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1971 Bengali Hindu Genocide

2021-05-28T17:43:39Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1971 Bangladesh genocide
| partof = the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| image =
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| alt =
| caption = Rayerbazar killing field photographed immediately after the war started, showing bodies of Bengali nationalist intellectuals (''Image courtesy: [[Rashid Talukdar]], 1971'')
| map =
| map_size =
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| location = [[East Pakistan]]
| target = [[Bengalis]]
| coordinates =
| motive = Anti-Bengali sentiment
| date = 26 March – 16 December 1971<br />({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=26|year1=1971|month2=12|day2=16|year2=1971}})
| type = [[Deportation]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[mass murder]], [[genocidal rape]]
| fatalities = Estimated between 200,000 and 3,000,000<ref name="TottenParsons2004">{{cite book|author1=Samuel Totten|author2=William S. Parsons|author3=Israel W. Charny|title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-94430-4|pages=295–|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180018/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CheldelinEliatamby2011">{{cite book|author1=Sandra I. Cheldelin|author2=Maneshka Eliatamby|title=Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|date=18 August 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-6021-8|pages=23–|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221213758/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |title=Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=23 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014512/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html| archive-date= 5 June 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref>
| perps = {{plainlist|
* [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
* [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Shanti committee]]
* [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
* [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]]
* [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al-Shams]]}}
}}

The '''genocide in Bangladesh''' began on 26 March 1971 with the launch of [[Operation Searchlight]],{{sfn|Spencer|2012|p=63}} as [[West Pakistan]] (now Pakistan) began a military crackdown on the [[East Pakistan|Eastern wing]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) of the nation to suppress [[Bengali people|Bengali]] calls for self-determination.{{sfn|Ganguly|2002|p=60}} During the nine-month-long [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh War for Liberation]], members of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] and supporting pro Pakistani Islamist [[militia]]s from [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263|title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|first1=Samuel|last1=Totten|first2=William S.|last2=Parsons|date=10 September 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-24550-4|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263|url-status=live}}</ref> killed between 200,000 and 3,000,000<ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh">{{cite book|last1=Alston|first1=Margaret|title=Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-68486-2|page=40|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012615/https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}</ref> people and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women,<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/|title=Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation|date=19 December 2016|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193430/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/|url-status=live}}</ref> according to Bangladeshi and Indian sources,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh|last1=Sisson|first1=Richard|last2=Rose|first2=Leo E.|date=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520076655|page=306|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227154411/https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306|url-status=live}}</ref> in a systematic campaign of [[genocidal rape]].{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}} The actions against women were supported by Jamaat-e-Islami religious leaders, who declared that Bengali women were ''gonimoter maal'' (Bengali for "public property").{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people, mostly Hindus,<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71|title=History (from Bangladesh)|last=Tinker|first=Hugh Russell|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=11 June 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185936/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71|url-status=live}}</ref> [[East Bengali refugees|fled the country]] to seek refuge in neighbouring [[India]]. It is estimated that up to 30 million civilians were internally displaced<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh" /> out of 70 million.<ref name="WPP 2017">{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |title=World Population Prostpects 2017 |website=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the war, there was also [[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh|ethnic violence]] between Bengalis and [[Stranded Pakistani|Urdu-speaking Biharis]].{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Biharis faced reprisals from Bengali mobs and militias<ref name="Khan 2010 p101">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Borhan Uddin |author2=Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman |date=2010 |editor=Rainer Hofmann, Ugo Caruso |title=Minority Rights in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3631609163 |page=101 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122123/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |url-status=live }}</ref> and from 1,000 to 150,000<ref name="Fink2010">{{cite book|author=George Fink|title=Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292|date=25 November 2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-381382-4|pages=292|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011658/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64|date=1999|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-227010-9|pages=64|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011706/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64|url-status=live}}</ref> were killed.

There is an academic consensus that the events which took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War constituted a [[genocide]].{{sfn|Payaslian}} However, there are scholars who deny the killing was a genocide.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachler |first=Donald |date=1 December 2007 |title=The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/00313220701657286 |s2cid=220344166 |quote=Some scholars and other writers have denied that what took place in Bangladesh was a genocide.}}</ref>

== Violence against Hindus ==
An article in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |title=World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal - Printout |magazine=TIME |date=2 August 1971 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan army eastern command headquarter officials in Dhaka made clear the government's policy on East Bengal. After the elimination or exile of Hindus, their property was going to be shared among middle class Muslims.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007">Beachler, Donald (2007) 'The politics of genocide scholarship:the case of Bangladesh', Patterns of Prejudice, 41:5, 467 - 492</ref> According to Colonel Naim Hindus "undermined the Muslim masses." He said Bengali culture to a great extent was Hindu culture and "We have to sort them out to restore the land to the people."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|144–145}} In April 1971 at Comilla Major Rathore said to Anthony Mascarenhas on Hindus: "Now under the cover of fighting we have an excellent opportunity of finishing them off...Of course, we are only killing the Hindu men. We are soldiers, not cowards like the rebels."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|144}}

Hindus were alleged to have corrupted the Awami League. Pakistani soldiers repeatedly boasted that they have came "to kill Hindus" to US Consul Archer Blood. A witness heard an officer shouting to soldiers: "Why you have killed Muslims. We ordered you to kill only Hindus."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|145}} US government cables noted that the minorities of Bangladesh, especially the [[Hindus]], were specific targets of the Pakistani Army. US consulates reported methodical slaughter of Hindu men in cities starting in the first 24 hours of the crackdown. Army units entered villages asking where Hindus live; it was "common pattern" to kill Hindu males. Hindus were identified because they were not circumcised. Sometimes the military also massacred Hindu women. There were barely any areas where no Hindu was killed.<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|145}} There was widespread killing of Hindu males, and rapes of women. Documented incidents in which Hindus were massacred in large numbers include the [[Jathibhanga massacre]],{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} the [[Chuknagar massacre]], and the [[Shankharipara massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |author-link=Sarmila Bose |year=2011 |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Co. |pages=73, 122}}</ref>

Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]] wrote in a report that was part of [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from [[Islamabad]]". More than 60% of the Bengali refugees who fled to India were Hindus.<ref name="usstatedept_south_asia_crisis">U.S. State Department, ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976'', Volume XI, "South Asia Crisis, 1971", page 165</ref><ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."</ref> It has been alleged that this widespread violence against Hindus was motivated by a policy to purge East Pakistan of what was seen as Hindu and Indian influences.<ref name="sundaytimes6_13_71">{{cite news |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Mascarenhas |date=13 June 1971 |title=Genocide |newspaper=The Times |location=London |quote=The Government's policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements: 1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis; 2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The – Islamization of the masses – this is the official jargon – is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan; 3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and flight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future.}}</ref> [[Buddhist]] temples and Buddhist monks were also attacked through the course of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |title=Bangladesh: A Bengali Abbasi Lurking Somewhere? |work=South Asia Analysis Group |date=23 April 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613152129/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref> Lt. Colonel Aziz Ahmed Khan reported that in May 1971 there was written order to kill Hindus and that General Niazi would ask troops how many Hindus they had killed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Owen Bennett |date=2003 |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=170 |isbn=978-0-300-10147-8 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213000749/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to R. J. Rummel, professor of [[political science]] at the [[University of Hawaii]],
{{quote|text=The genocide and gendercidal atrocities were also perpetrated by lower-ranking officers and ordinary soldiers. These "willing executioners" were fueled by an abiding anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Hindu minority. "Bengalis were often compared with monkeys and chickens. Said General Niazi, 'It was a low lying land of low lying people.' The Hindus among the Bengalis were as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that [should] best be exterminated. As to the Moslem Bengalis, they were to live only on the sufferance of the soldiers: any infraction, any suspicion cast on them, any need for reprisal, could mean their death. And the soldiers were free to kill at will. The journalist Dan Coggin quoted one Pakistani captain as telling him, "We can kill anyone for anything. We are accountable to no one." This is the arrogance of Power.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM DEATH BY GOVERNMENT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118212828/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM |date=18 January 2019 }}, by R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994</ref>}}

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning journalist [[Sydney Schanberg]] covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the [[Pakistan Army]], which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well). Bangladesh reported massacres occurring on a daily basis. One priest reported to Schanberg about the slaughter of over thousand Hindus in southern district of Barisal in one day. According to another priest, meeting was called in northeastern Sylhet district. Later troops arrived and from the gathered crowd selected 300 Hindus and shot them dead.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007"/>

== Violence against women ==
The generally accepted figure for the mass rapes during the nine-month long conflict is between 200,000 and 400,000.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|pp=120–121}}<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Kajalie Shehreen |year=2012 |title=Breaking Down the ''Birangona'': Examining the (Divided) Media Discourse on the War Heroines of Bangladesh's Independence Movement |url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |journal=International Journal of Communication |volume=6 |page=2131 |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle">{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Susan Forbes|last2=Tirman|first2=John|title=Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2825-9|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhxwNjWzB6gC&pg=PA173|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012645/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhxwNjWzB6gC&pg=PA173|url-status=live}}</ref> During the war, a fatwa in Pakistan declared that the Bengali freedom fighters were Hindus and that their women could be taken as the 'booty of war'.{{sfn|Bodman|Tohidi|1998|p=208}} Imams and Muslim religious leaders publicly declared that the Bengali women were 'gonimoter maal' (war booty) and thus they openly supported the rape of Bengali women by the Pakistani Army.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} Numerous women were tortured, raped and killed during the war.<ref name="American news video about rapes">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#! |title=BANGLADESH GENOCIDE 1971 – RAPE VICTIMS Interview |via=YouTube |date=15 December 2009 |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#! |url-status=live }}</ref> The Pakistani military wanted Hindus out of East Pakistan but still the Pakistani soldiers raped Hindus.<ref name="Gerlach2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148|title=Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World|last=Gerlach|first=Christian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-70681-0|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180020/https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|155}} Hindu women used to be killed after being raped and Bengali Muslim women left alive to give birth to "pure" Muslims.<ref>Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pg. 139</ref> Aubrey Menen documented a 17 year old Hindu bride who was gang raped by Pakistani soldiers.

<blockquote>Two went into the room that had been built for the bridal couple. The others stayed behind with the family, one of them covering them with his gun. They heard a barked order, and the bridegroom's voice protesting. Then there was silence until the bride screamed...In a few minutes one of the soldiers came out, his uniform in disarray. He grinned to his companions. Another soldier took his place in the extra room. And so on, until all six had raped the belle of the village. Then all six left, hurriedly. The father found his daughter lying on the string unconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his vomit.<ref>Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pp. 121-122</ref></blockquote>

Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of [[war-babies]]. The soldiers of the [[Pakistan Army]] and [[Razakar (Pakistan)|razakars]] also kept Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Pakistani Army's camps, and many became pregnant.<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref name="time.oct25-1971">{{Cite magazine |title=East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=25 October 1971 |access-date=26 March 2007 |archive-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008112352/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The perpetrators also included Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army, which targeted noncombatants and committed rapes, as well as other crimes.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Among other sources, [[Susan Brownmiller]] refers to an estimated number of over 400,000. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents.<ref>Debasish Roy Chowdhury ''[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GF23Df04.html 'Indians are bastards anyway'] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090717140439/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/south_asia/gf23df04.html |date=17 July 2009 }}'' in [[Asia Times]] 23 June 2005
"''In Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller likens it to the Japanese rapes in Nanjing and German rapes in Russia during World War II. "... 200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped."''"</ref><ref name="susanbrownmiller">Brownmiller, Susan, "Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape" {{ISBN|0-449-90820-8}}, page 81</ref><ref>[http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm Hamoodur Rahman Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm |date=16 August 2016 }}, [http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm Chapter 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |date=12 October 2014 }}, Paragraphs 32,34</ref> Brownmiller quotes:<ref name="BrownmillerExtract">{{cite web|url=http://globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/chaps/brownmiller.htm|title=[Genocide/1971] Susan Brownmiller: Against Our Will – Men, Women and Rape|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190644/http://globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/chaps/brownmiller.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{quote|text=Khadiga, thirteen years old, was interviewed by a photojournalist in Dacca. She was walking to school with four other girls when they were kidnapped by a gang of Pakistani soldiers. All five were put in a military brothel in Mohammadpur and held captive for six months until the end of the war.}}

In a ''New York Times'' report named 'Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair', Malcolm W. Browne<ref name="NYTimes.oct10-1971">{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair |url=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |work=The New York Times |date=14 October 1971 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> wrote:

{{quote|text=One tale that is widely believed and seems to come from many different sources is that 563 women picked up by the army in March and April and held in military brothels are not being released because they are pregnant beyond the point at which abortions are possible.}}

The licentious attitude of the soldiers, although generally supported by their superiors, alarmed the regional high command of the Pakistani Army. On 15 April 1971, in a secret memorandum to the divisional commanders, Niazi complained,
{{quote|text=Since my arrival, I have heard numerous reports of troops indulging in looting and arson, killing people at random and without reasons in areas cleared of the anti state elements; of late there have been reports of rape and even the West Pakistanis are not being spared; on 12 April two West Pakistani women were raped, and an attempt was made on two others.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mamoon |first=Muntassir |author2=(translation by Kushal Ibrahim) |title=The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh |publisher= Somoy Prokashon |date=June 2000 | edition = First |isbn= 978-984-458-210-1| page = 30}}</ref>}}

Anthony Mascarenhas published a newspaper article titled 'Genocide in June 1971' in which he also wrote about violence perpetrated by Bengalis against Biharis.<ref>Anthony Mascarenhas, Sunday Times, 13 June 1971</ref><blockquote>First it was the massacre of the non-Bengalis in a savage outburst of Bengali hatred. Now it was massacre deliberately carried out by the West Pakistan army ... The West Pakistani soldiers are not the only ones who have been killing in East Bengal, of course. On the night of 25 March... the Bengali troops and paramilitary units stationed in East Pakistan mutinied and attacked non-Bengalis with atrocious savagery. Thousands of families of unfortunate Muslims, many of them refugees from Bihar who chose Pakistan at the time of the partition riots in 1947, were mercilessly wiped out. Women were raped, or had their breasts torn out with specially-fashioned knives. Children did not escape the horror; the lucky ones were killed with their parents...</blockquote>

Pakistani Major General [[Khadim Hussain Raja]] wrote in his book that Niazi, in presence of Bengali officers would say ‘''Main iss haramzadi qom ki nasal badal doonga'' (I will change the race of the Bengalis)’. A witness statement to the commission read "The troops used to say that when the Commander (Lt Gen Niazi) was himself a raper (sic), how could they be stopped?".<ref name="Genocide they wrote">{{cite news |title=Genocide they wrote |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172005/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another work that has included direct experiences from the women raped is ''Ami Birangona Bolchhi'' ("I, the heroine, speak") by [[Nilima Ibrahim]]. The work includes in its name from the word ''Birangona'' (Heroine), given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the war, to the raped and tortured women during the war. This was a conscious effort to alleviate any social stigma the women might face in the society.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

There are eyewitness reports of the "rape camps" established by the Pakistani Army. The US based [[Women Under Siege Project]] of the [[Women's Media Center]] have reported the girls as young as 8 and women as old as 75 were detained in Pakistan military barracks, and where they were victims of mass rape which sometimes culminated in mass murder. The report was based on interview with survivors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/|title=Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored?|website=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW|access-date=31 March 2016|date=25 March 2016|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329090337/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/|url-status=live}}</ref> Australian Doctor Geoffrey Davis was brought to Bangladesh by the United Nation and [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]] to carry out late term abortions on rape victims. He was of the opinion that the 200,000 to 400,000 rape victims were an underestimation. On the actions of Pakistan army he said "They'd keep the infantry back and put artillery ahead and they would shell the hospitals and schools. And that caused absolute chaos in the town. And then the infantry would go in and begin to segregate the women. Apart from little children, all those were sexually matured would be segregated..And then the women would be put in the compound under guard and made available to the troops ... Some of the stories they told were appalling. Being raped again and again and again. A lot of them died in those [rape] camps. There was an air of disbelief about the whole thing. Nobody could credit that it really happened!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/|title=1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History|website=Forbes|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122219/https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Forbes sites by contributors are blogs, not reliable sources for facts. It claims D'Costa's interview of Dr. Davis was published in "a Bangladeshi publication". Identify and cite that instead, if it's reliable.|date=June 2020}}

In October 2005, [[Sarmila Bose]] published a paper suggesting that the casualties and rape allegations in the war have been greatly exaggerated for political purposes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New impartial evidence debunks 1971 rape allegations against groups working for Pakistan and also some members of the Pakistani Army|date=2 July 2005|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref> Whilst she received praise from many quarters,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review|title=Dead Reckoning by Sarmila Bose – review|last=Woollacott|first=Martin|date=1 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012648/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review|url-status=live}}</ref> a number of researchers have shown inaccuracies in Bose's work, including flawed methodology of statistical analysis, misrepresentation of referenced sources, and disproportionate weight to Pakistani Army testimonies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707053235/http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2007|title=Sarmila Bose rewrites history|last=Khatun|first=Salma|work=Drishtipat}}</ref>

A 2014 film titled ''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]'' focused on the harrowing condition in the 'rape camps' set up by the Anti Separatists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Children-Of-War/290775 |title=Children of War |first=Namrata |last=Joshi |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012631/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/children-of-war/290775 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Historian [[Christian Gerlach]] states that "a systematic collection of statistical data was aborted, possibly because the tentative data did not substantiate the claim that three million had died and at least 200,000 women had been raped."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|262}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|3}}
* [[Abul Barkat (economist)|Abul Barkat]], An Inquiry into Causes and Consequences of Deprivation of Hindu Minorities in Bangladesh through the Vested Property Act: Framework for a Realistic Solution Publisher: PRIP Trust (2001) ASIN: B005PWD15O
* Abul Barkat, Deprivation of Hindu Minority in Bangladesh: Living with Vested Property (Published English and Bengali languages 2008, 2009)
* {{cite book|last=Beachler|first=Donald W.|title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims|year=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230114142|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Brecher|first=Michael|title=International political earthquakes|year=2008|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0472070015}}
* {{cite book|first1=Herbert L. |last1=Bodman|first2=Nayereh Esfahlani|last2=Tohidi|date=1998|title=Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=1555875785}}
* {{cite book | last = D'Costa | first = Bina | title = Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-56566-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231123693|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Enskat | first1 = Mike | title = Political Parties in South Asia | year = 2004 | publisher = Praeger | isbn = 978-0-275-96832-8 |first2=Subrata K.|last2=Mitra|first3=Clement|last3=Spiess}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hagerty | first1 = Devin T. |last2 = Ganguly |first2=Šumit | title = Fearful Symmetry: India-pakistan Crises In The Shadow Of Nuclear Weapons | year = 2005 | publisher = University of Washington Press | isbn = 978-0-295-98635-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Haggett | first = Peter | title = Encyclopedia of World Geography: The Indian subcontinent | year = 2001 | publisher = Marshall Cavendish | isbn = 978-0-7614-7289-6 | edition = 2nd }}
* {{cite book | last = Harder | first = Hans | title = Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society | year = 2010 | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-8014-4571-2 | editor = Werner Ende | editor2 = Udo Steinbac | url = https://archive.org/details/islaminworldtoda00unse }}
* {{cite book | last = Ḥaqqānī | first = Ḥusain | title = Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military | year = 2005 | publisher = Carnegie | isbn = 978-0-87003-214-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hossain | first1 = Tania | last2 = Tollefson | first2 = James W. | chapter = Language Policy in Education in Bangladesh | title = Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts | year = 2006 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-8058-5693-4 | editor = Amy Tsui |editor2=James W. Tollefson }}
* {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Adam | title = Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction | year = 2010 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 978-0-415-48618-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Midlarsky | first = Manus I. | title = Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond | year = 2011 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-87708-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Mookherjee | first = Nayanika | title = Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building|editor = Sharika Thiranagama, Tobias Kelly | chapter = Denunciatory practices and the constitutive role of collaboration in the Bangladesh War | year = 2009|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | isbn = 978-0-8122-4213-3 }}
* {{cite web|last=Payaslian|first=Simon|author-link=Simon Payaslian|title=20th Century Genocides|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml|publisher=Oxford bibliographies|ref={{sfnref|Payaslian}}|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516233147/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Sajjad|first=Tazreena|title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide|year=2012|publisher=Transaction|isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9|pages=219–248|edition=Reprint|editor=Samuel Totten|chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women}}
* {{cite book | last = Riedel | first = Bruce O. | title = Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad | year = 2011 | publisher = Brookings Institution | isbn = 978-0-8157-0557-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Roy | first = Rituparna | title = South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh | year = 2010 | publisher = Amsterdam University Press | isbn = 978-90-8964-245-5 | edition = 1st }}
* {{cite book | last = Saikia | first = Yasmin | year = 2011 | title = Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 | publisher = Duke University Press | isbn = 978-0-8223-5038-5 }}
* {{cite book | editor-last = Schmid | editor-first = Alex | title = The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-41157-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Schmid|2011}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Shah | first = Mehtab Ali | title = The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971–1994 | year = 1997 | publisher = I.B. Tauris | isbn = 978-1-86064-169-5 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Sharlach|first=Lisa|title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda|journal=New Political Science|year=2000|volume=1|issue=22|pages=89–102|doi=10.1080/713687893|s2cid=144966485}}
* {{cite book | last = Shehabuddin | first = Elora | editor1-last = Riaz | editor1-first = Ali | editor1-link = Ali Riaz |editor2-last = Fair |editor2-first = C. Christine | title = Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh | chapter = Bangladeshi civil society and Islamist politics | year = 2010 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-57673-4 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sisson | first1 = Richard | title = War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh | year = 1992 | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-07665-5 |first2== Leo E.|last2=Rose }}
* {{cite book|last=Spencer|first=Philip|title=Genocide Since 1945|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415606349}}
* {{cite book | last = Tomsen | first = Peter | title = The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers | year = 2011 | publisher = Public Affairs | isbn = 978-1-58648-763-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Thompson | first = H R. | title = Language and National Identity in Asia | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-926748-4 | editor = Andrew Simpson}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971], A Gendercide Watch case study
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150322130613/http://indiafacts.co.in/bangladeshi-hindus-mice-cats/ Bangladeshi Hindus are mice for cats]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164154/http://indiafacts.co.in/infographic-state-hindus-bangladesh/ State of Hindus in Bangladesh]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100308004522/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/ Bangladesh Genocide Archive]
* [http://www.newagebd.net/article/11145/articlelist/323/Cartoon Whole nation should observe National Genocide Day], ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'', 14 March 2017
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113441/http://gbnews24.com/breaking-news/article/call-for-international-recognitio/ Call for international recognition and observance of genocide day] by Delwar Jahid
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170323200927/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=651764&date=2017-03-23 Bangladesh to seek UN recognition of 1971 genocide]
* [http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2467591&date=2017-03-25 Genocide Day today]
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-wants-un-to-declare-march-25-as-genocide-day-in-remembrance-of-1971/story-sC2eS7cCnpLLhbGTC6cUSN.html Bangladesh wants UN to declare March 25 as Genocide Day in remembrance of 1971], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 23 March 2017
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/looking-back-at-1971-how-india-s-intervention-in-bangladesh-shaped-south-asia/story-bpHKfX4ou3TErdfazvE8yO.html How India's intervention in Bangladesh shaped south Asia], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 22 September 2016
* [https://scroll.in/article/832420/by-marking-genocide-day-bangladesh-seeks-to-remember-what-pakistan-wants-to-forget By marking Genocide Day, Bangladesh seeks to remember what Pakistan wants to forget], Scroll.in, 25 March 2017

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Genocide topics}}
{{Religious persecution}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh Genocide, 1971}}
[[Category:1971 Bangladesh genocide| ]]
[[Category:1971 crimes in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:1970s murders in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murder in Asia]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1971]]
[[Category:Massacres in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pakistani war crimes]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Pakistan]]
[[Category:War crimes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Buddhists by Muslims]]

Template:Genocide navbox

2021-05-28T17:42:44Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Navbox |name = Genocide navbox |title = Genocide |listclass = hlist |state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} |nowrapitems = yes |group1 =..."

{{Navbox
|name = Genocide navbox
|title = [[Genocide]]
|listclass = hlist
|state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}}
|nowrapitems = yes

|group1 = [[Genocides in history|Genocides]]<br>([[List of genocides by death toll|list by death toll]])
|list1 =
*[[Taíno genocide|Taíno]] (1500s)
*[[Dzungar genocide|Dzungar Mongols]] (1750s)
*[[Moriori Genocide|Moriori]] (1835)
*[[Circassian genocide|Circassians]] (1860s)
*[[Selk'nam genocide|Selk'nam]] (1890s–1900s)
*[[Herero and Namaqua genocide|Herero and Namaqua]] (1904–1907)
*[[Greek genocide|Greek]] (1914–1923)
*[[Seyfo|Assyrian]] (1914–1925)
*[[Armenian genocide|Armenian]] (1915–1923)
*[[Holodomor]] (1932–1933)
*[[Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush|Chechens and Ingush]] (1944)
*[[Deportation of the Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatars]] (1944)
*[[The Holocaust]] (1941–1945)
*[[Romani genocide|Porajmos]] (1941–1944)
*[[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Serbs in Croatia]] (1941–1945)
*[[Sinicization of Tibet|Tibetan]] (1950–)
*[[1971 Bangladesh genocide|Bangladesh]] (1971)
*[[East Timor genocide|East Timor]] (1974–1999)
*[[Cambodian genocide|Cambodia]] (1975–1979)
*[[Guatemalan genocide|Guatemala]] (1981–1983)
*[[Isaaq genocide|Isaaq]] (1982–1989)
*[[Anfal campaign|Anfal]] (1986–1989)
*Burundian ([[Ikiza|1972]], [[1993 ethnic violence in Burundi|1993]])
*[[Rwandan genocide|Rwanda]] (1994)
*[[Bosnian genocide|Bosnia]] (1992–1995)
*[[Darfur genocide|Darfur]] (2003–)
*[[Uyghur genocide|Uyghur]] (2014–)
*[[Genocide of Yazidis by ISIL|Yazidis]] (2014)
*[[Rohingya genocide|Rohingya]] (2017–)

|group2 = Terms
|list2 =
*[[Democide]]
**[[Autogenocide]]
*[[Definitions of politicide|Politicide]]
**[[Classicide]]
**[[Eliticide]]
*[[Ethnocide]]
*[[Cultural genocide]]
*[[Eugenics]]
*[[Gendercide]]
*[[Genocide of indigenous peoples]]
*[[Policide]]
*[[Utilitarian genocide]]

|group3 = Methods
|list3 =
*[[Genocidal rape]]
*[[Extermination camp]]
*[[Genocidal massacre|Massacres]]
**[[Killing Fields]]
*[[Death march]]es
*[[Death squad]]s
*[[Incitement to genocide|Incitement]]

|group4 = [[Genocide denial]]
|list4 =
*[[Holocaust denial|The Holocaust]]
**<small>[[Holocaust trivialization|Trivialization]]</small>
*[[Armenian genocide denial|Armenian]]
*[[Denial of genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Serbian]]
*[[Bosnian genocide denial|Bosnian]]
*[[Rwandan genocide denial|Rwandan]]
*[[Denial of the Holodomor|Holodomor]]
*[[Cambodian genocide denial|Cambodian]]

|group5 = Issues
|list5 =
*[[Genocide definitions|Definitions]]
**[[Names of the Holocaust]]
**[[Terminology of the Armenian genocide]]
**[[:Category:Holocaust terminology|Holocaust terminology]]
*[[Genocide under municipal laws|Genocide law]]
*[[Genocide prevention|Prevention]]
*[[Effects of genocide on youth|Effects on young survivors]]
*[[Genocide recognition politics|Politics of recognition]]
*[[Genocide justification|Justification]]

|group6 = Legal proceedings
|list6 =
*[[Nuremberg trials]]
**[[subsequent Nuremberg trials]]
* [[International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia]]
**[[Trial of Radovan Karadžić|Radovan Karadžić]]
** [[Trial of Ratko Mladić|Ratko Mladić]]
** [[Trial of Slobodan Milošević|Slobodan Milošević]]
* [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]]
* [[Khmer Rouge Tribunal]]
}}<noinclude>
{{Documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Bangladesh Liberation War

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KokoLove: Created page with "{{Navbox with collapsible groups | name = Bangladesh Liberation War | state = {{{state|{{{1|autocollapse}}}}}} | titlestyle = {{#switch:{{{style|}}} |wide={{WPMILHIST Infobox..."

