https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=KlaudiaDupre70 2026-08-16T18:24:54Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purandar_Assembly_constituency&diff=527320 2026-05-06T22:20:05Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Purandar<br /> | constituency_no = 202<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | state = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> | map_image = 202-Purandar.svg<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]<br /> | district = [[Pune district|Pune]]<br /> | established = 1951 &lt;ref name=&quot;delimitation1951&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | mla = [[Vijay Shivtare]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}<br /> | incumbent_image = <br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | electors =464,651 <br /> }}<br /> ''' Purandar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Pune district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geographical scope==<br /> The constituency comprises [[Purandar taluka]], parts of Hadapsar revenue circle such as Pisoli village (ward no 135 of [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC)), Undri village (ward no 136 of PMC), Ambegaon Budruk village (ward no 141 of PMC), Ambegaon Khurd village (ward no. 142 of PMC) and rest of the revenue circle excluding other areas under PMC.&lt;ref name=&quot;ECI-20081126&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Memane Madhaorao Narayanrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Pawar Raghunathrao Anandrao || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Dayaneshwar Raghunath Khalre || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Jadhavrao Jyotiyajirao || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Dada Jadhav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Kunjir Sambhajirao Ramchandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Dada Jadhav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Ashok Kondiba Tekawade || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Vijay Shivtare]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Sanjay Jagtap|Sanjay Chandukaka Jagtap]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Vijay Shivtare]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref name=&quot;Purandar Constituency Election Results 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Purandar Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/purandar |accessdate=2 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102115708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/purandar |archivedate=2 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Purandar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Purandar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13202.htm |accessdate=2 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102115703/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13202.htm |archivedate=2 January 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Shivtare]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 125,819 |percentage = 44.44% |change = {{increase}}2.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Jagtap|Sanjay Chandukaka Jagtap]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 101,631 |percentage = 35.89% |change = {{decrease}}19.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sambhaji Sadashiv (Anna) Zende. I. A. S |party = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |votes = 47,196 |percentage = 16.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umesh Narayan Jagtap |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,920 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,484 |percentage = 0.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,188 |percentage = 8.54% |change = {{decrease}}4.75 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 284,628 |percentage = 61.26% |change = {{decrease}}4.56 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 283,144}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 464,651 |ref = |change = {{increase}}28.30 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.89 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Jagtap|Sanjay Chandukaka Jagtap]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 130,710 |percentage = 55.33% |change = {{increase}}20.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Shivtare]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 99,306 |percentage = 42.03% |change = {{increase}}2.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atul Mahadev Nagare |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,943 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,808 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{increase}}0.20 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,404 |percentage = 13.29% |change = {{increase}}9.21 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 238,376 |percentage = 65.82% |change = {{decrease}}4.80 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 236,253}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 362,150 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.80 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}16.20 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Shivtare]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 82,339 |percentage = 39.13% |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Jagtap|Sanjay Chandukaka Jagtap]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 73,749 |percentage = 35.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Kondiba Tekawade |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 28,067 |percentage = 13.34% |change = {{decrease}}11.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajenimbalkar Sangitadevi Sangramsinh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,918 |percentage = 8.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dagade Ganpat Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,298 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,208 |percentage = 0.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,590 |percentage = 4.08% |change = {{decrease}}9.18 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 211,722 |percentage = 70.62% |change = {{increase}}4.93 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 210,415}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 299,803 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.24 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}0.70 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vijay Shivtare]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 67,998 |percentage = 38.43% |change = {{increase}}17.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durgade Digambar Ganpat |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 44,529 |percentage = 25.16% |change = {{decrease}}16.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sanjay Jagtap|Sanjay Chandukaka Jagtap]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 33,513 |percentage = 18.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 14,050 |percentage = 7.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krushna Haribhau Lohokare |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 11,180 |percentage = 6.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,954 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijay (Bapu) Dnyanoba Harpale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,564 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Shrimant Rudrappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,427 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,469 |percentage = 13.26% |change = {{decrease}}7.08 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 177,051 |percentage = 65.69% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 176,957}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,509 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.05 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.06 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Kondiba Tekawade |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 63,011 |percentage = 41.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Kashinath Kalbhor |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 32,114 |percentage = 21.15% |change = {{increase}}14.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,503 |percentage = 1.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. M. Memane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,873 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Londhe Gautam Yashwant |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,703 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khengare Mahadev Sahebrao |party = Shivrajya Party |votes = 1,111 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,897 |percentage = 20.34% |change = {{increase}}6.45 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 151,888 |percentage = 65.40% |change = {{increase}}0.08 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 151,866}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,231 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.09 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}2.86 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 44,250 |percentage = 38.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandukaka Jagtap |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,339 |percentage = 24.74% |change = {{decrease}}8.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingale Sudamrao Kondiba |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,574 |percentage = 17.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Dhananjay Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,560 |percentage = 8.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rambhau Zagade |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 7,456 |percentage = 6.51% |change = {{increase}}5.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Dnyandeo Jagtap |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,697 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,415 |percentage = 1.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Walhekar Krishnaji Punaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 991 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,911 |percentage = 13.89% |change = {{decrease}}16.86 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 125,278 |percentage = 65.32% |change = {{decrease}}12.27 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 114,545}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,791 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.16 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}25.39 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Janata Dal |votes = 90,321 |percentage = 64.02% |change = {{increase}}14.65 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandukaka Jagtap |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,935 |percentage = 33.27% |change = {{decrease}}12.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Popat Theurkar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 1,707 |percentage = 1.21% |change = {{decrease}}1.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Sandip Maruti |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,003 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 43,386 |percentage = 30.75% |change = {{increase}}27.42 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 145,670 |percentage = 77.59% |change = {{increase}}13.35 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 141,092}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,740 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.56 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}14.65 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Janata Dal |votes = 56,421 |percentage = 49.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kolate Vijay Vinayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,621 |percentage = 46.04% |change = {{increase}}11.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Madhavrao Shamrao |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 2,928 |percentage = 2.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appa Alias Harishchandra Soranrao Saste |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,728 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,800 |percentage = 3.33% |change = {{decrease}}19.90 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 116,448 |percentage = 64.24% |change = {{increase}}4.60 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 114,283}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,279 |ref = |change = {{increase}}30.98 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.37 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Janata Party |votes = 46,712 |percentage = 57.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saste Harishandra Sopanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,916 |percentage = 34.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salunkhe Vilasrao Balwant |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,714 |percentage = 4.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Badekar Bhujang Waman |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,403 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhavale Daulat Vishnu |party = Independent politician |votes = 800 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,796 |percentage = 23.23% |change = {{increase}}22.10 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 82,536 |percentage = 59.64% |change = {{increase}}6.98 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 80,907}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,397 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.13 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{increase}}20.63 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kunjir Sambhajirao Ramchandra |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 23,901 |percentage = 37.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,175 |percentage = 35.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Madhukarrao Baburao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,948 |percentage = 26.31% |change = {{increase}}25.28 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 726 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}2.58 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 66,179 |percentage = 52.66% |change = {{decrease}}13.93 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 64,410}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,669 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.14 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.58 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dada Jadhav |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,053 |percentage = 46.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Usral Shankarrao Dashrathrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,267 |percentage = 42.97% |change = {{increase}}1.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhary Khanderao Daulatrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,530 |percentage = 7.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eknath Bapuji Ranpise |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,354 |percentage = 1.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Bhikoba Narayan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 773 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,786 |percentage = 3.71% |change = {{decrease}}12.13 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 77,383 |percentage = 66.59% |change = {{increase}}2.34 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 75,084}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,206 |ref = |change = {{increase}}38.73 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Samyukta Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.31 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhavrao Jyotiyajirao |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 29,586 |percentage = 57.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dayaneshwar Raghunath Khalre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,367 |percentage = 41.17% |change = {{decrease}}14.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal K. Takawale |party = Independent politician |votes = 715 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,219 |percentage = 15.84% |change = {{decrease}}2.89 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 53,821 |percentage = 64.25% |change = {{increase}}5.08 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 51,903}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,762 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.17 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Samyukta Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.36 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dayaneshwar Raghunath Khalre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,841 |percentage = 55.64% |change = {{increase}}15.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Sauloba Deshmukh |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 17,805 |percentage = 36.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Kadam |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,593 |percentage = 7.45% |change = {{decrease}}11.60 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,036 |percentage = 18.73% |change = {{increase}}2.83 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 50,662 |percentage = 59.17% |change = {{decrease}}1.56 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 48,239}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,622 |ref = |change = {{increase}}38.86 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.77 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dayaneshwar Raghunath Khalre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,911 |percentage = 39.87% |change = {{increase}}4.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithal Sauloba Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,361 |percentage = 23.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Ganp[at Pawar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,648 |percentage = 19.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhagoba Sawlaram Bhujbal |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,371 |percentage = 9.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghunath Anandrao Pawar |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,951 |percentage = 5.59% |change = {{decrease}}58.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Gyanba Kolte |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 653 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,550 |percentage = 15.90% |change = {{decrease}}13.14 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 37,448 |percentage = 60.73% |change = {{increase}}7.80 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 34,895}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,662 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.75 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}24.65 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Raghunathrao Anandrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,513 |percentage = 64.52% |change = {{increase}}49.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khade Mhalsakat Gopal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,181 |percentage = 35.48% |change = {{decrease}}26.99 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,332 |percentage = 29.04% |change = {{decrease}}15.09 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 28,694 |percentage = 52.93% |change = {{increase}}6.07 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 28,694}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,207 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.20 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.05 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Purandar &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Memane Madhaorao Narayanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,836 |percentage = 62.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Raghunath Janardan |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,648 |percentage = 18.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Dhyanoba Maskuji |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,798 |percentage = 14.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagtap Nanasaheb Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,069 |percentage = 4.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,188 |percentage = 44.13% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 25,351 |percentage = 46.86% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 25,351}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,098 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coords|18.28|73.97|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Pune district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaalidhar_Laapata&diff=507192 2026-05-06T21:38:00Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Adding Some Bio More To Come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian Hindi film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kaalidhar Laapata<br /> | image = Kaalidhar Laapata.jpg<br /> | caption = Official release poster<br /> | director = [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumita]]<br /> | writer = Madhumita&lt;br /&gt;Amitosh Nagpal<br /> | based_on = {{based_on|''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]]''}}<br /> | producer = {{ubl|Monisha Advani|Madhu Bhojwani|[[Nikkhil Advani]]|Umesh KR Bansal|Pragati Deshmukh}}<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]|[[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]]|Daivik Bhagela|[[Nimrat Kaur]]}}<br /> | cinematography = Gairik Sarkar<br /> | editing = Gairik Sarkar<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br/&gt;[[Amit Trivedi]]&lt;br/&gt;'''Background Score:'''&lt;br/&gt;Tajdar Junaid <br /> | studio = [[Zee Studios]]&lt;br&gt;[[Emmay Entertainment]]<br /> | distributor = [[ZEE5]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|08|14}}<br /> | runtime = 109 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kaalidhar Laapata''''' ({{Translation|Kaalidhar is missing}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumita]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-26 |title=Abhishek Bachchan, Daivik Bhagela and Director Madhumita Light Up Bhopal for ZEE5's Heartfelt Drama Kaalidhar Laapata |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/abhishek-bachchan-daivik-bhagela-and-director-madhumita-light-up-bhopal-for-zee5s-heartfelt-drama-kaalidhar-laapata-13900707.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in the lead role as Kaalidhar, alongside [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] and child actor Daivik Bhagela in supporting roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2025-06-25 |title=Abhishek Bachchan interview {{!}} 'I want to jump off buildings, ride bikes, dance in Switzerland and sing beautiful songs' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/abhishek-bachchan-interview-kaalidhar-laapata/article69731400.ece |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2025-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630070033/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/abhishek-bachchan-interview-kaalidhar-laapata/article69731400.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-28 |title='Abhishek Bachchan taught me how to do script reading': Child artist Daivik of 'Kaalidhar Laapata' says, 'I was selected from 700 children who auditioned for the film' - Madhya Pradesh News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/news/abhishek-bachchan-taught-me-how-to-do-script-reading-135330024.html |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced by [[Zee Studios]] and [[Emmay Entertainment]], it is the Hindi remake of Madhumita's 2019 Tamil film ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D]].''<br /> <br /> It premiered on the [[ZEE5]] streaming platform on 4 July 2025 to mixed reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Subhadrika |date=2025-06-20 |title=Is Abhishek Bachchan going 'missing' with a purpose in his next Kaalidhar Laapata? |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Jun/20/is-abhishek-bachchan-going-missing-with-a-purpose-in-his-next-kaalidhar-laapata |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |archive-date=2025-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630085928/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2025/Jun/20/is-abhishek-bachchan-going-missing-with-a-purpose-in-his-next-kaalidhar-laapata |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The story follows Kaalidhar, a middle-aged man experiencing memory loss and a sense of abandonment after overhearing his family's plan to leave him behind during a religious gathering. Choosing to leave on his own, Kaalidhar embarks on a journey during which he meets Ballu, an eight-year-old orphan. The unlikely duo forms a bond and sets out on a road trip across India to fulfill items on Kaalidhar's bucket list, leading him to rediscover joy and purpose.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as Kaalidhar (KD)<br /> * [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as Subodh<br /> * Daivik Baghela as Ballu<br /> * [[Nimrat Kaur]] as Meera (Special appearance) <br /> * Vishwanath Chatterjee as Manohar <br /> * Madhulika Jatoliya as Neetu <br /> * Priyank Tiwari as Sundar <br /> * Priya Yadav as Gudiya<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''Kaalidhar Laapata'' is [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumita]]'s first Hindi-language feature film. It is a remake of her Tamil movie ''[[K.D. (film)|K.D.]] (Karuppu Durai)'' (2019).