTR & SS Rajamouli pose for PICS; Sivakartikeyan, Udhay Stalin attend it|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rrr-pre-release-event-ram-charan-jr-ntr-ss-rajamouli-pose-pics-sivakartikeyan-udhay-stalin-attend-it-977442|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925023204/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rrr-pre-release-event-ram-charan-jr-ntr-ss-rajamouli-pose-pics-sivakartikeyan-udhay-stalin-attend-it-977442|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] and [[Sivakarthikeyan]] were the chief guests of the event.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sivakarthikeyan graces the 'RRR' pre-release event in Chennai as the chief guest; fans laud the star|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-graces-the-rrr-pre-release-event-in-chennai-as-the-chief-guest-fans-laud-the-star/articleshow/88566394.cms|access-date=4 January 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104100736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sivakarthikeyan-graces-the-rrr-pre-release-event-in-chennai-as-the-chief-guest-fans-laud-the-star/articleshow/88566394.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 December 2021, the team took part in the Malayalam version's prerelease event held at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='RRR' team to have a massive pre-release event in Kerala: Details inside! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-team-to-have-a-massive-pre-release-event-in-kerala-details-inside/articleshow/88448874.cms|access-date=4 January 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102050946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-team-to-have-a-massive-pre-release-event-in-kerala-details-inside/articleshow/88448874.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tovino Thomas]] was the chief guest of the event.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2021|title=RRR Event: Ram Charan & Jr NTR flaunt their dapper contrasting looks; Tovino Thomas graces as a guest; PICS|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rrr-event-ram-charan-jr-ntr-flaunt-their-dapper-contrasting-looks-tovino-thomas-graces-guest-pics-979386|access-date=4 January 2022|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104100729/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rrr-event-ram-charan-jr-ntr-flaunt-their-dapper-contrasting-looks-tovino-thomas-graces-guest-pics-979386|url-status=dead}}</ref> Soon after, the film's release and promotional activities were postponed. The film producers faced a loss of between {{INRConvert|18|c}}–{{INRConvert|20|c}} in promotions, as the film's release was delayed again due to COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2022|title=RRR Makers Face Loss of Rs 18 Crore on Promotions After Covid Delays Release; Ram Charan, Jr NTR Upset|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-makers-face-loss-of-rs-18-crore-on-promotions-after-covid-delays-release-ram-charan-jr-ntr-upset-4620353.html|access-date=4 January 2022|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104044224/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-makers-face-loss-of-rs-18-crore-on-promotions-after-covid-delays-release-ram-charan-jr-ntr-upset-4620353.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 January 2022|title=RRR: Rs. 18 Crores go waste on promotions of Ram Charan and NTR Jr starrer|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rrr-rs-18-crores-go-waste-promotions-ram-charan-ntr-jr-starrer/|access-date=4 January 2022|language=en|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104100729/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rrr-rs-18-crores-go-waste-promotions-ram-charan-ntr-jr-starrer/|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the film's final release date was announced in late-January 2022, promotions and marketing of the film were restarted. At first, a music video "Etthara Jenda" (in Telugu) was released as RRR Celebration Anthem on 14 March 2022. The song featured Rama Rao, Ram Charan and Alia Bhatt praising the freedom fighters from various regions of India.<ref>{{Cite news |title='RRR' movie; SS.Rajamouli's innovative, digitalised marketing approach helped its success...! - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-rajamoulis-innovative-digitalised-marketing-approach/articleshow/90441368.cms |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504144144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-rajamoulis-innovative-digitalised-marketing-approach/articleshow/90441368.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='RRR' anthem 'Etthara Jenda' is impactful and keeps up with the buzz |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2022/03/13/rrr-anthem-ethara-jenda-ram-charan-jr-ntr-rajamouli-song.html |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523084450/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2022/03/13/rrr-anthem-ethara-jenda-ram-charan-jr-ntr-rajamouli-song.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', [[Bhuvan Bam]] was hired to be part of film's promotions in late 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Is this why the 'RRR' team is holding suspense about their announcement tomorrow? Details Inside - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/is-this-why-the-rrr-team-is-holding-suspense-about-their-announcement-tomorrow-details-inside/articleshow/87315592.cms |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504144143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/is-this-why-the-rrr-team-is-holding-suspense-about-their-announcement-tomorrow-details-inside/articleshow/87315592.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, in March 2022 a video was released on [[Bhuvan Bam]]'s [[YouTube channel]], in which he interviewed Rajamouli, Rama Rao and Ram Charan as part of his show ''Titu Talks''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhuvan Bam to promote SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' from today - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhuvan-bam-to-promote-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-from-today/articleshow/90215736.cms |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504144141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhuvan-bam-to-promote-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-from-today/articleshow/90215736.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Soon after, the team has planned a promotional tour across nine cities on six days starting from 18 March 2022 to 23 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=17 March 2022 |title=RRR Team Plans A Marathon Promotional Tour And Are All Set To Visit 9 Cities In 7 Days |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rrr-team-plans-a-marathon-promotional-tour-and-are-all-set-to-visit-9-cities-in-7-days-733820 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504151109/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rrr-team-plans-a-marathon-promotional-tour-and-are-all-set-to-visit-9-cities-in-7-days-733820 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the first day of the tour, the team including Rajamouli, Rama Rao and Ram Charan headed to [[Dubai]] to participate in an event held at the Dubai Exhibition Centre in the Indian Pavilon (as part of the [[Expo 2020]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR Cast Special Appearance {{!}} World Expo |url=http://virtualexpo.world/ |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=virtualexpo.world |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208032122/https://www.virtualexpo.world/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2022 |title=Ram Charan travels with his dog for RRR promotions in Dubai, Jr NTR cannot resist giving him a few pets. See pics |language=en-us |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-travels-with-hid-dog-for-rrr-promotions-in-dubai-jr-ntr-cannot-resist-giving-him-a-few-pets-see-pics-101647581357958.html |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504151109/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ram-charan-travels-with-hid-dog-for-rrr-promotions-in-dubai-jr-ntr-cannot-resist-giving-him-a-few-pets-see-pics-101647581357958.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day, the team returned to India and attended a [[press conference]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2022 |title=RRR Press Meet : ముందుగా అనుకున్న రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఇది కాదట !! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/rajamouli-reveals-secret-about-rrr-release-date-147699.html |access-date=4 May 2022 |publisher=NTV |language=te-IN |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152505/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/rajamouli-reveals-secret-about-rrr-release-date-147699.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2022 |title=RRR Press Meet : రాజమౌళిని విలన్ చేసేసిన ఎన్టీఆర్ |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/ntr-interesting-comments-on-director-rajamouli-147732.html |access-date=4 May 2022 |publisher=NTV |language=te-IN |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152504/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/ntr-interesting-comments-on-director-rajamouli-147732.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On the same day, to promote the Telugu and Kannada versions of the film, a prerelease event was held at [[Agalagurki]] in [[Chikkaballapura district]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR pre-release event in Karnataka: CM Bommai chief guest |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/rrr-pre-release-event-in-karnataka-today-cm-bommai-chief-guest/na20220319192207093 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504144142/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/bharat/rrr-pre-release-event-in-karnataka-today-cm-bommai-chief-guest/na20220319192207093 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was organised by the film's Karnataka distribution company KVN Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2022 |title=RRR Pre Release Event : ಪ್ರೇಕ್ಷಕರಿಂದ ನೂಕು ನುಗ್ಗಲು, ಪೊಲೀಸರಿಂದ ಲಘು ಲಾಠಿ ಪ್ರಹಾರ! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/rrr-pre-release-event-in-audience-fight-and-police-lathi-charge-in-%C2%A0chikkaballapur-70248 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=Zee News Kannada |language=kn |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504144141/https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/rrr-pre-release-event-in-audience-fight-and-police-lathi-charge-in-%C2%A0chikkaballapur-70248 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief minister of Karnataka]] [[Basavaraj Bommai]] was the chief guest of the event. The other guests of the event were [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[K. Sudhakar (politician)|K. Sudhakar]] ([[Chikballapur Assembly constituency|MLA of Chikballapur]] and Health minister of [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=RRR's Grant Pre-release Event to Have Karnataka CM as Chief Guest. Other Guests on List |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rrrs-grant-pre-release-event-to-have-karnataka-cm-as-chief-guest-other-guests-on-list-4884563.html |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=22 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422041700/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rrrs-grant-pre-release-event-to-have-karnataka-cm-as-chief-guest-other-guests-on-list-4884563.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Suma Kanakala]] and [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] have hosted the event. The following day, the team toured [[Baroda]] and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Prerna |date=20 March 2022 |title=Jr NTR, Ram Charan, Rajamouli's 'RRR' becomes first film to mark its presence at Statue of Unity |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/jr-ntr-ram-charan-ss-rajamouli-rrr-first-film-to-mark-presence-at-statue-of-unity-baroda-latest-celeb-news-2022-03-20-765128 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152503/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/jr-ntr-ram-charan-ss-rajamouli-rrr-first-film-to-mark-presence-at-statue-of-unity-baroda-latest-celeb-news-2022-03-20-765128 |url-status=live }}</ref> At first, the team visited [[Statue of Unity]] making it the first film to visit for promotions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2022 |title=Rajamouli's 'RRR' is the first film to visit Statue of Unity for promotions |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rajamoulis-rrr-is-the-first-film-to-visit-statue-of-unity-for-promotions-2446656.html |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504152503/https://zeenews.india.com/regional/rajamoulis-rrr-is-the-first-film-to-visit-statue-of-unity-for-promotions-2446656.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same day, an event was held by film's Hindi distributor [[Jayantilal Gada]], at the Imperial Hotel in [[New Delhi]] where the cast and crew interacted with the media and fans. [[Aamir Khan]] was the chief guest of the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aamir Khan joins the cast of RRR at Imperial Hotel in Delhi |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-joins-the-cast-of-rrr-at-imperial-hotel-in-delhi-52762.html |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505124104/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-joins-the-cast-of-rrr-at-imperial-hotel-in-delhi-52762.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On the fifth day, the team toured [[Kolkata]] and [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=22 March 2022 |title=RRR Team Promote Their Movie On Kolkata's Popular Howrah Bridge |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rrr-team-promote-their-movie-on-kolkatas-popular-howrah-bridge-734551 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505075206/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/rrr-team-promote-their-movie-on-kolkatas-popular-howrah-bridge-734551 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR: प्रमोशन के आखिरी दिन वाराणसी पहुंचे एनटीआर जूनियर, राम चरण और एसएस राजामौली, गंगा आरती में लिया हिस्सा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/rrr-varanasi-promotion-jr-ntr-ram-charan-and-ss-rajamouli-reach-varanasi-for-promotion-of-rrr-and-takes-part-in-ganga-aarti |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505075206/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/rrr-varanasi-promotion-jr-ntr-ram-charan-and-ss-rajamouli-reach-varanasi-for-promotion-of-rrr-and-takes-part-in-ganga-aarti |url-status=live }}</ref> The team visited the [[Howrah Bridge]] in Kolkata and interacted with the local media to promote their film in the region,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=RRR Promotions: Ram Charan, Jr NTR & SS Rajamouli look uber cool as they pose at Howrah Bridge; PICS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rrr-promotions-ram-charan-jr-ntr-ss-rajamouli-look-uber-cool-they-pose-howrah-bridge-pics-1050629 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505075206/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rrr-promotions-ram-charan-jr-ntr-ss-rajamouli-look-uber-cool-they-pose-howrah-bridge-pics-1050629 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=কলকাতায় 'আর আর আর' ছবির প্রচারে রাজামৌলি-জুনিয়র এনটিআর-রাম চরণ |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/rrr-promotion-in-kolkata-ss-rajamouli-ntr-jr-and-ram-charan-came-to-kolkata-to-promote-their-film-rrr-875733 |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531085421/https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/rrr-promotion-in-kolkata-ss-rajamouli-ntr-jr-and-ram-charan-came-to-kolkata-to-promote-their-film-rrr-875733 |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by performing the [[Ganges|Ganga aarti]] in Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=Ram Charan, Jr NTR conclude 'RRR' promotions by performing Ganga aarti |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/ram-charan-junior-ntr-conclude-rrr-promotions-by-performing-ganga-aarti-in-varanasi-2447241.html |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505075206/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/ram-charan-junior-ntr-conclude-rrr-promotions-by-performing-ganga-aarti-in-varanasi-2447241.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=RRR team in Varanasi: Ram Charan, Jr NTR and SS Rajamouli visit the divine city - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-team-in-varanasi-ram-charan-jr-ntr-and-ss-rajamouli-visit-the-divine-city/articleshow/90382904.cms |access-date=5 May 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505075206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-team-in-varanasi-ram-charan-jr-ntr-and-ss-rajamouli-visit-the-divine-city/articleshow/90382904.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''RRR'' was scheduled to have special premieres across India and the United States on 24 March 2022<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=5 April 2019 |title=Samuthirakani shares sneak-peek from RRR sets. See pic |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/samuthirakani-shares-sneak-peek-from-rrr-sets-see-pic-1494588-2019-04-05 |access-date=21 September 2019 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921102530/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/samuthirakani-shares-sneak-peek-from-rrr-sets-see-pic-1494588-2019-04-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> before its worldwide theatrical release on 25 March.<ref name="release date">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Breaking: Ram Charan and Jr NTR starrer RRR to release in theatres on March 25 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-ram-charan-jr-ntr-starrer-rrr-release-theatres-march-25/ |access-date=31 January 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072901/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-ram-charan-jr-ntr-starrer-rrr-release-theatres-march-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR will be bigger than Baahubali : Rajamouli |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/mar/16/rrr-will-be-bigger-than-baahubali-rajamouli-2430492.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072901/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/mar/16/rrr-will-be-bigger-than-baahubali-rajamouli-2430492.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier, it was scheduled to be theatrically released on 30 July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title='We are going to be in theatres on July 30, 2020': SS Rajamouli's RRR finally has a release date! |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-we-are-going-to-be-in-theatres-on-july-30-2020-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-finally-has-a-release-date-2729483 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415230026/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-we-are-going-to-be-in-theatres-on-july-30-2020-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-finally-has-a-release-date-2729483 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, in February 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=RRR to hit screens on January 8, 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-release-date-january-8-2021-ss-rajamouli-jr-ntr-ram-charan-6252578/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100112/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-release-date-january-8-2021-ss-rajamouli-jr-ntr-ram-charan-6252578/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the release date was revised to 8 January 2021, a week prior to the [[Sankranthi]] festival (14 January 2021).<ref>{{cite news |date=5 February 2020 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR, Starring Ajay Devgn, Ram Charan And Jr NTR, Gets New Release Date |work=NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-starring-ajay-devgn-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-gets-new-release-date-2175542 |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205171235/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-starring-ajay-devgn-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-gets-new-release-date-2175542 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sunder |first=Gautam |date=5 February 2020 |title=SS Rajamouli's period epic 'RRR' to release on January 8, 2021 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ss-rajamoulis-period-epic-rrr-to-release-on-january-8-2021/article30743479.ece |access-date=10 August 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100831/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ss-rajamoulis-period-epic-rrr-to-release-on-january-8-2021/article30743479.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India|COVID-19 pandemic lockdown]], which disrupted production, the film's release was put on hold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR will not release on January 8, 2021, confirms producer DVV Danayya |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-will-not-release-on-january-8-2021-confirms-producer-dvv-danayya/592251 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=zoomtventertainment.com |date=15 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401072900/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-will-not-release-on-january-8-2021-confirms-producer-dvv-danayya/592251 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rajamouli said that the new release date would be confirmed after the completion of shooting.<ref name="NM">{{cite news |date=27 November 2020 |title=Chiranjeevi and Aamir Khan to lend their voice for Rajamouli's 'RRR'? |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chiranjeevi-and-aamir-khan-lend-their-voice-rajamouli-s-rrr-138561 |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127143525/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chiranjeevi-and-aamir-khan-lend-their-voice-rajamouli-s-rrr-138561 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the eve of [[Republic Day]] (25 January 2021), a 13 October 2021 release date, coinciding with the eve of [[Dusshera]] weekend, was announced<ref>{{Cite web |title=SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' slated to release on October 13 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/jan/25/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-slated-to-release-on-october-13-2254913.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The New Indian Express |date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100822/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/jan/25/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-slated-to-release-on-october-13-2254913.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=SS Rajamouli Announces the Release Date of 'RRR' |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/ss-rajamouli-announces-the-release-date-of-rrr |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100823/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/ss-rajamouli-announces-the-release-date-of-rrr |url-status=live }}</ref> The release date was again deferred, citing [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema|theatrical restrictions across the world]] due to the second wave of COVID-19 and its aftermath.<ref name="rd">{{Cite news |date=11 September 2021 |title=SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' to not release on October 13 this year, new dates to be announced soon |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ss-rajamoulis-alia-bhatt-and-ajay-devgn-starrer-rrr-to-not-release-on-october-13-this-year-new-dates-to-be-announced-soon/articleshow/86113880.cms |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220124206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ss-rajamoulis-alia-bhatt-and-ajay-devgn-starrer-rrr-to-not-release-on-october-13-this-year-new-dates-to-be-announced-soon/articleshow/86113880.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2021 |title=Rajamouli's RRR will not release on October 13 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajamouli-s-rrr-will-not-release-october-13-155198 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319073830/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajamouli-s-rrr-will-not-release-october-13-155198 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In early October 2021, the theatrical release date was changed to 7 January 2022, ahead of the Sankranthi festival.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |first=Janani |last=K. |date=2 October 2021 |title=Jr NTR and Ram Charan's RRR to release in theatres on Ja . New poster out |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-s-rrr-to-release-in-theatres-on-january-7-2022-new-poster-out-1860007-2021-10-02 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126132052/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-s-rrr-to-release-in-theatres-on-january-7-2022-new-poster-out-1860007-2021-10-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, a week before the release, the film producers announced that the film's release would be postponed indefinitely due to the increasing number of [[COVID-19]] cases, fuelled by the [[SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2022 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=Jr NTR and Ram Charan's RRR postponed indefinitely due to spike in Covid-19 cases |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-s-rrr-postponed-indefinitely-due-to-spike-in-covid-19-cases-1894784-2022-01-01 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510112059/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-s-rrr-postponed-indefinitely-due-to-spike-in-covid-19-cases-1894784-2022-01-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR release postponed indefinitely in wake of Omicron COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/jan/01/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-jr-ntr-ram-charan-release-postponed-omicron-covid-19-28757.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=January 2022 |language=en |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727065245/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/jan/01/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-jr-ntr-ram-charan-release-postponed-omicron-covid-19-28757.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In mid-January, two tentative release dates were announced pending the pandemic situation: 18 March 2022 and 28 April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2022 |first=Anita |last=Britto |title=Two release dates for RRR leaves producers in a fix, reveal trade experts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/two-release-dates-for-rrr-leaves-producers-in-a-fix-reveal-trade-experts-1904124-2022-01-25 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319073829/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/two-release-dates-for-rrr-leaves-producers-in-a-fix-reveal-trade-experts-1904124-2022-01-25 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=25 January 2022 |title=Rajmouli's 'RRR' weighs in on release dates in March and April |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/rajmoulis-rrr-weighs-in-on-release-dates-in-march-and-april-11643089094993.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319073829/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/rajmoulis-rrr-weighs-in-on-release-dates-in-march-and-april-11643089094993.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, the producers finalised a 25 March 2022 release date.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rishita |last=Roy Chowdhury |title=Jr NTR and Ram Charan's RRR to release on March 25 in multiple languages |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-s-rrr-to-release-on-march-25-in-multiple-languages-1906866-2022-01-31 |date=31 January 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624055306/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jr-ntr-and-ram-charan-s-rrr-to-release-on-march-25-in-multiple-languages-1906866-2022-01-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was intended to be released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] along with the dubbed versions in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], and other [[Languages of India|Indian]] and foreign languages in 2D, [[3D film|3D]] and [[IMAX]] formats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=31 May 2021 |title=Ram Charan's 'RRR' to release in English, Korean, among other foreign languages |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ram-charan-s-rrr-to-release-in-english-korean-among-other-foreign-languages-11622438617333.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319073759/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ram-charan-s-rrr-to-release-in-english-korean-among-other-foreign-languages-11622438617333.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2021 |title=RRR to release in seven international languages |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/05/29003008/1297321/RRR-to-release-in-seven-international-languages.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210529075632/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/05/29003008/1297321/RRR-to-release-in-seven-international-languages.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 May 2021 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=dtNext.in |language=en}}</ref> It is the first Indian film to be released in [[Dolby Cinema]] format.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SS Rajamouli unveils India's first Dolby certified post-production facility at Nagarjuna's Annapurna Studios |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ss-rajamouli-unveils-indias-first-dolby-certified-post-production-facility-at-nagarjunas-annapurna-studios/article69084210.ece |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X |date=10 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2025 |quote=Interestingly, Rajamouli’s Academy-award-winning RRR was the first-ever Indian film to release in Dolby Cinema, making this a landmark moment for the Indian film industry.}}</ref>

In January 2022, a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] (PIL) was filed in the [[Telangana High Court]] to restrain the film for being released, alleging that the film distorts the history of Alluri Sita Rama Raju and Komaram Bheem.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 January 2022 |title=PIL Filed Against SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' At Telangana High Court |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-pil-filed-against-rajamoulis-rrr-in-telangana-high-court/408521 |access-date=16 March 2022 |magazine=[[Outlook India]] |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316203235/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-pil-filed-against-rajamoulis-rrr-in-telangana-high-court/408521 |url-status=live }}</ref> The High Court quashed the petition in March, observing that the film did not tarnish the reputation of the two revolutionaries as claimed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2022 |title=Telangana High Court Quashes PIL Demanding Stay Order Against SS Rajamouli's RRR |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/telangana-high-court-quashes-pil-demanding-stay-order-against-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-4880273.html |work=[[News18]] |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316084028/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/telangana-high-court-quashes-pil-demanding-stay-order-against-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-4880273.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following political and film industry backlash after reducing ticket prices last year, [[Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]] issued a ticket price hike in Andhra Pradesh in mid-March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt allows cinemas to increase ticket prices |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/andhra-pradesh-govt-allows-cinemas-to-increase-ticket-prices-1089416.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308175840/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/andhra-pradesh-govt-allows-cinemas-to-increase-ticket-prices-1089416.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2022 |title=Ahead of RRR and Radhe Shyam's Release, Andhra Govt Revises Ticket Prices. Details Here |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ahead-of-rrr-and-radhe-shyams-release-andhra-govt-revises-ticket-prices-details-here-4851266.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319073800/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ahead-of-rrr-and-radhe-shyams-release-andhra-govt-revises-ticket-prices-details-here-4851266.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As per Cinematography Minister [[Perni Venkataramaiah]], the filmmakers received government approval to increase ticket prices by {{INRConvert|75}} during the first ten days after the film's 25 March release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pay Rs 75 more for RRR in Andhra movie theatres for first 10 days |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/mar/18/pay-rs-75-more-for-rrr-in-andhra-movie-theatres-for-first-10-days-2431473.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 March 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024145/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/mar/18/pay-rs-75-more-for-rrr-in-andhra-movie-theatres-for-first-10-days-2431473.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

''RRR'' became the first film to be screened in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], after the re-opening of [[Movie theater|cinema]]s in September 2022, which were closed in 1990s following the [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|spread of terrorism and further incidents]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karan |first=Rewati |date=18 September 2022 |title=Back to the movies: After decades of closure, Kashmir opens 2 cinema halls on 'historic' Sunday |url=https://theprint.in/india/back-to-the-movies-after-decades-of-closure-kashmir-opens-2-cinema-halls-on-historic-sunday/1133404/ |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=[[ThePrint]] |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922134039/https://theprint.in/india/back-to-the-movies-after-decades-of-closure-kashmir-opens-2-cinema-halls-on-historic-sunday/1133404/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The original Telugu version was released on 21 October 2022 in [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=21 July 2022 |title='RRR' set for Japan premiere in October 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/features/rrr-set-for-japan-premiere-in-october/1049322/ |work=[[The Print]] |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925023205/https://theprint.in/features/rrr-set-for-japan-premiere-in-october/1049322/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released by Keizo Kabata's Twin Company in 209 screens and 31 [[IMAX]] screens across 44 cities and prefectures, the widest release for an Indian film in the country.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=29 October 2022 |title='RRR' Roars at Japan Box Office (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/box-office/rrr-japan-rajamouli-ram-charan-ntr-jr-1235416994/ |access-date=29 October 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |language=en-US |archive-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029144444/https://variety.com/2022/film/box-office/rrr-japan-rajamouli-ram-charan-ntr-jr-1235416994/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's [[Japanese language|Japanese]]-language dubbed version was released in Japan on 28 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2023 |title=RRR: జపనీస్ భాషలో డబ్ కానున్న RRR.. విడుదల తేది ఖరారు.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/rrr-rajamouli-jr-ntr-ram-charan-dubbed-version-of-japanese-language-release-date-finalized-ta-1902966-page-3.html |access-date=20 June 2023 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620071938/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/rrr-rajamouli-jr-ntr-ram-charan-dubbed-version-of-japanese-language-release-date-finalized-ta-1902966-page-3.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shortly before Academy Awards nominees were announced, distributor [[Variance Films]] announced ''RRR'' would return to American cinemas for a limited run from 3 March 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ahead of Oscars 2023 nominations, SS Rajamouli's RRR to get nationwide re-release in US |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ahead-of-oscars-2023-nominations-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-to-be-back-in-theatres-in-the-us-2325580-2023-01-24 |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125165509/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ahead-of-oscars-2023-nominations-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-to-be-back-in-theatres-in-the-us-2325580-2023-01-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Screenings and statistics===
In November 2021, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that ''RRR'' would premiere on over 10,000 screens worldwide, the "highest for an Indian film".<ref>{{Cite news |title='RRR' to get the biggest ever release in Indian cinema with 10000 screens? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-to-get-the-biggest-ever-release-in-indian-cinema-with-10000-screens/articleshow/87757649.cms |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401111526/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-to-get-the-biggest-ever-release-in-indian-cinema-with-10000-screens/articleshow/87757649.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In India, the film was estimated to show on over 2,300 screens, with the Telugu version premiering on over 1,000 screens.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR to get Highest Ever 1000 Screens in Telugu? All you Need to Know |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-to-get-highest-ever-1000-screens-in-telugu-all-you-need-to-know-4585820.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401090401/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-to-get-highest-ever-1000-screens-in-telugu-all-you-need-to-know-4585820.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hindi version was reported to showcase on over 793 screens and the Tamil version on over 291 screens.<ref name=":1" /> The Kannada and Malayalam-dubbed versions were scheduled for 66 and 62 screens, respectively.<ref name=":1" /> The film was slated to screen at over 1,150 locations in the United States in around 3,000 theatres and 1,000-odd multiplexes across the country, which was claimed to be a record for an Indian film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2021 |title=S S Rajamouli's 'RRR' to release in nearly 1,000 multiplexes in US |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/s-s-rajamoulis-rrr-to-release-in-nearly-1000-multiplexes-in-us-1057895.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319073850/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/s-s-rajamoulis-rrr-to-release-in-nearly-1000-multiplexes-in-us-1057895.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=RRR to Premiere in Recording-Breaking 1150 Locations Across USA |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-to-premiere-in-recording-breaking-1150-locations-across-usa-4881116.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401093419/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-to-premiere-in-recording-breaking-1150-locations-across-usa-4881116.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was planned to be released in [[IMAX]], [[3D film|3D]] and [[Dolby Cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=12 March 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' to release in IMAX |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-to-release-in-imax-11647056621453.html |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415071237/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-to-release-in-imax-11647056621453.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to trade sources, the film would screen in over 21 IMAX screens in India and over 100 IMAX theatres overseas, a first for an Indian film.<ref name=":0" />

On 1 June 2022, ''RRR'' was screened in over 100 theatres across the United States for a one night event called "''#encoRRRe''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2022 |title=Indian action blockbuster 'RRR' roars back to theaters for one-night event |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-05-14/rrr-us-rerelease-theaters-ss-rajamouli |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521084851/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-05-14/rrr-us-rerelease-theaters-ss-rajamouli |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2022 |title=RRR Returns For a One Night Only #encoRRRe in The U.S. This June |url=https://screenanarchy.com/2022/05/rrr-returns-for-a-one-night-only-encorrre-in-the-us-this-june.html |website=ScreenAnarchy |access-date=26 May 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602174239/https://screenanarchy.com/2022/05/rrr-returns-for-a-one-night-only-encorrre-in-the-us-this-june.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Speaking to ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'', Dylan Marchetti of [[Variance Films]] said that "With more than 250 films coming out of India annually, ''RRR'' could be a gateway drug".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=10 June 2022 |title=Blockbuster 'RRR' Is Back, This Time At Arthouses In A New Move For Indian Film – Specialty Preview |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/rrr-indian-film-specialty-preview-1235042579/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611031723/https://deadline.com/2022/06/rrr-indian-film-specialty-preview-1235042579/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In his review of the film ''[[Nashville Scene]]''{{'}}s Jason Shawhan wrote about the event that "the nationwide encore of ''RRR'' is American audiences reaching with outstretched arms to something so exciting and rock-solid entertaining that its success already happened without insular traditional media even mentioning it. This isn't America dipping a toe in Indian cinema — it's a victory lap".<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Shawhan |first=Jason |title=The Outsized RRR Engages With History on Its Own Terms |url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/film_tv/the-outsized-rrr-engages-with-history-on-its-own-terms/article_5d1262b0-db9a-11ec-a161-0fd76a0e93c1.html |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Nashville Scene |date=26 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602103952/https://www.nashvillescene.com/arts_culture/film_tv/the-outsized-rrr-engages-with-history-on-its-own-terms/article_5d1262b0-db9a-11ec-a161-0fd76a0e93c1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In June 2022, [[London]]-based [[Prince Charles Cinema]] announced that it will re-release the film on popular demand on 3, 5, and 29 July and 8 August 2022, with additional screenings that September.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR returns to silver screen in London on 'popular demand' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-returns-to-silver-screen-in-london-on-popular-demand |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622131610/https://telanganatoday.com/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-returns-to-silver-screen-in-london-on-popular-demand |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli's Blockbuster RRR Movie Returns to London's Silver Screen on Demand |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ss-rajamoulis-blockbuster-rrr-movie-returns-to-londons-silver-screen-on-demand-749781 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621125331/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/ss-rajamoulis-blockbuster-rrr-movie-returns-to-londons-silver-screen-on-demand-749781 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''RRR'' was screened at the [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre|TCL Chinese Theatre]] on 30 September 2022 in [[IMAX]] as part of "From Tollywood to Hollywood: The Spectacle & Majesty of S.S. Rajamouli" program of 10th Beyond Festival organised by [[American Cinematheque]] in partnership with IMAX, [[Variance Films]], Potentate Films and the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamato |first=Jen |date=7 September 2022 |title=Indian action hit 'RRR' eyes Oscars, sets Beyond Fest S.S. Rajamouli retrospective |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-09-07/rrr-s-s-rajamouli-oscars-beyond-fest |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909025338/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-09-07/rrr-s-s-rajamouli-oscars-beyond-fest |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oddo |first=Marco Vito |date=7 September 2022 |title=Beyond Fest to Feature Special Tollywood Programming With 'RRR' Director S.S. Rajamouli |url=https://collider.com/beyond-fest-tollywood-programming-rrr-director-s-s-rajamouli/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908183131/https://collider.com/beyond-fest-tollywood-programming-rrr-director-s-s-rajamouli/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BEYOND FEST ANNOUNCES 'FROM TOLLYWOOD TO HOLLYWOOD – Beyond Fest |url=https://beyondfest.com/beyond-fest-announces-from-tollywood-to-hollywood/ |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=[[American Cinematheque|Beyond Fest]] |date=7 September 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907162104/https://beyondfest.com/beyond-fest-announces-from-tollywood-to-hollywood/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''RRR'' was screened at the [[53rd International Film Festival of India]] under the Indian panorama section, in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2022 |title='The Kashmir Files', 'RRR' among 25 feature films and 20 non-feature films to be screened at 53rd International Film Festival of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-kashmir-files-rrr-among-25-feature-films-and-20-non-feature-films-to-be-screened-at-53rd-international-film-festival-of-india-iffi-details-inside/articleshow/95027881.cms |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022075205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-kashmir-files-rrr-among-25-feature-films-and-20-non-feature-films-to-be-screened-at-53rd-international-film-festival-of-india-iffi-details-inside/articleshow/95027881.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

''RRR'' has been subtitled into 15 different languages.<ref name="auto"/>

=== Distribution ===
Originally, the film made a prerelease earning of {{INRConvert|400|c}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR does pre-release business of Rs 400 crore, breaks Baahubali 2's record |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-does-pre-release-business-of-rs-400-crore-breaks-baahubali-2-s-record/story-J0cErUcknTGQWAeH12fblO.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020205554/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-does-pre-release-business-of-rs-400-crore-breaks-baahubali-2-s-record/story-J0cErUcknTGQWAeH12fblO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2020 |title=RRR has earned Rs 400 crore even before release, breaking Baahubali 2 record |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-has-earned-rs-400-crore-even-before-release-breaking-baahubali-2-record-1645703-2020-02-12 |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100824/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-has-earned-rs-400-crore-even-before-release-breaking-baahubali-2-record-1645703-2020-02-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> but the revised prerelease deal was later revealed to be {{INRConvert|890|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=RRR Pre-Release Business: SS Rajamouli's period drama collects Rs 900 crore already – creates all time record |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rrr-pre-release-business-ss-rajamouli-s-period-drama-collects-rs-900-crore-already-creates-all-time |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810102325/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rrr-pre-release-business-ss-rajamouli-s-period-drama-collects-rs-900-crore-already-creates-all-time |url-status=live }}</ref> The domestic theatrical rights in the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana regions were reported to be under {{INRConvert|165|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2021 |title=Lyca productions bags theatrical distribution rights for 'RRR' in TN |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lyca-productions-bags-theatrical-distribution-rights-rrr-tn-143665 |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027100116/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/lyca-productions-bags-theatrical-distribution-rights-rrr-tn-143665 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lyca Productions]] acquired the film's theatrical distribution rights from [[Tamil Nadu]] for {{INRConvert|48|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K. |first=Janani |date=17 February 2021 |title=RRR Tamil Nadu theatrical rights snapped by Lyca Productions |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-snapped-by-lyca-productions-1770188-2021-02-17 |access-date=22 February 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218052623/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-tamil-nadu-theatrical-rights-snapped-by-lyca-productions-1770188-2021-02-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title=Theatrical distribution rights of SS Rajamouli's RRR acquired by Lyca Productions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/lyca-productions-acquires-theatrical-distribution-rights-of-rrr-for-tamil-nadu-7192586/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100825/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/lyca-productions-acquires-theatrical-distribution-rights-of-rrr-for-tamil-nadu-7192586/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The following month, [[Pen India Limited|Pen Studios]] acquired the theatrical rights for [[North India]] under the [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar Entertainment]] banner, in addition to electronic, satellite and digital rights for all language versions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2021 |title=Pen Studios acquires North Indian theatrical rights of SS Rajamouli's RRR, starring Ram Charan and Jr NTR |work=Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pen-studios-acquires-north-indian-theatrical-rights-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-starring-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-9486541.html |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=1 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401075641/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pen-studios-acquires-north-indian-theatrical-rights-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-starring-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-9486541.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2021 |title=Ajay Devgn's 'RRR' sells rights for ₹350 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ajay-devgn-s-rrr-sells-rights-for-350-crore-11617425027446.html |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810100823/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/ajay-devgn-s-rrr-sells-rights-for-350-crore-11617425027446.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The deal for the North Indian theatrical release rights were reported to be {{INRConvert|140|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=Exclusive: SS Rajamouli's RRR North Indian theatrical rights sold for Rs 140 crore; Biggest deal in Bollywood |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/exclusive-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-north-indian-theatrical-rights-sold-rs-140-crore-biggest-deal-bollywood |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224130757/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/exclusive-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-north-indian-theatrical-rights-sold-rs-140-crore-biggest-deal-bollywood |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kerala theatrical rights were acquired by Shibu Thameens, with Riya Shibu presenting the film under the HR Studios banner. Thameens bought the film's distribution rights for {{INRConvert|15|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' Kerala distribution rights acquired by Thameens Films |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/12/11/ss-rajamouli-s--rrr--kerala-distribution-rights-acquired-by-tham.html |access-date=18 March 2022 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319073759/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/12/11/ss-rajamouli-s--rrr--kerala-distribution-rights-acquired-by-tham.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Arab world theatrical rights were sold to Phars Films for {{INRConvert|70|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=#RRR: Overseas theatrical rights of SS Rajamouli's next sold for Rs 70 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-overseas-theatrical-rights-of-ss-rajamoulis-next-sold-for-rs-70-crore/articleshow/69842395.cms |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810102037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rrr-overseas-theatrical-rights-of-ss-rajamoulis-next-sold-for-rs-70-crore/articleshow/69842395.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Dreamz Entertainment distributed the film in United Kingdom and [[Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Batman,' 'RRR' Rule U.K. Box Office |url=https://news.yahoo.com/batman-rrr-rule-u-k-145748236.html |access-date=21 June 2022 |publisher=Yahoo! News |date=29 March 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421185057/https://news.yahoo.com/batman-rrr-rule-u-k-145748236.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shreyas Media Group's film distribution company Good Cinema Group has acquired the distribution rights for the entire [[Africa]]n continent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2022 |title=RRR : 'ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్' సరికొత్త రికార్డ్.. మొదటిసారి పలు ఆఫ్రికా దేశాల్లో తెలుగు సినిమా రిలీజ్.. |url=https://10tv.in/latest/rrr-movie-grand-release-in-africa-continent-392900.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |publisher=[[10TV]] |language=te |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925023207/https://10tv.in/latest/rrr-movie-grand-release-in-africa-continent-392900.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
In May 2021, Pen Studios announced that the film's digital rights for [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] versions are acquired by [[ZEE5]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ramachandran|first1=Naman|date=26 May 2021|title=S.S. Rajamouli Blockbuster 'RRR' to Stream on Netflix, ZEE5 Post-Theatrical|url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-zee5-rrr-rajamouli-1234981921/|access-date=10 August 2021|website=Variety|language=en-US|archive-date=4 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604122942/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-zee5-rrr-rajamouli-1234981921/|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] versions are acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 May 2021|title=ZEE5 and Netflix acquire streaming rights of SS Rajamouli's RRR|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/zee5-netflix-acquires-streaming-rights-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-7331288/|access-date=10 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=4 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604200836/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/zee5-netflix-acquires-streaming-rights-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-7331288/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Zee Network]] acquired the satellite rights of the Hindi version and [[Star India|Star India Network]] acquired the satellite rights of the film's Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada versions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Group snapped post-release digital and satellite rights of RRR for 325 crores!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/zee-group-snapped-post-release-digital-and-satellite-rights-of-rrr-for-325-crores-news-tamil-vfwg7Cjdejjii.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522070555/https://www.sify.com/movies/zee-group-snapped-post-release-digital-and-satellite-rights-of-rrr-for-325-crores-news-tamil-vfwg7Cjdejjii.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2021|access-date=10 August 2021|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> The combined deal of post-theatrical streaming and satellite rights were reported to be in the region of {{INRConvert|325|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 May 2021|title=Exclusive: SS Rajamouli's RRR post release digital and satellite rights sold for Rs 325 crore – Biggest Deal|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-post-release-digital-and-satellite-rights-sold-rs-325-crore-biggest-deal|access-date=10 August 2021|website=Pinkvilla|language=en|archive-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810102324/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-post-release-digital-and-satellite-rights-sold-rs-325-crore-biggest-deal|url-status=live}}</ref> The film started streaming on [[ZEE5]] from 20 May 2022 in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada languages while the Hindi version was released on the same day on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stage is set for OTT release of 'RRR' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/may/12/stage-is-set-for-ott-release-of-rrr-2452693.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |website=The New Indian Express |date=12 May 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715195421/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/may/12/stage-is-set-for-ott-release-of-rrr-2452693.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 May 2022|title=SS Rajamouli's RRR (Hindi) starring Ram Charan and Jr. NTR to premiere on Netflix on May 20, 2022|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-hindi-starring-ram-charan-jr-ntr-premiere-netflix-may-20-2022/|access-date=19 May 2022|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705105904/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-hindi-starring-ram-charan-jr-ntr-premiere-netflix-may-20-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film has also started streaming through [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 26 July 2022 in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada languages.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreeharsha |first=Gopagani |date=26 July 2022 |title=బిగ్ సర్ ప్రైజ్.. డిస్నీ ప్లస్ హాట్ స్టార్ లోకి వచ్చేసిన RRR |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/rrr-movie-now-streaming-in-disney-plus-hotstar-also-rfm1dd |access-date=26 July 2022 |work=[[Asianet Star Communications|Asianet Telugu]] |language=te |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726042151/https://telugu.asianetnews.com/entertainment/rrr-movie-now-streaming-in-disney-plus-hotstar-also-rfm1dd |url-status=live }}</ref>