{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name = Bangladesh Liberation War
| state = {{{state|{{{1|autocollapse}}}}}}
| titlestyle = {{#switch:{{{style|}}} |wide={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_wide_header}} |#default={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_header}}}}
| title = {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| groupstyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}
| selected = {{{1}}}
| listclass = hlist
| liststyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_text}}

| abovestyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}
| above = [[File:Government Seal of Bangladesh.svg|20px]] [[Ministry of Liberation War Affairs (Bangladesh)|Ministry of Liberation War Affairs]]





| group1 = Origins of the Bengali Revolution
| abbr1 = Origins
| state1 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude>
| list1 =
{{Navbox |child |groupwidth=9.0em |groupstyle={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}

| group1 = Philosophy
| list1 =
* [[Bengali Renaissance]]
* [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia]]
* [[Two-nation theory]]
* [[Bengali nationalism]]
* [[Bengal studies]]
* [[Bangamata]]
* [[Joy Bangla]]

| group2 = Pakistan Movement
| list2 =
* [[Partition of Bengal (1905)]]
* [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]
* [[All-India Muslim League]]
* [[Indian independence movement]]
* [[Pakistan Movement]]
* [[Lahore Resolution]]
* [[United Bengal]]
* [[Muslim National Guard]]
* [[Direct Action Day]]
* [[Noakhali riots]]
* [[Partition of India]]
* [[Partition of Bengal (1947)]]

| group3 = East Pakistan
| list3 =
* [[Dominion of Pakistan|Dominion of Pakistan]]
* [[East Bengal]]
* [[Pakistan Muslim League]]
* [[Objectives Resolution]]
* [[All Pakistan Awami Muslim League]]
* [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami League]]
* [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]]
* [[Bengali language movement]]
* [[One Unit]]
* [[East Pakistan]]
* [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956]]
* [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état]]
* [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1962]]

| group4 = Bengali self-determination
| list4 =
* [[Swadhin Bangla Biplobi Parishad]]
* [[Six point movement]]
* [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]]
* [[1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan|1969 uprising in East Pakistan]]
* [[1970 Bhola cyclone]]
* [[1970 Pakistani general election]]

| group5 = Declaration of war
| list5 =
* [[7 March Speech of Bangabandhu|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's speech of 7 March]]
* [[Aleksei A. Rodionov|Rodionov message]]
* [[Admiral Ahsan Mission]]
* [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence]]
}}




| group2 =
* Combatants
* Campaigns
* Theaters
* Battles
* Events
* Massacres
| abbr2 = CCTBM
| state2 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude>
| list2 =
{{Navbox |child |groupwidth=9.0em |groupstyle={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}

| group1 = Combatants
| list1 =
{{Navbox |child |groupstyle={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}
| group1 = [[Bangladesh]]
| list1 =
* [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]]
* [[Mukti Bahini]]
* [[Bangladesh Army]]
** [[K Force (Bangladesh)|K Force]]
** [[S Force (Bangladesh)|S Force]]
** [[Z Force (Bangladesh)|Z Force]]
* [[Bangladesh Navy]]
* [[Bangladesh Air Force]]
*[[Border Guards Bangladesh|Bangladesh Rifles]]
*[[Bangladesh Ansar]]
*[[Bangladesh Police]]<br>
* Special Guerrilla Forces
**[[Gonobahini (Mukti Bahini)|Gono Bahini]]
**[[Mujib Bahini]]
** [[Kader Bahini]]
** [[Baten Bahini]]
**[[Afsar Bahini]]
**[[Hemayet Bahini]]
*[[Crack Platoon]]
| group2 = [[Pakistan]]
| list2 =
* [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
** [[Pakistan Army|Army]], [[Pakistan Navy|Navy]], [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]], [[Pakistan Marines|Marines]]
* [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]]
* [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Central Peace Committee]]
* [[Razakar (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
* [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]]
* [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al-Shams]]
| group3 =Indian allies
| list3 =
* [[Parliament of India]]
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
** [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]], [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]
* [[Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971|Mitro Bahini]] (Indo-Bangali group)
}}

| group2 = {{longitem|Campaigns and<br/>theaters}}
| list2 =
* [[Pakistan Armed Forces Eastern Command|Pakistan Eastern Command]]
* [[Operation Searchlight]]
* [[Operation Barisal]]
* [[Cable 1971]]
* [[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Eastern Command (India)]]
* [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh War timeline]]
* [[Meghna Heli Bridge]]
* [[Operation Jackpot]]
* [[PNS Mangro (S133)|Mutiny on PNS Mangro in Toulon]]
* [[Operation Python]]
* [[Operation Trident (1971)|Operation Trident]]
* [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971]]
* [[Mitro Bahini Order of Battle December 1971]]
* [[Sinking of PNS Ghazi]]
* [[East Pakistan Air Operations, 1971]]
* [[Operation Chengiz Khan]]
* [[Operation Cactus-Lilly]]

| group3 = Major battles
| list3 = 
* [[Battle of Daruin]]
* [[Battle of Rangamati-Mahalchari waterway]]
* [[Battle of Goalhati]]
* [[Hamidur Rahman|Battle of Dhalai Outpost]]
* [[Battle of Dhalai]]
* [[Battle of Ajmiriganj]]
* [[Battle of Garibpur]]
* [[Battle of Hilli]]

* [[Battle of Longewala]]
* [[Battle of Basantar]]
* [[Battle of Kushtia]]
* [[Battle of Boyra]]
* [[Battle of Atgram]]

| group4 = Other events
| list4 =
* [[Blood Telegram]]
* [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals]]
* [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[East Bengali refugees#1970s|Refugees in India]]
* [[Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra]]
* [[Shadhin Bangla Football Team]]
* [[The Concert for Bangladesh]]
** [[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|Album]]
** [[The Concert for Bangladesh (film)|Film]]

| group5 = [[List of massacres in Bangladesh|List of Massacres]]
| list5 =
* [[1971 Dhaka University massacre]]
* [[Shankharibazar massacre]]
* [[Ramna massacre]]
* [[Sutrapur massacre]]
* [[Jinjira massacre]]
* [[Akhira massacre]]
* [[Jathibhanga massacre]]
* [[Demra massacre]]
* [[Chuknagar massacre]]
* [[Madhyapara massacre]]
* [[Bakhrabad massacre]]
* [[Burunga massacre]]
* [[:Category:Massacres in Bangladesh|'''more''']]
| group6 = Related conflicts
| list6 =
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971]]
}}



| group3 = Leaders
| abbr3 = Leaders
| state3 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude>
| list3 =
{{Navbox |child |groupwidth=9.0em |groupstyle={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}

| group1 = Bangladesh
| list1 =
{{Navbox |child |groupwidth=7.0em |groupstyle={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}
| group1 = Military
| list1 =
* [[M. A. G. Osmani]]
* [[Ziaur Rahman]]
* [[Khaled Mosharraf]]
* [[K M Shafiullah]]
* [[Shafaat Jamil]]
* [[A. K. Khandker]]
* [[Muhammad Hamidullah Khan]]
* [[Matiur Rahman (military pilot)|Matiur Rahman]]
| group2 = Civilian
| list2 =
* [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]
* [[Syed Nazrul Islam]]
* [[Tajuddin Ahmad]]
* [[Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman|AHM Qamaruzzaman]]
* [[Muhammad Hamidullah Khan]]
* [[Serajul Alam Khan]]
* [[Dhirendranath Datta]]
* [[Kazi Nuruzzaman]]
* [[Chitta Ranjan Dutta]]
* [[Muhammad Mansur Ali]]
* [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]]
* [[M. A. Hannan]]
* [[Abu Sayeed Chowdhury]]
}}

| group2 = Pakistan
| list2 =
{{Navbox |child |groupwidth=7.0em |groupstyle={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}
| group1 = Military
| list1 =
* [[Yahya Khan]]
* [[Tikka Khan]]
* [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|S.M. Ahsan]]
* [[A. A. K. Niazi|A.K. Niazi]]
* [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan|Yaqub Ali Khan]]
* [[Mohammad Shariff]]
* [[Rao Farman Ali]]
* [[Aboobaker Osman Mitha|A.O. Mitha]]
* [[Khadim Hussain Raja|Khadim Hussain]]
* [[Zafar Masud|Mitty Masud]]
* [[Ahmad Zamir]]
* [[Inamul Haque Khan|Inamul Haque]]
* [[Siddique Salik]]
* [[Khalid Mahmud Arif|K.M. Arif]]

| group2 = Civilian
| list2 =
* [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
* [[Abdul Motaleb Malik|Dr. Abdul Motaleb Malik]]
* [[Nurul Amin]]
* [[Shah Azizur Rahman]]
* [[Ghulam Azam]]
* [[Motiur Rahman Nizami]]
* [[Jalaludin Abdur Rahim|J.A. Rahim]]
* [[Tridev Roy]]
}}

| group3 = Indian allies
| list3 =
{{Navbox |child |groupwidth=7.0em |groupstyle={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}
| group1 = Military
| list1 =
* [[Indian Army]]
* [[Sam Manekshaw]]
* [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]]
* [[Hari Chand Dewan]]
* [[Nilakanta Krishnan]]
* [[J. F. R. Jacob]]
* [[Om Prakash Malhotra]]
* [[Sagat Singh]]
* [[Inderjit Singh Gill]]
* [[Shabeg Singh]]
* [[K. Sankaran Nair]]
* [[Hoshiar Singh Dahiya]]
| group2 = Civilian
| list2 =
* [[Indira Gandhi]]
* [[V. V. Giri]]
* [[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]
* [[R. N. Kao|Rameshwar Kao]]
* [[Swaran Singh]]
* [[Jagjivan Ram]]
* [[Dilip Mahalanabis]]
}}
}}



| group4 = Aftermath
| abbr4 = After
| state4 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude>
| list4 =
* [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender]]
* [[International recognition of Bangladesh]]
* [[Simla Agreement]]
* [[Delhi Agreement]]
* [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh]]
* [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission]]
** [[Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report|War Report]]
* [[Prisoners of war during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 Prisoners of War Investigation]]
* [[Bangladeshi nationalism]]
* [[Bangladesh–India relations]]
**[[Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace|Indira-Mujib Treaty]]
**[[2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes|2001 Indo-Bangla skirmishes]]
** [[Deaths along the Bangladesh–India border]]
* [[Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
** [[2013 siege of the Pakistani embassy in Dhaka|2013 Pakistan Embassy siege]]
** [[Bangladesh–Pakistan relations#2015 incidents: Diplomatic Rifts|2015 Expulsion of Pakistani diplomats from Dhaka]]


| group5 =
* Related topics
* Categories
| abbr5 = RTC
| state5 = <noinclude>expanded</noinclude>
| list5 =
{{Navbox |child |groupwidth=9.0em |groupstyle={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}

| group1 = Commemoration
| list1 =
{{Navbox |child |groupwidth=7.0em |groupstyle={{WPMILHIST Infobox style|nav_box_label}}
| group1 =Monuments and memorials
| list1 =
* [[National Martyrs’ Memorial]]
* [[Martyred Intellectuals Memorial]]
* [[Swadhinata Stambha]]
* [[Liberation War Memorial Trust]]
* [[Liberation War Museum]]
* [[Bangladesh Police Liberation War Museum]]
* [[Aparajeyo Bangla]]
* [[Shabash Bangladesh]]
| group2 = Anniversaries
| list2 =
* [[Bengali Genocide Remembrance Day]]
* [[Independence Day (Bangladesh)]]
* [[Armed Forces Day (Bangladesh)]]
* [[Martyred Intellectuals Day]]
* [[Victory day of Bangladesh]]
* [[Vijay Diwas (India)]]
| group3 = Decorations and depictions
| list3 =
* [[Muktijuddho e-Archive]]
* [[Artistic depictions of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Artistic depictions]]
* [[Awards and decorations of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Awards and decorations]]
}}

| group2 = Trials
| list2 =
* [[2013 Shahbag protests]]
* [[Movement demanding trial of war criminals (Bangladesh)]]
* [[International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)]]
* [[War Crimes Fact Finding Committee]]

| group3 = Categories
| list3 =
* [[:Category:Bangladesh Liberation War|Liberation War]]
* [[:Category:1971 Bangladesh genocide|Genocide]]
* [[:Category:Aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Aftermath]]
* [[:Category:Films based on the Bangladesh Liberation War|Films]]
* [[:Category:Causes and prelude of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Causes and prelude]]
* [[:Category:Battles of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Battles]]
* [[:Category:People of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Peoples]]
* [[:Category:Generals of the Bangladesh Liberation War|Military personnel]]
}}

| below =

}}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

1971 Bengali Hindu Genocide

2021-05-28T17:42:12Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1971 Bangladesh genocide
| partof = the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Rayerbazar killing field photographed immediately after the war started, showing bodies of Bengali nationalist intellectuals (''Image courtesy: [[Rashid Talukdar]], 1971'')
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[East Pakistan]]
| target = [[Bengalis]]
| coordinates =
| motive = Anti-Bengali sentiment
| date = 26 March – 16 December 1971<br />({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=26|year1=1971|month2=12|day2=16|year2=1971}})
| type = [[Deportation]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[mass murder]], [[genocidal rape]]
| fatalities = Estimated between 200,000 and 3,000,000<ref name="TottenParsons2004">{{cite book|author1=Samuel Totten|author2=William S. Parsons|author3=Israel W. Charny|title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-94430-4|pages=295–|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180018/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CheldelinEliatamby2011">{{cite book|author1=Sandra I. Cheldelin|author2=Maneshka Eliatamby|title=Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|date=18 August 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-6021-8|pages=23–|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221213758/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |title=Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=23 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014512/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html| archive-date= 5 June 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref>
| perps = {{plainlist|
* [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
* [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Shanti committee]]
* [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
* [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]]
* [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al-Shams]]}}
}}

The '''genocide in Bangladesh''' began on 26 March 1971 with the launch of [[Operation Searchlight]],{{sfn|Spencer|2012|p=63}} as [[West Pakistan]] (now Pakistan) began a military crackdown on the [[East Pakistan|Eastern wing]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) of the nation to suppress [[Bengali people|Bengali]] calls for self-determination.{{sfn|Ganguly|2002|p=60}} During the nine-month-long [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh War for Liberation]], members of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] and supporting pro Pakistani Islamist [[militia]]s from [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263|title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|first1=Samuel|last1=Totten|first2=William S.|last2=Parsons|date=10 September 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-24550-4|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263|url-status=live}}</ref> killed between 200,000 and 3,000,000<ref name="Bass"/><ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh">{{cite book|last1=Alston|first1=Margaret|title=Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-68486-2|page=40|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012615/https://books.google.com/books?id=WMSgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|url-status=live}}</ref> people and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women,<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/|title=Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation|date=19 December 2016|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193430/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/|url-status=live}}</ref> according to Bangladeshi and Indian sources,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh|last1=Sisson|first1=Richard|last2=Rose|first2=Leo E.|date=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520076655|page=306|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227154411/https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306|url-status=live}}</ref> in a systematic campaign of [[genocidal rape]].{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}} The actions against women were supported by Jamaat-e-Islami religious leaders, who declared that Bengali women were ''gonimoter maal'' (Bengali for "public property").{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people, mostly Hindus,<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71|title=History (from Bangladesh)|last=Tinker|first=Hugh Russell|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=11 June 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185936/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71|url-status=live}}</ref> [[East Bengali refugees|fled the country]] to seek refuge in neighbouring [[India]]. It is estimated that up to 30 million civilians were internally displaced<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh" /> out of 70 million.<ref name="WPP 2017">{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |title=World Population Prostpects 2017 |website=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the war, there was also [[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh|ethnic violence]] between Bengalis and [[Stranded Pakistani|Urdu-speaking Biharis]].{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Biharis faced reprisals from Bengali mobs and militias<ref name="Khan 2010 p101">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Borhan Uddin |author2=Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman |date=2010 |editor=Rainer Hofmann, Ugo Caruso |title=Minority Rights in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3631609163 |page=101 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122123/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |url-status=live }}</ref> and from 1,000 to 150,000<ref name="Fink2010">{{cite book|author=George Fink|title=Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292|date=25 November 2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-381382-4|pages=292|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011658/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64|date=1999|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-227010-9|pages=64|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011706/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64|url-status=live}}</ref> were killed.

There is an academic consensus that the events which took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War constituted a [[genocide]].{{sfn|Payaslian}} However, there are scholars who deny the killing was a genocide.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachler |first=Donald |date=1 December 2007 |title=The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/00313220701657286 |s2cid=220344166 |quote=Some scholars and other writers have denied that what took place in Bangladesh was a genocide.}}</ref>

== Violence against Hindus ==
An article in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |title=World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal - Printout |magazine=TIME |date=2 August 1971 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan army eastern command headquarter officials in Dhaka made clear the government's policy on East Bengal. After the elimination or exile of Hindus, their property was going to be shared among middle class Muslims.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007">Beachler, Donald (2007) 'The politics of genocide scholarship:the case of Bangladesh', Patterns of Prejudice, 41:5, 467 - 492</ref> According to Colonel Naim Hindus "undermined the Muslim masses." He said Bengali culture to a great extent was Hindu culture and "We have to sort them out to restore the land to the people."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|144–145}} In April 1971 at Comilla Major Rathore said to Anthony Mascarenhas on Hindus: "Now under the cover of fighting we have an excellent opportunity of finishing them off...Of course, we are only killing the Hindu men. We are soldiers, not cowards like the rebels."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|144}}

Hindus were alleged to have corrupted the Awami League. Pakistani soldiers repeatedly boasted that they have came "to kill Hindus" to US Consul Archer Blood. A witness heard an officer shouting to soldiers: "Why you have killed Muslims. We ordered you to kill only Hindus."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|145}} US government cables noted that the minorities of Bangladesh, especially the [[Hindus]], were specific targets of the Pakistani Army. US consulates reported methodical slaughter of Hindu men in cities starting in the first 24 hours of the crackdown. Army units entered villages asking where Hindus live; it was "common pattern" to kill Hindu males. Hindus were identified because they were not circumcised. Sometimes the military also massacred Hindu women. There were barely any areas where no Hindu was killed.<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|145}} There was widespread killing of Hindu males, and rapes of women. Documented incidents in which Hindus were massacred in large numbers include the [[Jathibhanga massacre]],{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} the [[Chuknagar massacre]], and the [[Shankharipara massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |author-link=Sarmila Bose |year=2011 |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Co. |pages=73, 122}}</ref>

Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]] wrote in a report that was part of [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from [[Islamabad]]". More than 60% of the Bengali refugees who fled to India were Hindus.<ref name="usstatedept_south_asia_crisis">U.S. State Department, ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976'', Volume XI, "South Asia Crisis, 1971", page 165</ref><ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."</ref> It has been alleged that this widespread violence against Hindus was motivated by a policy to purge East Pakistan of what was seen as Hindu and Indian influences.<ref name="sundaytimes6_13_71">{{cite news |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Mascarenhas |date=13 June 1971 |title=Genocide |newspaper=The Times |location=London |quote=The Government's policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements: 1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis; 2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The – Islamization of the masses – this is the official jargon – is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan; 3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and flight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future.}}</ref> [[Buddhist]] temples and Buddhist monks were also attacked through the course of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |title=Bangladesh: A Bengali Abbasi Lurking Somewhere? |work=South Asia Analysis Group |date=23 April 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613152129/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref> Lt. Colonel Aziz Ahmed Khan reported that in May 1971 there was written order to kill Hindus and that General Niazi would ask troops how many Hindus they had killed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Owen Bennett |date=2003 |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=170 |isbn=978-0-300-10147-8 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213000749/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to R. J. Rummel, professor of [[political science]] at the [[University of Hawaii]],
{{quote|text=The genocide and gendercidal atrocities were also perpetrated by lower-ranking officers and ordinary soldiers. These "willing executioners" were fueled by an abiding anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Hindu minority. "Bengalis were often compared with monkeys and chickens. Said General Niazi, 'It was a low lying land of low lying people.' The Hindus among the Bengalis were as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that [should] best be exterminated. As to the Moslem Bengalis, they were to live only on the sufferance of the soldiers: any infraction, any suspicion cast on them, any need for reprisal, could mean their death. And the soldiers were free to kill at will. The journalist Dan Coggin quoted one Pakistani captain as telling him, "We can kill anyone for anything. We are accountable to no one." This is the arrogance of Power.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM DEATH BY GOVERNMENT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118212828/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM |date=18 January 2019 }}, by R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994</ref>}}

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning journalist [[Sydney Schanberg]] covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the [[Pakistan Army]], which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well). Bangladesh reported massacres occurring on a daily basis. One priest reported to Schanberg about the slaughter of over thousand Hindus in southern district of Barisal in one day. According to another priest, meeting was called in northeastern Sylhet district. Later troops arrived and from the gathered crowd selected 300 Hindus and shot them dead.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007"/>

== Violence against women ==
The generally accepted figure for the mass rapes during the nine-month long conflict is between 200,000 and 400,000.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|pp=120–121}}<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Kajalie Shehreen |year=2012 |title=Breaking Down the ''Birangona'': Examining the (Divided) Media Discourse on the War Heroines of Bangladesh's Independence Movement |url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |journal=International Journal of Communication |volume=6 |page=2131 |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle">{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Susan Forbes|last2=Tirman|first2=John|title=Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2825-9|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhxwNjWzB6gC&pg=PA173|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012645/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhxwNjWzB6gC&pg=PA173|url-status=live}}</ref> During the war, a fatwa in Pakistan declared that the Bengali freedom fighters were Hindus and that their women could be taken as the 'booty of war'.{{sfn|Bodman|Tohidi|1998|p=208}} Imams and Muslim religious leaders publicly declared that the Bengali women were 'gonimoter maal' (war booty) and thus they openly supported the rape of Bengali women by the Pakistani Army.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} Numerous women were tortured, raped and killed during the war.<ref name="American news video about rapes">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#! |title=BANGLADESH GENOCIDE 1971 – RAPE VICTIMS Interview |via=YouTube |date=15 December 2009 |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#! |url-status=live }}</ref> The Pakistani military wanted Hindus out of East Pakistan but still the Pakistani soldiers raped Hindus.<ref name="Gerlach2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148|title=Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World|last=Gerlach|first=Christian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-70681-0|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180020/https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|155}} Hindu women used to be killed after being raped and Bengali Muslim women left alive to give birth to "pure" Muslims.<ref>Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pg. 139</ref> Aubrey Menen documented a 17 year old Hindu bride who was gang raped by Pakistani soldiers.

<blockquote>Two went into the room that had been built for the bridal couple. The others stayed behind with the family, one of them covering them with his gun. They heard a barked order, and the bridegroom's voice protesting. Then there was silence until the bride screamed...In a few minutes one of the soldiers came out, his uniform in disarray. He grinned to his companions. Another soldier took his place in the extra room. And so on, until all six had raped the belle of the village. Then all six left, hurriedly. The father found his daughter lying on the string unconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his vomit.<ref>Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pp. 121-122</ref></blockquote>

Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of [[war-babies]]. The soldiers of the [[Pakistan Army]] and [[Razakar (Pakistan)|razakars]] also kept Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Pakistani Army's camps, and many became pregnant.<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref name="time.oct25-1971">{{Cite magazine |title=East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=25 October 1971 |access-date=26 March 2007 |archive-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008112352/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The perpetrators also included Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army, which targeted noncombatants and committed rapes, as well as other crimes.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Among other sources, [[Susan Brownmiller]] refers to an estimated number of over 400,000. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents.<ref>Debasish Roy Chowdhury ''[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GF23Df04.html 'Indians are bastards anyway'] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090717140439/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/south_asia/gf23df04.html |date=17 July 2009 }}'' in [[Asia Times]] 23 June 2005
"''In Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller likens it to the Japanese rapes in Nanjing and German rapes in Russia during World War II. "... 200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped."''"</ref><ref name="susanbrownmiller">Brownmiller, Susan, "Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape" {{ISBN|0-449-90820-8}}, page 81</ref><ref>[http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm Hamoodur Rahman Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm |date=16 August 2016 }}, [http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm Chapter 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |date=12 October 2014 }}, Paragraphs 32,34</ref> Brownmiller quotes:<ref name="BrownmillerExtract">{{cite web|url=http://globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/chaps/brownmiller.htm|title=[Genocide/1971] Susan Brownmiller: Against Our Will – Men, Women and Rape|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190644/http://globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/chaps/brownmiller.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{quote|text=Khadiga, thirteen years old, was interviewed by a photojournalist in Dacca. She was walking to school with four other girls when they were kidnapped by a gang of Pakistani soldiers. All five were put in a military brothel in Mohammadpur and held captive for six months until the end of the war.}}

In a ''New York Times'' report named 'Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair', Malcolm W. Browne<ref name="NYTimes.oct10-1971">{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair |url=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |work=The New York Times |date=14 October 1971 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> wrote:

{{quote|text=One tale that is widely believed and seems to come from many different sources is that 563 women picked up by the army in March and April and held in military brothels are not being released because they are pregnant beyond the point at which abortions are possible.}}

The licentious attitude of the soldiers, although generally supported by their superiors, alarmed the regional high command of the Pakistani Army. On 15 April 1971, in a secret memorandum to the divisional commanders, Niazi complained,
{{quote|text=Since my arrival, I have heard numerous reports of troops indulging in looting and arson, killing people at random and without reasons in areas cleared of the anti state elements; of late there have been reports of rape and even the West Pakistanis are not being spared; on 12 April two West Pakistani women were raped, and an attempt was made on two others.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mamoon |first=Muntassir |author2=(translation by Kushal Ibrahim) |title=The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh |publisher= Somoy Prokashon |date=June 2000 | edition = First |isbn= 978-984-458-210-1| page = 30}}</ref>}}

Anthony Mascarenhas published a newspaper article titled 'Genocide in June 1971' in which he also wrote about violence perpetrated by Bengalis against Biharis.<ref>Anthony Mascarenhas, Sunday Times, 13 June 1971</ref><blockquote>First it was the massacre of the non-Bengalis in a savage outburst of Bengali hatred. Now it was massacre deliberately carried out by the West Pakistan army ... The West Pakistani soldiers are not the only ones who have been killing in East Bengal, of course. On the night of 25 March... the Bengali troops and paramilitary units stationed in East Pakistan mutinied and attacked non-Bengalis with atrocious savagery. Thousands of families of unfortunate Muslims, many of them refugees from Bihar who chose Pakistan at the time of the partition riots in 1947, were mercilessly wiped out. Women were raped, or had their breasts torn out with specially-fashioned knives. Children did not escape the horror; the lucky ones were killed with their parents...</blockquote>

Pakistani Major General [[Khadim Hussain Raja]] wrote in his book that Niazi, in presence of Bengali officers would say ‘''Main iss haramzadi qom ki nasal badal doonga'' (I will change the race of the Bengalis)’. A witness statement to the commission read "The troops used to say that when the Commander (Lt Gen Niazi) was himself a raper (sic), how could they be stopped?".<ref name="Genocide they wrote">{{cite news |title=Genocide they wrote |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172005/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another work that has included direct experiences from the women raped is ''Ami Birangona Bolchhi'' ("I, the heroine, speak") by [[Nilima Ibrahim]]. The work includes in its name from the word ''Birangona'' (Heroine), given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the war, to the raped and tortured women during the war. This was a conscious effort to alleviate any social stigma the women might face in the society.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

There are eyewitness reports of the "rape camps" established by the Pakistani Army. The US based [[Women Under Siege Project]] of the [[Women's Media Center]] have reported the girls as young as 8 and women as old as 75 were detained in Pakistan military barracks, and where they were victims of mass rape which sometimes culminated in mass murder. The report was based on interview with survivors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/|title=Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored?|website=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW|access-date=31 March 2016|date=25 March 2016|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329090337/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/|url-status=live}}</ref> Australian Doctor Geoffrey Davis was brought to Bangladesh by the United Nation and [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]] to carry out late term abortions on rape victims. He was of the opinion that the 200,000 to 400,000 rape victims were an underestimation. On the actions of Pakistan army he said "They'd keep the infantry back and put artillery ahead and they would shell the hospitals and schools. And that caused absolute chaos in the town. And then the infantry would go in and begin to segregate the women. Apart from little children, all those were sexually matured would be segregated..And then the women would be put in the compound under guard and made available to the troops ... Some of the stories they told were appalling. Being raped again and again and again. A lot of them died in those [rape] camps. There was an air of disbelief about the whole thing. Nobody could credit that it really happened!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/|title=1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History|website=Forbes|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122219/https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Forbes sites by contributors are blogs, not reliable sources for facts. It claims D'Costa's interview of Dr. Davis was published in "a Bangladeshi publication". Identify and cite that instead, if it's reliable.|date=June 2020}}

In October 2005, [[Sarmila Bose]] published a paper suggesting that the casualties and rape allegations in the war have been greatly exaggerated for political purposes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New impartial evidence debunks 1971 rape allegations against groups working for Pakistan and also some members of the Pakistani Army|date=2 July 2005|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref> Whilst she received praise from many quarters,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review|title=Dead Reckoning by Sarmila Bose – review|last=Woollacott|first=Martin|date=1 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012648/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review|url-status=live}}</ref> a number of researchers have shown inaccuracies in Bose's work, including flawed methodology of statistical analysis, misrepresentation of referenced sources, and disproportionate weight to Pakistani Army testimonies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707053235/http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2007|title=Sarmila Bose rewrites history|last=Khatun|first=Salma|work=Drishtipat}}</ref>

A 2014 film titled ''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]'' focused on the harrowing condition in the 'rape camps' set up by the Anti Separatists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Children-Of-War/290775 |title=Children of War |first=Namrata |last=Joshi |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012631/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/children-of-war/290775 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Historian [[Christian Gerlach]] states that "a systematic collection of statistical data was aborted, possibly because the tentative data did not substantiate the claim that three million had died and at least 200,000 women had been raped."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|262}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|3}}
* [[Abul Barkat (economist)|Abul Barkat]], An Inquiry into Causes and Consequences of Deprivation of Hindu Minorities in Bangladesh through the Vested Property Act: Framework for a Realistic Solution Publisher: PRIP Trust (2001) ASIN: B005PWD15O
* Abul Barkat, Deprivation of Hindu Minority in Bangladesh: Living with Vested Property (Published English and Bengali languages 2008, 2009)
* {{cite book|last=Beachler|first=Donald W.|title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims|year=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230114142|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Brecher|first=Michael|title=International political earthquakes|year=2008|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0472070015}}
* {{cite book|first1=Herbert L. |last1=Bodman|first2=Nayereh Esfahlani|last2=Tohidi|date=1998|title=Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=1555875785}}
* {{cite book | last = D'Costa | first = Bina | title = Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-56566-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231123693|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Enskat | first1 = Mike | title = Political Parties in South Asia | year = 2004 | publisher = Praeger | isbn = 978-0-275-96832-8 |first2=Subrata K.|last2=Mitra|first3=Clement|last3=Spiess}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hagerty | first1 = Devin T. |last2 = Ganguly |first2=Šumit | title = Fearful Symmetry: India-pakistan Crises In The Shadow Of Nuclear Weapons | year = 2005 | publisher = University of Washington Press | isbn = 978-0-295-98635-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Haggett | first = Peter | title = Encyclopedia of World Geography: The Indian subcontinent | year = 2001 | publisher = Marshall Cavendish | isbn = 978-0-7614-7289-6 | edition = 2nd }}
* {{cite book | last = Harder | first = Hans | title = Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society | year = 2010 | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-8014-4571-2 | editor = Werner Ende | editor2 = Udo Steinbac | url = https://archive.org/details/islaminworldtoda00unse }}
* {{cite book | last = Ḥaqqānī | first = Ḥusain | title = Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military | year = 2005 | publisher = Carnegie | isbn = 978-0-87003-214-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hossain | first1 = Tania | last2 = Tollefson | first2 = James W. | chapter = Language Policy in Education in Bangladesh | title = Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts | year = 2006 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-8058-5693-4 | editor = Amy Tsui |editor2=James W. Tollefson }}
* {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Adam | title = Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction | year = 2010 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 978-0-415-48618-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Midlarsky | first = Manus I. | title = Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond | year = 2011 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-87708-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Mookherjee | first = Nayanika | title = Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building|editor = Sharika Thiranagama, Tobias Kelly | chapter = Denunciatory practices and the constitutive role of collaboration in the Bangladesh War | year = 2009|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | isbn = 978-0-8122-4213-3 }}
* {{cite web|last=Payaslian|first=Simon|author-link=Simon Payaslian|title=20th Century Genocides|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml|publisher=Oxford bibliographies|ref={{sfnref|Payaslian}}|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516233147/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Sajjad|first=Tazreena|title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide|year=2012|publisher=Transaction|isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9|pages=219–248|edition=Reprint|editor=Samuel Totten|chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women}}
* {{cite book | last = Riedel | first = Bruce O. | title = Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad | year = 2011 | publisher = Brookings Institution | isbn = 978-0-8157-0557-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Roy | first = Rituparna | title = South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh | year = 2010 | publisher = Amsterdam University Press | isbn = 978-90-8964-245-5 | edition = 1st }}
* {{cite book | last = Saikia | first = Yasmin | year = 2011 | title = Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 | publisher = Duke University Press | isbn = 978-0-8223-5038-5 }}
* {{cite book | editor-last = Schmid | editor-first = Alex | title = The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-41157-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Schmid|2011}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Shah | first = Mehtab Ali | title = The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971–1994 | year = 1997 | publisher = I.B. Tauris | isbn = 978-1-86064-169-5 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Sharlach|first=Lisa|title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda|journal=New Political Science|year=2000|volume=1|issue=22|pages=89–102|doi=10.1080/713687893|s2cid=144966485}}
* {{cite book | last = Shehabuddin | first = Elora | editor1-last = Riaz | editor1-first = Ali | editor1-link = Ali Riaz |editor2-last = Fair |editor2-first = C. Christine | title = Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh | chapter = Bangladeshi civil society and Islamist politics | year = 2010 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-57673-4 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sisson | first1 = Richard | title = War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh | year = 1992 | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-07665-5 |first2== Leo E.|last2=Rose }}
* {{cite book|last=Spencer|first=Philip|title=Genocide Since 1945|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415606349}}
* {{cite book | last = Tomsen | first = Peter | title = The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers | year = 2011 | publisher = Public Affairs | isbn = 978-1-58648-763-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Thompson | first = H R. | title = Language and National Identity in Asia | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-926748-4 | editor = Andrew Simpson}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971], A Gendercide Watch case study
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150322130613/http://indiafacts.co.in/bangladeshi-hindus-mice-cats/ Bangladeshi Hindus are mice for cats]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164154/http://indiafacts.co.in/infographic-state-hindus-bangladesh/ State of Hindus in Bangladesh]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100308004522/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/ Bangladesh Genocide Archive]
* [http://www.newagebd.net/article/11145/articlelist/323/Cartoon Whole nation should observe National Genocide Day], ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'', 14 March 2017
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113441/http://gbnews24.com/breaking-news/article/call-for-international-recognitio/ Call for international recognition and observance of genocide day] by Delwar Jahid
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170323200927/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=651764&date=2017-03-23 Bangladesh to seek UN recognition of 1971 genocide]
* [http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2467591&date=2017-03-25 Genocide Day today]
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-wants-un-to-declare-march-25-as-genocide-day-in-remembrance-of-1971/story-sC2eS7cCnpLLhbGTC6cUSN.html Bangladesh wants UN to declare March 25 as Genocide Day in remembrance of 1971], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 23 March 2017
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/looking-back-at-1971-how-india-s-intervention-in-bangladesh-shaped-south-asia/story-bpHKfX4ou3TErdfazvE8yO.html How India's intervention in Bangladesh shaped south Asia], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 22 September 2016
* [https://scroll.in/article/832420/by-marking-genocide-day-bangladesh-seeks-to-remember-what-pakistan-wants-to-forget By marking Genocide Day, Bangladesh seeks to remember what Pakistan wants to forget], Scroll.in, 25 March 2017