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kar |first=Shramana |date=29 June 2025 |title=Revisit these Tamil movies remade in Hindi before Abhishek Bachchan's Kaalidhar Laapata drops on OTT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/revisit-these-tamil-movies-remade-in-hindi-before-kaalidhar-laapata-drops-on-ottplay-101751205661163.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was produced by Monisha Advani, Madhu Bhojwani, [[Nikkhil Advani]], Umesh Kr Bansal, and Pragati Deshmukh under the banners of [[Zee Studios]] and [[Emmay Entertainment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaalidhar Laapata announcement: Abhishek Bachchan brings a soulful journey in bold new avatar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kaalidhar-laapata-announcement-abhishek-bachchan-brings-soulful-journey-in-bold-new-avatar/aec306b843878 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Principal photography took place in [[Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh, India]].<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Kaalidhar Laapata<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Amit Trivedi]]<br /> | released = 23 June 2025<br /> | recorded = 2024–2025<br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{Duration|m=10|s=59}}<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | label = [[Zee Music Company]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Azaad (2025 film)|Azaad]]<br /> | prev_year = 2025<br /> | year = 2025<br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year = <br /> | misc = {{External media<br /> | audio1 = {{YouTube|RmgOSmEoV3o|Kaalidhar Laapata - Full Album}}<br /> }}}}<br /> <br /> The music of the film is composed by <br /> [[Amit Trivedi]] while lyrics are written by Geet Sagar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kaalidhar Laapata (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kaalidhar-laapata-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/7LNv4YwMEj0_|website=Jiosaavn |date=9 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Original Background Score is composed by Tajdar Junaid.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | all_writing = <br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 10:59<br /> | title1 = Dil Banjaara<br /> | extra1 = [[Raghav Chaitanya]]<br /> | lyrics1 = Geet Sagar<br /> | length1 = 3:38<br /> | title2 = Hans Ke Jaane De<br /> | extra2 = Chirag Kotwal, [[Amit Trivedi]], Rajiv Sundaresan, Rishikesh Kamerkar, Arun Kamath<br /> | length2 = 3:46<br /> | title3 = Haseen Pareshaaniyaan<br /> | extra3 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]], [[Shahid Mallya]], Deepali Sathe<br /> | length3 = 3:35<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film is scheduled for an exclusive [[Direct-to-video|direct-to-digital]] release on [[ZEE5]] on 4 July 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-06-22 |title='Kaalidhar Laapata' trailer: Abhishek Bachchan sets out to complete his bucket list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaalidhar-laapata-trailer-abhishek-bachchan-sets-out-to-complete-his-bucket-list/article69723826.ece |access-date=2025-06-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|80|6.5|10|consensus=}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaalidhar Laapata |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kaalidhar_laapata |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indicating mixed or average reviews. [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and writes that &quot;Child actor Daivik, a wide smile lighting up his face, is a natural. He settles into a rhythm which makes their journey somewhat palatable: it is Abhishek Bachchan who struggles to match up.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=2025-04-07 |title=Kaalidhar Laapata movie review: Earnest Abhishek Bachchan struggles to keep up with child star in this lost-and-found saga |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaalidhar-laapata-movie-review-earnest-abhishek-bachchan-struggles-to-keep-up-with-child-star-in-this-lost-and-found-saga-10105386/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704125048/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kaalidhar-laapata-movie-review-earnest-abhishek-bachchan-struggles-to-keep-up-with-child-star-in-this-lost-and-found-saga-10105386/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Shweta Keshri of ''[[India Today]]'' rated 3/5 stars and said &quot;'Kaalidhar Laapata' reminds us that life can surprise us with joy, even in tough times. And shows how friendship can cross age barriers, healing our pained hearts.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=2025-04-07 |title=Kaalidhar Laapata review: Abhishek Bachchan shines but film falls short |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/kaalidhar-laapata-review-hindi-remake-friendship-road-trip-abhishek-bachchan-memory-loss-2750386-2025-07-04 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Indian Today |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704125338/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/kaalidhar-laapata-review-hindi-remake-friendship-road-trip-abhishek-bachchan-memory-loss-2750386-2025-07-04 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Snehal Dhingra of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and said that &quot;Abhishek Bachchan once again proves his emotional depth in this film, delivering a performance that brings life and connection to the screen.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dhingra|first=Snehal |date=2025-04-07 |title=Kaalidhar Laapata Review: Abhishek Bachchan Leads Beautiful Journey Of Memory Loss And Rediscovery With Daivik Baghela |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kaalidhar-laapata-review-abhishek-bachchan-leads-beautiful-journey-of-memory-loss-and-rediscovery-with-daivik-baghela-review-152221462|access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Times Now|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated 3.5/5 stars and said that &quot;This is a film that doesn’t shout. It meanders, like memory. But stay with it, and you’ll be rewarded with a story that not only brings a smile to your face but also stays long after the credits roll.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=devesh|date=2025-04-07|title=Kaalidhar Laapata Review: Abhishek Bachchan and Daivik Bhagela Shine in This Heartwarming Film|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/kaalidhar-laapata-review-abhishek-bachchan-and-daivik-bhagela-shine-in-this-heartwarming-film-75332.html|access-date=2025-04-07|website=Filmfare|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704130045/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/kaalidhar-laapata-review-abhishek-bachchan-and-daivik-bhagela-shine-in-this-heartwarming-film-75332.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and commented that &quot;Watch Kaalidhar Laapata because clean family-viewing films are getting scarcer by the week.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gahlot|first=Deepa|date=2025-04-07|title=Kaalidhar Laapata Review: Worth A Watch|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kaalidhar-laapata-review/20250704.htm|access-date=2025-04-07|website=Rediff.com|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704130045/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kaalidhar-laapata-review/20250704.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that &quot;Abhishek Bachchan stars as a dementia-afflicted character in this 'Baghban'-coded remake of a Tamil film.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Desai|first=Rahul |date=2025-04-07 |title='Kaalidhar Laapata' Movie Review: Abhishek Bachchan-Starrer is a Sweet Story Undone By Bland Storytelling|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/kaalidhar-laapata-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-starrer-is-a-sweet-story-undone-by-bland-storytelling|access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed that &quot;A man goes on a transformative journey in a safely placid film.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mitra|first=Shilajit |date=2025-04-07 |title='Kaalidhar Laapata' movie review: Abhishek Bachchan stars in a sweet but unremarkable 'K.D.' remake|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaalidhar-laapata-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-daivik-baghela-madhumitha-kd-remake/article69771697.ece|access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Hindu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Sreeparna Sengupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that &quot;'Kaalidhar Laapata' is a touching, slice-of-life drama that ends on an uplifting note and makes for a decent watch.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sengupta|first=Sreeparna |date=2025-04-07 |title=Kaalidhar Laapata Movie Review: Abhishek Bachchan's moving act is the key to this slice-of-life dramaremake|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/kaalidhar-laapata/ottmoviereview/122220834.cms|access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Times of India|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said that &quot;While Kaalidhar Laapata is sluggishly paced and doesn’t capture the sheer ordinariness of its anguished hero or his milieu, the remake does portray the ways in which love and empathy transcend familial ties.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=2025-04-07|title='Kaalidhar Laapata' review: An effective tale of losing and finding a family|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1084087/kaalidhar-laapata-review-an-effective-tale-of-losing-and-finding-a-family|access-date=2025-04-07|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=2025-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704131237/https://scroll.in/reel/1084087/kaalidhar-laapata-review-an-effective-tale-of-losing-and-finding-a-family|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Swathi P. Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' described the film as &quot;an emotionally ambitious but uneven drama,&quot; noting that Abhishek Bachchan &quot;anchors&quot; the story effectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Kaalidhar Laapata' Movie Review: Abhishek Bachchan anchors an emotionally ambitious but uneven drama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/07/07/kaalidhar-laapata-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-hindi-cinema.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=Onmanorama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[Network18 Group|Moneycontrol]]'' wrote that Bachchan &quot;shines in a film that has heart and soul but somehow forgets to feel.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaalidhar Laapata movie review: Abhishek Bachchan shines in a film that has heart and soul but somehow forgets to feel |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/kaalidhar-laapata-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-shines-in-a-film-that-has-heart-and-soul-but-somehow-forgets-to-feel-article-13226112.html#google_vignette |website=moneycontrol}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shreyanka Mazumdar of ''[[Network18 Group|News18]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5 stars, stating, &quot;''Kaalidhar Laapata'' is a film that means well but delivers too little. Daivik Bhagela’s delightful performance and Abhishek Bachchan’s restraint offer moments of charm, but they are trapped in a film that doesn’t know how to fully use them.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaalidhar Laapata Review: Abhishek Bachchan Anchors A Lost Film But Daivik Bhagela Is Scene-Stealer |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/kaalidhar-laapata-review-abhishek-bachchan-anchors-a-lost-film-but-daivik-bhagela-is-scene-stealer-9418316.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, Jaya Dwivedi of ''[[India TV]]'' gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars and remarked that &quot;Abhishek Bachchan shines in parts but the film falls short of expectations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Kaalidhar Laapata Movie Review: Abhishek Bachchan shines in parts but film falls short of expectations |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/kaalidhar-laapata-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-shines-in-parts-but-film-falls-short-of-expectations-1050 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=India TV News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaashif Hajee of ''[[The Quint]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars, commenting that &quot;earnest performances can’t save this remake.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hajee |first=Kaashif |date=2025-07-04 |title=Kaalidhar Laapata: Earnest Performances Can't Save This Remake |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaalidhar-laapata-movie-review-starring-abhishek-bachchan-fails-to-impress |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In contrast, Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' offered a more favorable view, stating that &quot;Abhishek Bachchan is in top form in an imperfect, yet necessary film.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Kaalidhar Laapata' review: Abhishek Bachchan is in top form in an imperfect, yet necessary film |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2025/07/04/kaalidhar-laapata-review-abhishek-bachchan-is-in-top-form-in-an-imperfect-yet-necessary-film.html |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The Week |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=27866781}}<br /> * ''[https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/kaalidhar-laapata/0-0-1z5774976 Kaalidhar Laapata]'' on [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian road movies]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyyar_Assembly_constituency&diff=493924 2026-05-04T13:28:57Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{for|other places with same/similar name|Cheyyar (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 68<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Cheyyar.svg<br /> | district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = [[Mukkur N. Subramanian]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Cheyyar<br /> | electors = 239,856 <br /> | reservation = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Cheyyaru''' or 'Cheyyar' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 68. It comprises a portion of [[Cheyyar taluk]] and Vembakkam taluk and is a part of [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&amp;%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification &amp; Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160804211957/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20%26%20Order%20.pdf# |archive-date= 4 August 2016 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[Dharmalinga Nayakkar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Commonweal Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[P. Ramachandran]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[Pulavar K. Govindan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[Pulavar K. Govindan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Pulavar K. Govindan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[Babu Janarthanan]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[K. Murugan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[V. Anbalagan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[A. Devaraj]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | V. Anbalagan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[P. S. Ulagarakshagan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[Mukkur N. Subramanian|M. N. Subramanian]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[K. Mohan (politician)|K. Mohan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=68}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[O. Jothi]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | M. N. Subramanian<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.67}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.36}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|50.90}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.24}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.46}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.26}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.34}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.79}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.86}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.99}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.24}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Commonweal Party}}|56.49}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[Mukkur N. Subramanian | M. N. Subramaniyan]]|party=AIADMK|votes=86,680 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dusi. K. Mohan |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=65,599 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[O. Jothi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= 59,894 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= M. Tamilselvan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=7,043 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=950 |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =239856 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[O. Jothi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,02,460 |percentage=47.78% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dusi. K. Mohan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=90,189 |percentage=42.05% |change=4.27% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bheeman. G |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,192 |percentage=5.68% |change=5.21% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mayilvaganan. T |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,429 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,895 |percentage=0.88% |change=-0.21% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Varadharajan. M. K |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,760 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,271 |percentage=5.72% |change=1.58% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,14,460 |percentage=82.52% |change= -2.15% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=185 |percentage=0.09% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,59,890 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.99% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Mohan K |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,766 |percentage=37.78% |change=-15.88% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=69,239 |percentage=33.64% |change=-5.82% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srinivasan G |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=37,491 |percentage=18.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sarvanan P |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=10,855 |percentage=5.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhaskaran. B |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,388 |percentage=1.16% |change=-0.06% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,248 |percentage=1.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohan K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,300 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velayutham T |party=Independent politician |votes=1,080 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,527 |percentage=4.14% |change=-10.06% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,05,813 |percentage=84.67% |change= -0.23% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,43,084 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -15.88% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian. N |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=96,180 |percentage=53.67% |change=12.84% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes=70,717 |percentage=39.46% |change=-4.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Viswanathan. D |party=Independent politician |votes=3,022 |percentage=1.69% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajendiran. E |party=Independent politician |votes=2,208 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tamilarasi. D |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,179 |percentage=1.22% |change=0.11% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elangovan. K. P |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=1,759 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,463 |percentage=14.21% |change=10.67% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,11,108 |percentage=84.90% |change= 4.95% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,79,221 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.31% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=60,109 |percentage=44.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pavai R |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,319 |percentage=40.82% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subamangalam D |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=13,655 |percentage=10.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravichandran V |party=Independent politician |votes=2,363 |percentage=1.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmanan G |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,502 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pasamigu Annan Venkatesannar |party=Independent politician |votes=770 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,790 |percentage=3.53% |change=-6.29% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,508 |percentage=79.95% |change= 8.13% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,494 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= -6.54% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ulagarakshagan. P. S |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=62,615 |percentage=50.90% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajarajan. R. K. P |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,530 |percentage=41.07% |change=-20.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Yamuna. B |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,027 |percentage=2.46% |change=-0.88% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatesan. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,925 |percentage=2.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thamizhiniyan. T |party=Independent politician |votes=1,642 |percentage=1.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palani. K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,589 |percentage=1.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajenderan. E |party=Uzhaippalar Katchi |votes=698 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,085 |percentage=9.82% |change=-22.32% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,026 |percentage=71.82% |change= -4.59% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,71,299 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.34% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Anbalagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,416 |percentage=61.24% |change=33.62% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,930 |percentage=29.09% |change=-31.50% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sundararajan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,858 |percentage=4.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramalingam |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,896 |percentage=3.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=351 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Thiagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=328 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Seethapathi |party=Independent politician |votes=253 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ekambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=212 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Suriyakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=202 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Nalachakravarthy |party=Independent politician |votes=186 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Panchatcharam |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,486 |percentage=32.14% |change=-0.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,16,620 |percentage=76.41% |change= 4.05% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,200 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.64% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Devaraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,061 |percentage=60.59% |change=38.42% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Anbazhagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,106 |percentage=27.61% |change=-19.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ulaganathan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=12,149 |percentage=11.