The original Telugu-language version of the film was premiered on television on 14 August 2022 on [[Star Maa]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR All Set For World Television Premiere On Star Maa |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-all-set-for-world-television-premiere-on-star-maa-5700649.html |access-date=6 August 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806170109/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-all-set-for-world-television-premiere-on-star-maa-5700649.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and registered a [[television rating point]] of 19.62 according to [[Broadcast Audience Research Council]], becoming the 11th most viewed film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=RRR Trp Rating: బుల్లితెర‌పై రాజ‌మౌళికి షాక్ – టీఆర్‌పీ రేటింగ్స్ టాప్ టెన్ సినిమాల్లో ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్ కు దక్కనిచోటు |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rrr-trp-rating-rajamouli-film-fails-to-attract-tv-audience-121661412794114.html |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Telugu]] |language=te |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826174309/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rrr-trp-rating-rajamouli-film-fails-to-attract-tv-audience-121661412794114.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2022 |title=Tollywood Top 10 TRP Ratings: టీవీలో RRRకు షాకింగ్ రేటింగ్.. స్మాల్ స్క్రీన్ పై సత్తా చూపించిన టాప్ సినిమాలు ఇవే.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/rrr-rajamouli-jr-ntr-ram-charam-movie-gets-average-trp-rating-in-tv-and-here-the-top-10-barc-rating-movies-in-tollywood-ta-1419212-page-14.html |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826174309/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/rrr-rajamouli-jr-ntr-ram-charam-movie-gets-average-trp-rating-in-tv-and-here-the-top-10-barc-rating-movies-in-tollywood-ta-1419212-page-14.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thummala |first=Mohan |date=26 August 2022 |title=RRR విషయంలో జక్కన్నకు మరో షాక్.. వార్నీ సాయి ప‌ల్ల‌వి సినిమా అంత కూడా లేదా! |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/rrr-trp-rating-shocks-rajamouli-and-team/articleshow/93788215.cms |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826015625/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/rrr-trp-rating-shocks-rajamouli-and-team/articleshow/93788215.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On the same day, Malayalam-language version was premiered on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=13 August 2022 |title=Disney Star to host satellite premiere of 'RRR' |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-star-to-host-satellite-premiere-of-rrr-11660361940840.html |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813080749/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/disney-star-to-host-satellite-premiere-of-rrr-11660361940840.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Unlike the Telugu version, the Malayalam dubbed version registered a TRP rating of 13.70, which is considered to be one of the most viewed films on Malayalam television.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=26 August 2022 |title=RRR TV premiere: Jr NTR, Ram Charan's film receives record viewership in Malayalam but not in Telugu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/rrr-tv-premiere-jr-ntr-ram-charan-s-film-receives-record-viewership-in-malayalam-but-not-in-telugu-1992881-2022-08-26 |access-date=26 August 2022 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826103119/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/rrr-tv-premiere-jr-ntr-ram-charan-s-film-receives-record-viewership-in-malayalam-but-not-in-telugu-1992881-2022-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hindi-language version was premiered on [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Cinema UK]] on 13 August 2022 in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2022 |title=Date & time confirmed for ZEE Cinema UK premiere of 'RRR' |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/date-time-confirmed-for-zee-cinema-uk-premiere-of-rrr/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=BizAsia |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925023205/https://www.bizasialive.com/date-time-confirmed-for-zee-cinema-uk-premiere-of-rrr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kannada-language version was premiered on [[Star Suvarna]] on 21 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2022 |title=ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಚರಿತ್ರೆಯುಳ್ಳ ಕಥೆ, ಕಲ್ಪನೆಗೂ ಮೀರಿದ ದೃಶ್ಯ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಣೆ, ಭಾರತೀಯ ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗದಲ್ಲಿ ದಾಖಲೆ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಿದ ಸಿನಿಮಾ RRR, ಮೊಟ್ಟಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿಗೆ ನಿಮ್ಮ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಸುವರ್ಣ tvಯಲ್ಲಿ ಈ ಭಾನುವಾರ ಸಂಜೆ 5 ಗಂಟೆಗೆ |url=https://twitter.com/starsuvarna/status/1559827010238685186 |access-date=18 August 2022 |via=[[Twitter]] |language=en |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817153910/https://twitter.com/StarSuvarna/status/1559827010238685186 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Hindi version was again telecasted on [[Zee Telugu]] on 11 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2022 |title=Zee Telugu to make your Sunday more special with telecast of 'RRR' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/zee-telugu-to-make-your-sunday-more-special-with-telecast-of-rrr |access-date=12 September 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=7 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907220555/https://telanganatoday.com/zee-telugu-to-make-your-sunday-more-special-with-telecast-of-rrr |url-status=live }}</ref> The Tamil-language version was premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 25 December 2022.

The film was released on physical media with Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-ray versions in Japan on 21 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.twin2.co.jp/catalog/rrr/|title=RRR | カタログ|website=株式会社twin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/RRR-4K-Blu-ray/366631/|title=RRR 4K Blu-ray (Digipack) (Japan)|website=Blu-ray.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''RRR'' received universal critical acclaim from both Indian and Western critics who praised its screenwriting, direction, action sequences, VFX, characterisation, cast performances and musical numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2022 |title='RRR' Craze Has Taken over the World and These Tweets are Proof |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/rrr-craze-has-taken-over-the-world-and-these-tweets-are-proof-5371819.html |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=RRR is the crowd-pleasing thrill ride you didn't know you had to see |url=https://www.avclub.com/why-rrr-is-the-crowd-pleasing-thrill-ride-you-need-this-1849069306 |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title='RRR' day 1 box office collection: S S Rajamouli's film opens to a sensational response |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rrr-day-1-box-office-collection-s-s-rajamoulis-film-opens-to-a-sensational-response-1094776.html |website=Deccan Herald |quote=The biggie has received positive reviews with critics praising the performances and screenplay.}}</ref>

{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=96|count=104|consensus=Intoxicatingly over the top, ''RRR'' pulls out all the stops to make the absolute most of its 187-minute runtime.|ref=yes |access-date=11 December 2024}} {{Metacritic film prose| score=83 |count=17 |ref=yes |access-date=23 January 2023}} In June 2022, the film was ranked 86th globally in the list of Rotten Tomatoes' "The 100 Best Movies 3 hours or Longer", making it the third Indian film to be on the list after ''[[Lagaan]]'' (12th) and ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' (66th).<ref name="tt">{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Shweta |date=4 June 2022 |title='RRR' makes it to Rotten Tomatoes' list of 100 best movies 3 hours or longer |url=https://telanganatoday.com/rrr-makes-it-to-rotten-tomatoes-list-of-100-best-movies-3-hours-or-longer |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=#RRRMovie Joins the Ranks Among These Incredible Epics |url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/hollywood/rrrmovie-joins-the-ranks-among-these-incredible-epics-latest-tweet-by-rotten-tomatoes-3780167.html |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref> ''[[USA Today]]'' ranked the film #1 in their list of "Best Movies of 2022 so far" in June of the same year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Truitt |first=Brian |title=The 10 best movies of 2022 so far, definitively ranked (from 'Top Gun: Maverick' to 'RRR') |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/06/16/best-movies-of-2022-ranked/7617884001/ |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=[[USA Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== India ===
[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and termed ''RRR'' as a solid entertainer that "doesn't make you restless, despite a marathon run time. The screenplay is wonderfully constructed, the twists and turns are attention grabbing and the nail-biting episodes as well as superbly executed action."<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR Movie Review: A film that's meant for the big screen RRR is a teRRRific entertainer. |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 March 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rrr/critic-review/rrr-movie-review/a-film-thats-meant-for-the-big-screen-rrr-is-a-terrrific-entertainer/ |access-date=25 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Roktim Rajpal of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 and wrote, "The action-packed climax again hits the right notes as the visuals do the talking, the hallmark of good storytelling".<ref>{{cite web|title='RRR' movie review: Jr NTR delivers career-best performance in S S Rajamouli's masterpiece|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rrr-movie-review-jr-ntr-delivers-career-best-performance-in-s-s-rajamoulis-masterpiece-1094532.html|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=25 March 2022|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "RRR is not perfection by any means (despite Rajamouli's best efforts) because after the way he pulls off certain scenes, you wonder if he could've done a better job in certain others. But watch this one this weekend if you've been pining for a good action packed drama".<ref>{{cite web|title=RRR Movie Review: Rajamouli delivers a power-packed entertainer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rrr/amp_movie_review/90433950.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

Himesh Mankad of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "RRR has the best action sequences to offer in an Indian film with an unimaginable interval block and a roaring finale".<ref>{{cite web|title=RRR Movie Review: SS Rajamouli creates a Revolution with Roaring Action & Riveting Drama|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/rrr-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-creates-revolution-roaring-action-riveting-drama-1053196|website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=25 March 2022|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "RRR is a terrific film with brilliant performances and amazing set-pieces".<ref>{{cite web|title=RRR Movie Review: Rajamouli scores big, Jr NTR, Ram Charan deliver career-best performances!|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-movie-review-rajamouli-scores-big-jr-ntr-ram-charan-deliver-career-best-performances-1929328-2022-03-25|website=[[India Today]]|date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "RRR is a fantastic film that's meant for the big screen".<ref>{{cite web|title=RRR movie review|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/250322/rrr-movie-review.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=25 March 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''Firstpost'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "Ram Charan and Jr NTR's offscreen friendship and camaraderie seep into their onscreen performances, and the organic transformation from strangers to brothers-in-arms has been captured beautifully".<ref>{{cite web|title=RRR movie review: SS Rajamouli, Ram Charan, Jr NTR make a lavish meal of a fairly simple storyline|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rrr-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-jr-ntr-make-a-lavish-meal-of-a-fairly-simple-storyline-10488571.html/amp|website=Firstpost|date=25 March 2022|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "RRR is just the kind of visual treat that will bring people back to theatres".<ref>{{cite web|title=RRR review: SS Rajamouli film is a visual treat that takes several creative liberties|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rrr-review-ss-rajamouli-film-visual-treat-takes-several-creative-liberties-162259%3famp|website=[[The News Minute]]|access-date=25 March 2022|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325093712/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rrr-review-ss-rajamouli-film-visual-treat-takes-several-creative-liberties-162259?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bharathi Pradhan of ''[[Lehren]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "SSR rescues his adventure with a smorgasbord of skilfully choreographed, shot and performed action pieces that have you cheering lustily, the temporary boredom soon forgotten".<ref>{{cite web|title=RRR Review: Spectacular 2-Man Army|url=https://www.lehren.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/rrr-review-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-jr-ntr-alia-bhatt/117526/%3famp|website=[[Lehren]]|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "The film casts not just one super-star, but two of them – Jr NTR and Ram Charan. The biggest super-star among them all is SS Rajamouli and the audience also saved the loudest 'taalis' (claps) for him".<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=26 March 2022 |title=RRR movie review: SS Rajamouli delivers an epic mythological action superhero bromance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rrr-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-jr-ntr-7835978/ |access-date=26 March 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |publication-place=New Delhi}}</ref> Prateek Sur of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "The film's grand representation is what makes this a Must Watch".<ref>{{cite web|title='RRR' Movie Review: SS Rajamouli, Ram Charan And Jr NTR Bring In An Epic Scale Big-Screen Entertainer|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-rrr-movie-review-ss-rajamouli-ram-charan-and-jr-ntr-bring-in-an-epic-scale-big-screen-entertainer-movie_reviews-188471|website=[[Outlook India]]|date=25 March 2022|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> [[Stutee Ghosh]] of ''[[The Quint]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "Parts of RRR seem Ridiculous and Reductive it's also absolutely Ravishing and for that it deserves to be seen and enjoyed".<ref>{{cite web|title='RRR' Movie Review: SS Rajamouli Mounts Yet Another Riveting Visual Spectacle|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/rrr-movie-review-jr-ntr-ram-charan-ss-rajamouli-alia-bhatt-ajay-devgn-film-review|website=[[The Quint]]|date=25 March 2022|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> Rahul Devulapalli of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote, "Visually stunning action sequences, exceptionally synchronised dance moves stand out".<ref>{{cite web|title='RRR' review: A grand take on tribal valour|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/03/25/rrr-review-grand-take-tribal-valour.html|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film a rating of 2/5 and wrote, "The film rings hollow because it never pauses for breath and does not grant its two male protagonists anything akin to recognizable human qualities although they do constantly harp on love and longing".<ref>{{cite web|title=RRR Review: Jr NTR, Ram Charan Give Sweeping Saga Of Hyper-Heroism All They Have|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rrr-review-jr-ntr-ram-charan-give-sweeping-saga-of-hyper-heroism-all-they-have-2842724|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=25 March 2022}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film a rating of 2/5 and wrote, "A copious amount of blood, beating, crying, saving, sacrificing, nationalism fills up its staggering three hours running time. Emotions run sky high, but you feel nothing".<ref>{{cite web|title=RRR Review|url=https://www.m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/rrr-review/20220325.htm|website=[[Rediff]]|access-date=25 March 2022|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008012851/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/rrr-review/20220325.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== International ===
Calling ''RRR'' "bigger than [[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|''Ben-Hur'']]", ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]''{{'s}} Stephanie Bunbury wrote: "''RRR'' is one action crescendo after another, never dull but not exhausting either."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunbury |first=Stephanie |date=25 March 2022 |title='RRR' Review: Jr NTR & Ram Charan In S.S. Rajamouli's Latest Epic |url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/rrr-review-ss-rajamouli-jr-ntr-ram-charan-alia-bhatt-india-film-1234986920/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> In her review for [[Polygon (website)|''Polygon'']], Katie Rife stated: "''RRR'' is a busy movie, full of kinetic camerawork, bustling crowd scenes, elaborate set design, expensive-looking CGI, and loud sound effects."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rife |first=Katie |date=25 March 2022 |title=The Indian action epic RRR finds the universal thrills in revolution |url=https://www.polygon.com/22996870/rrr-review-rise-roar-revolt |website=Polygon}}</ref> Siddhant Adlakha of ''[[IndieWire]]'' praised Rajamouli's work, M. M. Keeravani's music and acting performances of lead actors. He further wrote that ''RRR'' outshines even the director's previous venture [[Baahubali (franchise)|''Baahubali'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2022 |title='RRR' Review: A Magnificent Cinematic Explosion |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2022/03/rrr-review-bollywood-1234711490/ |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>

Reviewing the film for ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]'', Josh Hurtado called ''RRR'' a "bromantic action [[nirvana]]". Hurtado stated that Rajamouli turned a "patriotic fantasy" into an "incredibly entertaining reality for fans of big action, big emotions, and big laughs."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hurtado |first=Josh |date=1 April 2022 |title=Movie Review: RRR |url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/events/film/2022-04-01/rrr/ |access-date= |website=[[The Austin Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Joe Leydon]] in his review for [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] felt ''RRR'' was "bigger-than-life and bolder-than-mainstream action-adventure epic."<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Leydon |first1=Joe |date=4 April 2022 |title='RRR' Review: Telugu Cinema Superstars N.T. Rama Rao Jr. and Ram Charan Shine in a Splendidly Exciting Epic |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/reviews/rrr-review-1235221965/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Nicolas Rapold of ''[[The New York Times]]'' stated: "Rajamouli shoots the film's action with hallucinogenic fervor, supercharging scenes with a shimmering brand of extended slow-motion and C.G.I. that feels less 'generated' than unleashed."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapold |first=Nicolas |date=5 April 2022 |title='RRR' Review: A Hero (or Two) Shall Rise |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/05/movies/rrr-review.html |url-access=subscription |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref> ''[[Screen International]]''{{'s}} Tara Judah wrote that ''RRR'' was "big, bold and bombastic", feeling the film was "big screen entertainment at its best".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judah |first=Tara |date=8 April 2022 |title='RRR': Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/rrr-review/5169413.article |access-date=9 April 2022 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', David Fear cited the film as "best and most revolutionary of 2022". He further wrote that "''RRR'' is about the movies: the thrill of watching stories told at larger-than-life levels, the joy of watching stars collide, the effort of rendering lavish mythologies at whatever the digital equivalent of 24 frames per second is, the sensation of seeing manufactured movement via gleefully conspicuous special effects bump up against genuine physical effort". Praising the dance number "[[Naatu Naatu]]", he stated—"Seriously, the 'Desi Naach' dance sequence feels like a [[Gene Kelly]] number dialled up to superhuman levels".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Fear |first=David |date=1 June 2022 |title='RRR' Is the Best — and Most Revolutionary — Blockbuster of 2022 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-features/rrr-best-blockbuster-of-the-year-1359387/ |access-date=2 June 2022 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Calling it a "dudes rock movie" Hannah Kinney-Kobre of ''[[Pittsburgh City Paper]]'' compared ''RRR'' with American [[English language|English]]-language films and wrote that "the politics that power American blockbusters are milquetoast and/or incomprehensible – the only thing that justifies their plots is the studio executive's emphasis on recognizable intellectual property as a way to drive up box office totals. If our system can only produce movies that refuse to make the most of their astronomical budgets, why not look elsewhere? ''RRR'' is a good place to start".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinney-Kobre |first=Hannah |title=RRR brings Tollywood, dudes rock-style to the Harris Theater |url=https://www.pghcitypaper.com/pittsburgh/rrr-brings-tollywood-dudes-rock-style-to-the-harris-theater/Content?oid=21743911 |access-date=5 June 2022 |website=Pittsburgh City Paper |language=en}}</ref> [[Richard Brody]] of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' felt that the film is "of shortcuts and elisions no less relentless than those of American superhero or superstar vehicles, but Rajamouli is an artist of a distinctive temperament and talent". On a final note, he further wrote "The movie's powerful sense of revolutionary virtue and collective purpose yields to nationalistic pride that's danced and sung with uninhibited joy".<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 June 2022 |title=The Netflix Hit "RRR" Is a Political Screed, an Action Bonanza, and an Exhilarating Musical |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/the-netflix-hit-rrr-is-a-political-screed-an-action-bonanza-and-an-exhilarating-musical |access-date=5 June 2022 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Nashville Scene]]''{{'}}s Jason Shawhan opined that "''RRR'', in addition to being a historical epic, political drama, action spectacle and bromantic telenovela, is a film that engages with history on its own terms. This isn't a case of Tollywood aiming for Western wallets".<ref name=":20" /> In his review of the film, ''[[The Atlantic]]''{{'}}s David Sims stated: "''RRR'' serves as a reminder of how much modern action usually follows a formula. If wonder is to be consistently found on the big screen, then Hollywood has plenty of new lessons to learn from its best competitor".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=David |date=7 June 2022 |title=The Indian Action Blockbuster That Should Make Hollywood Jealous |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2022/06/rrr-telugu-movie-review-netflix/661202/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en}}</ref> Praising the film, American screenwriter [[C. Robert Cargill]] called it a "craziest, most sincere, weirdest blockbuster".<ref>{{Cite web |title=C. Robert Cargill calls RRR the 'craziest' blockbuster he has ever watched |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/c-robert-cargill-calls-rrr-the-craziest-blockbuster-he-has-ever-watched/cid/1869095 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR gets shoutout from Doctor Strange screenwriter C. Robert Cargill: 'Craziest, weirdest blockbuster' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-gets-shoutout-from-doctor-strange-screenwriter-c-robert-cargill-craziest-weirdest-blockbuster-101654596589561.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Praising the film's direction and action sequences, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''{{'}}s Aparita Bhandari opined that the officers of the [[British Raj]] are shown as caricatures, which does not add depth to the narrative. There is very little character development, or social or historical context. She further wrote "The female characters barely have a role to play, despite the fact that one of Indian cinema's leading actresses Alia Bhatt plays Raju's fiancée".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhandari |first=Aparita |date=9 June 2022 |title=Review: Why you need to watch Netflix's RRR, the action phenomenon taking India, and the world, by storm |language=en-CA |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/reviews/article-why-you-need-to-watch-netflixs-rrr-the-action-phenomenon-taking-india/ |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701173014/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/reviews/article-why-you-need-to-watch-netflixs-rrr-the-action-phenomenon-taking-india/ |archive-date=1 July 2022}}</ref> [[Collider (website)|''Collider'']]<nowiki>''</nowiki>s Chase Hutchinson stated—"An unrelenting ride of a film that makes blockbusters such as ''[[Top Gun: Maverick]]'' look like child's play and leaves whatever is happening in ''[[Jurassic World Dominion]]'' in its dust, S.S. Rajamouli's action musical epic ''RRR'' is what cinema can only hope to aspire to."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutchinson |first=Chase |date=10 June 2022 |title='RRR', the Action Musical Putting Other Summer Blockbusters to Shame |url=https://collider.com/rrr-movie-ss-rajamouli-summer-blockbusters/ |access-date=10 June 2022 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Calling it "the craziest movie of the year", Adam Graham of ''[[The Detroit News]]'' further stated that "''RRR''<nowiki/>'s breakout is significant though, and it's the kind of accessible, crossover success story that brings more eyes to different cultures, styles and voices across the globe. Even its subtext is winning favor: the supercharged bromance at the center of the film has been celebrated by some who see Raju and Bheem as [[gay]] superheroes acting out a love affair bubbling just below the surface of all those explosions".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Adam |date=10 June 2022 |title=Explosions, tigers and bromance: 'RRR' is the action epic you must see |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/opinion/columnists/adam-graham/2022/06/11/explosions-tigers-and-bromance-rrr-action-epic-you-must-see/7559558001/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=[[The Detroit News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In an article published by ''[[Screen Rant]]'', Mark Donaldson wrote that "''RRR''{{'}}s portrayal of the racism and oppression of [[colonialism]] makes it vital viewing for Western audiences that are interrogating their own countries' troubling colonial pasts".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donaldson |first=Mark |date=14 June 2022 |title=Is RRR Based On A True Story? |url=https://screenrant.com/is-rrr-movie-based-on-a-true-story/ |access-date=15 June 2022 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

A critic writing for [[Israel]]i newspaper ''[[Haaretz]]'' praised Rajamouli's screenplay and his vision to make the film. They further compared ''RRR'' with [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] films and opined that it is truly an "entertaining film".<ref>{{Cite news |title=RRR: למי שרוצה לדעת איך נראה קוקאין בצורת סרט |language=he |work=[[Haaretz]] |url=https://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/cinema/movie-reviews/2022-06-01/ty-article-review/00000181-1fa8-d7db-a98f-bffb5abb0000 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> ''[[Comic Book Resources]]'' cited it as the "best blockbuster of 2022" and felt that the film "gives Western audiences the chance to experience something new, the biggest and ''best'' of Indian cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sevverlz |first=Mayoorhan |date=21 June 2022 |title=Why RRR Is the Best Blockbuster of 2022 |url=https://www.cbr.com/rrr-why-best-2022-blockbuster/ |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=[[Comic Book Resources]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In an article published by ''[[The Irish Times]]'', Donald Clarke stated that ''RRR'' is "one of the year's unstoppable cultural phenomena".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Clarke |first=Donald |date=30 July 2022 |title=Exuberant Indian epic RRR reaches new audiences |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/2022/07/30/exuberant-indian-epic-rrr-reaches-new-audiences/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Matt Patches of ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]'' and Wes Greene of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' named the "Naatu Naatu" musical sequence as one of the best movie scenes of 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polygon.com/23516876/best-movie-scenes-moments-2022 | title=The best movie scenes of 2022 | website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] | date=27 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2022|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/the-best-film-scenes-of-2022|title=The Best Film Scenes of 2022|website=Slant|access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>

In June 2025, ''[[IndieWire]]'' ranked the film at number 75 on its list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 2020s (So Far)."<ref name="Best">{{cite web |date=16 June 2025 |title=The 100 Best Movies of the 2020s (So Far)|url=https://www.indiewire.com/lists/best-movies-2020s/ |access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref> In July 2025, it was one of the films voted for the "Readers' Choice" edition of ''[[The New York Times]]''{{'}} list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century," finishing at number 225.<ref>{{cite web |title=Readers Choose Their Top Movies of the 21st Century |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2025/movies/readers-movies-21st-century.html |website=The New York Times |date=2 July 2025 |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Reception by international filmmakers ===
''RRR'' received widespread appreciation from international filmmakers and actors, particularly in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Golden Globes 2023: A Recap Of Praise From RRR's Celeb Fans |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ahead-of-golden-globe-here-s-how-the-world-praised-ss-rajamouli-s-magnum-opus-rrr-3679333 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> It has been recognised as a [[Crossover (fiction)|crossover film]] from India to the US, and has been compared to ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR a stepping stone — The great Indian crossover film is still a 'crouching tiger' {{!}} Business Insider India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/indian-filmmakers-believe-that-a-big-indian-superhit-movie-like-oscar-winning-parasite-is-waiting-to-happen/articleshow/106285543.cms |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tiger's Roar: The Crossover Success of S. S. Rajamouli's RRR |url=https://www.cineaste.com/spring2023/the-tigers-roar-the-crossover-success-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Cineaste Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Steven Spielberg]] praised the film, stating, "I couldn't believe my eyes – it was like eye candy...it was extraordinary to look at and experience."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=10 February 2023 |title=Steven Spielberg, S.S. Rajamouli Talk 'RRR,' 'The Fabelmans': Watch Video (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/steven-spielberg-ss-rajamouli-rrr-the-fabelmans-video-1235519008/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> [[James Cameron]] praising the screenplay, direction and music direction of the film, said that he liked ''RRR'' so much that he watched it twice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2023 |title=James Cameron praises RRR, asks SS Rajamouli if he wants to make Hollywood film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/james-cameron-praises-rrr-asks-ss-rajamouli-if-he-wants-to-make-hollywood-film-101674302308954.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

[[J. J. Abrams]] said that he loved the ‘fever dream madness’ of ''RRR'' as he introduced Rajamouli at Los Angeles' Chinese Theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=JJ Abrams says he loves the 'fever dream madness' of RRR as he introduces SS Rajamouli at LA's Chinese Theatre. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/ss-rajamouli-jj-abrams-loves-rrr-fever-dream-madness-watch-video-8372086/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Edgar Wright]] said that ''RRR'' was "an absolute blast" and said it was, "the only film I have ever seen where the intermission card itself got a round of applause."<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2022 |title=Baby Driver, Scott Pilgrim director Edgar Wright praises SS Rajamouli's RRR: An absolute blast |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/baby-driver-director-edgar-wright-praises-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-an-absolute-blast-101660455448830.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller|Christopher Miller]] praised ''RRR'', describing it as "like [[Michael Bay]] and [[Baz Luhrmann]] and [[Stephen Chow]] teamed up to make a movie. It was 3 hours long but it could have been 4 hours and I would’ve still enjoyed it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Christopher |date=15 June 2022 |title=Christopher Miller on RRR |work=X (formerly Twitter) |url=https://x.com/chrizmillr/status/1536820497949679616}}</ref> [[Adam McKay]] publicly expressed support to ''RRR'' for the Oscar awards race.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Don't Look Up director Adam McKay calls India's RRR snub 'a travesty', pledges support for SS Rajamouli film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/dont-look-up-director-adam-mckay-calls-indias-rrr-snub-ss-rajamouli-8166262/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Filmmaker [[James Gunn]] said that he "totally dug (RRR)."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=Marvel directors James Gunn and Scott Derrickson praise RRR: 'Loved it' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/marvel-directors-james-gunn-and-scott-derrickson-praise-rrr-loved-it-101658055835187.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Russo brothers]] have publicly expressed their appreciation for ''RRR'' and Rajamouli. Joe Russo mentioned, "I've seen ''RRR'', and it's amazing." He further mentioned, "What I think is so amazing about [''RRR''] is the emotion it evokes, combined with the spectacle."<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2022 |title=Joe Russo heaps praise on SS Rajamouli's RRR, calls it a 'well done epic' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/the-gray-man-and-avengers-endgame-director-joe-russo-heaps-praise-on-ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-101658560868696.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Russo brothers and 'RRR' director S.S. Rajamouli on the 'universal language' of action movies |url=https://ew.com/movies/russo-brothers-rrr-director-ss-rajamouli-action-genre/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=EW.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Scott Derrickson]] tweeted, "to celebrate my birthday last night, my wife, kids and I watched @RRRMovie — what an awesomely outrageous roller coaster of a movie. Loved it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Derrickson |first=Scott |date=17 July 2022 |title=Scott Derrickson on RRR |url=https://x.com/scottderrickson/status/1548373958168195073 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Joe Dante]] called ''RRR'' a brutal portrait that depicts the horrors of British colonisation and said that, "I bet you’ve never seen anything quite like it".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Gremlins director Joe Dante calls SS Rajamouli's RRR a 'brutal portrait of British colonization': 'You've never seen anything quite like it' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/joe-dante-director-of-gremlins-calls-ss-rajamouli-rrr-brutal-portrait-of-british-colonization-8038304/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Jason Blum]] expressed his appreciation for the movie & said that ''RRR'' could win Best Picture Oscar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2023 |title=Hollywood producer Jason Blum predicts RRR will win Best Picture at Oscars: 'Mark it down, please' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hollywood-producer-jason-blum-predicts-rrr-will-win-best-picture-at-oscars-101673248042428.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Daniel Kwan]] lauded the film, saying, "While a lot of the blockbusters we're making in the States tend to have self aware, cheeky characters trapped in self-serious filmmaking, ''RRR'' was all heart-on-its-sleeve sincerity wrapped up in the most ridiculous over the top execution. So much to love."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title='I'm working in the wrong country', says Hollywood director Daniel Kwan after watching RRR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/im-working-in-the-wrong-country-says-hollywood-director-daniel-kwan-after-watching-rrr-101666242707078.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Box office ==
''RRR'' is estimated to have grossed ₹1,300–1,387 crore worldwide.{{efn|name="rrrboc"}} During its theatrical run, ''RRR'' became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Worldwide gross collection|third highest-grossing Indian film]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title='RRR' box office update: S S Rajamouli's film beats 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan' to become third highest-grossing Indian movie |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rrr-box-office-update-s-s-rajamoulis-film-beats-bajrangi-bhaijaan-to-become-third-highest-grossing-indian-movie-1099061.html |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films#Highest-grossing films|second highest-grossing Telugu film]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosser |first=Michael |date=7 April 2022 |title=India's S.S. Rajamouli on filming hit 'RRR' in Ukraine, next project with Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/indias-ss-rajamouli-on-filming-hit-rrr-in-ukraine-next-project-with-mahesh-babu/5169414.article |website=[[Screen International]]}}</ref> and the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films#Andhra Pradesh and Telangana|highest-grossing film in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana]], surpassing Rajamouli's previous film [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|''Baahubali 2'']] (2017).<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=Rajamouli's RRR surpasses Baahubali to become the second highest grossing Telugu film in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rajamoulis-rrr-surpasses-baahubali-to-become-the-second-highest-grossing-telugu-film-in-tamil-nadu/b14a27a4f5153 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay}}</ref> ''[[KGF: Chapter 2|K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'', which released three weeks later, surpassed ''RRR''{{'s}} worldwide and India gross figures,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=5 May 2022 |title=KGF Chapter 2 box office collection Day 21: Yash's film beats RRR, becomes 2nd highest-grosser in India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kgf-chapter-2-box-office-collection-day-21-yash-s-film-beats-rrr-becomes-2nd-highest-grosser-in-india-1945562-2022-05-05 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2022 |title=KGF 2 box office collection: Yash starrer takes box office by storm, mints Rs 1217 cr worldwide |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/kgf-2-becomes-third-highest-grossing-indian-movie-surpasses-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-481254 |access-date= |publisher=[[WION]] |language=en}}</ref> which was again retained by ''RRR'' after several re-release shows outside India.<ref name=":25">{{Cite Box Office Mojo |id=2424984069 |title=RRR|access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref> {{As of|2022|07|26}}, ''RRR'' grossed over {{INRConvert|1125.9|c}} worldwide, with around {{INRConvert|415|c}} coming from the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref name="n18">{{cite web |last1=Thanjavur |first1=Kiran Kumar |date=28 May 2022 |title=RRR Closing Collections : ముగిసిన ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్ థియేట్రికల్ రన్.. టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్ ఇవే |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-jr-ntr-ram-chara-rajamoulis-rrr-movie-theatrical-run-closed-and-total-box-office-collections-ta-1315178.html |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> ''RRR'' grossed {{INR|83.40}} crore from [[Karnataka]], {{INR|77.25}} crore from [[Tamil Nadu]], {{INR|24.25}} crore from [[Kerala]], {{INR|326}} crore from the [[Hindi Belt]], {{INR|18.20}} crore from the rest of India, and {{INR|206}} crore from the overseas. The film amassed distributors' share of {{INR|613}} crore as opposed to the [[break-even point]] of {{INR|451}} crore, earning a profit of {{INR|160}} crore from the theatrical revenue.<ref name="n18" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Worldwide Box Office
|-
! Territory
! Gross
! Footfalls
|-
| [[North India]]
| ₹320.4 crore<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=RRR 120 Days Total WW Collections{{!}} AndhraBoxOffice.com |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=5599&cid=6&fid=6388 |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=andhraboxoffice.com}}</ref>
| 17 million<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ten Footfalls Post Pandemic - Pushpa 2 Rules - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8934 |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[North America|North]] [[United States|America]]
|$14,296,663<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=25 March 2022 |title=RRR Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rrr/box-office/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[United Kingdom|UK]] and [[Ireland]]
|£976,762<ref name=":11"/>
|
|-
|New Zealand
|NZ$469,769<ref name=":11" />
|
|-
|[[Australia]]
|A$3,606,267<ref name=":11"/>
|
|-
|[[Japan]]
|¥2.42 billion<ref>{{Cite web |last=映画予報 |date=30 January 2024 |title=RRR｜インド映画の興行収入と観客動員数の推移 |url=https://kenken-movie.com/rrr-movie-income/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=映画予報 |language=ja}}</ref>
₹139.79 crore<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=6 February 2026 |title=Pushpa 2 makes it to top 10 highest-grossing Indian films at Japan box office; where it stands compared to RRR |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pushpa-2-makes-it-to-top-10-highest-grossing-indian-films-at-japan-box-office-where-it-stands-compared-to-rrr-101770373561013.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref>
|1.55 million
|-
|USA & UK Re-release
| ₹10 crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt8178634/ |access-date=29 January 2025 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
|
|-
!Worldwide
!₹1280.3 crore
!49 million
|}

[[Taran Adarsh]] reported that the film had a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|223|c}} on its opening day.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=RRR Box Office Collection Day 1: SS Rajamouli Film Collects Rs 223 Cr, Beats Baahubali 2's Earnings |work=[[News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-collects-staggering-rs-240-crore-on-opening-day-looks-set-to-beat-baahubali-4911365.html |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 March 2022 |title=RRR box office collection Day 1: SS Rajamouli beats his own record, Ram Charan-Jr NTR-starrer makes Rs 223 crore |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-box-office-collection-day-1-ss-rajamouli-earth-shattering-start-7836960/lite/ |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' mentioned that the film collected {{INRConvert|240|c}} on its opening day worldwide, setting the record for the highest first day total earned by an Indian film. This record was previously held by Rajamouli's ''Baahubali 2''.<ref name="first day">{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title='RRR' Box Office collections day 1: SS. Rajamouli film mints over Rs 240 crores; deets inside! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/rrr-box-office-collections-day-1-ss-rajamouli-film-mints-over-rs-240-crores-deets-inside/articleshow/90454441.cms |access-date=26 March 2022}}</ref>

In its opening weekend, it grossed {{INRConvert|490.9|c}} worldwide, making it the second biggest opening weekend for an Indian film after ''Baahubali 2''.<ref name="toi3">{{cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title='RRR' box office collection day 3: SS. Rajamouli's film rules the world box-office from March 25th to 27th (weekend) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/rrr-box-office-collection-day-3-ss-rajamoulis-directorial-is-the-no-1-movie-in-the-world-from-march-25th-to-27th-weekend-/articleshow/90486168.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="bh3">{{cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title=RRR Box Office Worldwide: SS Rajamouli film goes on a rampage globally; collects Rs. 485 crores to emerge the No. 1 film worldwide over the weekend |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/rrr-box-office-worldwide-ss-rajamouli-film-goes-rampage-globally-collects-rs-485-crores-emerge-no-1-film-worldwide-weekend/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> ''RRR'' also stood as the top grosser at the global box office during the weekend of 25–27 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=27 March 2022 |title='RRR' Has Roaring Debut; 'The Batman' Rises To $673M WW; 'Lost City' Finds Strong Early Start – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/rrr-the-batman-lost-city-moonfall-india-china-global-international-box-office-1234987698/ |access-date=28 March 2022 |website=Deadline}}</ref> According to data from ''[[Screen Australia]]'', the film collected A{{Dollar sign}}2.43 million in its debut week from 133 centers. ''[[ABC Australia]]'' reported that it is a big debut at the [[Aussie]] box office for an Indian film and a non-English language film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2022 |title=Indian film RRR wins big at Aussie box office |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-09/indian-film-rrr-wins-big-at-aussie-box-office/100977988 |access-date=17 April 2022}}</ref> ''RRR''{{'s}} Hindi version domestic weekend collected a net of {{INRConvert|74.5|c}}, slightly lower than the post-pandemic record held by ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021) in the [[Hindi film]] market.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title=Top Opening Weekends Post Pandemic - RRR Second - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6791 |access-date= |website=[[Box office India]]}}</ref> The film thus became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in the overseas markets#Major overseas markets|highest-grossing Indian film in Australia]] in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2022 |title=Indian film RRR wins big at Aussie box office |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-04-09/indian-film-rrr-wins-big-at-aussie-box-office/100977988 |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU}}</ref>