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Genocide topics}}
{{Religious persecution}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh Genocide, 1971}}
[[Category:1971 Bangladesh genocide| ]]
[[Category:1971 crimes in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:1970s murders in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murder in Asia]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1971]]
[[Category:Massacres in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pakistani war crimes]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Pakistan]]
[[Category:War crimes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Buddhists by Muslims]]

1971 Bengali Hindu Genocide

2021-05-28T17:38:32Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1971 Bangladesh genocide
| partof = the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Rayerbazar killing field photographed immediately after the war started, showing bodies of Bengali nationalist intellectuals (''Image courtesy: [[Rashid Talukdar]], 1971'')
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[East Pakistan]]
| target = [[Bengalis]]
| coordinates =
| motive = Anti-Bengali sentiment
| date = 26 March – 16 December 1971<br />({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=26|year1=1971|month2=12|day2=16|year2=1971}})
| type = [[Deportation]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[mass murder]], [[genocidal rape]]
| fatalities = Estimated between 200,000<ref name="Bass"/> and 3,000,000<ref name="TottenParsons2004">{{cite book|author1=Samuel Totten|author2=William S. Parsons|author3=Israel W. Charny|title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-94430-4|pages=295–|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180018/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CheldelinEliatamby2011">{{cite book|author1=Sandra I. Cheldelin|author2=Maneshka Eliatamby|title=Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|date=18 August 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-6021-8|pages=23–|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221213758/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |title=Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=23 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014512/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html| archive-date= 5 June 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref>
| perps = {{plainlist|
* [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
* [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Shanti committee]]
* [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
* [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]]
* [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al-Shams]]}}
}}

The '''genocide in Bangladesh''' began on 26 March 1971 with the launch of [[Operation Searchlight]],{{sfn|Spencer|2012|p=63}} as [[West Pakistan]] (now Pakistan) began a military crackdown on the [[East Pakistan|Eastern wing]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) of the nation to suppress [[Bengali people|Bengali]] calls for self-determination.{{sfn|Ganguly|2002|p=60}} During the nine-month-long [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh War for Liberation]], members of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] and supporting pro Pakistani Islamist [[militia]]s from [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263|title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|first1=Samuel|last1=Totten|first2=William S.|last2=Parsons|date=10 September 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-24550-4|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263|url-status=live}}</ref> killed between 200,000 and 3,000,000<ref name="Bass"/><ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/> people and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women,<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/|title=Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation|date=19 December 2016|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193430/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/|url-status=live}}</ref> according to Bangladeshi and Indian sources,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh|last1=Sisson|first1=Richard|last2=Rose|first2=Leo E.|date=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520076655|page=306|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227154411/https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306|url-status=live}}</ref> in a systematic campaign of [[genocidal rape]].{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}} The actions against women were supported by Jamaat-e-Islami religious leaders, who declared that Bengali women were ''gonimoter maal'' (Bengali for "public property").{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people, mostly Hindus,<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71|title=History (from Bangladesh)|last=Tinker|first=Hugh Russell|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=11 June 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185936/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71|url-status=live}}</ref> [[East Bengali refugees|fled the country]] to seek refuge in neighbouring [[India]]. It is estimated that up to 30 million civilians were internally displaced<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh" /> out of 70 million.<ref name="WPP 2017">{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |title=World Population Prostpects 2017 |website=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the war, there was also [[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh|ethnic violence]] between Bengalis and [[Stranded Pakistani|Urdu-speaking Biharis]].{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Biharis faced reprisals from Bengali mobs and militias<ref name="Khan 2010 p101">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Borhan Uddin |author2=Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman |date=2010 |editor=Rainer Hofmann, Ugo Caruso |title=Minority Rights in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3631609163 |page=101 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122123/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |url-status=live }}</ref> and from 1,000<ref name="MAR-1" /> to 150,000<ref name="Fink2010">{{cite book|author=George Fink|title=Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292|date=25 November 2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-381382-4|pages=292|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011658/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64|date=1999|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-227010-9|pages=64|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011706/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64|url-status=live}}</ref> were killed.

There is an academic consensus that the events which took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War constituted a [[genocide]].{{sfn|Payaslian}} However, there are scholars who deny the killing was a genocide.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachler |first=Donald |date=1 December 2007 |title=The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/00313220701657286 |s2cid=220344166 |quote=Some scholars and other writers have denied that what took place in Bangladesh was a genocide.}}</ref>

== Violence against Hindus ==
An article in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |title=World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal - Printout |magazine=TIME |date=2 August 1971 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan army eastern command headquarter officials in Dhaka made clear the government's policy on East Bengal. After the elimination or exile of Hindus, their property was going to be shared among middle class Muslims.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007">Beachler, Donald (2007) 'The politics of genocide scholarship:the case of Bangladesh', Patterns of Prejudice, 41:5, 467 - 492</ref> According to Colonel Naim Hindus "undermined the Muslim masses." He said Bengali culture to a great extent was Hindu culture and "We have to sort them out to restore the land to the people."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|144–145}} In April 1971 at Comilla Major Rathore said to Anthony Mascarenhas on Hindus: "Now under the cover of fighting we have an excellent opportunity of finishing them off...Of course, we are only killing the Hindu men. We are soldiers, not cowards like the rebels."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|144}}

Hindus were alleged to have corrupted the Awami League. Pakistani soldiers repeatedly boasted that they have came "to kill Hindus" to US Consul Archer Blood. A witness heard an officer shouting to soldiers: "Why you have killed Muslims. We ordered you to kill only Hindus."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|145}} US government cables noted that the minorities of Bangladesh, especially the [[Hindus]], were specific targets of the Pakistani Army.<ref name="usconsulate_cable_march31" /><ref name="Blood9782"/> US consulates reported methodical slaughter of Hindu men in cities starting in the first 24 hours of the crackdown. Army units entered villages asking where Hindus live; it was "common pattern" to kill Hindu males. Hindus were identified because they were not circumcised. Sometimes the military also massacred Hindu women. There were barely any areas where no Hindu was killed.<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|145}} There was widespread killing of Hindu males, and rapes of women. Documented incidents in which Hindus were massacred in large numbers include the [[Jathibhanga massacre]],{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} the [[Chuknagar massacre]], and the [[Shankharipara massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |author-link=Sarmila Bose |year=2011 |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Co. |pages=73, 122}}</ref>

Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]] wrote in a report that was part of [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from [[Islamabad]]". More than 60% of the Bengali refugees who fled to India were Hindus.<ref name="usstatedept_south_asia_crisis">U.S. State Department, ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976'', Volume XI, "South Asia Crisis, 1971", page 165</ref><ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."</ref> It has been alleged that this widespread violence against Hindus was motivated by a policy to purge East Pakistan of what was seen as Hindu and Indian influences.<ref name="sundaytimes6_13_71">{{cite news |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Mascarenhas |date=13 June 1971 |title=Genocide |newspaper=The Times |location=London |quote=The Government's policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements: 1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis; 2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The – Islamization of the masses – this is the official jargon – is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan; 3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and flight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future.}}</ref> [[Buddhist]] temples and Buddhist monks were also attacked through the course of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |title=Bangladesh: A Bengali Abbasi Lurking Somewhere? |work=South Asia Analysis Group |date=23 April 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613152129/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref> Lt. Colonel Aziz Ahmed Khan reported that in May 1971 there was written order to kill Hindus and that General Niazi would ask troops how many Hindus they had killed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Owen Bennett |date=2003 |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=170 |isbn=978-0-300-10147-8 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213000749/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to R. J. Rummel, professor of [[political science]] at the [[University of Hawaii]],
{{quote|text=The genocide and gendercidal atrocities were also perpetrated by lower-ranking officers and ordinary soldiers. These "willing executioners" were fueled by an abiding anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Hindu minority. "Bengalis were often compared with monkeys and chickens. Said General Niazi, 'It was a low lying land of low lying people.' The Hindus among the Bengalis were as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that [should] best be exterminated. As to the Moslem Bengalis, they were to live only on the sufferance of the soldiers: any infraction, any suspicion cast on them, any need for reprisal, could mean their death. And the soldiers were free to kill at will. The journalist Dan Coggin quoted one Pakistani captain as telling him, "We can kill anyone for anything. We are accountable to no one." This is the arrogance of Power.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM DEATH BY GOVERNMENT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118212828/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM |date=18 January 2019 }}, by R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994</ref>}}

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning journalist [[Sydney Schanberg]] covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the [[Pakistan Army]], which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well). Bangladesh reported massacres occurring on a daily basis. One priest reported to Schanberg about the slaughter of over thousand Hindus in southern district of Barisal in one day. According to another priest, meeting was called in northeastern Sylhet district. Later troops arrived and from the gathered crowd selected 300 Hindus and shot them dead.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007"/>

== Violence against women ==
The generally accepted figure for the mass rapes during the nine-month long conflict is between 200,000 and 400,000.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|pp=120–121}}<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Islam |first=Kajalie Shehreen |year=2012 |title=Breaking Down the ''Birangona'': Examining the (Divided) Media Discourse on the War Heroines of Bangladesh's Independence Movement |url=http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |journal=International Journal of Communication |volume=6 |page=2131 |access-date=5 April 2016 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle">{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Susan Forbes|last2=Tirman|first2=John|title=Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-2825-9|page=173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhxwNjWzB6gC&pg=PA173|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012645/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhxwNjWzB6gC&pg=PA173|url-status=live}}</ref> During the war, a fatwa in Pakistan declared that the Bengali freedom fighters were Hindus and that their women could be taken as the 'booty of war'.{{sfn|Bodman|Tohidi|1998|p=208}} Imams and Muslim religious leaders publicly declared that the Bengali women were 'gonimoter maal' (war booty) and thus they openly supported the rape of Bengali women by the Pakistani Army.{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} Numerous women were tortured, raped and killed during the war.<ref name="American news video about rapes">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#! |title=BANGLADESH GENOCIDE 1971 – RAPE VICTIMS Interview |via=YouTube |date=15 December 2009 |access-date=2 June 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJyHBT1iCgA&feature=player_embedded#! |url-status=live }}</ref> The Pakistani military wanted Hindus out of East Pakistan but still the Pakistani soldiers raped Hindus.<ref name="Gerlach2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148|title=Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World|last=Gerlach|first=Christian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-70681-0|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180020/https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|155}} Hindu women used to be killed after being raped and Bengali Muslim women left alive to give birth to "pure" Muslims.<ref>Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pg. 139</ref> Aubrey Menen documented a 17 year old Hindu bride who was gang raped by Pakistani soldiers.

<blockquote>Two went into the room that had been built for the bridal couple. The others stayed behind with the family, one of them covering them with his gun. They heard a barked order, and the bridegroom's voice protesting. Then there was silence until the bride screamed...In a few minutes one of the soldiers came out, his uniform in disarray. He grinned to his companions. Another soldier took his place in the extra room. And so on, until all six had raped the belle of the village. Then all six left, hurriedly. The father found his daughter lying on the string unconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his vomit.<ref>Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pp. 121-122</ref></blockquote>

Bangladeshi sources cite a figure of 200,000 women raped, giving birth to thousands of [[war-babies]]. The soldiers of the [[Pakistan Army]] and [[Razakar (Pakistan)|razakars]] also kept Bengali women as sex-slaves inside the Pakistani Army's camps, and many became pregnant.<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref name="time.oct25-1971">{{Cite magazine |title=East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-access=subscription |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=25 October 1971 |access-date=26 March 2007 |archive-date=8 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008112352/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The perpetrators also included Mukti Bahini and the Indian Army, which targeted noncombatants and committed rapes, as well as other crimes.{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Among other sources, [[Susan Brownmiller]] refers to an estimated number of over 400,000. Pakistani sources claim the number is much lower, though having not completely denied rape incidents.<ref>Debasish Roy Chowdhury ''[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GF23Df04.html 'Indians are bastards anyway'] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090717140439/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/south_asia/gf23df04.html |date=17 July 2009 }}'' in [[Asia Times]] 23 June 2005
"''In Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller likens it to the Japanese rapes in Nanjing and German rapes in Russia during World War II. "... 200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped."''"</ref><ref name="susanbrownmiller">Brownmiller, Susan, "Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape" {{ISBN|0-449-90820-8}}, page 81</ref><ref>[http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm Hamoodur Rahman Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816211333/http://www.bangla2000.com/bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/default.shtm |date=16 August 2016 }}, [http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm Chapter 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012130637/http://www.bangla2000.com/Bangladesh/Independence-War/Report-Hamoodur-Rahman/chapter2.shtm |date=12 October 2014 }}, Paragraphs 32,34</ref> Brownmiller quotes:<ref name="BrownmillerExtract">{{cite web|url=http://globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/chaps/brownmiller.htm|title=[Genocide/1971] Susan Brownmiller: Against Our Will – Men, Women and Rape|access-date=10 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190644/http://globalwebpost.com/genocide1971/chaps/brownmiller.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{quote|text=Khadiga, thirteen years old, was interviewed by a photojournalist in Dacca. She was walking to school with four other girls when they were kidnapped by a gang of Pakistani soldiers. All five were put in a military brothel in Mohammadpur and held captive for six months until the end of the war.}}

In a ''New York Times'' report named 'Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair', Malcolm W. Browne<ref name="NYTimes.oct10-1971">{{cite news |last=Browne |first=Malcolm W. |title=Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair |url=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |work=The New York Times |date=14 October 1971 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> wrote:

{{quote|text=One tale that is widely believed and seems to come from many different sources is that 563 women picked up by the army in March and April and held in military brothels are not being released because they are pregnant beyond the point at which abortions are possible.}}

The licentious attitude of the soldiers, although generally supported by their superiors, alarmed the regional high command of the Pakistani Army. On 15 April 1971, in a secret memorandum to the divisional commanders, Niazi complained,
{{quote|text=Since my arrival, I have heard numerous reports of troops indulging in looting and arson, killing people at random and without reasons in areas cleared of the anti state elements; of late there have been reports of rape and even the West Pakistanis are not being spared; on 12 April two West Pakistani women were raped, and an attempt was made on two others.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mamoon |first=Muntassir |author2=(translation by Kushal Ibrahim) |title=The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh |publisher= Somoy Prokashon |date=June 2000 | edition = First |isbn= 978-984-458-210-1| page = 30}}</ref>}}

Anthony Mascarenhas published a newspaper article titled 'Genocide in June 1971' in which he also wrote about violence perpetrated by Bengalis against Biharis.<ref>Anthony Mascarenhas, Sunday Times, 13 June 1971</ref><blockquote>First it was the massacre of the non-Bengalis in a savage outburst of Bengali hatred. Now it was massacre deliberately carried out by the West Pakistan army ... The West Pakistani soldiers are not the only ones who have been killing in East Bengal, of course. On the night of 25 March... the Bengali troops and paramilitary units stationed in East Pakistan mutinied and attacked non-Bengalis with atrocious savagery. Thousands of families of unfortunate Muslims, many of them refugees from Bihar who chose Pakistan at the time of the partition riots in 1947, were mercilessly wiped out. Women were raped, or had their breasts torn out with specially-fashioned knives. Children did not escape the horror; the lucky ones were killed with their parents...</blockquote>

Pakistani Major General [[Khadim Hussain Raja]] wrote in his book that Niazi, in presence of Bengali officers would say ‘''Main iss haramzadi qom ki nasal badal doonga'' (I will change the race of the Bengalis)’. A witness statement to the commission read "The troops used to say that when the Commander (Lt Gen Niazi) was himself a raper (sic), how could they be stopped?".<ref name="Genocide they wrote">{{cite news |title=Genocide they wrote |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=2 December 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172005/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another work that has included direct experiences from the women raped is ''Ami Birangona Bolchhi'' ("I, the heroine, speak") by [[Nilima Ibrahim]]. The work includes in its name from the word ''Birangona'' (Heroine), given by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman after the war, to the raped and tortured women during the war. This was a conscious effort to alleviate any social stigma the women might face in the society.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

There are eyewitness reports of the "rape camps" established by the Pakistani Army.<ref name=":3" /> The US based [[Women Under Siege Project]] of the [[Women's Media Center]] have reported the girls as young as 8 and women as old as 75 were detained in Pakistan military barracks, and where they were victims of mass rape which sometimes culminated in mass murder. The report was based on interview with survivors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/|title=Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored?|website=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW|access-date=31 March 2016|date=25 March 2016|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329090337/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/03/25/why-is-the-mass-sexualized-violence-of-bangladeshs-liberation-war-being-ignored/|url-status=live}}</ref> Australian Doctor Geoffrey Davis was brought to Bangladesh by the United Nation and [[International Planned Parenthood Federation]] to carry out late term abortions on rape victims. He was of the opinion that the 200,000 to 400,000 rape victims were an underestimation. On the actions of Pakistan army he said "They'd keep the infantry back and put artillery ahead and they would shell the hospitals and schools. And that caused absolute chaos in the town. And then the infantry would go in and begin to segregate the women. Apart from little children, all those were sexually matured would be segregated..And then the women would be put in the compound under guard and made available to the troops ... Some of the stories they told were appalling. Being raped again and again and again. A lot of them died in those [rape] camps. There was an air of disbelief about the whole thing. Nobody could credit that it really happened!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/|title=1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History|website=Forbes|access-date=1 April 2016|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122219/https://www.forbes.com/sites/worldviews/2012/05/21/1971-rapes-bangladesh-cannot-hide-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Forbes sites by contributors are blogs, not reliable sources for facts. It claims D'Costa's interview of Dr. Davis was published in "a Bangladeshi publication". Identify and cite that instead, if it's reliable.|date=June 2020}}

In October 2005, [[Sarmila Bose]] published a paper suggesting that the casualties and rape allegations in the war have been greatly exaggerated for political purposes.<ref name="BoseAoV" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=New impartial evidence debunks 1971 rape allegations against groups working for Pakistan and also some members of the Pakistani Army|date=2 July 2005|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref> Whilst she received praise from many quarters,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review|title=Dead Reckoning by Sarmila Bose – review|last=Woollacott|first=Martin|date=1 July 2011|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012648/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review|url-status=live}}</ref> a number of researchers have shown inaccuracies in Bose's work, including flawed methodology of statistical analysis, misrepresentation of referenced sources, and disproportionate weight to Pakistani Army testimonies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707053235/http://drishtipat.org/sarmila/sarmila.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2007|title=Sarmila Bose rewrites history|last=Khatun|first=Salma|work=Drishtipat}}</ref>

A 2014 film titled ''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]'' focused on the harrowing condition in the 'rape camps' set up by the Anti Separatists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Children-Of-War/290775 |title=Children of War |first=Namrata |last=Joshi |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=28 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012631/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/children-of-war/290775 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Historian [[Christian Gerlach]] states that "a systematic collection of statistical data was aborted, possibly because the tentative data did not substantiate the claim that three million had died and at least 200,000 women had been raped."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|262}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|3}}
* [[Abul Barkat (economist)|Abul Barkat]], An Inquiry into Causes and Consequences of Deprivation of Hindu Minorities in Bangladesh through the Vested Property Act: Framework for a Realistic Solution Publisher: PRIP Trust (2001) ASIN: B005PWD15O
* Abul Barkat, Deprivation of Hindu Minority in Bangladesh: Living with Vested Property (Published English and Bengali languages 2008, 2009)
* {{cite book|last=Beachler|first=Donald W.|title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims|year=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230114142|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Brecher|first=Michael|title=International political earthquakes|year=2008|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0472070015}}
* {{cite book|first1=Herbert L. |last1=Bodman|first2=Nayereh Esfahlani|last2=Tohidi|date=1998|title=Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=1555875785}}
* {{cite book | last = D'Costa | first = Bina | title = Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-56566-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231123693|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Enskat | first1 = Mike | title = Political Parties in South Asia | year = 2004 | publisher = Praeger | isbn = 978-0-275-96832-8 |first2=Subrata K.|last2=Mitra|first3=Clement|last3=Spiess}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hagerty | first1 = Devin T. |last2 = Ganguly |first2=Šumit | title = Fearful Symmetry: India-pakistan Crises In The Shadow Of Nuclear Weapons | year = 2005 | publisher = University of Washington Press | isbn = 978-0-295-98635-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Haggett | first = Peter | title = Encyclopedia of World Geography: The Indian subcontinent | year = 2001 | publisher = Marshall Cavendish | isbn = 978-0-7614-7289-6 | edition = 2nd }}
* {{cite book | last = Harder | first = Hans | title = Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society | year = 2010 | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-8014-4571-2 | editor = Werner Ende | editor2 = Udo Steinbac | url = https://archive.org/details/islaminworldtoda00unse }}
* {{cite book | last = Ḥaqqānī | first = Ḥusain | title = Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military | year = 2005 | publisher = Carnegie | isbn = 978-0-87003-214-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hossain | first1 = Tania | last2 = Tollefson | first2 = James W. | chapter = Language Policy in Education in Bangladesh | title = Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts | year = 2006 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-8058-5693-4 | editor = Amy Tsui |editor2=James W. Tollefson }}
* {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Adam | title = Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction | year = 2010 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 978-0-415-48618-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Midlarsky | first = Manus I. | title = Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond | year = 2011 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-87708-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Mookherjee | first = Nayanika | title = Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building|editor = Sharika Thiranagama, Tobias Kelly | chapter = Denunciatory practices and the constitutive role of collaboration in the Bangladesh War | year = 2009|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | isbn = 978-0-8122-4213-3 }}
* {{cite web|last=Payaslian|first=Simon|author-link=Simon Payaslian|title=20th Century Genocides|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml|publisher=Oxford bibliographies|ref={{sfnref|Payaslian}}|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516233147/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Sajjad|first=Tazreena|title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide|year=2012|publisher=Transaction|isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9|pages=219–248|edition=Reprint|editor=Samuel Totten|chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women}}
* {{cite book | last = Riedel | first = Bruce O. | title = Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad | year = 2011 | publisher = Brookings Institution | isbn = 978-0-8157-0557-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Roy | first = Rituparna | title = South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh | year = 2010 | publisher = Amsterdam University Press | isbn = 978-90-8964-245-5 | edition = 1st }}
* {{cite book | last = Saikia | first = Yasmin | year = 2011 | title = Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 | publisher = Duke University Press | isbn = 978-0-8223-5038-5 }}
* {{cite book | editor-last = Schmid | editor-first = Alex | title = The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-41157-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Schmid|2011}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Shah | first = Mehtab Ali | title = The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971–1994 | year = 1997 | publisher = I.B. Tauris | isbn = 978-1-86064-169-5 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Sharlach|first=Lisa|title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda|journal=New Political Science|year=2000|volume=1|issue=22|pages=89–102|doi=10.1080/713687893|s2cid=144966485}}
* {{cite book | last = Shehabuddin | first = Elora | editor1-last = Riaz | editor1-first = Ali | editor1-link = Ali Riaz |editor2-last = Fair |editor2-first = C. Christine | title = Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh | chapter = Bangladeshi civil society and Islamist politics | year = 2010 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-57673-4 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sisson | first1 = Richard | title = War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh | year = 1992 | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-07665-5 |first2== Leo E.|last2=Rose }}
* {{cite book|last=Spencer|first=Philip|title=Genocide Since 1945|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415606349}}
* {{cite book | last = Tomsen | first = Peter | title = The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers | year = 2011 | publisher = Public Affairs | isbn = 978-1-58648-763-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Thompson | first = H R. | title = Language and National Identity in Asia | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-926748-4 | editor = Andrew Simpson}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971], A Gendercide Watch case study
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150322130613/http://indiafacts.co.in/bangladeshi-hindus-mice-cats/ Bangladeshi Hindus are mice for cats]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164154/http://indiafacts.co.in/infographic-state-hindus-bangladesh/ State of Hindus in Bangladesh]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100308004522/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/ Bangladesh Genocide Archive]
* [http://www.newagebd.net/article/11145/articlelist/323/Cartoon Whole nation should observe National Genocide Day], ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'', 14 March 2017
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113441/http://gbnews24.com/breaking-news/article/call-for-international-recognitio/ Call for international recognition and observance of genocide day] by Delwar Jahid
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170323200927/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=651764&date=2017-03-23 Bangladesh to seek UN recognition of 1971 genocide]
* [http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2467591&date=2017-03-25 Genocide Day today]
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-wants-un-to-declare-march-25-as-genocide-day-in-remembrance-of-1971/story-sC2eS7cCnpLLhbGTC6cUSN.html Bangladesh wants UN to declare March 25 as Genocide Day in remembrance of 1971], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 23 March 2017
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/looking-back-at-1971-how-india-s-intervention-in-bangladesh-shaped-south-asia/story-bpHKfX4ou3TErdfazvE8yO.html How India's intervention in Bangladesh shaped south Asia], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 22 September 2016
* [https://scroll.in/article/832420/by-marking-genocide-day-bangladesh-seeks-to-remember-what-pakistan-wants-to-forget By marking Genocide Day, Bangladesh seeks to remember what Pakistan wants to forget], Scroll.in, 25 March 2017

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Genocide topics}}
{{Religious persecution}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh Genocide, 1971}}
[[Category:1971 Bangladesh genocide| ]]
[[Category:1971 crimes in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:1970s murders in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murder in Asia]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1971]]
[[Category:Massacres in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pakistani war crimes]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Pakistan]]
[[Category:War crimes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Buddhists by Muslims]]

1971 Bengali Hindu Genocide

2021-05-28T17:33:34Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Infobox civilian attack | title = 1971 Bangladesh genocide | partof = the Bangladesh Liberation War | image = File:Dead bodies of Bengali..."

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1971 Bangladesh genocide
| partof = the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
| image = File:Dead bodies of Bengali intellectuals, 14 December 1971.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Rayerbazar killing field photographed immediately after the war started, showing bodies of Bengali nationalist intellectuals (''Image courtesy: [[Rashid Talukdar]], 1971'')
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[East Pakistan]]
| target = [[Bengalis]]
| coordinates =
| motive = Anti-Bengali sentiment
| date = 26 March – 16 December 1971<br />({{Age in months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=26|year1=1971|month2=12|day2=16|year2=1971}})
| type = [[Deportation]], [[ethnic cleansing]], [[mass murder]], [[genocidal rape]]
| fatalities = Estimated between 200,000<ref name="Bass"/> and 3,000,000<ref name="TottenParsons2004">{{cite book|author1=Samuel Totten|author2=William S. Parsons|author3=Israel W. Charny|title=Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-94430-4|pages=295–|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=26 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180018/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&pg=PA295|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CheldelinEliatamby2011">{{cite book|author1=Sandra I. Cheldelin|author2=Maneshka Eliatamby|title=Women Waging War and Peace: International Perspectives of Women's Roles in Conflict and Post-Conflict Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|date=18 August 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4411-6021-8|pages=23–|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=21 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221213758/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-WoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html |title=Bangladesh sets up war crimes court – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=25 March 2010 |access-date=23 June 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014512/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/03/2010325151839747356.html| archive-date= 5 June 2011 | url-status=live}}</ref>
| perps = {{plainlist|
* [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
* [[East Pakistan Central Peace Committee|Shanti committee]]
* [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
* [[Al-Badr (East Pakistan)|Al-Badr]]
* [[Al-Shams (East Pakistan)|Al-Shams]]}}
}}

The '''genocide in Bangladesh''' began on 26 March 1971 with the launch of [[Operation Searchlight]],{{sfn|Spencer|2012|p=63}} as [[West Pakistan]] (now Pakistan) began a military crackdown on the [[East Pakistan|Eastern wing]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) of the nation to suppress [[Bengali people|Bengali]] calls for self-determination.{{sfn|Ganguly|2002|p=60}} During the nine-month-long [[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh War for Liberation]], members of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] and supporting pro Pakistani Islamist [[militia]]s from [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami|Jamaat-e-Islami]] party<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263|title=Centuries of Genocide: Essays and Eyewitness Accounts|first1=Samuel|last1=Totten|first2=William S.|last2=Parsons|date=10 September 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-24550-4|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012704/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC&pg=PA263|url-status=live}}</ref> killed between 200,000 and 3,000,000<ref name="Bass"/><ref name="Al Jazeera"/><ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/> people and raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women,<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/|title=Birth of Bangladesh: When raped women and war babies paid the price of a new nation|date=19 December 2016|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406193430/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/birth-of-bangladesh-when-raped-women-and-war-babies-paid-the-price-of-a-new-nation-victory-day-4430420/|url-status=live}}</ref> according to Bangladeshi and Indian sources,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306|title=War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh|last1=Sisson|first1=Richard|last2=Rose|first2=Leo E.|date=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520076655|page=306|access-date=27 February 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227154411/https://books.google.com/books?id=y85KOHHVT5oC&pg=PA306|url-status=live}}</ref> in a systematic campaign of [[genocidal rape]].{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}} The actions against women were supported by Jamaat-e-Islami religious leaders, who declared that Bengali women were ''gonimoter maal'' (Bengali for "public property").{{sfn|D'Costa|2011|p=108}} As a result of the conflict, a further eight to ten million people, mostly Hindus,<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71|title=History (from Bangladesh)|last=Tinker|first=Hugh Russell|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=11 June 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185936/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277584/The-Pakistani-period-1947-71|url-status=live}}</ref> [[East Bengali refugees|fled the country]] to seek refuge in neighbouring [[India]]. It is estimated that up to 30 million civilians were internally displaced<ref name="Women and Climate Change in Bangladesh" /> out of 70 million.<ref name="WPP 2017">{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |title=World Population Prostpects 2017 |website=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat |access-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the war, there was also [[Persecution of Biharis in Bangladesh|ethnic violence]] between Bengalis and [[Stranded Pakistani|Urdu-speaking Biharis]].{{sfn|Saikia|2011|p=3}} Biharis faced reprisals from Bengali mobs and militias<ref name="Khan 2010 p101">{{cite book |last=Khan |first=Borhan Uddin |author2=Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman |date=2010 |editor=Rainer Hofmann, Ugo Caruso |title=Minority Rights in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3631609163 |page=101 |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724122123/https://books.google.com/books?id=yKCKe7J9Uq4C |url-status=live }}</ref> and from 1,000<ref name="MAR-1" /> to 150,000<ref name="Fink2010">{{cite book|author=George Fink|title=Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292|date=25 November 2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-381382-4|pages=292|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011658/https://books.google.com/books?id=rOq4XV94wLsC&pg=PA292|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64|date=1999|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-227010-9|pages=64|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419011706/https://books.google.com/books?id=TG2kN033mDkC&pg=PA64|url-status=live}}</ref> were killed.