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandaran |party=Independent politician |votes=398 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=307 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,955 |percentage=32.98% |change=9.41% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,021 |percentage=72.36% |change= -0.24% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,173 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.84% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Anbalagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,376 |percentage=46.75% |change=6.22% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krisnhaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,993 |percentage=23.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,998 |percentage=22.18% |change=-36.28% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Balakrishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,012 |percentage=5.05% |change=-53.40% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Nalachakar |party=Independent politician |votes=520 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. G. Ramadoss |party=Independent politician |votes=392 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=373 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Venkatesaperumal |party=Independent politician |votes=291 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Babu |party=Independent politician |votes=281 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Dhanapathy |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Devendran Alias Devaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=218 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,383 |percentage=23.57% |change=5.65% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,190 |percentage=72.60% |change= -7.46% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,39,998 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.70% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Murugan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,945 |percentage=58.46% |change=13.72% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Babu Janarthanam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,405 |percentage=40.53% |change=-14.73% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ekambara Acharis. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=527 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Vizhivendan |party=Independent politician |votes=405 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,540 |percentage=17.92% |change=7.40% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=92,282 |percentage=80.06% |change= 10.41% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,783 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.20% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Babu Janarthanan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,341 |percentage=55.26% |change=11.92% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vizhi Vendan. K. A. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,091 |percentage=44.74% |change=16.90% }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,250 |percentage=10.52% |change=-4.97% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=78,432 |percentage=69.65% |change= -1.96% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,14,683 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.92% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Pulavar Govindan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,338 |percentage=43.34% |change=-12.46% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmughasundaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,419 |percentage=27.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Boopalan |party=Janata Party |votes=14,271 |percentage=18.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnaswamv |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,992 |percentage=7.79% |change=-36.42% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C.M. Perumalsami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,174 |percentage=1.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=502 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P.K. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=234 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,919 |percentage=15.49% |change=3.91% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=76,930 |percentage=71.61% |change= -11.59% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,131 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.46% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Govindan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,978 |percentage=55.79% |change=0.93% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumalsamy Nayagar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,677 |percentage=44.21% |change=18.46% }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,301 |percentage=11.58% |change=-17.53% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=71,655 |percentage=83.20% |change= -0.29% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,183 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.93% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Govindan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,068 |percentage=54.86% |change=12.87% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Kangan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,395 |percentage=25.74% |change=-15.60% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=11,095 |percentage=16.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,012 |percentage=2.98% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,673 |percentage=29.11% |change=28.47% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=67,570 |percentage=83.49% |change= 10.42% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,337 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.87% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Govindan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,250 |percentage=41.99% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Dharamalinga Naickar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,892 |percentage=41.35% |change=-9.89% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumalswami Naicker |party=Swatantra Party |votes=9,225 |percentage=16.66% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=358 |percentage=0.65% |change=-1.83% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,367 |percentage=73.07% |change= 4.81% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,544 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.25% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,018 |percentage=51.24% |change=7.73% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Darmalinga Nayagar |party=Independent politician |votes=24,761 |percentage=48.76% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,257 |percentage=2.48% |change=-10.50% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=50,779 |percentage=68.27% |change= 5.38% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,385 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Commonweal Party |swing= -5.25% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cheyyar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Darmalinga Nayakar |party=Commonweal Party |votes=25,586 |percentage=56.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramachandran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,709 |percentage=43.51% |change=43.51% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,877 |percentage=12.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=45,295 |percentage=62.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,023 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Commonweal Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.6580|N|79.5424|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanand_Plant_(Tata_Motors)&diff=532437 2026-05-02T21:43:01Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Car manufacturing facility in Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox factory<br /> |name = Sanand Plant<br /> |image = <br /> |caption = <br /> |built = January 2010<br /> |location = [[Charodi, Gujarat|Chharodi village]], [[Sanand (taluka)|Sanand taluka]], [[Ahmedabad district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]<br /> |coordinate = <br /> |industry = Automobile<br /> |products = [[Tata Tiago]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tata Tigor]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Tigor EV]] <br /> |employees = 4,500 +<br /> |architect =<br /> |style =<br /> |area = 1,100 acres<br /> |volume =<br /> |address =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sanand Plant''' is a passenger vehicles manufacturing facility located in [[Charodi, Gujarat|Chharodi village]] of [[Sanand (taluka)|Sanand taluka]] in [[Ahmedabad district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]; owned and operated by [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]]. It is also their newest car manufacturing facility and manufactures popular [[hatchbacks]] like [[Tata Tiago]] and [[Tata Tigor]]. Initially it was started to manufacture the [[Tata Nano]], but now it manufactures other hatchbacks like Tata Tiago and Tata Tigor. The plant reached 100% capacity utilization in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-sanand-facility-reaches-100-capacity-utilization-to-meet-growing-demand-for-tiago-and-tigor/|title=Tata Motors' Sanand facility reaches 100% utilization|publisher=Tata Motors|date=7 August 2018|accessdate=6 September 2021|location=Ahmedabad}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tata Motors rolled out the 3,00,000th Tiago manufactured at Sanand plant in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-rolls-out-the-300000th-tiago-from-its-sanand-plant/|title=Tata Motors rolls out the 3,00,000th Tiago from its Sanand plant|publisher=Tata Motors|date=22 September 2020|accessdate=6 September 2021|location=Ahmedabad}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1 Millionth car manufactured at this facility was rolled out in March 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press-releases/tata-motors-celebrates-1-millionth-car-roll-out-from-its-sanand-facility/|title=Tata Motors Celebrates 1 Millionth Car Roll-Out from its Sanand Facility|publisher=Tata Motors|date=8 March 2024|accessdate=8 March 2024|location=Ahmedabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The manufacturing plant is spread over 1100 acres. It started as a single model plant in 2010 for manufacturing only the [[Tata Nano]], and has gradually emerged to produce multiple models with a flexible assembly line. Today, the plant manufactures popular Tiago &amp; Tigor models.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-sanand-facility-reaches-100-capacity-utilization-to-meet-growing-demand-for-tiago-and-tigor/|title=Tata Motors' Sanand facility reaches 100% utilization|publisher=Tata Motors|date=7 August 2018|accessdate=6 September 2021|location=Ahmedabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This plant played an important role in the development of the automobile industry in the state of Gujarat. After Tata Motors invested in Sanand, multiple automobile manufacturing plants have come up in [[Gujarat]] - [[Suzuki Motor Gujarat]], [[Ford India]], [[MG Motor India]], [[Hero MotoCorp]], [[Honda Motorcycle and Scooter India]], etc.<br /> <br /> Tata Electric Mobility is planning to acquire a second plant in Sanand from Ford motors as the current Sanand plant has reached 100% capacity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tata Motors' Sanand Plant Reaches 100 Per Cent Capacity With Tiago And Tigor |url=https://www.carandbike.com/news/tata-motors-sanand-plant-reaches-100-capacity-with-tiago-and-tigor-1896390 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=carandbike |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-02-06 |title=Tata Motors aims to operationalise Ford's Sanand plant in 12-18 months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/policy-and-industry/tata-motors-aims-to-operationalise-fords-sanand-plant-in-12-18-months/articleshow/97634409.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==About==<br /> Built in a record time of 14 months starting November 2008, the integrated facility comprises Tata Motors’ own plant, spread over 725 acres, and an adjacent vendor park, spread over 375 acres, to house key component manufacturers for the Tata Nano. Luring the plant &quot;to Gujarat had been a coup for [then-Chief Minister Narendra] Modi,&quot; that according to [[Robert D. Kaplan]] in his book Monsoon (p.&amp;nbsp;110)<br /> <br /> Tata Motors’ plant for the Tata Nano at Sanand, located in the Ahmedabad district of Gujarat. The initially advertised capacity of the plant, in 2008, was 250,000 cars per year. In the ten years that followed, less than 300,000 in total of the [[Tata Nano]] were produced. Later, the plant was utilized to manufacture popular hatchbacks like [[Tata Tiago]] and [[Tata Tigor]], and reached 100% capacity utilization in 2018. The plant has evolved from manufacturing a single model ([[Tata Nano|Nano]]) to a multi-model flexible plant producing 21 variants with 150 vehicle combinations. It was awarded the CII’s GreenCo Platinum Certification for being a zero discharge plant with systematic [[hazardous waste]] disposal process. The plant also sources more than 30-35% of its total energy consumption from renewable sources (Solar + Wind).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-sanand-facility-reaches-100-capacity-utilization-to-meet-growing-demand-for-tiago-and-tigor/|title=Tata Motors' Sanand facility reaches 100% utilization|publisher=Tata Motors|date=7 August 2018|accessdate=6 September 2021|location=Ahmedabad}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tata Motors Passenger Vehicles|Tata Motors]] rolled out the 3,00,000th Tiago from its Sanand plant in September 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-rolls-out-the-300000th-tiago-from-its-sanand-plant/|title=Tata Motors rolls out the 3,00,000th Tiago from its Sanand plant|publisher=Tata Motors|date=22 September 2020|accessdate=6 September 2021|location=Ahmedabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Land===<br /> The 1100 acres of land&lt;ref name=S1&gt;[http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/from-nano-to-magna/442049/ From Nano to magna]. Business-standard.com. Retrieved on 2012-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt; which was allotted to Tata Motors falls in the villages of Khoda and Bol in Sanand Taluka. Tata Motors paid Rs 900/sqm (US$81,000 per acre) to the Gujarat Government for the land in Sanand.&lt;ref name=&quot;indianexpress1&quot;&gt;[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ford-takes-tata-route-to-invest-rs-4k-cr-in-sanand/824025/0 Ford takes Tata route, to invest Rs 4K cr in Sanand]. Indian Express (2011-07-29). Retrieved on 2012-07-11.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Tata Motors}}<br /> {{Automotive industry in India}}<br /> {{Coord missing|Gujarat}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Industrial buildings completed in 2010]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Motor vehicle assembly plants in India]]<br /> [[Category:Tata Motors]]<br /> [[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:2010 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oinam_Nabakishore&diff=522801 2026-04-30T02:18:22Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br /> <br /> '''Oinam Nabakishore Singh''' ''({{Script|Mtei|ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥꯝ ꯅꯕꯀꯤꯁꯣꯔ}})'' is an Indian politician,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nabakishore campaigns : 29th mar19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..290319.mar19|access-date=2025-11-08|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chances high for O Nabakishore in getting Congress Ticket : 21st mar19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=3..210319.mar19|access-date=2025-11-08|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=RO submits report on code violation charge : 20th may19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=4..200519.may19|access-date=2025-11-08|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer of the 1984 batch from the [[Manipur]]–[[Tripura]] [[Indian Administrative Service#Previous cadre allocation policies|cadre]]. He served as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] to the [[Government of Manipur]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chief Secretary O Nabakishore unceremonious removal is biased and discriminatory By Ningombam Bupenda|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.opinions.Politics_and_Governance.Chief_Secretary_O_Nabakishore_unceremonious_removal_is_biased_and_discriminatory_By_Ningombam_Bupenda|access-date=2025-11-08|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nabakishore retirement accepted, denies graft charges : 10th jul17 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=25..100717.jul17|access-date=2025-11-08|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Govt approves Nabakishore's retirement : 25th jan19 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=29..250119.jan19|access-date=2025-11-08|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; succeeding P. C. Lawmkunga upon the latter’s retirement on 30 September 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=O Nabakishore is new Chief Secretary, Manipur|url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/o-nabakishore-is-new-chief-secretary-manipur/1734|access-date=2025-11-08|website=IndianMandarins|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Network|first=Elets News|date=2015-10-07|title=Nabakishore appointed Manipur Chief Secretary|url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2015/10/o-nabakishore-appointed-manipur-chief-secretary/|access-date=2025-11-08|website=Elets eGov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> <br /> Oinam Nabakishore Singh is a native of [[Ningthoukhong]] in [[Bishnupur district]], [[Manipur]]. He topped the state matriculation examination in 1975. He studied Physics at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen’s College]], [[Delhi]], where he completed both his undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. He was among the top students in the MSc (Physics) programme of the [[University of Delhi]] in 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> ; Indian Administrative Service<br /> Singh joined the Indian Administrative Service in the 1984 batch, belonging to the Manipur–Tripura cadre. Before becoming Chief Secretary, he served as [[Additional Chief Secretary]] and [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] (Election) in the Government of Manipur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> ; Chief Secretary of Manipur<br /> He was appointed Chief Secretary of Manipur following the retirement of P. C. Lawmkunga, a 1979 batch IAS officer. The appointment came after consideration of several other senior IAS officers from the Manipur–Tripura cadre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Political career ===<br /> <br /> After taking voluntary retirement from the Indian Administrative Service, Oinam Nabakishore Singh entered politics and joined the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). In March 2019, he was considered as the party’s leading choice for the [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur Parliamentary Constituency]] during the general elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tCVGEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=oinam+nabakishore&amp;pg=PT256|title=Electoral Dynamics in the States of India|last1=Shastri|first1=Sandeep|last2=Kumar|first2=Ashutosh|last3=Sisodia|first3=Yatindra Singh|date=2021-11-22|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-000-47697-2|pages=256|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During an interaction with residents of Hiyangthang Tarahei under [[Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly constituency|Naoriya Pakhanglakpa Assembly Constituency]], Singh stated that he joined politics to better serve the people of Manipur. He expressed opposition to the [[Citizenship Amendment Bill 2016|Citizenship (Amendment) Bill, 2016]], calling it contrary to the secular structure of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]], and affirmed the Congress Party’s stance against it.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Singh also highlighted various developmental challenges faced by the state and participated in party activities aimed at addressing issues affecting indigenous communities in Manipur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> <br /> On 10 October 2015, the St. Stephen’s College Alumni, Manipur Chapter felicitated Singh at a ceremony held at Imphal Hotel. His felicitation ceremony event was attended by Cabinet Minister Irengbam Hemochandra Singh, Additional Chief Secretary W. L. Hangshing, and several other alumni and senior officials from Manipur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=St Stephen College Alumni Manipur Chapter felicitates new Chief Secretary 20151011|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2015.St_Stephen_College_Alumni_Manipur_Chapter_felicitates_new_Chief_Secretary_20151011|access-date=2025-11-08|website=e-pao.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Oinam family]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nabakishore, Oinam}}<br /> [[Category:Meitei people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khamgaon_Assembly_constituency&diff=509526 2026-04-25T10:54:29Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Adding Initial Data Basic Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name=Khamgaon<br /> |map_image =26-Khamgaon.svg<br /> |state=[[Maharashtra]]<br /> |established=1951<br /> |district=[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Buldhana]]<br /> |constituency_no=26<br /> |reservation=None<br /> |mla=[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]]<br /> |party={{Party index link|Bharatiya Janta Party}}<br /> |alliance=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br /> |latest_election_year=[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |type=SLA|electors=298,332<br /> }}<br /> '''Khamgaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha and one of the seven which are located in [[Buldhana district]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> It is a part of the [[Buldhana (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha(assembly) constituencies, viz. [[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]], [[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]], [[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]], [[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]] and [[Jalgaon(Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon(Jamod)]].<br /> <br /> The seventh [[Malkapur Assembly constituency]] from the Buldhana district is a part of the [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)]] from neighbouring [[Jalgaon district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2008, the extent of the constituency comprised the entire [[Khamgaon]] taluka and part of the [[Shegaon]] taluka with the [[Jalamb]], [[Pahurjira]] and [[Matargaon]] revenue circles. The remaining part of the Shegaon taluka along with the Shegaon Municipal Council is in the extent of the [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008| publisher = Electoral Commission of India, New Delhi |page=255 | access-date = 20 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#BB8ED0&quot; | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Purushottam Govind Ekbote || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;#FFB2B2&quot; | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Govinddas Fatanlal Bhatiya<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1963 elections in India#Maharashtra|1963 By-election]] || T. G. Khumkar || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || G. R. Bhatiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Manikrao Pralhadrao Gawande<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Pandurang Fundkar|Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Manikrao Pralhadrao Gawande || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Nana Nimbaji Kokare || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Dilip Sananda|Dilip Kumar Gokulchand Sananda]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2024 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 110,599 |percentage = 48.64% |change = {{increase}}2.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Sananda|Dilip Kumar Gokulchand Sananda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 85,122 |percentage = 37.44% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deorao Bhaurao Hivarale |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 26,482 |percentage = 11.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,136 |percentage = 0.50% |change = {{decrease}}0.45 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,477 |percentage = 11.20% |change = {{increase}}2.56 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 228,519 |percentage = 76.60% |change = {{increase}}5.89 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 227,383}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 298,332 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.38 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.41 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref name=&quot;election2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,757 |percentage = 46.23% |change = {{increase}}9.