In its first week, ''RRR'' grossed {{INRConvert|696.5|c}} worldwide, of which {{INRConvert|270.2|c}} is grossed in its home territory of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.<ref name="1w">{{cite web |last=Thanjavur |first=Kiran Kumar |date=1 April 2022 |title=RRR 1st Week WW Collections : ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్ మొదటి వారం కలెక్షన్స్.. ఏడు రోజుల్లో రూ. 700 కోట్ల క్లబ్‌లో సెన్సేషన్.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-rajamouli-ajay-devgn-jr-ntr-ram-charan-alia-bhatts-rrr-movie-1st-week-world-wide-box-office-collections-and-entry-to-700-crore-club-ta-1254594.html |website=[[News 18]] |language=te}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|877.5|c}} worldwide in 10 days.<ref name="10d">{{cite web |last1=Boddula |first1=Sunil |date=4 April 2022 |title=RRR టార్గెట్ ఫినిష్.. 10 రోజుల్లోనే భారీ లాభాలు! 1000 కోట్లకు చేరువలో.. |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/rajamouli-rrr-world-wide-10-days-collection-report-here/articleshow/90635804.cms |website=[[Samayam Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2022 |title=RRR Box Office Collection Day 10: 'आरआरआर' हिंदी का कलेक्शन 200 करोड़ के पार, अब इस अगले धमाके की तैयारी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/rrr-box-office-collection-day-10-ss-rajamouli-s-film-hindi-collection-cross-rs-200-crore |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref> The same day, the film entered into [[Profit (economics)|profit zone]] with a distributors' share of {{INRConvert|497.4|c}} by reaching its [[break even point]] of {{INRConvert|451|c}}.<ref name="10d" /> ''RRR'' also became the first film to collect a distributor share over {{INRConvert|100|c}} in the Nizam territory (Telangana).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Vamshi |date=6 April 2022 |title=RRR Movie : నైజాంలో రూ.100 కోట్లు...చరిత్ర సృష్టించిన RRR |language=te |work=[[TV5 (India)]] |url=http://www.tv5news.in/cinema/rrr-movie-crosses-the-magical-rs-100-cr-mark-in-nizam-area-811618 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref> ''RRR''{{'s}} Hindi dubbed version netted over {{INRConvert|200|c}} in India in 13 days, making the second dubbed film to do so after ''Baahubali 2''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2022 |title=RRR Box Office: SS Rajamouli's film enters Rs. 200 Crore Club, is only the second dubbed film after his Baahubali: The Conclusion to achieve this feat |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/rrr-box-office-ss-rajamoulis-film-enters-rs-200-crore-club-second-dubbed-film-baahubali-conclusion-achieve-feat/ |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref>

''RRR'' reached the {{INRConvert|1000|c}} gross mark in 16 days of its run thus entering [[1000 Crore Club]] and becoming the third highest-grossing Indian film after [[Dangal (2016 film)|''Dangal'']] and ''Baahubali 2.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli's 'RRR' breaks all records, enters 1000 crore club worldwide! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/regional/ss-rajamoulis-rrr-breaks-all-records-enters-1000-crore-club-worldwide-2452435.html |website=Zee News}}</ref> During this period, the film grossed {{INRConvert|382|c}} in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. In the United States, the film grossed over US$13 million, becoming the second highest-grossing Indian film in US after ''Baahubali 2.''<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2022 |title=RRR Collections : బాక్సాఫీస్ దగ్గర ఆర్ ఆర్ ఆర్ ప్రభంజనం.. ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా 1000 కోట్ల వసూలు.. |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/rrr-collections-ram-charan-rajamouli-ntr-rrr-crosses-1000-cr-gross-world-wide-an-official-statement-released-sr-1264662.html |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> It also emerged as the highest-grossing Indian film in Australia with a gross of over AU$3.36 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 March 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rrr/box-office/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2022 |title=RRR Box Office: Film surpasses Padmaavat; becomes All Time Highest Grosser at the Australia box office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/rrr-box-office-film-surpasses-padmaavat-becomes-time-highest-grosser-australia-box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ''RRR'' also holds the record for the highest collection in a single screen for any Telugu film, grossing over {{INRConvert|5|c}} in Sudarshan 35 mm, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 May 2022 |title=సింగిల్ థియేటర్ లో రూ.5 కోట్లు గ్రాస్..ఆర్ఆర్ఆర్ అరుదైన రికార్డు |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/rrr-rare-record-in-sudarshan-35mm-theatre-575047 |website=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |language=te}}</ref> In mid-May 2022, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that the film grossed US$14.5 million in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yamato |first=Jen |date=14 May 2022 |title=Indian action blockbuster 'RRR' roars back to theaters for one-night event |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2022-05-14/rrr-us-rerelease-theaters-ss-rajamouli |access-date=2 June 2022}}</ref> Thus, making it the 31st highest-grossing film in the United States of the year.<ref name=":5" /> In the opening weekend, the film debuted at no.2 at the United Kingdom box-office with a total gross of £650,204.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=28 March 2022|title=Tollywood drama 'RRR' scores third place at UK-Ireland box office as 'The Batman' tops £35m |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/tollywood-drama-rrr-scores-third-place-at-uk-ireland-box-office-as-the-batman-tops-35m/5169073.article |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=Screen |language=en}}</ref>

According to ''[[Gulf News]]'', the film collected a total gross of US$4.3 million in the [[Middle East]] from the 10 days of its theatrical run – US$2.568 million (Dh9.5 million) from [[United Arab Emirates]], US$500,000 from [[Qatar]], US$378,468 from [[Kuwait]] and US$290,118 from [[Saudi Arabia]]. It was also reported that the film clocked in 230,676 admissions in the same period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajamouli's 'RRR' storms UAE box office, releases in a 3D format |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/rajamoulis-rrr-storms-uae-box-office-releases-in-a-3d-format-1.86975765 |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=Gulf News |date=5 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The film was re-released several times since its original release. It has collected a total gross of $21,000 ({{INR|17 lakh}}) from its release in [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre|TCL Chinese Theatre]] on 30 September 2022. Thus, its total re-release gross earnings became $221,156.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=SS Rajamouli's RRR earns ₹17 lakh from single screening in Los Angeles; filmmaker thanks fans for standing ovation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ss-rajamouli-s-rrr-earns-rs-17-lakh-from-single-screening-in-los-angeles-filmmaker-thanks-fans-for-standing-ovation-101664770856164.html |access-date=15 October 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film premiered in Japan on 21 October 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ss-rajamouli-shares-post-as-110-year-old-takarazuka-company-in-japan-adapts-rrr-as-broadway-play-watch-101711156655714.html#:~:text=About%20Rajamouli%2C%20RRR&text=The%20film%20premiered%20in%20Japan,at%20the%20Japanese%20box%20office.|title=SS Rajamouli shares post as 110-year-old Takarazuka company in Japan adapts RRR as Broadway play. Watch|work=Hindustan Times |date=23 March 2024 }}</ref> and it has collected a gross of ¥73 million ({{INR|4.07 crore}}) in its opening weekend, the highest for an Indian film. Thus, it has opened at the tenth position in that week.<ref name=":22" /> After the eighth weekend the film collected a total gross of ¥403 million ({{INR|24.24 crore}}), thus becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in the overseas markets#Major overseas markets|highest-grossing Indian film in Japan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rrr-beats-rajinikanth-s-muthu-to-become-highest-grossing-indian-film-in-japan-101670826048462.html|title=RRR beats two decade-old record of Rajinikanth's Muthu to become highest-grossing Indian film ever in Japan|website=Hindustan Times|date=12 December 2022 }}</ref> After 28 weeks of run, it collected a distributor's share of more than {{INR|100 crore}}.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/rrrs-phenomenal-box-office-run-in-japan-jr-ntr-ram-charans-film-rakes-in-over-rs-109-8-crore-and-still-going-strong/articleshow/99785935.cms?from=mdr | title=RRR's phenomenal box office run in Japan: Jr NTR, Ram Charan's film rakes in over Rs 109.8 crore and still going strong | newspaper=The Times of India | date=26 April 2023 }}</ref>

== Legacy and impact ==
The popularity of RRR in the US has led to an increase of [[Telugu cinema|Telugu-language movies]] in [[Netflix]]'s stateside catalogue as much as 105 of 2024 - the most among many Indian languages and the ninth overall; other movies in [[Dravidian languages|related languages]] like [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] have also seen followed increases in inventory.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Rest of World]]|title=How RRR's success brought a wave of Telugu-language movies to Netflix|first=Brandom|last=Russell|date=17 April 2024|url=https://restofworld.org/2024/netflix-telugu-movies-rrr/}}</ref> The OTT release of RRR had a massive impact on its global reach and popularity. Upon streaming, the film quickly became the most popular non-English film worldwide, breaking records on platforms like [[Netflix]] and [[ZEE5|Zee5]]. Its Hindi version especially resonated with audiences, securing a spot in Netflix's top 5 films in the US RRR trended in over 90 countries on streaming platforms, with more than 18 million watch hours globally. This digital success, coupled with global awards and critical acclaim, cemented RRR as a landmark in Indian cinema, showcasing the potential of Indian films on a worldwide stage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2022 |title=RRR enters Netflix's top 5 films in US, is world's most popular non-English film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rrr-enters-netflix-s-top-5-films-in-us-is-world-s-most-popular-non-english-film-101654074862422.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331025027/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rrr-enters-netflix-s-top-5-films-in-us-is-world-s-most-popular-non-english-film-101654074862422.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=7 Reasons We're Still Buzzing About 'RRR,' the Indian Blockbuster of the Year |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/5-reasons-you-must-watch-rrr-the-indian-blockbuster-of-the-year |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620054125/https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/5-reasons-you-must-watch-rrr-the-indian-blockbuster-of-the-year |archive-date=20 June 2023 |access-date=6 February 2025 |work=Netflix Tudum |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by RRR}}

The film has received various awards and nominations. The film was considered to be one of the best films of the year by the [[National Board of Review]], making it only the second non-English film ever to make it to the list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title=RRR receives biggest boost yet for Oscars chances after being named among National Board of Review's 10 best films of 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-named-among-national-board-of-reviews-10-best-films-of-2022-8314680/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''RRR'' became the third Indian film and first Telugu film to receive nominations at the [[Golden Globe Awards]]. It was nominated for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]], and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] for "[[Naatu Naatu]]", winning the latter, made the song the first Asian nomination to win the award.<ref name=":21"/><ref name="Davis"/> The song "Naatu Naatu" also won the Academy Award for [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] at the [[95th Academy Awards]], making it the first and only Indian song to win at the Oscars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=12 March 2023 |title=Oscars: Complete Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/2023-oscars-winners-list-1235349224/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313042718/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/2023-oscars-winners-list-1235349224/ |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 March 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
* In 2024, [[Takarazuka Revue|Takarazuka Revue's]] Star Troupe staged a musical production of the film, titled ''RRR x Taka"R"Azuka - √Bheem-''.<ref>{{cite web |title=RRR×Taka'R'Azuka －√Bheem－ |url=https://kageki.hankyu.co.jp/english/revue/2024/rrr/index_takarazuka.html| website=Takarazuka Revue Official Website |publisher=Hankyu Corporation |access-date=27 April 2024}}</ref>

== Future ==
Before the film's release, Rajamouli said that he had no intentions of making a sequel for ''RRR'' nor turning it into a franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=RRR will be bigger than Baahubali : Rajamouli |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2022/mar/16/rrr-will-be-bigger-than-baahubali-rajamouli-2430492.html |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> However, writer Vijayendra Prasad said that "they started exploring the idea of sequel and hope to make it happen sometime later."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2022 |title=Started exploring possibilities for 'RRR' sequel: Vijayendra Prasad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/started-exploring-possibilities-for-rrr-sequel-vijayendra-prasad |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Speaking with [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']], Rama Rao expressed his hope that the world of ''RRR'' would be continued as a franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=5 April 2022 |title=India's NTR Jr Says Hit Film 'RRR' Has Sequel and Franchise Potential (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/ntr-jr-rrr-franchise-1235224190/ |website=Variety}}</ref> During a screening event in Chicago, Rajamouli said that his father screenwriter Vijayendra Prasad is working on the sequel's story.<ref>{{cite news|title=SS Rajamouli confirms sequel film|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-2-in-development-reveals-ss-rajamouli/article66131780.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 November 2022 }}</ref> The director also hinted at a sequel to 'RRR' while interacting with fans in Japan in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2024 |title=SS Rajamouli hints at the 'RRR' sequel when a fan questions him in Japan! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-hints-at-the-rrr-sequel-when-a-fan-questions-him-in-japan/articleshow/108644931.cms#:~:text=SS%20Rajamouli%20stated%20that%20he,the%20lead%20of%20the%20film. |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Film|1920s}}
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards]]
* [[List of films with longest production time]]
* [[List of Google Easter eggs#rrr|Google Easter egg featuring ''RRR'']]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|rrr}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Metacritic film}}

{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of accolades received by RRR|Awards for ''RRR'']]
|list =
{{Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Foreign Language Film}}
{{Saturn Award for Best International Film}}
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}
{{National Film Award Best Special Effects}}
{{Seattle Film Critics Society Award for Best Action Choreography}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu}}
}}
{{S. S. Rajamouli}}
{{Lyca Productions}}
{{Authority control}}

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Madhukar Dhumal

2026-03-22T09:31:58Z

KraigYee56: New The Info W/ Sources

{{More footnotes needed|date=February 2015}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Madhukar Dhumal
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name = Madhukar
| alias = Tatya or Madhu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|2|2|df=y}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| instrument = [[Shehnai]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[jazz fusion]], [[world music]]
| occupation = [[Shehnai]] Maestro
| years_active = 1970–present
| label = [[SONY]], [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]], [[Saregama]],
| website = {{URL|http://www.madhukardhumal.com/}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Madhukar Dhumal''' is an Indian Shehnai Player, Composer and freelance Musician.
He is a disciple of Guni Gandharva Pandit Laxmanprasad Jaipurwale and Pandit Rajaram Sukhla.He is part of many other bands and has performed with various artists around the world. Majorly performed for Bollywood industry with all known Music directors.

==Early life==

Shri. Madhukar Tukaram Dhumal was born to Late. Tukaram and Chandrabai Dhumal born in [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]]. Both his parents were musicians. He started learning Shehnai at an early age from his father.

==Career==

Shri. Madhukar Dhumal is a promising and talented Shehnai player, who is the son & disciple of the eminent Shehnai player late Shri Tukaramji Dhumal. After the Initial period of learning and training from his father, Shri Madhukar attained proficiency in the Hindustani Classical Music, Ragdhari style of Jaipur Gharana as well as [[Banaras Gharana]] and its nuances under intensive and able teachings from the great maestro Guni Gandharava Pandit Laxmanprasad Jaipurwale and Pandit Rajaram Shukla, the gifted Guru, Composer and performer of great virtuosity.

Shri. Madhukar with arduous training and dedicated perseverance has mastered in both [[Khayal]] Gayaki and Tatkari and equally well under the tutelage of the great maestros of Hindustani Classical Music, cited above.

Shri Madhukar's renditions in many music concerts of repute throughout the country have received accolades and appreciations from the connoisseurs to the lay music lovers, media and the press, unfailingly time and again.

Shri Madhukar is a graded artist (B-high) of [[All India Radio]] and his renditions are regularly broadcast by AIR and [[doordarshan]].
He has rendered Music for many Eminent music directors of the film, industry, T.V. serials etc. His performances are aired by channels like [[Sony Entertainment Television]] and others.

He has played for many Bollywood movies with well known Music Directors like [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] for [[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]] 1991, [[Rajesh Roshan]] for [[Koyla]], [[A. R. Rahman]] for [[Swades]], [[Lagaan]], [[Ismail Darbar]] for [[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]], [[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]], [[M. M. Keeravani]] for [[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]], [[Anu Malik]] for [[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]], [[Amit Trivedi]] for [[Dev D]], [[Ram Sampath]] for Fukrey, [[pritam chakraborty]] for [[Action Replayy]].

==Personal life==

Madhukar Dhumal is married to Nisha Dhumal and currently lives with his daughter and son in Mumbai.

==Performances==
*66th [[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival]] 2017.<ref>Bari Prachi, Sawai Mahotsav announces eclectic line-up for Pune fest: Click to see who is performing when, Hindustan Times, 16 Nov 2017,<https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/for-renowned-to-promising-sawai-mohotsav-announces-music-feast-in-pune/story-wuxlDYrKC1k8P1GBOAMXCM.html></ref>
*61st [[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival]] in 2013 (Pune) opening rendition of concert.
*Sangeet Samrat [[Ustad Alladiya Khan]] Saheb Mohatsav 2013 Murham SangeetRatna AbdulKarim Khan Saheb 79 th Punyatithi Samaroh.
*At Bandish a concert organised in memory of tabla nawaz late Ustad Amir Hussain KhanSaheb in Mumbai.
*At Gurupurnima celebration (2003) at the Taj in Mumbai 24' Ragas - 24 hrs' concert under aegis of Acharya Jialal Vasant Sangeet Niketan, Juhu and Times Foundation.
*At [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]] - Mumbai for the concert organised by H.A Trust.
*At the '50 hrs, Non - Stop' Indian Classical Music concert (Swarankur) with the inaugural and opening rendition of the concert.
*At cultural events organised by [[Government of Maharashtra]] at various places on days of national importance and at important inaugural functions.

==Discography==

* 1998 ''Parinay'' [[Shekhar Sen]]
* 1998 ''Ok'' [[Talvin Singh]]
* 1999 ''Divinity - Divine Music for Meditation'' [[Ashit Desai]]
* 2000 ''Indian Beyond'' [[Remo Fernandes]]
* 2000 ''Rimayer'' [[Ziskakan]]
* 2001 ''African Fantasy'' [[Trilok Gurtu]]
* 2001 ''Trinity - Music of Gods'' Ashit Desai
* 2002 ''Bombay Bliss - A Unique Instrumental Music Experience of Ever-green Melodies'' Ashit Desai
* 2003 ''Heeyam'' [[Shye Ben Tzur]]<ref>Consulate General of Israel to the Pacific Northwest San Francisco 2013, Shye Ben-Tzur & the Rajasthan Gypsies, The Triple Door, 30 July 2013,<https://embassies.gov.il/san-francisco/calendar-of-events/Pages/Shye-Ben-Tzur.aspx></ref>
* 2013 ''Alchemy (EP)'' [[Bandish Projekt]]

==References==
<references />
*http://sawaigandharvabhimsenmahotsav.com/
*https://plus.google.com/u/0/108773971830575647848/posts
*http://cinema.pluz.in/galleries/bollywood/71842/61th-sawai-gandharva-bhimsen-mahotsav-day-1-photos.htm
*http://indianexpress.com/tag/madhukar-dhumal/
*https://archive.today/20140419163015/http://www.thepunekar.com/highlights-of-sawai-2013/2013/12/madhukar-dhumal/
*[https://archive.today/20140419163036/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=2&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIPU&mydateHid=13-12-2013&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Pune&edname=&articleid=Ar00200&publabel=TOI]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhumal, Madhukar T.}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shehnai players]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]

Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I

2026-03-13T22:19:41Z

KraigYee56: Creating Info

{{Short description|King of Ramanathapuram}}{{moresources|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox monarch
| name = Vijayaraghunatha Sethupathi I
| title =
| image = Vijaya Raghunatha I.png
| caption = 18th century mural of Vijayaraghunatha Sethupathi I
| succession = 1st Sethupathi of [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]]
| reign = 1713–1725
| coronation =
| predecessor = Muthu Vairavanatha Sethupathi I
| successor = Sundaresvara Raghunatha Sethupathi
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]], [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayak Kingdom]]
| death_date = 1725
| death_place = [[Ramnad estate|Ramnad]], [[Madurai Nayak dynasty|Madurai Nayak Kingdom]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| full name =
| house = [[Sethupathi]]
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Vijayaraghunatha Sethupathi I''' (died 1725) ruled from 1713 to 1725 the ''"[[Ramnad_estate#Ramnad|Ramnad Kingdom]]"''. He was an adopted son of [[Raghunatha Kilavan]], the founder of the ''"Ramnad Kingdom"''. [[Sethupathi]] was the title granted by [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak]]s to his adoptive father Raghunatha Kilavan, and this title was retained by his descendants.

== Personal life ==

According to a 1713 letter written by Christian missionary Martin, Vijayaraghunatha Sethupathi was the second adoptive son of [[Raghunatha Kilavan]], the founder of the kingdom. Martin writes

{{quote|Vairavanatha Deva is master of a good part of Marava. All the kingdom belonged to him by right, for he is the elder; but he gave sovereignty over it to his younger brother, who, he thought had more talent for government than he}}

Vijayaraghunatha Sethupathi had two daughters: Sivagami Nachiar and Rajeswari Nachiar. The story is that both his daughters fell in love with the same man and the king got them both married to him. He also gave him a small portion of his kingdom to take care of.

== Reign ==

Vijayaraghunatha Sethupathi became a king after his adoptive father Raghunatha Kilavan chose him as heir apparent on his death bed. Vijayaraghunatha was a ruler of considerable ability. The kingdom was on the brink of a famine when he ascended the throne but he handled the situation appreciably well. He set up his base in the fortress of [[Aranthangi]]. With the assistance of [[French India|French engineers]] he built a fort near Gundar river in [[Kamudhi]] in present day [[Ramanathapuram district]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Crumbling Glory|url=http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/08/04/stories/2003080406750200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125190506/http://www.hindu.com/lf/2003/08/04/stories/2003080406750200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|accessdate=3 November 2012|author=Suresh Kumar P S|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 August 2003}}</ref> Being a pious Hindu, Vijayaraghunatha frequently visited the temple at [[Rameswaram]] and made donations.

Vijayaraghunatha was initially favourable in his attitude towards Christians. He even made lavish donations for the construction of a church in Aranthangi in 1711. However, his attitude changed during a visit to Rameswaran in 1714-15, when his brother-in-law, Tiruvaluvanathan, whom he had appointed to govern the state in his absence, visited the church in Aranthangi and participated in Christian ceremonies. This, combined with tales of alleged [[Christianity in India|atrocities of Christian missionaries]], turned Vijayaraghunatha against them. He gave orders to exterminate Christianity from the kingdom and prohibited proselytising. There was a ferry service between [[Ramnathapuram]] and [[Rameshwaram]]. This ferry ride was free of cost for pilgrims and this decree was given by the king. His son-in-law (Dhandapani Thevar) decided to charge a very small fare for this ferry from pilgrims. Many pilgrims were turned away because they weren't able to afford the ferry which was not free anymore. One such determined pilgrim decided to directly approach the king regarding this matter. This is when it comes to the king's notice that the ferry which is supposed to be free was not free anymore. The king flew into a fit of rage and had his own son-in-law arrested. Meanwhile the king's two daughters, once they heard of this, decided to come and beg their father to let their husband go. The king, however, had already passed a death sentence on his son-in-law. While the women were on their way to meet their father, they get the news that their husband had been beheaded. They kill themselves in that very same spot. The place where the first daughter died is called Akkamadam and where his second daughter died is called Thangachimadam.

Vijayaraghunatha's rival to win the throne, Bhavani Shankar, broke into an open revolt in 1720 and along with [[Raja of Pudukkottai]] and the [[Thanjavur Maratha ruler]] invaded Aranthangi. While defending the city, Vijayaraghunatha fell victim to plague. His death triggered a civil war in the kingdom, at the end of which the kingdom was partitioned into three and lost most of its power and territory.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Ramnad gurads.png|Elephant and Horse guards of Ramnad
File:Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I court.png|Court of Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I
File:Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I.png|Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I meeting Dutch officers
File:S-TN-44.jpg|Entrance of the Ramand Palace
File:Vijayaraghunatha Sethupathi.JPG|Sculpture of Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ramnad_estate#Ramnad|Ramnad Kingdom]]
* [[Sethupathi]], title of Raghunatha Kilavan and his descendants
* [[Maravar]], community to which Ramnad / Sethupathi kings belonged
* [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]], once and ally and later adversary of Sethupathis
* [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]], once and ally and later adversary of Sethupathis
* [[Marava War of Succession]], war of succession after Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book|title=History of the Nāyaks of Madura|first=R.|last=Sathianathaier|year=1924|pages=225–227|chapter=Vijayaranga Chokkanatha|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sethupathi, Vijayaraghunatha}}
[[Category:1720 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]

Kandeelu – The Ray of Hope

2026-03-12T12:47:06Z

KraigYee56:

{{Short description|Indian film}}
{{AI-generated|certain=y|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = File:Kandeelu_Movie_Official_Poster.jpeg
| caption = Official poster
| director = [[Yeshoda Prakash]]
| producer = {{Plain list|
* [[Prakash Kariappa]]
* Yeshoda Prakash
}}
| story = Nagesh N
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Prabhakar Kunder
* Chandrakanth Kodpadi
* Guru Tejas L Shetty
* Venkatesh PK
}}
| cinematography = PVR Swamy
| editing = Nagesh N
| music = Srisuresh
| studio = Swasthik Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2023}}
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
}}

'''''Kandeelu – The Ray of Hope''''' (Kannada: {{lang|kn|ಕಂದೀಲು}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Kannada]]-language drama film directed by Yeshoda Prakash Kottukathira and produced by [[Prakash Kariappa]] and Yeshoda Prakash, under their home banner Swasthik Entertainment. The film's story is written by Nagesh N and stars Prabhakar Kunder, featuring music composed by Srisuresh, with cinematography by PVR Swamy. The film narrates the story of a poor farmer, Seeba, and the journey of a family coping with loss, hope, and resilience amidst socio-political challenges. The movie also highlights the land mafia most farmers in the rural areas continue to face.

Kandeelu did not have a theatrical release but was screened at multiple film festivals across India, including [[Bengaluru International Film Festival (BIFFes)]], [[Kolkata International Film Festival (KIFF)]] where the movie received recognitions. At BIFFes, the movie stood second best amongst regional films at the [[71st National Film Awards]], announced in August 2025.<ref name=biffes>{{cite web |title=BISFF - Kannada Cinema Winners |url=https://15th.biffes.org/awards#kannadaDiv}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharat |first1=Monali |title=71st National Film Awards 2025: Celebrating Excellence in Indian Cinema |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-winners |website=Bru Times News}}</ref> Kandeelu was awarded Best Feature Film in Kannada<ref name=pib>{{cite web |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Seeba, a poor farmer, dreams of owning a farm and a house for his family but struggles to make ends meet. He sends his son abroad with hope of fulfilling his dream, but is shattered when his son tragically dies abroad. Determined to perform his son's last rites and bring his mortal remains back home, Seeba, along with his wife and daughter, exhausts all possible options. And to his dismay, those he looked up to, turn a blind eye to his plight.

As the village festival draws near, Seeba, who is also entrusted with a specific ritual, grapples with conflicting emotions of duty and sorrow. The movie delves into socio-political issues faced by the vulnerable, the internal conflict between the heart and mind, and the redemptive power of nature's love.

Seeba's poignant story reflects the struggles of the less privileged, the anguish of losing a loved one, and the challenges of navigating a socio-political landscape that often neglects the marginalized. Through Seeba's journey, the film sheds light on the resilience of the human spirit and the solace that nature can provide in times of adversity.

== Cast ==
* Prabhakar Kunder as ''Seeba''
* Vanitha Rajesh
* Guru Tejas L Shetty
* Chandrakanth Kodpadi
* Venkatesh P. K.
* Baby Eeramanda Kushi Kaveramma
* Rohini
* Rathnakumari

== Production ==
''Kandeelu'' was directed by Yeshoda Prakash Kottukathira, who had previously directed the Kannada film Ranga Pravesha, which starred [[Suman Nagarkar|Summan Nagarkar]]. The film was produced under her home banner, Swasthik Entertainment, which she owns along with her husband Prakash Kariappa Kottukathira. which he owns along with his wife Yeshoda. The film was shot at locations in rural [[Karnataka]].

== Screening ==
''Kandeelu – The Ray of Hope'' was completed in 2023 and the trailer<ref>{{cite web |title=Kandeelu Trailer | website=[[YouTube]] | date=2 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItkTnAbAU2Q&ab_channel=YeshodaPrakashKottukathira}}</ref> was released via YouTube on 2 May 2023. The movie was screened at various regional film festivals like [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]<ref name=kiff>{{cite web |title=Kandeelu at KIFF |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2023/official-selection/competition-on-indian-languages-films/1598}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kandeelu at KIFF |date=18 November 2023 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/madikeri-directors-film-kandeelu-earns-prestigious-selection-at-29th-kolkata-film-festival-838632}}</ref> and [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]<ref name=biffes /> prior to receiving national recognition. As it was not intended for commercial release, the film’s distribution details are yet to be confirmed by the producers<ref>{{cite web |title=Kandeelu Release |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/71st-national-film-awards-kandeelu-adjudged-best-kannada-film-of-2023-yet-to-get-theatrical-release/7d50361e6e287}}</ref>

== Accolades ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2025
| [[71st National Film Awards]]
| Best Feature Film in Kannada<ref>{{cite web |title=National Film Award for Best Kannada Feature Film |date=5 August 2025 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/national-film-awards-winners-list-2025-1820001191-1}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |Yeshoda Prakash Kottukathira & Swasthik Entertainment<ref>{{cite web |title=National Film Awards 2025 Kannada Full Winners List: Kandeelu- The Ray Of Hope Win Best Kannada Film |date=August 2025 |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2025/national-film-awards-2025-kannada-full-winners-71st-national-film-awards-kannada-complete-winners-472455.html}}</ref>
| {{won}}
|<ref name=pib />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|-
| [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]]
| Kannada Cinema
| {{won}}
| <ref name=biffes />
|-
| 2023
| [[Kolkata International Film Festival]]
| Competition on Indian Language's Films
| {{nominated}}
| <ref name=kiff />
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}
[[Category:2023 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language drama films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

History of Balochistan

2026-03-10T21:53:33Z

KraigYee56: minor refined content per standard format further and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Baloch people}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{History of Balochistan}}
[[File:Sib and Suran Castle.jpg|thumb|[[Sib and Suran Castle|Sib and Suran]], a [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] era historical castle of [[Sistan]].]]
[[File:Major ethnic groups of Pakistan in 1980 borders removed.jpg|thumb|Balochistan region in pink]]
{{History of Pakistan}}
{{History of Afghanistan}}
{{History of Iran}}
The '''history of Balochistan''' refers to the history of the [[Balochistan|Balochistan region]] of [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]]. Vague allusions to the region were found in Greek historical records of around 650 BCE. Prehistoric Balochistan dates to the [[Paleolithic]].

Throughout history, Balochistan has served as a vibrant center of civilization, interacting since ancient times with centers of civilization in the ancient world.

There is evidence of ancient human settlements in Balochistan dating back to around 7000 BCE.

==Ancient history==

The earliest evidence of human occupation in what is now Balochistan is dated to the [[Paleolithic]] era, represented by hunting camps, as well as chipped and flaked stone tools. The earliest settled villages in the region date to the ceramic Neolithic (c. 7000–5500 BCE),<ref>{{cite book|title=The Archaeology of Measurement: Comprehending Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies|author1=Iain Morley|author2=Colin Renfrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzrNgAsJY1MC&q=mehgrah+BCE&pg=PA107|page=107|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780521119900}}</ref> and included the [[Neolithic]] site of [[Mehrgarh]] located in the [[Bolan District|Kachi Plain]]. These villages expanded in size during the subsequent Chalcolithic, when interaction increased. This involved the movement of finished goods and raw materials, including [[Turbinella|chank shell]], [[lapis lazuli]], [[turquoise]], and ceramics. By the Bronze Age in 2500 BCE, Balochistan had become part of the [[Indus Valley civilization|Harappan]] cultural orbit, providing key resources to the expansive settlements of the Indus river basin to the east. Pakistani Balochistan marked the westernmost extent of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley civilisation]].

The remnants of the earliest people in Balochistan were the [[Brahui people]], a [[Dravidian language|Dravidian speaking people]]. The Brahuis were originally [[Hindu]]s and [[Buddhist]]s, similar to the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian speaking peoples in the rest of the subcontinent. The Brahuis retained the Dravidian language throughout the millennias.<ref name="Andrew Dalby - Hindu origin of Brahui people">{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CnckpL8auSIC&q=brahui+hindu&pg=PA96| title = Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages|publisher = Columbia University Press|access-date = 2010-09-09|isbn = 9780231115698|date = 2004-03-01}}</ref>

In 650 BC, the Greek historian [[Herodotus]] described the Paraitakenoi as a tribe ruled by [[Deiokes]], a Persian zaid, in north-western Persia (History I.101). The Achaemenids established the Satrapies of [[Gedrosia]] and [[Arachosia]] in Balochistan after its conquest in 6th century BCE. [[Arrian]] described how [[Alexander the Great]] encountered the Pareitakai in [[Bactria]] and [[Sogdiana]], and had [[Craterus]] conquer them (Anabasis Alexandrou IV). The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] in the 1st century described the territory of the Paradon beyond the Ommanitic region on the coast of modern Baluchistan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tandon|first=Pankaj|url=http://people.bu.edu/ptandon/Paratarajas.pdf|title= New light on the Paratarajas|pages=29–30}}</ref>

[[File:Soulier,_E.;_Andriveau-Goujon,_J._Anciens_Empires_Jusqua_Alexandre._1838_(A).jpg|thumb|Ancient empires at the time of [[Alexander the Great]]]]

After the victory of the [[Mauryan Empire]] against the Greeks in the [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]], much of Baluchistan came under the rule of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] of ancient India. Chandragupta and Seleucus made a peace settlement in 303 BCE. Selecucus Nucator ceded the satrapies, including those in Baluchistan to the expanding Mauryan Empire.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=34}} The alliance was solidified with a marriage between Chandragupta Maurya and a princess of the Seleucid Empire. The outcome of the arrangement proved to be mutually beneficial.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33–34}} The border between the Seleucid and Mauryan Empires remained stable in subsequent generations, and friendly diplomatic relations are reflected by the ambassador [[Megasthenes]], and by the envoys sent westward by Chandragupta's grandson [[Ashoka]].{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=33–34}}

From the 1st century to the 3rd century CE, the region of modern Pakistani Balochistan was ruled by the [[Pāratarājas]], the "Pātatahaa Kings", a Hindu dynasty of [[Indo-Scythian]] or [[Indo-Parthian]] kings. The Hindu Parata kings are essentially known through their coins, which typically exhibit the bust of the ruler with long hair in a headband on the obverse and a [[swastika]] within a circular legend on the reverse, written in [[Brahmi]], usually silver coins, or [[Kharoshthi]] copper coins. These coins are mainly found in [[Loralai]] in today's western Pakistan. In 635 or 636 CE, the Hindu [[Brahman dynasty]] of Sindh controlled parts of Balochistan, under [[Chach of Aror]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=1-57958-468-3|editor-last=Skutsch|editor-first=Carl|location=New York|pages=178}}</ref>

Iranian Balochistan had some of the earliest human civilizations in history. The [[Burnt city]] near Dozaap ([[Zahidan]]) dates to 2000 BCE. All of what is now Baluchistan was incorporated in the [[Achaemenid]], [[Seleucid]], [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]], and [[Sassanid]] Iranian Empires. There were five major Hindu kings in the 2nd century; Yolamira, son of Bagavera, Arjuna, son of Yolamira, Hvaramira, another son of Yolamira, Mirahvara, son of Hvaramira, and Miratakhma, another son of Hvaramira.<ref>Pankaj Tandon. [http://people.bu.edu/ptandon/Paratarajas.pdf New Light on the Pāratarājas] p 19.</ref>

==Medieval history==

===Arab Caliphates===
Arab forces invaded [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] in the 7th century, converting the [[Baloch people]] to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dashti|first=Naseer|title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2012|pages=63–67}}</ref> Arab rule in [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]] helped the Baloch people to develop their own semi-independent tribal systems, which stronger forces frequently threatened.

In the 14th year of the [[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]], 636-6CE, Rai Chach marched conquered Makran. However, in 643 the Arabs reached Makran.<ref name="IGI275">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_281.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 275 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> In early 644 CE, [[Caliph]] [[Umar]] sent Suhail ibn Adi from [[Bosra]] to conquer the Karman region of Iran. He was made governor of Karman. From Karman he entered western Baluchistan and conquered the region near [[Persia]]n frontiers.<ref>Ibn Aseer vol: 3 page no: 17</ref> Southwestern Balochistan was conquered during the campaign in Sistan that same year.