There is an academic consensus that the events which took place during the Bangladesh Liberation War constituted a [[genocide]].{{sfn|Payaslian}} However, there are scholars who deny the killing was a genocide.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beachler |first=Donald |date=1 December 2007 |title=The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=467–492 |doi=10.1080/00313220701657286 |s2cid=220344166 |quote=Some scholars and other writers have denied that what took place in Bangladesh was a genocide.}}</ref>

== Violence against Hindus ==
An article in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |title=World: Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal - Printout |magazine=TIME |date=2 August 1971 |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-date=11 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141813/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,878408,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan army eastern command headquarter officials in Dhaka made clear the government's policy on East Bengal. After the elimination or exile of Hindus, their property was going to be shared among middle class Muslims.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007">Beachler, Donald (2007) 'The politics of genocide scholarship:the case of Bangladesh', Patterns of Prejudice, 41:5, 467 - 492</ref> According to Colonel Naim Hindus "undermined the Muslim masses." He said Bengali culture to a great extent was Hindu culture and "We have to sort them out to restore the land to the people."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|144–145}} In April 1971 at Comilla Major Rathore said to Anthony Mascarenhas on Hindus: "Now under the cover of fighting we have an excellent opportunity of finishing them off...Of course, we are only killing the Hindu men. We are soldiers, not cowards like the rebels."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|144}}

Hindus were alleged to have corrupted the Awami League. Pakistani soldiers repeatedly boasted that they have came "to kill Hindus" to US Consul Archer Blood. A witness heard an officer shouting to soldiers: "Why you have killed Muslims. We ordered you to kill only Hindus."<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|145}} US government cables noted that the minorities of Bangladesh, especially the [[Hindus]], were specific targets of the Pakistani Army.<ref name="usconsulate_cable_march31" /><ref name="Blood9782"/> US consulates reported methodical slaughter of Hindu men in cities starting in the first 24 hours of the crackdown. Army units entered villages asking where Hindus live; it was "common pattern" to kill Hindu males. Hindus were identified because they were not circumcised. Sometimes the military also massacred Hindu women. There were barely any areas where no Hindu was killed.<ref name="Gerlach2010" />{{rp|145}} There was widespread killing of Hindu males, and rapes of women. Documented incidents in which Hindus were massacred in large numbers include the [[Jathibhanga massacre]],{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} the [[Chuknagar massacre]], and the [[Shankharipara massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |author-link=Sarmila Bose |year=2011 |title=Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Co. |pages=73, 122}}</ref>

Senator [[Ted Kennedy|Edward Kennedy]] wrote in a report that was part of [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from [[Islamabad]]". More than 60% of the Bengali refugees who fled to India were Hindus.<ref name="usstatedept_south_asia_crisis">U.S. State Department, ''Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976'', Volume XI, "South Asia Crisis, 1971", page 165</ref><ref name="kennedy">Kennedy, Senator Edward, "Crisis in South Asia – A report to the Subcommittee investigating the Problem of Refugees and Their Settlement, Submitted to U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee", 1 November 1971, U.S. Govt. Press, page 66. Sen. Kennedy wrote, "Field reports to the U.S. Government, countless eye-witness journalistic accounts, reports of International agencies such as World Bank and additional information available to the subcommittee document the reign of terror which grips East Bengal (East Pakistan). Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked 'H'. All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from Islamabad."</ref> It has been alleged that this widespread violence against Hindus was motivated by a policy to purge East Pakistan of what was seen as Hindu and Indian influences.<ref name="sundaytimes6_13_71">{{cite news |last=Mascarenhas |first=Anthony |author-link=Anthony Mascarenhas |date=13 June 1971 |title=Genocide |newspaper=The Times |location=London |quote=The Government's policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements: 1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis; 2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The – Islamization of the masses – this is the official jargon – is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan; 3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and flight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future.}}</ref> [[Buddhist]] temples and Buddhist monks were also attacked through the course of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |title=Bangladesh: A Bengali Abbasi Lurking Somewhere? |work=South Asia Analysis Group |date=23 April 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613152129/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers3/paper232.html |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref> Lt. Colonel Aziz Ahmed Khan reported that in May 1971 there was written order to kill Hindus and that General Niazi would ask troops how many Hindus they had killed.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Owen Bennett |date=2003 |title=Pakistan: Eye of the Storm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |publisher=Yale University Press |page=170 |isbn=978-0-300-10147-8 |access-date=10 October 2016 |archive-date=13 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213000749/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to R. J. Rummel, professor of [[political science]] at the [[University of Hawaii]],
{{quote|text=The genocide and gendercidal atrocities were also perpetrated by lower-ranking officers and ordinary soldiers. These "willing executioners" were fueled by an abiding anti-Bengali racism, especially against the Hindu minority. "Bengalis were often compared with monkeys and chickens. Said General Niazi, 'It was a low lying land of low lying people.' The Hindus among the Bengalis were as Jews to the Nazis: scum and vermin that [should] best be exterminated. As to the Moslem Bengalis, they were to live only on the sufferance of the soldiers: any infraction, any suspicion cast on them, any need for reprisal, could mean their death. And the soldiers were free to kill at will. The journalist Dan Coggin quoted one Pakistani captain as telling him, "We can kill anyone for anything. We are accountable to no one." This is the arrogance of Power.<ref>[http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM DEATH BY GOVERNMENT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118212828/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/NOTE1.HTM |date=18 January 2019 }}, by R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994</ref>}}

The [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning journalist [[Sydney Schanberg]] covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East Bengalis, including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the [[Pakistan Army]], which had targeted Bengali Muslims as well). Bangladesh reported massacres occurring on a daily basis. One priest reported to Schanberg about the slaughter of over thousand Hindus in southern district of Barisal in one day. According to another priest, meeting was called in northeastern Sylhet district. Later troops arrived and from the gathered crowd selected 300 Hindus and shot them dead.<ref name="Beachler, Donald 2007"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|3}}
* [[Abul Barkat (economist)|Abul Barkat]], An Inquiry into Causes and Consequences of Deprivation of Hindu Minorities in Bangladesh through the Vested Property Act: Framework for a Realistic Solution Publisher: PRIP Trust (2001) ASIN: B005PWD15O
* Abul Barkat, Deprivation of Hindu Minority in Bangladesh: Living with Vested Property (Published English and Bengali languages 2008, 2009)
* {{cite book|last=Beachler|first=Donald W.|title=The Genocide Debate: Politicians, Academics, and Victims|year=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230114142|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|last=Brecher|first=Michael|title=International political earthquakes|year=2008|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0472070015}}
* {{cite book|first1=Herbert L. |last1=Bodman|first2=Nayereh Esfahlani|last2=Tohidi|date=1998|title=Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|isbn=1555875785}}
* {{cite book | last = D'Costa | first = Bina | title = Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-56566-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947|year=2002|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231123693|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictunending0000gang}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Enskat | first1 = Mike | title = Political Parties in South Asia | year = 2004 | publisher = Praeger | isbn = 978-0-275-96832-8 |first2=Subrata K.|last2=Mitra|first3=Clement|last3=Spiess}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hagerty | first1 = Devin T. |last2 = Ganguly |first2=Šumit | title = Fearful Symmetry: India-pakistan Crises In The Shadow Of Nuclear Weapons | year = 2005 | publisher = University of Washington Press | isbn = 978-0-295-98635-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Haggett | first = Peter | title = Encyclopedia of World Geography: The Indian subcontinent | year = 2001 | publisher = Marshall Cavendish | isbn = 978-0-7614-7289-6 | edition = 2nd }}
* {{cite book | last = Harder | first = Hans | title = Islam in the World Today: A Handbook of Politics, Religion, Culture, and Society | year = 2010 | publisher = Cornell University Press | isbn = 978-0-8014-4571-2 | editor = Werner Ende | editor2 = Udo Steinbac | url = https://archive.org/details/islaminworldtoda00unse }}
* {{cite book | last = Ḥaqqānī | first = Ḥusain | title = Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military | year = 2005 | publisher = Carnegie | isbn = 978-0-87003-214-1 | url = https://archive.org/details/pakistanbetweenm00haqq }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Hossain | first1 = Tania | last2 = Tollefson | first2 = James W. | chapter = Language Policy in Education in Bangladesh | title = Language Policy, Culture, and Identity in Asian Contexts | year = 2006 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-8058-5693-4 | editor = Amy Tsui |editor2=James W. Tollefson }}
* {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Adam | title = Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction | year = 2010 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 978-0-415-48618-7 }}
* {{cite book | last = Midlarsky | first = Manus I. | title = Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond | year = 2011 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-0-521-87708-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Mookherjee | first = Nayanika | title = Traitors: Suspicion, Intimacy, and the Ethics of State-Building|editor = Sharika Thiranagama, Tobias Kelly | chapter = Denunciatory practices and the constitutive role of collaboration in the Bangladesh War | year = 2009|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press | isbn = 978-0-8122-4213-3 }}
* {{cite web|last=Payaslian|first=Simon|author-link=Simon Payaslian|title=20th Century Genocides|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml|publisher=Oxford bibliographies|ref={{sfnref|Payaslian}}|access-date=27 October 2013|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516233147/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0105.xml|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Sajjad|first=Tazreena|title=Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide|year=2012|publisher=Transaction|isbn=978-1-4128-4759-9|pages=219–248|edition=Reprint|editor=Samuel Totten|chapter=The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women}}
* {{cite book | last = Riedel | first = Bruce O. | title = Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad | year = 2011 | publisher = Brookings Institution | isbn = 978-0-8157-0557-4 }}
* {{cite book | last = Roy | first = Rituparna | title = South Asian Partition Fiction in English: From Khushwant Singh to Amitav Ghosh | year = 2010 | publisher = Amsterdam University Press | isbn = 978-90-8964-245-5 | edition = 1st }}
* {{cite book | last = Saikia | first = Yasmin | year = 2011 | title = Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 | publisher = Duke University Press | isbn = 978-0-8223-5038-5 }}
* {{cite book | editor-last = Schmid | editor-first = Alex | title = The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research | year = 2011 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-41157-8 | ref = {{sfnRef|Schmid|2011}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Shah | first = Mehtab Ali | title = The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971–1994 | year = 1997 | publisher = I.B. Tauris | isbn = 978-1-86064-169-5 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Sharlach|first=Lisa|title=Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda|journal=New Political Science|year=2000|volume=1|issue=22|pages=89–102|doi=10.1080/713687893|s2cid=144966485}}
* {{cite book | last = Shehabuddin | first = Elora | editor1-last = Riaz | editor1-first = Ali | editor1-link = Ali Riaz |editor2-last = Fair |editor2-first = C. Christine | title = Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh | chapter = Bangladeshi civil society and Islamist politics | year = 2010 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-0-415-57673-4 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Sisson | first1 = Richard | title = War and Secession: Pakistan, India, and the Creation of Bangladesh | year = 1992 | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-07665-5 |first2== Leo E.|last2=Rose }}
* {{cite book|last=Spencer|first=Philip|title=Genocide Since 1945|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415606349}}
* {{cite book | last = Tomsen | first = Peter | title = The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers | year = 2011 | publisher = Public Affairs | isbn = 978-1-58648-763-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Thompson | first = H R. | title = Language and National Identity in Asia | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-926748-4 | editor = Andrew Simpson}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971], A Gendercide Watch case study
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150322130613/http://indiafacts.co.in/bangladeshi-hindus-mice-cats/ Bangladeshi Hindus are mice for cats]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164154/http://indiafacts.co.in/infographic-state-hindus-bangladesh/ State of Hindus in Bangladesh]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100308004522/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/ Bangladesh Genocide Archive]
* [http://www.newagebd.net/article/11145/articlelist/323/Cartoon Whole nation should observe National Genocide Day], ''[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]'', 14 March 2017
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113441/http://gbnews24.com/breaking-news/article/call-for-international-recognitio/ Call for international recognition and observance of genocide day] by Delwar Jahid
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170323200927/http://www.bssnews.net/newsDetails.php?cat=0&id=651764&date=2017-03-23 Bangladesh to seek UN recognition of 1971 genocide]
* [http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2467591&date=2017-03-25 Genocide Day today]
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/bangladesh-wants-un-to-declare-march-25-as-genocide-day-in-remembrance-of-1971/story-sC2eS7cCnpLLhbGTC6cUSN.html Bangladesh wants UN to declare March 25 as Genocide Day in remembrance of 1971], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 23 March 2017
* [http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/looking-back-at-1971-how-india-s-intervention-in-bangladesh-shaped-south-asia/story-bpHKfX4ou3TErdfazvE8yO.html How India's intervention in Bangladesh shaped south Asia], ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 22 September 2016
* [https://scroll.in/article/832420/by-marking-genocide-day-bangladesh-seeks-to-remember-what-pakistan-wants-to-forget By marking Genocide Day, Bangladesh seeks to remember what Pakistan wants to forget], Scroll.in, 25 March 2017

{{Bangladesh liberation}}
{{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}
{{Genocide topics}}
{{Religious persecution}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangladesh Genocide, 1971}}
[[Category:1971 Bangladesh genocide| ]]
[[Category:1971 crimes in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:1970s murders in Bangladesh|Genocide]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murder in Asia]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in Asia]]
[[Category:Genocides]]
[[Category:Mass murder in 1971]]
[[Category:Massacres in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Pakistani war crimes]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Pakistan]]
[[Category:War crimes in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by Pakistan in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Buddhists by Muslims]]

Hardy Singh

2021-05-20T03:03:48Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| name = Hardy Singh
| image = Hardeep Singh.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Hardeep Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|1|08}}
| birth_place = Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| citizenship = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Entrepreneur, dancer and influencer
| years_active =
| known_for = Pure Bhangra
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[Sarbjeet Kaur]]
}}

'''Hardy Singh''' (born January 8, 1993) is an Dubai-based entrepreneur, dancer and influencer.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Hardeep Singh, Sarbjeet Kaur: Taking Punjabi culture to new heights|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/in-focus/191119/hardeep-singh-sarbjeet-kaur-taking-punjabi-culture-to-new-heights.html|date=19 November 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He is the founder of Pure Bhangra a company that manages performing artistes, celebrity performers and managing a team of folk dancers and also runs business of interior designing. In 2020, he was listed as the most Powerful and Influential Sikhs under 30 in the world in the Sikh Group’s Top 100 list and was the only Sikh from the Middle East to be included.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Bhangra Star Hardeep Singh Finds Place Among World's Top 100 Influential Sikhs|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/bhangra-star-hardeep-singh-finds-place-among-worlds-top-100-influential-sikhs/59341/1|website=Forbes India}}</ref>

In November 2011, Singh and 7 of his friends formed the Pure Bhangra group and as of February 2021, they have 20 active members who perform cultural events the world over.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Social Media Influencer Hardeep Singh is an Inspiration for Aspiring Travellers|url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/social-media-influencer-hardeep-singh-135749007.html|website=in.style.yahoo.com}}</ref> The group has performed at Asian Football Cup (2019), Du Arena Yas Mega Mela (2019), Dubai Festival City Diwali Celebrations (2019), Al Seef Diwali (2019), Truckers Baisakhi Mela (2018) and Global Village Dubai (2018).<ref name=":0" /> He has over 43,287 fans and 46,484 followers on his Facebook fan page and received is the “Silver Play Button” on YouTube.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Hardeep Singh to Organize Biggest Punjabi Fest of Middle East under Pure Bhangra|url=https://www.news18.com/news/press-release/hardeep-singh-to-organize-biggest-punjabi-fest-of-middle-east-under-pure-bhangra-2396601.html|website=News18}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hardeep was born and brought up in Dubai into a Sikh family in January 1993 and is married to [[Sarbjeet Kaur]], a dancer, influencer and the co-owner of Pure Bhangra.<ref>{{cite web|first1=IBT Entertainment|last1=Desk|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Sarbjeet Kaur is a traveller by Choice and a Dancer with Heart|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sarbjeet-kaur-traveller-by-choice-dancer-heart-822117|date=11 June 2020|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Travel influencer Hardeep Singh wins accolades for spreading Punjab’s rich culture across the globe|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/travel-influencer-hardeep-singh-wins-accolades-for-spreading-punjab-s-rich-culture-across-the-globe/story-E7BYBglzsATIVvS9YSXO9I.html|date=26 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2020, Most Powerful and Influential Sikhs under 30 in the world

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|itshardysingh.com|Official website}}
*{{Instagram|itshardysingh}}
*{{Facebook|itshardysingh}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]

Hardeep Singh

2021-05-20T03:01:38Z

KokoLove: KokoLove moved page Hardeep Singh to Hardy Singh: Change name

#REDIRECT [[Hardy Singh]]

Hardy Singh

2021-05-20T03:01:33Z

KokoLove: KokoLove moved page Hardeep Singh to Hardy Singh: Change name

{{Infobox person
| name = Hardeep Singh
| image = Hardeep Singh.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption =
| alias = Hardy Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|1|08}}
| birth_place = Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| citizenship = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Entrepreneur, dancer and influencer
| years_active =
| known_for = Pure Bhangra
| notable_works =
| spouse = [[Sarbjeet Kaur]]
}}

'''Hardeep Singh''' also known as his stage name '''Hardy Singh''' (born January 8, 1993) is an Dubai-based entrepreneur, dancer and influencer.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Hardeep Singh, Sarbjeet Kaur: Taking Punjabi culture to new heights|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/in-focus/191119/hardeep-singh-sarbjeet-kaur-taking-punjabi-culture-to-new-heights.html|date=19 November 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He is the founder of Pure Bhangra a company that manages performing artistes, celebrity performers and managing a team of folk dancers and also runs business of interior designing. In 2020, he was listed as the most Powerful and Influential Sikhs under 30 in the world in the Sikh Group’s Top 100 list and was the only Sikh from the Middle East to be included.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Bhangra Star Hardeep Singh Finds Place Among World's Top 100 Influential Sikhs|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/bhangra-star-hardeep-singh-finds-place-among-worlds-top-100-influential-sikhs/59341/1|website=Forbes India}}</ref>

In November 2011, Singh and 7 of his friends formed the Pure Bhangra group and as of February 2021, they have 20 active members who perform cultural events the world over.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Social Media Influencer Hardeep Singh is an Inspiration for Aspiring Travellers|url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/social-media-influencer-hardeep-singh-135749007.html|website=in.style.yahoo.com}}</ref> The group has performed at Asian Football Cup (2019), Du Arena Yas Mega Mela (2019), Dubai Festival City Diwali Celebrations (2019), Al Seef Diwali (2019), Truckers Baisakhi Mela (2018) and Global Village Dubai (2018).<ref name=":0" /> He has over 43,287 fans and 46,484 followers on his Facebook fan page and received is the “Silver Play Button” on YouTube.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Hardeep Singh to Organize Biggest Punjabi Fest of Middle East under Pure Bhangra|url=https://www.news18.com/news/press-release/hardeep-singh-to-organize-biggest-punjabi-fest-of-middle-east-under-pure-bhangra-2396601.html|website=News18}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hardeep was born and brought up in Dubai into a Sikh family in January 1993 and is married to [[Sarbjeet Kaur]], a dancer, influencer and the co-owner of Pure Bhangra.<ref>{{cite web|first1=IBT Entertainment|last1=Desk|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Sarbjeet Kaur is a traveller by Choice and a Dancer with Heart|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sarbjeet-kaur-traveller-by-choice-dancer-heart-822117|date=11 June 2020|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-15|title=Travel influencer Hardeep Singh wins accolades for spreading Punjab’s rich culture across the globe|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/travel-influencer-hardeep-singh-wins-accolades-for-spreading-punjab-s-rich-culture-across-the-globe/story-E7BYBglzsATIVvS9YSXO9I.html|date=26 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2020, Most Powerful and Influential Sikhs under 30 in the world

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|itshardysingh.com|Official website}}
*{{Instagram|itshardysingh}}
*{{Facebook|itshardysingh}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]

Hindustani Bhau

2021-05-10T17:22:51Z

KokoLove: /* Controversies */ he is released

{{Infobox person
| name = Hindustani Bhau
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Vikas Jayaram Fhatak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|08|07}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Youtuber, social media influencer and social worker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Vikas Jayaram Fhatak''' popularly known as '''Hindustani Bhau''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Indian Youtuber, TikTok star, social media influencer and humanitarian who is known his infamous style of nagging people who stand against India or Indian culture. He has 532k followers on Instagram and 1.09M subscribers on YouTube.

==Early life==
Bhau was born and brought up in Mumbai into a Maharashtrian family in 1983. He attended in St. Andrew’s High School in Mumbai until 7th standard and deliberately left the study to support his family after his father lost the job. He is married and currently lives in Mumbai with his parents, wife Ashwini Fhatak and son.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Indo-Asian News Service|last1=MumbaiNovember 25|first2=2019UPDATED:|last2=November 25|first3=2019 12:30|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau's wife files complaint against fake family members|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-s-wife-files-complaint-against-fake-family-members-1622344-2019-11-25|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his career at a very young age. After dropping out the school he worked as a ball boy in Khar Gymkhana where he used to earn ₹20 a day and was also selling incense sticks on the train. He started making videos after the Pulwama terror attacks in February 2019 and became popular in the Indian audience after his video "Pehli Fursat Mein Nikal" went viral and was used by many to create dramatic memes.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: All about Hindustani Bhau; the new entrant in BB house|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/bigg-boss-13-all-about-the-new-entry-of-bb-house-hindustani-bhau.html|website=Republic World}}</ref> Apart from being a YouTuber, he also works as a News Reporter at "Daksh Police Times", a local newspaper in Mumbai. In 2011, he was also awarded the "Best Chief Crime Reporter" in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau कभी वेटर का काम कर चलाते थे घर, आज हर महीने कमा रहे इतनी बड़ी रकम|url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/hindustani-bhau-aka-vikas-jayaram-phatak-all-you-need-to-know-about-his-income-and-networth/1427957/|date=4 June 2020|website=Jansatta}}</ref> He also founded "Aditya Yuva Pratishthan" an NGO which is named after his son and also a member of "Sankalp Yuva Pratishthan".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau, Keshari Lal and Tehseen Poonawala enter as wild cards|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-keshari-lal-and-tehseen-poonawala-to-enter-as-wild-cards-6089258/|date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

;Bigg Boss 13
Bhau participated Bigg Boss season 13 and entered the house on day 36 as a wildcard contestant and was evicted on the day 78.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau gets evicted from Bigg Boss 13|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hindustani-bhau-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss-13-6168538/|date=15 December 2019}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In August 2020, his Instagram profile was suspended after he posted a video and asked people to hit those who "made fun of Indian Gods" and "dharam" which was reported by several app users for promoting hate speech and violence. Post his account suspension comedian Kunal Kamra asked Maharashtra home minister Anil Deshmukh to take action against Bhau for his videos through a Tweet.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Instagram suspends Hindustani Bhau’s account for violating community guidelines|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/instagram-suspends-hindustani-bhau-s-account-for-violating-community-guidelines/story-6MMMLrhCwvXbxj8y6o3qNK.html|date=20 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A few days later his Facebook account was also suspended for spreading hatred and communal violence.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=After Instagram, Bigg Boss 13 contestant Hindustani Bhau's official Facebook account gets suspended — read deets|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/after-instagram-bigg-boss-13-contestant-hindustani-bhaus-official-facebook-account-gets-suspended-read-deets-1674551/|date=22 August 2020|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>

In June 2020, Bhau filed a police complaint against TV and film producer Ekta Kapoor at the Khar police station. He accused Kapoor of disrespecting Indian soldiers in an episode of her ALTBalaji web series XXX 2. Post filling the complaint he took his Instagram and asked Kapoor to return her Padma Shri award and also asked to issue public apology. Weeks later filling the police complaint Bhau filed a criminal complaint in a Mumbai magistrate court against Ekta, her mother Shobha Kapoor, father Jitendra Kapoor and their web platform ALTBalaji for allegedly insulting the uniform of Indian Army in a web series.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau files criminal case against Ekta Kapoor for insulting Indian Army|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/hindustani-bhau-targets-ekta-kapoor-many-old-issues-can-be-uprooted-sc90-nu901-ta901-ta277-1106788-1.html|date=16 July 2020|website=News Track}}</ref>

On May 7, 2020, Bhau tweeted that he will stage a protest at Dadar's Shivaji Park against the government to cancel all exams for students.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-08|title=Bigg Boss 13's Vikas Fhatak aka Hindustani Bhau arrested for travelling in ambulance to stage a protest amid curfew|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-13s-vikas-fhatak-aka-hindustani-bhau-arrested-for-travelling-in-ambulance-to-stage-a-protest-amid-curfew-1823859/|date=8 May 2021|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref> He reached the location the next day using an ambulance as the ambulance service falls in the category of emergency service. On learning that he has reached Shivaji park, a local police team went and detained him for allegedly violating the Covid-induced restrictions in Mumbai that prohibit the movement of anyone in public unless for an emergency reason. An FIR was registered against him under section 188 and 269 of the IPC as well as 51 (B) of Disaster Management Act read with section 11 of Maharashtra Covid-19 Regulations, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-08|title=Mumbai: ‘Hindustani bhau’ uses ambulance to travel during curfew, arrested|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hindustani-bhau-uses-ambulance-for-publicity-stunt-detained-7307060/|date=8 May 2021}}</ref> He was later released on May 8 and soon after his release he posted a video on his Instagram handle.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|realkingbhau}}
*{{Instagram|hindustanibhausarkar}}

{{Bigg Boss}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hindustani Bhau

2021-05-08T18:01:05Z

KokoLove: /* References */ Social media

{{Infobox person
| name = Hindustani Bhau
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Vikas Jayaram Fhatak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|08|07}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Youtuber, social media influencer and social worker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Vikas Jayaram Fhatak''' popularly known as '''Hindustani Bhau''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Indian Youtuber, TikTok star, social media influencer and humanitarian who is known his infamous style of nagging people who stand against India or Indian culture. He has 532k followers on Instagram and 1.09M subscribers on YouTube.

==Early life==
Bhau was born and brought up in Mumbai into a Maharashtrian family in 1983. He attended in St. Andrew’s High School in Mumbai until 7th standard and deliberately left the study to support his family after his father lost the job. He is married and currently lives in Mumbai with his parents, wife Ashwini Fhatak and son.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Indo-Asian News Service|last1=MumbaiNovember 25|first2=2019UPDATED:|last2=November 25|first3=2019 12:30|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau's wife files complaint against fake family members|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-s-wife-files-complaint-against-fake-family-members-1622344-2019-11-25|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his career at a very young age. After dropping out the school he worked as a ball boy in Khar Gymkhana where he used to earn ₹20 a day and was also selling incense sticks on the train. He started making videos after the Pulwama terror attacks in February 2019 and became popular in the Indian audience after his video "Pehli Fursat Mein Nikal" went viral and was used by many to create dramatic memes.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: All about Hindustani Bhau; the new entrant in BB house|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/bigg-boss-13-all-about-the-new-entry-of-bb-house-hindustani-bhau.html|website=Republic World}}</ref> Apart from being a YouTuber, he also works as a News Reporter at "Daksh Police Times", a local newspaper in Mumbai. In 2011, he was also awarded the "Best Chief Crime Reporter" in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau कभी वेटर का काम कर चलाते थे घर, आज हर महीने कमा रहे इतनी बड़ी रकम|url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/hindustani-bhau-aka-vikas-jayaram-phatak-all-you-need-to-know-about-his-income-and-networth/1427957/|date=4 June 2020|website=Jansatta}}</ref> He also founded "Aditya Yuva Pratishthan" an NGO which is named after his son and also a member of "Sankalp Yuva Pratishthan".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau, Keshari Lal and Tehseen Poonawala enter as wild cards|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-keshari-lal-and-tehseen-poonawala-to-enter-as-wild-cards-6089258/|date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

;Bigg Boss 13
Bhau participated Bigg Boss season 13 and entered the house on day 36 as a wildcard contestant and was evicted on the day 78.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau gets evicted from Bigg Boss 13|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hindustani-bhau-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss-13-6168538/|date=15 December 2019}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In August 2020, his Instagram profile was suspended after he posted a video and asked people to hit those who "made fun of Indian Gods" and "dharam" which was reported by several app users for promoting hate speech and violence. Post his account suspension comedian Kunal Kamra asked Maharashtra home minister Anil Deshmukh to take action against Bhau for his videos through a Tweet.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Instagram suspends Hindustani Bhau’s account for violating community guidelines|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/instagram-suspends-hindustani-bhau-s-account-for-violating-community-guidelines/story-6MMMLrhCwvXbxj8y6o3qNK.html|date=20 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A few days later his Facebook account was also suspended for spreading hatred and communal violence.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=After Instagram, Bigg Boss 13 contestant Hindustani Bhau's official Facebook account gets suspended — read deets|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/after-instagram-bigg-boss-13-contestant-hindustani-bhaus-official-facebook-account-gets-suspended-read-deets-1674551/|date=22 August 2020|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>

In June 2020, Bhau filed a police complaint against TV and film producer Ekta Kapoor at the Khar police station. He accused Kapoor of disrespecting Indian soldiers in an episode of her ALTBalaji web series XXX 2. Post filling the complaint he took his Instagram and asked Kapoor to return her Padma Shri award and also asked to issue public apology. Weeks later filling the police complaint Bhau filed a criminal complaint in a Mumbai magistrate court against Ekta, her mother Shobha Kapoor, father Jitendra Kapoor and their web platform ALTBalaji for allegedly insulting the uniform of Indian Army in a web series.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau files criminal case against Ekta Kapoor for insulting Indian Army|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/hindustani-bhau-targets-ekta-kapoor-many-old-issues-can-be-uprooted-sc90-nu901-ta901-ta277-1106788-1.html|date=16 July 2020|website=News Track}}</ref>

On May 7, 2020, Bhau tweeted that he will stage a protest at Dadar's Shivaji Park against the government to cancel all exams for students.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-08|title=Bigg Boss 13's Vikas Fhatak aka Hindustani Bhau arrested for travelling in ambulance to stage a protest amid curfew|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-13s-vikas-fhatak-aka-hindustani-bhau-arrested-for-travelling-in-ambulance-to-stage-a-protest-amid-curfew-1823859/|date=8 May 2021|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref> He reached the location the next day using an ambulance as the ambulance service falls in the category of emergency service. On learning that he has reached Shivaji park, a local police team went and detained him for allegedly violating the Covid-induced restrictions in Mumbai that prohibit the movement of anyone in public unless for an emergency reason. An FIR was registered against him under section 188 and 269 of the IPC as well as 51 (B) of Disaster Management Act read with section 11 of Maharashtra Covid-19 Regulations, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-08|title=Mumbai: ‘Hindustani bhau’ uses ambulance to travel during curfew, arrested|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hindustani-bhau-uses-ambulance-for-publicity-stunt-detained-7307060/|date=8 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Twitter|realkingbhau}}
*{{Instagram|hindustanibhausarkar}}

[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hindustani Bhau

2021-05-08T17:57:54Z

KokoLove: /* Controversies */ source

{{Infobox person
| name = Hindustani Bhau
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Vikas Jayaram Fhatak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|08|07}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Youtuber, social media influencer and social worker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Vikas Jayaram Fhatak''' popularly known as '''Hindustani Bhau''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Indian Youtuber, TikTok star, social media influencer and humanitarian who is known his infamous style of nagging people who stand against India or Indian culture. He has 532k followers on Instagram and 1.09M subscribers on YouTube.