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dnyaneshwar Purushottam Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 73,789 |percentage = 37.59% |change = {{increase}}4.48 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasatkar Sharad Sukhdev |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 25,957 |percentage = 13.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,873 |percentage = 0.95% |change = {{increase}}0.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Dilip Manohar Bhagat |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,424 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohmmed Azhar Mohmmad Shaukat |party = Tipu Sultan Party |votes = 1,294 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,968 |percentage = 8.64% |change = {{increase}}5.03 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 198,292 |percentage = 70.71% |change = {{decrease}}4.05 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 196,298}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,436 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.49 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}9.51 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref name=&quot;election2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 71,819 |percentage = 36.72% |change = {{increase}}3.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Sananda|Dilip Kumar Gokulchand Sananda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,758 |percentage = 33.11% |change = {{decrease}}4.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Shamrao Sonone |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 47,541 |percentage = 24.31% |change = {{decrease}}1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kokare Nana Nimbaji |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 4,432 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Haji Budhankha Abbaskha |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,256 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hursad Haridas Ramdas |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 1,644 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,263 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,061 |percentage = 3.61% |change = {{decrease}}1.01 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 196,877 |percentage = 74.76% |change = {{increase}}2.23 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 195,569}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,356 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.33 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.64 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Sananda|Dilip Kumar Gokulchand Sananda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 64,051 |percentage = 37.36% |change = {{decrease}}1.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhondiram Sonaji Khandare |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,131 |percentage = 32.74% |change = {{increase}}2.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Shamrao Sonone |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 44,269 |percentage = 25.82% |change = {{increase}}7.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Advocate Hiraman Shankar Shirsat |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,680 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vitthalrao Baburao Lokhandkar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,677 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,920 |percentage = 4.62% |change = {{decrease}}4.65 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 171,571 |percentage = 72.53% |change = {{decrease}}2.23 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 171,442}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 236,557 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.20 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.98 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Sananda|Dilip Kumar Gokulchand Sananda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,034 |percentage = 39.34% |change = {{decrease}}2.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhondiram Sonaji Khandare |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,995 |percentage = 30.06% |change = {{increase}}4.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Prakash Keshavrao |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 31,978 |percentage = 18.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kokare Nana Nimbaji |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 12,972 |percentage = 7.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shravan Kisan Shegokar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,517 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Anandrao Potdukhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,314 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shakil Ahmad Khan Pir Khan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,272 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gupta Pushkarmal Holarmal |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,039 |percentage = 9.27% |change = {{increase}}0.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 173,038 |percentage = 74.76% |change = {{increase}}1.86 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 172,945}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,455 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.97 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.18 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Sananda|Dilip Kumar Gokulchand Sananda]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 55,651 |percentage = 41.52% |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kokare Nana Nimbaji |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 43,320 |percentage = 32.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhise Dinkar Yashwant |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,471 |percentage = 25.72% |change = {{decrease}}14.50 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,331 |percentage = 9.20% |change = {{increase}}4.03 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 140,645 |percentage = 72.90% |change = {{decrease}}6.49 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 134,046}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,935 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.29 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}1.30 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kokare Nana Nimbaji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,778 |percentage = 40.22% |change = {{increase}}13.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Prakash Keshavrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,095 |percentage = 35.05% |change = {{increase}}10.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kene Bapurao Kashirao |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 20,204 |percentage = 13.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavishwar Narendra Rangnath |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 7,826 |percentage = 5.27% |change = {{increase}}0.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingle Vijay Madhukar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 3,119 |percentage = 2.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,683 |percentage = 5.17% |change = {{increase}}2.45 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 151,207 |percentage = 79.39% |change = {{increase}}10.40 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 148,625}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,470 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.81 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kokare Nana Nimbaji |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,150 |percentage = 26.82% |change = {{decrease}}9.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Prakash Keshavrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,994 |percentage = 24.10% |change = {{decrease}}19.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh Gajanan Purushottam |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,456 |percentage = 15.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingle Maltibai Purushottam |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 17,227 |percentage = 14.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lokhandkar Baburao Pandhari |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,515 |percentage = 9.05% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kavishwar Narendra Rangnath |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 5,190 |percentage = 4.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghodke Gangadhar Bhimashankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,316 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,156 |percentage = 2.72% |change = {{decrease}}4.35 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 117,524 |percentage = 68.99% |change = {{increase}}5.38 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 116,157}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,354 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.47 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gawande Manikrao Pralhadrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,261 |percentage = 43.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Fundkar Pandurang Pundlik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 31,153 |percentage = 36.07% |change = {{decrease}}9.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilshadshah Bismillahshah |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,612 |percentage = 11.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wankhade Dayaram Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,317 |percentage = 6.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khatri Laxman Ramlal |party = Independent politician |votes = 603 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mishra Gopinath Tirathraj |party = Independent politician |votes = 578 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,108 |percentage = 7.07% |change = {{increase}}2.11 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 87,759 |percentage = 63.61% |change = {{increase}}8.32 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 86,372}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,975 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.62 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.14 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pandurang Fundkar|Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,003 |percentage = 45.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Mubinur Rahman Mohammed Ismail |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,714 |percentage = 40.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kankale Purushottam Ramkrishna |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 6,725 |percentage = 10.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gupta Pushkarmal Holarmal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,044 |percentage = 3.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,289 |percentage = 4.96% |change = {{decrease}}4.20 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 67,735 |percentage = 55.29% |change = {{decrease}}16.13 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 66,254}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,515 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.29 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.02 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Pandurang Fundkar|Pandurang Pundalik Fundkar]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 25,831 |percentage = 32.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gawande Manikrao Pralhadrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,494 |percentage = 23.10% |change = {{decrease}}53.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gupta Pushkarmal Holarmal |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 13,564 |percentage = 16.94% |change = {{increase}}11.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shelke Shiram Namdeorao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 10,059 |percentage = 12.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Barkatshah Tukdushah |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,868 |percentage = 9.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purohit Govindram Gauridatta |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,454 |percentage = 1.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekdar Purushottam Shivram |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 1,277 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaikwad Ganpatrao Gangadhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 793 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,337 |percentage = 9.16% |change = {{decrease}}49.63 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 82,322 |percentage = 71.42% |change = {{increase}}5.35 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 80,071}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,269 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.50 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}44.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gawande Manikrao Pralhadrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,478 |percentage = 76.50% |change = {{increase}}13.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naraan Nathu Bhise |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 10,296 |percentage = 17.71% |change = {{increase}}10.07 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Jaswant Singh Kesar Singh |party = All India Forward Bloc |votes = 2,927 |percentage = 5.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganpatrao Gaikwad |party = Independent politician |votes = 443 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,182 |percentage = 58.79% |change = {{increase}}22.25 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 60,209 |percentage = 66.07% |change = {{decrease}}4.40 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 58,144}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,124 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.27 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}13.52 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. R. Bhatiya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,885 |percentage = 62.98% |change = {{increase}}14.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukaram Ganpat Khumkar |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 15,486 |percentage = 26.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. N. Bhise |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 4,473 |percentage = 7.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. L. Gawai |party = Independent politician |votes = 566 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. C. Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 537 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. S. Sawdekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 412 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,399 |percentage = 36.54% |change = {{increase}}35.02 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 62,179 |percentage = 70.47% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 58,569}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,236 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}13.19 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly By-election 1963 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1963 elections in India#Maharashtra|1963 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. G. Khumkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 28,562 |percentage = 49.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. R. Bhatiya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,689 |percentage = 48.27% |change = {{decrease}}7.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. I. M. Razak |party = Independent politician |votes = 855 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 873 |percentage = 1.52% |change = {{decrease}}18.56 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 57,363}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.06 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1962 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govinddas Fatanlal Bhatiya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,288 |percentage = 55.85% |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukaram Ganpat Khumkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,319 |percentage = 35.77% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskarrao Sangrao Deshmukh |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,014 |percentage = 3.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnarao Ganpatrao Deshmukh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,370 |percentage = 2.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vithalrao Amruta Wankhade |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,047 |percentage = 1.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purushottam Shioram Shekdar |party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha |votes = 563 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,969 |percentage = 20.08% |change = {{increase}}7.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 64,281 |percentage = 74.15% |change = {{increase}}1.73 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 59,601}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,695 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.48 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1957 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govinddas Fatanlal Bhatiya |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,558 |percentage = 52.45% |change = {{decrease}}8.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khawale Nathu Onkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,984 |percentage = 39.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhao Tapaji Shamu |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,131 |percentage = 4.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhawanishankar Shriniwas |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 1,870 |percentage = 3.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,574 |percentage = 12.51% |change = {{decrease}}30.49 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 52,543 |percentage = 72.42% |change = {{increase}}15.72 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 52,543}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,558 |ref = |change = {{increase}}65.34 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.35 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khamgaon &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Purushottam Govind Ekbote |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,130 |percentage = 60.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukaram Pritam Ekade |party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 4,431 |percentage = 17.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somkant Raoji Bhate |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,869 |percentage = 15.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santu Sitaram Gawai |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,454 |percentage = 5.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,699 |percentage = 43.00% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 24,884 |percentage = 56.70% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 24,884}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,884 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Khamgaon]]<br /> *[[Jalamb]]<br /> *Matargaon<br /> *[[Shegaon]]<br /> *Pahurjira<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br /> {{coord|20.72|76.56|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Buldhana district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_Medical_College,_Thrissur&diff=501065 2026-04-21T09:05:28Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Created Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|College in Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=August 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Government Medical College, Thrissur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = <br /> | caption = Thrissur medical college Academic Block<br /> | latin_name = <br /> | motto = <br /> | established = {{start date and age|1981}}<br /> | type = [[Government]]<br /> | endowment = <br /> | staff = <br /> | principal = Dr. Sheela B.<br /> | students = <br /> | postgrad = <br /> | doctoral = <br /> | faculty = <br /> | city = [[Thrissur]]<br /> | state = [[Kerala]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | free_label = Administration<br /> | free = [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Department of Health and Family Welfare]], &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Government of Kerala]]<br /> | colors = <br /> | colours = <br /> | mascot = Dr. Appu<br /> | nickname = TMC<br /> | affiliations = [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://gmctcr.kerala.gov.in/}}<br /> | address = Medical College, [[Mulakunnathukavu Grama Panchayat|M.G. Kavu.]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10.6165|N|76.1984|E|source:wikidata|display=inline,title}}<br /> | logo = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Government Medical College Thrissur''' (also known colloquially as '''Thrissur Medical College''') is a government [[medical school]] situated in the city of [[Thrissur]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<br /> <br /> Established in 1982, it is the fifth oldest medical college in the state and the fourth most popular choice for medical [[undergraduate]] students in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_health/me_edu.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626175942/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_health/me_edu.htm |archive-date=26 June 2007 |df=dmy-all }} ''Government of Kerala'' official website Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is affiliated to the [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]] which itself began functioning in the campus in 2009.<br /> <br /> Spread over an area of more than {{convert|250|acre}}, it is located in the serene surroundings of [[Mulakunnathukavu Grama Panchayat|Mulagunnathukavu (M.G. Kavu)]] {{convert|14|km}} away from Thrissur downtown. The college was selected as the best medical college in Kerala by the Swasthya conference 2021.&lt;ref&gt;[http://thrissur.nic.in/Depts.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610064249/http://thrissur.nic.in/Depts.htm|date=10 June 2007}} ''Official website of Thrissur'' Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The college was inaugurated on 1 April 1982&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tmcaa.org/history.asp] ''TMCAA – History'', Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt; by the [[Governor of Kerala]], [[Jyothi Vencatachellum]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_4.htm] &quot;Kerala legislature – Governors&quot;, Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt; who had also laid the foundation stone for the proposed college building at [[Mulakunnathukavu Grama Panchayat|Mulagunnathukavu]] on 30 April 1982. Thrissur Medical College had its humble beginning at [[Mannuthy]]. By March 1983, the institution had moved to its permanent site at [[Mulakunnathukavu Grama Panchayat|Mulamgunnathukavu]], where the old buildings of the T.B. sanatorium were modified to accommodate the pre-clinical and the para-clinical departments as well as the administrative block.<br /> [[File:GovemedcollegethrissurDistricthosp.JPG|thumb|right|The old Medical College building, which is currently the District hospital]]<br /> The clinical departments started functioning on 22 October 1983 in the erstwhile District Hospital &amp; Maternity Hospital buildings in [[Thrissur]] City. On 1 April 1985, the entire District Hospital was taken over. Construction of the 300 bedded Medical College Chest Hospital at [[Mulakunnathukavu Grama Panchayat|Mulamgunnathukavu]] was completed in 1987. The primary health centre of [[Tholur]] was taken over by the college in 1986, for regular training of medical students in community and preventive care. [[Ollur]] and Erumappetty primary health centres were also made available for training purposes. Construction of the 400-bed new medical college hospital was started in 1995.<br /> <br /> The first class of 74 students was admitted to the college in April 1982 who completed their course in the May 1987. The college was granted permanent recognition by [[Indian Medical Council|IMC]] in 1991 and by [[WHO]] in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;[http://thrissur.nic.in/Depts.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610064249/http://thrissur.nic.in/Depts.htm|date=10 June 2007}} ''&quot;Departments&quot; '' Dept of Information &amp; Technology, Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt; In January 1995 construction of a new hospital complex was started in M.G Kavu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041122010058/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/06/stories/2004080606950300.htm]''The Hindu'' 6 August 2004 &quot;Steps to shift MCH: Minister&quot; Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt; MD Radiodiagnosis courses were started in 1997 &amp; MD general medicine courses were started in 2004.