During Caliph [[Uthman]]'s reign in 652, Balochistan was reconquered during the campaign against the revolt in Karman under the command of Majasha ibn Masood. It was first time western Baluchistan came directly under the laws of the [[Caliphate]] and paid grain tributes.<ref>Fatu al Buldan page no:384</ref> Western Baluchistan was included in the dominion of Karman. In 654, Abdulrehman ibn Samrah was made governor of Sistan. He led an Islamic army to crush the revolt in Zarang, now in southern Afghanistan. Conquering Zarang, a column moved northward to conquer areas up to [[Kabul]] and [[Ghazni]] in the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains while another column moved towards [[Quetta District|northwestern Baluchistan]] and conquered the area up to the ancient cities of Dawar and Qandabil ([[Bolan District|Bolan]]).<ref>Tabqat ibn Saad vol: 8 pg: 471</ref> By 654 the whole of what is now Pakistan's Baluchistan province was under the rule of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] except for the well-defended mountain town of [[Kingdom of Kaikan|QaiQan]]([[Khuzdar]]) , which was conquered during Caliph Ali's reign.<ref>Fatuh al buldan pg:386</ref> Abdulrehman ibn Samrah made Zaranj his provincial capital and remained governor of these conquered areas from 654 to 656, until Uthman was murdered.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

During the reign of [[Caliph Ali]], the areas of Balochistan, Makran again broke into revolt.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Due to civil war in the Islamic empire Ali was unable to take notice of these areas, at last in the year 660 he sent a large force under the command of Haris ibn Marah Abdi towards Makran, Baluchistan. Haris ibn Marah Abdi arrived in Makran and conquered it by force then moved north ward to northeastern Balochistan and re-conquered ''Qandabil'' (Bolan), then again moving south finally conquered Kalat after a fierce battle.<ref>Rashidun Caliphate and Hind, by Qazi Azher mubarek Puri, published by Takhliqat, Lahore Pakistan</ref> In 663 CE, during the reign of [[Umayyad]] Caliph [[Muawiyah I]], Muslims lost control of northeastern Balochistan and Kalat when Haris ibn Marah and large part of his army died on the battle field suppressing a revolt in Kalat.<ref>Tarikh al Khulfa vol:1 pg :214-215,229</ref> Muslim forces latter re-gained the control of the area during Umayyads' reign. It also remained part of [[Abbasid]] Caliphate's empire.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

Arab rule in Balochistan lasted until the end of the 10th century. The parts of Balochistan best known to them were Turan (the Jhalawan country) with its capital at Khuzdar, and Nudha or Budha (Kachhi). Around 976, Ibn Haukal found an Arab governor residing in Kaikanan (probably the modern Nal) and governing Khuzdar during his second visit to India.<ref name="IGI275"/>

===Ghaznavid Empire===
Shortly afterwards, western Balochistan fell to Nasir-ud-din Sabuktagin. His son, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], conquered the whole of Balochistan. After the [[Ghaznavids]], the area passed to the [[Ghurids]]. A little later, western Balochistan, Iranian Balochistan, became part of the dominion of Sultan Muhammad Khan of [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazmian]] (Khiva) in 1219.<ref name="IGI275"/> However, in around 1223 a Mongol expedition under [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]], the son of [[Genghis Khan]], penetrated as far as Makran. A few years later, southeastern Baluchistan briefly came under the rule of Sultan [[Iltutmish]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]] but soon came back under Mongol rule. The raids organised by the Mongols have left a lasting mark on history of Baluchistan, from Makran to Gomal the Mongols and the atrocities they caused are still well known.<ref name="IGI275"/>

Afterwards part of the history of Balochistan centres around [[Kandahar]] and it was in this area in 1398 that [[Pir Muhammad (son of Jahangir)|Pir Muhammad]], the grandson of [[Timur]], fought the Afghans in the Sulaiman mountains. According to local tradition Timur himself passed through Marri country during one of his Indian expeditions.<ref name="IGI275"/>

===Arghun dynasty===
The Baloch extended their power to Kalat, Kachhi, and the Punjab, and the wars took place between [[Mir Chakar Khan Rind]] and [[Mir Gwahram Khan Lashari]] which are so celebrated in Baloch verse. In these wars a prominent part was played by Amir Zunnun Beg, Arghun, who was governor of [[Kandahar]] under Sultan Husain Mirza of Herat about 1470. At the same time the [[Brahuis]] had been gradually gaining strength, and their little principality at this time extended through the Jhalawan country to [[Wadh]].<ref name="IGI276">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_282.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 276 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref> The [[Arghun dynasty]] gave way to [[Babur]] shortly afterwards. From 1556 to 1595 the region was under the [[Safavid dynasty]]. The army of [[Akbar the Great]] then brought what is now Pakistani and Iranian Balochistan under control of the [[Mughal Empire]] until 1638, when it was again transferred to Persia.

According to the [[Ain-i-Akbari]], in 1590 the upper highlands were included in the sardar of Kandahar while Kachhi was part of the Bhakkar sardar of the Multan Subah. Makran alone remained independent under the Maliks, [[Buledi|Buledais]], and Gichkis, until Nasir Khan I of Kalat brought it within his power during the 17th century.<ref name="IGI276"/>
[[File:Map of Persia, Turkey in Asia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan; Palestine, or the Holy Land (inset) (NYPL b13663520-1510835).jpg|thumb|1863 map before the British occupation; Beloochistan in orange]]
From the middle of the 17th century large parts of Baluchistan remained under the [[Safavids]] until the rise of the [[Ghilzai]] in 1708. [[Nadir Shah]] defeated Ghilzai and in the first part of the 18th century, he made several expeditions to, or through, Baluchistan. [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] followed. The northeastern part of the country, including almost all of the areas now under direct administration, remained under the more or less nominal suzerainty of the Sadozais and Barakzais until 1879, when Pishin, Duki, and Sibi passed into British hands by the Treaty of Gandamak. The whole of Western Baluchistan had been consolidated into an organized state under the [[Brahuis|Brahui]] Khans.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

===Khanate of Kalat===
{{Main|Khanate of Kalat|Balochistan, Pakistan}}
The Baloch Brahui tribe Khans of Kalat, who lived in modern-day Pakistan Balochistan, were the rulers of Kalat. They were never fully independent, there was always a paramount power to whom they were subject. In the earliest times they were merely petty chiefs: later they bowed to the orders of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]] of [[Delhi]] and to the rulers of Kandahar, and supplied [[men-at-arms]] on demand. Most peremptory orders from the Afghan rulers to their vassals of Kalat are still extant, and the predominance of the [[Sadozai (Pastun tribe)|Sadozai]]s and [[Barakzai (tribes)|Barakzais]] was acknowledged so late as 1838. It was not until the time of [[Muhammad Nasir Khan I|Nasir Khan I]] that the titles of Beglar Begi (Chief of Chiefs) and Wali-i-Kalat (Governor of Kalat) were conferred on the Kalat ruler by the Afghan kings.<ref name="IGI277">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_283.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 277 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706181645/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_283.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As Mughal power declined, the Brahui chiefs found themselves freed to some degree from external interference. The first challenge to the chiefs was insuring social cohesion and cooperation within the loose tribal organization of the state. They parceled out a portion of the spoils of all conquests among the poverty-stricken highlanders. Everyone had a vested interest in the success of the Baloch community as a whole. A period of expansion then commenced. Mir Ahmad made successive descents into the plains of Sibi. Mir Samandar extended his raids to Zhob, Bori, and Thal-Chotiali. He levied an annual sum of Rs. 40,000 from the Kalhoras.<ref name="IGI277"/>

[[Mir Abdullah]], the greatest conqueror of the dynasty, turned his attention westward to [[Makran Division|Makran]], while in the north-east he captured [[Pishin, Pakistan|Pishin]] and Shorawak from the [[Ghilji|Ghilzai]] rulers of Kandahar. He was eventually slain in a fight with the Kalhoras at Jandrihar near Sanni in [[Kachhi District|Kachhi]].

During the reign of Mir Abdullah's successor, Mir Muhabbat, [[Nadir Shah]] rose to power and the Ahmadzai ruler obtained through him the cession of [[Kachhi District|Kachhi]] in 1740 in compensation for the blood of Mir Abdullah and the men who had fallen with him. The Brahuis had now gained what highlanders always coveted, good cultivable lands. By the wisdom of Muhabbat Khan and of his brother Nasir Khan, certain tracts were distributed among the tribesmen on the condition of finding so many men-at-arms for the Khan's body of irregular troops. At the same time much of the revenue-paying land was retained by the Khan for himself.<ref name="IGI278">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_284.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 278 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

The forty-four years of the rule of Nasir Khan I, known to the Baloch as 'The Great,' and the hero of their history, were years of strenuous administration and organization interspersed with military expeditions. He accompanied Ahmad Shah in his expeditions to Persia and India. A wise and able administrator, Nasir Khan was distinguished for his prudence, activity, and enterprise. He was essentially a warrior and a conqueror, and his spare time was spent in hunting. At the same time he was most attentive to religion, and enjoined on his people strict attention to the precepts of Islamic law. His reign was free from those internecine conflicts, subsequently common in Kalat's history. He invaded [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], a Gitchki territory, as well as [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]] and [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] to merge them into his Khanate.<ref name="IGI278"/><ref>{{harvnb|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008}}: "He conquered and incorporated Makran, Las Bela, and Kharan into the khanate"</ref>{{sfn|Nicolini, Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar|2004|p=16}}

The reign of Nasir Khan's successor, Mir Mahmud Khan, was distinguished by little except revolts. In 1810 [[Henry Pottinger]] visited his capital and left a full record of his experience.<ref>Pottinger, Henry (1816) ''Travels in Belochistan and Sinde'' Longman, London; reprinted in 2002 by Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-579635-7}}</ref> The reign of [[Mir Mehrab Khan]] was one long struggle with his chiefs, many of whom he murdered. He became dependent on men of the stamp of Mulla Muhammad Hasan and Saiyid Muhammad Sharif, by whose treachery, at the beginning of the first Afghan War, Sir [[William Macnaghten]] and Sir [[Alexander Burnes]] were deceived into thinking that Mehrab Khan was a traitor to the British; that he had induced the tribes to oppose the advance of the British army through the Bolan Pass; and that finally, when Sir Alexander Burnes was returning from a mission to Kalat, he had caused a robbery to be committed on the party, in the course of which an agreement, which had been executed between the envoy and the Khan, was carried off. This view determined the diversion of Sir Thomas Willshire's brigade from Quetta to [[Khelat (Battle honour)|attack Kalat]] in 1839, an act which has been described by Malleson as 'more than a grave error, a crime.'<ref>Malleson, History of Afghanistan (1878)</ref> The place was taken by assault and Mehrab Khan was slain.<ref name="IGI278"/>

==Modern history==

===British Indian Empire===
[[File:Baluchistan Agency 1931 Map.png|thumb|right|300px|The Baluchistan Agency of the British Indian Empire, showing the [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Chief Commissioner's Province of Baluchistan]] (the "British Baluchistan") and the princely states: [[Kalat (princely state)|Kalat]], the subsidiary states of [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]] and [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]], and the District of [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]].]]
{{Main|Baluchistan Agency}}
[[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Iran]] divided [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]] into many parts, with the British creating the [[Baluchistan Agency]] in 1877. In the 19th century, nationalists in western Baluchistan revolted against the Persian occupation. At the end of the 19th century, when [[Sardar Hussein Narui Baloch]] started an uprising against [[Persia]] which was crushed by joint Anglo-Persian mission forces. The struggle between the [[Qajar dynasty|Persian Qajar dynasty]], and the British in eastern [[Balochistan (region)|Baluchistan]], gave western [[Baluchs]] a chance to gain control of their territory in [[Western Baluchistan]]. At the beginning of the 20th century, Bahram Khan succeeded in gaining control of Baluch- lands. In 1916, the [[British Indian Empire]] recognized him as in effective control of western Baluchistan. [[Mir Dost Muhammad Khan Baluch]], Bahram Khan's nephew, succeeded to the throne, and in 1920, he proclaimed himself ''[[Shah]]-e-Baluchistan'' ([[Persian language|Persian]] for King of Baluchistan) but in 1928, [[Reza Shah]] came into power and [[Persian Empire|Persian]] forces started operations against [[Baloch people|Baluchi]] forces with the help of British. The [[Baluch people|Baluch]] were defeated and Mir Dost Muhammad Khan Baluch captured. In the same year, Mir Dost Muhammad Khan Baluch was executed in a [[Tehran]] prison. Baluchis were not content with the British, and raised their voices against the occupation of [[Western Baluchistan]] by [[Persia]] at [[Baluch Conference of Jacobabad]].{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

The [[History of Germany during World War I|Germans]] established contact with the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] and provided them military strategy. The Baloch war with the [[British Army during the First World War|British army]] resulted in several clashes and casualties to the British forces in [[Makran]] in 1916.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taheri|first1= Ahmad Reza |title=The Baloch in Post Islamic Revolution Iran|date=2012|page=12|publisher= Lulu.com |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDzpBgAAQBAJ&dq=baloch+germanic&pg=PA12|language=en|isbn=9780557328376}}</ref> In [[Seistan Force]] raids on the lines of communication of the force were made by the Baloch and certain [[List of Baloch tribes|Baloch tribes]] of Balochistan, notably the [[Damanis]] of Sarhad with strategic and military assistance from the German agent, Zugmayer. In order to prevent these, and to control the region, Brig.-Gen. R. E. [[Reginald Dyer|R. E. Dyer]], Commanding in balochistan, moved a part of his force to [[Khash, Iran|Khash]] in May, 1916.<ref name="Axmann">{{cite book |last1=Axmann |first1= Martin |title=Back to the Future The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism
|date=2008|pages=52–56|publisher= Oxford University Press |isbn= 9780195476453 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Collett144>{{Harvnb|Collett|2006|pp=144–145}}</ref>

The British Indian Empire gradually became involved in Balochistan during the reign of Mir Mehrab Khan whose reign was characterised by the power struggle he had with the chief, many of whom he had murdered. Mehrab Khan had become dependent on Mulla Muhammad Hasan and Saiyid Muhammad Sharif. And it was these men who had convinced the British that he had encouraged the tribes to oppose the British advance through the Bolan pass. The British justified their 1839 attack of Kalat on this, and had Mehrab Khan killed, his successor — [[Mir Shah Nawaz Khan]] was then appointed with Lieutenant Loveday as political officer. However a rebellion of the Sarawan tribes the following year forced Shah Nawaz to abdicate. His successor Mir Muhammad Hasan then took power and afterwards being known as [[Mir Nasir Khan II]].{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

Under pressure from Colonel Stacey, Mir Nasir Khan II submitted to the British Indian Empire, and [[James Outram, 1st Baronet|Major Outram]] had him installed at Kalat in 1840.<ref name="IGI279">{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_285.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 6, page 279 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library|website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

Colonel Sir [[Robert Groves Sandeman]] introduced an innovative system of tribal pacification in Balochistan that was in effect from 1877 to 1947. However the Government of British India generally opposed his methods and refused to allow it to operate in the [[Military history of the North-West Frontier|North West Frontier]]. Historians have long debated its scope and effectiveness in the peaceful spread of Imperial influence.<ref>Christian Tripodi, "'Good for one but not the other': The 'Sandeman System' of Pacification as Applied to Baluchistan and the North-West Frontier, 1877-1947." ''Journal of Military History'' 73#3 (2009): 767-802. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jmh/summary/v073/73.3.tripodi.html online]</ref>

Mir Khudadad Khan was tended to as a non-Indian prince against his will at the 1877 Durbar. But at the end of the durbar the Khan was given the honour accorded to Indian princes.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=160}} This demonstrated that while the state had been treated as a non-Indian state in the beginning of the durbar, the British Government accepted it as an Indian state at the end of the assembly.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=160-161}} After this and particularly after the 1877 establishment of the Baluchistan Agency, Kalat was regarded an Indian state.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=161}}

The British were the dominant power in Kalat, since Khudadad Khan was compelled to abdicate, and the khan's authority was restricted.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=156}} The political agent in Kalat gave allowances to Sarawan and Jhalawan's tribal chiefs{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=156-157}} and [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]] and [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] had become effectively independent of Kalat. Moreover, Kalat's Prime Minister was an Indian Government deputy who did not answer to the khan.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=157}}

In 1933 [[Ahmad of Kalat|Ahmad Yar Khan]] became the Kalat's ruler with an insecure place in the Baluch-Brahui confederacy.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=156}} To obtain complete control of Kalat, he requested the Government of India to restore his authority. While acknowledging the benefits of the British he claimed it was now time for him to take power. The Indian Government agreed but wanted to maintain power over the disbursements to the chiefs, in addition, to sanction over their authorisation and dismissal.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=157}} This did not allow Ahmad Yar Khan any real authority over the chiefs.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=157-158}}

The Khan demanded that his sovereignty be accepted over Kharan and Las Bela, his authority be completely reinvigorated in Kalat and the return of the districts of [[Nasirabad Division|Nasirabad]], [[Nushki District|Nushki]] and [[Quetta District|Quetta]]. The Indian Government knew to preserve Khan's loyalty some powers had to be given to him. While the government allowed him to control the disbursements to the chiefs,{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=158}} the Khan could not make significant decisions about them unless the AGG agreed. Despite the disadvantages, the Khan obtained a nominal victory by retaking authority in the state.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=159}}

After this, the Khan claimed that Kalat was a non-Indian state and requested the Government of India to accept his rule over [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]], [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]] and the [[Marri-Bugti Country|Bugti and Marri tribal regions]]. The Government of India concluded after a careful investigation that Kalat had always been an Indian state.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=159}} Since the Government policy was to not allow the breakup of the confederacy it accepted that Las Bela and Kharan were under the formal suzerainty of Kalat;{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=159}} simultaneously recognizing Kharan's status as a separate state.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=193}} The extent of this "suzerainty" was never explained although the Khan saw it as a triumph.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=164}}

===Pakistan Movement===
Scholar Ian Talbot states that the British Baluchistan was socially and economically underdeveloped compared to other parts of British India with an extremely low literacy rate and a mainly rural population. The province was also politically backward. During British rule Baluchistan Agency which excluded Princely States was under the rule of a Chief Commissioner and did not have the same status as other provinces of British India. Yet it was an important province for the All-India Muslim League which, under [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], proposed in 1928 that democratic reforms be introduced to Baluchistan.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=117}}

The people of province began to organise politically in the 1930s. In 1932, Yusuf Ali Khan Magsi held the First All-India Baloch Conference in [[Jacobabad]]. His party, the ''Anjuman-i-Ittehad-i-Baluchen'', was succeeded by the Kalat State National Party, which in turn cooperated with the [[Indian National Congress]] branch in Baluchistan, known as the ''Anjuman-i-Watan''. In 1939 a local lawyer, Qazi Muhammad Isa, created the Balochistan Muslim League in Pishin at a mosque meeting.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=117}} The Muslim League, however, would not accept this organisation without a proper constitution. After the [[Pakistan Resolution]], Qazi Isa gained membership of the All-India Muslim League Working Committee. In July 1940, with Liaquat Ali Khan as President, the Baluchistan Provincial Muslim League held its first session, where it highlighted its call for the introduction of political reforms to Baluchistan.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=118}}

It was only a couple of years later that the mainly inactive Baluchistan Muslim League held its second session. In 1943, the League's activity saw a brief revival with the visit of Jinnah to the province. A crowd, estimated to number at 50,000, attended to give him a "royal" reception. Many Nawabs and tribal leaders attended his address to the Baluchistan League and he was eventually invited as a guest of the Khan of Kalat. As a result of Jinnah's visit, the Muslim Students Federation was formed. Later, the Baluchistan League returned to idleness and internal bickering.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=118}}

However, after the [[Simla Conference]], the Muslim League intensified its activism.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=119}} Provincial opinion was mainly in favour of the Pakistan Movement, especially in the townships.<ref name=Chawla/> Muslim League rallies in Baluchistan were attended by a "much larger" number of people than the Anjuman-i-Watan rallies. Jinnah, in his second visit to Baluchistan in late 1945, again reiterated his call that the province be granted political reforms. The Muslim League held several rallies and counteracted the Congress propaganda. On 29 January 1947, a call for a strike in response to the arrest of the Muslim League leaders received an "almost complete" response in Quetta.{{sfn|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988|pp=119}}

In British-ruled Colonial India, Baluchistan contained a [[Balochistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|Chief Commissioner's province]] and [[princely state]]s (including [[Kalat (princely state)|Kalat]], [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]] and [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]]) that became a part of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hasnat |first=Syed Farooq |year=2011 |title=Global Security Watch–Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiELa2EoA04C |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0-313-34697-2}}</ref> The province's Shahi Jirga and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality, according to the Pakistani narrative, agreed to join Pakistan unanimously on 29 June 1947;<ref name="CheemaRiemer1990">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947-58|author1=Pervaiz I Cheema|author2=Manuel Riemer|date=22 August 1990|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-20942-2|pages=60–}}</ref> however, the Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote.<ref name="rafisheikh"/> The then president of the Baluchistan Muslim League, Qazi Muhammad Isa, informed Muhammad Ali Jinnah that "Shahi Jirga in no way represents the popular wishes of the masses" and that members of the Kalat State were "excluded from voting; only representatives from the British part of the province voted and the British part included the leased areas of Quetta, Nasirabad Tehsil, Nushki and Bolan Agency."<ref name="rafisheikh"/> Following the referendum, the Khan of Kalat, on 22 June 1947, received a letter from members of the Shahi Jirga, as well as sardars from the leased areas of Baluchistan, stating that they, "as a part of the Baloch nation, were a part of the Kalat state too" and that if the question of Baluchistan's accession to Pakistan arise, "they should be deemed part of the Kalat state rather than (British) Balochistan".<ref name="rafisheikh"/> This has brought into question whether an actual vote took place in the town hall "and that the announcement in favour of accession was secured through sheer manipulation."<ref name="rafisheikh"/> Political scientist Salman Rafi Sheikh, in locating the origins of the [[insurgency in Balochistan]], says "that Balochistan's accession to Pakistan was, as against the officially projected narrative, not based upon consensus, nor was support for Pakistan overwhelming. What this manipulation indicates is that even before formally becoming a part of Pakistan, Balochistan had fallen a prey to political victimization."<ref name="rafisheikh">{{cite book |last1=Sheikh |first1=Salman Rafi |title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977 |date=2018 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-02068-8}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], knowing that union with India would be unrealistic due to demographic and geographic reasons, propagated the notion that Pakistan would be too economically weak.<ref name=Chawla>{{cite journal|last1=Chawla|first1=Iqbal|title=Prelude to the Accession of the Kalat State to Pakistan in 1948: An Appraisal|url=https://www.academia.edu/13372388|journal=Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan|volume=49|pages=81–106}}</ref> Jinnah requested that the general population should be allowed to vote instead of the limited electorate of the Shahi Jirga. But the British refused the request.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers. Pakistan in the Making, 3 June-30 June 1947. First Series. Vol. II by Z. H. Zaidi- Book Review |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=6 |issue=3 |date=November 1996 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300008038 |pages=443}}</ref>

Ahmed Yar Khan who was the ruler of Kalat both supported the establishment of Pakistan and wanted to become independent.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=164}} The first test of what the Khan asserted was Jinnah's support came about in the wake of his demand that the Government of India return the leased territories.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=165}} Neither Mountbatten nor Pakistan favoured this retrocession.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=165}}

According to the Indian Government, Kalat had been an Indian and not independent state. Thus, the 3 June plan required that it choose either accession to India or Pakistan.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=159}} Kalat argued that it had possessed a sovereign status rather than the status of an Indian state. The topic of discussion moved to Pakistan’s rejection of Kalat’s claims over the leased areas. Pakistan argued that it was the heir to India’s agreements with Indian states, while Kalat argued that the treaty explicitly limited the party to the British Government. Kalat and Pakistan also disputed over whether the agreements over the leased areas were personal to Kalat and the British Government. Mountbatten also claimed that [[International law]] dictated that such treaties were inherited upon a transfer of power. He also brought up the option of referring the dispute to an Arbitral Tribunal in case a resolution could not be reached.<ref name=Chawla/> Moreover, even [[Ahmed Yar Khan]] also accepted Pakistan as a legal, constitutional and political successor of the British in negotiation held in September 1947. The British Foreign Office and Political Department had also declared Pakistan to be the heir to the leases.{{sfn|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012|p=59}}

Ahmad Yar Khan's choice was to either accept that Kalat was an Indian state and regain the leased territories or persist claiming that it was non-Indian and lose the leased areas.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=166}}

Ahmad Yar Khan had insisted on the non-Indian status so that he could avoid India's political and constitutional evolution. But Pakistan used that same argument to keep control over the leased areas. Talks between Kalat and Pakistan started in September 1947. The negotiations showed that while Pakistan had accepted Kalat's claim of holding a non-Indian status, it still wanted accession on the same lines as the other states.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=170}} The negotiation also declared Pakistan as legal, constitutional and political successor of British. Through these negotiations, the [[British Paramountcy]] was effectively transferred to Pakistan.{{sfn|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012|p=59}} Why Ahmad Yar Khan would agree to this at that time is unclear but according to Nawabzada Aslam Khan the Khan would accede because "if he did not, his sardars would turn him out, as they were determined to join Pakistan anyhow and were only waiting to be assured of their own rights."{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=170-171}}

Feeling that Khan did not want to accede explicitly, Jinnah invited him in October to convince him. Ahmad Yar Khan took this as an opportunity to convince Jinnah for a treaty which would allow Pakistan's government equal control over Kalat but without a full accession. Jinnah was unprepared for this and asked for an Instrument of Accession.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=171}} The Khan asked for more time by citing his state's unique nature and his intent to consult his parliament.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=171-172}} Although he was theoretically correct on Kalat's confederal system, by consulting the state's chiefs he paved the path for the Pakistani Government to deal directly with the chiefs.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=172}}

In acceptance of the decision of the Indian government the Pakistani government regarded Las Bela and Kharan as being a part of the Baluch-Brahui confederacy led by Kalat's ruler.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=183-184}} While Kalat and Pakistan held talks, the rulers of Kharan and Las Bela endeavored to get the Pakistani government to recognise their separateness from Kalat. Kharan's chief, knowing the difficulties around Kalat's accession, tried to accede to Pakistan in November. The Jam of Las Bela wrote similarly. But the Pakistani government ignored their enthusiasm while discussions about accession were being held with Kalat.{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=185}}

Kalat's feudatory states, Las Bela and Kharan, and its district of Makran, requested Pakistan to be allowed to accede separately, stating that "if Pakistan was not prepared to accept their offers of accession immediately, they would be compelled to take other steps for their protection against Khan of Kalat."{{sfn|Baloch, The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan"|1987|pp=186}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Prakash K. Singh |title=Encyclopaedia On Jinnah (Set Of 5 Vols.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbwVAQAAMAAJ |date=2009 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-261-3779-4}}</ref> Pakistani civil servants recognised their claims of independence from Kalat and allowed them to accede to Pakistan separately on 17 March 1948.<ref name="Bangash p.82">{{harvnb|Bangash, Constitutional integration of the princely states|2015|p=82}}</ref><ref name=Saiyid>{{Cite journal |last=Saiyid |first=Dushka |date=2006 |title=The Accession of Kalat: Myth and Reality |journal=Strategic Studies |volume=26 }}</ref> Using the ambiguity of Kalat's suzerainty over Kharan and Las Bela to allow the separate accessions,{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=193}} the Pakistani government asserted that the nature of the Kalat confederation was such that each chief could choose to secede from it and voluntarily join Pakistan. The British High Commission opined that the Khan would be left without any territory if he delayed. The Commonwealth Relations Office noted "There are a number of Kalat sardars in Karachi offering their accession to Pakistan, and Pakistan Government may repeat procedure followed in case of Mekran and accept these offers, leaving the Khan practically without territory."{{sfn|Bangash|2015|p=187}}

Consequently, Kalat came into conflict with Makran, ruled by Nawab Bai Khan Gichki who had opted to join Pakistan. The Khan of Kalat then stopped carrying out his obligation to provide the Makran Levy Corps with food supplies.{{sfn|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008|p=243}} With starvation imminent, Sir Ambrose Dundas requested Pakistan to provide food supplies, send reinforcements for the Makran Levy Corps and assume administration over Makran. However, the Khan of Kalat decided to accede even before the proposed Pakistani action in Makran was implemented.{{sfn|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008|pp=243, 258, 276}}{{sfn|Khanam, An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States|2016}}<ref name=Alvi>{{cite journal |last1=Alvi |first1=Najib |date=2015 |title=Enigmas of Baluchistan from non-provincial to provincial status reaction and response of Baloch nationalists 1947-1970 |url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF-FILES/11-Najib_V28_no2.pdf |journal=Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |page=147}}</ref> The accessions of Las Bela, Kharan and Makran to Pakistan had left Kalat geographically landlocked with no sea access. The pressure intensified when, on 27 March 1948, the All India Radio announced that the Khan of Kalat had offered accession to India. Hearing this radio announcement became the reason for the Khan's decision to accede to Pakistan on that same day.<ref name="Bangash p.82"/><ref name=Chawla/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_9tAAAAMAAJ |title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: The States : historical and policy perspectives and accession to Pakistan |author1=Z. H. Zaidi |author2=Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project |publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan |year=1993 |isbn=978-969-8156-13-8 |page=191}}</ref><ref name=Saiyid/><ref name=Alvi/> The Khan asserted that he had made the decision to sign the instrument of accession because he believed that Pakistan was facing an existential threat.{{sfn|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008|p=233}}

===Insurgency in Balochistan===
==== First conflict ====
The signing of the Instrument of Accession by the Khan of Kalat, led his brother, Prince Abdul Karim, to revolt against his brother's decision<ref name="Qaiser Butt">{{cite news |author=Qaiser Butt |title=Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/538820/princely-liaisons-the-khan-family-controls-politics-in-kalat/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |date=22 April 2013}}</ref> in July 1948.{{sfn|Bangash, Constitutional integration of the princely states|2015|p=82}} Prince Abdul Karim took refuge in Afghanistan to wage an unconventional attacks against Pakistan. However, he ultimately surrendered to Pakistan in 1950.<ref>{{cite web|author=Qaiser Butt|title=Balochistan Princely Liaisons: The Khan family controls politics in Kalat|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/538820/princely-liaisons-the-khan-family-controls-politics-in-kalat/|quote=Prince Agha Abdul Karim Baloch, father of Irfan Karim and younger brother of Khan-e-Kalat Mir Ahmed Yar Khan, had revolted against his brother’s decision of accession of Kalat State to Pakistan at the request of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1948. Abdul Karim took refuge in Afghanistan to wage an armed resistance against Pakistan. However, he ultimately surrendered to Pakistan in 1950|work=The Express Tribune|date=22 April 2013}}</ref> The Prince fought a lone battle without support from the rest of Balochistan.{{sfn|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012|p=71}} Jinnah and his successors allowed Yar Khan to retain his title until the province's dissolution in 1955.

====Second conflict====
Nawab [[Nauroz Khan]], Chief of [[Jhalawan]] took up arms in resistance to the [[One Unit]] policy, which decreased government representation for tribal leaders, from 1958 to 1959. He and his followers started a guerrilla war against Pakistan, and were arrested, charged with treason, and imprisoned in [[Hyderabad, |Hyderabad]]. Five of his family members, sons and nephews, were subsequently hanged on charges of treason and aiding in the murder of Pakistani troops. Nawab Nauroz Khan later died in captivity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Selig S. |title=In Afghanistan's shadow: Baluch nationalism and Soviet temptations |url=https://archive.org/details/inafghanistanssh0000harr |url-access=registration |year=1981 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |isbn=978-0-87003-029-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/inafghanistanssh0000harr/page/27 27–28]}}</ref>

====Third conflict====
After the second conflict, a Baloch separatist movement gained momentum in the 1960s, following the introduction of a new [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|constitution in 1956]] which limited provincial autonomy and enacted the '[[One Unit]]' concept of political organisation in Pakistan. Tension continued to grow amid consistent political disorder and instability at the federal level. The federal government tasked the Pakistan Army with building several new bases in key areas of Balochistan. Sher Muhammad Bijrani Marri led like-minded militants into guerrilla warfare from 1963 to 1969 by creating their own insurgent bases, spread out over {{convert|45000|mi|km}} of land, from the [[Mengal]] tribal area in the south to the [[Marri-Bugti Country|Marri]] and [[Bugti]] tribal areas in the north. Their goal was to force Pakistan to share revenue generated from the [[Sui gas fields]] with the tribal leaders. The insurgents bombed railway tracks and ambushed convoys. The Army retaliated by destroying vast areas of the Marri tribe's land. This insurgency ended in 1969, with the Baloch separatists agreeing to a ceasefire. In 1970 Pakistani President [[Yahya Khan]] abolished the "One Unit" policy,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/pakistan-worsening-conflict-balochistan |title=Pakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |chapter=Asia Report No. 119 |page=4 |date=14 September 2006}}</ref> which led to the recognition of Balochistan as the fourth province of West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan), including all the Balochistani princely states, the High Commissioners Province, and [[Gwadar]], an 800 km2 coastal area purchased from Oman by the Pakistani government.

====Fourth conflict 1973–77====
{{further|Baloch Insurgency and Rahimuddin's Stabilization}}
The unrest continued into the 1970s, culminating in a government-ordered [[Baloch insurgency and Rahimuddin's stabilisation|military operation]] in the region in 1973.

In 1973, citing treason, President Bhutto dismissed the provincial governments of Balochistan and NWFP and imposed martial law in those areas,<ref>{{cite book |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |title=The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wd18IgAACAAJ |year=2007|isbn=9780521051842 }}</ref> which led to armed insurgency. [[Mir Hazar Khan Ramkhani]] formed the [[Balochistan People's Liberation Front]] (BPLF), which led large numbers of Marri and Mengal tribesmen into guerrilla warfare against the central government<ref>{{cite book |last=Abbas |first=Hassan |title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror |url=https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass |url-access=registration |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pakistansdriftin00hass/page/79 79] |isbn=0-7656-1496-0}}</ref> According to some authors, the Pakistani military lost around 3,300 men during the conflict with the Baloch separatists, while between 7,300 and 9,000 Baloch militants and civilians were killed.<ref name=p>{{cite web |title=Minor Atrocities of the Twentieth Century |publisher = Users.erols.com |url=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat6.htm |access-date=14 October 2014}}</ref>

Assisted by Iran, Pakistani forces inflicted heavy casualties on the separatists. The insurgency fell into decline after a return to the four-province structure and the abolishment of the Sardari system.

====Fifth conflict 2004–to date====
{{see also|Turbat killings}}
In 2004 an insurgent attack on [[Gwadar port]] resulting in the deaths of three Chinese engineers and four wounded drew [[China]] into the conflict.<ref name=a>{{cite web |first=Muhammad |last=Tahir |title=Tribes and Rebels: The Players in the Balochistan Insurgency |publisher=Jamestown |date=3 April 2008 |url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4830&no_cache=1#.VnssNfFRZ2I |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216144543/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews |archive-date=16 December 2014 }}</ref> In 2005, the Baluch political leaders [[Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti]] and [[Mir Balach Marri]] presented a 15-point agenda to the Pakistan government. Their stated demands included greater control of the province's resources and a moratorium on the construction of military bases.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/world/asia/02pakistan.html |title=In Remote Pakistan Province, a Civil War Festers |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2 April 2006}}</ref> On 15 December 2005 the inspector general of the [[Frontier Corps]], Major General Shujaat Zamir Dar, and his deputy Brigadier Salim Nawaz (the current IGFC) were wounded after shots were fired at their helicopter in Balochistan Province. The provincial interior secretary later said that, after visiting [[Kohlu]], "both of them were wounded in the leg but both are in stable condition."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4531546.stm |title=Pakistan general hurt in attack |publisher=BBC News |date=15 December 2005}}</ref>

In August 2006, Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, 79 years old, was killed in fighting with the Pakistan Army, in which at least 60 Pakistani soldiers and 7 officers were also killed. Pakistan's government had charged him with responsibility of a series of deadly bomb blasts and a rocket attack on President Pervez Musharraf.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/28/world/asia/28pakistan.html |title=Tribal Leader's Killing Incites Riots in Pakistan |work=The New York Times |date=28 August 2006}}</ref>

A 2006 cable from the American Embassy in Islamabad leaked by Wikileaks noted that "there seems to be little support in the province, beyond the Bugti tribe, for the current insurgency."<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/Pakistan%27s%20Baloch%20Insurgency.pdf |title=Pakistan's Baloch Insurgency: History, Conflict Drivers, and Regional Implications |journal=International Affairs Review |year=2012 |volume=20 |issue=3 |last1=Kupecz |first1=Mickey |pages=96–97 |access-date=2018-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701152435/http://www.iar-gwu.org/sites/default/files/articlepdfs/Pakistan%27s%20Baloch%20Insurgency.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In April 2009, [[Baloch National Movement]] president [[Ghulam Mohammed Baloch]] and two other nationalist leaders (Lala Munir and Sher Muhammad) were seized from a small legal office and were allegedly "handcuffed, blindfolded and hustled into a waiting pickup truck which is in still [sic] use of intelligence forces in front of their lawyer and neighboring shopkeepers." The gunmen were allegedly speaking in Persian (a national language of neighbouring Afghanistan and Iran). Five days later, on 8 April, their bullet-riddled bodies were found in a commercial area. The BLA claimed Pakistani forces were behind the killings, though international experts have deemed it odd that the Pakistani forces would be careless enough to allow the bodies to be found so easily and "light Balochistan on fire" (Herald) if they were truly responsible.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/world/asia/12baluchistan.html?ref=world |title=Another Insurgency Gains in Pakistan |author=Carlotta Gall |date=11 July 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> The discovery of the bodies sparked rioting and weeks of strikes, demonstrations, and civil resistance in cities and towns around Balochistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7991385.stm |title=Riots as Baloch chiefs found dead |publisher=BBC News |date=9 April 2009}}</ref>

Reason for joining the separatist groups vary as some join them because of allure of power and excitement, a desire to honor their centuries-old tribal codes, gaining recognition for their region's distinct ethnicity or because of belief in hardline communism. Some even join the separatist group because their tribal leader told them to.<ref name="nbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/former-balochistan-militants-recount-path-war-pakistan-n417036|title=Ex-Balochistan Militants Recount Paths to War With Pakistan|last=Khan|first=Wajahat S.|date=30 August 2015|website=NBC News|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref>

On 12 August 2009, [[Khan of Kalat]] [[Suleman Dawood Khan|Mir Suleiman Dawood]] declared himself ruler of Balochistan and formally announced a Council for Independent Balochistan. The council's claimed domain includes [[Sistan and Baluchestan Province]], as well as Pakistani Balochistan, but does not include Afghan Baloch regions. The council claimed the allegiance of "all separatist leaders including Nawabzada Brahumdagh Bugti." Suleiman Dawood stated that the UK had a "moral responsibility to raise the issue of Balochistan's illegal occupation at international level."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nation.com.pk/Politics/12-Aug-2009/Council-of-Independent-Balochistan-announced |title='Council of Independent Balochistan' announced |newspaper=The Nation |date=21 August 2009}}</ref>

Human right groups have accused Baloch separatist groups of being involved in grave human rights violations. Separatist groups such as the [[Balochistan Liberation Army]] have been involved in attacks on schools, teachers and students in the province.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/13/their-future-stake/attacks-teachers-and-schools-pakistans-balochistan-province|title="Their Future is at Stake" {{!}} Attacks on Teachers and Schools in Pakistan's Balochistan Province|last1=Sheppard|first1=Bede|last2=Coursen-Neff|first2=Zama|date=13 December 2010|website=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref> Baloch separatists have also accused these groups of being involved in widespread crimes such as rape against Baloch women. One Baloch separatist claims that what started as an idealistic political fight for his people's rights has turned into gangs [[extortion|extorting]], kidnapping and even raping locals.<ref name="nbc"/>