==Early life==
Bhau was born and brought up in Mumbai into a Maharashtrian family in 1983. He attended in St. Andrew’s High School in Mumbai until 7th standard and deliberately left the study to support his family after his father lost the job. He is married and currently lives in Mumbai with his parents, wife Ashwini Fhatak and son.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Indo-Asian News Service|last1=MumbaiNovember 25|first2=2019UPDATED:|last2=November 25|first3=2019 12:30|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau's wife files complaint against fake family members|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-s-wife-files-complaint-against-fake-family-members-1622344-2019-11-25|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his career at a very young age. After dropping out the school he worked as a ball boy in Khar Gymkhana where he used to earn ₹20 a day and was also selling incense sticks on the train. He started making videos after the Pulwama terror attacks in February 2019 and became popular in the Indian audience after his video "Pehli Fursat Mein Nikal" went viral and was used by many to create dramatic memes.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: All about Hindustani Bhau; the new entrant in BB house|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/bigg-boss-13-all-about-the-new-entry-of-bb-house-hindustani-bhau.html|website=Republic World}}</ref> Apart from being a YouTuber, he also works as a News Reporter at "Daksh Police Times", a local newspaper in Mumbai. In 2011, he was also awarded the "Best Chief Crime Reporter" in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau कभी वेटर का काम कर चलाते थे घर, आज हर महीने कमा रहे इतनी बड़ी रकम|url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/hindustani-bhau-aka-vikas-jayaram-phatak-all-you-need-to-know-about-his-income-and-networth/1427957/|date=4 June 2020|website=Jansatta}}</ref> He also founded "Aditya Yuva Pratishthan" an NGO which is named after his son and also a member of "Sankalp Yuva Pratishthan".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau, Keshari Lal and Tehseen Poonawala enter as wild cards|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-keshari-lal-and-tehseen-poonawala-to-enter-as-wild-cards-6089258/|date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

;Bigg Boss 13
Bhau participated Bigg Boss season 13 and entered the house on day 36 as a wildcard contestant and was evicted on the day 78.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau gets evicted from Bigg Boss 13|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hindustani-bhau-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss-13-6168538/|date=15 December 2019}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In August 2020, his Instagram profile was suspended after he posted a video and asked people to hit those who "made fun of Indian Gods" and "dharam" which was reported by several app users for promoting hate speech and violence. Post his account suspension comedian Kunal Kamra asked Maharashtra home minister Anil Deshmukh to take action against Bhau for his videos through a Tweet.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Instagram suspends Hindustani Bhau’s account for violating community guidelines|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/instagram-suspends-hindustani-bhau-s-account-for-violating-community-guidelines/story-6MMMLrhCwvXbxj8y6o3qNK.html|date=20 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A few days later his Facebook account was also suspended for spreading hatred and communal violence.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=After Instagram, Bigg Boss 13 contestant Hindustani Bhau's official Facebook account gets suspended — read deets|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/after-instagram-bigg-boss-13-contestant-hindustani-bhaus-official-facebook-account-gets-suspended-read-deets-1674551/|date=22 August 2020|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>

In June 2020, Bhau filed a police complaint against TV and film producer Ekta Kapoor at the Khar police station. He accused Kapoor of disrespecting Indian soldiers in an episode of her ALTBalaji web series XXX 2. Post filling the complaint he took his Instagram and asked Kapoor to return her Padma Shri award and also asked to issue public apology. Weeks later filling the police complaint Bhau filed a criminal complaint in a Mumbai magistrate court against Ekta, her mother Shobha Kapoor, father Jitendra Kapoor and their web platform ALTBalaji for allegedly insulting the uniform of Indian Army in a web series.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau files criminal case against Ekta Kapoor for insulting Indian Army|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/hindustani-bhau-targets-ekta-kapoor-many-old-issues-can-be-uprooted-sc90-nu901-ta901-ta277-1106788-1.html|date=16 July 2020|website=News Track}}</ref>

On May 7, 2020, Bhau tweeted that he will stage a protest at Dadar's Shivaji Park against the government to cancel all exams for students.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-08|title=Bigg Boss 13's Vikas Fhatak aka Hindustani Bhau arrested for travelling in ambulance to stage a protest amid curfew|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-13s-vikas-fhatak-aka-hindustani-bhau-arrested-for-travelling-in-ambulance-to-stage-a-protest-amid-curfew-1823859/|date=8 May 2021|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref> He reached the location the next day using an ambulance as the ambulance service falls in the category of emergency service. On learning that he has reached Shivaji park, a local police team went and detained him for allegedly violating the Covid-induced restrictions in Mumbai that prohibit the movement of anyone in public unless for an emergency reason. An FIR was registered against him under section 188 and 269 of the IPC as well as 51 (B) of Disaster Management Act read with section 11 of Maharashtra Covid-19 Regulations, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-08|title=Mumbai: ‘Hindustani bhau’ uses ambulance to travel during curfew, arrested|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/hindustani-bhau-uses-ambulance-for-publicity-stunt-detained-7307060/|date=8 May 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1983 births]][[Category:Living people]]

Hindustani Bhau

2021-05-08T17:56:36Z

KokoLove: /* Controversies */ detained

{{Infobox person
| name = Hindustani Bhau
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Vikas Jayaram Fhatak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|08|07}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Youtuber, social media influencer and social worker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Vikas Jayaram Fhatak''' popularly known as '''Hindustani Bhau''' (born 7 August 1983) is an Indian Youtuber, TikTok star, social media influencer and humanitarian who is known his infamous style of nagging people who stand against India or Indian culture. He has 532k followers on Instagram and 1.09M subscribers on YouTube.

==Early life==
Bhau was born and brought up in Mumbai into a Maharashtrian family in 1983. He attended in St. Andrew’s High School in Mumbai until 7th standard and deliberately left the study to support his family after his father lost the job. He is married and currently lives in Mumbai with his parents, wife Ashwini Fhatak and son.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Indo-Asian News Service|last1=MumbaiNovember 25|first2=2019UPDATED:|last2=November 25|first3=2019 12:30|last3=Ist|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau's wife files complaint against fake family members|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-s-wife-files-complaint-against-fake-family-members-1622344-2019-11-25|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his career at a very young age. After dropping out the school he worked as a ball boy in Khar Gymkhana where he used to earn ₹20 a day and was also selling incense sticks on the train. He started making videos after the Pulwama terror attacks in February 2019 and became popular in the Indian audience after his video "Pehli Fursat Mein Nikal" went viral and was used by many to create dramatic memes.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Republic|last1=World|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: All about Hindustani Bhau; the new entrant in BB house|url=https://www.republicworld.com/entertainment-news/television-news/bigg-boss-13-all-about-the-new-entry-of-bb-house-hindustani-bhau.html|website=Republic World}}</ref> Apart from being a YouTuber, he also works as a News Reporter at "Daksh Police Times", a local newspaper in Mumbai. In 2011, he was also awarded the "Best Chief Crime Reporter" in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau कभी वेटर का काम कर चलाते थे घर, आज हर महीने कमा रहे इतनी बड़ी रकम|url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/hindustani-bhau-aka-vikas-jayaram-phatak-all-you-need-to-know-about-his-income-and-networth/1427957/|date=4 June 2020|website=Jansatta}}</ref> He also founded "Aditya Yuva Pratishthan" an NGO which is named after his son and also a member of "Sankalp Yuva Pratishthan".<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Bigg Boss 13: Hindustani Bhau, Keshari Lal and Tehseen Poonawala enter as wild cards|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-hindustani-bhau-keshari-lal-and-tehseen-poonawala-to-enter-as-wild-cards-6089258/|date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

;Bigg Boss 13
Bhau participated Bigg Boss season 13 and entered the house on day 36 as a wildcard contestant and was evicted on the day 78.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau gets evicted from Bigg Boss 13|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/hindustani-bhau-gets-evicted-from-bigg-boss-13-6168538/|date=15 December 2019}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In August 2020, his Instagram profile was suspended after he posted a video and asked people to hit those who "made fun of Indian Gods" and "dharam" which was reported by several app users for promoting hate speech and violence. Post his account suspension comedian Kunal Kamra asked Maharashtra home minister Anil Deshmukh to take action against Bhau for his videos through a Tweet.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Instagram suspends Hindustani Bhau’s account for violating community guidelines|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/instagram-suspends-hindustani-bhau-s-account-for-violating-community-guidelines/story-6MMMLrhCwvXbxj8y6o3qNK.html|date=20 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A few days later his Facebook account was also suspended for spreading hatred and communal violence.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=After Instagram, Bigg Boss 13 contestant Hindustani Bhau's official Facebook account gets suspended — read deets|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/bigg-boss/after-instagram-bigg-boss-13-contestant-hindustani-bhaus-official-facebook-account-gets-suspended-read-deets-1674551/|date=22 August 2020|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref>

In June 2020, Bhau filed a police complaint against TV and film producer Ekta Kapoor at the Khar police station. He accused Kapoor of disrespecting Indian soldiers in an episode of her ALTBalaji web series XXX 2. Post filling the complaint he took his Instagram and asked Kapoor to return her Padma Shri award and also asked to issue public apology. Weeks later filling the police complaint Bhau filed a criminal complaint in a Mumbai magistrate court against Ekta, her mother Shobha Kapoor, father Jitendra Kapoor and their web platform ALTBalaji for allegedly insulting the uniform of Indian Army in a web series.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-02-12|title=Hindustani Bhau files criminal case against Ekta Kapoor for insulting Indian Army|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/hindustani-bhau-targets-ekta-kapoor-many-old-issues-can-be-uprooted-sc90-nu901-ta901-ta277-1106788-1.html|date=16 July 2020|website=News Track}}</ref>

On May 7, 2020, Bhau tweeted that he will stage a protest at Dadar's Shivaji Park against the government to cancel all exams for students. He reached the location the next day using an ambulance as the ambulance service falls in the category of emergency service. On learning that he has reached Shivaji park, a local police team went and detained him for allegedly violating the Covid-induced restrictions in Mumbai that prohibit the movement of anyone in public unless for an emergency reason. An FIR was registered against him under section 188 and 269 of the IPC as well as 51 (B) of Disaster Management Act read with section 11 of Maharashtra Covid-19 Regulations, 2020.

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:1983 births]][[Category:Living people]]

Udit Kumar

2021-04-22T07:56:55Z

KokoLove: As per Google search i am undoing revision 26401 by 47.9.205.42 (talk)

{{Infobox person
| name = Udit Kumar
| image = Udit_Kumar.png
| alt = Udit Kumar
| image_size = 200px
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|08|30}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Entrepreneur
| years_active =
| notable_works = UDIT MEDIA
}}

'''Udit Kumar''' (born 30 August 2000) is an Indian entrepreneur.<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/in-focus/301220/young-entrepreneur-udit-kumar-redefines-businesses-with-his-marketing.html Young entrepreneur Udit Kumar redefines businesses with his marketing strategies], Deccanchronicle.</ref>. He is the founder and CEO of UDIT MEDIA, a Patna-based digital marketing agency which has $100,000 annual revenue.<ref>[https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/young-entrepreneur-udit-kumar-redefines-businesses-with-his-marketing-strategies/64825/1 Young entrepreneur Udit Kumar redefines businesses with his marketing strategies], Forbes India.</ref> Udit has spent the majority of his childhood time studying the Internet.<ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/technology/report-internet-has-revolutionised-the-world-around-us-says-digital-marketer-udit-kumar-2865121 Internet has revolutionised the world around us, says Digital Marketer Udit Kumar], DNA India.</ref><ref>[https://in.news.yahoo.com/udit-kumar-asia-youngest-sales-072801387.html Udit Kumar – Asia’s youngest Sales Funnel and Marketing Expert], Yahoo .</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/udit-kumar-seasonal-actors-must-have-alternative-earnings/articleshow/79815948.cms Udit Kumar : Seasonal actors must have alternative earnings], Indiaofindia.</ref>.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Instagram|uditsays}}
*{{Facebook|uditsays}}
*{{IMDb name|nm11795607}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurs]]

Prathik Jain

2021-04-16T14:17:07Z

KokoLove: /* Scooter Makeover */

{{Infobox person
| name = Prathik Jain
| image = Prathik jain.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = March 19
| birth_place = [[Tumkur]] [[Karnataka]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| other_names = Vespa Prathik , Prathik Jain Tumkur
| title = CEO & FOUNDER For Brand Manueal
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Limca Book of Records]], Assist world Record, Miracle world Record, [[Unique World Records]]
| notable_works = Giving graphic makeover to [[Vespa]] Scooter in just 2 hours<br /> Developed 36 websites in 2 hours 51 minutes and 20 seconds (Team Named: #wf1008)
}}

'''Prathik Jain''' is an [[India]]n artist graphic designer who has set a world record for giving ''Most Number of Graphical Pictures'' makeover to his standard [[Vespa]] scooter in just 2 hours that became [[India|India's]] first graphical scooter and also have set another world record for Developed 36 website in just 12hrs 51 mints 20 seconds.<ref name=limca>{{cite web|title=First graphic makeover for scooter|url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/recordDetail.aspx?rid=898|publisher=Limca Book of Records}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tumkur vespa skutarge feather Limca record|url=http://kannada.drivespark.com/two-wheelers/vespa-scooter-enters-limca-book-of-records-with-most-number-of-graphical-designs-007344.html|publisher=Nagaraja|date=11 March 2015}}</ref> He is also the founder of Manueal a Indian based men grooming company.

==History Of Records==

===Scooter Makeover===
[[File:Vespaprathik.jpg|thumb|200px|[[vespa]] scooter that Prathik designed within 2 hours]]
Prathik has set world record for giving most numbers of graphic pictures makeover to his standard vespa scooter in just 2 hours starting at 2.00 pm on May 18, 2014 in Bangalore. He travelled from [[Tumkur]] to [[Bangalore]] on his scooter for this modification approx 160 kms. After he completed the makeover he awarded by [[Limca Book of Records]] and High Range Book of Records and it became [[India|India's]] first scooter of most numbers of graphic pictures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vespa charm; Tumkur pratikge double dhamaka|url=http://kannada.drivespark.com/two-wheelers/recognition-prathik-jain-vespa-scooter-005987.html|publisher=Nagaraja|date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bangalore boy graphics magic vespa clean bowled!|url=http://kannada.drivespark.com/two-wheelers/vespa-ready-made-graphics-kits-005828.html|publisher=kannada.drivespark|date=20 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indias First graphic makeover for scooter|url=http://varmabookofrecords.com/indias-first-graphic-makeover-for-scooter/|publisher=Varma Book of Records|date=28 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indias First graphic makeover for scooter|url=http://prajapragathi.epapertoday.com/?yr=2015&mth=3&d=15&pg=5|publisher=prajapragathi.epapertoday.co |date=22 March 2015}}</ref>

===Developed 36 Website===
Prathik Jain and his team of 7 others (Team Named: #wf1008) has Developed 36 websites in 12hrs 51 minutes 20 seconds on started at 12:15:00 pm to 02:14:20 am on 5th and 6th april 2014. They took a break of 68 Minutes and the total time was including break 13 hours 59 minutes and 20 seconds. Prathik jain and his team awarded by [[Limca Book of Records]], '''High Range Book of Records''', '''[[Unique World Records]]''', '''Assist world records''' and '''Miracle world records'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Youths make 36 websites in 13 hours|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/youths-make-36-websites-in-13-hours/article5929204.ece|publisher=TheHindu.com|date=20 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Several world records were achieved in a very short time by Prathik jain|url=http://www.thepressvarta.com/2015/02/blog-post_93.html|publisher=Pressvarta|date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=nix>{{cite web|title=Websites by Dropouts Set Limca Record|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Websites-by-Dropouts-Set-Limca-Record/2014/04/24/article2186019.ece|publisher=newindianexpress|date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=uwr>{{cite web|title=2014MA534 - 36 WEBSITES CREATION IN 13 HOURS|url=http://www.uniqueworldrecords.com/find-out-more---marathon-attempts/2014ma534-36-websites-creation-in-13-hours|publisher=uniqueworldrecords|date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

He also founded pjmedia.in, wf1008, Mychoice Distributors, TJPL Tumkur Jain premier League, TJCL tumkur Jain champions League and is the concept designer and creative head of TJCL.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| For
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref(s)}}
|-
|[[Limca Book of Records]]
| 2014
| Most Number of Graphical Pictures makeover to Vespa Scooter in 2 hours
| <ref name=limca />
|-
|High range book of records
| 2014
| Most Number of Graphical Pictures makeover to Vespa Scooter in 2 hours
| <ref>{{cite web|title=India’s First Vespa Scooter With ‘’ Most Number of Graphical Designs’’|url=http://highrangebookofrecords.com/indias-first-vespa-scooter-with-most-number-of-graphical-designs/|publisher=Highrange Book of Records}}</ref>
|-
|[[Limca Book of Records]]
| 2014
|Developed 36 websites in 12hrs 51 minutes 20 seconds
| <ref name=nix />
|-
|[[Unique World Records]]<br />Miracle world records<br />Assist world records
| 2014
|Developed 36 websites in 12hrs 51 minutes 20 seconds
| <ref name=uwr />
|-
|Honorary doctorate
|2018
|IOT (Internet of things)
|
|}

==Companies==
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Prathik}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
[[Category:Tumkur]]

[[Category:Tumkur district]]
[[Category:Tumkur district]]

Prathik Jain

2021-04-16T14:16:28Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| name = Prathik Jain
| image = Prathik jain.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = March 19
| birth_place = [[Tumkur]] [[Karnataka]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| other_names = Vespa Prathik , Prathik Jain Tumkur
| title = CEO & FOUNDER For Brand Manueal
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Limca Book of Records]], Assist world Record, Miracle world Record, [[Unique World Records]]
| notable_works = Giving graphic makeover to [[Vespa]] Scooter in just 2 hours<br /> Developed 36 websites in 2 hours 51 minutes and 20 seconds (Team Named: #wf1008)
}}

'''Prathik Jain''' is an [[India]]n artist graphic designer who has set a world record for giving ''Most Number of Graphical Pictures'' makeover to his standard [[Vespa]] scooter in just 2 hours that became [[India|India's]] first graphical scooter and also have set another world record for Developed 36 website in just 12hrs 51 mints 20 seconds.<ref name=limca>{{cite web|title=First graphic makeover for scooter|url=http://www.limcabookofrecords.in/recordDetail.aspx?rid=898|publisher=Limca Book of Records}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tumkur vespa skutarge feather Limca record|url=http://kannada.drivespark.com/two-wheelers/vespa-scooter-enters-limca-book-of-records-with-most-number-of-graphical-designs-007344.html|publisher=Nagaraja|date=11 March 2015}}</ref> He is also the founder of Manueal a Indian based men grooming company.

==History Of Records==

===Scooter Makeover===
[[File:Vespaprathik.jpg|thumb|200px|[[vespa]] scooter that Prathik designed within 2 hours]]
Prathik has set world record for giving most numbers of graphic pictures makeover to his standard vespa scooter in just 2 hours starting at 2.00 pm on May 18, 2014 in Bangalore. He travelled from [[Tumkur]] to [[Bangalore]] on his scooter for this modification approx 160 kms. After he completed the makeover he awarded by [[Limca Book of Records]] and High Range Book of Records and it became [[India|India's]] first scooter of most numbers of graphic pictures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vespa charm; Tumkur pratikge double dhamaka|url=http://kannada.drivespark.com/two-wheelers/recognition-prathik-jain-vespa-scooter-005987.html|publisher=Nagaraja|date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bangalore boy graphics magic vespa clean bowled!|url=http://kannada.drivespark.com/two-wheelers/vespa-ready-made-graphics-kits-005828.html|publisher=kannada.drivespark|date=20 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indias First graphic makeover for scooter|url=http://varmabookofrecords.com/indias-first-graphic-makeover-for-scooter/|publisher=Varma Book of Records|date=28 February 2015}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Indias First graphic makeover for scooter|url=http://prajapragathi.epapertoday.com/?yr=2015&mth=3&d=15&pg=5|publisher=prajapragathi.epapertoday.co |date=22 March 2015}}</ref>

===Developed 36 Website===
Prathik Jain and his team of 7 others (Team Named: #wf1008) has Developed 36 websites in 12hrs 51 minutes 20 seconds on started at 12:15:00 pm to 02:14:20 am on 5th and 6th april 2014. They took a break of 68 Minutes and the total time was including break 13 hours 59 minutes and 20 seconds. Prathik jain and his team awarded by [[Limca Book of Records]], '''High Range Book of Records''', '''[[Unique World Records]]''', '''Assist world records''' and '''Miracle world records'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Youths make 36 websites in 13 hours|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/youths-make-36-websites-in-13-hours/article5929204.ece|publisher=TheHindu.com|date=20 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Several world records were achieved in a very short time by Prathik jain|url=http://www.thepressvarta.com/2015/02/blog-post_93.html|publisher=Pressvarta|date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=nix>{{cite web|title=Websites by Dropouts Set Limca Record|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/Websites-by-Dropouts-Set-Limca-Record/2014/04/24/article2186019.ece|publisher=newindianexpress|date=24 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=uwr>{{cite web|title=2014MA534 - 36 WEBSITES CREATION IN 13 HOURS|url=http://www.uniqueworldrecords.com/find-out-more---marathon-attempts/2014ma534-36-websites-creation-in-13-hours|publisher=uniqueworldrecords|date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

He also founded pjmedia.in, wf1008, Mychoice Distributors, TJPL Tumkur Jain premier League, TJCL tumkur Jain champions League and is the concept designer and creative head of TJCL.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| For
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref(s)}}
|-
|[[Limca Book of Records]]
| 2014
| Most Number of Graphical Pictures makeover to Vespa Scooter in 2 hours
| <ref name=limca />
|-
|High range book of records
| 2014
| Most Number of Graphical Pictures makeover to Vespa Scooter in 2 hours
| <ref>{{cite web|title=India’s First Vespa Scooter With ‘’ Most Number of Graphical Designs’’|url=http://highrangebookofrecords.com/indias-first-vespa-scooter-with-most-number-of-graphical-designs/|publisher=Highrange Book of Records}}</ref>
|-
|[[Limca Book of Records]]
| 2014
|Developed 36 websites in 12hrs 51 minutes 20 seconds
| <ref name=nix />
|-
|[[Unique World Records]]<br />Miracle world records<br />Assist world records
| 2014
|Developed 36 websites in 12hrs 51 minutes 20 seconds
| <ref name=uwr />
|-
|Honorary doctorate
|2018
|IOT (Internet of things)
|
|}

==Companies==
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Prathik}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
[[Category:Tumkur]]

[[Category:Tumkur district]]
[[Category:Tumkur district]]

Shuchir Suri

2021-04-11T12:50:42Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| name = Shuchir Suri
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|07|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir|J&K]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Vasant Valley School|Vasant Valley School, Delhi]]<ref name="ET2011"/> <br/>[[Fergusson College|Fergusson College, Pune]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Founder & CEO of Food Talk India
| years_active =
| notable_works =
| website = {{url|www.shuchir.com}}
}}

'''Shuchir Suri''' (born 26 July 1988) is a [[Delhi]] based Indian entrepreneur who is known for co-founding and leading the food community called 'Food Talk India' as its chairman.<ref name="LM2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/b8uRiVD46CT1YfaJfmJpqN/Food-Talk-India-raises-500000-seed-funding.html|title=Food Talk India raises $500,000 seed funding|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]|date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref name="entrepreneur.com-9Sept2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/250446|title=Digital food community Food Talk India turns cravings into unique experience|website=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|www.entrepreneur.com]]|date=2015-09-09}}</ref><ref name="news18-19Sept2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/food-shaken-and-stirred-delhi-celebrates-its-first-ever-gin-festival-this-weekend-deets-inside-1882123.html|title=Delhi Celebrates its First Ever Gin Festival This Weekend|website=[[News18 India]]|date=2018-09-19}}</ref><ref name="India Today_041018">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/zest/story/how-young-india-likes-to-drink-1355488-2018-10-04|title=How young India likes to drink|website=[[India Today]]|date=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref name="forbes_210716">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abehal/2016/07/21/the-food-community-thats-changing-the-way-modern-india-eats/#21ab030a1ce4|title=This 'Digital Food Community' Is Changing How Modern India Eats, One Bite At A Time|website=[[Forbes]]|date=2016-07-21}}</ref><ref name="IT06092015">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/turning-culinary-delights-into-a-global-experience-261420-2015-09-06|title=Turning culinary delights into a global experience|website=[[India Today]]|date=2015-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/what-is-hydroponics-and-how-long-will-it-last/article27118327.ece|title=A low-down on hydroponics|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2019-05-13}}</ref> He is also the co-founder of Jade Forest a Delhi-based beverage and mixers brand.<ref>{{cite web|last1=www.ETHospitalityWorld.com|accessdate=2021-04-11|title=Huddle accelerated, Beverage and Mixers brand, Jade Forest raises $250,000 seed investment - ET HospitalityWorld|url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/operations/food-and-beverages/huddle-accelerated-beverage-and-mixers-brand-jade-forest-raises-250000-seed-investment/79296715|website=ETHospitalityWorld.com}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shuchir was born on 26 July 1988 in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir|J&K]] and has completed his school education from [[Vasant Valley School]] in [[Delhi]]<ref name="ET2011">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/i-make-the-impossible-possible-for-clients-shuchir-suri/articleshow/9676973.cms?from=mdr|title=I make the impossible possible for clients: Shuchir Suri|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2011-08-21}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia28082015">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kashmiris-like-us-probably-tougher/cid/860737|title=Kashmiris like us, probably tougher|website=[[The Telegraph]]|date=2005-08-28}}</ref> and have completed higher his studies in Economics from [[Fergusson College|Fergusson College,Pune]].

==Career==
Shuchir Started his career as a Manager in Event Management Company.<ref name="ET2011"/> In January 2013, Shuchir has co-founded the Digital community of Food and Drink with his colleague Anjali Batra.<ref name="The Hindu_04092014">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/food-talk-india-art-of-fine-dining-and-perfect-pairing-a-mere-click-away/article6378619.ece|title=Art of fine dining and perfect pairing a mere click away|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2014-09-04}}</ref> It was started as an Exclusive Invite on Social Food Forum on [[Facebook]] where members can join the community, read and share the genuine food experiences. In 2015, Food Talk India has raised the fund of 5,000,00 dollars from the private sector for Food Talk Plus mobile application.<ref name="LM2015"/><ref name="entrepreneur.com-9Sept2015"/><ref name="moneycontrol-26Aug2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/food-talk-india-raises-36500000private-investor-1479387.html|title=Food Talk India raises $500,000 from private investor|website=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref name="forbes_210716"/> In 2018, he co-founded beverage and mixers brand, Jade Forest that raised $250,000 seed funding from prominent angels across India in November 2020.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Trisha|last1=Medhi|accessdate=2021-04-11|title=[Funding alert] Huddle accelerator startup Jade Forest raises $250,000 in seed round|url=https://yourstory.com/2020/11/funding-huddle-accelerator-startup-jade-forest-seed-round|date=10 November 2020|website=YourStory.com}}</ref>

==Criticism==
Shuchir was heavily criticized for uploading sexist roti meme describing the difference in cooking in Indian arranged and love marriage on social sites and for sending a 'fuck you' message to a journalist. at the end of these matters, Shuchir apologized by saying that their site was hacked.<ref name="FP15012016">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/our-website-was-hacked-shuchir-suri-food-talk-india-apologise-for-dick-pic-sexist-roti-meme-2585892.html|title=Shuchir Suri, Food Talk India apologise for 'dick pic', sexist roti meme|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=2016-01-15}}</ref><ref name="india.com_14012016">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/buzz/the-founder-of-food-talk-india-sends-penis-doodle-picture-to-author-for-questioning-on-sexism-861748/|title=The founder of Food Talk India sends penis doodle picture to author for questioning on sexism!|website=[[india.com]]|date=2016-01-14}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com_14012016">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/weird/food-talk-india-puts-out-sexist-message-doodles-a-d-ck-in-response-to-journalist-249423.html|title=Food Talk India Puts Out Sexist Message, Doodles A D*ck In Response To Journalist|website=[[indiatimes.com]]|date=2016-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/demand-beauty-services-startup-belita-raises-angel-funding|title=Online foodies community Food Talk raises $500K|website=[[VCCircle]]|date=2015-08-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.shuchir.com}}
* [https://www.mensxp.com/fashion/style-guide/44714-how-to-really-do-no-efforts-dressing-cc-shuchir-suri.html Shuchir Suri] at MensXP.com

[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]

Template:Infobox school

2021-04-04T18:33:04Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Infobox school/short description|type={{{type|{{{schooltype|School}}}}}}|country={{if empty|{{{country|}}}|{{{country1|}}}}}|city={{{city|{{{town|{{{city/town|}}}}}}}}}|coun..."