<br /> <br /> In 2005 December the clinical departments were shifted from District Hospital to the New Medical College Hospital Complex in [[Mulakunnathukavu Grama Panchayat|Mulagunnathukavu]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040913165016/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/20/stories/2004052009000400.htm] ''The Hindu'' 20 May 2004 &quot;Thrissur medical college being shifted&quot; Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt; The college celebrated its [[Silver Jubilee]] in the year 2007.<br /> <br /> ==Principals==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! width=275|[[Principal (school)|Principal]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://mctcr.edu.in/principals]{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} ''TMCAA – Principals'' Retrieved in May 2012&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! width=175|Year<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. C.V. Korah<br /> |18 February 1983 to 31 May 1983<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. N. Sarada Devi<br /> |1 June 1983 to 1 September 1984<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. Aysha Guharaj<br /> |1 September 1984 to 4 July 1985<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. V. Kanthaswamy<br /> |4 July 1985 to 7 October 1987<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. Nirmala Devi (Vice Principal-in-charge)<br /> |8 October 1987 to 4 November 1987<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. Saramma Joseph<br /> |5 November 1987 to 3 April 1990<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. N. Nirmala Devi<br /> |11 April 1990 to 15 July 1992<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. D. M. Vasudevan (Vice Principal-in-charge)<br /> |16 July 1992 to 15 May 1993<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. James T. Antony<br /> |16 May 1993 to 30 June 1994<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. D. M. Vasudevan (Vice Principal-in-charge)<br /> |24 September 1995 to 19 November 1995<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. T. Chandrasekaran Nair<br /> |20 November 1995 to 30 April 1998<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. V.K. Ramankutty (Vice Principal-in-charge)<br /> |1 May 1998 to 23 September 1998<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. K. Madan Mohan<br /> |24 September 1998 to 25 October 1999<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. V.K. Ramankutty (Vice Principal-in-charge)<br /> |26 October 1999 to 30 April 2001<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. M.R. Chandran<br /> |4 May 2001 to 21 July 2001<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. Madhavi Ramachandaen<br /> |27 March 2002 to 31 May 2002<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. M.Lilly<br /> |18 July 2002 to 28 February 2003<br /> |Dr. Bhagavathy Ammai<br /> |1 September 2004 to 31 May 2005<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. Aliama Fenn<br /> |30 July 2005 to 30 April 2006<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. Rajaram .N Vice Principal In-charge<br /> | 30 April 2006 to 25 June 2006<br /> |Dr M J Cyriac <br /> | 25 June/2006 to 30 April 2007<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. A Remla Beevi<br /> | 1 May 2007 to 30 September 2007<br /> |-<br /> |Dr. K.Praveenlal<br /> | 1 October 2007 to 15 November 2011<br /> |-<br /> |Dr.K.R.Girija (in-charge)<br /> | 16 November 2011<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Constitution and working of the college==<br /> Government Medical College, Thrissur is under the Directorate of Medical Education, [[Government of Kerala]].<br /> <br /> The academic year extends from June to April/May. The college remains closed on Sundays, [[gazette]]d holidays and such other holidays as may be notified by the government.<br /> <br /> ==Courses conducted==<br /> <br /> As of October 2009&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tmcaa.org/coursesconducted.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181158/http://www.tmcaa.org/coursesconducted.asp |date=28 September 2007 }} &quot;''TMCAA'' – Courses conducted&quot;, Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !width=275|Name of course<br /> !width=75|No of seats<br /> |-<br /> |[[MBBS]]<br /> |175<br /> |-<br /> |[[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] and [[Master of Surgery|MS]] Post Graduate courses<br /> |Various specialities<br /> |-<br /> |[[Doctor of Medicine|DM]] &amp; [[Master of Surgery|MCH]] Super Speciality courses<br /> |Cardiology, Neurosurgery<br /> |-<br /> |Senior house surgeoncy<br /> |Various specialities<br /> |-<br /> |BSc. Nursing<br /> |60<br /> |-<br /> |Diploma course in Medical Lab. Technology (MLT)<br /> |35<br /> |-<br /> |Certified Radiol. Assistant's (CRA) Course<br /> |35<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ophthalmology|Ophthalmic]] Assistant's Course<br /> |25<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Achievements==<br /> <br /> * [[Mammography]] with stereotactic biopsy – first sophisticated [[mammography]] system installed in [[India]].<br /> * [[High performance liquid chromatography|H.P.L.C]] – First of its kind to be installed in Medical Colleges of Kerala.<br /> * [[Computed tomography|CT]] – Second spiral CT scanner installed in Kerala.<br /> * I.I.T.V. (Image Intensifier Tele Vision fluoroscopy) system in CT block.<br /> * New ventilator for Medical College Chest Hospital.<br /> * V-Sat with medlar facility in the library – first unit installed in Medical Colleges of Kerala.<br /> <br /> ===Non-academic===<br /> <br /> * Champions of 21st All Kerala Inter-Medicos youth festival held at Government Medical College, Thrissur in 2003.<br /> * Second prize in 22nd All Kerala Inter-Medicos youth festival held at [[Calicut Medical College|Government Medical College Calicut]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080117171200/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004022304360400.htm&amp;date=2004%2F02%2F23%2F&amp;prd=th&amp;]}} ''The Hindu'' 23 February 2004 &quot;Kozhikode Medical College tops fete&quot; Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Second prize in 23rd All Kerala Inter-Medicos youth festival held at [[Trivandrum Medical College|Government Medical College Trivandrum]] in 2005<br /> * Champions of 26th All Kerala Intermedicos Fest held at Pariyaram Medical College in March 2010<br /> * First prize in State-level Inter-collegiate Youth Festival held as part of the [[silver jubilee]] celebrations of Government Medical College, Thrissur in November 2006&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080117123614/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/26/stories/2006112604710300.htm] ''The Hindu'' 26 November 2006. &quot;Thrissur engineering college leading in youth festival&quot; Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Second prize in Arts in 22nd All Kerala Inter-Medicos Festival held at [[Medical College, Kottayam|Government Medical College, Kottayam]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20071109151057/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/07/stories/2007110753970300.htm] ''The Hindu'' 7 November 2007. &quot;Medicos festival in Kottayam from tomorrow&quot; Retrieved on 16 November 2007&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1st prize for quiz in ULTIMATE 2008 held at T D Medical college, Allepey<br /> *2nd prize for quiz at MA college Kothamangalam &amp; Adi Shankara College, Kalady<br /> *3rd prize for quiz at P S Varrier Ayurveda College, Kottakal<br /> <br /> ==Campus==<br /> [[File:Newmedicalcolegehospital.JPG|thumb|right|New Medical college hospital, [[Mulakunnathukavu Grama Panchayat|MG Kavu]]]]<br /> [[File:Templeinsidegmcthrissurcampus.JPG|thumb|right|The Temple situated in the campus]]<br /> [[File:2012 MBBS Batch Graduation.jpg|thumb|2012 MBBS Batch Graduation]]<br /> <br /> '''Medical College Establishments'''<br /> <br /> * Medical College Administrative office, Pre-clinical &amp; Para clinical departments including [[Mortuary]] &amp; Office of [[Forensic pathology|Police Surgeon]].<br /> * New Medical College Hospital.<br /> * Medical College Chest Hospital.<br /> * Men's and women's hostel.<br /> * Library.<br /> * Canteens<br /> * Post office and employees co-operative store.<br /> * P.W.D (spl.buildings) section, S.B.T (Extn.counter)<br /> *PWD Electrical wing section and substation<br /> * 800 bedded extension of new Medical College Hospital complex.<br /> * [[Teletherapy]] building.<br /> * Museum block for [[forensic medicine]].<br /> * Lecture halls.<br /> * TMCAA Sports complex<br /> <br /> .<br /> '''Attached institutions outside the campus'''<br /> * Health centre<br /> # Rural: Tholur, Pambur &amp; Erumappetty.<br /> # Urban: Urban Community Health Centre, Kizhakkumbattukara. (in collaboration with Thrissur Corporation)<br /> <br /> In addition there is an [[auditorium]] located deep inside the campus which hosts the Annual inter-batch youth festivals. There is a small temple in the campus. The three canteens in the campus are run by the [[Indian Coffee House]]. The non-clinical departments are situated as separate buildings inside the campus.<br /> <br /> ==Alumni association==<br /> <br /> Thrissur Medical College Alumni Association ('''TMCAA''') &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tmcaa.org/aimsandobjectives.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928181146/http://www.tmcaa.org/aimsandobjectives.asp |date=28 September 2007 }} ''TMCAA Aims &amp; Objectives'' Retrieved on 4 August 2007&lt;/ref&gt; is an organisation of the past and present students of Govt.Medical College, Thrissur and the teachers who served as faculty in this institution. As per the byelaw, this organisation is committed to the academic and infrastructural development of the alma mater. TMCAA conducts the famous [[Continuing medical education|CME]] programme for orientation for junior doctors for career advancement, helping doctors all over Kerala to get through the post-graduate MD/MS entrance examinations.<br /> <br /> TMCAA have also provided teaching materials, audio visual equipment, furniture, computers, academic bulletin board, surgical instruments, instruments for pre-clinical medical training, high quality [[Histology]] teaching slides, medical [[Academic journal|journals]] and books, TVs, chairs, scanners and printers &amp; [[LCD]] projectors to various departments.<br /> <br /> TMCCA have also contributed in computerisation of MCCH out patient dept, beautification of the campus (by sponsoring planting of trees in MCCH), co sponsoring academic meetings and art festivals, co-sponsoring the 31st Inter-medical youth festival, felicitating our retiring teachers, hosting a web Site useful for the institution, supporting various academic activities of the students, reprographic services for PGs, departments administration, supporting water supply scheme of the college campus, supporting background work in IMC inspections, silver jubilee celebrations, working as a catalyst in various situations where administrative bottle necks affects the development of the alma mater and providing financial support for students.<br /> <br /> The Thrissur Medical College Alumni Association built and donated an Academic Complex in the year 2009, at an approximate cost of Rs. 16 million. The complex consists of one Convocation Hall of 1000 [[seating capacity]], three Seminar Halls of 200 seats, an Electronic Library and a two Food Courts. The entire complex is air conditioned, and now serves as the nerve center of academic activities. <br /> The TMCAA has also built and donated an Indoor Stadium cum Examination Hall at a cost of Rs. 55 million, after signing a Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of Kerala for this purpose.<br /> <br /> ==Notable alumni==<br /> * Dr.Niji Justin, Mayor [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of medical colleges in India]]<br /> * [[AIIMS]]<br /> * [[JIPMER]]<br /> * [[PGIMER Chandigarh]]<br /> * [[CMC Vellore]]<br /> * [[Azeezia Medical College]]<br /> * [[Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha]]<br /> * [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]]<br /> * [[Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Government Medical College, Thrissur}}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518011217/http://mctcr.edu.in/ Official website of Government medical College, Thrissur]<br /> * [http://www.tmcaa.org/ Thrissur Medical College Alumni Association(TMCAA) website]<br /> * [http://www.iradix.in/Details/Government-Medical-College-Thrissur.html More information and students comments about Medical College, Thrissur on iRADiX]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060524110047/http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/05/stories/2005060504670300.htm News on Medical college shifting], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 5 June 2005<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060304042332/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/24/stories/2006022410270300.htm Modernisation project of medical college in limbo, ''The Hindu'', 24 February 2006]<br /> <br /> {{Thrissur topics}}<br /> {{Education in Kerala}}<br /> {{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Calicut]]<br /> [[Category:Medical colleges in Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges affiliated with the Kerala University of Health Sciences|Thrissur]]<br /> [[Category:1982 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1982]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shweta_Taneja&diff=535530 2026-04-20T16:19:03Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;<br /> | name = Shweta Taneja<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India<br /> | occupation = Novelist, graphic novelist, journalist<br /> | period = 2012 -<br /> | genre = [[Fantasy]], [[Solarpunk]]<br /> | website = {{URL|shwetawrites.com}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Shweta Taneja''' is an Indian author of novels, short fiction, graphic novels, nonfiction and comic books. Her work includes fantasy fiction series ''The Rakta Queen: An Anantya Tantrist Mystery'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/the-rakta-queen/|title=The Rakta Queen|website=HarperCollinsPublishers India|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227231525/https://harpercollins.co.in/book/the-rakta-queen/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Matsya Curse: An Anantya Tantrist Mystery'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/the-matsya-curse/|title=HarperCollinsPublishers India {{!}} The Matsya Curse|website=harpercollins.co.in|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227234620/https://harpercollins.co.in/book/the-matsya-curse/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cult of Chaos: An Anantya Tantrist Mystery''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/cult-of-chaos-an-anantya-tantrist-mystery/|title=HarperCollinsPublishers India {{!}} Cult of Chaos|website=harpercollins.co.in|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227231536/https://harpercollins.co.in/book/cult-of-chaos-an-anantya-tantrist-mystery/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and books for YA and children including ''The Ghost Hunters of Kurseong''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=44492|title=HACHETTE|website=www.hachetteindia.com|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018131409/http://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=44492|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''How to Steal a Ghost @ Manipal''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Juggernaut Books|url=https://www.juggernaut.in/books/7291786ce12f40d4b767581b24f13891|access-date=2017-06-28|website=www.juggernaut.in|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310133121/https://www.juggernaut.in/books/7291786ce12f40d4b767581b24f13891|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her short story &quot;The Daughter That Bleeds&quot; was published in ''Best Asian Speculative Fiction''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kitaab.org/tag/the-best-asian-speculative-fiction/|title=The Best Asian Speculative Fiction|last=Dutta-Asane|first=Sucharita|website=kitaab|language=en|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604102833/https://kitaab.org/tag/the-best-asian-speculative-fiction/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and won the Editor's Choice Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://indianobserverpost.com/News-Detail.aspx?Article=225|title=Indian Author Shweta's Short Story Wins Editor's Choice Award|website=indianobserverpost.com|access-date=2020-02-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; The story was translated into French under the title ''La Fille qui saigne'', published in Galaxies magazine&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://galaxies-sf.com/sommaire.php?id_revue=62|title=Sommaire de la revue Galaxie 58 SF|last=Birnie-Scott|first=Xavier|website=Galaxies-SF|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=15 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415204513/https://galaxies-sf.com/sommaire.php?id_revue=62|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was a finalist in the Grand Prix de l’Imaginaire Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gpi.noosfere.org/gpi-2020/|title=Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire 2020 – Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-02-27|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207222035/https://gpi.noosfere.org/gpi-2020/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; for 2020 in France.<br /> <br /> She wrote the scripts for The ''Skull Rosary'', a five-story graphic novel involving the [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]] (published by Holy Cow Entertainment)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.holycow.in/product/skull-rosary/|title=Holy Cow Entertainment {{!}} The Skull Rosary|website=www.holycow.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623144012/http://www.holycow.in/product/skull-rosary/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Krishna: Defender of Dharma'', about the Hindu god [[Krishna]] (published by Campfire Graphic Novels).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.campfire.co.in/products/krishna-defender-of-dharma |title=Krishna: Defender of Dharma |publisher=Campfire |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131537/http://www.campfire.co.in/products/krishna-defender-of-dharma |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She currently lives and works in [[Bangalore]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Shweta Taneja grew up in Delhi, India. She earned a master's degree in English Literature from the [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]], [[University of Delhi]] and a Masters in Fashion Communication from the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]].{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}<br /> <br /> ==Writing career==<br /> Taneja's journalist career began with the magazines ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' and ''[[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]]'' (where she was the Assistant Editor of the India edition). She continues to write for several print and online publications including [[Mint (newspaper)|''Mint'']],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Search/Link/Keyword/shweta%20taneja|title=Shweta's articles for Mint|access-date=9 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100203/http://www.livemint.com/Search/Link/Keyword/shweta%20taneja|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Discover India'', ''Scroll''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://scroll.in/authors/1677|title=Shweta Taneja {{!}} Scroll.in|website=scroll.in|access-date=29 July 2016|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815124940/http://scroll.in/authors/1677|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' (India).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/search?q=shweta+taneja&amp;s_it=aolin-huffpo-V1|title=Shweta's articles for Huffington Post India|access-date=9 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112352/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/search?q=shweta+taneja&amp;s_it=aolin-huffpo-V1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her first publication was the ''Krishna: Defender of Dharma'', a [[graphic novel]] about the Hindu god, for which she wrote the script and collaborated with illustrator Rajesh Nagulakonda. In 2013, the graphic novel was recommended for Classes 7 and 8 for schools affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], India by the Association of Writers &amp; Illustrators for Children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cbseacademic.in/web_material/publication/1_Recommended_Reading_Lists_by_AWIC_%26_PAG-e-2013.pdf|title=CBSE Reading Promotion, SNo 94|access-date=9 March 2015|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715054149/http://cbseacademic.in/web_material/publication/1_Recommended_Reading_Lists_by_AWIC_%26_PAG-e-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''The Ghost Hunters of Kurseong'' was her first novel. It involves a group of twelve-year-olds who solve a mystery in the hill town [[Kurseong]] in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/a-chat-with-shweta-taneja-fantasy-writer-and-journalist |title='I became a writer by chance!': Swetha Padmanabhan - Citizen Matters, Bangalore News |publisher=Bangalore.citizenmatters.in |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122013/http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/a-chat-with-shweta-taneja-fantasy-writer-and-journalist |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Taneja promoted the novel using a children's detective workshop. Groups of children would solve a mystery within a given time and then draw out their version of the events&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Bhumika K. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kids-crack-a-whodunnit/article5443973.ece |title=Kids crack a whodunnit |work=The Hindu |date=10 December 2013 |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329202615/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kids-crack-a-whodunnit/article5443973.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''The Skull Rosary'' was Taneja's second graphic novel. She wrote the script and collaborated with five different illustrators for each of the five stories in the novel. It was nominated for Best Writer and Best Cover for the [[Comic Con India]] awards 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/comics/comic-con-india-awards-2013-nominees-announced-special-awards-for-pran-kumar-sharma-and-tinkle-studio |title=Comic Con India Awards 2013 Nominees Announced: Special Awards for Pran Kumar Sharma and Tinkle Studio |publisher=AnimationXpress |date=16 January 2014 |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172230/http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/comics/comic-con-india-awards-2013-nominees-announced-special-awards-for-pran-kumar-sharma-and-tinkle-studio |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her next work was ''Cult of Chaos: An Anantya Tantrist Mystery'' which is a detective fantasy [[novel]] based in Delhi, India. The protagonist of ''Cult of Chaos'' is Anantya who is a woman tantrist - a practitioner of [[Tantra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Mini Anthikad-Chhibber |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fast-furious-and-completely-magical/article6925583.ece |title=Fast, furious and completely magical |work=The Hindu |date=23 February 2015 |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025023609/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fast-furious-and-completely-magical/article6925583.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Cult of Chaos'' is billed as India's first tantic-detective novel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=- Rohini Nair |url=http://www.asianage.com/books/supernatural-detective-thriller-597 |title=A supernatural detective thriller |publisher=The Asian Age |date=10 February 2015 |accessdate=10 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143041/http://www.asianage.com/books/supernatural-detective-thriller-597 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The novel was launched with a quiz on paranormal and supernatural beliefs in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Sravasti Datta|date=4 February 2015|title=The thrill in occult|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-thrill-in-occult/article6857297.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025023710/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-thrill-in-occult/article6857297.ece|archive-date=25 October 2018|accessdate=10 March 2015|work=The Hindu|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, Taneja published ''How to Steal a Ghost @ Manipal'' which is as described by ''The Asian Age'' as &quot;A young student turns into a paranormal investigator to impress her boyfriend.