A survey in 2009 by PEW found that 58% of respondents in Balochistan chose "Pakistani" as their primary mode of identification, 32% chose their ethnicity and 10% chose both equally.<ref name="PEW">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/08/13/chapter-2-religion-law-and-society/ |title=Pakistani Public Opinion – Chapter 2. Religion, Law, and Society |work=Pew Research Center |date=13 August 2009}}</ref> A [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] survey conducted in 2012 revealed that the majority of Baloch (67%) do not support independence from Pakistan. Only 33 percent of Baloch were in favour of independence. However, 67 percent of the people of Balochistan supported greater provincial autonomy.<ref>{{cite news |title=37pc Baloch favour independence: UK survey |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/624446-37pc-baloch-favour-independence-uk-survey |work=The News International |date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072843/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/624446-37pc-baloch-favour-independence-uk-survey |archive-date=15 February 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Balochistan conflict]]
*[[Paratarajas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Martin |last=Axmann |title=Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism, 1915-1955 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ngMAQAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547645-3 |ref={{sfnref|Axmann, Back to the Future|2008}}}}
* {{cite book |first=I. |last=Baloch |title=The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan": A Study of Baluch Nationalism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox0NAAAAIAAJ |year=1987 |publisher=Coronet Books |isbn=978-3-515-04999-3 |ref={{sfnref|Baloch, The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan"|1987}}}}
* {{citation |first=Yaqoob Khan |last=Bangash |chapter=Constitutional integration of the princely states of Pakistan |title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security |publisher=Routledge |editor1=Roger D. Long |editor2=Ian Talbot |editor3=Gurharpal Singh |editor4=Yunas Samad |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-317-44820-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |ref={{sfnref|Bangash, Constitutional integration of the princely states|2015}}}}
*{{citation|first=Yaqoob Khan|last=Bangash|title=A Princely Affair: The Accession and Integration of the Princely States of Pakistan, 1947-1955|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199066490}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Khanam |first1=Attiya |date=January–June 2016 |title=An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States |journal=Journal of Historical Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=97–98 |url=https://www.bzu.edu.pk/jhs/vol2-1/4.%20Accession%20of%20Princely.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Khanam, An Historical Overview of the Accession of Princely States|2016}} |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916190905/https://www.bzu.edu.pk/jhs/vol2-1/4.%20Accession%20of%20Princely.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kosmin |first1=Paul J. |author-link=Paul J. Kosmin |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ |publisher=Harvard University Press |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0}}
* {{citation |first=Beatrice |last=Nicolini |title=Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799-1856 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&pg=PA16 |date=2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-13780-7 |ref={{sfnref|Nicolini, Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar|2004}}}}
* {{cite book |first=Farhan Hanif |last=Siddiqi |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-33697-3 |ref={{sfnref|Siddiqi, The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan|2012}}}}
* {{citation |first=Ian |last=Talbot |title=Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement: The Growth of Muslim League in North-West and North-East India, 1937-1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-19-577387-3 |pages=117–119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oQeAAAAMAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Talbot, Provincial Politics and the Pakistan Movement|1988}}}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150614012814/http://balochistanarchives.gob.pk/ Balochistan Archives- Preserving Our Past]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/miscellaneous/story/2005/01/050121_who_r_baloch_asif.shtml BBC Urdu - History of Balochistan]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051123090201/http://www.bdd.sdnpk.org/map%20of%20balochistan.html Balochistan District Maps, information and Background]
*[http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/35.htm Country studies by the U.S. State Department]
*[http://www.ishraqi.com/betav1/ancient-baluchistan-exploring-the-past/ Ancient Baluchistan – Exploring the Past] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419112804/http://www.ishraqi.com/betav1/ancient-baluchistan-exploring-the-past/ |date=19 April 2016 }}
*[http://www.thenews.com.pk/print1.asp?id=101617 Great game being played again - The News Pakistan]
*[http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2012/01/2012121372863878.html ''Balochistan: Pakistan's other war''] - documentary on Al Jazeera English, January 2012 (video, 47 mins)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032403/http://www.uob.edu.pk/journals/TREATY%20OF%20KALAT%201758%20BETWEEN%20QANDHAR%20AND%20KALAT%20AND%20ITS%20IMPACTS.pdf Treaty of Kalat 1758 between Qandahar and Kalat and its impacts]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081211140816/http://home.comcast.net/~pankajtandon/galleries-parata-rajas.html The Coin Galleries: Pāratarājas]

{{Balochistan, Pakistan topics}}
{{History of Pakistan by province}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Balochistan}}
[[Category:History of Balochistan| ]]
[[Category:History of administrative units of Pakistan]]

Udupi Sri Krishna Matha

2026-03-04T13:06:01Z

KraigYee56:

{{Short description|Hindu temple}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shri Krishna Temple Udupi
| native_name = ಉಡುಪಿ ಶ್ರೀ ಕೃಷ್ಣ ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ
| image = Udupi Sri Krishna Matha Temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Krishna Temple, Udupi
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_caption = Location in Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|13|19|56|N|74|44|46|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district =
| location = [[Udupi]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Krishna]]
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Kerala architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 13th century CE
| creator =
| website =
}}
{{DvaitaInfobox}}
[[File:Shri Udupi Krishna Temple's Madhwa Sarovara view.jpg|thumb|Shri Udupi Krishna Temple's Madhwa Sarovara view]]
'''Udupi Shri Krishna Temple''' is a well-known historic [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to [[Krishna]] and [[Dvaita]] Matha, located in the city of [[Udupi]] in [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The Matha area resembles a living [[Ashram|ashram]], a holy place for daily devotion and living. Surrounding the Shri Krishna Temple are several temples namely the [[Udupi Anantheshwara Temple]] which is over a thousand years old.<ref>{{cite book|title=South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC&q=udupi+krishna+temple&pg=PA270|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2009|isbn = 9781741791556}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Decorated chariot, Udupi, India.jpg|thumb|[[Ratha|Chariot]] in front of the Sri Krishna Temple]]
The Krishna Matha was founded by the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavite]] saint [[Madhvacharya]] in the 13th century. He was the founder of the [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvaita]] school of Vedanta. It is believed that Madhvacharya found the [[Murti|vigraha]] of Krishna in a large ball of ''gopichandana''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fdEkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|title=Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Temple Sculptures & Dancing Apsaras: An Amalgam of Hindu Mythology, Natyasastra and Silpasastra|author=Lalit Chugh|date=23 May 2017|publisher=Notion Press|page=41|isbn=9781947137363|access-date=23 May 2017}}</ref> As told by Madhvacharya in his ''Tantrasara Sangraha'', the Vigraha was placed initially in the east direction. Due to intense devotion shown by Kanakadasa, the deity is said to have turned Pashchimabhimukha (facing west). All the other Vigrahas in other Ashta Mathas face west as well. Devotees always have darshan of Krishna through the inner window, known as the Navagraha Kindi and the outer window known as the [[Kanakana kindi|Kanakana Kindi]], which is decorated by an arch named after the saint Kanakadasa. A statue has also been erected. A similar window covers the immediate front of the Vigraha and is called Navagraha Kindi. It is often mistaken to be the Kanakana Kindi.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Prehistory of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZJdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|author=Manu V. Devadevan|date = 10 October 2016|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|page=120|isbn = 9783110517378|access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref>

The temple opens at 5:30 hours IST. The unique feature of the temple is that the deity is worshipped through a silver-plated window with nine holes (Navagraha Kindi).<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State: Udupi District|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGiex76a5-kC|author=S. Anees Siraj|publisher=Government of Karnataka, Karnataka Gazetteer Department|page=999|year=2012}}</ref> The temple also offers [[prasada]] at noon and is popularly called ''Anna Brahma'' as it feeds a vast number of devotees.

==Kanakana Kindi==
[[File:KANAKANA KINDI( WINDOW).JPG|alt=Kanakana Kindi in 2012|thumb|Kanakana Kindi in 2012]]
Kanakana Kindi, or Kanaka’s Window, is a small viewing aperture to the western wall of main temple hall where the devotee can have a glimpse (''darshana'') of the central idol (''vigraha'') of Lord [[Krishna]]. The legends link this kindi to [[Kanaka Dasa|Kanakadasa]], a Haridasa saint in early modern India.

German scholar [[Hermann Mögling|Hermann Friedrich Mogling]] documented the oral traditions about Kanakadasa in the 1860s, roughly 200 years after the events. The legends at that time were slightly different from the present day legend.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.24916 |title=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |date=1860 |publisher=F. A. Brockhaus, Leipzig |pages=508}}</ref>

Kanakadasa was born Veera Nayaka an army chieftain of the Kuruba community in the Vijayanagara Kingdom. After losing a battle, Veera Nayaka became a dasa and devoted himself to singing devotional songs praising Krishna.

When Kanakadasa came to Udupi as a pilgrim, Sri [[Vadiraja Tirtha]], the chief priest of the temple, arranged a roadside hut for him behind the temple. As a non-Brahmin, Kanakadasa was not allowed to enter the temple. He spent his time in the hut playing his tambura and singing, separated from the Krishna idol by the temple wall.

According to legend recorded by Mogling, Krishna's idol turned westward in response to Kanakadasa's devotion. During an earthquake one night, a crack appeared in the shrine wall, allowing Kanakadasa to see the idol. When Vadiraja learned about this, he widened the crack into a window rather than sealing it.

In addition, Mogling narrates the story of precious stones after the earthquake event. A few precious stones from the idol's necklace began disappearing. Vadiraja investigated and questioned Kanakadasa, who explained that Krishna had given him the stones to ease his hunger. A local goldsmith confirmed buying the stones from Kanakadasa for four-and-a-half varahas.

To demonstrate Kanakadasa's divine favour, Vadiraja entered the sanctum with closed fists and asked the temple priests what he held. None could answer. When he asked Kanakadasa, the devotee sang "Eetaneega Vasudevano," and Sri Vadiraja opened his hands to reveal a Saligrama stone. Impressed by the divine favour of Veera Nayaka, Vadiraja then formally renamed Veera Nayaka as "Kanakadasa".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahiraj |first=M. |date=2018-02-20 |title=Document that ‘disproves’ common belief Kanakadasa was denied temple entry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/document-that-disproves-common-belief-that-kanakadasa-was-denied-temple-entry/article22810754.ece |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
==Krishna Matha==
The daily [[Selfless service|sevas]] (offerings to god) and administration of the Krishna Mathas is managed by the [[Ashta Mathas of Udupi|Ashta Mathas]] (eight monasteries). Each of the Ashta Mathas performs temple management activities for two years in a cyclical order. They are collectively known as the 'Ashta Mathagalu' in [[Kannada]]. Each Ashta Matha has its own deity which is called ''Pattada Devaru.''

The Krishna Matha is known for its religious customs, traditions and tenets of [[Dvaita]] or Tatvavada philosophy. It is also the center of Daasa Saahitya, a form of literature that originated in Udupi.

These eight Mathas are:

* [[Palimaru Matha]]
* [[Adamaru|Admaru Matha]]
* [[Krishnapura matha|Krishnapura Matha]]
* [[Puttige Matha|Puttige]]
* [[Shiroor Math|Shirur Matha]]
* [[Sodhe Matha]]
* [[Kaniyuru|Kaniyoor Matha]]
* [[Pejawara Matha|Pejavara]]

The expenses of Udupi Krishna Matha are borne by the voluntary contributions of the devotees and by the Ashta Mathas that manage the Krishna Matha. The contribution may be in cash or kind. The Krishna Matha, which owned large tracts of land, lost it all in 1975 due to the enactment of the Land Reforms Act 1975 by the Government of Karnataka.

The Pauli of Krishna Matha was renovated and the Brahmakalashotsava ceremony was held on 18 May 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udayavani.com/english/news/udupi-kundapur/212663/brahmakalashotva-celebrations-held-sri-krishna-mutt|title=Brahmakalashotva celebrations held at Sri Krishna Mutt|work=udayavani.com|access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref>

=== Swamis of the Ashta Mathas ===
The Swamis of the [[Ashta Mathas of Udupi|Ashta Mathas]] and their successors are as follows.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Matha]]
! Current Swaameejee
! Successor or Junior
|-
| [[Pejawara Matha|Pejavara]]
| Shri Vishvaprasanna Teertha Swamiji
|
|-
| [[Palimar]]u
| Shri Vidyadeesha Teertha Swamiji
| Shri Vidyarajeshwara Teertha Swamiji
|-
| [[Adamaru]]
| Shri Vishvapriya Teertha Swamiji
| Shri Eeshapriya Teertha Swamiji
|-
| [[Puttige Matha|Puttige]]
| Shri Sugunendra Teertha Swamiji
| Shri Sushreendra Teertha Swamiji
|-
| [[Sodhe]]
| Shri Vishwavallabha Teertha Swamiji
|
|-
| [[Kaniyooru]]
| Shri Vidyavallabha Teertha Swamiji
|
|-
| [[Shiroor Math|Shirur]]
| Shri Vedavardhana Teertha Swamiji
|
|-
| [[Krishnapura matha|Krishnapura]]
| Shri Vidyasagara Teertha Swamiji
|
|}

==Festivals==
[[File:Udupi Sri Krishna Matha during Paryaya festival.jpg|thumb|Sri Krishna Matha during Paryaya festival January 2022]]During the [[Paryaya]] festival, held once every two years, the temple management is handed over to the next [[Ashta Mathas of Udupi|Ashta Matha]], which has been entrusted the responsibility of running the temple turn by turn. Each of the Mathas is headed by a [[swami]], who will be in charge of the temple during his Paryaya. The Paryaya is held on even years The Paryaya tradition has completed 500 years as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2021-01-18|title=CM to inaugurate new free darshan pathway in Udupi temple.|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/cm-to-inaugurate-new-free-darshan-pathway-in-udupi-temple-today/article33595827.ece|access-date=2021-01-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Presently, [[Puttige Matha]] is administering the temple with Junior Pontiff Shri Sushreendra Teertha Swamiji ascending the post of Sarvajna or Paryaya Peetha. Festivals like [[Makar Sankranti|Makara Sankranthi]], [[Ratha Saptami|Ratha Sapthami]], Madhva Navami, [[Hanuman Jayanti|Hanuman Jayanthi]], Sri Krishna [[Janmashtami]], Navarathi Mahotsava, Madhva Jayanti, [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya Dashami]], [[Naraka Chaturdashi|Naraka Chathurdashi]], [[Deepavali]], and Geetha Jayanthi are celebrated by Paryaya Mutt every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.com/udupi/sri-krishna-matha/|title=Udupi Sri Krishna Matha|work=karnataka.com|access-date=27 May 2017}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>

Image:Udupi Sri Krishna Matha during Paryaya festival.jpg|Sri Krishna Matha during Paryaya festival January 2022
Image:Udupi Sri Krishna Matha during Paryaya festival 03.jpg
Image:Udupi Sri Krishna Matha Temple.jpg|Temple painted in yellow-red
Image:Brahma ratha of Udupi Krishna.jpg|Brahma ratha of Udupi Krishna
Image:Goshala at Udupi Sri Krishna Temple.jpg|Goshala at Udupi Sri Krishna Temple
Image:The Chariot at Udupi Sri Krishna Temple.jpg|The Chariot at Udupi Sri Krishna Temple
Image:GoldenChariotUdupi.JPG|Golden Chariot of Udupi Sri Krishna Temple
Image:Navarathna_Ratha_Base_at_Udipi_IMG_20151212_144213512.jpg|Base of Navarathna Chariot
Image:Udupi Sri krishna matha Temple pond.jpg|Udupi Sri krishna Temple pond
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Udupi Krishna Temple}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190722032437/https://www.udupipages.com/temples/sri-krishna-temple-udupi.php Sri Krishna Temple, Udupi]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20181003061855/http://www.udupipages.com/temples/index.php Temples in Udupi]}}
*[http://shivallibrahmins.com/photo-gallery/?album=UdupiKrishna Udupi Shri Krishna photos]
*[http://www.udupirounds.com/udupi-krishna-temple.php Udupi Shri Krishna Temple and related information guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522212453/http://www.udupirounds.com/udupi-krishna-temple.php |date=22 May 2011 }}

{{Vishnu temples}}
{{Holy temples of coastal Karnataka}}
{{Krishna}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}

[[Category:Krishna temples]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Udupi district]]
[[Category:Madhva mathas]]
[[Category:Haridasa]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]
[[Category:State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]]

Teri Baahon Mein

2026-03-03T23:57:35Z

KraigYee56: Creating Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teri Baahon Mein
| image = Teri_Bahon_Mein_(1984_film_poster).jpg

| alt =
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Umesh Mehra]]
| producer = [[Pramod Pedder]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = [[The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)|The Blue Lagoon]] 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mohnish Bahl]] [[Ayesha Dutt]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1984|06|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Teri Baahon Mein''''' (English: In Your Arms) is a 1984 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] film directed by [[Umesh Mehra]] and produced by Pramod Poddar, starring [[Mohnish Bahl]], [[Ayesha Dutt]] in the lead roles, with [[Navin Nischol]], [[Parikshit Sahni]], [[Prem Chopra]] in addition to [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Parveen Babi]] in special appearances. The film is a remake of the 1980 American film [[The Blue Lagoon (1980 film)|''The Blue Lagoon'']].<ref>{{Cite journal|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19841215-amitabh-bachchan-quits-films-to-join-politics-who-will-replace-him-as-number-one-star-803472-1984-12-15|title = After Amitabh who?|last = Kapoor|first = Coomi|author-link=Coomi Kapoor|date = 15 December 1984|journal = India Today|access-date = 14 November 2014}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around Manu and Kanchi. As kids, they travel with her parents Balram Singh and his wife, travel through the sea, and their ship is stranded on an island due to heavy storm. The parents die, and the kids are left to survive on the island by themselves. They are later accompanied by an ape Kalu, who becomes their pet. They have to survive harsh climate, and the cannibal people on the island.

After 20 years of searching accompanied by his younger brother, Ajit Singh, Manu's father succeeds in finding them on the island. Ajit tries to kill his brother but in turn Manu kills him and gets wounded. Manu and Kanchi don't survive the attack and die. Manu's father takes their child back with him to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Teri-Baahon-Mein-Bollywood-Vinyl-Lp-Record-OST-CBS-Music-By-Bappi-Lahiri-l791-/360875638009?pt=Music_on_Vinyl&hash=item5405dd3cf9|title=Teri Bahon Mein Vinyl LP Records|publisher=ebay|access-date=2014-03-22}}</ref>

==Cast==

*[[Mohnish Bahl]] as Manu
*[[Ayesha Dutt]] as Kanchi
*[[Navin Nischol]] as Balram Singh
*[[Parikshat Sahni]] as Thakur Vikram Singh
*[[Prem Chopra]] as Ajit Singh
*[[Neelam Mehra]] as Pammi
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Dancer (Guest appearance)
*[[Parveen Babi]] as Dancer (Guest appearance)

==Soundtrack==
The music composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]] and lyrics by [[Amit Khanna]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Teri Bahon Mein Vinyl LP Records|url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Teri-Baahon-Mein-Bollywood-Vinyl-Lp-Record-OST-CBS-Music-By-Bappi-Lahiri-l791/360875638009?_trksid=p2050601.c100085.m2372&_trkparms=aid%3D111001%26algo%3DREC.SEED%26ao%3D1%26asc%3D20140211132617%26meid%3D5732552299067732805%26pid%3D100085%26prg%3D20140211132617%26rk%3D3%26rkt%3D4%26sd%3D321343960332%26clkid%3D5732564848867445954&_qi=RTM1562571|publisher=ebay|access-date=2014-03-25}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Teri Baahon Mein
| type = film
| artist = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:48
| label = CBS Gramaphone Records & Tapes
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Kitne Phool Kitne Ped"
| [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Money Money Money"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Deewani Deewana"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Bolo Ji Bolo"
| S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|-
| "ABCDEFG"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Sharon Prabhakar]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0240082|title=Teri Baahon Mein}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:Films set on uninhabited islands]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Umesh Mehra]]
[[Category:1980s adventure drama films]]
[[Category:1984 romantic drama films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Shatranj (1993 film)

2026-03-03T23:44:01Z

KraigYee56: small enhance intro for accuracy and added references after review

{{redirect|Shatranj (film)|the 1969 film|Shatranj (1969 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shatranj
| native_name = शतरंज
| image = Shatranj (1993 film).JPG
| caption =
| director = [[Aziz Sejawal]]
| producer = Arun S Thakur
| studio=Abhishek films
| writer =Kader Khan (Dialogues)
| screenplay =Sanjeev Duggal Yunus Sejawal
| story =Sanjeev Duggal
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mithun Chakraborty]]|[[Jackie Shroff]]|[[Juhi Chawla]]|[[Divya Bharti]]|[[Kader Khan]]}}
| music = [[Anand–Milind]] [[Sameer Anjaan]] (lyrics)
| editing =Gurudutt Shirali Waman Bhonsle
| cinematography =S. Pappu
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|12|17}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
|gross =
}}

'''''Shatranj''''' ({{translation|Chess}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[Drama Film|drama film]] directed by [[Aziz Sejawal]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|title=Shatranj Cast List {{!}} Shatranj Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=17 December 1993 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shatranj-2/cast/|access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref> starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Divya Bharti]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shatranj (1993) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/shatranj-7540|access-date=2022-02-26|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The movie marks Bharti's last film appearance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Shatranj 1993 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts – KS Box Office|date=2 June 2020 |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/shatranj-1993-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/|access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref> Kader Khan's son [[Sarfaraz Khan (actor)|Sarfaraz Khan]] appeared as the younger version of his character. Shatranj was hit at the box office.

==Plot==
''Shatranj'' is the story of three brothers Dharamraj ([[Kader Khan]]), Dinky ([[Mithun Chakraborty]]) and Dino ([[Jackie Shroff]]). Dharamraj runs a garage with his two younger brothers and has remained a bachelor all his life as he hates women. He also forbids his brothers from falling in love and getting married. Tension between the brothers arises when Dinky and Dino meet and fall in love with Radha ([[Juhi Chawla]]) and Renu ([[Divya Bharti]]). After Dharamraj stops them from marrying Renu and Radha, the brothers leave home. They soon discover the real reason Dharamraj hates women. They are actually the real heirs of a wealthy business empire that was run by their father ([[Vikas Anand]]) before his death. Their father had remarried after their mother's death and their stepmother ([[Usha Nadkarni]]) ill-treated them. They also have a stepbrother Robin ([[Shakti Kapoor]]). This was the reason why Dharamraj left home and took his two brothers with him. He vowed to never marry as he feared his wife would also ill-treat his brothers. Dino and Dinky return home to their brother and he slowly starts to approve of Renu and Radha. Meanwhile, their stepmother has left her business in the hands of the corrupt Prajpati ([[Kiran Kumar]]), who is also the actual killer of their father. The brothers soon unite with Robin to save their stepmother when Prajpanti plans to steal their wealth and frame them for his crimes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shatranj - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3322|access-date=2022-02-26|website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Dinky Verma
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as Dino Verma
*[[Juhi Chawla]] as Radha
*[[Divya Bharti]] as Renu
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Robin
*[[Kader Khan]] as Dharamraj Verma
*[[Usha Nadkarni]] as Mrs. Verma
*[[Guddi Maruti]] as Ganga
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Prajpati
*[[Raju Shrestha]] as Dinky's Friend
*Jamuna as Rosy as Dharamraj's love interest
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Mr. Verma
*[[Sarfaraz Khan (actor)|Sarfaraz Khan]] as Younger Dharamraj
*[[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Ojha Mama
*[[Gavin Packard]] as Kevin
*[[Arun Bakshi]] as Arun
*[[Lilliput (actor)|Lilliput]] as Garage Mechanic
*[[Ekta Sohini]] as Robin's Date
*[[Sahila Chadha]]

==Soundtrack==
The lyrics of all songs were written by [[Sameer Anjaan]] and the music was composed by [[Anand-Milind]].
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ek Se Bane Do, Do Se Bane Teen"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Maine Na Jana Yeh Tune Na Jana"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Jayshree Shivram
|-
| "Ae Sanam Itna Bata, Hai Kasam"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| "Dil Pe Tere Pyar"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| "Koi Nahin"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Jolly Mukherjee]]
|-
| "Parody"
| [[Sudesh Bhosle]], [[Sushma Shrestha|Poornima]]
|-
|}

==Divya Bharti's death==
This was the last film of [[Divya Bharti]], who fell from her fifth-floor apartment and died in April 1993, eight months before the film's release in December.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Aditi Priya|date=2021-12-31|title=Bollywood: From Sridevi To Divya Bharti, These Stars Died Before The Release Of The Film; Take A Look! -|url=https://womansera.com/bollywood-from-sridevi-to-divya-bharti-these-stars-died-before-the-release-of-the-film-take-a-look/|access-date=2022-02-26}}</ref> Although she had completed filming her scenes before her death,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-25|title=When Divya Bharti said mom asked her not to wash hands for 10 days after shaking hands with Amitabh Bachchan. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-divya-bharti-said-mom-asked-her-not-to-wash-hands-for-10-days-after-shaking-hands-with-amitabh-bachchan-watch-101645784656310.html|access-date=2022-02-26|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> a dubbing artist was used to dub her voice.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0108109|Shatranj}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aziz Sejawal]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madh Fort]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)

2026-03-03T20:34:06Z

KraigYee56: small edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Brahmachari
| image = Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Rama Rao]]
| producer = A. V. Subba Rao
| writer = Bhamidapaati Radha Krishna {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Balamurugan
| screenplay = T. Rama Rao
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]]
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = J. Krshna Swamy
| studio = [[Prasad Art Productions]]
| distributor = Navayuga Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1968|2|1|ref1=}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Brahmachari''''' ({{translation|Bachelor}}) is a 1968 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film, produced by A. V. Subba Rao under the [[Prasad Art Productions]] banner and directed by [[T. Rama Rao]]. The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Jayalalithaa]], with music composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]. It was released on 1 February 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 1968 |title=బ్రహ్మచారి |language=te |pages=1 |work=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |url=https://pressacademy.ap.gov.in/archives/NIC%20Data/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAJYOTHI/121025_ANDHRAJYOTHI_01_02_1968_Volume_No_8_Issue_No_210/00000001.pdf |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909094037/https://pressacademy.ap.gov.in/archives/NIC%20Data/STATE_CENTRAL_LIBRARY_AFZALGUNJ/ANDHRAJYOTHI/121025_ANDHRAJYOTHI_01_02_1968_Volume_No_8_Issue_No_210/00000001.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Ek Nari Ek Brahmachari]]'' (1971).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ek Nari Ek Brahmachari |url=http://myswar.co/album/ek-nari-ek-brahmchari-1971 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=MySwar |archive-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909094650/http://myswar.co/album/ek-nari-ek-brahmchari-1971 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was loosely based on the 1967 Tamil movie ''[[Penne Nee Vaazhga]]''.

== Plot ==
The film begins with Ramakrishna, a devout worshiper of [[Hanuman]], who vows celibacy. Vasantha, his colleague, endears his nobleness. Raisahib Parandhamaiah, his father, a domineering paterfamilias, is distressed by him. Once, the college walks to a picnic where Ramakrishna unintentionally misplaces Vasantha's locket. So, in regret, he bestows his locket when his naughty friend takes a photograph and writes a love letter to Vasantha, forging Ramakrishna's signature. Parallelly, in a glimpse, Raisahib plots to perform the espousal of Ramakrishna with Kokila, the daughter of tycoon Bangaraiah and love interest to Ramakrishna's bestie Joogulu. Both make a game plan when Ramakrishna sends Joogulu as an alternative, and they are coupled up. In the meantime, she squeezes out her love when Ramakrishna scorns the women, and Vasantha flounces out, vowing to become his bride. After a few days, as a flabbergast, Vasantha arrives at Raisahib's house with a baby, claiming that Ramakrishna had married and abandoned her. Immediately, Ramakrishna rushes when she shows the love letter & pendant as proof and residence. At present, Ramakrishna tries to expose her lies in many ways but fails. Right now, Raisahib & his wife Gajalakshmi have decided to officially couple up the pair when they call their elder Anand Rao & daughter-in-law Shanta. Here, Ananda Rao recognizes Vasantha also intimidates, which Ramakrishna overhears and seeks truth when she narrates the past. Ananda Rao deceived Vasantha's elder sibling, Janaki, who died after giving birth to the baby. Before passing, Janaki takes a word from Vasantha to make the child legitimate and fulfill her sister's dream. Vasantha has done the play. At last, Anand Rao reforms and accepts the baby when Vasantha is about to leave. Ramakrishna dedicates his celibacy to her virtue. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Ramakrishna & Vasantha.

== Cast ==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Ramakrishna
*[[Jayalalithaa]] as Vasantha
*[[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as [[Rai Sahib|Rao Sahib]] Parandhamaiah
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Bangaraiah
*[[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as Jogulu
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Devaiah
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Ananda Rao
*[[Raavi Kondala Rao]] as Doctor
*Perumallu as Vasantha's grandfather
*[[Potti Prasad]] as Sodabuddi
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Gajalakshmi
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Mallika
*Sukanya as Janaki
*Pushpa Kumari as Shanta

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmachari (1968)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CFH/info |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"O Brahmachari"
|[[Dasaradhi]]
|[[P. Susheela]], [[B. Vasantha]]
|3:49
|-
|2
|"Ee Vennela"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Susheela]]
|8:40
|-
|3
|"Eethotalo Virabuseno"
|Aathreya
|Ghantasala, P. Susheela
|3:20
|-
|4
|"Ninuchusanu Kannuvesanu"
|[[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]]
|T. R. Jayadev, B. Vasantha
|3:54
|-
|5
|"Okkasari Siggumani"
|Dasaradhi
|P. Susheela
|4:05
|-
|6
|"Brahmacharulalo"
|C. Narayana Reddy
|Mohan Raju
|0:50
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0259899}}
{{T. Rama Rao}}

[[Category:1968 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:1968 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Chalapathi Rao]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]

Mrs Undercover

2026-03-02T04:32:39Z

KraigYee56: New A Pg First Draft

{{short description|2023 film by Anushree Mehta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mrs Undercover
| image = Mrs Undercover Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Anushree Mehta
| producer = Abir Sengupta Anushree Mehta Varun Bajaj Ishan Saksena Sunil Shah
| writer = Abir Sengupta Anushree Mehta
| story =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Radhika Apte]]
*[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
*[[Sumeet Vyas]]
*[[Angana Roy]]
*[[Laboni Sarkar]]
*[[Amrita Chattopadhyay]]
*Akshay Kapoor
*[[Indrasish Roy]]
*[[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
}}
| music = '''Score:''' Kshitij Tarey '''Songs:''' Amit Sawant Ankit Shah Abhinav Shekhar
| cinematography = Abhimanyu Sengupta
| editing = Sandeep Kurup
| studio = [[B4U (network)|B4U Motion Pictures]] Jaadugar Films Knight Sky Movies
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|14}}
| runtime = 107 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

''''' Mrs Undercover''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Spy film|spy]] [[Comedy film|comedy]] film directed by Anushree Mehta and produced by Abir Sengupta, Anushree Mehta, Varun Bajaj, Ishan Saksena and Sunil Shah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Apte to play homemaker-cum-spy in Mrs. Undercover |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/mar/08/radhika-apte-to-play-homemaker-cum-spy-in-mrs-undercover-40800.html |work=Cinema Express |date=8 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> The film stars are [[Radhika Apte]], [[Sumeet Vyas]] and [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] in key roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Apte to star in ZEE5's spy comedy Mrs. Undercover |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/radhika-apte-to-play-spy-agent-in-zee5-movie-mrs-undercover-8485729/ |work=The Indian Express |date=8 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Apte's 'Mrs. Undercover' to showcase her in never-seen-before avatar; Where and when is it releasing |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/radhika-apte-mrs-undercover-to-showcase-her-in-never-seen-before-avatar-where-and-when-is-it-releasing-2023-03-20-856172 |publisher=IndiaTV |date=20 March 2023 |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> The film premiered on 14 April 2023 on [[ZEE5]] to negative reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mrs. Undercover' starring Radhika Apte set for April 14 release |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2023/03/30/ent5-radhika-film.html |work=The Week(India) |access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
An unidentified man who calls himself "The Common Man" dates a beautiful girl. However, on the pretext of dropping her home, he takes her to a secluded place and brutally kills her. Before killing her he makes a video from her phone where she is narrating how she got a conviction for her client's husband as a lawyer, which he broadcasts to news channel.

A team of special force led by Rangeela is tracking Common Man, a serial killer who targets strong and independent professional women. The common man has a white-collared job by the day and lives with his mother. He has a team that keeps an eye on the special force and kills one of their last agents. With great difficulty, Rangeela locates an undercover agent Durga who is a housewife and at times clumsy in her work, lives with her husband, in-laws and has a school-going kid.

Rangeela convinces her to go undercover and reveal the identity of the common man. Durga flatly refuses as it has been 13 years and her cover has now become the reality of her life. With perseverance, Rangeela convinces Durga for the job. She requests a refresher training, but Rangeela refuses because this would expose her to the moles of the common man.

Her first task is to chase a person who would exchange a packet at Victoria Memorial at 8:30 pm. Durga is quick witted and balances her household duties along with her undercover work and tracks a person going inside a girl's college.

Meanwhile, Durga meets a woman named Ayesha who has rented a house next door. Next Durga is assigned a course in the same college. Her husband mocks her and flatly refuses to allow her to take the course. This conversation is overheard by her mother-in-law. She explains to her son how a good husband should not try to control his wife, but support her endeavours.

On the first day of college, Durga bumps into Ayesha who is a teacher there. Later in her first class unknown to her, she comes face-to-face with the common man who is their instructor Ajay Sir.

By the night Durga hones her skills with her son's toy guns and video games and in the day time tries to trace who the common man is. Ajay meanwhile has written to the CM of the state who is a woman to attend an art performance in his college. Rangeela requests CM to accept the invitation as this gives them a chance to reveal common man. Accidentally Durga reads romantic chats of Ayesha with her husband's and goes in a state of shock and stops reporting to her duty. Rangeela visits her place and convinces her to report back to her duty in return she would get feeds of her husband's chat.

Ayesha is revealed to be a mole of Ajay who wants to tie all loose ends before he executes the biggest job i.e. kill the CM. Ayesha mistakes Durga's husband to be an undercover agent and calls him to a hotel to eliminate him.

Durga who has also received the message, saves her husband in nick of time. Her husband is shocked by her new avatar however he will have to stay in custody so that her cover is not blown. Late night Ayesha attempts to kill Durga but gets eliminated by Durga herself.

Next day at the performance in the college in presence of CM, Durga spots Ajay leaving the hall and figures out he is the common man and the target is CM who would be eliminated by a bomb to be exploded as confetti is blown at the end of the performance. Durga is able to defuse the bomb, evacuate the hall and corner Ajay and expose his identity as the common man.

When he finds that there is no escape he confronts her and tell that special force does not have any credible evidence that would hold in the court and he would be free within few hours. Durga concedes that they do not have any credible evidence and hence the only way justice can be meted out would be killing him and making a video in the same manner he did for his victims. The CM agrees to this and next day it is revealed in the news that Common man is dead.

Durga's husband apologizes for cheating on her, however, she refuses to accept his apology as there is no sincerity in it. Rangeela assigns her a new mission with a new cover.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Radhika Apte]] as Durga
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Chief Rangeela
* [[Sumeet Vyas]] as The Common Man
* [[Angana Roy]] as Kajal
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Durga's mother-in-law
* [[Amrita Chattopadhyay]] as Priyanka
* [[Indrasish Roy]] as Aditya
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Durga's father-in-law
* [[Saheb Chatterjee]] as Durga's husband<ref>{{Cite news |title=It was fantastic working with Radhika Apte: Shaheb |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/it-was-fantastic-working-with-radhika-apte-shaheb/articleshow/85458790.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=24 March 2023 |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ruman}}</ref>
* Akshay Kapoor as Prabal
* Satish Badal as special force cab driver
* Roshni Bhattacharya as Aisha
* Nandini Chatterjee as the Chief Minister}}

== Production ==
The film was announced in March 2021 after the first wave of Covid pandemic in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Apte announces her next, Mrs Undercover, to play 'an Indian housewife with a gun' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/radhika-apte-announces-her-next-mrs-undercover-to-play-an-indian-housewife-with-a-gun-7249214/ |work=The Indian Express |date=28 March 2021 |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> They started shooting in Kolkata amidst the second wave in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radhika Apte shoots for Mrs Undercover at a stretch for 35 days in Kolkata |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/radhika-apte-shoots-for-mrs-undercover-at-a-stretch-for-35-days-in-kolkata-23166682 |work=Mid Day |date=3 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> Actor Sumeet Vyas reportedly was infected with COVID-19 while he was amidst shooting for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumeet Vyas: Most of the population will have to get Covid for us to see this through |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/sumeet-vyas-most-of-the-population-will-have-to-get-covid-for-us-to-see-this-through-101619785248207.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 April 2021 |access-date=24 March 2023}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "The metaphor isn't new. Kahaani, another Durga-fixated film with feminist themes, is probably to blame."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |title='Mrs. Undercover' movie review: Radhika Apte's spy movie is too schematic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mrs-undercover-movie-review-radhika-aptes-spy-movie-is-too-schematic/article66736770.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=14 April 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "Except the way it unspools, there are neither laughs nor thrills in this raising-the-gong-for-feminism ‘Mrs Undercover’."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Mrs Undercover movie review: Radhika Apte starrer has neither laughs nor thrills |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mrs-undercover-movie-review-radhika-apte-starrer-has-neither-laughs-nor-thrills-8555694/ |url-access=limited |access-date=16 April 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=14 April 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' felt the film as "half-pie mish-mash" and wrote "Rajesh Sharma, who has a notable track record as a versatile actor, makes futile efforts to make an underwritten role work. A daft plot and pedestrian filmmaking combine to make Mrs Undercover an eminently forgettable action-comedy."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Mrs Undercover Review: Stutters And Sputters Its Way To A Grotesque Climax |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mrs-undercover-review-stutters-and-sputters-its-way-to-a-grotesque-climax-1-star-3947367 |access-date=16 April 2023 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=14 April 2023}}{{rating|1|5}}</ref>

Prateek Sur for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "‘Mrs Undercover’ did have great potential, however, lacklustre writing especially the climax killed the entire fun of the movie."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sur |first=Prateek |title='Mrs Undercover' On Zee5 Movie Review: A Terrible Climax Kills This Radhika Apte Action-Comedy |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-mrs-undercover-on-zee5-movie-review-a-terrible-climax-kills-this-radhika-apte-action-comedy-sumeet-vyas-rajesh-sharma-anushree-mehta-movie_reviews-278495 |access-date=16 April 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]] |date=14 April 2023}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt14339846}}
*[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/mrs-undercover/0-0-1z5334341 "Mrs Undercover" on ZEE5]

[[Category:Indian spy comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]

Bombay Hindi

2026-02-28T14:43:31Z

KraigYee56: quick update

{{Short description|Hindi dialect spoken in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{multiple issues|
{{cleanup|reason=consistency in tables|date=July 2012}}
{{original research|date=April 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Mumbai Hindi
|region=[[Greater Mumbai]]
|speakers=none
|familycolor=pidgin
|fam1=[[Hindi]]-based [[pidgin]]
|iso3=none
|glotto=none
}}

'''Bombay Hindi''', also known as ''Bambaiya Hindi'' or ''Mumbaiya Hindi'',<ref name="hindilanguage"/> is a [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] spoken in [[Mumbai]], in the [[Konkan region]] of [[India]].<ref name="hindilanguage">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/dialects.asp |title=Dialects of Hindi |access-date=17 January 2008 |archive-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627003407/http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/dialects.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shapiro"/> Its vocabulary is largely from standard Hindi–Urdu,<ref name="hindilanguage"/><ref name="Shapiro">{{cite book|last1=Shapiro|first1=Michael C.|last2=Schiffman|first2=Harold F.|title=Language and Society in South Asia|date=1981|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=9788120826076|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WECni12L06sC&pg=PA209|language=en}}</ref> but it also draws from a [[Stratum (linguistics)#Substratum|substratum]] of [[Marathi-Konkani]], which is the official language and is also widely spoken in the [[Konkan division]] of Maharashtra.<ref name="ref86lobix">{{Citation | title=International journal of Dravidian linguistics, Volume 3 | author=University of Kerala. Dept. of Linguistics | year=1974 | publisher=Dept. of Linguistics, Univ. of Kerala., 1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iE4HAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... In the case of Bombay Hindi, the predominant [[Linguistic substrate|substratum]] structure is that of Marathi, a language which is structurally quite close of Hindi ...''}}</ref> Bombay Hindi also has elements of [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].