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| caption{{#if:{{{image|}}}{{{image_name|}}}{{{imagewikilink|}}}|3|{{#if:{{{seal_image|}}}|2|{{#if:{{{logo|}}}|1|5}}}}}} = {{#if:{{{image|}}}{{{image_name|}}}{{{seal_image|}}}{{{logo|}}}{{{imagewikilink|}}}|{{{caption|}}} }}

| header1 = {{#if:{{{address|}}}{{{streetaddress|}}}{{{street|}}}|Address|Location}}
| data3 = {{#invoke:Infobox mapframe|auto
|onByDefault={{#ifeq:{{{coordinates|}}}||yes|{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:coordinates|coord2text|{{{coordinates|}}}|lat}}||no|yes}}}}
|mapframe-marker=school|mapframe-zoom=13|mapframe-wikidata=yes}}
| data4 = {{#invoke:Infobox mapframe|autocaption|onByDefault=yes}}

| rowclass5 = adr
| data5 = {{br separated entries
|1 = {{#if:{{{address|}}}{{{streetaddress|}}}{{{street|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="street-address">{{if empty|{{{address|}}}|{{{streetaddress|}}}|{{{street|}}}}}</div>}}
|2 = {{#if:{{{location|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="street-address">{{{location|}}}</div>}}
|3 = {{#if:{{{region|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="locality">{{{region|}}}</div>}}
|4 = {{comma separated entries
| 1 = {{#if:{{{city|}}}{{{town|}}}{{{city/town|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="locality">{{if empty|{{{city|}}}|{{{town|}}}|{{{city/town|}}}}}</div>}}
| 2 = {{#if:{{{county|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="region">{{{county}}}</div>}}
| 3 = {{#if:{{{state|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="region">{{{state}}}</div>}}
| 4 = {{#if:{{{province|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="region">{{{province}}}</div>}}
| 5 = {{#if:{{{postcode|}}}{{{postalcode|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="postal-code" class="nowrap">{{if empty|{{{postcode|}}}|{{{postalcode|}}}}}</div>}}
}} {{#if:{{{zipcode|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="postal-code">{{{zipcode}}}</div>}}
|5 = {{#if:{{{country|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="country-name">{{#ifexist:Template:Country data {{{country}}}|{{Getalias|{{{country}}}}}|{{{country}}}{{main other|{{#ifeq:_MATCH_|{{#invoke:string|replace|{{{country}}}|^%[%[[^%[%]]*%]%]$|_MATCH_|plain=false}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox school with a linked country]]|[[Category:Pages using infobox school with an unknown country]]}}}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{country1|}}}|,}}}} {{#if:{{{country1|}}}|<div style="display:inline;" class="country-name1">{{#ifexist:Template:Country data {{{country1}}}|{{Getalias|{{{country1}}}}}|{{{country1}}}{{main other|{{#ifeq:_MATCH_|{{#invoke:string|replace|{{{country1}}}|^%[%[[^%[%]]*%]%]$|_MATCH_|plain=false}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox school with a linked country1]]|[[Category:Pages using infobox school with an unknown country1]]}}}}}}</div>}}
}}

| label6 = [[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]
| data6 = {{#if: {{{coordinates|}}} | {{#invoke:Coordinates|coordinsert|{{{coordinates|}}}|type:edu}}{{{coordinates_footnotes|}}}}}

| header7 = Information

| label8 = Other name{{#if:{{{other_names|}}}|s}}
| data8 = {{if empty|{{{other_names|}}}|{{{other_name|}}}}}

| label9 = Former name{{#if:{{{former_names|}}}|s}}
| data9 = {{if empty|{{{former_names|}}}|{{{former_name|}}}}}

| label10 = {{#if:{{{schooltype|}}}|School type|{{#if:{{{fundingtype|}}}|Funding type|Type}} }}
| data10 =
{{#if:{{{schooltype|}}}
|{{#if:{{{fundingtype|}}}
|{{#ifexist:{{{fundingtype}}} school
|[[{{{fundingtype}}} school|{{{fundingtype}}}]]
|{{{fundingtype}}},
}}
|{{{type|}}}
}} {{{schooltype}}}
|{{if empty|{{{fundingtype|}}}|{{{type|}}}}}
}}

| label11 = {{#if: {{{motto|}}} | Motto | Mottoes }}
| data11 = {{#if: {{{motto|}}}{{{mottoes|}}}
|{{if empty|{{{motto|}}}|{{{mottoes|}}}}}{{#if:{{{motto_translation|}}}|<br />({{{motto_translation}}})}}
|{{{motto_translation|}}}
}}

| label12 = Religious affiliation(s)
| data12 = {{if empty|{{{religious_affiliation|}}}|{{{religion|}}}}}

| label13 = Denomination
| data13 = {{{denomination|}}}

| label14 = Patron saint(s)
| data14 = {{{patron|}}}

| label15 = {{#if: {{{established|}}} | Established |{{#if: {{{founded|}}} | Founded |Opened }}}}

| data15 = {{if empty | {{{established|}}} | {{{founded|}}} | {{{opened|}}} }}

| label16 = {{#if: {{{founder|}}} | Founder | Founders }}
| data16 = {{if empty|{{{founder|}}}|{{{founders|}}}}}

| label17 = Status
| data17 = {{{status|}}}

| label18 = Closed
| data18 = {{{closed|}}}

| label19 = Locale
| data19 = {{{locale|}}}

| label20 = [[Sister school]]
| data20 = {{{sister_school|}}}

| label21 = School board
| data21 = {{if empty|{{{school_board|}}}|{{{schoolboard|}}}}}

| label22 = School district
| data22 = {{{district|}}}

| label23 = [[National Center for Education Statistics|NCES]] District ID
| data23 = {{{us_nces_district_id|}}}

| label24 = Local authority
| data24 = {{if empty|{{{local_authority|}}}|{{{LEA|}}}}}

| label25 = Authority
| data25 = {{{authority|}}}

| label26 = Educational authority
| data26 = {{if empty|{{{educational_authority|}}}|{{{educational authority|}}}}}

| label27 = {{if empty| {{{category_label|}}} | Category }}
| data27 = {{{category|}}}

| label28 = {{if empty| {{{oversight_label|}}} | Oversight }}
| data28 = {{{oversight|}}}

| label29 = Trust
| data29 = {{{trust|}}}

| label30 = Authorizer
| data30 = {{{authorizer|}}}

| label31 = Superintendent
| data31 = {{{superintendent|}}}

| label32 = Area trustee
| data32 = {{{trustee|}}}

| label33 = {{#if: {{{specialist|}}} | Specialist | Specialists }}
| data33 = {{if empty|{{{specialist|}}}|{{{specialists|}}}}}

| label34 = Session
| data34 = {{{session|}}}

| label35 = School number
| data35 = {{if empty|{{{school_number|}}}|{{{schoolnumber|}}}|{{{number|}}}}}

| label36 = School code
| data36 = {{if empty|{{{school_code|}}}|{{{school code|}}}}}

| label37 = [[Department for Education]] URN
| data37 = {{#if:{{{urn|}}}
| {{EduBase|{{{urn}}}|{{{urn}}}}} {{DfE performance tables|{{{urn}}}|Tables}}
}}

| label38 = [[Ministry of Education (New Zealand)|Ministry of Education]] Institution no.
| data38 = {{#if: {{{MOE|}}} | [https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school={{{MOE}}} {{{MOE}}}] }}

| label39 = [[Ofsted]]
| data39 = {{#if: {{{ofsted|}}} |{{ofsted|{{{urn}}}|Reports}} }}

| label40 = [[College Board#CEEB code|CEEB code]]
| data40 = {{{ceeb|}}}

| label41 = [[National Center for Education Statistics|NCES]] School ID
| data41 = {{{us_nces_school_id|}}}

| label42 = President
| data42 = {{{president|}}}

| label43 = {{if empty| {{{chair_label|}}} | Chair }}
| data43 = {{{chair|}}}

| label44 = {{if empty| {{{chairman_label|}}} | Chairman }}
| data44 = {{{chairman|}}}

| label45 = {{if empty| {{{chairperson_label|}}} | Chairperson }}
| data45 = {{{chairperson|}}}

| label46 = Dean
| data46 = {{{dean|}}}

| label47 = Administrator
| data47 = {{{administrator|}}}

| label48 = Rector
| data48 = {{{rector|}}}

| label49 = Director
| data49 = {{{director|}}}

| label50 = {{if empty| {{{principal_label|}}} | Principal }}
| data50 = {{{principal|}}}

| label51 = {{if empty| {{{principal_label1|}}} | Principal }}
| data51 = {{{principal1|}}}

| label52 = {{if empty| {{{principal_label2|}}} | Principal }}
| data52 = {{{principal2|}}}

| label53 = {{if empty| {{{principal_label3|}}} | Principal }}
| data53 = {{{principal3|}}}

| label54 = {{if empty| {{{principal_label4|}}} | Principal }}
| data54 = {{{principal4|}}}

| label55 = Campus Director
| data55 = {{if empty|{{{campus_director|}}}|{{{campus director|}}}}}

| label56 = Headmistress
| data56 = {{{headmistress|}}}

| label57 = Headmaster
| data57 = {{{headmaster|}}}

| label58 = Head of school
| data58 = {{if empty|{{{head_of_school|}}}|{{{head of school|}}}}}

| label59 = {{#if: {{{head_teacher|}}} | Head teacher | Headteacher }}
| data59 = {{if empty|{{{head_teacher|}}}|{{{headteacher|}}}}}

| label60 = Executive headteacher
| data60 = {{{executive_headteacher|}}}

| label61 = Acting headteacher
| data61 = {{{acting_headteacher|}}}

| label62 = {{if empty| {{{head_name|}}} | {{{head_label|}}} | Head teacher }}
| data62 = {{{head|}}}

| label63 = {{{head_name2}}}
| data63 = {{#if: {{{head_name2|}}} | {{{head2|}}} }}

| label64 = {{if empty| {{{rel_head_name|}}} | Religious head }}
| data64 = {{{rel_head|}}}

| label65 = {{if empty| {{{r_head_label|}}} | Religious head }}
| data65 = {{{r_head|}}}

| label66 = Officer in charge
| data66 = {{{officer_in_charge|}}}

| label67 = Chaplain
| data67 = {{{chaplain|}}}

| label68 = Staff
| data68 = {{if empty|{{{staff|}}}|{{{number_of_staff|}}}|{{{number of staff|}}}}}

| label69 = Faculty
| data69 = {{{faculty|}}}

| label70 = Teaching staff
| data70 = {{{teaching_staff|}}}

| label71 = Employees
| data71 = {{if empty|{{{employees|}}}|{{{num_employ|}}}}}

| label72 = Key people
| data72 = {{{key_people|}}}

| label73 = {{if empty| {{{grades_label|}}} | Grades }}
| data73 = {{{grades|}}}

| label74 = Years offered
| data74 = {{{years|}}}

| label75 = Years taught
| data75 = {{if empty|{{{years_taught|}}}|{{{years taught|}}}}}

| label76 = {{#if: {{{years_taught|}}}{{{years taught|}}} | • Nursery | Nursery years taught }}
| data76 = {{if empty|{{{nursery_years_taught|}}}|{{{nursery years taught|}}}}}

| label77 = {{#if: {{{years_taught|}}}{{{years taught|}}} | • Primary | Primary years taught }}
| data77 = {{if empty|{{{primary_years_taught|}}}|{{{primary years taught|}}}}}

| label78 = {{#if: {{{years_taught|}}}{{{years taught|}}} | • Secondary | Secondary years taught }}
| data78 = {{if empty|{{{secondary_years_taught|}}}|{{{secondary years taught|}}}}}

| label79 = {{if empty| {{{gender_label|}}} | Gender }}
| data79 = {{{gender|}}}

| label80 = {{#if: {{{age_range|}}}{{{age range|}}} | Age range | Age }}
| data80 = {{#if: {{{age_range|}}}{{{age range|}}}
| {{if empty|{{{age_range|}}}|{{{age range|}}}}}
| {{#if: {{{lower_age|}}} | {{{lower_age}}}{{#if:{{{upper_age|}}}| to {{{upper_age}}}|+}} }}
}}

| label81 = {{#if: {{{enrollment|}}} | Enrollment |{{#if: {{{enrolment|}}} | Enrolment |{{#if: {{{students|}}} | Number of students |{{#if:{{{school_roll|}}}{{{roll|}}}| School roll |Number of pupils}}}}}}}}
| data81 = {{if empty|{{{enrollment|}}}
|{{{enrolment|}}}
|{{{students|}}}
|{{{pupils|}}}
|{{{school_roll|}}}
|{{{roll|}}}}}{{#if: {{{enrollment|}}}{{{enrolment|}}}{{{students|}}}{{{pupils|}}}
| {{#if: {{{enrollment_as_of|}}}{{{enrolment_as_of|}}}{{{students_as_of|}}}{{{pupils_as_of|}}}
| ({{if empty|{{{enrollment_as_of|}}}
|{{{enrolment_as_of|}}}
|{{{students_as_of|}}}
|{{{pupils_as_of|}}}}})}}}}

| label82 = Capacity
| data82 = {{{capacity|}}}

| label83 = Sixth form students
| data83 = {{{sixth_form_students|}}}

| label84 =  • [[Pre-kindergarten]]
| data84 = {{{grade_preK|}}}

| label85 =  • [[Kindergarten]]
| data85 = {{{gradeK|}}}

| label86 =  • [[First grade|Grade 1]]
| data86 = {{{grade1|}}}

| label87 =  • [[Second grade|Grade 2]]
| data87 = {{{grade2|}}}

| label88 =  • [[Third grade|Grade 3]]
| data88 = {{{grade3|}}}

| label89 =  • [[Fourth grade|Grade 4]]
| data89 = {{{grade4|}}}

| label90 =  • [[Fifth grade|Grade 5]]
| data90 = {{{grade5|}}}

| label91 =  • [[Sixth grade|Grade 6]]
| data91 = {{{grade6|}}}

| label92 =  • [[Seventh grade|Grade 7]]
| data92 = {{{grade7|}}}

| label93 =  • [[Eighth grade|Grade 8]]
| data93 = {{{grade8|}}}

| label94 =  • [[Ninth grade|Grade 9]]
| data94 = {{{grade9|}}}

| label95 =  • [[Tenth grade|Grade 10]]
| data95 = {{{grade10|}}}

| label96 =  • [[Eleventh grade|Grade 11]]
| data96 = {{{grade11|}}}

| label97 =  • [[Twelfth grade|Grade 12]]
| data97 = {{{grade12|}}}

| label98 =  • Grade 13
| data98 = {{{grade13|}}}

| label99 =  • Other
| data99 = {{{other|}}}

| label100 =  • {{if empty| {{{other_grade_label}}} | Other }}
| data100 = {{if empty|{{{other_grade_enrollment|}}}|{{{other_grade_enrolment|}}}}}

| label101 =  • {{if empty| {{{other_grade_label_1|}}} | Other }}
| data101 = {{if empty|{{{other_grade_enrollment_1|}}}|{{{other_grade_enrolment_1|}}}}}

| label102 =  • {{if empty| {{{other_grade_label_2|}}} | Other }}
| data102 = {{if empty|{{{other_grade_enrollment_2|}}}|{{{other_grade_enrolment_2|}}}}}

| label103 = International students
| data103 = {{{international_students|}}}

| label104 = Classes
| data104 = {{{classes|}}}

| label105 = Average class size
| data105 = {{if empty|{{{average_class_size|}}}|{{{avg_class_size|}}}|{{{class|}}}}}

| label106 = Student to teacher ratio
| data106 = {{{ratio|}}}

| label107 = Education system
| data107 = {{{system|}}}

| label108 = Classes offered
| data108 = {{if empty|{{{classes_offered|}}}|{{{classes offered|}}}}}

| label109 = Language
| data109 = {{if empty|{{{language|}}}|{{{medium_of_language|}}}|{{{medium of language|}}}|{{{medium|}}}|{{{mediums|}}}}}

| label111 = Schedule type
| data111 = {{if empty|{{{schedule_type|}}}|{{{schedtyp|}}}}}

| label112 = Schedule
| data112 = {{{schedule|}}}

| label113 = Hours in school day
| data113 = {{{hours_in_day|}}}

| label114 = Classrooms
| data114 = {{{classrooms|}}}

| label115 = Campuses
| data115 = {{{campuses|}}}

| label116 = Campus
| data116 = {{{campus|}}}

| label117 = Campus size
| data117 = {{if empty|{{{campus_size|}}}|{{{campus size|}}}}}

| label118 = Area
| data118 = {{{area|}}}

| label119 = Campus type
| data119 = {{if empty|{{{campus_type|}}}|{{{campus type|}}}}}

| label120 = Houses
| data120 = {{{houses|}}}

| label121 = {{if empty| {{{student_union_label|}}} | Student Union/Association }}
| data121 = {{{student_union|}}}

| label122 = {{#if: {{{colors|}}}{{{school_colors|}}}{{{schoolcolors|}}} | Color(s) | Colour(s) }}
| data122 = {{if empty|{{{colors|}}}|{{{school_colors|}}}|{{{schoolcolors|}}}|{{{colours|}}}|{{{school_colours|}}}|{{{schoolcolours|}}}}}

| label124 = Slogan
| data124 = {{{slogan|}}}

| label125 = Song
| data125 = {{{song|}}}

| label126 = [[Fight song]]
| data126 = {{if empty|{{{fight_song|}}}|{{{fightsong|}}}}}

| label127 = Athletics
| data127 = {{{athletics|}}}

| label128 = Athletics conference
| data128 = {{if empty|{{{athletics_conference|}}}|{{{athletics conference|}}}|{{{athletic_conference|}}}|{{{athletic conference|}}}|{{{conference|}}}}}

| label129 = Sports
| data129 = {{{sports|}}}

| label130 = Mascot
| data130 = {{#if: {{{mascot|}}} | {{{mascot}}} {{main other|{{#if:{{#invoke:string|match|nomatch=|pattern=[Ff][Ii][Ll][Ee]%s*:|s={{{mascot}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox school with a mascot image]]|{{#if:{{#invoke:string|match|nomatch=|pattern=[Ii][Mm][Aa][Gg][Ee]%s*:|s={{{mascot}}}}}|[[Category:Pages using infobox school with a mascot image]]|}}}}}}}}

| label131 = [[Athletic nickname|Nickname]]
| data131 = {{{nickname|}}}

| label132 = {{if empty| {{{teams_label|}}} | Teams }}
| data132 = {{{teams|}}}

| label133 = Team name
| data133 = {{if empty|{{{team_name|}}} | {{{team name|}}} | {{{teamname|}}} }}

| label134 = {{#if: {{{rival|}}} | Rival | Rivals }}
| data134 = {{if empty|{{{rival|}}} | {{{rivals|}}} }}

| label135 = {{#if: {{{accreditation|}}} | Accreditation | Accreditations }}
| data135 = {{if empty|{{{accreditation|}}} | {{{accreditations|}}} }}

| label136 = [[U.S. News & World Report|USNWR]] ranking
| data136 = {{if empty|{{{USNWR_ranking|}}} | {{{ranking|}}} }}

| label137 = National ranking
| data137 = {{{national_ranking|}}}

| label138 = {{if empty|{{{test_name|}}}|{{{testname|}}}|Test}} average
| data138 = {{if empty|{{{test_average|}}} | {{{testaverage|}}} }}

| label141 = Bar pass rate
| data141 = {{if empty|{{{bar_pass_rate|}}} | {{{bar pass rate|}}} }}

| label143 = Socio-economic decile
| data143 = {{{decile|}}}

| label144 = Publication
| data144 = {{{publication|}}}

| label145 = Newspaper
| data145 = {{#if:{{{newspaper|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{newspaper}}}|2}}|''
|{{{newspaper}}}
|''{{{newspaper}}}''
}}
}}

| label146 = Yearbook
| data146 = {{#if:{{{yearbook|}}}
|{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{yearbook}}}|2}}|''
|{{{yearbook}}}
|''{{{yearbook}}}''
}}
}}

| label147 = Key products
| data147 = {{{products|}}}

| label148 = Endowment
| data148 = {{{endowment|}}}

| label149 = Budget
| data149 = {{{budget|}}}

| label150 = School fees
| data150 = {{{fees|}}}

| label151 = Annual tuition
| data151 = {{if empty|{{{annual_tuition|}}} | {{{annual tuition|}}} }}

| label152 = Tuition
| data152 = {{{tuition|}}}

| label153 = Revenue
| data153 = {{{revenue|}}}

| label154 = Communities served
| data154 = {{{communities|}}}

| label155 = Feeder schools
| data155 = {{if empty|{{{feeder_schools|}}} | {{{feeders|}}} }}

| label156 = Feeder to
| data156 = {{if empty|{{{feeder_to|}}} | {{{main feeder school for|}}} }}

| label157 = Graduates{{#if: {{{graduates_year|}}} | {{nobold|({{{graduates_year|}}})}} }}
| data157 = {{{graduates|}}}

| label158 = {{#if: {{{affiliation|}}} | Affiliation | Affiliations }}
| data158 = {{if empty|{{{affiliation|}}} | {{{affiliations|}}} }}

| label159 = Alumni
| data159 = {{{alumni|}}}

| label160 = Alumni name
| data160 = {{{alumni_name|}}}

| label161 = [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]]s
| data161 = {{{nobel_laureates|}}}

| label162 = Information
| data162 = {{{information|}}}

| label163 = {{if empty| {{{free_label|}}} | Other }}
| data163 = {{#if: {{{free_label|}}} | {{if empty|{{{free|}}}|{{{free_text|}}}}} }}

| label164 = {{if empty|{{{free_label1|}}}|{{{free_label_1|}}}}}
| data164 = {{#if: {{{free_label1|}}}{{{free_label_1|}}} | {{if empty|{{{free_1|}}}|{{{free_text1|}}}}} }}

| label165 = {{if empty|{{{free_label2|}}}|{{{free_label_2|}}}}}
| data165 = {{#if: {{{free_label2|}}}{{{free_label_2|}}} | {{if empty|{{{free_2|}}}|{{{free_text2|}}}}} }}

| label166 = {{if empty|{{{free_label3|}}}|{{{free_label_3|}}}}}
| data166 = {{#if: {{{free_label3|}}}{{{free_label_3|}}} | {{if empty|{{{free_3|}}}|{{{free_text3|}}}}} }}

| label167 = {{if empty|{{{free_label4|}}}|{{{free_label_4|}}}}}
| data167 = {{#if: {{{free_label4|}}}{{{free_label_4|}}} | {{if empty|{{{free_4|}}}|{{{free_text4|}}}}} }}

| label168 = {{if empty|{{{free_label5|}}}|{{{free_label_5|}}}}}
| data168 = {{#if: {{{free_label5|}}}{{{free_label_5|}}} | {{if empty|{{{free_5|}}}|{{{free_text5|}}}}} }}

| label169 = Website
| data169 = {{if empty|{{{website|}}}|{{{homepage|}}}|{{{url|}}}}}

| header170 = _BLANK_

| rowstyle171 = font-size:small
| data171 = {{{footnotes|}}}

| data172 = {{#if:{{{picture|}}}
|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{picture}}}}}{{#if: {{{picture_caption|}}} | <br />{{{picture_caption|}}} }}
}}

| data173 = {{#if:{{{picture2|}}}
|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{picture2}}}}}{{#if: {{{picture_caption2|}}} | <br /> {{{picture_caption2|}}} }}
}}

| data174 = {{{module|}}}

| belowstyle = font-size:smaller
| below = {{#if: {{{lastupdate|}}} | Last updated: {{{lastupdate}}} }}

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Vasant Valley School

2021-04-04T18:30:28Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}} {{Infobox school |name = Vasant Valley School |logo = Vasant Valley School (logo).jpg |free_label = D..."

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}

{{Infobox school
|name = Vasant Valley School
|logo = Vasant Valley School (logo).jpg
|free_label = Director
|free_text = [[Arun Kapur]]
|head_name = Headmistress <br /> (principal= Rekha Krishnan
|head_name2 = Headmistress <br /> (Junior School)
|head2 = Mona Datta
|motto = श्रेष्ठतमाय कर्मणे <br /> (Excellence in Deed)
|established = {{Start date|1990|06|df=yes}}
|location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|students = approximately 1300
|free_label1 = Founder's Day
|free_text1 = 18 November
}}

'''Vasant Valley School''' is a co-educational private high school in [[Vasant Kunj]], [[Delhi]], [[India]].

After its inception, the school accepted students in July 1990, up to grade 4. The school added a new grade each year as the classes graduated to the next level.

The first graduating class of Vasant Valley completed 12 grades under the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] syllabus in May 1999. The Director of the school is Arun Kapur, a former housemaster at The Doon School and an alumnus of St. Stephen's College, Delhi. The Headmistress of the Junior School is Rekha Bakshi, and the Headmistress of the Senior School is Rekha Krishnan.

==Overview==
The school was begun by the [[India Today]] group. It was mentioned in the July 2005 edition of ''Fortune'' magazine for its rigorous curriculum and high test scores. <ref>{{cite news|last=Elliott|first=John|title=GREAT EXPECTATIONS|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2005/07/25/8266604/index.htm|access-date=14 August 2011|newspaper=[[Fortune magazine|Fortune]]|date=25 July 2005}}</ref> It has been commended as one of the best schools in India<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi's Vasant Valley country's top day school|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Delhis-Vasant-Valley-countrys-top-day-school-Survey/articleshow/16573874.cms|date=27 September 2012|author=PTI|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Day school ranking 2013 across India|url=http://www.educationworld.in/rank-school/all-cities/day-school/co-ed/2013.html|website=EducationWorld.in}}</ref>

==Prefect system==
Like most schools following the UK system, Vasant Valley School has a Prefect System. Prefects are chosen by the teachers in Class 5, which is the final year of Junior School, and Class 12, which is the final year of school as a whole. In the Junior School, the most basic prefects are chosen, i.e. Head Boy, Head Girl, Sports Captain, Vice-Sports Captain, and the Captains of the houses (Blue, Red, Green, Yellow).

In the Senior School there are more than 20 prefect posts. These include Head Boy, Head Girl, Sports Captain, Vice-Sports Captain, the four House Captains as well as four House Prefects (considered Vice-Captains). Additionally, there is the editor of the school newsletter and the heads of the various councils (Arts Council, Students Council, Essentials Council, Academic Council, Library Council, Outreach Council etc.) who also hold powers of prefects.

==Special days and trophies==
The school's Founder's Day is celebrated on 18 November. The students celebrate it by showcasing dances or performances for the parents, after which the Excellence Awards are given, which are proficiency awards for students who have excelled in student life.

The school holds an Inter-House Athletic Meet, where the four houses [i.e. Blue, Red, Green, Yellow] compete in athletics including sprinting, long-distance running, jumping, and throwing, for which they receive medals for merit. There is a Moksh Dang Memorial Award for Athlete of the Year for the student who achieves most points for their house.

The Akshay Chibber Memorial Award for All-Rounder of the Year is given to one or two students of class 12, who have displayed excellence in the field of academics as well as in sports. The Subject Awards are given to students from Classes IX to XII who have excelled in an academic or co-curricular subject, such as Visual or Performing Arts and PE. The Grade Card Distinction Award is for those students who receive an 85% overall throughout the year.

==Co-curriculars==
The school encourages co-curricular activities such as debating.

==Newsletter==
The school's bi-monthly newsletter, ''Vasant Valley Today'', includes stories written by students and coverage of the events of the fortnight.

== Notable alumni ==

* Tanvi Hans - ex-player at [[Tottenham Hotspur L.F.C.]] and poster-girl for [[Gurinder Chadha]]'s [[Bend It Like Beckham the Musical]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/chandni-chowk-to-white-hart-lane-the-story-of-tanvie-hans/|title=Chandni Chowk to White Hart Lane {{!}} The Story of Tanvie Hans|date=2015-03-11|work=Goalden Times|access-date=2017-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Roshni Nadar]] - Executive Director and CEO of [[HCL Technologies]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Successfully-Juggling-Roles-Roshni-Nadar-Malhotra-Is-A-True-Woman/08-03-2017-114055/|title=Successfully Juggling Roles, Roshni Nadar Malhotra Is A True Woman|last=Sil|first=Sreerupa|work=BW Businessworld|access-date=2017-07-07|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|28.5334|77.1441|type:edu_region:IN-DL|display=title}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1990]]
[[Category:Schools in Delhi]]

Jammu and Kashmir

2021-04-04T18:29:55Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jammu and Kashmir
| settlement_type = Region administered by India as a [[States and union territories of India|union territory]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Pahalgam Valley.jpg
| photo2a = Akhnoor Fort - Jammu - Jammu and Kashmir - DSC 0001 JPEG.jpg
| photo3a =
| photo4a =
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 220
| border = 0
| color = #000000
| foot_montage = [[Lidder Valley]], [[Akhnoor Fort]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_type =
| image_map = Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg
| map_alt = Jammu and Kashmir
| map_caption = A map of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region showing the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.5|75.0|region:IN-JK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Administered by
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| established_title = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| established_date = 31 October 2019
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br/> [[Jammu]] (Nov-April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |last=Desk |first=The Hindu Net |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| parts_type = [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir|Districts]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir|20]]
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1 = ''Vacant''
| leader_title2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]
| leader_name2 = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]] (114 seats)<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-dawn-for-j-k-begins-two-new-federal-units-take-shape-11572493040564.html|title =Jammu and Kashmir transitions from a state into 2 federal units|author =Shaswati Das|publisher =Live Mint|website =livemint.com|quote =Jammu and Kashmir will also have its own legislative assembly, under which, according to the Act, the number of seats will go up to 114 from 87 currently, following a delimitation exercise.|access-date =30 June 2020}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[17th Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name3 = [[Rajya Sabha]] (4) <br /> [[Lok Sabha]] (5)
| leader_title4 = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]
| leader_name4 = [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = {{efn|Jammu and Kashmir has 42,241 km<sup>2</sup> of area administered by India and 13,297 km<sup>2</sup> of area controlled by Pakistan under Azad Kashmir which is claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir.}}
| area_total_km2 = 42,241
| area_rank =
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|title=Saser Kangri - AAC Publications - Search The American Alpine Journal and Accidents|website=Publications.americanalpineclub.org|access-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214115923/http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| elevation_max_m = 7135
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_max_point =  [[Nun Kun|Nun Peak]]
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_footnotes =
| elevation_min_m = 247
| elevation_min_ft =
| elevation_min_point =  [[Chenab River]]
| elevation_min_rank =
| population_total = 12,267,013
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=Only J&K will use 2011 Census for delimitation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/only-jk-will-use-2011-census-for-delimitation/article30952006.ece |access-date=6 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=29 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_note =
| registration_plate = JK
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-JK]]
| unemployment_rate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]].<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020| url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]], [[Gujari language|Gojri]], Dadri<ref name="Languages">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |title=The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity |last=Khan |first=N. |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137029584 |page=184 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184947/https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dadri">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&pg=PA6 |title=Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement |last1=Aggarwal |first1=J. C. |last2=Agrawal |first2=S. P. |date=1995 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170225577 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001711/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bhadarwahi]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bhadrawahi |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhd |language=en|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> [[Bateri language|Bateri]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bateri |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/btv |language=en}}</ref> [[Shina language|Shina]],<ref name="Crane1956">{{cite book|last=Crane|first=Robert I.|title=Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State|year=1956|publisher=University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files|language=en|page=179|quote=Shina is the most eastern of these languages and in some of its dialects such as the Brokpa of Dah and Hanu and the dialect of Dras, it impinges upon the area of the Sino-Tibetan language family and has been affected by Tibetan with an overlay of words and idioms.}}</ref> [[Burushaski]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Pakistan's "Burushaski" Language Finds New Relatives |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/155454736/pakistans-burushaski-language-finds-new-relatives |language=en|website=Npr.org|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Khowar language|Khowar]]<ref name="SimonsFenning2017">{{cite book|last1=Simons|first1= Gary F. |last2=Fennig|first2=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition|year=2017|publisher=[[SIL International]]|location= Dallas|language=en}}</ref>
| website = https://www.jk.gov.in
| footnotes =
| official_name = | module =
}}

'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} is a region administered by India as a [[union territory]] and consists of the southern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since 1962.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>(a) {{citation|last1=Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";<br/> (b) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The region of Jammu and Kashmir is separated by the [[Line of Control]] from the [[Kashmir#Current status and political divisions|Pakistani-administered]] territories of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] in the west and north, respectively. It lies to the north of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and to the west of [[Ladakh]], which is also subject to the dispute as a part of Kashmir, and administered by India as a union territory.

Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which was passed by both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019. The act re-constituted the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, 'Jammu and Kashmir' and 'Ladakh', with effect from 31 October 2019.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://jk.gov.in/ Government of Jammu and Kashmir]
*[https://jkgad.nic.in/ General Administration Department]
*[http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/ Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]
*[https://jammukashmir.s3waas.gov.in/ Jammu and Kashmir district portal]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir}}
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:North India|*]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Urdu-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Disputed territories in Asia]]
[[Category:Union Territories of India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Shuchir Suri

2021-04-04T18:28:20Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| name = Shuchir Suri
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|07|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir|J&K]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Vasant Valley School|Vasant Valley School, Delhi]]<ref name="ET2011"/> <br/>[[Fergusson College|Fergusson College, Pune]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Founder & CEO of Food Talk India
| years_active =
| notable_works =
| website = {{url|www.shuchir.com}}
}}

'''Shuchir Suri''' (born 26 July 1988) is a [[Delhi]] based Indian entrepreneur who is known for co-founding and leading the food community called 'Food Talk India' as its chairman.<ref name="LM2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/b8uRiVD46CT1YfaJfmJpqN/Food-Talk-India-raises-500000-seed-funding.html|title=Food Talk India raises $500,000 seed funding|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]|date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref name="entrepreneur.com-9Sept2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/250446|title=Digital food community Food Talk India turns cravings into unique experience|website=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|www.entrepreneur.com]]|date=2015-09-09}}</ref><ref name="news18-19Sept2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/food-shaken-and-stirred-delhi-celebrates-its-first-ever-gin-festival-this-weekend-deets-inside-1882123.html|title=Delhi Celebrates its First Ever Gin Festival This Weekend|website=[[News18 India]]|date=2018-09-19}}</ref><ref name="India Today_041018">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/zest/story/how-young-india-likes-to-drink-1355488-2018-10-04|title=How young India likes to drink|website=[[India Today]]|date=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref name="forbes_210716">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abehal/2016/07/21/the-food-community-thats-changing-the-way-modern-india-eats/#21ab030a1ce4|title=This 'Digital Food Community' Is Changing How Modern India Eats, One Bite At A Time|website=[[Forbes]]|date=2016-07-21}}</ref><ref name="IT06092015">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/turning-culinary-delights-into-a-global-experience-261420-2015-09-06|title=Turning culinary delights into a global experience|website=[[India Today]]|date=2015-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/what-is-hydroponics-and-how-long-will-it-last/article27118327.ece|title=A low-down on hydroponics|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2019-05-13}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shuchir was born on 26 July 1988 in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir|J&K]] and has completed his school education from [[Vasant Valley School]] in [[Delhi]]<ref name="ET2011">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/i-make-the-impossible-possible-for-clients-shuchir-suri/articleshow/9676973.cms?from=mdr|title=I make the impossible possible for clients: Shuchir Suri|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2011-08-21}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia28082015">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kashmiris-like-us-probably-tougher/cid/860737|title=Kashmiris like us, probably tougher|website=[[The Telegraph]]|date=2005-08-28}}</ref> and have completed higher his studies in Economics from [[Fergusson College|Fergusson College,Pune]].