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/books/power-unknown-670|title=Power of the unknown|date=2016-10-19|work=asianage.com/|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=25 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325232006/http://www.asianage.com/books/power-unknown-670|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The book is published in an ebook format by [[Juggernaut Books]] and it was the Taneja's foray into becoming a hybrid author.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/Seamlessly-moving-between-worlds/article16670629.ece|title=Seamlessly moving between worlds|last=Chhibber|first=Mini Anthikad|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-28|language=en|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124080854/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/Seamlessly-moving-between-worlds/article16670629.ece?|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her second novel of the Anantya Tantrist Mystery series, ''The Matsya Curse'', was published in 2017. The third novel of the Anantya Tantrist Mystery series, ''The Rakta Queen'', was published in 2018.<br /> <br /> In 2016, Taneja was selected for the Charles Wallace India Fellowship (Chichester University, UK).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kitaab.org/2016/01/25/the-lounge-chair-interview-10-questions-with-shweta-taneja/|title=The Lounge Chair Interview: 10 Questions with Shweta Taneja|last=Anjum|first=Zafar|date=25 January 2016|access-date=29 July 2016|archive-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807030345/https://kitaab.org/2016/01/25/the-lounge-chair-interview-10-questions-with-shweta-taneja/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, Taneja's short story was a finalist in the French Grand Prix de l’Imaginaire Awards 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/shweta-tanejas-short-story-in-grand-prix-de-limaginaire-awardss-shortlist-6258870/|title=Shweta Taneja's short story in Grand Prix de l'Imaginaire Awards's shortlist|date=9 February 2020|accessdate=10 February 2020|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209205802/https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/shweta-tanejas-short-story-in-grand-prix-de-limaginaire-awardss-shortlist-6258870/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The short story is about a dystopian future in India where fertile women are treated as commodities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/feb/10/shweta-taneja-forging-a-french-connection-2101224.html|title=Shweta Taneja: Forging a French connection|first=Vidya|last=Iyengar|date=10 February 2020|accessdate=10 February 2020|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211184212/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/feb/10/shweta-taneja-forging-a-french-connection-2101224.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021 she published a children science book ''They Found What?/They Made What?''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=Book introduces children to rare discoveries of Indian scientists|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/they-found-what-they-made-what-book-introduces-children-to-rare-discoveries-of-indian-scientists-7199038/|access-date=2021-08-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821075037/https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/they-found-what-they-made-what-book-introduces-children-to-rare-discoveries-of-indian-scientists-7199038/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> <br /> === Novels ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name !! Type !! Publication year !! Publisher !! ISBN<br /> |-<br /> | ''The Rakta Queen: An Anantya Tantrist Mystery''|| Novel || 2018 || [[HarperCollins]]|| 978-9353023294<br /> |-<br /> |''The Matsya Curse: An Anantya Tantrist Mystery''<br /> |Novel<br /> |2017<br /> |HarperCollins<br /> |978-9352645022<br /> |-<br /> |''Cult of Chaos: An Anantya Tantrist Mystery''<br /> |Novel<br /> |2014<br /> |HarperCollins<br /> |978-9351364443<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Children's books and young adult ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name !! Type !! Publication year !! Publisher !! ISBN<br /> |-<br /> |''They Found What?/They Made What?''<br /> |Science<br /> |2021<br /> |Hachette India<br /> |978-9389253979<br /> |-<br /> | ''How to Steal a Ghost @ Manipal''|| Novel || 2016 || Juggernaut Books ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''The Ghost Hunters of Kurseong''|| Novel || 2013 || [[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]] || 978-9350095539<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Graphic novels ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Name !! Type !! Publication year !! Publisher !! ISBN<br /> |-<br /> | ''The Skull Rosary''|| Graphic novel || 2013 || Holy Cow Entertainment || ASIN: B00HNSSUDQ <br /> |-<br /> |''Krishna: Defender of Dharma''<br /> |Graphic novel<br /> |2012<br /> |Campfire Graphic Novels<br /> |978-9380741710<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Short stories ===<br /> <br /> * &quot;The Songs That Humanity Lost Reluctantly to Dolphins&quot;, (Part of an anthology titled ''Multispecies Cities: Solarpunk Urban''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Multispecies Cities|url=http://www.worldweaverpress.com/store/p176/Multispecies_Cities.html|access-date=2021-08-24|website=WORLD WEAVER PRESS|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624125051/https://www.worldweaverpress.com/store/p176/Multispecies_Cities.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;), World Weaver Press, April 2021<br /> *&quot;The Biryani Choke&quot;, Eleven Stops to the Present: Stories of Bengaluru (2020) <br /> * &quot;Les Chants que L’Humanité abandonna aux&quot; (translated by Thomas Bauduret), Galaxies No 66 (2020)<br /> * &quot;La Fille qui saigne&quot; (translated by Mikael Cabon), [https://galaxies-sf.com/galaxies-revue-58.html Galaxies No 58] (2019)<br /> * &quot;Grandma Garam's Kitty Party&quot;, [https://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=46660 Magical Women] edited by Sukanya Venkatraghavan (Hachette India, 2019)<br /> * &quot;Agni's Tattoo&quot;, Whose Future is It?&quot;, Cellarius Stories (Genesis Thought, 2018)<br /> * &quot;The Daughter That Bleeds&quot;, [https://www.kitaabstore.com/products/the-best-asian-speculative-fiction-2018?category=anthologies The Best Asian Speculative Fiction] (Kitaab, 2018)<br /> * &quot;It's a Dog's Death&quot; (comic with Vivek Goel), [https://www.holycow.in/product/were-house/ Were House] (Holy Cow Entertainment, 2013) <br /> * &quot;Terror Strikes Back&quot;, ''[https://www.hachetteindia.com/TitleDetails.aspx?titleId=43476 Celebrate Holi]'' (Hachette India, 2013)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://twitter.com/shwetawrites Shweta Taneja Twitter Page]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Taneja, Shweta}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comics writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian fantasy writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women novelists]]<br /> [[Category:National Institute of Fashion Technology alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian graphic novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Novelists from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women comics writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women comics artists]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajib_Bhattacharjee&diff=528661 2026-04-20T09:16:35Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]&lt;br&gt;from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Tripura|Tripura]]<br /> | term_start = 27 August 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Biplab Kumar Deb]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 1991)<br /> | office2 = [[BJP Tripura|President of Bharatiya Janata Party, Tripura]]<br /> | term_start2 = 26 August 2022<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Manik Saha]]<br /> | president2 = [[J. P. Nadda]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Nitin Nabin]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Rajib Bhattacharjee''' is an Indian politician who is serving as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Tripura]] since 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2024-08-28 |title=12 new members elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha, BJP becomes largest party in Upper House with 96 members |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/12-new-members-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-bjp-becomes-largest-party-in-upper-house-with-96-members/article68575727.ece |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; A member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), he served as [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Tripura|State Party President of BJP in Tripura]] since 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=2022-08-26 |title=Rajiv Bhattacharjee appointed as Tripura BJP president |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rajiv-bhattacharjee-appointed-as-tripura-bjp-president/articleshow/93791268.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early career ==<br /> Bhattacharjee became a [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) volunteer since 1988. Three years after joining the RSS, Bhattacharjee joined the BJP in 1991.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-22 |title=BJP's Rajib Bhattacharjee, CPI(M)'s Sudhan Das file nominations for Rajya Sabha bypoll in Tripura |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/bjps-rajib-bhattacharjee-cpims-sudhan-das-rajya-sabha-bypoll-tripura-9526787/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has worked at almost every level of the party's organisation, including as a local BJP worker, ''[[Mandal]]'' president in the [[Banamalipur Assembly constituency]], general secretary of the party's town organisational district in West Tripura, treasurer of the party's state committee, and party general secretary and vice-president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-08-20 |title=Tripura BJP president named for Rajya Sabha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agartala/tripura-bjp-president-named-for-rajya-sabha/articleshow/112662305.cms |access-date=2024-08-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, he was named the BJP's Tripura President.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Bhupendra Chaudhary made UP BJP chief, Rajib Bhattacharjee is new Tripura unit president |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/bhupendra-chaudhary-made-up-bjp-chief-rajib-bhattacharjee-is-new-tripura-unit-president-article-93775922 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharjee, Rajib}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Tripura]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khajuwala_Assembly_constituency&diff=509470 2026-04-19T19:28:53Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Adding First Stub Initial Version</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Khajuwala<br /> | map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-12-Khajuwala.svg<br /> | mla = [[Vishwanath Meghwal]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2023<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | district = [[Bikaner district]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | constituency_no = 12<br /> | incumbent_image =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Khajuwala Assembly constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Bikaner Lok Sabha constituency]]. The constituency covers all voters from [[Khajuwala|Khajuwala tehsil]], [[Pugal|Poogal tehsil]], [[Chattargarh|Chhatargarh tehsil]] and parts of [[Bikaner|Bikaner tehsil]], which includes [[Kanasar|ILRC Kanasar]] and [[Chak Garbi]], [[Nalbari, Bikaner|Nalbari]] and [[Udasar]] of [[Bikaner|ILRC Bikaner]].&lt;ref name=&quot;election2008&quot;&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 2008]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Vishwanath Meghwal]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]&lt;ref name=election2008 name=&quot;election2008-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | rowspan=2 |[[Vishwanath Meghwal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]&lt;ref name=election2013&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=election2018/&gt;<br /> | [[Govind Ram Meghwal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | [[Vishwanath Meghwal]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khajuwala&lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Vishwanath Meghwal<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:91276}}<br /> |percentage = 51.47<br /> |change = +17.64<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Govindram Meghwal<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:73902}}<br /> |percentage = 41.67<br /> |change = -12.42<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Jannayak Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Sitaram<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:3953}}<br /> |percentage = 2.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party<br /> |candidate = Jaiprakash<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2421}}<br /> |percentage = 1.37<br /> |change = -5.0<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2062}}<br /> |percentage = 1.16<br /> |change = -0.23<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:17374}}<br /> |percentage = 9.8<br /> |change = -10.46<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:177351}}<br /> |percentage = 74.88<br /> |change = +1.19<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khajuwala&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Govindram Meghwal<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:82994}}<br /> |percentage = 54.09<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Vishwanath<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:51905}}<br /> |percentage = 33.83<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party<br /> |candidate = Mithu Singh<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:9779}}<br /> |percentage = 6.37<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Gordhan Ram<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1945}}<br /> |percentage = 1.27<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Lalit Mohan<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1639}}<br /> |percentage = 1.07<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2130}}<br /> |percentage = 1.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:31089}}<br /> |percentage = 20.26<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:153435}}<br /> |percentage = 73.69<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Bikaner district]]<br /> *[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br /> {{coord|28.70|72.59|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bikaner district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karuppu_Petti&diff=508745 2026-04-12T01:12:50Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Adding Some Pg W/ Sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Tamil-language film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Karuppu Petti.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = S. Doss<br /> | writer = S. Doss<br /> | producer = K.C.P. Methun Shakaravarthy<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * K.C. Prabath<br /> * Devika Venu<br /> *<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = R.Moses Daniel<br /> | editing = Balaji<br /> | music = Arun<br /> | studio = KCP Productions<br /> | released = {{film date|2024|10|18|df=yes}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Karuppu Petti''''' ({{translation|Black box}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil-language]] film directed by S. Doss.The film stars K.C.Prabath&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=மனரீதியான பிரச்சினையை பேசும் 'கருப்பு பெட்டி' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1320321-karuppu-petti-film-for-mental-health-issues.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Devika Venu in lead roles along with Chithha R. Darshan and K.C.P. Dharmesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=இணையதள ஆபாசங்களை மையப்படுத்திய 'கருப்பு பெட்டி' |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/196259 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * K.C. Prabath<br /> * Devika Venu<br /> * Chithha R. Darshan<br /> * K.C.P. Dharmesh<br /> * Keerthika Saminathan<br /> * Saravana Sakthi<br /> * Nisha<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> The film was produced by K.C.P. Methun Shakaravarthy under the banner of KCP Productions.The cinematography was done by R.Moses Daniel while editing was handled by Balaji music composed by Arun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=கனவால் வரும் விபரீதத்தை சொல்லும் 'கருப்பு பெட்டி' |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/116180 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=cinema.dinamalar.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated two star out of five star and stated that &quot;He has made it in such a way as to make us realize that there are suspicions in a quiet family and the tragedy that results from it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maalaimalar |date=2024-10-18 |title=கருப்பு பெட்டி: Karuppu Petti Trailer, Review, Cast &amp; Crew, OTT Release Details in Tamil |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/karuppu-petti-160546 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Dinakaran]]'' critic wrote that &quot;Producer KC Prabhat is the hero. He has justified his performance by saying that he is dreaming and his wife is worried about his doubts. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=கருப்பு பெட்டி: விமர்சனம் – Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images – Cinema.dinakaran.com |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/the-black-box-review/ |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=cinema.dinakaran.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb title|tt28667222}}<br /> {{improve categories|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian films]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=R._M._Chinnathambi&diff=527682 2026-04-11T20:11:03Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = R. M. Chinnathambi<br /> | image =<br /> | image size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1961|1|18|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Ramanayakkanpatti<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly<br /> | constituency1 = [[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2016<br /> | term_end1 = 2021<br /> | predecessor1 = [[S. Madheswaran]]<br /> | successor1 = [[A. P. Jayasankaran]]<br /> | office2 = <br /> | constituency2 = <br /> | term_start2 = <br /> | term_end2 = <br /> | successor2 = <br /> | term_start3 = <br /> | term_end3 = <br /> | term_start4 = <br /> | term_end4 = <br /> | party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | profession = Farmer<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | date = <br /> | year = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''R. M. Chinnathambi''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of Tamil Nadu. He hails from the village of Ramanayakkanpalayam in [[Attur taluk|Attur Taluk]], [[Salem district|Salem District]]. Chinnathambi, who has studied up to Tenth Standard, belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He contested and won the [[Attur Assembly constituency|Attur (Salem) Assembly Constituency]] in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] and became an MLA.Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly&lt;ref&gt;&quot;WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 244-246.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=results2016&gt;{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral Performance==<br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Attur&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. M. Chinnathambi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,827 |percentage=44.34% |change=-11.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. Arthanari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,493 |percentage=35.06% |change=-1.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Amsaveni |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=18,363 |percentage=9.83% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Adhithyan |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=8,532 |percentage=4.57% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,742 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jayaseelan |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=2,413 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Selladurai |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,747 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sathishbabu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,531 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Mariyappan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=947 |percentage=0.51% |change=-0.35 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,334 |percentage=9.28% |change= -9.55% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=186,788 |percentage=79.78% |change= -0.74% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,136 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.19% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chinnathambi, R.M.}}<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> [[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:1961 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhyana_in_Hinduism&diff=454385 2026-03-26T22:32:47Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: minor rework details for clarity also and updated info per sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Training of the mind through meditation in Hinduism}}<br /> {{for|Meditation concept in Pali called Jhana|Dhyana in Buddhism}}<br /> [[File:Dhyana (1851).jpg|thumb|A [[Brahmin|Brahmana]] meditating (1851)]]<br /> [[File:Bronze figure of Kashmiri in Meditation by Malvina Hoffman Wellcome M0005215.jpg|thumb|[[Malvina Hoffman]], ''Bronze figure of Kashmiri in Meditation'', 1930s, [[Field Museum of Natural History]]]]<br /> <br /> {{Hinduism}}'''Dhyāna''' ([[Sanskrit]]: ध्यान) in [[Hinduism]] means [[meditation]]{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=283-284}} and contemplation. ''Dhyana'' is taken up in [[Yoga]] practices, and is a means to ''[[samadhi]]'' and self-knowledge.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=283}}<br /> <br /> The various concepts of ''dhyana'' and its practice originated in the [[Sramanic movement]] of ancient India,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=53}}&lt;ref name=sagarmaljain15/&gt; which started before the 6th century BCE (pre-[[The Buddha|Buddha]], pre-[[Mahavira]]),&lt;ref name=reginaldray247/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;andrew&quot;/&gt; and the practice has been influential within the diverse traditions of Hinduism.&lt;ref name=williammahonytau171/&gt;{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=65-83}} It is, in Hinduism, a part of a self-directed awareness and unifying Yoga process by which the [[yogi]] realizes Self (Atman, soul), one's relationship with other living beings, and the Ultimate Reality.&lt;ref name=williammahonytau171/&gt;&lt;ref name=bryantyspxxix&gt;Edwin Bryant (2009), The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali: a new edition, translation, and commentary with insights from the traditional commentators, North Point Press, {{ISBN|978-0865477360}}, pages xxii, xxix-xxx&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=94}} Dhyana is also part of other Indian religions such as [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=283-284}} Several other traditions introduce unique aspects and context to ''Dhyana'', and mutually influence each other.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=65-83}}<br /> <br /> The term ''Dhyana'' appears in [[Aranyaka]] and [[Brahmana]] layers of the [[Vedas]] but with unclear meaning, while in the early [[Upanishads]] it appears in the sense of &quot;contemplation, meditation&quot; and an important part of self-knowledge journey.&lt;ref name=williammahonytau171/&gt;&lt;ref name=staaldtv182/&gt; It is described in numerous [[Upanishads]] of [[Hinduism]],&lt;ref name=jacobprinupan472/&gt; and in [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Patanjali's Yogasutras]] - a key text of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy.{{sfn|Whicher|1998|p=49}}&lt;ref&gt;Stuart Sarbacker (2011), Yoga Powers (Editor: Knut A. Jacobsen), Brill, {{ISBN|978-9004212145}}, page 195&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology and meaning==<br /> ''Dhyāna'' ([[Sanskrit]]: ध्यान, [[Pali]]: झान) means &quot;contemplation, reflection&quot; and &quot;profound, abstract meditation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html dhyAna], Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary (2008 revision), Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The root of the word is ''dhi'', which, in the earliest layer of Vedic texts, refers to &quot;imaginative vision&quot; and is associated with goddess [[Saraswati]], who possesses powers of knowledge, wisdom, and poetic eloquence.