==General==
While many such local dialects have evolved in cosmopolitan cities around the world, Bombay Hindi is widely known throughout India,{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} as a result of its frequent use in [[Bollywood]] movies. Initially, this dialect was used to represent crooks and uncouth characters as, to quote film critic Shoma A. Chatterji, "Indian films have the unique quality of different characters speaking different varieties of Hindi according to their social status, their caste, communal identity, [[Education in India|education]], profession, financial status, etc. [...] The villain's goons, speak in a special vulgarised, Bambaiya Hindi concocted specifically to typify such screen characters in Hindi cinema.".<ref>See 'The Language Detail' in Shoma A. Chatterji's paper, [http://filmsound.org/india/ The Culturespecific Use of Sound in India Cinema], presented in 1999.</ref> Lately, however, Bambaiya Hindi has become popular and prominent, particular with the success of the [[Munnabhai]] movies, in which the lead characters – being members of the [[Mumbai underworld|Mumbai criminal underworld]] – speak entirely in this dialect.<ref>''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper, 11 May 2007. ''Chronicles of the City''. {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090806015802/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2007/05/11/stories/2007051150200100.htm Read online]}}.</ref>

Despite this increase in popularity, this dialect has its critics, and is sometimes seen as being disrespectful and demeaning.<ref>DNA, ''Verbal assault of Bambaiya Hindi'', 12 December 2006. [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1068940 Read online].</ref>

Among the more prominent [[neologism]]s which originated in Bambaiya Hindi but have spread throughout India are the words [[wikt:bindaas|bindaas]] (from [[Marathi language|Marathi]] bindhast = without fear, relaxed; this word was incorporated into the [[Oxford English Dictionary]] in 2005<ref>[[Indian Express]], 10 August 2005, '' 'Bindaas' finds its way to the Oxford Dictionary''. [http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=52505 Read online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224214456/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=52505 |date=24 February 2012 }}.</ref>) and [[Gandhigiri]] (coined in the movie ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'', a combination of [[Mohandas Gandhi|Gandhi]] and ''-giri'', which is similar to the English 'ism' (as in [[Gandhism|Gandhi-ism]], though slightly more informal).

[[Bollywood]] has also incorporated many Marathi words in Hindi like weni, thaska, wakda, porgi, navri, navrai, kombdi, mulga/mulgi. Many Hindi songs have some Marathi words added.

==Words and expressions of Mumbai Hindi==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mumbai Hindi
! Transliteration
! English
! Standard Hindi
! Notes
|-
|{{lang|crp-IN|अपुन}}
|{{Transliteration|crp|apun}}
|we/us
|{{lang|hi|हम}} ({{Transliteration|hi|ham}})
| From Marathi {{lang|mr|आपण}} ({{Transliteration|mr|aapaṇ}}) meaning an inclusive "we" or "us".
|-
|तेरेको
|tereko
|you (oblique case)
|तुझे (tujhe)
| Influenced by [[Deccani Urdu]] {{lang|ur|{{nq|تیریکو}}}} ({{Transliteration|ur|terekū}}, "you (oblique case)").
|-
|मेरेको
|mereko
|me (oblique case)
|मुझे (mujhe)
| Influenced by Deccani Urdu {{lang|ur|{{nq|میریکو}}}} ({{Transliteration|ur|merekū}}, "me (oblique case)").
|-
|धो डालना
|dho ḍālnā
|to beat up
|पीट देना (pīṭ denā)
|Used in the context of a physical fight between two people or teams. Lit. ''to wash up'', as in the loser of the fight.
|-
|येडे/येडा/येडी
|yeḍe/ā/ī
|crazy
|पागल (pāgal)
|From Marathi वेडा (wedaa) meaning crazy.
|-
|इधरिच
|idharīc
|right here
|इधर ही (idhar hī)
|इधर ही+च, "च" added from Marathi for extra emphasis
|-
|उधरीच
|udharīc
|right there
|उधर ही (udhar hī)
|उधर ही+च, "च" added from Marathi for extra emphasis
|-
|कोपचा
|kopcā
|corner
|कोना (konā)
|From Marathi कोपरा (kopra) meaning corner.
|-
|कायको, कायकू
|kāyko, kāykū
|why
|क्यों (kyõ)
| From Deccani Urdu {{lang|ur|{{nq|کئیکو}}}} ({{Transliteration|ur|ka'īkū}}, "why").
|-
|लोचा ''or'' लोचा लबाचा
|locā ''or'' locā labācā
|problem
|समस्या (samasyā)
|From the Marathi/Hindi लोचा (locā) meaning "problem".
|-
|मचमच, बड़बड़
|machmach, badbad
|Someone who annoys you by talking their problems, crib-crib, rambling
|खिटपिट (khiṭpiṭ)
| From Marathi/Gujarati मचमच/बडबड macmac/baḑbaḍ
|-
|झकास, फट्टे, धासू, कड़क, ढिंचक, रापचिक, फट्टांग, एक नम्बर
|jhakās, faṭṭe, dhāsū, kaṛak, ḍhincak, rāpcik, faṭṭāng, sallang, rawas, ek number
|Excellent
|बढ़िया (baṛhiyā)
| From Marathi various words meaning Excellent
|-
|मांडवली
|mānḍavlī
|Parley, negotiate
|समझौता (samjhautā)
|
|-
|टोपी, झोलर
|ṭopī, jholar
|Fraud
|धोखा (dhokhā)
|From टोपी पहनाना, meaning to fool or con someone, and झोल+er
|-
|नल्ला
|nallā
|Useless
|प्रतिलिपि (pratilipi), छक्का (chakkā), हिजड़ा (hijṛā)
|
|-
|शाणा
|śāṇā
|Smart fellow, clever, wiseass
|होशियार (hośiyār), सयाना (sayānā), चालाक (cālāk)
| From Marathi शहाणा (śahāṇā) clever.
|-
|साला, साली
|sālā, sālī
|Bastard (term of abuse)
|हरामज़ादा (harāmzādā), हरामज़ादी (harāmzādī)
|Literally meaning "brother/sister-in-law," implying that the speaker is in a sexual relationship with the person's sibling. Due to its commonality in everyday speech, it is considered less offensive than other terms. Also sees use outside of Mumbai Hindi.
|-
|शाणापंती, शानपट्टी
|śāṇāpantī, śānpaṭṭī
|Acting smart
|होशियारी (hośiyārī), सयानापन (sayānāpan)
|Based on Marathi शहाणपण (śahāṇpaṇ) meaning acting smart.
|-
|चिड़िया
|ciṛiyā
|pager
|पेजर (pejar)
|literally means ''Sparrow''
|-
|कौवा
|kauvā
|mobile phone
|मोबाइल (mobāil) or दूरभाष (dūrbhāṣ)
|literally means ''crow''
|-
|घोड़ा
|ghoṛā
|Gun
|बंदूक (bandūk) (specially for trigger of the gun)
|literally means ''horse''
|-
|सटक ले, कट ले
|saṭak le, kaṭ le
|get out, beat it
|खिसक ले (khisak le) or निकल ले (nikal le)
|
|-
|घंटा, बाबा जी का ठुल्लू
|ghaṇṭā, baba ji ka thullu
|nothing
|कुछ नहीं
|literally means ''bell''
|-
|टपोरी
|ṭaporī
|Dude, guy, hoodlum
|आवारा, लफ़ंगा
|See dedicated page [[Tapori (word)]]
|-
|मामा/मामू
|māmā/māmū
|Sir (Police)/gullible person (a fool)
|साहब (sahāb), सरजी (sarjī) / भोला (bholā)
|Local slang, literally means ''Maternal Uncle''
|-
|सुल्टाना
|sulṭānā
|To resolve an issue
|सुलझाना (suljhānā)
|
|-
|फट्टू
|phaṭṭū
|coward
|डरपोक (ḍarpok), कायर (kāyar)
| From Marathi slang फटरू (phaṭarū) with the same meaning
|-
|मामा/पांडु
|māmā, pāṇḍu
|Cop
|पुलिसवाला (pulisavālā)
|Local slang, literally means ''maternal uncle;'' originating from the Marathi film Pandu Hawaldar
|-
|लफड़ा
|laphṛā
|Fight, problem, love affair
|लड़ाई (laṛāī), प्रेम-संबन्ध (prēm-sambandh)
|From Hindi word lafda
|-
|छावी, माल, आइटम, लैला, अग्ली
|chāvī, māl, laila, agli
|Girlfriend
|प्रेमिक (premika)
|
|-
|चिकना, चिकनी
|ciknā, ciknī
|Fair complexioned person, well dressed person, gay person, homosexual
|गोरा (gorā), गोरी (gorī)
|Local slang, literally means ''smooth'' or ''slick/oily''
|-
|ठासना ''or'' tharra
|ṭhāsnā
|Alcohol
|शराब (śarāb) or मदिरा (madirā)
|From Marathi ठासणे, meaning to stuff (one's body with alcohol)
|-
|हड़कना
|haṛaknā
|To eat
|खाना (khānā)
|
|-
|बाबल्या
|bābalyā
|bus driver/conductor or ticket collector
|
| Marathi for baby (kid)
|-
|सुट्टा
|suṭṭā
|cigarette
|सिगरेट (sigreṭ)
|This slang term has achieved near-universal usage in India and Pakistan
|-
|सुट्टा मारना/लगाना
|suṭṭā mārnā/lagānā
|To smoke a cigarette
|सिगरेट पीना (sigreṭ pīnā)
|Literally means "to hit a cigarette" or "to apply a cigarette"
|-
|वाट लगना
|vāṭ lagnā
|to have a major problem, to be screwed
|मुसीबत में आना (musībat mẽ ānā)
| From Marathi word वाट लागणे (vāṭ lāgṇē)
|-
|वट ले, फूट, वंटास की गोली ले
|vaṭ lē, phūṭ, vaṇṭās kī gōlī lē
|Get out, Run from The problem, save your soul
|भागना (bhāgnā), भगाना (bhagānā)
|
|-
|डब्बा
|ḍabbā
|Police vehicle
|पुलिस गाड़ी (pulis gāṛī)
|From Marathi डबा, meaning a box
|-
|सामान
|sāmān
|weapon
|हथियार (hathiyār)
|literally means ''luggage'' or ''the stuff''
|-
|-
|कच्चा लिम्बू
|kaccā limbū
|rookie/ Noob
|नौसिखिया (nausikhiyā)
|Literally means "raw lemon." Usually used during gully cricket for a noob or to downright embarrass someone. To play "kaccā limbū" means to play with modified rules to make it easier for a noob.
|-
|लफड़ा नहीं करने का
|laphṛā nahī̃ karnē kā
|Do not fight
|लड़ना मत (laṛnā mat) or लड़ाई नहीं करना (laṛāī nahī̃ karnā)
|लड़ना (laṛnā) functions a verb, लफड़ा (laphṛā) as a noun
|-
|पतली गली से सटक ले
|patlī galī se saṭak le
|go away from here quietly
|कोई रास्ता देख के भाग ले (koi rāsta dekh ke bhāg le)
|It is used when you want to warn a person by telling him to go away from the scene
|-
|हवा आने दे
|havā āne de
|Go away, let me breathe some air
|
|It is used when you want to warn a person by telling him to go away from the scene
|-
|अबे साले
|abey sāle
|hello friend, listen
|
|Casual way of calling when other friend is not ready for something.
|-
|थकेला
|thakelā
|a weak person
|कमज़ोर (kamzor)
|used for a person who is not energetic or seems dull most of the time
|-
|हरी पत्ती
|harī pattī
|money
|पैसा (paisā)
|हरी पत्ती means green note, directly referring to the now demonetized 500 rupee note, which was green in colour
|-
|चूरन
|cūran
|Lie
|झूठ (jhūṭh)
|
|-
|टालिया / टकल्या
|ṭāliyā / taklyā
|Bald
|गंजा (gan̄jā)
|From Marathi/Hindi टकला (bald)
|-
|पेटी
|peṭī
|One Lakh Rupees
|एक लाख रुपये (ek lākh rupaye)
|One hundred thousand rupees
|-
|खोका
|khokā
|One Crore Rupees
|एक करोड़ रुपये (ek karoṛ rupaye)
|Ten million rupees
|-
|तिजोरी
|tijorī
|50 Crore or equivalent to 500 million INR.
|पचास करोड़ रुपये (pachaas karoṛ rupaye)
|500 million rupees
|-
|भिडू
|bhiḍu
|Friend
|दोस्त (dost), यार (yār)
| From marathi भिडू, meaning a player in sports
|-
|बकरी
|bakrī
|Smartphone (with a touchscreen)
|स्मार्टफोन (smārṭphōn)
|literally means ''goat''
|-
|भैंस
|bhaĩs
|[[Laptop computer]]
| लैपटॉप (laipṭŏp), सुवाह्य संगणक (suvāhya saṅgaṇak)
|literally means ''buffalo''
|-
|हाथी
|hāthī
|[[Desktop computer]]
|संगणक (saṅgaṇak)
|literally means ''elephant''
|-
|सुमड़ी में
|sumaṛī mẽ
|Incognito or secret
|चुपके से (cupkē sē)
|Local slang, means to something without making any noise
|-
|बोल बच्चन
|bol baccan
|Talk
|बातचीत (bātcīt)
|Generally means a disparaging address to talkative person, indicating that the content of his talk is previously known and so is uninteresting (Boring out of predictability, repetitive or tedious) and perhaps empty talk.
|-
|झोल
|jhol
|Scam
| घपला (ghaplā), घोटाला (ghoṭālā)
|Generally means scam. Sometimes can be used for arrangement (as in "झोल करना")
|-
|कीड़ा
|kīṛā
|Pest
|कीड़ा (keeda)
|A trouble or nuisance maker.
|-
|Fund / Pant
|
|To steal, scam
|चोरी (corī)
|Generally refers to a small robbery.
|-
|रे, बंटाई
|re, baṇṭāī
|Hey!
| हे (he)
|Attention grabber in conversation with another.
|-
|कटिंग
|kaṭiṅg
|Half cup of Tea
|आधी ग्लास चाय (ādhī glāsa cāya)
|
|-
|डब्बा डालना
|ḍabbā ḍālanā
|to use the bathroom for pooping
| टॉयलेट हो के आता हूँ (toilet hoke aata hun)
|'I'm going to the toilet'.
|-
|मूत मारना, धार मारना
|mūt mārnā, dhār mārnā
|to go pee
|मूत्र विसर्जन करना (mūtra visarjan karnā)
पेशाब करना (peshāb karnā)
|Literally give out urine.
|-
|घुंघरू सलमान
|ghuṅgharū salamāna
|Curly haired
|घुंगराले बालवाला (ghuṅgarālē bālvālā)
|घुंघरू (ghuṅgharū) refers to a curly haired guy.<ref>[[Mid-Day]] newspaper, 5 May 2005. ''Diary''. [http://www.mid-day.com/diary/2005/may/109514.htm Read online].</ref>
|-
|ऑफ हो जाना, टपक जाना
|ŏph ho jānā, ṭapaka jānā
|To Die/ Died
| मर गया (Mar gaya)
|E.g.: Mera dost off ho gaya = My friend died.
|-
|खर्चा-पानी
|kharcā-pānī
|Bribe/Pocket Money and To beat
|रिश्वत (riśvat) and मारना (mārnā)
|E.g.: कोपचे में दूँ क्या खर्चा-पानी = Do you want me to beat you in a corner.
|-
|रापचिक
|rāpcik
|Looking Hot
|सुन्दर (sundar)
|E.g.: Aaj bahut Rapchik lag rahi hai tu
|-
|चाप्टर
|chaaptar
|Cunning / Shrewd
|चालाक
|E.g. बहुत चैप्टर है वो, उसे कम मत समझो. He is quite cunning. Do not underestimate him.
|-
|हटेला
|haṭēlā
|Highly Stubborn
|हठी, अड़ियल (अगर जिद पर आ गया तो कुछ भी कर डालेगा)
|उससे पंगा मत लो, हटेला है वो. Don't take issues with him, he is quite stubborn and can lose his balance.
|-
|पानचाट
|pāncāṭ
|useless, unworthy
|फालतु, बकवास
|From Marathi पाणचट (pāṇcaṭ) meaning "watered down"
मेरा नया फोन एकदम पानचाट है.
|-
|हफ्ता
|haphtā
|protection money, bribe
|रिश्वत (riśvat), घूस (ghūs), रंगदारी(raṅgdārī)
|Literally means a ''week'', denoting protection money to be paid every week. Can also mean one time bribe.
|-
|बिंदास
|bindaas
|Relaxed, laid-back
|निर्भय, निडर
|बंदा बिंदास है भिडू. (That dude is chill man.)
|-
|भन्कस
|bhankas
|useless talk/activity
|बेकार
|From Marathi भंकस
|-
|पेहली फुर्सत में निकल
|pehli fursat mein nikal
|get out at first sight
|तुरंत जाने को कहना
|-
|कंटाल
|Kantal
|Bored
|उबाऊ
|from Marathi word कंटळा(kanṭal̤ā) meaning boredom
|}

==See also==
* [[Tapori (word)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/dialects.asp Dialects of Hindi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627003407/http://www.hindilanguage.org/hindi/dialects.asp |date=27 June 2013 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070909042926/http://mumbai.metblogs.com/archives/2005/12/mumbai_dictionary.phtml Metroblogging Mumbai Dictionary]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080710034755/http://www.cylive.com/content/10333/Dictionary_of_Mumbaiyya_Hindi_Slang_Words Exhaustive List of Bambaiyya Hindi Words]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101120003353/http://www.cylive.com/viewContent.do?id=11272 List of Bambaiyya Idioms, Phrases and Expressions]

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}
{{Hindi topics}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Central Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian slang]]
[[Category:City colloquials]]
[[Category:Hindustani-based pidgins and creoles]]

Bhopal Uttar Assembly constituency

2026-02-21T17:53:19Z

KraigYee56: Started the entry basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhopal Uttar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 150
| map_image = 150-Bhopal Uttar.svg
| mla = Atif Arif Aqueel
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Arif Aqueel]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bhopal district|Bhopal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
}}

'''Bhopal Uttar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 assembly constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It comes under [[Bhopal]] district.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Hamid Qureshi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan=2| Rasool Ahmad Siddiqui
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Arif Aqueel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Ramesh Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan=5| [[Arif Aqueel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| Atif Arif Aqueel
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopal Uttar<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Atif Arif Aqueel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:96125}}
|percentage = 56.38
|change = -2.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Alok Sharma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69138}}
|percentage = 40.55
|change = +4.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Aamir Aqueel
|votes = {{formatnum:1837}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:774}}
|percentage = 0.45
|change = -0.44
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26987}}
|percentage = 15.83
|change = -6.83
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:170491}}
|percentage = 69.44
|change = +3.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopal Uttar<ref name="election2018">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2018 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Arif Aqueel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:90403}}
|percentage = 58.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Fatima Rasool Siddiqui
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:55546}}
|percentage = 36.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shubham Arya Urf Bhanu Hindu
|votes = {{formatnum:4491}}
|percentage = 2.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1368}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34857}}
|percentage = 22.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:153820}}
|percentage = 65.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhopal Uttar<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Arif Aqueel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 73070
|percentage = 50.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Arif Beg|Arif Baig]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 66406
|percentage = 46.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sanjay Narware
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1335
|percentage = 0.93
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shivshankar Sharma
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 286
|percentage = 0.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajkumar Begwani
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 195
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = S. Arif Ali Shanu
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 172
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Vakeel Khan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 130
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Azeem Durrani
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 113
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kabir Kanhaya Rao
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 79
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2337
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 144123
|percentage = 63.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
<references />
*http://www.mapsofindia.com/parliamentaryconstituencies/madhyapradesh/bhopal.htm&sa=U&ved=0ahUKEwjYnKG6lqzTAhUBOI8KHVYMBY8QFggOMBE&usg=AFQjCNE_9FMWV6exzEuWMtWJmambOV2ssA
*http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Arif-Aqueel-pitches-in-for-minority-face-as-leader-of-oppositio/articleshow/55279775.cms

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|23.270|77.391|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhopal district]]
[[Category:Bhopal]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Namakkal district

2026-02-12T10:01:28Z

KraigYee56: fixed issues

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Namakkal}}
{{Other places|Namakkal (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Namakkal district
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Tamil Nadu|District]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|size = 300
|photo1a = Namakkal Fort 1.jpg
|photo1b = Tiruchengode sivan hill temple.JPG
|photo2a = SRI KANDASWAMY TEMPLE, KALIPATTI, ( distance from Salem 20kms ) - panoramio (66).jpg
|photo2b = Cloud slides in peaks in kolli hills.jpg
|photo3a = நாமக்கலில் உள்ள நரசிம்மர் ஆலயம்.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: View of [[Namakkal]] from [[Namakkal Fort]], [[Tiruchengode]] Siva Temple, [[Kolli Hills]], [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Sri Namagiri Thayar Sametha Sri Narasimhaswamy Temple]] from [[Namakkal]], Sri Kandaswamy Temple in [[Mallasamudram]]
| nickname =
| image_map = Namakkal in Tamil Nadu (India).svg
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes
|frame-width=275 |frame-height=275 |frame-align=center
|text= '''Namakkal district'''
|type=shape |id=Q15187
|stroke-colour=#C60C30
|stroke-width=2
|type2=line|id2=Q1445|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Tamil Nadu
}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11|13|8.4|N|78|10|1.2|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|22px]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Namakkal]]
| parts_type = [[Taluka|Taluks]]
| parts = [[Namakkal taluk|Namakkal]], [[Paramathi Velur taluk|Paramathi Velur]], [[Rasipuram taluk|Rasipuram]], [[Thiruchengode taluk|Thiruchengode]], [[Mohanur]], [[Kolli Hills]], [[:Sendamangalam taluk|Senthamangalam]], [[Kumarapalayam]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = [[District Collector]]
| leader_name1 = S. Uma, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = S. Rajesh Kannan, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3368.21
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,726,601
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 637xxx
| area_code = 04286
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate = TN-28, TN-88, TN-34<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/sta/a2.pdf|title=www.tn.gov.in|work=TN.gov.in|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest districts
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Trichy]], [[Erode]], [[Karur]]
| website = {{URL|http://namakkal.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[IUCN protected area categories|IUCN category]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 
| blank3_name_sec1 = Central location:
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{coord|11|13|N|78|10|E}}
}}
'''Namakkal district''' is one of the 38 districts (an [[districts of Tamil Nadu|administrative district]]) in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The district was bifurcated from [[Salem District]] with [[Namakkal]] city as headquarters on 25 July 1996 and started to function independently from 1 January 1997. The district has eight taluks (subdivisions): [[Tiruchengode]], [[Namakkal]], [[Rasipuram]], [[Velur, Tamil Nadu|Paramathi Velur]], [[Sendamangalam taluk|Senthamangalam]], [[Kumarapalayam]], [[Kolli Hills block|Kolli Hills]] and [[Mohanur]]. It has two revenue divisions: [[Tiruchengode]] and [[Namakkal]]. As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], Namakkal district had a population of 1,726,601 with a sex-ratio of 986 females for every 1,000 males and [[Tiruchengode]] is the largest city in terms of population. Namakkal district is geographically affiliated to [[Kongu Nadu]] region. The district is famous for its large poultry industry, egg production and lorry bodybuilding industry, for which it is often referred to as "Egg City" and "Transport Hub of South India".

==History==
[[Valvil Ori]] is a [[karala Gounder]] king.He was one of the last seven patrons and king of the kolli hills in [[Sangam period]] who ruled Kollimalai and surrounding areas in 200 CE.. [[Satyaputra|Adiyaman Kings]] have ruled this area until 8th to 9th century CE as few inscriptions mentions [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal]] it as '''Adiyendra Vishnu Grham''' which evidently shows that the cave was excavated by the [[Satyaputra]] Kings, Another inscription in the temple not only confirms this but also mentions the king's name as ''Gunasila'' (Dated 500 CE). Historians believe it is possible that both the temples [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal]] and Ranganatha temple located in Namakkal were built during the same period.<ref name=jstor1>{{cite journal|title=Sculptures in the Two Rock-Cut Vaiṣṇava Cave Temples of Nāmakkal|jstor=3249275|pages=107–116|last=P.R.|first=Srinivasan|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=24|issue=2|date=1961|publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers|doi=10.2307/3249275}}</ref> [[Ardhanareeswarar Temple]] is also dated around 7th century CE, but does not have any Adhiyaman Kings Inscription. After the capture by [[Cholas]], There were many wars between Cholas and [[Pandyas]], Later the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]] rose to power and had the control until the 14th century, followed by [[Vijayanagara Empire]] until 1565 CE. Then, the Allala Ilaya Nayakar [[Vettuva Gounder]] king came to power in 1623 CE under the Vijayanagara Kingdom. He build the Paramathi Fort with sand and stones on a 40- to 50-acre land.He also build jedarpalayam dam across the Cauvery river {{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Two of the Poligans of [[Tirumalai Nayak]], including Ramachandra Nayaka, ruled the Salem area. The Namakkal fort is reported to have been built by Ramchandra Nayaka after about 1635 CE.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Geography==
Namakkal district covers an area of 3,368.21 km2. The district is bounded by [[Salem district]] on the north; on the east by, [[Tiruchirapalli District]], by [[Karur District]] on the south and on the west by [[Erode district]].<ref name="SouthIndia">{{cite web|url=http://www.southindiaonline.com/tamilnadu/namakkal/generalinfo.htm|title=General Information of Namakkal District - Tamilnadu|work=SouthIndiaOnline.com|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216193807/http://www.southindiaonline.com/tamilnadu/namakkal/generalinfo.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is 716.54 mm. This district receives rainfall mainly from [[Monsoon|North East Monsoon]].

Namakkal District comes under the North Western Agro climatic zone of Tamil Nadu.[[Tiruchengode]] taluk alone is placed under Western Agro-climatic zone.<ref name="NamakkalDist">{{cite web|url=http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/nkl.htm|title=Namakkal District, Govt of Tamil Nadu|work=TN.nic.in|access-date=19 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928180302/http://www.namakkal.tn.nic.in/nkl.htm|archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> The forest cover has an area of 512.5 km2, which is 15.4% of the total area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://namakkal.nic.in/document-category/statistical-report/|title=Statistical Handbook of Namakkal District 2016-17|website=namakkal.nic.in}}</ref> Temperature ranges between maximum of 40 °C and minimum of 18 °C.

[[File:Kollimalai.jpg|thumb|550px|center|Panoramic View of Kolli Hills]]

Besides the above two zones, [[Kolli Hills]] (a part of the [[Eastern Ghats]] mountain range) and a few isolated hills and ridges are scattered over Namakkal, Rasipuram, and Tiruchengode and along with the valleys and rolling hills, make up the characteristic topography of the district.

The river [[Kaveri]] flows south and southwest hugging the district's borders with Karur and Erode. The other rivers flowing through the district are Aiyaru, Karaigottan Aaru and Thirumanimutharu.

=== Irrigation ===
The district is situated in the dividing portion of two watersheds between [[Kaveri River|Cauvery]] and the [[Vellar river|Vellar]] System with the Taluks of Attur, Rasipuram and Namakkal on the East and Salem, Omalur and Mettur on the West. Mettur East Bank canal irrigates Pallipalayam Block with an area of 4,585 [[Hectare|Ha]]. Rajavaikal canal irrigates an area of 4,215 Ha. Mohanur vaikal irrigates about 355 Ha. Kumarapalayam vaikal irrigates about {{cvt|1146|ha}} and Poiyeri vaikal irrigates about {{cvt|323|ha}}.

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,70,628|13=1911|14=4,87,144|15=1921|16=5,25,770|17=1931|18=5,91,864|19=1941|20=7,05,110|21=1951|22=8,48,507|23=1961|24=8,66,530|25=1971|26=9,96,429|27=1981|28=11,72,736|29=1991|30=13,22,715|31=2001|32=14,93,462|33=2011|34=17,26,601|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Namakkal district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11392/download/14505/DDW33C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Tamil Nadu|Hinduism]]|darkorange|96.93}}
{{bar percent|[[Tamil Muslim|Islam]]|green|1.88}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christianity]]|purple|0.98}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.21}}
}}

According to 2011 census, Namakkal district had a population of 1,726,601 with a sex-ratio of 986 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. 40.32% of the population lived in urban areas.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Namakkal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1098/download/3406/DH_2011_3308_PART_A_DCHB_NAMAKKAL.pdf |website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> A total of 150,699 were under the age of six, constituting 78,754 males and 71,945 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 20.00% and 3.30% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 68.12%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="districtcensus"/> The district had a total of 475,511 households. There were a total of 898,245 workers, comprising 152,497 cultivators, 228,614 main agricultural labourers, 35,156 in house hold industries, 422,885 other workers, 59,093 marginal workers, 5,976 marginal cultivators, 25,112 marginal agricultural labourers, 3,641 marginal workers in household industries and 24,364 other marginal workers.<ref name="districtcensus"/>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Namakkal district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value1 = 87.08 |color1 = royalblue
|label2 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value2 = 8.97 |color2 = steelblue
|label3 = [[Kannada]] |value3 = 2.07 |color3 = darkslateblue
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 1.05 |color4 = green
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.83 |color5 = gray
|thumb=left
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 87.08% of the population spoke [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 8.97% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 2.07% [[Kannada]] and 1.05% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Tamil Nadu |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10222/download/13334/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3300.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administraive Divisions==

=== Revenue Divisions and Taluks ===

'''[[Tiruchengode division|Tiruchengode Revenue Division]]:'''
* [[Komarapalayam]]
* [[Tiruchengode taluk|Tiruchengode]]
* [[Paramathi-Velur taluk|Paramathi-Velur]]

'''[[Namakkal division|Namakkal Revenue Division]]:'''
* [[Namakkal taluk|Namakkal]]
* [[Mohanur]]
* [[Senthamangalam taluk|Senthamangalam]]
* [[Kolli Hills]]
* [[Rasipuram taluk|Rasipuram]],

===Municipal Corporation===
* [[Namakkal Municipal Corporation]]

===Municipalities===
* [[Tiruchengode]]
* [[Komarapalayam]]
* [[Pallipalayam]]
* [[Paramathi Velur]]
* [[Rasipuram]]
* [[Mohanur]]

==Politics==
{{transcluded section|source=16th Tamil Nadu Assembly}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|Namakkal district}}
|}

==Industry and economy==
=== Agriculture ===
The main occupation for most of the people in the district is agriculture, with a gross cropped area of around 336,700 Ha, out of which about 60,939 Ha are irrigated and about 80,598 Ha are rainfed. The cultivation generally depends on [[monsoon]] rains, wells, and tanks. Major soil in this district is red soil (77%). Nearly 90 percent of the cultivated area is under food crops. The principal cereal crops of this district are [[rice|paddy]], [[Sorghum|cholam]], [[Pearl millet|cumbu]] and [[Finger millet|ragi]]. [[Proso millet|Panivaragu]], [[Echinochloa|Kuthiraivali]], [[Paspalum scrobiculatum|Samai Varagu]] and [[Foxtail millet|Thinai]] are some of the [[millet]]s cultivated. Among [[pulses]], the major crops are [[redgram]], [[blackgram]], [[greengram]] and [[horsegram]]. Among oil, seeds, [[peanut|groundnut]], [[Castor oil plant|castor]], and gingelly ([[sesame]]) occupy important places. Of the commercial crops, [[sugarcane]], [[cotton]] and [[tapioca]] are some of the important. Using tapioca as raw material about 350 factory units are engaged in the production of Starch and Sago in Namakkal District. Around 800 jaggery manufacturing units were located around ParamathiVelur.

=== Lorry body-building ===
Namakkal district is noted for truck and lorry external body building industry which dates back to 1956. Nationwide Namakkal is known for body building for truck, trailer, tanker and rig unit. Throughout India, Tiruchengode is known for its body building industry for trucks, trailers, tankers, and rig units. Finished trucks and rig units are exported to foreign countries from Namakkal. Nearly 25,000 people are employed, both directly and indirectly, in truck body building activity and about 300 units in Namakkal and 100 units in Tiruchengode are engaged in this activity.<ref name="NamakkalDist" />

[[Ashok Leyland]]'s Driver Training Institute in Namakkal (right in the trucking heartland of Tamil Nadu) was the first of its kind and has served as a beacon to lead the way in the training of drivers. Easily accessible from Erode, Salem and Trichy, and spread over 25 acres, the campus includes a driving range with every conceivable road configuration. A spacious building accommodates large classrooms, a library, a model room, a laboratory and a cafeteria with an open-air theatre attached. The roads come with electronic signals, signs, markings and streetlights for night driving – everything, in fact, that drivers will encounter on the highways.

=== Poultry ===
Poultry plays an important role in the economy of Namakkal<ref name="TNEnvis">{{cite web|url=http://www.tnenvis.nic.in/DtProfiles/namakkal.pdf|title=Namakkal District Environment Profile, AIMS|work=TNEnvis.nic.in|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> which has an astounding number of 29.3 million [[fowl]]s and 32.4 million eggs produced every day,<ref name=":0" /> accounting for a bulk of supply of poultry products to neighbouring industries. Namakkal produces about 65% of the total egg output of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/animalhusbandry.pdf | title=Animal Husbandry | work=Statistical Hand Book 2018 | publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu Department of Economics and Statistics | access-date=12 July 2020 }}</ref> About 1,500 Poultry/Cattle Feed manufacturing units are also in existence. Mostly every poultry unit has put up their own feed manufacturing unit.

=== Others ===
Nearly 176 Sago factories are located in and around the Rasipuram Taluk.<ref name="TNEnvis" /> Bore-wells and textile are the main business in Tiruchengode. Nearly 37 spinning mills and more than 10,000 power-looms are functioning in Tiruchengode. One sugar mill and one paper mill were functioning under Private Sector.

== Education ==
Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal (a constituent unit of [[Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]]) is located in Mohanur Taluk. It also has an Animal Feed Analysis and Quality Assurance Laboratory (AFAQAL). All the arts and science colleges in the district are affiliated to [[Periyar University]], Salem. A new government medical college had constructed and opened.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Culture and tourism==

===[[Namakkal Fort|Namakkal Rock Fort]] and Hindu temples===
The town of Namakkal is built around a rock fort. The rock fort is on the summit of the rock, and the remnants in brick and stone still bear the brunt of the skirmishes to lay [[siege]] to the fort by the [[Cholas]] in the 9th century.<ref name="NamakkalDist" /> There are two rock–cut cave temples located on both sides of the hill dedicated to [[Narasimha]]swamy and [[Ranganatha]]swamy. The caves were constructed by Adhiyaman rulers who ruled over Kongu Region during the 7th century. The Temple has been declared as monuments under the preservation of Monuments and sites Act 1958 and being administered by the HR&CE department of Government. A temple dedicated to the Goddess Namagiri Amman is situated within the temple complex of the Narasimha Swamy kovil.<ref name="TNTourism" />

The famous [[Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple|Namakkal Digambara Anjaneyar Temple]], housing an 18-foot-tall [[Hanuman]] statue is located opposite to the Narasimhaswamy temple. It is believed that the Hanuman statue keeps growing and to stop the growth a priest put a magic needle at the top of the statue's head. Hanuman statue carved out of a single stone at this temple.<ref name="TNTourism">{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Namakkal.aspx?catid=C1&subcat1id=C1S1&subcat2id=C1S1S25&sm=C1S1S25|title=:::TTDC - Places:::|work=TamilNaduTourism.org|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

===Tiruchengode===
[[Tiruchengode]] is 35 km from Namakkal. It is one of the seven Sivasthalams in [[Kongu Nadu|Kongunadu]]. The [[Ardhanareeswarar temple, Tiruchengode|Ardhanareeswarar temple]] is located on a hill. The presiding deity is depicted as half-male and half-female, vertically to represent [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] worshipped as one form. It is considered one of the oldest temples in this region.

Tiruchegode is the olden Poondurainadu in Kongunadu. Tiruchengode olden name is Thirukodimadachengondurur.

===Kollimalai (Kolli Hills)===

[[File:Kolli Hills Waterfalls.JPG|thumb|right|Water falls in Kolli Hills]]
[[Kolli Hills]] are at an altitude of {{cvt|1200|m}} in the Namakkal District and are 45 km from Namakkal town. The Kolli hills are featured in several works of classical Tamil literature such as [[Silappatikaram|Silappathigaram]], [[Manimekalai]], [[Purananuru]] and [[Ainkurunuru|Ainkurnuru]]. The region was ruled by [[Valvil Ori]] whose valor and marksmanship are sung by several poets, and his exploits are a popular part of folklore.

There are three reserved forests that are controlled by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], namely Ariyur Solai, Kundur Nadu and [[Puliancholai]]. It is not correct to regard the name Kolli Hills (''Tamil:'' kolli noi- killer disease) as being due to the incidence of deadly diseases. It is because early literature records the existence of a deity called Kollippavai on top of these hills.

The hills are known for medicinal herbs and plants that grow in abundance on their slopes. The Arapaleswarar Temple, the Horticulture Farm, the herbal farm, [[Agaya Gangai]] waterfalls, boat house, Peryaswamy Temple, Ettukai Amman Temple, Pineapple farms, View Point, and the Telescope House are the places to visit for the interested tourist. Attukalkilangu soup and raw was sold in this hills.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} The '''[[Valvil Ori]] festival''' is organised there every year during the month of August.<ref name="TNTourism" />

'''The Arapaleeswarar temple''' is believed to have a secret path to the Shiva temple in [[Rasipuram]]. This Shiva temple is said to have been built by [[Valvil Ori]] king in the 1st or 2nd century CE when he ruled this area. "Arappaleeswara Sathakam" is the poem which praises the Lord Arappaleeswarar.