==Career==
Shuchir Started his career as a Manager in Event Management Company.<ref name="ET2011"/> In January 2013, Shuchir has co-founded the Digital community of Food and Drink with his colleague Anjali Batra.<ref name="The Hindu_04092014">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/food-talk-india-art-of-fine-dining-and-perfect-pairing-a-mere-click-away/article6378619.ece|title=Art of fine dining and perfect pairing a mere click away|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2014-09-04}}</ref> It was started as an Exclusive Invite on Social Food Forum on [[Facebook]] where members can join the community, read and share the genuine food experiences. In 2015, Food Talk India has raised the fund of 5,000,00 dollars from the private sector for Food Talk Plus mobile application.<ref name="LM2015"/><ref name="entrepreneur.com-9Sept2015"/><ref name="moneycontrol-26Aug2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/food-talk-india-raises-36500000private-investor-1479387.html|title=Food Talk India raises $500,000 from private investor|website=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref name="forbes_210716"/>

==Criticism==
Shuchir was heavily criticized for uploading sexist roti meme describing the difference in cooking in Indian arranged and love marriage on social sites and for sending a 'fuck you' message to a journalist. at the end of these matters, Shuchir apologized by saying that their site was hacked.<ref name="FP15012016">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/our-website-was-hacked-shuchir-suri-food-talk-india-apologise-for-dick-pic-sexist-roti-meme-2585892.html|title=Shuchir Suri, Food Talk India apologise for 'dick pic', sexist roti meme|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=2016-01-15}}</ref><ref name="india.com_14012016">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/buzz/the-founder-of-food-talk-india-sends-penis-doodle-picture-to-author-for-questioning-on-sexism-861748/|title=The founder of Food Talk India sends penis doodle picture to author for questioning on sexism!|website=[[india.com]]|date=2016-01-14}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com_14012016">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/weird/food-talk-india-puts-out-sexist-message-doodles-a-d-ck-in-response-to-journalist-249423.html|title=Food Talk India Puts Out Sexist Message, Doodles A D*ck In Response To Journalist|website=[[indiatimes.com]]|date=2016-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/demand-beauty-services-startup-belita-raises-angel-funding|title=Online foodies community Food Talk raises $500K|website=[[VCCircle]]|date=2015-08-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.shuchir.com}}
* [https://www.mensxp.com/fashion/style-guide/44714-how-to-really-do-no-efforts-dressing-cc-shuchir-suri.html Shuchir Suri] at MensXP.com

[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]

Jammu and Kashmir

2021-04-04T18:27:50Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Infobox settlement | name = Jammu and Kashmir | settlement_type = Region administered by India as a States and union territories..."

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jammu and Kashmir
| settlement_type = Region administered by India as a [[States and union territories of India|union territory]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Pahalgam Valley.jpg
| photo2a = Akhnoor Fort - Jammu - Jammu and Kashmir - DSC 0001 JPEG.jpg
| photo3a =
| photo4a =
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 220
| border = 0
| color = #000000
| foot_montage = [[Lidder Valley]], [[Akhnoor Fort]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_size =
| blank_emblem_type =
| image_map = Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg
| map_alt = Jammu and Kashmir
| map_caption = A map of the disputed [[Kashmir]] region showing the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 =
| coordinates = {{coord|33.5|75.0|region:IN-JK_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Administered by
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| established_title = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| established_date = 31 October 2019
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br/> [[Jammu]] (Nov-April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |last=Desk |first=The Hindu Net |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| parts_type = [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir|Districts]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = [[List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir|20]]
| government_footnotes =
| governing_body = [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| leader_title = [[List of lieutenant governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Lieutenant Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Manoj Sinha]]
| leader_title1 = [[Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| leader_name1 = ''Vacant''
| leader_title2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislature]]
| leader_name2 = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]] (114 seats)<ref>{{cite news |url =https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-dawn-for-j-k-begins-two-new-federal-units-take-shape-11572493040564.html|title =Jammu and Kashmir transitions from a state into 2 federal units|author =Shaswati Das|publisher =Live Mint|website =livemint.com|quote =Jammu and Kashmir will also have its own legislative assembly, under which, according to the Act, the number of seats will go up to 114 from 87 currently, following a delimitation exercise.|access-date =30 June 2020}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = [[17th Lok Sabha|Parliamentary constituency]]
| leader_name3 = [[Rajya Sabha]] (4) <br /> [[Lok Sabha]] (5)
| leader_title4 = [[High Courts of India|High Court]]
| leader_name4 = [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = {{efn|Jammu and Kashmir has 42,241 km<sup>2</sup> of area administered by India and 13,297 km<sup>2</sup> of area controlled by Pakistan under Azad Kashmir which is claimed by India as part of Jammu and Kashmir.}}
| area_total_km2 = 42,241
| area_rank =
| elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|title=Saser Kangri - AAC Publications - Search The American Alpine Journal and Accidents|website=Publications.americanalpineclub.org|access-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214115923/http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12197506500/Saser-Kangri|archive-date=14 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| elevation_max_m = 7135
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_max_point =  [[Nun Kun|Nun Peak]]
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_footnotes =
| elevation_min_m = 247
| elevation_min_ft =
| elevation_min_point =  [[Chenab River]]
| elevation_min_rank =
| population_total = 12,267,013
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=Only J&K will use 2011 Census for delimitation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/only-jk-will-use-2011-census-for-delimitation/article30952006.ece |access-date=6 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=29 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_note =
| registration_plate = JK
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-JK]]
| unemployment_rate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = HDI rank
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| blank_info_sec2 =
| blank2_name_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]].<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020| url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]], [[Gujari language|Gojri]], Dadri<ref name="Languages">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |title=The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity |last=Khan |first=N. |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9781137029584 |page=184 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223184947/https://books.google.com/books?id=RRbIAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dadri">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&pg=PA6 |title=Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement |last1=Aggarwal |first1=J. C. |last2=Agrawal |first2=S. P. |date=1995 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788170225577 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224001711/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNqOjvaAb9cC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=24 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bhadarwahi]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bhadrawahi |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/bhd |language=en|website=Ethnologue.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> [[Bateri language|Bateri]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Bateri |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/btv |language=en}}</ref> [[Shina language|Shina]],<ref name="Crane1956">{{cite book|last=Crane|first=Robert I.|title=Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State|year=1956|publisher=University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files|language=en|page=179|quote=Shina is the most eastern of these languages and in some of its dialects such as the Brokpa of Dah and Hanu and the dialect of Dras, it impinges upon the area of the Sino-Tibetan language family and has been affected by Tibetan with an overlay of words and idioms.}}</ref> [[Burushaski]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Pakistan's "Burushaski" Language Finds New Relatives |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/20/155454736/pakistans-burushaski-language-finds-new-relatives |language=en|website=Npr.org|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Khowar language|Khowar]]<ref name="SimonsFenning2017">{{cite book|last1=Simons|first1= Gary F. |last2=Fennig|first2=Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition|year=2017|publisher=[[SIL International]]|location= Dallas|language=en}}</ref>
| website = https://www.jk.gov.in
| footnotes =
| official_name = | module =
}}

'''Jammu and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} is a region administered by India as a [[union territory]] and consists of the southern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India and Pakistan since 1947, and between India and China since 1962.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>(a) {{citation|last1=Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannia|title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories. China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";<br/> (b) {{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref><ref name="Osmanczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The region of Jammu and Kashmir is separated by the [[Line of Control]] from the [[Kashmir#Current status and political divisions|Pakistani-administered]] territories of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] in the west and north, respectively. It lies to the north of the Indian states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and to the west of [[Ladakh]], which is also subject to the dispute as a part of Kashmir, and administered by India as a union territory.

Provisions for the formation of the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir were contained within the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which was passed by both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] in August 2019. The act re-constituted the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|state of Jammu and Kashmir]] into two union territories, 'Jammu and Kashmir' and 'Ladakh', with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://jk.gov.in/ Government of Jammu and Kashmir]
*[https://jkgad.nic.in/ General Administration Department]
*[http://jkrajbhawan.nic.in/ Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]
*[https://jammukashmir.s3waas.gov.in/ Jammu and Kashmir district portal]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu And Kashmir}}
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:North India|*]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Urdu-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Disputed territories in Asia]]
[[Category:Union Territories of India]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]

Srinagar

2021-04-04T18:22:09Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Infobox settlement | name = {{raise|0.2em|Srinagar}} | native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox,..."

{{Infobox settlement
| name = {{raise|0.2em|Srinagar}}
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = ks
| image_skyline = {{photomontage
| photo1a = Srinagar pano.jpg
| photo2a = Salomon4.jpg
| photo2b = Hazratbal shrine.jpg
| photo3a = Shikara on dal lake.jpg
| photo3b = A view of Pari Mahal Jammu and Kashmir India.jpg
| photo4a = Red and Yellow Tulips.JPG
| color =
| border = 0
| spacing = 2
| size = 220
| image_alt =
| foot_montage = From the top clockwise:<br/> Panorama of Srinagar City, [[Hazratbal shrine]], [[Pari Mahal]], Tulips at [[Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden]], Boats in [[Dal Lake]] and [[Shankaracharya Temple]]}}
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India#Asia
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34|5|24|N|74|47|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Srinagar|Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Junaid Azim Mattu]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Junaid Azim Mattu Returns As Srinagar Mayor, 6 Months After He Was Removed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/srinagar-news/junaid-azim-mattu-returns-as-srinagar-mayor-6-months-after-he-was-removed-2330078 |access-date=30 December 2020 |work=NDTV.com |date=25 November 2020}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Srinagar City'>{{cite web|title=Srinagar City|url=https://kvksrinagar.org/about-srinagar|website=kvksrinagar.org|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Updates|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/solid-waste-management-in-srinagar-still-on-paper-437649|date=27 July 2017|work=Tribune|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 294
| area_metro_km2 = 766
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Srinagar Metropolitan Region|url=http://www.sdasrinagar.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Master-Plan-2035-ReportFinal.pdf|website=sdasrinagar.com|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Srinagar Master Plan|url=https://www.crosstownnews.in/post/36837/sac-approves-srinagar-master-plan-2035-new-master-plan-includes-766-sq-km-area-for-projected-population-of-35-mn.html|date=21 February 2019|work=crosstownnews.in|access-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1585
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=3415|title=Srinagar Municipal Corporation Demographics 2011|work=[[2011 Census of India]]|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=2011 census of India|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_total = 1180570
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|32th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 1273312
| population_blank1_title = Metro Rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|38th]]
| population_demonym
= Srinagari, Sirinagari
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri]], [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite news |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2 September 2020 |title=Hindi, Kashmiri and Dogri to be official languages of Jammu and Kashmir, Cabinet approves Bill |language=en |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hindi-kashmiri-and-dogri-to-be-official-languages-of-jammu-and-kashmir-cabinet-approves-bill-646784 |access-date=8 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf
|title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020|publisher=The Gazette of India|access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | website=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=23 September 2020}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 190001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0194
| registration_plate = JK 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 888 [[female|♀]]/ 1000 [[male|♂]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 69.15%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Delhi
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|876|km|mi}} NW
| blank4_name_sec1 = Distance from Mumbai
| blank4_info_sec1 = {{convert|2275|km|mi}} NE ([[Indian highways|land]])
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|710|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|23.3|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|3.2|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.smcsite.org/}}
| official_name =
}}

'''Srinagar''' (English : {{IPAc-en|audio=Srinagar.ogg|ˈ|s|r|iː|n|ə|g|ər}}, {{IPA-ks|siriːnagar}}), is the largest city and the [[summer capital]] of the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It lies in the [[Kashmir Valley]] on the banks of the [[Jhelum River]], a tributary of the [[Indus]], and [[Dal Lake|Dal]] and [[Anchar Lake|Anchar]] lakes. The city is known for its natural environment, gardens, waterfronts and [[houseboat]]s. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts like [[Kashmir shawls]] and also [[dried fruit]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|title=Here's how beautiful Srinagar's Dal Lake looks this winter|date=5 January 2018|website=India Today|language=en-US|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130122935/https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/photo/dal-lake-srinagar-cold-winter-frozen-kashmir-chillai-kalan-travel-lifest-1123112-2018-01-05|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srinagar.nic.in/|title=District Srinagar :: Official Website|website=srinagar.nic.in|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204230258/http://srinagar.nic.in/|archive-date=4 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the northernmost city of India with over one million people.<ref name="jkcensus11" />

== Origin of name ==
<span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span>
The earliest records, such as Kalhana's ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', mentions the [[Sanskrit]] name ''shri-nagara'' which have been interpreted distinctively by scholars in two ways: one being ''sūrya-nagar'', meaning "''City of the [[Surya]]''" (trans) ''"City of Sun''"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lawrence |first=Sir Walter Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&pg=PA35 |title=The Valley of Kashmir |date=2005 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1630-1 |page=35 |language=en}}</ref><ref>M. Monier Monier–Williams, "Śrīnagar", in: ''The Great Sanskrit–English Dictionary'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1899</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sufi |first=G. M. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EjVuAAAAMAAJ |title=Kashīr, Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to Our Own |date=1974 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |page=42 |language=en |quote=SRINAGAR * or Suryea Nagar , the City of the Sun , built by Rajah Pravarasene about the beginning of the 6th century , is the Capital of Kashmir , and a plan of it will be found in Montgomerie's Jamoo and Kashinir Map . It is situated about ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rabbani |first=G. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Ancient Kashmir: A Historical Perspective |date=1981 |publisher=Gulshan Publishers |page=32 |language=en |quote=Old Srinagar Kalhana , who lived in the beginning of the twelfth century , mentions in his Rajtarangni the city of Srinagar , a city in the south - east ... Shri here does not mean Surya or the son and it is a mistake to call Srinagar , the city of sun .}}</ref> and other being ''"The city of "Shri''" (श्री), the Hindu goddess of wealth, meaning "''City of [[Lakshmi]]''".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Suresh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDtuAAAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Kashmir |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt Limited |isbn=978-81-7488-051-2 |page=137 |language=en |quote=Shri Nagar or , as it is commonly called , Srinagar , is the chief town of the country . ' Shri ' means beauty or wealth of knowledge and ' nagar ' a city }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZXB964fKnwC |title=Kashmir |date=1953 |page=36 |language=en |quote=Shri ' is said to be another name for Laxmi , the Goddess of Wealth and Beauty and ' nagari ' means the city . Hence ' Shrinagar ' is the city of wealth and beauty .}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shafi |first=Aneesa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH3gRGAHQIkC |title=Working Women in Kashmir: Problems and Prospects |date=2002 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-350-6 |page=189 |language=en |quote=The name Srinagar which means the city of Sri or Lakshmi appears to have been assigned to the capital to commemorate the Buddhist Monastry built by Ashoka between Pandrethan and the nearby steep hill side at a distance of 2 miles from ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Ishaq |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwYKAQAAIAAJ |title=History of Srinagar, 1846-1947: A Study in Socio-cultural Change |date=1978 |publisher=Aamir Publications |page=2 |language=en |quote=According to Kalhana, ancient Kashmir has had a number of capitals. The most important of these ancient cities was Srinagari, which was founded by Asoka in 250 B.C. 3 Srinagari, the city of Sri, an appellation of the goddess '. Lakshmi ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Charnock |first=Richard Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2BulY4WvsYC&pg=PA187 |title=Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names |date=1859 |publisher=Houlston and Wright |page=187 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Koul |first=Samsar Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42lDAAAAYAAJ |title=Srinagar and Its Environs: Kashmir, India |date=1962 |publisher=Lokesh Koul |language=en |quote=Shri Nagar or , as it is commonly called , Srinagar , is the chief town of the country . ' Shri ' means beauty or wealth of knowledge and ' nagar ' a city . In ancient times this city was one of the chief seats of learning in Asia}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
*Hewson, Eileen. (2008) ''Graveyards in Kashmir India''. Wem, England: Kabristan Archives. {{ISBN|978-1906276072}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://srinagar.nic.in/ Srinagar district administration]
*[http://jammukashmir.nic.in/ Official website of Jammu and Kashmir]
*[https://kashmirinsights.com/delhi-to-srinagar-train Delhi to Srinagar train]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Srinagar| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian Union Territory capitals]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir]]

Category:Fergusson College alumni

2021-04-04T18:19:32Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{CatAutoTOC}}"

Shuchir Suri

2021-04-04T18:18:53Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Shuchir Suri | image = | alt =  | caption..."

{{Infobox person
| name = Shuchir Suri
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|07|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir|J&K]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Vasant Valley School|Vasant Valley School,Delhi]]<ref name="ET2011"/> <br/>[[Fergusson College|Fergusson College,Pune]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Founder & CEO of Food Talk India
| years_active =
| notable_works =
| website = {{url|www.shuchir.com}}
}}

'''Shuchir Suri''' (born 26 July 1988) is a [[Delhi]] based Indian entrepreneur who is known for co-founding and leading the food community called 'Food Talk India' as its chairman.<ref name="LM2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/b8uRiVD46CT1YfaJfmJpqN/Food-Talk-India-raises-500000-seed-funding.html|title=Food Talk India raises $500,000 seed funding|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]]|date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref name="entrepreneur.com-9Sept2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/250446|title=Digital food community Food Talk India turns cravings into unique experience|website=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|www.entrepreneur.com]]|date=2015-09-09}}</ref><ref name="news18-19Sept2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/food-shaken-and-stirred-delhi-celebrates-its-first-ever-gin-festival-this-weekend-deets-inside-1882123.html|title=Delhi Celebrates its First Ever Gin Festival This Weekend|website=[[News18 India]]|date=2018-09-19}}</ref><ref name="India Today_041018">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/zest/story/how-young-india-likes-to-drink-1355488-2018-10-04|title=How young India likes to drink|website=[[India Today]]|date=2018-10-04}}</ref><ref name="forbes_210716">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abehal/2016/07/21/the-food-community-thats-changing-the-way-modern-india-eats/#21ab030a1ce4|title=This 'Digital Food Community' Is Changing How Modern India Eats, One Bite At A Time|website=[[Forbes]]|date=2016-07-21}}</ref><ref name="IT06092015">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/turning-culinary-delights-into-a-global-experience-261420-2015-09-06|title=Turning culinary delights into a global experience|website=[[India Today]]|date=2015-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/what-is-hydroponics-and-how-long-will-it-last/article27118327.ece|title=A low-down on hydroponics|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2019-05-13}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Shuchir was born on 26 July 1988 in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir|J&K]] and has completed his school education from [[Vasant Valley School]] in [[Delhi]]<ref name="ET2011">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/i-make-the-impossible-possible-for-clients-shuchir-suri/articleshow/9676973.cms?from=mdr|title=I make the impossible possible for clients: Shuchir Suri|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2011-08-21}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia28082015">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kashmiris-like-us-probably-tougher/cid/860737|title=Kashmiris like us, probably tougher|website=[[The Telegraph]]|date=2005-08-28}}</ref> and have completed higher his studies in Economics from [[Fergusson College|Fergusson College,Pune]].

==Career==
Shuchir Started his career as a Manager in Event Management Company.<ref name="ET2011"/> In January 2013, Shuchir has co-founded the Digital community of Food and Drink with his colleague Anjali Batra.<ref name="The Hindu_04092014">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/food-talk-india-art-of-fine-dining-and-perfect-pairing-a-mere-click-away/article6378619.ece|title=Art of fine dining and perfect pairing a mere click away|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2014-09-04}}</ref> It was started as an Exclusive Invite on Social Food Forum on [[Facebook]] where members can join the community, read and share the genuine food experiences. In 2015, Food Talk India has raised the fund of 5,000,00 dollars from the private sector for Food Talk Plus mobile application.<ref name="LM2015"/><ref name="entrepreneur.com-9Sept2015"/><ref name="moneycontrol-26Aug2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/food-talk-india-raises-36500000private-investor-1479387.html|title=Food Talk India raises $500,000 from private investor|website=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref name="forbes_210716"/>

==Criticism==
Shuchir was heavily criticized for uploading sexist roti meme describing the difference in cooking in Indian arranged and love marriage on social sites and for sending a 'fuck you' message to a journalist. at the end of these matters, Shuchir apologized by saying that their site was hacked.<ref name="FP15012016">{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/our-website-was-hacked-shuchir-suri-food-talk-india-apologise-for-dick-pic-sexist-roti-meme-2585892.html|title=Shuchir Suri, Food Talk India apologise for 'dick pic', sexist roti meme|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=2016-01-15}}</ref><ref name="india.com_14012016">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/buzz/the-founder-of-food-talk-india-sends-penis-doodle-picture-to-author-for-questioning-on-sexism-861748/|title=The founder of Food Talk India sends penis doodle picture to author for questioning on sexism!|website=[[india.com]]|date=2016-01-14}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com_14012016">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/weird/food-talk-india-puts-out-sexist-message-doodles-a-d-ck-in-response-to-journalist-249423.html|title=Food Talk India Puts Out Sexist Message, Doodles A D*ck In Response To Journalist|website=[[indiatimes.com]]|date=2016-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/demand-beauty-services-startup-belita-raises-angel-funding|title=Online foodies community Food Talk raises $500K|website=[[VCCircle]]|date=2015-08-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://www.shuchir.com}}
* [https://www.mensxp.com/fashion/style-guide/44714-how-to-really-do-no-efforts-dressing-cc-shuchir-suri.html Shuchir Suri] at MensXP.com

[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fergusson College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]

Draft:Vinay Bajrangi

2021-04-04T16:23:01Z

KokoLove: /* Early life and career */

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Vinay Bajrangi
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|04|02}}
| birth_place = Mainpuri, UP, India
| nationality = India
| other_names = Vinay Sheel Saxena
| occupation = Vedic astrologer
| years_active = 1999-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

Dr. '''Vinay Bajrangi''' also known as Vinay Sheel Saxena is an Indian Vedic astrologer and Karma corrector based in Noida. He is practicing Vedic Astrology since 1999.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to get accurate future predictions:Dr. Vinay Bajrangi|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/11/20/How-to-get-accurate-future-predictions-dr-vinay-bajrangi.html|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to find best astrologer near you?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-how-to-find-best-astrologer-near-you-2880361|date=10 March 2021|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born on April 2, 1969 in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, India. He completed his post-Graduation in Civil Engineering from Delhi University and obtained Ph.D. degrees from the Alternative Medical Council, Calcutta, India in November, 2010.

;Certificate of Honour
*Certificate of Completion of Psychological Astrology from the Centre for Psychological Astrology in 1999
*Certificate for his paper presented in Vastu Panorama 2000 during 11th to 13th February, 2000 from the Institute of Vedic Vastu & Research Foundation.
*Certificate of Honour by the Hon’ble Governor of Madhya Pradesh for his astrological research in 2005
*Certificate of Honour from Asian Astrology Conference in 2011
*Certificate of Merit from International Society of Astrologers for the upliftment of Vedic Astrology in 2011
*Certificate of Recognition from Vishwa Jyotish Parishad
*Jyotish Shiromani award from International Vastu Association, Jodhpur, India for research in Occult Sciences

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|vinaybajrangi.com}}
*{{Facebook|ptVinayBajrangi}}
*{{Instagram|drvinaybajrangi}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian astrologers]]

Draft:Vinay Bajrangi

2021-04-04T16:22:14Z

KokoLove: Category:Indian astrologers

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Vinay Bajrangi
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|04|02}}
| birth_place = Mainpuri, UP, India
| nationality = India
| other_names = Vinay Sheel Saxena
| occupation = Vedic astrologer
| years_active = 1999-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

Dr. '''Vinay Bajrangi''' also known as Vinay Sheel Saxena is an Indian Vedic astrologer and Karma corrector based in Noida. He is practicing Vedic Astrology since 1999.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to get accurate future predictions:Dr. Vinay Bajrangi|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/11/20/How-to-get-accurate-future-predictions-dr-vinay-bajrangi.html|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to find best astrologer near you?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-how-to-find-best-astrologer-near-you-2880361|date=10 March 2021|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born on April 2, 1969 in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, India. He completed his post-Graduation in Civil Engineering from Delhi University and obtained Ph.D. degrees from the Alternative Medical Council, Calcutta, India in November, 2010.

;Certificate of Honour
*Certificate of Completion of Psychological Astrology from the Centre for Psychological Astrology in 1999
*Certificate for his paper presented in Vastu Panorama 2000 during 11th to 13th February, 2000 from the Institute of Vedic Vastu & Research Foundation.
*Certificate of Honour by the Hon’ble Governor of Madhya Pradesh for his astrological research in 2005
*Certificate of Honour from Asian Astrology Conference in 2011
*Certificate of Merit from International Society of Astrologers for the upliftment of Vedic Astrology in 2011
*Certificate of Recognition from Vishwa Jyotish Parishad.
*Jyotish Shiromani award from International Vastu Association , Jodhpur, India for research in Occult Sciences.
*Separate Certifications from various Institutes for his expertise on reading different Divisional Charts.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|vinaybajrangi.com}}
*{{Facebook|ptVinayBajrangi}}
*{{Instagram|drvinaybajrangi}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Indian astrologers]]

Draft:Vinay Bajrangi

2021-04-04T16:21:21Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Vinay Bajrangi
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|04|02}}
| birth_place = Mainpuri, UP, India
| nationality = India
| other_names = Vinay Sheel Saxena
| occupation = Vedic astrologer
| years_active = 1999-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

Dr. '''Vinay Bajrangi''' also known as Vinay Sheel Saxena is an Indian Vedic astrologer and Karma corrector based in Noida. He is practicing Vedic Astrology since 1999.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to get accurate future predictions:Dr. Vinay Bajrangi|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/11/20/How-to-get-accurate-future-predictions-dr-vinay-bajrangi.html|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to find best astrologer near you?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-how-to-find-best-astrologer-near-you-2880361|date=10 March 2021|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born on April 2, 1969 in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, India. He completed his post-Graduation in Civil Engineering from Delhi University and obtained Ph.D. degrees from the Alternative Medical Council, Calcutta, India in November, 2010.

;Certificate of Honour
*Certificate of Completion of Psychological Astrology from the Centre for Psychological Astrology in 1999
*Certificate for his paper presented in Vastu Panorama 2000 during 11th to 13th February, 2000 from the Institute of Vedic Vastu & Research Foundation.
*Certificate of Honour by the Hon’ble Governor of Madhya Pradesh for his astrological research in 2005
*Certificate of Honour from Asian Astrology Conference in 2011
*Certificate of Merit from International Society of Astrologers for the upliftment of Vedic Astrology in 2011
*Certificate of Recognition from Vishwa Jyotish Parishad.
*Jyotish Shiromani award from International Vastu Association , Jodhpur, India for research in Occult Sciences.
*Separate Certifications from various Institutes for his expertise on reading different Divisional Charts.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|vinaybajrangi.com}}
*{{Facebook|ptVinayBajrangi}}
*{{Instagram|drvinaybajrangi}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Draft:Vinay Bajrangi

2021-04-04T16:20:44Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Vinay Bajrangi
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|04|02}}
| birth_place = Mainpuri, UP, India
| nationality = India
| other_names = Vinay Sheel Saxena
| occupation = Vedic astrologer
| years_active = 1999-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

Dr. '''Vinay Bajrangi''' also known as Vinay Sheel Saxena is an Indian Vedic astrologer and Karma corrector based in Noida. He is practicing Vedic Astrology since 1999.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to get accurate future predictions:Dr. Vinay Bajrangi|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/11/20/How-to-get-accurate-future-predictions-dr-vinay-bajrangi.html|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to find best astrologer near you?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-how-to-find-best-astrologer-near-you-2880361|date=10 March 2021|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born on April 2, 1969 in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, India. He completed his post-Graduation in Civil Engineering from Delhi University and obtained Ph.D. degrees from the Alternative Medical Council, Calcutta, India in November, 2010.

;Certificate of Honour
*Certificate of Completion of Psychological Astrology from the Centre for Psychological Astrology in 1999
*Certificate for his paper presented in Vastu Panorama 2000 during 11th to 13th February, 2000 from the Institute of Vedic Vastu & Research Foundation.
*Certificate of Honour by the Hon’ble Governor of Madhya Pradesh for his astrological research in 2005
*Certificate of Honour from Asian Astrology Conference in 2011
*Certificate of Merit from International Society of Astrologers for the upliftment of Vedic Astrology in 2011
*Certificate of Recognition from Vishwa Jyotish Parishad.
*Jyotish Shiromani award from International Vastu Association , Jodhpur, India for research in Occult Sciences.
*Separate Certifications from various Institutes for his expertise on reading different Divisional Charts.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|vinaybajrangi.com}}
*{{Facebook|ptVinayBajrangi}}
*{{Instagram|drvinaybajrangi}}

[[Category:Living people]]

Draft:Vinay Bajrangi

2021-04-04T16:19:57Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Dr. | name = Vinay Bajrangi | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing brackets..."

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Vinay Bajrangi
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|04|02}}
| birth_place = Mainpuri, UP, India
| nationality = India
| other_names = Vinay Sheel Saxena
| occupation = Vedic astrologer
| years_active = 1999-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

Dr. '''Vinay Bajrangi''' also known as Vinay Sheel Saxena is an Indian Vedic astrologer and Karma corrector based in Noida. He is practicing Vedic Astrology since 1999.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to get accurate future predictions:Dr. Vinay Bajrangi|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/11/20/How-to-get-accurate-future-predictions-dr-vinay-bajrangi.html|website=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-04-04|title=How to find best astrologer near you?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-how-to-find-best-astrologer-near-you-2880361|date=10 March 2021|website=DNA India}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
He was born on April 2, 1969 in Mainpuri, Uttar Pradesh, India. He completed his post-Graduation in Civil Engineering from Delhi University and obtained Ph.D. degrees from the Alternative Medical Council, Calcutta, India in November, 2010.