&lt;ref name=williammahonytau171/&gt;&lt;ref name=jangondavedicpoetsdhyanafull&gt;Jan Gonda (1963), The Vision of Vedic Poets, Walter de Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3110153156}}, pages 289-301&lt;/ref&gt; This term developed into the variant ''dhya-'' and ''dhyana'', or &quot;meditation&quot;.&lt;ref name=williammahonytau171&gt;William Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791435809}}, pages 171-177, 222&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thomas Berry states that ''dhyana'' is &quot;sustained attention&quot; and the &quot;application of mind to the chosen point of concentration&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Thomas Berry (1992), Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231107815}}, page 101&lt;/ref&gt; ''Dhyana'' is contemplating, reflecting on whatever ''dharana'' has focused on.&lt;ref&gt;Jan Gonda (1963), The Vision of Vedic Poets, Walter de Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3110153156}}, pages 289-290&lt;/ref&gt; If in the sixth limb of yoga one is concentrating on a personal deity, ''dhyana'' is its contemplation. If the concentration was on one object, Dhyana is nonjudgmental, non-presumptuous observation of that object.&lt;ref&gt;Charlotte Bell (2007), Mindful Yoga, Mindful Life: A Guide for Everyday Practice, [[Rodmell Press]], {{ISBN|978-1930485204}}, pages 151-159&lt;/ref&gt; If the focus is on a concept or idea, ''dhyana'' is contemplating it in all its aspects, forms and consequences. ''Dhyana'' is uninterrupted train of thought, current of [[cognition]], flow of awareness.&lt;ref name=yogadarsanabook3&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/yogadaranasutra00patagoog#page/n112/mode/2up GN Jha (Translator)(1907), ''The Yoga-darsana: The sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa - Book 3'']; Harvard University Archives, pages 94-95&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;K Ramakrishna Rao (2005), Consciousness Studies: Cross-Cultural Perspectives, McFarland, {{ISBN|978-0786422784}}, page 315&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;TR Anantharaman (1996), Ancient Yoga and Modern Science, PHISPC monograph, Volume 14, Issue 7, {{ISBN|978-8121507523}}, pages 44-45&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A related term is ''[[nididhyāsana]]'', the pondering over Upanishadic statements. It is a composite of three terms, namely ''dhyai'', ''[[upasana]]'' (&quot;dwelling upon&quot;), and ''[[bhavana]]'' (&quot;cultivating&quot;).&lt;ref group=web&gt;George Feuerstein [http://www.adishakti.org/_/yoga_and_meditation_dhyana_by_georg_feuerstein.htm ''Nididhyasitavyah - the deep pondering of self (atman), whereupon the Self (Brahman) become known'']&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Origins==<br /> The term ''dhyana'' is used in [[Jainism]], [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]], with somewhat similar meanings.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=283}}<br /> <br /> {{Quote box<br /> |quote =Vedic teachings hold that, since the universal divine Self dwells within the heart, the way to experience and recognize divinity is to turn one's attention inward in a process of contemplative meditation.<br /> |source = —William Mahony, The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination&lt;ref&gt;William Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791435809}}, page 170&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |width = 35%<br /> | bgcolor=#FFE0BB<br /> |align = right<br /> }}<br /> The origins of the practice of ''dhyana'', which culminates into ''samadhi'', are a matter of dispute.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Wynne|2007}} According to Bronkhorst, the mainstream concept, evident in Jain, Buddhist and early Hindu scriptures, involves the progressive cessation of mental and sensory activity and reflects a shared ascetic background.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=27, 53}}{{refn|group=note|[[Bhagavad Gita]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=45}} (2nd-century BCE); [[Katha Upanishad]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=46}} (pre- or post-Buddha, ca. 5th century BCE); [[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=47}} (ca, 3rd century BCE).}} Dhyana, states [[Sagarmal Jain]], has been essential to Jain religious practices, but the origins of Dhyana and Yoga in the pre-canonical era (before 6th-century BCE) are unclear, and it likely developed in the [[Śramaṇa|Sramanic]] culture of ancient India,&lt;ref name=sagarmaljain15&gt;Sagarmal Jain (2015), Yoga in Jainism (Editor: [[Christopher Key Chapple]]), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1138829077}}. pages 14-15&lt;/ref&gt; Several ''śramaṇa'' movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-Mahavira), and these influenced both the [[āstika and nāstika]] (i.e. Theistic and Atheistic) traditions of Indian philosophy.&lt;ref name=reginaldray247&gt;Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195134834}}, pp. 237–240, 247–249&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;andrew&quot;&gt;Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), [[Unifying Hinduism|Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History]], Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231149877}}, Chapter 9&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The earliest Jain texts, on Dhyana such as ''Sutrakranga'', ''Antakrta-Dasanga'' and ''Rsibhashita'', mention [[Uddaka Rāmaputta]]{{refn|group=note|Scholars such as Hans Wolfgang Schumann state that Uddaka Rāmaputta was a Vedic era teacher of Upanishadic ideas.&lt;ref&gt;Hans Wolfgang Schumann (2004), The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120818170}}, page 49&lt;/ref&gt;}} who is said to be the teacher of some meditation methods to the [[Buddha]], as well as the originator of ''[[Samatha-vipassana|Vipassana]]'' and ''[[Jain meditation|Preksha]]'' meditation techniques.&lt;ref name=sagarmaljain15/&gt; The [[Jainism|Jain]] tradition believes [[Rishabhanatha]], the first [[Tirthankara]], to have founded meditation, but there is no historical confirming evidence. The earliest mention of dhyana in the canonical Jain texts describe ''dhyana'' as a means of emancipation, without emphasizing ascetic practices or the systematic discussion seen in later [[Jainism|Jain]] texts or Hindu texts such as the Patanjali's Yogasutras.&lt;ref name=sagarmaljainfull/&gt; There is no archeological or literary evidence, states Sagarmal Jain, about the origins of systems for Dhyana and Yoga, and there is a great deal of similarity between [[Jainism|Jain]], Buddhist, Ajivika, Samkhya, Yoga and other ancient Indian traditions.&lt;ref name=sagarmaljain15/&gt; The earliest texts, such as ''[[Tattvartha Sutra|Tattvarthasutra]]'' suggest that these ideas developed in parallel, sometimes with different terms for similar ideas in various Indian traditions, influencing each other.&lt;ref name=sagarmaljainfull&gt;Sagarmal Jain (2015), Yoga in Jainism (Editor: Christopher Key Chapple), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-1138829077}}, pages 14-28&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Buddhism introduced its own ideas, states Bronkhorst, such as the [[Dhyana in Buddhism|four dhyanas]], which did not affect the mainstream meditation traditions in Jain and Hindu traditions for a long time.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=68-77}}{{refn|group=note|According to Bronkhorst, Buddhism probably had a marginal influence before Asoka, while this mainstream ''did'' influence Buddhism; but the specific Buddhist form of meditation, with the four dhyanas, are considered to be an authentic Buddhist development.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=95; 122-123}}}} All traditions, [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Hinduism]], introduced unique aspects and context to ''dhyana'', and mutually influenced each other.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=65-83}} According to Bronkhorst, while Jain and Hindu meditation traditions predate [[Buddhism]], the Buddhist terminology such as Samadhi, may have influenced the wording found in one of the several types of Dhyana found in the [[Mahabharata]] as well as parts of Patanjali's Yogasutras.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=65-83}}<br /> <br /> Alexander Wynne interprets Bronkhorst as stating that ''dhyana'' was a Jain tradition, from which both Hinduism and Buddhism borrowed ideas on meditation.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|pp=96-97}} Wynne adds that Bronkhorst opinion &quot;understates the role of meditation&quot; in early Brahmanical tradition.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|pp=96-97}} Dhyana was incorporated into Buddhism from Brahmanical practices, suggests Wynne, in the Nikayas ascribed to Alara Kalama and Uddaka Rāmaputta.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|pp=11-15, 94}} In early Brahamical yoga, the goal of meditation was considered to be a nondual state identical to unmanifest state of [[Brahman]], where subject-object duality had been dissolved.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=94}} Early Buddhist practices adapted these older yogic methods, pairing them to mindfulness and attainment of insight.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=94}} Kalupahana states that the Buddha &quot;reverted to the meditational practices&quot; he had learned from Alara Kalama and Uddaka Rāmaputta.{{sfn|Kalupahana|1994|p=24}}<br /> <br /> In Hinduism, state Jones and Ryan, the term first appears in the [[Upanishads]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=283}} Techniques of concentration or meditation are a Vedic tradition, states Frits Staal, because these ideas are found in the early Upanishads as ''dhyana or abhidhyana''.&lt;ref name=staaldtv182&gt;Frits Staal (2009), Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0143099864}}, pages 182-184&lt;/ref&gt; In most of the later Hindu yoga traditions, which derive from Patanjali's [[Rāja yoga|Raja Yoga]], ''dhyana'' is &quot;a refined meditative practice&quot;,{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=283}} a &quot;deeper concentration of the mind&quot;,{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=283}} which is taken up after preceding practices such as mastering ''pranayama'' (breath control) and ''dharana'' (mental focus).{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=283}}<br /> <br /> ==Discussion in Hindu texts==<br /> ===Vedas and Upanishads===<br /> The term ''dhyanam'' appears in Vedic literature, such as hymn 4.36.2 of the Rigveda and verse 10.11.1 of the Taittiriya Aranyaka.&lt;ref&gt;Maurice Bloomfield, [https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/522/mode/2up A Vedic concordance], [[Harvard University Press]], page 523&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jangondavedicpoet292&gt;Jan Gonda (1963), The Vision of Vedic Poets, Walter de Gruyter, {{ISBN|978-3110153156}}, pages 292-293&lt;/ref&gt; The term, in the sense of meditation, appears in the [[Upanishads]].{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|pp=283-284}}&lt;ref name=jangondavedicpoet292/&gt;&lt;ref name=wcenker23&gt;William Cenkner (1995), A Tradition of Teachers, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-8120809321}}, pages 23-25&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Kaushitaki Upanishad]] uses it in the context of mind and meditation in verses 3.2 to 3.6, for example as follows:&lt;ref name=pauldeussenkashup25/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|<br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> मनसा '''ध्यान'''मित्येकभूयं वै प्राणाः<br /> With mind, meditate on me as being prānā<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> |Kaushitaki Upanishad|3.2&lt;ref name=pauldeussenkashup25&gt;[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 25–58;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Max Muller (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/270/mode/2up Kaushitaki Upanishad], Oxford University Press, page 294&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The term appears in the context of &quot;contemplate, reflect, meditate&quot; in verses of chapters 1.3, 2.22, 5.1, 7.6, 7.7 and 7.26 of the [[Chandogya Upanishad]], chapters 3.5, 4.5 and 4.6 of the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] and verses 6.9 to 6.24 of the [[Maitri Upanishad]].&lt;ref name=wcenker23/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Paul Deussen (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-8120814677}}, pages 174, 180-181, 351-364&lt;/ref&gt; The word ''Dhyana'' refers to meditation in the [[Chandogya Upanishad]], while the [[Prashna Upanishad]] asserts that the meditation on [[Om|AUM]] ({{large|ॐ}}) leads to the world of [[Brahman]] (Ultimate Reality).&lt;ref name=staaldtv182/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]] emphasizes ''dhyana'' (meditation) as a means to realize the divine. In verse 1.3, it describes how those who meditate can perceive God, the self, and divine power, all of which are typically hidden by one's own qualities. This verse highlights the idea of a singular divine being governing everything, from time to individual selves. Verse 1.14 describe meditation as positioning the body as a foundation and repeatedly focusing on AUM to access divine vision, much like uncovering something hidden through focused effort.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The early Upanisads: annotated text and translation |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512435-4 |editor-last=Olivelle |editor-first=Patrick |series=South Asia research |location=New York |pages=415–417 |language=en, sanskrit}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====''Agnihotra''====<br /> {{See also|Yajna#The changing nature of Vedic offerings|Tapas (Indian religions)#Hinduism}}<br /> The development of meditation in the Vedic era paralleled the ideas of &quot;interiorization&quot;, where social, external [[yajna]] fire rituals (''[[Agnihotra]]'') were replaced with meditative, internalized rituals (''Prana-agnihotra'').&lt;ref name=staaldtv182/&gt;&lt;ref name=bodewitzjb23&gt;[[Henk Bodewitz]] (1997), Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa I, 1–65: Translation and Commentary, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004036048}}, pp. 23, 230–233 with footnote 6, 328-329&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Paul Deussen (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814677}}, pages 645-646&lt;/ref&gt; This interiorization of Vedic fire-ritual into yogic meditation ideas from Hinduism, that are mentioned in the [[Samhita]] and [[Aranyaka]] layers of the Vedas and more clearly in chapter 5 of the Chandogya Upanishad (~800 to 600 BCE),{{refn|group=note|See 6.1.4 of Taittiriya Samhita, 3.2 of Aitareya Aranyaka, 8.11 of Satapatha Aranyaka, sections 5.18 through 5.24 of Chandogya Upanishad. Also see discussion on Agnihotra to Pranagnihotra evolution by Staal.&lt;ref&gt;JF Staal (2008 Reprint, Original: 1961), Advaita and Neoplatonism, DBNL, {{oclc|2026357}}, pages 72-73&lt;/ref&gt;}} are also found in later Buddhist texts and esoteric variations such as the ''Dighanikaya'', ''Mahavairocana-sutra'' and the ''Jyotirmnjari'', wherein the Buddhist texts describe meditation as &quot;inner forms of fire oblation/sacrifice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Tsunehiko Sugiki (2015), Homa Variations: The Study of Ritual Change across the Longue Duree (Editors: Richard Payne and Michael Witzel), [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0199351589}}, pages 167-169, 176-177, 186, 193-194&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Yael Bentor (2000), Interiorized Fire Rituals in India and in Tibet, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 120, No. 4, pages 594-613&lt;/ref&gt; This interiorization of fire rituals, where life is conceptualized as an unceasing [[Yajna|sacrifice]] and emphasis is placed on meditation occurs in the classic Vedic world, in the early Upanishads and other texts such as the Shrauta Sutras and verse 2.18 of Vedic ''Vaikhanasa Smarta Sutra''.&lt;ref&gt;Yael Bentor (2000), Interiorized Fire Rituals in India and in Tibet, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 120, No. 4, pages 596-597&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Beyond the early Upanishads composed before 5th-century BCE, the term ''Dhyana'' and the related terms such as ''Dhyai'' (Sanskrit: ध्यै, deeply meditate)&lt;ref&gt;[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=dhyai&amp;script=&amp;direction=SE&amp;link=yes Dhyai] Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany&lt;/ref&gt; appears in numerous Upanishads composed after the 5th-century BCE, such as: chapter 1 of [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]], chapters 2 and 3 of [[Mundaka Upanishad]], chapter 3 of [[Aitareya Upanishad]], chapter 11 of Mahanarayana Upanishad, and in various verses of Kaivalya Upanishad, Chulika Upanishad, Atharvasikha Upanishad, Brahma Upanishad, Brahmabindu Upanishad, Amritabindu Upanishad, Tejobindu Upanishad, Paramahamsa Upanishad, Kshuriki Upanishad, Dhyana-bindu Upanishad, Atharvasiras Upanishad, Maha Upanishad, [[Pranagnihotra Upanishad]], Yogasikha Upanishad, Yogatattva Upanishad, Kathasruti Upanishad, Hamsa Upanishad, Atmaprabodha Upanishad and Visudeva Upanishad.&lt;ref name=jacobprinupan472/&gt;<br /> {{Quote box<br /> |quote ='''Dhyana as [[Dharma]]'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Practice righteousness ([[dharma]]), not unrighteousness. Speak the truth, not the untruth. Look at what is distant, not what's near at hand. Look at the highest, not at what's less than highest. (...) The fire is '''meditation''' (dhyana), the firewood is truthfulness ([[satya]]), the offering is patience (''kshanta''), the Sruva spoon is modesty (''hri''), the sacrificial cake is not causing injury to living beings ([[ahimsa]]), and the priestly fee is the arduous gift of safety to all creatures.<br /> |source = —''Vasistha Dharmasutras 30.1-30.8'' &lt;ref&gt;Patrick Olivelle (1999), Dharmasutras, Oxford World Classics, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-192838822}}, pages 325-326; For Sanskrit manuscript original: see [http://www.hinduonline.co/vedicreserve/kalpa/dharma/vasishtha_dharma_sutra.pdf Archive]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Georg Buhler, {{Google books|nNE2AQAAMAAJ|The Sacred Books of the East}}, Volume XIV Part II, Editor: [[Max Muller]], [[Oxford University Press]], pages 138-139&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |width = 35%<br /> | bgcolor=#FFE0BB<br /> |align = right<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Brahma Sutras===<br /> The [[Brahma Sutras|Brahma-sutras]], which distills the teachings of the Upanishads and is one of three foundational texts of the [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism, states that ''Dhyana'' is not ''Prativedam'' (or, one for each Veda), and meditation belongs to all Vedic schools.&lt;ref name=staaldtv182/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Adi Shankara]] dedicates an extensive chapter on meditation, in his commentary on the Brahma-sutras, in ''Sadhana'' as essential to spiritual practice.&lt;ref name=wcenker71&gt;William Cenkner (1995), A Tradition of Teachers, [[Motilal Banarsidass]], {{ISBN|978-8120809321}}, pages 71-82 with footnotes&lt;/ref&gt; His discussion there is similar to his extensive commentary on ''Dhyana'' in his [[Bhasya]] on Bhagavad Gita and the early Upanishads.&lt;ref name=wcenker71/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dharma Sutras===<br /> The verse 30.8 of the ancient Vasistha Dharma-sutra declares meditation as a virtue, and interiorized substitute equivalent of a fire sacrifice.&lt;ref&gt;Henk Bodewitz (1999), Violence Denied (Editors: Jan E. M. Houben and Karel Rijk van Kooij), BRILL, {{ISBN|978-9004113442}}, page 28 footnote 19&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===''Bhagavad Gita''===<br /> The term Dhyana, and related words with the meaning of meditation appears in many chapters of the [[Bhagavad Gita]], such as in chapters 2, 12, 13 and 18.&lt;ref name=jacobprinupan472&gt;G. A. Jacob (1963), A concordance of the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita, Motilal Banarsidass, {{oclc|1827024}}, pages 472-474&lt;/ref&gt; The chapter 6 of the Gita is titled as the &quot;Yoga of Meditation&quot;.&lt;ref name=eknatheas280/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Bhagavad Gita, one of the three key books of [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism, states four ''Marga'' (paths) to purify one's mind and to reach the summit of spirituality – the path of Unselfish Work, the path of Knowledge, the path of Devotion and the path of Meditation (''Dhyana'').&lt;ref name=chapplegitaxv&gt;Winthrop Sargeant (2009), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition (Editor: [[Christopher Chapple]]), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438428420}}, page xv&lt;/ref&gt; [[Huston Smith]] summarizes the need and value of meditation in Gita, as follows (abridged):<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|<br /> To change the analogy, the mind is like a lake, and stones that are dropped into it (or winds) raise waves. Those waves do not let us see who we are. (...) The waters must be calmed. If one remains quiet, eventually the winds that ruffle the water will give up, and then one knows who one is. God is constantly within us, but the mind obscures that fact with agitated waves of worldly desires. '''Meditation''' quiets those waves (Bhagavad Gita V.28).<br /> |Huston Smith, Foreword|The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition&lt;ref name=chapplegitaxv/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{multiple image<br /> | direction = horizontal<br /> | width1 = 140<br /> | width2 = 157<br /> | footer = Dhyana along river Ganges in Varanasi (left), [[Om]] in Tamil script as an instrument for meditation (right).<br /> | image1 = A Hindu along river Ganges in Varanasi, in yoga asana meditation.jpg<br /> | image2 = Om Aum in Tamil near a lamp.jpg<br /> }}<br /> Meditation in the Bhagavad Gita is a means to one's spiritual journey, requiring three moral values – ''[[Satya]]'' (truthfulness), ''[[Ahimsa]]'' (non-violence) and ''[[Aparigraha]]'' (non-covetousness).&lt;ref name=chapplegitaxvi/&gt; Dhyana in this ancient Hindu text, states Huston Smith, can be about whatever the person wants or finds spiritual, ranging from &quot;the manifestation of divinity in a religious symbol in a human form&quot;, or an inspiration in nature such as &quot;a snow-covered mountain, a serene lake in moonlight, or a colorful horizon at sunrise or sunset&quot;, or melodic sounds or syllables such as those that &quot;are intoned as mantras and rhythmically repeated&quot; like [[Om]] that is audibly or silent contemplated on.&lt;ref name=chapplegitaxvi&gt;Winthrop Sargeant (2009), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition (Editor: Christopher Chapple), State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438428420}}, pages xvi, 272-321, 331&lt;/ref&gt; The direction of deep meditation, in the text, is towards detaching the mind from sensory distractions and disturbances outside of oneself, submerging it instead on the indwelling spirit and one's soul towards the state of ''Samadhi'', a state of bliss (Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 6: Yoga of Meditation).&lt;ref name=eknatheas280&gt;Eknath Easwaran (2011), Essence of the Bhagavad Gita, Nilgiri, {{ISBN|978-1586380687}}, pages 126-146, 280&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=chapplegitaxvi/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Gita presents a synthesis{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=61}}{{sfn|Scheepers|2000}} of the Brahmanical concept of [[Dharma]]{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=61}}{{sfn|Scheepers|2000}}{{sfn|Raju|1992|p=211}} with [[bhakti]],{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=61-62}}{{sfn|Raju|1992|p=211}} the yogic ideals{{sfn|Scheepers|2000}} of [[Moksha|liberation]]{{sfn|Scheepers|2000}} through [[Jnana yoga|jnana]],{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=61-62}} and [[Samkhya]] philosophy.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;EB-BG&quot; /&gt;{{refn|group=note|The Bhagavad Gita also integrates [[theism]] and transcendentalism&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;EB-BG&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266312/Hinduism/59830/The-Bhagavadgita Arthur Llewellyn Basham, ''Hinduism - The Bhagavad Gita'', Encyclopædia Britannica]&lt;/ref&gt; or spiritual monism,{{sfn|Raju|1992|p=211}} and identifies a God of personal characteristics with the Brahman of the Vedic tradition.&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;EB-BG&quot; /&gt;}} It is the &quot;locus classicus&quot;{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}} of the [[Hinduism#Classical Hinduism|&quot;Hindu synthesis&quot;]]{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}} which emerged around the beginning of the Common Era,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}} integrating Brahmanic and shramanic ideas with theistic devotion.