=== Jedarpalayam Dam ===
Jedarpalayam Dam is located in Kabilarmalai Panchayat Union of Namakkal District. It is located about 36 km from Namakkal. The dam is constructed across the River Cauvery and it is constructed by The king Allala ilaya nayagan, a Vettuvan king and also he make a vaaikal called Raja vaaikal. This dam is having a water storage area for boating.<ref name="TNTourism" />

==Transport==
Transport is the major field of work in Namakkal. A large number of bulk carriers and [[Truck|lorries]] run through all over India from Namakkal. Many lorry (truck) body building workshops are located in Namakkal.More than 5000 lorry workshops are present in this city. Egg production in this district is largely facilitated by the lorry transport. It is the main centre for linking other districts via bus routes, to the North (Salem, Villupuram, Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri and Bangalore), East (Tiruchirapalli, Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam), South (Karur, Dindugal, Madurai, Tiunelveli and Kanyakumari) and the West (Erode, Coimbatore, Tirupur and Nilgiris). The train route between Karur and Salem Junction saves fuel and time for transportation of goods. Government buses are maintained by TNSTC-Salem division. The national highway NH-44 which runs through the city.

==Notable people==
*[[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]], who hails from Mohanur, is the chairman of the [[Tata Group|Tata]] group. He was previously the CEO and managing director of [[Tata Consultancy Services]].
*[[Venkatarama Ramalingam Pillai]], the famous modern Tamil poet, a [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] independence fighter and a [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee, was also born in Mohanur.
*[[P. Subbarayan]] (11 September 1889 – 6 October 1962) was an Indian politician, freedom fighter and diplomat and was the [[Chief Minister of Madras Presidency]].
*General [[Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam]], DSO, MBE-6th Chief of Indian army (1913–2000)
* [[RK Narayan]] - Indian writer
* [[RK Laxman]] - Indian Cartoonist

==Villages==


*[[Agrahara Mettupatty]]
*[[Akkiyampatty]]
*[[Chinna Veppanatham]]
*[[Elandakuttai]]
*[[Kallippalayam]]
*[[Moolapalayam]]
*[[Nettayampalayam]]
*[[Ottakulampudur]]
*[[Pavithrampudur]]
*[[Thalambadi]]
*[[Thengaperumalpalayam]]
*[[Vadugam]]
*[[Velagoundampatti]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://namakkal.nic.in/ Namakkal District website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090914092544/http://www.twadboard.gov.in/namakkal.html Namakkal District Water Supply Status (Tamilnadu Water Supply and Drainage Board)]

{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Namakkal district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namakal District}}
[[Category:Namakkal district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Shahnawaz Pradhan

2026-02-11T07:16:37Z

KraigYee56: Creating New Pg

{{Short description|Indian actor (died 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shahnawaz Pradhan
| image = Shahnawaz Pradhan actor.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1963
| birth_place = [[Raj Khariar, Nuapada]], [[Odisha]], India
| death_date = {{death date|2023|2|17|df=y}} (aged 59)
| occupation = Actor,[[voice actor]]
| yearsactive = 1989–2023
| spouse =
| children = }}

'''Shahnawaz Pradhan''' (1963 – 17 February 2023)<ref>[https://www.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/shahnawaz-pradhan-death-by-heart-attack-at-age-of-59-mirzapur-web-series-actor/amp_articleshow/98025809.cms Shahnawaz Pradhan Death: शाहनवाज प्रधान का हार्ट अटैक से निधन, 'मिर्जापुर' में बने थे 'गुड्डू भैया' के ससुर] {{in lang|hi}}</ref> was an Indian television and film actor, best known for his portrayal of [[Sindbad the Sailor]] in the popular fantasy television series, ''[[Alif Laila]]'' (1993–97), Nand Baba In Ramanand Sagar Epic TV serial Shree Krishn and playing Hafiz Saeed in ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shahnawaz-pradhan-who-plays-hariz-saeed-in-phantom-talks-about-the-film-s-ban-in-pakistan-2117253|title=Shahnawaz Pradhan who plays Hariz Saeed in 'Phantom' talks about the film's ban in Pakistan - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=22 August 2015|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/phantom-actor-shahnawaz-pradhan-goes-underground-for-security-reasons/|title=Phantom actor Shahnawaz Pradhan goes underground for security reasons?|last=IANS|date=27 August 2015 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/indian-actor-who-played-hafiz-saeed-in-phantom-goes-underground/|title=Indian actor who played Hafiz Saeed in Phantom goes UNDERGROUND|date=31 August 2015 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5241810/|title=Shahnawaz Pradhan|website=IMDb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/shahnawaz-pradhan-who-plays-hariz-saeed-in-phantom-talks-about-the-film--1-829603.html|title=कुछ ऐसा बोले हाफिज सईद के बारे में हारिज सईद...|date=24 August 2015 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/actor-shahnawaz-pradhan-portraying-hafiz-saeed-kept-underground-521773/|title=Actor Shahnawaz Pradhan portraying Hafiz Saeed kept underground|first=Indo-Asian News|last=Service|date=27 August 2015|publisher=}}</ref> He has also acted in the Marathi serial ''Kahe Diya Pardes'', aired on Zee Marathi.

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Dekh Bhai Dekh]]'' || Inspector || rowspan="6" |[[DD National]] ||
|-
| 1993–1997 || ''[[Alif Laila]]'' || [[Sindbad]] || [[Daaku Asvandiyar in Ali baba aur 40 chor]] ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Krishna (TV series)|Krishna]]'' || [[Nanda Baba]] || [[Raja Bali]] || [[Chanood]] ||
|-
| 1993–1997 || ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi (TV series)|Byomkesh Bakshi]]'' || Inspector Barat in the episodes ''Chiriya Ghar (Part 1 & 2)''<ref>{{cite AV media |date=5 February 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bTGfpcDvrw |title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#13 - Chiriya Ghar Part 1 |publisher=[[Doordarshan National]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523025853/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bTGfpcDvrw |archive-date=23 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=5 February 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TocXQVU6FOQ |title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#13 - Chiriya Ghar Part 2 |publisher=[[Doordarshan National]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229035842/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TocXQVU6FOQ |archive-date=29 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and ''Kahen Kavi Kalidas''<ref>{{cite AV media |date=14 February 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sdi-HrQuPPU |title=Byomkesh Bakshi: Ep#21 - Kahen Kavi Kalidas |publisher=[[Doordarshan National]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107082511/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sdi-HrQuPPU |archive-date=7 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> || credited as Shahnawaz
|-
| 2008–2009 || ''[[Bandhan Saat Janamon Ka]]'' || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Hari Mirchi Lal Mirchi]]'' || Ritu's father ||
|-
| 2012–2013 || ''[[The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir]]'' || || [[Disney Channel India]] ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]'' || KK, inspired by campaign manager Carl Webb || [[Colors TV]] ||
|-
| ''[[Tota Weds Maina]]'' || || [[SAB TV]] ||
|-
| 2016–2017 || ''[[Kahe Diya Pardes]]'' || Mataprasad Shukla || [[Zee Marathi]] ||
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]'' || Jeevan ||
|-
|2007
|[[Jai Jagannatha|Jay Jagannath]]
|Royal Priest
|
|-
|2014
|[[Raja Natwarlal]]
|Guest Appearance
|Better near the Gambler
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]'' || [[Hafiz Saeed]] ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Web series===
*''Better Life Foundation'' (Web Series)
*''AIB: The Commentaries - Ghar Wapsi''
*[[Mirzapur (TV series)|''Mirzapur'']] (Web-Series) 2018 - Inspector Parshuram Gupta
*''Hotstar'' - 2019 (Web series on Hotstar)
*''[[Hostages (Indian TV series)|Hostages]]'' -2020 (Web series on [[Hotstar]])
*''Staffroom: Vice Principal Ajay Grover''

==Dubbing roles==

===Animated series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! No. of episodes !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Love, Death & Robots]]'' || [[Michael Benyaer]] || Dr. Wehunt || Hindi || English || 18 (dubbed 1) || 15 March 2019 – present || || Episode: "Sucker of Souls"
|-
|}

===Live action films===

====Foreign language films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Original actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]'' || [[Jonathan Pryce]] || [[Weatherby Swann|Governor Weatherby Swann]] || Hindi || English || 2003 || 2003 ||
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'' || [[Jonathan Pryce]] || [[Weatherby Swann|Governor Weatherby Swann]] || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End]]'' || [[Jonathan Pryce]] || [[Weatherby Swann|Governor Weatherby Swann]] || Hindi || English || 2007 || 2007 ||
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'' || Various actors || Various characters || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 || Shahnawaz's name was mentioned on the Hindi dub credits, of the DVD release of the film, also containing the Tamil and Telugu credits.
|-
| ''[[The Prestige]]'' || [[Michael Caine]] || John Cutter || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
| [[Batman (1989 film)|''Batman'']] || [[Michael Gough]] || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || Hindi || English || 1989 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[Batman Returns]]'' || [[Michael Gough]] || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || Hindi || English || 1992 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[Batman Forever]]'' || [[Michael Gough]] || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || Hindi || English || 1995 || Unknown ||
|-
| [[Batman & Robin (film)|''Batman & Robin'']] || [[Michael Gough]] || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || Hindi || English || 1997 || Unknown ||
|-
| ''[[Batman Begins]]'' || [[Michael Caine]] || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| ''[[The Dark Knight]]'' || [[Michael Caine]] || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 ||
|-
| ''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'' || [[Michael Caine]] || [[Alfred Pennyworth]] || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| [[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|''The Amazing Spider-Man'']] || [[Martin Sheen]] || [[Uncle Ben|Ben Parker]] || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[Inception]]''|| [[Michael Caine]] || Professor Stephen Miles || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 || Voiced this character in the first dub by [[Main Frame Software Communications]].
|}

====Indian films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Original actor !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Anniyan]]''|| [[Nedumudi Venu]] † (voice in original version dubbed by [[S. N. Surendar]]) || Parthasarathy || rowspan="2" | Hindi || rowspan="2" | Tamil || rowspan="2" | 2005 || rowspan="2" | 2006 || rowspan="2" | The Hindi dub was titled: ''Aparichit: The Stranger''.
|-
|[[Cochin Haneefa]] † || Delinquent car owner
|-
| ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' || [[Cochin Haneefa]] † || A. Kuzhandhaivel (A. Kumarvelu in Hindi version) || Hindi || Tamil || 2007 || 2008 ||
|-
| ''[[Enthiran]]''|| [[Cochin Haneefa]] † || Traffic police officer || Hindi || Tamil || 2010 || 2010 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Robot''.
|-
| ''[[Dookudu]]''|| [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] || Tulasi Ram || Hindi || Telugu || 2011 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Real Tiger''.
|-
| [[Nagavalli (film)|''Nagavalli'']]|| Various Characters || Painter,Groom's father, Doctor || Hindi || Telugu || 2010 || 2011 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mera Badla - Revenge as Chandramukhi 2''.
|-
| [[Brindavanam (2010 film)|''Brindavanam'']] || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Durga Prasad || Hindi || Telugu || 2010 || 2012 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Super Khiladi''.
|-
|''[[Khatarnak (2006 film)|Khatarnak]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Dasu's father
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2006
|2012
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Main Hoon Khatarnak''.
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Shadow (2013 film)|''Shadow'']]
|[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] †
|Peter Penchalayya
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
| rowspan="3" |2013
| rowspan="3" |2013
| rowspan="3" |The Hindi dub was titled: ''Meri Jung: One Man Army''.
|-
|[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] †
|Home Minister Naidu
|-
|[[Chalapathi Rao]]
|D.G.
|-
| ''[[Athadu]]''|| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Baaji Reddy (Bajirao Reddy in Hindi version) || Hindi || Telugu || 2005 || 2013 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Cheetah: The Power of One''.
|-
| ''[[Julayi]]''|| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || MLA Varadarajulu || Hindi || Telugu || 2012 || 2013 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dangerous Khiladi''.
|-
| ''[[Naayak]]''|| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Minister || Hindi || Telugu || 2013 || 2014 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Double Attack''.
|-
|''[[Bejawada (film)|Bejawada]]''||[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]||Ramana||Hindi||Telugu||2011||2013||The Hindi dub was titled: ''Hero the Action Man''.
|-
| ''[[Race Gurram]]'' || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Hanumayya || Hindi || Telugu || 2014 || 2014 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Main Hoon Lucky: The Racer''.
|-
|''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Baireddanna
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2012
|2014
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Betting Raja''.
|-
|''[[Adhinayakudu]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Politician
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2012
|2014
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''The Action Man Adhinayakudu''.
|-
| ''[[Yevadu]]''|| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Corrupt central minister || Hindi || Telugu || 2014 || 2015 ||
|-
| ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Brahmananda Rao || Hindi || Telugu || 2013 || 2015 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sabse Badhkar Hum 2''.
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Denikaina Ready]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Rudrama Naidu
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |2012
| rowspan="2" |2015
| rowspan="2" |The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sabse Badi Hera Pheri 2''.
|-
|[[Chalapathi Rao]]
|ACP K. Divakar
|-
|[[Rudhramadevi (film)|''Rudhramadevi'']]
|[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] †
|Amba Devudu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2015
|
|-
|[[Mirchi (film)|''Mirchi'']]
|[[Nagineedu]]
|Uma's older brother
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2013
|2015
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Khatarnak Khiladi''.
|-
|''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Ex-Chief Minister Jawahar Naidu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2012
|2016
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mera Target''.
|-
|''[[Vedalam]]''
|[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
|Thamizh (Trisha in Hindi version)'s blind father
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2015
|2016
|
|-
|''[[Saamy]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Ilaiya Perumal (Perumal Pichai) ''Annachi''
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2003
|2016
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Policewala Gunda 3''.
|-
|''[[Pataas]]''
|[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] †
|Central Minister JP
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2016
|
|-
|[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|''Bengal Tiger'']]
|[[Boman Irani]]
|Chief Minister Ashok Gajapathi
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2016
|
|-
| ''[[Son of Satyamurthy]]'' || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Devaraj's father || Hindi || Telugu || 2015 || 2016 ||
|-
| ''[[Govindudu Andarivadele]]'' || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Balaraju's brother || Hindi || Telugu || 2014 || 2016 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Yevadu 2''.
|-
|[[Jil (film)|''Jil'']]
|[[Chalapathi Rao]]
|Jai's uncle
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2015
|2016
|
|-
|[[Ajay (2006 film)|''Ajay'']]
|[[Doddanna]]
|Home Minister
|Hindi
|Kannada
|2006
|2016
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Zabardast Tevar''.
|-
| ''[[Doosukeltha]]''|| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Rajeshwar || Hindi || Tamil || 2013 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Dangerous Khiladi 6''.
|-
| ''[[Saagasam]]''|| [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Varatharajan || Hindi || Tamil || 2016 || 2017 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Jeene Nahi Doonga 2''.
|-
|''[[Duvvada Jagannadham]]''
|[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli Narasimha]] †
|DJ's grandfather
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2017
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''DJ''.
|-
| [[Terror (2016 film)|''Terror'']] || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Home minister || Hindi || Telugu || 2016 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[All in All Azhagu Raja]]'' || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Chokkanathan || Hindi || Tamil || 2013 || 2018 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Hero No. Zero 2''.
|-
|[[Sketch (2018 film)|''Sketch'']]
|[[Vela Ramamoorthy]]
|Sketch's father
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2018
|2018
|
|-
|''[[Jawaan]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Jai's uncle
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2018
|
|-
|''[[Paisa Vasool (2017 film)|Paisa Vasool]]''
|[[Prudhviraj (Telugu actor)|Prudhviraj]]
|Advocate Pruthviraj
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2017
|2018
|
|-
|''[[Achari America Yatra]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Dadaji
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2018
|2019
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Thugs of America''.
|-
| ''[[Desamuduru]]''|| [[Ahuti Prasad]] † || C.I. A. Prasad || Hindi || Telugu || 2007 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Ek Jwalamukhi''.
|-
| ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' || [[Radha Ravi]] || Muthu || Hindi || Tamil || 2018 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Chennai Central''.
|-
| [[Sita (2019 film)|''Sita'']] || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Basava's father-in-law || Hindi || Telugu || 2019 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Sita Ram''.
|-
| ''[[Siruthai]]''|| [[Santhana Bharathi]] || Home Minister || Hindi || Tamil || 2011 || 2020 ||
|-
| ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]'' || [[M. S. Bhaskar]] || Unknown || Hindi || Tamil || 2006 || 2020 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Mard Ki Zaban 3''.
|-
|''[[Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru!]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Anand's father
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2002
|2020
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Main Tera Tu Meri''.
|-
|''[[Kaithi]]''
|[[Hareesh Peradi]]
|Stephen Raj
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2019
|2020
|
|-
| ''[[Naa Alludu]]'' || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Bilahari || Hindi || Telugu || 2005 || 2021 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Main Hoon Gambler''.
|-
| ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || [[Poo Ramu]] || Rajangam || Hindi || Tamil || 2020 || 2021 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Udaan''.
|-
| ''[[Aathi]]''|| [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Ramachandran || Hindi || Tamil || 2006 || 2021 || The Hindi dub was titled: ''Aadhi Naath''.
|-
| ''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]''|| [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || Viswanathan || Hindi || Tamil || 2019 || 2021 ||
|-
| [[ABCD: American Born Confused Desi (2019 film)|''ABCD: American Born Confused Desi'']] || [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || Koteswara || Hindi || Telugu || 2019 || 2021 ||
|-
|''[[Dhill]]''
|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Chief of Police Training Academy
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2001
|2021
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Meri Aan: Man In Work''.
|-
|''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]''
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Minister Srinivas Rao
|Hindustani
|Telugu
|2007
|2021
|The Hindustani dub was titled: ''Rowdy Munna''.
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|Rajsekhar Aningi
|Subba Reddy
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2021
|2021
|
|-
|[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|''Chatrapathi'']]
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Appala Nayudu
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2005
|2021
|The Hindi dub was titled: ''Hukumat Ki Jung''.
|-
|[[Bheeshma (2020 film)|''Bheeshma'']]
|[[Anant Nag]] (voice in original version dubbed by [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]])
|Bheeshma Sr.
|Hindi
|Telugu
|2020
|2022
|
|-
|[[Mersal (film)|''Mersal'']]
|[[Sangili Murugan]]
|Salim Ghosh
|Hindi
|Tamil
|2017
|2022
|
|-
|[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|''Lakshyam'']]
|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
|Chandu (Sahil in Hindustani version) and Bose's father
|Hindustani
|Telugu
|2007
|2022
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]''
|[[Tanikella Bharani]]
|Minister
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
| rowspan="2" |2020
| rowspan="2" |2022
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Meka Rama Krishna
|Bharathi's son-in-law's father
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub language !! Original language !! Original year release !! Dub year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Toy Story]]'' || [[Don Rickles]] † || [[Mr. Potato Head]] || Hindi || English || 1995 || 1995 ||
|-
| ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' || [[Don Rickles]] † || [[Mr. Potato Head]] || Hindi || English || 1999 || 1999 ||
|-
| ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' || [[Don Rickles]] † || [[Mr. Potato Head]] || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[Toy Story 4]]'' || [[Don Rickles]] † || [[Mr. Potato Head]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
|[[The Adventures of Tintin (film)|''The Adventures of Tintin'']]
|Unknown
|Old man seller
|Hindi
|English
|2011
|2011
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm5241810}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Shahnawaz}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

M. Anbazhagan

2026-02-04T21:12:24Z

KraigYee56: general rework page based on references additionally and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. Anbazhagan
| image =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|11|26|df=y}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Screenwriter]]
| years_active = 2012–present
}}

'''M. Anbazhagan''' is a [[film director]] and screenwriter. His debut film is ''[[Saattai]]'', and he works in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref name="th">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/saattai-cracking-the-whip-differently/article3926157.ece|title=Saattai: Cracking the whip differently|last=Rangarajan|first=Malathi|date=22 September 2012|work=The Hindu|accessdate=10 October 2012}}</ref> Saattai stars [[Samuthirakani]].<ref name="oie">{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/reviews/2012/saattai-movie-review-099639.html|title=Saattai Movie Review|last=Ramchander|date=21 September 2012|work=OneIndia Entertainment|access-date=10 October 2012|archive-date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102111257/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/reviews/2012/saattai-movie-review-099639.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
;As director
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-

|-
| 2012 || ''[[Saattai]]'' ||Debut As Director
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Rubaai (film)|Rubaai]]'' ||
|-
| 2019 || '' [[Adutha Saattai]]'' ||
|}

;As writer
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film
!Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! width=65 | Writer
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Kokki (film)|Kokki]]'' || {{yes|{{y}} (Uncredited)}}
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Lee (2007 film)|Lee]]'' || {{yes|{{y}} (Uncredited)}} ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Laadam]]'' || {{yes|{{y}} (Uncredited)}} ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mynaa]]'' || {{yes|{{y}} (Uncredited)}} ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' || {{partial|{{y}} (Uncredited - Characters only)}} || He created the characters of Dayalan (played by [[Samuthirakani]]) and Singam Perumal (played by [[Thambi Ramaiah]]) used in this film and its official spin off, ''Saattai'', but he does not get any character credits in ''Appa''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anbazhagan, M.}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Uttarmand Dam

2026-01-24T06:44:45Z

KraigYee56: Creating New Article

{{Infobox dam
| name = Uttarmand Dam
| image =
| image_caption =
| name_official = Uttarmand Dam D03142
| dam_crosses = Uttarmand river
| location = Patan
| dam_type = [[Dam#Earth-fill dams|Earthfill]]
| dam_length = {{convert|1389|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{convert|46.45|m|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_volume = {{convert|0|km3|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| construction_began =
| opening = 2001<ref>{{cite web | url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Uttarmand_D03142 | title=Uttarmand D03142 | access-date=April 2, 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
| cost =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{convert|0|km3|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|2393|km2|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| plant_operator =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India Maharashtra
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_size =
| coordinates = {{coord|17.404455|74.019270|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website =
| extra =
}}

'''Uttarmand Dam''', is an [[dam#Earth-fill dams|earthfill]] dam on Uttarmand river near Patan, [[Satara district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in [[India]].

==Specifications==
The height of the dam above its lowest foundation is {{convert|46.45|m|abbr=on}} while the length is {{convert|1389|m|abbr=on}}. The volume content is {{convert|0|km3|abbr=on}} and gross storage capacity is {{convert|24925.00|km3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |title=Specifications of large dams in India |access-date=2011-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Purpose==
* Irrigation

==See also==
* [[Dams in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of reservoirs and dams in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Satara district topics}}

[[Category:Dams in Satara district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Chalo Bulawa Aya Hai, Mata Ne Bulaya Hai

2026-01-02T20:28:28Z

KraigYee56: Started!

{{Infobox television
| genre = Devotional Drama
| director = Hemant Prabhu
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 47
| producer = Gayatri Gill Tewary Siddharth Kumar Tewary
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| company = One Life Studios Pvt. Ltd.
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|09|22|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|11|25|df=y}}
}}

'''Chalo Bulawa Aaya Hai, Mata Ne Bulaya Hai''' is an Indian Hindi-language devotional drama television series that premiered on 22 September 2025 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] and digitally on [[SonyLIV]]. It is produced by Gayatri Gill Tewary and [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] under the banner of One Life Studios Pvt. Ltd. and directed by Hemant Prabhu.

== Plot ==
The story follows Maniki Singh Lodhi, an 8-year-old girl living in Amba Bai village near Jhansi. Her father, Sagar Singh Lodhi, a soldier posted at RS Pura near the India–Pakistan border, goes missing during a mission. Despite uncertainty surrounding his fate, Maniki remains hopeful and firmly believes that her father will return — thanks to her deep devotion to Mata Rani (Vaishno Devi).

Accompanied by her orphan friend Ramdoot, Maniki sets out on a yatra (pilgrimage) to the Vaishno Devi shrine in Katra. During their journey, they face emotional and physical trials while being watched over by a mysterious woman named Vaishnavi, who holds a divine secret.

== Cast ==

=== Main Cast ===

* Payoja Shrivastava as Maniki Singh Lodhi – A brave and devout young girl
* [[Avinesh Rekhi]] as Sagar Singh Lodhi – Jhujhar's brother; Maniki's father; Anandi's husband<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-17 |title=Avinesh Rekhi on Chalo Bulawa Aaya Hai; For me, it's not just about acting in the show but about living the values of faith in God |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/avinesh-rekhi-on-chalo-bulawa-aaya-hai-for-me-its-not-just-about-acting-in-the-show-but-about-living-the-values-of-faith-in-god/articleshow/123941982.cms |access-date=2025-09-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* Kamraan Shah as Ramdoot - Maniki's best friend
* Aleya Ghosh as Anandi Singh Lodhi - Maniki's mother; Sagar's wife
* Dinesh Mehta as Jhujhar Singh Lodhi - Sagar's brother; Jhalkari's husband
* Divyalakshmi as Jhalkari Singh Lodhi - Jhujhar's wife
* Parv Khakhkhar as Jhujhar and Jhalkari's son
* [[Gurpreet Singh (actor)|Gurpreet Singh]] as Param - Sagar's friend
* [[Puneet Vashist]] as Ravindra Vijayvargiya (Raja Bairagi)
* Alhan Sheikh as Yug

== Production ==

=== Music ===
The music of ''Chalo Bulawa Aaya Hai, Mata Ne Bulaya Hai'' enhances the show's devotional atmosphere. The title track is based on the popular bhajan “Chalo Bulawa Aaya Hai Mata Ne Bulaya Hai,” often sung during Vaishno Devi pilgrimages. The background score blends traditional Indian instruments with cinematic arrangements, highlighting key emotional and spiritual moments in the narrative.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2025 |title='चलो बुलावा आया है' शो में सोनू निगम देंगे अपनी आवाज, बुंदेलखंड की मासूम मानिकी की कहानी छू लेगी दिल |url=https://navbharatlive.com/entertainment/chalo-bulawa-aaya-hai-tv-show-sonu-nigam-voice-know-story-1347504.html |work=NavbharatLive}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/chalo-bulawa-aya-hai-mata-ne-bulaya-hai-1790006699 ''Chalo Bulawa Aaya Hai, Mata Ne Bulaya Hai''] on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chalo Bulawa Aaya Hai, Mata Ne Bulaya Hai}}
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

Buchi Babu Sana

2025-12-20T23:55:18Z

KraigYee56: Started!

{{Short description|Indian film director, writer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox director
| name = Buchi Babu Sana
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|02|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Uppada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{Hlist | Film director| screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2021{{ndash}}present
| nationality =
| known_for =
}}

'''Buchi Babu Sana''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2024-07-14 |title=Mythri Movie Makers Splurge Over Rs 3 Cr on Buchi Babu Sana's Script |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/mythri-movie-makers-splurge-over-rs-3-cr-on-buchi-babu-sanas-script-1810194 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Shiva Rajkumar joins Ram Charan's next film with Buchi Babu Sana |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/shiva-rajkumar-joins-ram-charans-next-film-with-buchi-babu-sana-3102942 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Filmmaker Buchi Babu Sana Launches Trailer Of Telugu Psycho-thriller Dakshina |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/filmmaker-buchi-babu-sana-launches-trailer-of-telugu-psycho-thriller-dakshina-8892705.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> He made his directorial debut with the film ''[[Uppena]]'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]] at the [[69th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/director-buchi-babu-sana-thrilled-with-uppenas-national-award-credits-guru-sukumar-and-team-for-the-win/fcb9a82c36345 | title=Director Buchi Babu Sana thrilled with Uppena's National Award, credits guru Sukumar and team for the win|website=[[HT Media]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-20 |title=Ram Charan, Janhvi Kapoor's film with director Buchi Babu Sana launched in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ram-charan-janhvi-kapoors-film-launched-in-hyderabad/article67972045.ece |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2021
|''[[Uppena]]''
|Directorial debut
|<ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 2019 |title=Director dismisses rumours about Vijay Sethupathi walking out of 'Uppena' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/director-dismisses-rumours-about-vijay-sethupathi-walking-out-uppena-106379 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2022 |title=Ramcharan to star in Uppena Director's pan-India project |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ram-charan-to-star-in-uppena-directors-pan-india-project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713224356/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ram-charan-to-star-in-uppena-directors-pan-india-project |archive-date=13 July 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|{{Pending film|[[Peddi]]}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2024 |title=AR Rahman to compose for director Buchi Babu Sana's film with Ram Charan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-to-compose-for-director-buchi-babu-sanas-film-with-ram-charan/article67712794.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shiva Rajkumar joins Ram Charan's next film with Buchi Babu Sana |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/shiva-rajkumar-joins-ram-charans-next-film-with-buchi-babu-sana-3102942 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"|Work
! scope="col"| Result
|{{Tooltip|'''Ref.'''|References}}
|-
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|rowspan="4"|''[[Uppena]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/69th-national-film-awards-2023-winners-list-8907028/|title=69th National Film Awards 2023 complete winners list: Rocketry, Alia Bhatt, Kriti Sanon, Allu Arjun, RRR, Gangubai Kathiawadi win big|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=24 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Of The Filmfare Awards South 2022 - Telugu |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/telugu/winners |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu|Best Debut Director – Telugu]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404-1451930#9 | title=SIIMA 2022: Check full list of winners|website=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref>
|-
|Sakshi Excellence Awards 2021
|Debutant Director of the Year
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/index.php?page=Videos&pageid=10&subpageid=44&subsubpageid=0&id=1149&pg=2 | title=Debutant Director of the Year 2021 Award to Buchi Babu Sana; Sakshi Excellence Awards 2021|website=[[Sakshi TV]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sakshiexcellenceawards.com/index.php?page=Winners&pageid=9&subpageid=46&subsubpageid=99 | title=Winners - 2021 - Cinema Awards|website=[[Sakshi TV]] }}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm4943022}}
*{{twitter|BuchiBabuSana}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buchi Babu, Sana}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film people from East Godavari district]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Gaddar Telangana Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:National Film Award (India) winners]]

Dakṣiṇā

2025-11-21T04:08:38Z

KraigYee56: Started!

{{Short description|Sanskrit term for honorarium}}
{{About||the Nepali film|Dakshina (film)}}
'''{{IAST|Dakṣiṇā}}''' or '''Dakshina''' ({{langx|sa|दक्षिणा}}) is a Sanskrit word found in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] literature where it may mean any donation, fees or honorarium given to a cause, monastery, temple, spiritual guide or after a ritual. It may be expected, or a tradition or voluntary form of ''[[dāna]]''.<ref name="Egge2013p21">{{cite book|author=James Egge|title=Religious Giving and the Invention of Karma in Theravada Buddhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkddAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-85915-1|pages=21, 33, 74, 84–86}}</ref><ref name="Heim2004p119">{{cite book|author=Maria Heim|title=Theories of the Gift in South Asia: Hindu, Buddhist and Jain Reflections on Dana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aqKTAgAAQBAJ |year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-87851-X|pages=118–120}}</ref> The term is found in this context in the Vedic literature.<ref name="Heim2004p119"/>

It may mean honorarium to a [[guru]] for education, training or guidance.<ref>Mahendra Caturvedi, A practical Hindi-English dictionary[http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/search3advanced?dbname=caturvedi&query=दक्षिणा&matchtype=exact&display]{{Dead link|date=October 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}=utf8</ref>

==Etymology and description==

According to Monier Williams, the term is found in many Vedic texts, in the context of "a fee or present to the officiating priest (consisting originally of a cow, [[Kātyāyana Śrautasūtra]] 15, [[Lāṭyāyana Śrautasūtra]] 8.1.2)", a 'donation to the priest', a 'reward', an 'offering to a guru', a 'gift, donation'.<ref name="mw">Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MW72Scan/2014/web/webtc1/index.php]; Quote: f. Donation to the priest (personified along with Brahman2as-pati ब्रह्मणस्-पति, Indra इन्द्र, and Soma सोम, i, 18, 5; x, 103, 8; authoress of x, 107 RAnukr.; wife of Sacrifice [Ragh. i, 31 BhP. ii, 7, 21], both being children of Ruci रुचि and A1ku1ti आकूति, iv, l, 4 f. VP. i, 7, 18 f.); f. reward RV. viii, 24, 2I; f. (offered to the Guru गुरु) MBh. v Ragh. v, 20 Katha1s. iv, 93 f.; f. (˚णाम् आ- √दिश्, "to thank" DivyA7v. vii, 104; Caus. "to earn thanks", i); f. a gift, donation (cf. अभय-, प्रा*ण-) Mn. iii R. ii; {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The word also connotes 'south', a cardinal direction, and by extension, 'the [[Deccan]]'.<ref name=mw/> {{IAST|Dakṣiṇā}} is also found in various other expressions such as {{IAST|dakṣiṇācāra}}, [[Dakṣiṇācāra|right-hand path]] of tantra.<ref>Bhattacharya, N. N. History of the Tantric Religion. Second Revised Edition. Manohar Publications, Delhi, 1999. {{ISBN|81-7304-025-7}}</ref>

=={{IAST|Gurudakṣiṇā}}==
{{IAST|Gurudakṣiṇā}} refers to the tradition of repaying one's teacher or [[guru]] after a period of study or the completion of formal education, or an acknowledgment to a spiritual guide.<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=gurudakshina+&trans=Translate&direction=AU गुरुदक्षिणा, Gurudakshina] English-Sanskrit Dictionary, Spoken Sanskrit, Germany (2010)</ref> The tradition is one of acknowledgment, respect, and thanks.<ref>Radhakrishnan, L. J., & Rabb, H. (2010). Even in nephrology, {{IAST|gurudakṣiṇā}} is important, Kidney International, 78, 3-5</ref> It is a form of reciprocity and exchange between student and teacher. The repayment is not exclusively monetary and may be a special task the teacher wants the student to accomplish.

== In Indian epics ==
There is a symbolic story in the Indian epic [[Mahabharata]] that discusses proper and improper {{IAST|gurudakṣiṇā}}, after a character named ''[[Ekalavya]]''.<ref>Kakar, S. (1971). The Theme of Authority in Social Relation in India. The Journal of Social Psychology, 84(1), 93-101</ref> This story refers to a tribal boy's passion to learn and master archery.

The story, like many stories in the Mahabharata, is an open ended parable on education, personal drive to learn, and what is proper and improper {{IAST|dakṣiṇā}}. In the epic ''Mahabharata'', after the right hand thumb as {{IAST|gurudakṣiṇā}} event, Drona is haunted and wonders if demanding Ekalavya's thumb was proper,<ref>Kumar, S. THE MAHABHARATA. HarperCollins Publishers India (2011), {{ISBN|978-93-5029-191-7}}</ref> Ekalavya goes on to re-master archery with four fingers of his right hand, as well as left hand, thereby becoming a mighty warrior, becomes accepted as a king, and tells his children that education is for everyone and that no one can close the doors of education on any human being.<ref>Brodbeck, S. (2006). Ekalavya and Mahābhārata 1.121–28, International Journal of Hindu Studies, 10(1), 1-34</ref><ref>Brodbeck, Simon (2004) 'The story of Ekalavya in the Mahabharata.' In: Leslie, J. and Clark, M., (eds.), Text, belief and personal identity: creating a dialogue, {{ISBN|9780728603639}}</ref>

== Guru Dakshina (In Literature) ==
Guru Dakshina (Play) in Hindi is written by Bihari Lal Harit in 1969.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7vkTNdWGPwC&q=%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4 |title=Dalit Sahitya Ka Saundrya Shastra |publisher=Vani Prakashan |pages=15 |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Guru-shishya tradition]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu traditions]]
[[Category:Rigveda]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]

Rahul Kaswan

2025-10-13T10:20:05Z

KraigYee56: brief enhanced citations for consistency and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rahul Kaswan
| image =
| office = Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
| constituency = [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]]
| term_start = 2014
| predecessor = [[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2024–present)
| otherparty = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2014–2024)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|1|20}}
| birth_place =
| education =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = [[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
}}

'''Rahul Kaswan''' (born 20 January 1977)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=National Informatics |title=Kaswan, Shri Rahul |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4654?from=members |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Digital Sansad |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician. A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he serves as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency|Churu]]. Previously, he was also elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in [[2014 Indian general election|2014]] and [[2019 Indian general election|2019 general elections]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Iqbal |first=Mohammed |date=2024-03-11 |title=Two-time MP from Churu Rahul Kaswan: A third generation Jat politician from Rajasthan's Shekhawati region |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-time-mp-from-churu-rahul-kaswan-a-third-generation-jat-politician-from-rajasthans-shekhawati-region/article67938458.ece |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born to [[Ram Singh Kaswan]], a former MP from [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency|Churu]] and his grandfather [[Deep Chand Kaswan]] served as an MLA from [[Sadulpur Assembly constituency|Sadulpur]].<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==
Kaswan has been elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in [[2014 Indian general election|2014]], [[2019 Indian general election|2019]], and again in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voice not being heard: Churu MP Rahul Kaswan joins Congress after quitting BJP |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/voice-not-being-heard-churu-mp-rahul-kaswan-joins-congress-after-quitting-bjp/1351549 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>
== Electoral performance ==

=== 2024 Lok Sabha Election ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[Indian general election, 2024|2024 Indian general election – Churu]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = Rahul Kaswan |votes = 728,211 |percentage = 51.12 |result = {{won}} }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = Devendra Jhajharia |votes = 655,474 |percentage = 46.01 |result = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 Lok Sabha Election ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[Indian general election, 2019|2019 Indian general election – Churu]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = Rahul Kaswan |votes = 792,999 |percentage = 59.69 |result = {{won}} }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Indian National Congress |candidate = Rafique Mandelia |votes = 458,597 |percentage = 34.52 |result = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 Lok Sabha Election ===
{{Election box begin | title = [[Indian general election, 2014|2014 Indian general election – Churu]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |candidate = Rahul Kaswan |votes = 595,756 |percentage = 52.67 |result = {{won}} }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |candidate = Abhinesh Maharshi |votes = 301,017 |percentage = 26.61 |result = }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Rahul Kaswan – MP Track (18th Lok Sabha) |url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/18-lok-sabha/rahul-kaswan |publisher=PRS Legislative Research}}
* {{cite web |title=Candidate affidavit & profile (2024) |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=395 |publisher=ADR/Association for Democratic Reforms}}
* {{cite web |title=Shri Rahul Kaswan – Biographical Profile |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/4654?from=members |publisher=Lok Sabha |access-date=25 August 2025}}
* {{cite news |title=Out in the cold in BJP, a Rajasthan MP finds home in Congress: Who is Rahul Kaswan? |work=The Indian Express |date=11–12 March 2024 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rahul-kaswan-bjp-mp-rajasthan-congress-9208448/ |access-date=25 August 2025}}
* {{cite web |title=Lok Sabha 2014 (Rajasthan) – Constituency Results |url=https://election.rajasthan.gov.in/LS2014/Lok%20Sabha%202014%28Result%29.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan |date=2014 |access-date=25 August 2025}}
* {{cite web |title=Churu Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/rajasthan/churu |work=The Times of India |date=2019 |access-date=25 August 2025}}
* {{cite news |title=Churu MP Rahul Kaswan resigns from BJP, joins Congress ahead of Lok Sabha elections |work=The Economic Times |date=11 March 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajasthan-rahul-kaswan-churu-bjp-mp-joins-congress-ahead-of-lok-sabha-elections-2024 |access-date=25 August 2025}}
* {{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 3 - CHURU (Rajasthan) – Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS203.htm |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=5 June 2024 |access-date=25 August 2025}}
* {{cite web |title=Lok Sabha Bulletin – Members of Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture (w.e.f. 26 Sept 2024) |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/bull2mk/2024/260924_240926_231149.pdf?source=loksabhadocs |publisher=Lok Sabha |date=26 September 2024 |access-date=25 August 2025}}

[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

K. M. Annal Thango

2025-10-05T13:35:38Z

KraigYee56: details.