;Certificate of Honour
*Certificate of Completion of Psychological Astrology from the Centre for Psychological Astrology in 1999
*Certificate for his paper presented in Vastu Panorama 2000 during 11th to 13th February, 2000 from the Institute of Vedic Vastu & Research Foundation.
*Certificate of Honour by the Hon’ble Governor of Madhya Pradesh for his astrological research in 2005
*Certificate of Honour from Asian Astrology Conference in 2011
*Certificate of Merit from International Society of Astrologers for the upliftment of Vedic Astrology in 2011
*Certificate of Recognition from Vishwa Jyotish Parishad.
*Jyotish Shiromani award from International Vastu Association , Jodhpur, India for research in Occult Sciences.
*Separate Certifications from various Institutes for his expertise on reading different Divisional Charts.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|vinaybajrangi.com}}
*{{Facebook|ptVinayBajrangi}}
*{{Instagram|drvinaybajrangi}}

Category:Businesswomens

2021-03-31T13:20:31Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{CatAutoTOC}}"

Garima Bhandari

2021-03-31T13:20:08Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| name = Garima Bhandari
| image = File:Garima Bhandari.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1987}}
| birth_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation = Media influencer, Yoga & Wellness coach and Image consultant
| years_active =
| children = 2
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| alma_mater = National Institute of Fashion Technology
}}

'''Garima Bhandari''' is a digital media influencer, yoga & wellness coach and image consultant.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=International Yoga Day 2020: Yoga may help ease depressive symptoms in people with mental health issues|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/international-yoga-day-2020-yoga-may-help-ease-depressive-symptoms-in-people-with-mental-health-issues/story-QyQPmuUtyrFvJ4FvTYXGOM.html|date=21 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Sheree Gomes|last1=Gupta|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=Meditation for beginners: 6 tips to help you get started|url=https://www.vogue.in/wellness/content/meditation-for-beginners-best-tips-to-help-you-get-started|website=Vogue India}}</ref> She has also been invited as a panelist amongst various Government officials, dignitaries and eminent experts by the Ministry of Ayush to flag off their first-ever "Digital Yoga Conclave 2020" for understanding the way forward for yoga.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=7-day home workout series with Garima Bhandari/Day 1- Arm workout | Lifestyle - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/health-fitness/7-day-home-workout-series-with-garima-bhandari/day-1-arm-workout/videoshow/80046748.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Education==
Garima studied Fashion from NIFT, New Delhi and is a Certified Image Consultant and an Executive Presence Facilitator From ICBI, accredited by the Conselle Institute Of Management, USA.

==Awards and recognitions==
She has been covered by "Forbes Magazine" as one of the most highly celebrated, social media influencers and single Mompreneur.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=Garima Bhandari Is A Digital Media Influencer And Highly Celebrated Single Mompreneur|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/garima-bhandari-is-a-digital-media-influencer-and-highly-celebrated-single-mompreneur/63021/1|website=Forbes India}}</ref> She was invited as one of the eminent panelists with other dignitaries from the "Ministry of Ayush" for their first ever "Digital Yoga Conclave 2020". Some of the other awards and recognition she has been felicitated with are ‘The 100 Most Influential Women in the World’, ‘Wellness and Women Empowerment’ by ICMEI at the 13th Global Film Festival 2020, ‘Young Woman Achiever Entrepreneur Award’, ‘Beti Bacha Award’ (Govt of India), ‘Iconic Wellness Award’ among others.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Sanchit|last1=Srivastava|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=Garima's Journey - from strife to triumph.|url=https://www.startupindiamagazine.com/garima-bhandari-international-yoga-and-wellness-coach-coveted-inside-out-transformational-mentor-green-life-evangelist-executive-presence-facilitator-and-top-mom-blogger/|date=10 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=At Home Yoga now made easy by influencer and wellness coach Garima Bhandari|url=https://www.goodhomes.co.in//design-and-style/do-it-yourself/at-home-yoga-now-made-easy-by-influencer-and-wellness-coach-garima-bhandari-6790.html|website=goodhomes.co.in}}</ref>

==Achievements ==
*She Attended the first ever "Digital Yoga Conclave 2020" in association with the Ministry of Ayush, Initiated by the Government of India
*Participated and addressed a conference in PHD Chambers
*Addressed a gathering of more than 5,000 students of Delhi University for an associated event between DUSU and Shewings.
*Addressed a seminar in Amity University in the presence of National Commission for Women Chairperson, Rekha Sharma and Health Minister Ashwini Chaubey
*Awarded for her contribution towards Beti Bachao Beti Padhao by the BJP Delhi President and MP Manoj Tewari
*Health and Wellness Ambassador at the Magicka Medicine and Health Summit
*Empanelled with the She Wings organisation as a promoter for menstrual hygiene campaigns across India
*Eminent Speaker at India Today Health Summit
*Eminent speaker at the National Conference for Digitisation of Health in India attended by around 700 medical professionals from pan India
*Brand Ambassador for Yoga Tak, India Today Media Group
*Recognised as the Sports Brand Ambassador for Yoga by Decathlon

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|garimabhandari.com}}
*{{Instagram|garimabhandariofficial}}
*{{Facebook|Garimabhandariofficial}}
*{{Twitter|GarimaBOfficial}}
*{{Youtube|c=UCXMtUlhJ0hUO9hOYxCa98yw}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Businesswomens]]

Category:CS1 errors: unrecognized parameter

2021-03-31T13:18:21Z

KokoLove: Created page with "__HIDDENCAT__ __NOINDEX__"

__HIDDENCAT__
__NOINDEX__

Garima Bhandari

2021-03-31T13:17:42Z

KokoLove:

Garima Bhandari

2021-03-31T11:59:55Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| name = Garima Bhandari
| image = File:Garima Bhandari.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Garima Bhandari''' is a digital media influencer, yoga & wellness coach and image consultant.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=International Yoga Day 2020: Yoga may help ease depressive symptoms in people with mental health issues|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/international-yoga-day-2020-yoga-may-help-ease-depressive-symptoms-in-people-with-mental-health-issues/story-QyQPmuUtyrFvJ4FvTYXGOM.html|date=21 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Sheree Gomes|last1=Gupta|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=Meditation for beginners: 6 tips to help you get started|url=https://www.vogue.in/wellness/content/meditation-for-beginners-best-tips-to-help-you-get-started|website=Vogue India}}</ref> She has also been invited as a panelist amongst various Government officials, dignitaries and eminent experts by the Ministry of Ayush to flag off their first-ever "Digital Yoga Conclave 2020" for understanding the way forward for yoga.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=7-day home workout series with Garima Bhandari/Day 1- Arm workout | Lifestyle - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/health-fitness/7-day-home-workout-series-with-garima-bhandari/day-1-arm-workout/videoshow/80046748.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Education==
Garima studied Fashion from NIFT, New Delhi and is a Certified Image Consultant and an Executive Presence Facilitator From ICBI, accredited by the Conselle Institute Of Management, USA.

==Awards and recognitions==
She has been covered by "Forbes Magazine" as one of the most highly celebrated, social media influencers and single Mompreneur.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=Garima Bhandari Is A Digital Media Influencer And Highly Celebrated Single Mompreneur|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/garima-bhandari-is-a-digital-media-influencer-and-highly-celebrated-single-mompreneur/63021/1|website=Forbes India}}</ref> She was invited as one of the eminent panelists with other dignitaries from the "Ministry of Ayush" for their first ever "Digital Yoga Conclave 2020". Some of the other awards and recognition she has been felicitated with are ‘The 100 Most Influential Women in the World’, ‘Wellness and Women Empowerment’ by ICMEI at the 13th Global Film Festival 2020, ‘Young Woman Achiever Entrepreneur Award’, ‘Beti Bacha Award’ (Govt of India), ‘Iconic Wellness Award’ among others.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Sanchit|last1=Srivastava|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=Garima's Journey - from strife to triumph.|url=https://www.startupindiamagazine.com/garima-bhandari-international-yoga-and-wellness-coach-coveted-inside-out-transformational-mentor-green-life-evangelist-executive-presence-facilitator-and-top-mom-blogger/|date=10 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=At Home Yoga now made easy by influencer and wellness coach Garima Bhandari|url=https://www.goodhomes.co.in//design-and-style/do-it-yourself/at-home-yoga-now-made-easy-by-influencer-and-wellness-coach-garima-bhandari-6790.html|website=goodhomes.co.in}}</ref>

==Achievements ==
*She Attended the first ever "Digital Yoga Conclave 2020" in association with the Ministry of Ayush, Initiated by the Government of India
*Participated and addressed a conference in PHD Chambers
*Addressed a gathering of more than 5,000 students of Delhi University for an associated event between DUSU and Shewings.
*Addressed a seminar in Amity University in the presence of National Commission for Women Chairperson, Rekha Sharma and Health Minister Ashwini Chaubey
*Awarded for her contribution towards Beti Bachao Beti Padhao by the BJP Delhi President and MP Manoj Tewari
*Health and Wellness Ambassador at the Magicka Medicine and Health Summit
*Empanelled with the She Wings organisation as a promoter for menstrual hygiene campaigns across India
*Eminent Speaker at India Today Health Summit
*Eminent speaker at the National Conference for Digitisation of Health in India attended by around 700 medical professionals from pan India
*Brand Ambassador for Yoga Tak, India Today Media Group
*Recognised as the Sports Brand Ambassador for Yoga by Decathlon

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|garimabhandari.com}}
*{{Instagram|garimabhandariofficial}}
*{{Facebook|Garimabhandariofficial}}
*{{Twitter|GarimaBOfficial}}
*{{Youtube|c=UCXMtUlhJ0hUO9hOYxCa98yw}}

File:Garima Bhandari.jpeg

2021-03-31T11:59:34Z

KokoLove: Garima Bhandari is a digital media influencer, yoga & wellness coach and image consultant.

== Summary ==
Garima Bhandari is a digital media influencer, yoga & wellness coach and image consultant.
== Licensing ==
{{subst:Permission from license selector}}

Garima Bhandari

2021-03-31T11:58:36Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| name = Garima Bhandari
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

Garima Bhandari is a digital media influencer, yoga & wellness coach and image consultant.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=International Yoga Day 2020: Yoga may help ease depressive symptoms in people with mental health issues|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/international-yoga-day-2020-yoga-may-help-ease-depressive-symptoms-in-people-with-mental-health-issues/story-QyQPmuUtyrFvJ4FvTYXGOM.html|date=21 June 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Sheree Gomes|last1=Gupta|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=Meditation for beginners: 6 tips to help you get started|url=https://www.vogue.in/wellness/content/meditation-for-beginners-best-tips-to-help-you-get-started|website=Vogue India}}</ref> She has also been invited as a panelist amongst various Government officials, dignitaries and eminent experts by the Ministry of Ayush to flag off their first-ever "Digital Yoga Conclave 2020" for understanding the way forward for yoga.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=7-day home workout series with Garima Bhandari/Day 1- Arm workout | Lifestyle - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/health-fitness/7-day-home-workout-series-with-garima-bhandari/day-1-arm-workout/videoshow/80046748.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

==Education==
Garima studied Fashion from NIFT, New Delhi and is a Certified Image Consultant and an Executive Presence Facilitator From ICBI, accredited by the Conselle Institute Of Management, USA.

==Awards and recognitions==
She has been covered by "Forbes Magazine" as one of the most highly celebrated, social media influencers and single Mompreneur.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=Garima Bhandari Is A Digital Media Influencer And Highly Celebrated Single Mompreneur|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/garima-bhandari-is-a-digital-media-influencer-and-highly-celebrated-single-mompreneur/63021/1|website=Forbes India}}</ref> She was invited as one of the eminent panelists with other dignitaries from the "Ministry of Ayush" for their first ever "Digital Yoga Conclave 2020". Some of the other awards and recognition she has been felicitated with are ‘The 100 Most Influential Women in the World’, ‘Wellness and Women Empowerment’ by ICMEI at the 13th Global Film Festival 2020, ‘Young Woman Achiever Entrepreneur Award’, ‘Beti Bacha Award’ (Govt of India), ‘Iconic Wellness Award’ among others.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Sanchit|last1=Srivastava|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=Garima's Journey - from strife to triumph.|url=https://www.startupindiamagazine.com/garima-bhandari-international-yoga-and-wellness-coach-coveted-inside-out-transformational-mentor-green-life-evangelist-executive-presence-facilitator-and-top-mom-blogger/|date=10 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-31|title=At Home Yoga now made easy by influencer and wellness coach Garima Bhandari|url=https://www.goodhomes.co.in//design-and-style/do-it-yourself/at-home-yoga-now-made-easy-by-influencer-and-wellness-coach-garima-bhandari-6790.html|website=goodhomes.co.in}}</ref>

==Achievements ==
*She Attended the first ever "Digital Yoga Conclave 2020" in association with the Ministry of Ayush, Initiated by the Government of India
*Participated and addressed a conference in PHD Chambers
*Addressed a gathering of more than 5,000 students of Delhi University for an associated event between DUSU and Shewings.
*Addressed a seminar in Amity University in the presence of National Commission for Women Chairperson, Rekha Sharma and Health Minister Ashwini Chaubey
*Awarded for her contribution towards Beti Bachao Beti Padhao by the BJP Delhi President and MP Manoj Tewari
*Health and Wellness Ambassador at the Magicka Medicine and Health Summit
*Empanelled with the She Wings organisation as a promoter for menstrual hygiene campaigns across India
*Eminent Speaker at India Today Health Summit
*Eminent speaker at the National Conference for Digitisation of Health in India attended by around 700 medical professionals from pan India
*Brand Ambassador for Yoga Tak, India Today Media Group
*Recognised as the Sports Brand Ambassador for Yoga by Decathlon

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|garimabhandari.com}}
*{{Instagram|garimabhandariofficial}}
*{{Facebook|Garimabhandariofficial}}
*{{Twitter|GarimaBOfficial}}
*{{Youtube|c=UCXMtUlhJ0hUO9hOYxCa98yw}}

Garima Bhandari

2021-03-30T18:25:18Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Garima Bhandari | image =  | alt = <!-..."

Category:Fashion designers

2021-03-29T19:30:08Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{CatAutoTOC}}"

Digraj Singh Shahpura

2021-03-29T19:29:43Z

KokoLove: Category:Fashion designer -> Category:Fashion designers:

{{Infobox person
| name = Digraj Singh Shahpura
| image = Digraj Singh Shahpura.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|05|01}}
| birth_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| education = BA (Hons) Business Studies
| occupation = Hotelier
| years_active =
| known_for = Shahpura Hotels
| website = {{URL|digrajsinghshahpura.com}}
}}

'''Digraj Singh Shahpura''' (born May 1, 1990) is an India hotelier and the Director of Shahpura Hotels and the founder of Digraj Singh Shahpura.<ref>{{cite web|first1=IBT Entertainment|last1=Desk|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=Fashion designer Digraj Singh Shahpura loves promoting Indian heritage and culture|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/fashion-designer-digraj-singh-shahpura-loves-promoting-indian-heritage-culture-800828|date=2 July 2019|website=IBTimes India}}</ref> He belongs to the royal clan of Shahpura.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=Digraj Singh Shapura - A man from Royal clan, making his name count in every business|url=https://www.asianage.com/amp/entertainment/in-other-news/020719/digraj-singh-shapura-a-man-from-royal-clan-making-his-name-count-in-every-business.html|website=www.asianage.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Digraj, descendant of the Shahpura Royal Family joined the hospitality and luxury hotel business and transformed their Palaces of Rajasthan into Luxury Hotels. He is known for establishing the first hotel with in-room automation and censored system in Rajasthan as a measure to save electricity wastage. He is currently managing a chain of 10 luxury hotels in India.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=Digraj Singh Shapura - a man from Royal clan, making his name count in every business|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/theatre/020719/digraj-singh-shapura-a-man-from-royal-clan-making-his-name-count-in.html|date=2 July 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Education==
Digraj did his Schooling from the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh Vidyalaya Later he received a Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in Business Studies from the Daly College Business School (DCBS), Indore.

==Awards & Recognitions==
*The 12th Annual World Luxury Hotel Awards Winner, 2018<ref name="award">{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=The story of the making of Digraj Singh Shahpura Group of Companies, a grand name in the field of Indian Economic history|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/digraj-singh-shahpura-group-of-companies-sc17-nu-1044178-1.html|website=newstracklive.com}}</ref>
*Luxebook Top 100 Most Powerful people 2020<ref>{{cite web|first1=Pooja|last1=Patel|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=LuxeBook Top 100: Here’s the 2020 list of the most powerful people in Indian luxury |url=https://www.luxebook.in/luxebook-top-100-heres-the-2020-list-of-the-most-powerful-people-in-the-indian-luxury/}}</ref>
*"Most Innovative personality in Hospitality and Fashion" By Global leader Awards 2019<ref name="award" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|digrajsinghshahpura.com}}
*{{Instagram|digrajshahpura}}
*{{Twitter|digrajshahpura}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Fashion_designers]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]

Digraj Singh Shahpura

2021-03-29T19:29:17Z

KokoLove:

Digraj Singh Shahpura

2021-03-29T19:24:06Z

KokoLove:

{{Infobox person
| name = Digraj Singh Shahpura
| image = Digraj Singh Shahpura.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|05|01}}
| birth_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| education = BA (Hons) Business Studies
| occupation = Hotelier
| years_active =
| known_for = Shahpura Hotels
| notable_works =
}}

'''Digraj Singh Shahpura''' (born May 1, 1990) is an India hotelier and the Director of Shahpura Hotels and the founder of Digraj Singh Shahpura.<ref>{{cite web|first1=IBT Entertainment|last1=Desk|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=Fashion designer Digraj Singh Shahpura loves promoting Indian heritage and culture|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/fashion-designer-digraj-singh-shahpura-loves-promoting-indian-heritage-culture-800828|date=2 July 2019|website=IBTimes India}}</ref> He belongs to the royal clan of Shahpura.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=Digraj Singh Shapura - A man from Royal clan, making his name count in every business|url=https://www.asianage.com/amp/entertainment/in-other-news/020719/digraj-singh-shapura-a-man-from-royal-clan-making-his-name-count-in-every-business.html|website=www.asianage.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Digraj, descendant of the Shahpura Royal Family joined the hospitality and luxury hotel business and transformed their Palaces of Rajasthan into Luxury Hotels. He is known for establishing the first hotel with in-room automation and censored system in Rajasthan as a measure to save electricity wastage. He is currently managing a chain of 10 luxury hotels in India.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=Digraj Singh Shapura - a man from Royal clan, making his name count in every business|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/theatre/020719/digraj-singh-shapura-a-man-from-royal-clan-making-his-name-count-in.html|date=2 July 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Education==
Digraj did his Schooling from the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh Vidyalaya Later he received a Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in Business Studies from the Daly College Business School (DCBS), Indore.

==Awards & Recognitions==
*The 12th Annual World Luxury Hotel Awards Winner, 2018<ref name="award">{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=The story of the making of Digraj Singh Shahpura Group of Companies, a grand name in the field of Indian Economic history|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/digraj-singh-shahpura-group-of-companies-sc17-nu-1044178-1.html|website=newstracklive.com}}</ref>
*Luxebook Top 100 Most Powerful people 2020<ref>{{cite web|first1=Pooja|last1=Patel|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=LuxeBook Top 100: Here’s the 2020 list of the most powerful people in Indian luxury |url=https://www.luxebook.in/luxebook-top-100-heres-the-2020-list-of-the-most-powerful-people-in-the-indian-luxury/}}</ref>
*"Most Innovative personality in Hospitality and Fashion" By Global leader Awards 2019<ref name="award" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

File:Digraj Singh Shahpura.jpeg

2021-03-29T19:23:39Z

KokoLove: Digraj Singh Shahpura is an India hotelier and Director of Shahpura Hotels.

== Summary ==
Digraj Singh Shahpura is an India hotelier and Director of Shahpura Hotels.
== Licensing ==
{{subst:Permission from license selector}}

Digraj Singh Shahpura

2021-03-29T19:21:50Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Digraj Singh Shahpura | image =  | alt..."

{{Infobox person
| name = Digraj Singh Shahpura
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|05|01}}
| birth_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| education = BA (Hons) Business Studies
| occupation = Hotelier
| years_active =
| known_for = Shahpura Hotels
| notable_works =
}}

'''Digraj Singh Shahpura''' (born May 1, 1990) is an India hotelier and the Director of Shahpura Hotels and the founder of Digraj Singh Shahpura.<ref>{{cite web|first1=IBT Entertainment|last1=Desk|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=Fashion designer Digraj Singh Shahpura loves promoting Indian heritage and culture|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/fashion-designer-digraj-singh-shahpura-loves-promoting-indian-heritage-culture-800828|date=2 July 2019|website=IBTimes India}}</ref> He belongs to the royal clan of Shahpura.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=Digraj Singh Shapura - A man from Royal clan, making his name count in every business|url=https://www.asianage.com/amp/entertainment/in-other-news/020719/digraj-singh-shapura-a-man-from-royal-clan-making-his-name-count-in-every-business.html|website=www.asianage.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Digraj, descendant of the Shahpura Royal Family joined the hospitality and luxury hotel business and transformed their Palaces of Rajasthan into Luxury Hotels. He is known for establishing the first hotel with in-room automation and censored system in Rajasthan as a measure to save electricity wastage. He is currently managing a chain of 10 luxury hotels in India.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=Digraj Singh Shapura - a man from Royal clan, making his name count in every business|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/theatre/020719/digraj-singh-shapura-a-man-from-royal-clan-making-his-name-count-in.html|date=2 July 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Education==
Digraj did his Schooling from the Maharaja Sawai Man Singh Vidyalaya Later he received a Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in Business Studies from the Daly College Business School (DCBS), Indore.

==Awards & Recognitions==
*The 12th Annual World Luxury Hotel Awards Winner, 2018<ref name="award">{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=The story of the making of Digraj Singh Shahpura Group of Companies, a grand name in the field of Indian Economic history|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/digraj-singh-shahpura-group-of-companies-sc17-nu-1044178-1.html|website=newstracklive.com}}</ref>
*Luxebook Top 100 Most Powerful people 2020<ref>{{cite web|first1=Pooja|last1=Patel|accessdate=2021-03-29|title=LuxeBook Top 100: Here’s the 2020 list of the most powerful people in Indian luxury |url=https://www.luxebook.in/luxebook-top-100-heres-the-2020-list-of-the-most-powerful-people-in-the-indian-luxury/}}</ref>
*"Most Innovative personality in Hospitality and Fashion" By Global leader Awards 2019<ref name="award" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

Category:2019 establishments in India

2021-03-26T17:30:10Z

KokoLove: Created page with "{{CatAutoTOC}}"

Category:Companies established in 2019

2021-03-26T17:30:05Z

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Hardeep Singh Sahota

2021-03-26T09:08:14Z

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{{Infobox person
| name = Hardeep Singh Sahota
| image = Hardeep Singh Sahota.jpeg
| alt = 
| caption =
| image_size = 250px
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|10|01}}
| birth_place = Patiala, India
| alma_mater = Khalsa College, Patiala
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Hardeep Singh Sahota''' (born 1 October 1983) is the General Manager of Royal Academy of Bhangra<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-26|title=Staff|url=https://royalacademyofbhangra.com/about/staff/}}</ref> and the First Certified Bhangra Instructor in Canada under the CTDA (Canadian Dance Teachers Association).<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-26|title=Hardeep Singh Sahota Is Dancing Sensation For Punjabi Youth|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/hardeep-singh-sahota-is-dancing-sensation-for-punjabi-youth-sc17-nu293-ta293-1151411-1.html|date=20 March 2021|website=News Track}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sahota was born and brought up in Patiala, Punjab, India into a Sikh family. He spent his early life in India and later moved to Canada where he started his career as a Bhangra instructor. Through this institution, he has raised the bar for bhangra institutes, bringing a professional and strategic structure to teaching and showcasing Punjabi Folk Bhangra, not only in Surrey BC, but on a provincial, national and across world. He has participated, judged, coached and produced Bhangra events and festivals around the world and has worked with International Bhangra Celebration as a performer, choreographer and artistic director.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-26|title=Dancing sensation Hardeep Singh Sahota is taking folk culture to new heights|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brand-post/dancing-sensation-hardeep-singh-sahota-is-taking-folk-culture-to-new-heights-101616420671654.html|date=22 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his career at very young age. He performed as as resident artist for North Zone Culture Center from 1992 to 2003 and also took art in school competitions. Sahota also performed in various music videos such as Suhe Bullan de Naal by Shary Mann and Teri Much by Sukhdeep Brar. He is currently working in a Punjabi film Honsla Rakh. Sahota is a Certified Bhangra Instructor and Certified with World Dance council. To pass on this art he has created a syllabus on bhangra that is being taught to the children of 5 – 16 years of age group.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2021-03-26|title=Hardeep Singh Sahota - The Heart of Punjabi Folk Dances Around The World|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/music/celebrities-music/hardeep-singh-sahota-heart-punjabi-folk-dances-around-world/2021/03/20|date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

;Music videos
*Kamli by Mankirt Aulakh Ft. Roopi Gill
*Khayal by Mankirt Aulakh
*SUIT by Nimrat Khaira Ft Mankirt Aulakh
*Sohne Sohne Suit by Harj Nagra
*Kangan by Ranjit Bawa
*100 100 Wari
*Gallan Goriyan
*Rim vs Jhanjar
*21va
*Shiftaan
*Ashke

==Achievements==
;India
* Performed as resident artist for North Zone Culture Center from 1992 to 2003
* Performed as part of school competitions and exhibitions from 1993-97, 1999, 2001
* Performed at Indian People’s Theater Association National Conference on January 11, 2001
* Red Cross Millennium Carnival January 16, 2000
* Indian Republic Day performance on January 26, 2001
* Central Cultural Center of Punjab State Electricity Board on February 27, 2002
* Punjabi University Youth Festival Patiala Zone, 2001-2002

;Canada
* Taught Bhangra at Rangeela Dance School from August 2003 to January 2004
* Instructor at Surrey India Arts Club from 2003 to present
* Took over as Creative Director at Surrey India Arts Club from 2009 to 2011
* Took over as creative Director at Royal Academy Of Bhangra from,2011 and continued instructions

;Competitions
* 2004 – Punjabi Showdown
* 2006 – Punjabi Showdown
* 2007 – Punjabi Showdown
* 2010 – Bhangra Idols, Coquitlam, BC (judge)
* 2011 – Bhangra Idols, Coquitlam, BC (judge)
* 2011 – Coast Capital Bhangra Competition, VIBC, Vancouver
* 2012 – Surrey festival of dance international competition, SFD, Surrey
* 2012 – British Columbia High school Bhangra competition, Richmond, BC (judge)
* 2012 – Bhangra Idols, Coquitlam, BC (judge)
* 2015 – Dance Cup Canada Juniors ( First place Whistler, BC
* 2015 – Dance World Cup Juniors ( First Place) Whistler, BC
* 2015 – Elite Bhangra Competition Senior live First Place Abbotsford, BC
* 2015 – Bhangra State of Mind Senior live (First Place) Sacramento, CA
* 2015 – Legacy of Bhangra Senior live (First Place) Legacy, CA
* 2017 – Bhangra State of Mind (First Place) Sacramento, CA
* 2017 – Reign of Bhangra (First Place) Seattle, WA
* 2017 – GHG Bhangra (2nd Place) California, CA
* 2018 – Vibe Bhangra (2nd place) California, CA
* 2018 – Our Virsa (First Place) Vancouver, BC
* 2018 – Bhangra in the 6ix (2nd place) Toronto, ON
* 2019 – Bhangra Arena ( Judge) Delhi, India
* 2019 – West Coast Bhangra – (First Place) California Davis, CA
* 2019 – Big City Junior – ( 2nd place) Toronto, ON
* 2019 – Canadian Dance Teachers 70th anniversary – (First place) Regina, SK
* 2019 Canadian Teachers 70 anniversary ( 2nd place) Regina, SK
* 2019 – GHG Bhangra competition ( 3rd place) California, Fresno, CA
* 2019 – Legacy of Bhangra Competition (participation) California,
* 2019 – Queenz City Bhangra competition ( 1st Place) Ohio

;Performances
* 2005 – Washington DC
* 2005 – Yuba City, USA
* 2008 – Parliament House, Ottawa, Canada
* 2009 – Bhangra Masti
* 2011 – Downtown Bhangra, VIBC, Vancouver
* 2012 – Collaboration with Jewish Community Centre (Punjabi & Israeli folk dance)
* 2013 – Vasakhi Celebration with South Slope School Burnaby, BC
* 2013 – Master Bhangra Workshop VIBC
* 2013 – VIBC Bhangra Performance Vancouver, BC
* 2013 – HSBC Bank Bhangra Team (choreographed) for VIBC Festival Vancouver, BC
* 2013 – Canada Day Festival (Langley, BC)
* 2013 – Collaboration with Highland dance for SAFA Surrey, BC
* 2013 – National Event of Truth & Reconciliation Commission of Canada Vancouver, BC
* 2014 – BMO Marathon Performed with live Dhol & singers
* 2014 – VIBC Transfusion supported by Canada Arts Council Vancouver, BC
* 2015 – Songs of Revolution Supported by Hari Foundation and Vibc, Vancouver, BC
* 2015 – VIBC Downtown Bhangra (Bhangra Highland Fusion) Vancouver, BC
* 2015 – Canada Day Festival (Langley, BC)
* 2015 – VIBC Tranfusion Surrey, BC
* 2015 – SFU 50th Anniverary, Burnaby, BC
* 2015 – SFU Diwal Night Gala Surrey, BC
* 2016 – South Pointe School Multicultural Night Surrey BC
* 2016 – Valentine Edition Vancouver, BC
* 2016 – Business for the Arts (Transfusion)
* 2016 – Vaisakhi Mela Phoenix, AZ
* 2016 – Colours of Punjab Surrey, BC
* 2016 – BC Multicultural Awards (Highland Bhangra Fusion) Vancouver BC
* 2017 – colours of Punjab Surrey, BC
* 2017 – Folk Fusion Surrey, BC
* 2018 – Folk Lok Live, Surrey BC
* 2019 – Small Stage, Vancouver, BC
* 2019 – SFU Diwali Night Gala, Surrey, BC

;Community Workshops & Volunteer Instruction
* Surrey Fusion Fest 2010
* International Childrens’ Festival 2011, Surrey, BC
* Bhangra.me Exhibition 2011 at Museum of Vancouver
* Canada Day – annual
* Bhangra program at Newton Cultural Centre: Oct. 2011 – Dec. 31, 2012
* International Children’s Festival 2012 , Surrey, BC
* Celebrating the harvest with VIBC 2012, Surrey, BC
* Bhangra House with VIBC 2012, Surrey
* City of Bhangra with HSBC BANK 2012, Vancouver BC
* Champlain Community Centre 2012, Vancouver, BC
* Harrison Festival of Arts 2012, Harrison Hot Springs, BC
* BC Summer Games Appreciation Closing party, 2012, Guildford
* Blueberry Festival 2012, Langley, BC
* Arnold Award VIBC 2012, Vancouver, BC
* HSBC BANK Diversity Event 2012, Vancouver, BC
* HSBC BANK Diwali Mela 2012, Vancouver, BC
* Bhangra Workshop VIBC 2013, Downtown Bhangra
* Bhangra Workshop Red Fm 2013, Canada Day, Surrey, BC
* Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation CIBC Run for the Cure 2013, Surrey, BC
* Step to the Beat Cancer Foundation 2014, Surrey, BC
* Surrey Association for community living 2015, Surrey, BC
* Welcome Ceremony for the India PM Mr. Modi & Canada PM Mr. Harper 2015, Surrey, BC
* Punjabi Folk Dance Workshop at Mulgrave School, 2015, West Vancouver, BC
* City of Richmond Workshop in Schools 2016, Richmond, BC
* Peace Arc Hospital Vaisakhi Celebration 2016, White Rock, BC
* Princess Margret School Folk Instruments & Bhangra Workshop 2016, Surrey, BC
* Frank Hurt Secondary School Bhangra Workshop 2016, Surrey, BC
* Mulgrave School Bhangra Workshop 2016, West Vancouver, BC
* South point Academy Bhangra Workshop and Performance 2017, Surrey Bc.
* Mulgrave School Bhangra Workshop and performance 2017, West Vancouver, BC
* Canucks Autism Bhangra Performance and Workshop 2018
* Kaleidoscope Arts Festival Bhangra performance and Dance Workshop 2018, Coquitlam. BC
* Mulgrave School Bhangra Workshop and Performance 2018, West Vancouver, BC
* Namste Canada performance 2018, Burnaby, BC

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:People from Canada]]
[[Category:People born in Patiala]]

File:Hardeep Singh Sahota.jpeg

2021-03-26T09:07:23Z

KokoLove: Picture of Hardeep Singh Sahota

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