{{Short description|Indian Tamil scholar and freedom fighter (1904–1974)}}
{{Infobox writer
| birth_name = Swaminathan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1904|4|12|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1974|1|4|1904|4|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Christian Medical College Vellore|CMC Hospital, Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| birth_place = [[Gudiyatham]], [[Madras Presidency]]
}}

'''K. M. Annal Thango''' (12 April 1904 – 4 January 1974) was an Indian Tamil scholar, freedom fighter, writer, and lyricist. He contributed significantly to Tamil culture and literature and advocated for the adoption of the ''[[Thirukkural]]'' tradition in Tamil weddings.

== Life ==
K. M. Annal Thango was born as Swaminathan on 12 April 1904 in [[Gudiyatham]], [[Madras Presidency]], to Murugappa Mudaliar and Manickammal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=தூய தமிழைக் காத்த விடுதலைப் போராட்ட வீரர் அண்ணல்தங்கோ |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/opinion/columns/1229693-tamil-freedom-fighter-annal-thango.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> Later, he adopted the name Annal Thango to align with the ''Thani Tamil Iyakkam'' (Tamil Purist Movement).

He joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1918 and participated in numerous protests for India's independence.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=History of Tamilnadu Freedom Fighter K M Annal Thango - 127 |url=https://www.tamilaruvi.in/2022/02/history-of-tamilnadu-freedom-fighter-k-m-annal-thango-127-download-pdf.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |language=ta}}</ref> In 1923, he was imprisoned twice, each time for three months, for picketing a lawyer's shop in [[Madurai]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 1927, he was arrested during the [[Neil Statue Satyagraha]] for attempting to damage the statue and was sentenced to one year of rigorous imprisonment.<ref name=":0" /> He also took part in the Nagpur Civil Lines protest, where he hoisted the national flag and shouted anti-British slogans, defying a government ban, resulting in seven months of rigorous imprisonment.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Over the years, he was imprisoned five times for his involvement in the freedom movement. He briefly contributed to [[E. V. Ramasamy]]'s ''[[Kudi Arasu|Kudiarasu]]'' magazine during this period.<ref name=":1" />

In 1934, Annal Thango organized [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s visit to Gudiyatham. However, Gandhi’s decision to skip the public meeting arranged by Annal Thango caused a disagreement, leading him to resign from the Congress.<ref name=":0" />

In 1936, he joined the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] (then South Indian Liberal Federation).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=காலத்தை வென்றவர்கள் : அண்ணல் தங்கோ நினைவு நாள்.... |url=https://theekkathir.in/News/tamilnadu/chennai/winners-of-the-season-annal-tango-memorial-day |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=theekkathir.in |language=ta}}</ref> When the Justice Party merged with the [[Self-Respect Movement]] in 1944 to form the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], Annal Thango proposed renaming it "Tamil Kazhagam".<ref name=":2" />

Annal Thango also made literary and cultural contributions. In 1927, he presided over his own wedding, introducing the ''Thirukkural'' tradition [[Tamil language|Tamil]] wedding, which replaced [[Sanskrit]] rituals with recitations from the ''Thirukkural''.<ref name=":0" /> In 1942, he launched the magazine ''Tamil Nilam''.<ref name=":2" /> He also wrote songs for Tamil films, including ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'', ''[[Petra Manam]]'', ''Pasiyin Kodumai'', and ''[[Gomathiyin Kaadhalan]]''.<ref name=":2" />

Annal Thango died on 4 January 1974 at [[Christian Medical College Vellore|CMC Hospital, Vellore]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2008, his works were declared national treasures by then [[Tamil Nadu Chief Minister]] [[M. Karunanidhi]], recognizing his contributions to Tamil culture and literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nationalisation of Tamil Literary Works |url=https://tamilnation.org/literature/nationalisation |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=tamilnation.org}}</ref> In 2024, a statue in his honor was erected in Kudiyatham, Vellore District at a cost of Rupees Fifty Lakh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DIN |date=2024-02-27 |title=குடியாத்தத்தில் தியாகி அண்ணல் தங்கோ சிலை திறப்பு |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-vellore/2024/Feb/27/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81 |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Development & Information Department Policy Note 2024-2025 |url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/cms_migrated/document/docfiles/ip_e_pn_2024_25.pdf}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Annal Thango, K. M.}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]

Manipur bush rat

2025-10-02T13:32:45Z

KraigYee56: New The Data From Scratch

{{Short description|Species of rodent}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Manipur bush rat
| image = MusHumiiKeulemans.jpg
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Molur, S. |author2=Laginha Pinto Correia, D. |date=2016 |title=''Hadromys humei'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T9618A22410442 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T9618A22410442.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Hadromys
| species = humei
| authority = ([[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1886)
| synonyms = ''Mus humei'', ''Mus humii''
}}
The '''Manipur bush rat''' ('''''Hadromys humei'''''), also known as '''Hume's rat''' or '''Hume's hadromys''', is a species of [[rodent]] in the family [[Muridae]]. It is found in northeastern [[India]], and is listed as endangered.

==Range and habitat==
The species is endemic to [[northeast India]], and has been recorded from several localities.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> These are: Angarakhata in [[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup]] district ([[Assam]]), [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]], Imphal, [[Senapati]] and Karong (specimen FMNH 76562) in Manipur.<ref name="Musser (1987)"/>

Originally thought to occur in [[Yunnan]] in China also, the Chinese animals have been reclassified as ''[[Hadromys yunnanensis]]'' Yang & Wang 1987.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref name="Musser & Carleton (2005)">{{cite book |title=Mammal Species of the World - a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Volume 1)|last=Musser|first=G.G. |chapter="Superfamily Muroidea"
|author2=Carleton, M.D. |year=2005 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |edition=3 |editor=Wilson, D.E. |editor2=Reeder, D.M. |isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnYED-YG0ZYC&q=Hadromys+humei&pg=PA1327 |access-date=25 May 2011}}</ref> The [[fossil]] record shows that populations of the Manipur Bush Rat existed all over [[Thailand]] right down to the Thai-Malay border during the [[Pleistocene]].<ref name="Chaimanee & Jaeger (2000)">{{cite journal |title=Occurrence of ''Hadromys humei'' (Rodentia: Muridae) during the Pleistocene in Thailand |author=Yaowalak Chaimanee |author2=Jean-Jacques Jaeger |name-list-style=amp |journal=[[Journal of Mammalogy]] |volume=81 |issue=3 |year=2000 |pages=659–665 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0659:oohhrm>2.3.co;2|doi-access=free }}</ref> During that time, the Indo-Malayan region may have had a cooler and drier climate with savanna-like regions. A related species is known from the [[Siwalik]] fossils from northern [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Musser (1987)">{{cite journal |hdl=2246/5216 |title=The occurrence of ''Hadromys'' (Rodentia, Muridae) in early Pleistocene Siwalik strata in northern Pakistan and its bearing on biogeographic affinities between Indian and northeastern African murine faunas |journal=[[American Museum Novitates]] |issue=2883 |last=Musser |first=Guy G. |year=1987}}</ref> These findings indicate that ''Hadromys humei'' is probably a "relict" species.<ref name="Musser & Carleton (2005)"/>

The Manipur bush rat occurs at medium altitudes from {{convert|900|to|1300|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /> It inhabits tropical evergreen, moist deciduous and evergreen forests and also found in secondary forests in northeastern India.<ref name="Molur et al (2005)">{{cite book |title=Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report. |last1=Molur |first1=S. |last2=Srinivasulu |first2=C. |last3=Srinivasulu |first3=Bhargavi |last4=Walker |first4=Sally |last5=Nameer |first5=P.O. |last6=Ravikumar |first6=Latha |year=2005 |publisher=Zoo Outreach Organisation / Captive Breeding Specialist Group -South Asia |location=Coimbatore, India |isbn=81-88722-11-1 |page=289 |url=http://www.zooreach.org/downloads/ZOO_CAMP_PHVA_reports/2005%20Rodent%20CAMP%20report.pdf |access-date=24 May 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722210045/http://www.zooreach.org/downloads/ZOO_CAMP_PHVA_reports/2005%20Rodent%20CAMP%20report.pdf }}</ref>

==Discovery==
The murid was described by [[Oldfield Thomas]] in 1886 from specimens in the [[Manipur]] collection of [[Allan Octavian Hume]],<ref name="Thomas, 1886">{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Oldfield |year=1886 |title=On the Mammals presented by Allan O. Hume, Esq. |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |publisher=Zoological Society of London|page=54 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28985059 |access-date=22 May 2011 }}</ref> which was donated to the [[British Museum (Natural History)]] after Hume's life's work in [[ornithology|ornithological]] notes were sold by a servant as waste paper.<ref name="Moulton (2003)">{{cite book |last1=Moulton |first1=Edward |year=2003 |chapter=The Contributions of Allan O. Hume to the Scientific Advancement of Indian Ornithology |title=Petronia: Fifty Years of Post-Independence Ornithology in India |editor1-last=Daniel |editor1-first=J. C. |editor2-last=Ugra |editor2-first=G. W. |publisher=BNHS, Bombay & Oxford University Press, New Delhi |pages=295–317}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals |last=Beolens |first=Bo |author2=Watkins, Michael |author3=Grayson, Michael |year=2009 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=978-0-8018-9304-9 |pages=200–201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-kSmWLc6vYC&q=Allan%20Octavian%20Hume&pg=PA201 |access-date=25 May 2011}}</ref> The Manipur Bush Rat was named in his honour.<ref name="Thomas, 1886"/> The collection has two male and two female specimens, recorded to be collected on 23 March 1881 from "Moirang" (in Manipur),<ref name="Thomas, 1886"/> the type locality for this species.<ref name="Musser & Carleton (2005)"/>

==Description==
The specimen has been described by Thomas (1886) as:<ref name="Thomas, 1886"/>
{{Quote box
|title =
|quote =
General colour above exceedingly like that of ''Golunda ellioti'', Gr., viz. coarsely grizzled grey, lightest on the head and graduallv turning to deep rufous on the rump, the tips of the great majoritv of
the hairs being white or yellowish white on the head and fore quarters, and gradually becoming rich rufous on the hind quarters, their bases in all cases deep slaty -blue. The other hairs are black throughout, and form the black element in the general grizzling.
Sides like the forequarters. Belly yellow or orange, mixed with the slate of the haii -bases; no black-tipped hairs below. The inner sides of the thighs and all round the base of the tail rich rufous.
The fur throughout is soft, and unmixed with flattened or spinous bristles.
Feet grizzled yellowish white. Ears thinly covered outside with black hairs, and inside with black and yellow or red ones; an indistinct tuft of orange-tipped hairs iu front of the basal notch.
Tail well haired, but not pencilled, markedly bicolor, the hairs black above and white below, but the scales, even of the lower side, are uniformly brown.
Ears large and evenly rounded, with a small projection in the middle of their inner margins; laid forward they reacli to the posterior corner of the eye. Tail about as long as the body without the head.
Fifth front toe unusually short, its claw barely reaching to the bottom of the division between the 2nd and 3rd toes, giving the foot, at first sight, the appearance of being only provided with three toes. Fifth hind toe reaching just to the base of the fourth.
Foot-pads 5-6. Mammae 8, 2 pectoral and 2 inguinal pairs.}}
{{Clear}}

The head and body length of the largest specimen, a female, was {{convert|125|mm|in}} long while the tail is {{convert|106|mm|in}} long.<ref name="Thomas, 1886"/> Elsewhere, the head and body length has been given as head and body length as {{convert|95|to|140|mm|in}}, the tail length as {{convert|195|to|40|mm|in}}. The weight has been recorded as ranging from {{convert|41|to|77|g|oz}}.<ref name="Walker (1999)">{{cite book |title=Walker's mammals of the world, Volume 1 |last=Nowak |first=Ronald M. |year=1999 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8 |page=1565 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7W-DGRILSBoC |access-date=22 May 2011}}</ref>

==Conservation status==
The species has been given conservation status of "Endangered - B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)" in [[IUCN Red List]] ver 3.1. The criteria for this assessment include:<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />
* Limited area of occurrence (less than {{convert|500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}).
* Limited geographical extent of range (less than {{convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}}).
* Less than five areas from which it is reported.
* Continuing decline in extent and degradation of habitat.

The principal threats to this species are assessed to be loss of and degradation of habitat, fragmentation, and encroachment. Besides these, hunting and fire are also considered to be contributing causes.<ref name="Molur et al (2005)"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murinae (Hadromys–Maxomys)}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q301829}}

[[Category:Rats of Asia]]
[[Category:Hadromys]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Rodents of India]]
[[Category:Environment of Manipur]]
[[Category:Endangered fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1886]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

Warhapur

2025-09-25T13:59:53Z

KraigYee56: added section per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barhapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Barhapur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29|30|03|N|78|41|53|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 23,456
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=125518 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=8 May 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042730/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=125518 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP20
| website = {{URL|up.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barhapur''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Bijnor district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar, Pradesh]].

Post{{Vague|reason=What is a post name?|date=September 2025}} and the [[Barhapur Assembly constituency|legislative assembly constituency]] are also named Barhapur.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Barhapur had a population of 20,863. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Barhapur has an average literacy rate of 38%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 44%, and female literacy is 31%. In Barhapur, 21% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bijnor district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Bijnor district]]

{{Bijnor-geo-stub}}

Ajit (newspaper)

2025-09-22T09:49:01Z

KraigYee56: added info

{{Short description|Punjabi language newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Ajit
| logo = Ajit-logo.png
| logo_border = 2%
| image = Ajit-newspaper-12.02.20.jpg
| caption = Front page of 12 February 2020
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = {{sda|1941}}
| political_position = [[Conservative]], [[Punjabi culture|Punjabism]], [[Sikhism]]
| owners = Pudhari Group
| chief_editor = [[Barjinder Singh Hamdard]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| headquarters = [[Jalandhar]], India
| sister_newspapers = ''Ajit Samachar'' (Hindi daily) ''Daily Ajit'' (Urdu daily) ''[[Pudhari]]''
| website = {{URL|http://ajitjalandhar.com/}}
}}

'''''Ajit''''' '''(Daily Ajit)''' is a [[Punjabi language]] daily newspaper published in [[Jalandhar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/news/item/59027-badal-lauds-contribution-of-ajit-newspapers-as-the-group-launches-chandigarh-editions|title=Badal lauds contribution of 'Ajit Newspapers' as the group launches Chandigarh Editions|date=December 26, 2014|work=yespunjab.com|access-date=2018-11-23|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228142014/http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/news/item/59027-badal-lauds-contribution-of-ajit-newspapers-as-the-group-launches-chandigarh-editions|archive-date=28 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The newspaper is run by [[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]] Trust<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's new capitalists: caste, business, and industry in a modern nation|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2008|quote=The exceptions are The Tribune and Ajit. a Punjabi daily run by a Saini-Sikh}}</ref> and has been publishing since 1941.<ref>Daily Ajit (Urdu), Lahore 1942; chief ed., 1943–47; chief ed.; Daily Ajit, Jullundur, INFA press and advertisers year book, INFA Publications., 1968</ref> Veteran journalist and ex-[[Rajya Sabha]] member, [[Barjinder Singh Hamdard]], is the current editor-in-chief. In 2007–08, it claimed a circulation of more than 333,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rni.nic.in/Appendix%20I%20Dailies.pdf|title=Appendix I Dailies|website=rni.nic.in|publisher=[[Registrar of Newspapers for India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120134649/http://rni.nic.in/appendix%20i%20dailies.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=21 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
{{Tone|section|date=February 2020}}
''Ajit'' started its circulation with an [[Urdu]] language weekly edition in 1941 from Shaheed [[Sikh Missionary College]] Amritsar. Ajit Singh Ambalvi was its first editor. In November 1942, it became a daily newspaper and began printing from [[Lahore]]. After independence it moved its base to [[Jalandhar]] and [[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]] became its editor. In 1955, its name was changed to ''Ajit Patrika'' and the language was changed from Urdu to Punjabi. Later in 1957, its name was changed back to ''Ajit''. After Hamdard's death in 1984, its present editor [[Barjinder Singh Hamdard]] took charge. In 1996, a Hindi edition titled "Ajit Samachar" was commenced and in 2002 its website was launched.<ref>{{cite web|title='ਅਜੀਤ' ਦਾ ਮਾਣਮੱਤਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ|url=http://beta.ajitjalandhar.com/ajit_history.cms |publisher=Ajit|access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>
Ajit established a new milestone in its historic journey by starting Hindi daily Ajit named "Ajit Samachar" to further widen the circle of its readership. It was a new and fresh message in the field of journalism. It is gratifying indeed, that Ajit Samachar, keeping its traditions alive has not only made big strides on the chosen path but has also been discharging its responsibilities in a very effective manner. This newspaper has widened the horizons of the group. Today it is successfully hosting its flag in Haryana Himachal and Jammu Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|title='अजीत समाचार|url=http://www.ajitsamachar.com/publisher=Ajit|access-date=21 December 2018}}</ref>

==Editors==
*[[Ajit Singh Ambalvi]] (1941–1947)
*[[Sadhu Singh Hamdard]] (1947–1984)
*[[Barjinder Singh Hamdard]] (1984–Present)

==See also==
*[[Khalsa Akhbar Lahore]]
*[[Punjabi Tribune]]
*[[List of newspapers]]
*[[List of newspapers in India by circulation]]
*[[List of newspapers in the world by circulation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ajitjalandhar.com/ Official Punjabi website]
*[http://ajitsamachar.com/ Official Hindi website]
{{Newspapers in India}}
{{Asia topic|List of newspapers in}}

[[Category:Hindi-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language newspapers published in India|India]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1941]]
[[Category:Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Mass media in Punjab, India]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

Ghumiara

2025-08-13T21:43:45Z

KraigYee56: Stub

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghumiara
| other_name = ਘੁਮਿਆਰਾ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.757492|74.831432|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 952
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=56}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Ghumiara''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਘੁਮਿਆਰਾ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghumiara · Punjab 142060, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ghumiara,+Punjab+142060/@30.7572983,74.8261529,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919fda6c5dc07d1:0x3f1873616fe9bc78!8m2!3d30.757928!4d74.8317052!16s/g/1td4y79y?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Ghumiara · Punjab 142060, India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=A seminar was organized by Police Sanjh Center at village Ghumiara |url=https://www.punjabijagran.com/punjab/mogafaridkotmuktsar-a-seminar-was-organized-by-police-sanjh-center-at-village-ghumiara-9217152.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Punjabi Jagran |language=pa}}</ref> The Village has a population of 952 of which 516 are males while 436 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghumiara Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35560-ghumiara-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 370 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=56}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151203.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GMS GHUMIARA {{!}} District Faridkot,Governmnet of Punjab {{!}} India |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/gms-ghumiara/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Siege of Gwalior

2025-07-15T13:10:06Z

KraigYee56: Creating A Bio

{{Wikt|Gwalior}}

'''Siege of Gwalior''' may refer to:
*Siege of Gwalior (1021), conflict between the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] and the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]],
*[[Siege of Gwalior (1196)]], conflict between the [[Ghurid dynasty]] and the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]],
*[[Siege of Gwalior (1232)]], conflict between [[Delhi Sultanate|Dehli Sultanate]] and the [[Parihar (clan)|Parihar]] [[Rajput]] clan or
*[[Siege of Gwalior (1518)]], conflict between [[Tomaras of Gwalior]] and [[Lodi dynasty]].

== See also ==
* [[Conquest of Gwalior]], the 1231 conflict between the Delhi sultanate and the Parihar Rajputs.

{{disambiguation}}

Alak Ray

2025-06-22T01:11:15Z

KraigYee56: creating initial info basic info

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Alak Ray
| image = Alak_Ray.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Alak Ray at [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research|TIFR]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship = Indian
| nationality =
| fields = Astronomy, Physics, Astrophysics
| workplaces = NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
| patrons =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| thesis_title = "Thermal conduction and cooling of young neutron stars"
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 1979
| doctoral_advisor = [[Malvin Ruderman]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| awards =
| spouse =
| partner = 
| children =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

'''Alak Ray''' is an Indian astronomer and high-energy astrophysicist, who works on [[neutron star]]s, [[supernova]]e and [[Gamma-ray burst|GRBs]].

==Education==
Alak Ray received his B.Sc. degree from [[Calcutta University]] in 1970. He earned his Ph.D. (1979) at the [[Columbia University]], under the supervision of [[Malvin Ruderman]].<ref>Mathematics Genealogy Project, [https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=175971 "Alak Ray"]</ref>

==Career==
During 1979–1981, Ray worked at [[University of California, Irvine]] as a postdoctoral research associate.
In 1981 he moved back to India to join the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], where he served as reader, associate professor and then professor. Between the years of 1996 and 1998, he took a sabbatical as senior research associate at [[NASA]]'s [[Goddard Space Flight Center]].

With Brian Cameron and Poonam Chandra in 2004, Ray discovered the first radio counterpart of a [[Soft gamma repeater]], [[SGR 1806−20]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03605 | doi=10.1038/nature03605 | title=Detection of a radio counterpart to the 27 December 2004 giant flare from SGR 1806–20 | year=2005 | last1=Cameron | first1=P. B. | last2=Chandra | first2=P. | last3=Ray | first3=A. | last4=Kulkarni | first4=S. R. | last5=Frail | first5=D. A. | last6=Wieringa | first6=M. H. | last7=Nakar | first7=E. | last8=Phinney | first8=E. S. | last9=Miyazaki | first9=Atsushi | last10=Tsuboi | first10=Masato | last11=Okumura | first11=Sachiko | last12=Kawai | first12=N. | last13=Menten | first13=K. M. | last14=Bertoldi | first14=F. | journal=Nature | volume=434 | issue=7037 | pages=1112–1115 | pmid=15858569 | arxiv=astro-ph/0502428 | bibcode=2005Natur.434.1112C | s2cid=4409584 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/swift_nsu_0205.html Cosmic Explosion Among the Brightest in Recorded History], 2005-02-18 (''[[NASA]]'' News & Features)</ref>

Along with Alicia Soderberg and Sayan Chakraborti in 2009, Ray discovered the first relativistic outflow from a [[Supernova]] without a detected [[Gamma-ray burst]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08714 | doi=10.1038/nature08714 | title=A relativistic type Ibc supernova without a detected γ-ray burst | year=2010 | last1=Soderberg | first1=A. M. | last2=Chakraborti | first2=S. | last3=Pignata | first3=G. | last4=Chevalier | first4=R. A. | last5=Chandra | first5=P. | last6=Ray | first6=A. | last7=Wieringa | first7=M. H. | last8=Copete | first8=A. | last9=Chaplin | first9=V. | last10=Connaughton | first10=V. | last11=Barthelmy | first11=S. D. | last12=Bietenholz | first12=M. F. | last13=Chugai | first13=N. | last14=Stritzinger | first14=M. D. | last15=Hamuy | first15=M. | last16=Fransson | first16=C. | last17=Fox | first17=O. | last18=Levesque | first18=E. M. | last19=Grindlay | first19=J. E. | last20=Challis | first20=P. | last21=Foley | first21=R. J. | last22=Kirshner | first22=R. P. | last23=Milne | first23=P. A. | last24=Torres | first24=M. A. P. | journal=Nature | volume=463 | issue=7280 | pages=513–515 | pmid=20110995 | arxiv=0908.2817 | bibcode=2010Natur.463..513S | s2cid=205219464 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-tifr-discovers-new-class-of-supernovae-1340014 TIFR discovers new class of supernovae], 2010-01-28 (''DNA Newspaper'')</ref>

In collaboration with Sayan Chakraborti, Naveen Yadav, and Carolin Cardamone in 2012, Ray discovered the presence of strong magnetic fields in [[Pea galaxy|Green Pea Galaxies]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2041-8205/746/1/L6 | doi=10.1088/2041-8205/746/1/L6 | title=Radio Detection of Green Peas: Implications for Magnetic Fields in Young Galaxies | year=2012 | last1=Chakraborti | first1=Sayan | last2=Yadav | first2=Naveen | last3=Cardamone | first3=Carolin | last4=Ray | first4=Alak | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=746 | issue=1 | pages=L6 | arxiv=1110.3312 | bibcode=2012ApJ...746L...6C | hdl=1721.1/95641 | s2cid=55407853 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

At the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] Ray supervised the doctoral research of many researchers, including [[Nandivada Rathnasree]] who was elected the Director of the [[Nehru Planetarium]],<ref>[https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/rathnasree-nandivada-nehru-planetarium-astronomical-society-of-india/ Remembering Rathnasree Nandivada, Who Brought the Stars To All of Us], 2021-11-06 (''The Wire'')</ref> and Sayan Chakraborti who was elected Junior Fellow of the [[Harvard Society of Fellows]].<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/city-phd-student-gets-prestigious-harvard-fellowship/story-UJ5yZTjF1i1XsTbAR18hWP.html City PhD student gets prestigious Harvard fellowship], 2011-12-15 (''[[Hindustan Times]]'')</ref>

==Honors==
Ray was awarded a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Fellowship]] in 2014.<ref>[https://www.usief.org.in/INF-2014-15/Academic-and-Professional-Excellence-Scholars/Alak-Kanta-Ray.html Fulbright-Nehru Academic and Professional Excellence Fellowship], 2014-2015 (''[[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Fellowship]]'')</ref> He was elected to the [[International Astronomical Union]] in 1985.<ref>[https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/6511/ Member], Since 1985 (''[[International Astronomical Union]]'')</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Alak}}
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Maiestas parapruthii

2025-03-03T03:54:17Z

KraigYee56: New New Info More To Come

{{Short description|Species of true bug}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Maiestas
| species = parapruthii
| authority = Chalam & Rama Subba Rao, 2005<ref>{{cite web|url= http://arctos.database.museum/name/Recilia%20parapruthii|title=Binomial authority|publisher=Arctos|accessdate=November 23, 2012}}</ref>
}}

'''''Maiestas parapruthii''''' (formerly ''Recilia parapruthii'') is a species of bug from the [[leafhopper|Cicadellidae]] family that is endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://globalspecies.org/ntaxa/2457856|title=Recilia parapruthii|publisher=[[Global Species Database]]|accessdate=22 May 2012}}</ref>

The species was moved from ''[[Recilia]]'' to ''Maiestas'' in 2009.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3081807}}

[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Hemiptera of Asia]]
[[Category:Insects described in 2005]]
[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Maiestas|parapruthii]]

{{Deltocephalinae-stub}}

List of law schools in Punjab

2024-11-15T05:27:55Z

KraigYee56: New Basic Details Added Tags

{{short description|List of law schools in Punjab, India}}
In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] the courses of law are offered by various private and government colleges and universities, and around 52 legal education centres.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Law Colleges having approval by the BCI|url=http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/List-of-Law-Colleges-having-approval-by-the-BCI.pdf|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> One can study in various law courses such as LL.B, integrated LL.B, LL.M and doctoral courses. LLB is an undergraduate degree that covers core specializations and mainly focuses on criminal law, contract law, constitutional/administrative law, equity and trusts, land law, and tort law. The list<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCI approved CLEs up to 2021 |url=http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/19.-2.-College-CLE-Approval-Status-update-on-22.6.2021.pdf}}</ref> of CLEs are as follows:

{| class="wikitable" id="foo"
! Sr. no.
! District
! Affiliating university
! Established
! Name of legal education centre
! Programs
! Status/academic head
|-
|1
|Ludhiana
|[https://puchd.ac.in/ Panjab University, Chandigarh]
|2006
|[https://www.ghginstoflaw.com/ G.H.G. Institute of Law, Sidhwan Khurd]
|B.A.LL.B (Hons.) 5 years integrated course and LL.B 3 years course
|Self financed institute under [https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=61560451031438&mibextid=LQQJ4d Shri Guru Hargobind Ujagar Hari Trust, Sidhwan Khurd]
|-
| 2 ||Bathinda||[[Central University of Punjab]]||2024||School of Legal Studies||BALL.B. (H.) 5 year, LL.M. 2 year, Ph.D. law|| Central university
|-
|3||Ludhiana|| [[CT University]], Ludhiana||2018||School of Law, CT University, Ludhiana|| 3 year LLB course, 5 year BA.LLB, 5 year BALL.B. (H.), 5 year B.Com.LL.B., 5 year B.Com.LL.B. (H.)|| Private university
|-
|4||Fatehgarh Sahib||[[Desh Bhagat University]] Mandi Gobindgarh, Amloh, Fatehgarh Sahib||2013||University School of Law, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Amloh, Fatehgarh Sahib ||3 year LLB course (60), 5 year BA.LLB (60)|| Private university
|-
|5 ||Amritsar||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]|| 1972||Gurunanak Dev University, Amritsar|| 3 year LLB (1979) 5 BA.LLB(H)(2014) |Dept. of Law, Univ.
|-
|6 ||Jalandhar||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||1979||Dept. of Law, Regional Centre, Gurunanak Dev University, Regional Centre ||3 year LLB course|| Regional centre
|-
|7 ||Chandigarh||[[Aryans Group of Colleges]], Chandigarh||2007||Dept. of Law, Regional, Aryans Group of Colleges, Regional Centre ||3 year LLB course|| Private college
|-
|8 ||Gurdaspur||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||1999||Regional Centre, Gurunanak Dev University, Gurdaspur ||5 year LLB course|| Regional centre
|-
|9 ||Jalandhar||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||2002||School of Legal Studies, Gurunanak Dev University, Jalandhar ||5 year LLB course|| UTD
|-
|10 ||Batala||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||2004||V.M.S. Law College, Batala||5 year LLB course (2004), 3 year LLB course (2006)|| Affiliated private college
|-
|11 ||Jalandhar||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||2004||St. Soldier Law College, Jalander||5 year LLB course, 3 year LLB course, 5 year B.Com.LLB|| Affiliated private college
|-
|12 ||Jalandhar||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||2005||KCL Institute of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BA.LLB||
|-
|13 ||Amritsar||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||2012||[[Khalsa College of Law]]||3 year LLB course, 5 year BA.LLB, 5 year B.Com.LL.B. ||
|-
|14 ||Taran Taran||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||2016||Punjab College of Law, Usma, Taran Taran||3 year LLB course, 5 year B.Com.LL.B. ||
|-
|15 ||Jalandhar||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||2017||C.T. Institute of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BA.LLB, 5 year B.Com.LL.B. ||
|-
|16 ||Amritsar||[[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]||2020||Amritsar Law College||3 year LLB course, 5 year BA.LLB||
|-
|17 ||Bathinda||[[Guru Kashi University]], [[Talwandi Sabo]], [[Bathinda]]||2016||University School of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B. (H.)||
|-
|18 ||Phagwara||[[Lovely Professional University]]||2003||Lovely Institute of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BA.LLB||
|-
|19 ||Phagwara||[[Lovely Professional University]]||2014||School of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BBA.LLB (H.), 5 year BALL.B. (H.), 5 year B.Com.LL.B. (H.) ||
|-
|20 ||Chandigarh||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||1947||Dept of Law, UTD||3 year LLB course||
|-
|21 ||Muktsar||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2001||Regional Centre, Muktsar||3 year LLB course||
|-
|22 ||Nawanshahar||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2004||[[Rayat College of Law]], Railmajra||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B. (H.), 5 year B.Com.LL.B. (H.) ||
|-
|23 ||Ludhiana||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2003|||University Institute of Law, Punjab University Regional Centre||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B. (H.)||
|-
|24 ||Chandigarh||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2004||University Institute of Legal Studies, Punjab University||5 year BALL.B. (H.), 5 year B.Com.LL.B. (H.)||
|-
|25 ||Ludhiana||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2006||Guru Nanak College of Law||5 year BALL.B. ||
|-
|26 ||Moga||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2007||[[Baba Kundan Singh Memorial Law College]], Moga||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B., 5 year B.Com.LL.B. (H.)||
|-
|27 ||Hoshiarpur||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2007||Swami Sarvanand Giri Punjab University Regional Centre, Sadhu Ashram, Bajwara||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|28 ||Hoshiarpur||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2016||Rayat-Bahra College of Law||5 year BALL.B. ||
|-
|29 ||Mohali||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2016||[[Universal Law College|Universal College of Law]]||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B. ||
|-
|30 ||Patiala||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2016||[[Aryans College of Law|Aryans College of law]]||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B., 5 year B.Com.LL.B.||
|-
|31 ||Fatehgarh Sahib||[[Punjab University Chandigarh]]||2017||Punjab College of Law, Fatehgarh Sahib||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|32 ||Patiala||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||1965||Department of Law, UTD, Punjabi University||3 year LLB course||
|-
|33 ||Patiala||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||1999||[[Army Institute of Law]]||5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|34 ||Sangrur||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2003||[[Bhai Gurdas College of Law]]||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|35 ||Patiala||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2004||Lincoln College of law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|36 ||Patiala||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2004||Punjab College of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|37 ||Faridkot||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2004||[[Baba Farid Law College]]||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|38 ||Dhanthal||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2004||Sardar Amarjit Singh Memorial Institute of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|39 ||Mohali||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2005||Rayat and Bahara's MMTI College of Law, Sahauran (After 2015 under Rayat Bahara University)||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|40 ||Patiala||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2007||Punjab School of Law, Punjabi University|| 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|41 ||Bhatinda||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2008||[[Bathinda College of Law]]||3 year LLB course||
|-
|42 ||Patiala||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2014||Department of Law, Government Mahendra College||5 year BALL.B. ||
|-
|43 ||Patiala||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2015||Bahara College of Law, Bhedpura||5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|44 ||Fatehgarh Sahib||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2017||Punjab College of Law, Sarkapra||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||

|-
|45 ||Samana||[[Punjabi University, Patiala]]||2020||Nancy College of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|46 ||Mohali||[[Rayat-Bahra University]], Mohali||2015||University School of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B., 5 year B.Com.LL.B.||
|-
|47 ||Patiala||[[Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law]]||2006||UTD|| 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|48 ||Jalandhar||Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Khiala||2017||University Institute of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|49 ||Fatehgarh Sahib||[[Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University]]||2016||University School of Law||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|50 ||Mandi Gobindgarh||[[RIMT University]]||2016||RIMT School of Legal Studies||3 year LLB course, 5 year BALL.B., 5 year BBALL.B., 5 year B.Com.LL.B.||
|-
|51 ||Jalandhar||[[DAV University]]||2020||University School of Legal Studies|| 5 year BALL.B.||
|-
|52 ||Sarangpur, Chandigarh||[[NMIMS University]]||2020||SVKM's NMIMS School of Law|| 5 year BALL.B. (H.), 5 year BBALL.B. (H.)||
|-
|53 ||Bathinda||[[Guru Kashi University]]||1999||Regional centre||3 year LLB course||
|-
|54 ||Jalandhar|| [[St. Soldier Law College]], Jalandhar || April, 2015, Guru Nanak dev University Amritsar || 3 year LLB course, 5 year BA.LLB, 5 year BALL.B. (H.), 5 year B.Com.LL.B., 5 year B.Com.LL.B. (H.) || Private college
|
|}
==See also==
* [[List of law schools in India]]
* [[Autonomous law schools in India]]
* [[Common Law Admission Test]]
* [[Legal education#India|Legal education in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{List of Law schools in Punjab}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Law schools in India}}
[[Category:Law schools in Punjab, India|Punjab]]
[[Category:Lists of law schools|India]]
[[Category:India law-related lists|Schools]]
[[Category:Lists of universities and colleges in India|Punjab]]

Tana Bhagats

2024-04-21T17:52:49Z

KraigYee56: Creating Pg

{{Short description|Tribal community in Indian state of Jharkhand}}
[[File:Veer Jatra Tana Bhagat.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Statue of Veer [[Jatra Bhagat]] in [[Ranchi district|Ranchi District]], [[Jharkhand]]]]
'''Tana Bhagats''' is a tribal community in [[India]]n state of [[Jharkhand]]. They are related to the historical [[Tana Bhagat Movement]] (1914).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Tana-Bhagats-want-early-solution-to-their-problems/articleshow/17596646.cms | title=Tana Bhagats want early solution to their problems - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Bahadur 1915">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yH-mnQEACAAJ&q=SC+Roy,+'The+Oraons+of+Chota+Nagpur:+Their+History,+Economic+Life+and+Social+Organisation',+Ranchi,+1915,+(reprint),+Calcutta,+1972|title=The Oraons of Chota Nagpur: Their History, Economic Life, and Social Organisation|last=Bahadur)|first=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai|date=1915|publisher=Crown Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Dasgupta|first=Sangeeta|date=1999-02-01|title=Reordering a World: The Tana Bhagat Movement, 1914-1919|journal=Studies in History|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–41|doi=10.1177/025764309901500101|s2cid=162127973|issn=0257-6430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Oraon_Tana_Vagat_Movement|title=Oraon Tana Vagat Movement - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-05}}</ref>

== Formation ==
Tana Bhagats were formed by [[Kurukh people|Oaron]] saints [[Jatra Bhagat]] and [[Turia Bhagat]]. Jatra Bhagat of [[Gumla district|Gumla]], [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] proclaimed that he was divinely ordained to establish a new sect, the Tana sect, which was markedly different from the [[Oraon people|Oraon]] community. The Tanas sought to reorder the Oraon society by opposing the traditional leadership of the ''pahan'' (Oraon priest) and ''mahto'' (village representative in secular affairs), and by rejecting the practices of spirit worship and sacrifice. In its earlier phase it was called as [[Kurukh people|Kurukh]] Dharma. Kurukh is original religion of the Oraons.<ref name=":1" />

== Movement ==
{{main|Tana Bhagat Movement}}The Tana Bhagats opposed the taxes imposed on them by the [[United Kingdom|British]] and they staged nice poga [[Satyagraha]] (civil disobedience movement) even before [[Gandhi]]'s satyagraha movement. They opposed the zamindars, the banias (moneylenders), the missionaries, the Muslims and the British state. Tana Bhagats are followers of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], and believe in [[Ahimsa]] (Non-violence).<ref name=":1" />

== Centenary ==
To observe the 100 years of the movement, a celebration was held with participation of Tana Bhagats from [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]], [[Latehar district|Latehar]] and [[Chatra district|Chatra]], besides [[Gumla district|Gumla districts]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]