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}}{{sfn|Scheepers|2000}}{{sfn|Raju|1992|p=211}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;EB-BG&quot;&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266312/Hinduism/59830/The-Bhagavadgita Arthur Llewellyn Basham, ''Hinduism - The Bhagavad Gita'', Encyclopædia Britannica]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' talks of four branches of yoga:&lt;ref name=chapplegitaxv/&gt;<br /> *''[[Karma Yoga]]'': The yoga of work in the world<br /> *''[[Jnana Yoga|Jnāna yoga]]'': The yoga of knowledge and intellectual endeavor<br /> *''[[Bhakti Yoga]]'': The yoga of devotion<br /> *''Dhyāna Yoga'': The yoga of meditation (sometimes called Raja yoga or Ashtanga yoga)<br /> <br /> The Dhyana Yoga system is specifically described by [[Krishna]] in chapter 6 of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' to [[Arjuna]].&lt;ref name=chapplegitaxv/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The ''Yoga Sutras'' of Patanjali===<br /> {{Main|Yoga Sutras of Patanjali}}<br /> <br /> In the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]'' (dated ca. 400 CE),{{sfn|Maas|2006}} a key text of the [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] school of Hindu philosophy, ''Dhyana'' is the [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|seventh limb of this path]], following Dharana and preceding Samadhi.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=196, 585}} Dhyana is integrally related to Dharana, one leads to other. Dharana is a state of mind, Dhyana the process of mind. Dhyana is distinct from Dharana in that the meditator becomes actively engaged with its focus.<br /> <br /> Patanjali defines contemplation (''Dhyana'') as the mind process, where the mind is fixed on something, and then there is &quot;a course of uniform modification of knowledge&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.org/stream/yogaphilosophyb00tatygoog#page/n144/mode/2up The Yoga Philosophy] TR Tatya (Translator), with Bhojaraja commentary; Harvard University Archives, page 94-95&lt;/ref&gt; Bronkhorst states that Buddhist influences are noticeable in the first chapter of the Yogasutras, and confirmed by sutra 1.20 because it mentions asamprajnata samadhi is preceded by &quot;trust ([[Śraddhā|sraddha]]), energy (virya), mindfulness ([[smriti]]), concentration (samadhi), and insight (prajna)&quot;.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=49, 71}} According to Bronkhorst, &quot;the definition of Yoga given in the first chapter of the ''Yoga Sutra'' does not fit the descriptions contained in the same chapter,&quot;{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=73}} and this may suggest the [[sutra]] incorporated Buddhist elements as described in the [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|four jhanas]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=74}} Wynne, in contrast to Bronkhorst's theory, states that the evidence in early Buddhist texts, such as those found in ''Suttapitaka'', suggest that these foundational ideas on formless meditation and element meditation were borrowed from pre-Buddha Brahamanical sources attested in early Upanishads and ultimately the cosmological theory found in the Nasadiya-sukta of the [[Rigveda]].{{sfn|Wynne|2007|pp=96-97}}<br /> <br /> [[Adi Shankara]], in his commentary on ''Yoga Sutras'', distinguishes Dhyana from Dharana, by explaining Dhyana as the yoga state when there is only the &quot;stream of continuous thought about the object, uninterrupted by other thoughts of different kind for the same object&quot;; Dharana, states Shankara, is focussed on one object, but aware of its many aspects and ideas about the same object. Shankara gives the example of a yogin in a state of dharana on morning sun may be aware of its brilliance, color and orbit; the yogin in dhyana state contemplates on sun's orbit alone for example, without being interrupted by its color, brilliance or other related ideas.&lt;ref&gt;Trevor Leggett (1983), ''Shankara on the Yoga Sutras'', Volume 2, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0710095398}}, pages 283-284&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Patanjali's Raja Yoga, also called &quot;meditation yoga&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Vyn Bailey (2009), Patanjali's Meditation Yoga, Simon &amp; Schuster Australia, {{ISBN|978-0731806485}}&lt;/ref&gt; dhyana is &quot;a refined meditative practice&quot;, a &quot;deeper concentration of the mind&quot;, which is taken up after preceding practices. In Hinduism, dhyāna is considered to be an instrument to gain self-knowledge. It is a part of a self-directed awareness and unifying [[Yoga]] process by which a world that by default is experienced as disjointed, comes to be experienced as Self, and an integrated oneness with [[Brahman]].&lt;ref name=williammahonytau171/&gt; The Brahman has been variously defined in Hinduism, ranging from non-theistic non-dualistic Ultimate Reality or supreme soul, to theistic dualistic God.&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Philips (1998), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida (Editor; Edward Craig), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415187077}}, pages 1-4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Klaus K. Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791470824}}, Chapter 12: Atman and Brahman - Self and All&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michael Myers (2000), Brahman: A Comparative Theology, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700712571}}, pages 124-127&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Dharana====<br /> The stage of meditation preceding dhyāna is called ''[[dharana]]''.{{sfn|Underwood|2005}}{{sfn|Smith|2005}} Dharana, which means &quot;holding on&quot;, is the focusing and holding one's awareness to one object for a long period of time. In Yogasutras, the term implies fixing one's mind on an object of meditation, which could be one's breath or the tip of one's nose or the image of one's personal deity or anything of the yogi's choice.&lt;ref name=britannicayoga56/&gt;<br /> <br /> In the ''[[Jangama dhyana|Jangama Dhyāna]]'' technique, for example, the meditator concentrates the mind to a spot between the eyebrows. According to Patañjali, this is one method of achieving the [[Dharana|initial concentration]] (''dhāraṇā'': [[Yoga Sutras]], III: 1) necessary for the mind to become introverted in [[meditation]] (''dhyāna'': [[Yoga Sutras]], III: 2). In deeper practice of the technique, the mind concentrated between the eyebrows begins to automatically lose all location and focus on the watching itself. This step prepares one to begin the practice of Dhyana.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Swami Vivekananda 1896.jpg|thumb|[[Swami Vivekananda]] in meditating yogic posture.]]<br /> <br /> ====Dhyana====<br /> The Yogasutras in verse 3.2 and elsewhere, states Edwin Bryant, defines ''Dhyana'' as the &quot;continuous flow of the same thought or image of the object of meditation, without being distracted by any other thought&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Edwin Bryant (2009), The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali: a new edition, translation, and commentary with insights from the traditional commentators, North Point Press, {{ISBN|978-0865477360}}, pages 303-305&lt;/ref&gt; Vivekananda explains ''Dhyana'' in Patanjali's Yogasutras as, &quot;When the mind has been trained to remain fixed on a certain internal or external location, there comes to it the power of flowing in an unbroken current, as it were, towards that point. This state is called Dhyana&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Swami Vivekananda (1915), {{Google books|030TAAAAQAAJ|The Complete Works of the Swami Vivekananda}}, Volume 1, 2nd Edition, Harvard University Archives, page 206; Archive 2: {{Google books|VIIwAAAAYAAJ|Vedânta Philosophy: Lectures|page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While Dharana was the stage in yoga where the yogi held one's awareness to one object for a long period of time, Dhyana is concentrated meditation where he or she contemplates without interruption the object of meditation, beyond any memory of ego or anything else.&lt;ref name=britannicayoga56&gt;The New Encyclopædia Britannica (2003 Edition), Volume 4, {{ISBN|978-0852299616}}, page 56, Article on [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yoga-philosophy Yoga]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Dhyana, the meditator is not conscious of the act of meditation (i.e. is not aware that he/she is meditating) but is only aware that he/she exists (consciousness of ''being''), his mind and the object of meditation. Dhyana is distinct from Dharana, in that the yogi contemplates on the object of meditation and the object's aspects only, free from distractions, with his mind during Dhyana. With practice, the process of Dhyana awakens self-awareness (soul, the purusha or [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]), the fundamental level of existence and Ultimate Reality in Hinduism, the non-afflicted, conflictless and blissful state of freedom and liberation ([[moksha]]).&lt;ref&gt;Basant Pradhan (2014), Yoga and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy, Springer Academic, {{ISBN|978-3319091044}}, pages 49-50&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;RS Bajpai (2002), The Splendours And Dimensions Of Yoga, Atlantic Publishers, {{ISBN|978-8171569649}}, pages 189-196&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Samadhi====<br /> {{main|Samadhi#Hinduism}}<br /> The ''Dhyana'' step prepares a yogi to proceed towards practicing ''Samadhi''. [[Swami Vivekananda]] describes the teachings of Yogasutras in the following way:<br /> {{blockquote|When one has so intensified the power of ''dhyana'' as to be able to reject the external part of perception and remain meditating only on the internal part, the meaning, that state is called ''Samadhi''.{{refn|group=note|See Swami Vivekenanda on ''[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 1/Raja-Yoga/Dhyana And Samadhi|''Dhyana'' and ''Samadhi'' in Raja Yoga]]''.}}}}<br /> <br /> Michael Washburn states that the ''Yogasutras'' text identifies stepwise stages for meditative practice progress, and that &quot;Patanjali distinguishes between Dharana which is effortful focusing of attention, Dhyana which is easy continuous one-pointedness, and Samadhi which is absorption, ecstasy, contemplation&quot;.&lt;ref name=washburn219&gt;Michael Washburn (1988), The Ego and the Dynamic Ground: A Transpersonal Theory of Human Development, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887066115}}, page 219&lt;/ref&gt; A person who begins meditation practice, usually practices ''Dharana''.&lt;ref name=washburn219/&gt; With practice he is able to gain ease in which he learns how to contemplate in a sharply focussed fashion, and then &quot;he is able more and more easily to give uninterrupted attention to the meditation object; that is to say, he attains Dhyana&quot;.&lt;ref name=washburn219/&gt; With further practice, the yogi &quot;ceases being detachedly vigilant&quot; and enters &quot;a state of fusion with the meditation object&quot; which is Samadhi.&lt;ref&gt;Michael Washburn (1988), The Ego and the Dynamic Ground: A Transpersonal Theory of Human Development, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887066115}}, page 220&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Samadhi is oneness with the object of meditation. There is no distinction between act of meditation and the object of meditation. Samadhi is of two kinds,{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=377}}&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Sivananda&quot; /&gt; with and without support or an object of meditation:&lt;ref name=washburn220&gt;Michael Washburn (1988), The Ego and the Dynamic Ground: A Transpersonal Theory of Human Development, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887066115}}, pages 220-221&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Samprajnata Samadhi'', also called ''[[savikalpa samadhi]]'' and ''Sabija Samadhi'', is object-centered, and is associated with deliberation, reflection, blissful ecstasy that has been assisted by an object or anchor point.{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=177}}&lt;ref name=washburn220/&gt; The first two, deliberation and reflection, form the basis of the various types of ''samapatti'':{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=177}}{{sfn|Whicher|1998|p=254}}<br /> ** [[Vitarka|Savitarka]], &quot;deliberative&quot;:{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=177}} The citta(चित्त)is concentrated upon a gross object of meditation, and the yogi's deliberates and fuses with it, becoming unaware of everything else.{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=179}}{{refn|group=note|Yoga Sutra 1.42: &quot;Deliberative (''savitarka'') ''samapatti'' is that ''samadhi'' in which words, objects, and knowledge are commingled through conceptualization.&quot;{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=177}}}} Conceptualization (''vikalpa'') here is in the form of perception and the knowledge of the object of meditation.{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=177}} When the deliberation is ended this is called ''nirvitaka samadhi''.{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=178}}{{refn|group=note|Yoga Sutra 1.43: &quot;When memory is purified, the mind appears to be emptied of its own nature and only the object shines forth. This is superdeliberative (''nirvitaka'') ''samapatti''.&quot;{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=178}}}}<br /> ** [[Vicara|Savichara]], &quot;reflective&quot;:{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=179}} the citta(चित्त)is concentrated upon an abstract object of meditation, which is not perceptible to the senses, but arrived at through inference.{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=179}} The object of meditation can be inferred from the senses, the process of cognition, the mind, the I-am-ness, or the buddhi (intellect).{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=179}}{{refn|group=note|Following Yoga Sutra 1.17, meditation on the sense of &quot;I-am-ness&quot; is also grouped, in other descriptions}} The stilling of reflection is called ''nirvichara samapatti''.{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=179}}{{refn|group=note|Yoga Sutra 1.44: &quot;In this way, reflective (''savichara'') and super-reflective (''nirvichara'') ''samapatti'', which are based on subtle objects, are also explained.&quot;{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=179}}}}<br /> *''Asamprajnata Samadhi'', also called ''[[Nirvikalpa Samadhi]]''&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Sivananda&quot;&gt;[http://www.dlshq.org/discourse/feb2005.htm Sri Swami Sivananda, ''Raja Yoga Samadhi'']&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Nirbija Samadhi'':&lt;ref group=web name=&quot;Sivananda&quot; /&gt; the state achieved when the meditation is without the help of a support or an object.{{sfn|Maehle|2007|p=179}}<br /> <br /> Both object-centered and objectless-centered meditative practice, in Hindu texts, leads to progressively more bright, pellucid and poised state of &quot;powerful, pure, ''Sattvic''&quot; state of blissful Self, ultimately leading to the knowledge of ''[[purusha]]'' or Atman-Brahman (soul), states Michael Washburn.&lt;ref name=washburn220/&gt;{{sfn|Maehle|2007|pp=179-180, 237-240}} This is the state, in Hindu tradition, where states Gregor Maehle, the yogi or yogini realizes &quot;the [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] in you is the Atman in everyone&quot;, and leading to the realization of Self.{{sfn|Maehle|2007|pp=239-240 with discussion on sutra 3.8}}<br /> <br /> ====Samyama====<br /> The practice of [[Dharana]], Dhyana and [[Samadhi]] together is designated as [[Samyama]] (Sanskrit: संयम, holding together) in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.&lt;ref name=eliadeyif85&gt;Mircea Eliade, Willard Ropes Trask and David Gordon White (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691142036}}, pages 85-87&lt;/ref&gt; Samyama, asserts the text, is a powerful meditative tool and can be applied to a certain object, or entire class of objects.&lt;ref name=eliadeyif85/&gt; A yogi who does ''Samyama'' on ''Pratyaya'' (notions, customs) of men, states sutra 3.19 of the text, knows the series of &quot;psycho-mental states of other men&quot;.&lt;ref name=eliadeyif85/&gt; A yogi after successfully completing ''Samyama'' on &quot;distinction of object and idea&quot; realizes the &quot;cries of all creatures&quot;, states sutra 3.17.&lt;ref name=eliadeyif85/&gt; A ''Samyama'' on friendliness, compassion and joy leads to these powers emerging within the yogi, states sutra 3.23.{{sfn|Maehle|2007|pp=251-252}} The meditation technique discussed in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is thus, states Mircea Eliade, a means to knowledge and [[siddhi]] (yogic power).&lt;ref name=eliadeyif85/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231144858}}, pages 141-142&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Vachaspati Mishra]], a scholar of the [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism, in his [[bhasya]] on the Yogasutra's 3.30 wrote, &quot;Whatever the yogin desires to know, he should perform ''samyama'' in respect to that object&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mircea Eliade, Willard Ropes Trask and David Gordon White (2009), Yoga: Immortality and Freedom, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691142036}}, page 88 with footnote 119&lt;/ref&gt; [[Moksha]] (freedom, liberation) is one such practice, where the object of ''samyama'' is Sattva (pure existence), Atman (soul) and [[Purusha]] (Universal principle) or [[Bhagavan]] (God).&lt;ref&gt;TS Rukmani (1993), Researches in Indian and Buddhist Philosophy (Editor: Rāma Karaṇa Śarmā), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120809949}}, pages 218-220, also 217-224&lt;/ref&gt; [[Adi Shankara]], another scholar of the Vedanta school of Hinduism, extensively commented on ''samyama'' as a means for ''Jnana-yoga'' (path of knowledge) to achieve the state of ''Jivanmukta'' (living liberation).&lt;ref&gt;Jeaneane D Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita, Sussex University Press, {{ISBN|978-1845193461}}, pages 53, 83-85, 148-149&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan Bader (1990), Meditation in Śaṅkara's Vedānta, Aditya Prakashan, {{ISBN|978-8185179513}}, pages 42-46&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Samāpatti====<br /> {{main|Samāpatti}}<br /> {{expand section|date=January 2016}}<br /> By the time the Yogasutras were compiled, the Hindu traditions had two broad forms of meditation, namely the ecstatic and enstatic types.&lt;ref&gt;Stuart Ray Sarbacker (2006), Samadhi, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791465547}}, pages 53-60&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Frits Staal (1975), Exploring Mysticism: A Methodological Essay, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520031197}}, pages 86-91&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Comparison of Dhyana in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism==<br /> {{main|Dhyana in Buddhism|Jain meditation}}<br /> ;Buddhism<br /> According to Jianxin Li ''Samprajnata Samadhi'' of Hinduism may be compared to the ''rupa jhanas'' of Buddhism.{{sfnp|Jianxin Li|n.d.}} This interpretation may conflict with Gombrich and Wynne, according to whom the first and second ''jhana'' represent concentration, whereas the third and fourth ''jhana'' combine concentration with mindfulness.{{sfn|Wynne|2007|p=106; 140, note 58}} According to Eddie Crangle, the first ''jhana'' resembles Patanjali's ''Samprajnata Samadhi'', which both share the application of ''vitarka'' and ''vicara''.{{sfn|Crangle|1984|p=191}}<br /> <br /> ''Asamprajnata Samadhi'', states Jianxin Li, may be compared to the ''arupa jhanas'' of Buddhism, and to ''Nirodha-Samapatti''.{{sfnp|Jianxin Li|n.d.}} Crangle and other scholars state that ''sabija-asamprajnata samadhi'' resembles the four formless ''jhanas'', with the fourth ''arupa jhana'' of Buddhism being analogous to Patanjali's &quot;objectless dhyana and samadhi&quot;.{{sfn|Crangle|1984|pp=191-194}}&lt;ref name=sarbacker104&gt;Stuart Ray Sarbacker (2006), Samadhi, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791465547}}, pages 104-106&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|<br /> The paths to be followed in order to attain enlightenment are remarkably uniform among all the Indian systems: each requires a foundation of moral purification leading eventually to similar meditation practices.<br /> |David Loy|National University of Singapore&lt;ref name=davidloy/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> According to Sarbacker and other scholars, while there are parallels between Dhyana in Hinduism and in Buddhism, the phenomenological states and the emancipation experiences are described differently.&lt;ref name=sarbacker104/&gt;{{sfn|Crangle|1984|p=194}} Dhyana in Buddhism is aiming towards cessation and realization of [[shunya]] (state of null), while Dhyana Hinduism is aiming towards realization of Atman (soul) and consequent union with Brahman.&lt;ref name=sarbacker104/&gt; [[Nirvana]] (or Nibbana), the desired end through Dhyana in Buddhism, is the realization that there is no permanent self nor permanent consciousness; while [[Moksha]], the desired end through Dhyana in Hinduism, is acceptance of Self, realization of liberating knowledge, the consciousness of Oneness with all existence and understanding the whole universe as the Self.&lt;ref name=davidloy&gt;David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, 23(1), pp 65-74&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|Loy's discussion covers Samkhya-Yoga, Nyaya-Vaishesika and Advaita Vedanta schools of Hindu philosophies.}}{{refn|group=note|Crangle states, &quot;Buddhists denied the authenticity of any claim by non-Buddhists to the attainment of the ninth state which is the release of Nirvana: the destruction of consciousness and sensation which was specifically a discovery of the Buddha&quot;.{{sfn|Crangle|1984|p=194}}}} Nirvana of Buddhism starts with the premise that &quot;Self is merely an illusion, there is no Self&quot;, Moksha of Hinduism on the other hand, starts with the premise that everything is the Self, states David Loy.&lt;ref name=davidloy/&gt; The soteriological emphasis in ''Dhyana'', therefore is different in Buddhism and Hinduism.&lt;ref&gt;Stuart Ray Sarbacker (2006), Samadhi, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0791465547}}, pages 106-108&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Jainism<br /> Ancient Jain scholars developed their own theories on Dhyana like other Indian religions,{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=283}} but little detail is mentioned in Jain texts,&lt;ref name=padjaini251&gt;Padmanabh S Jaini (2014), The Jaina Path of Purification, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815780}}, pages 251-258&lt;/ref&gt; and the Dhyana practices varied by sects within the Jain tradition.&lt;ref&gt;Kurt Titze (2001), Jainism, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815346}}, page 266&lt;/ref&gt; Broadly, Jainism texts identify four types of meditation based on the nature of object.&lt;ref name=padjaini251/&gt;&lt;ref name=dundasjains167&gt;Paul Dundas (2002), The Jains, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415266055}}, pages 166-169&lt;/ref&gt; ''Arta-dhyana'', states Jain meditation literature, occurs when one's focus is on anguish and unpleasant things.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=283}} ''Raudra-dhyana'' occurs when the focus is on anger or perverse ideas or objects.&lt;ref name=dundasjains167/&gt; ''Dharmya-dhyana'' focuses on religious ideas or virtuous objects, while ''Shukla-dhyana'' is the focus on pure ideas or bright objects.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=283}}&lt;ref name=dundasjains167/&gt; This classification of four Dhyana types may have roots, suggests [[Paul Dundas]], in the earlier Hindu texts related to Kashmir Shaivism.&lt;ref name=dundasjains167/&gt;<br /> <br /> Dundas states that Jain tradition emphasized Dhyana, but its meditation-related literature likely went through two stages of formulation, the early stage independent of other Indian traditions, one which concerned itself with &quot;cessation of mind and physical activities&quot; rather than their transformation as in other Indian traditions; followed by a later stage, likely post-Yogasutras, where Jain scholars of different sects restructured the contemplative model to assimilate elements of Hindu and Buddhist techniques on Dhyana.&lt;ref name=dundasjains167/&gt; The terminology used in some Jainism texts however, states John Cort, are different.&lt;ref&gt;John Cort (1998), Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791437865}}, pages 17-20&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The premise of Atman (soul) exists, that is found in Hinduism, is also present in Jainism. The soteriological goals of Jain spiritual meditation are similar to Hindu spiritual meditation, aimed at experiential contact with the &quot;ultimate self&quot;, wherein the yogi realizes the blissful, unfettered, formless soul and siddha-hood – a totally liberated state of being.&lt;ref name=padjaini251/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Related concept: Upasana==<br /> Two concepts associated with Dhyana found in ancient and medieval Hindu texts are ''Upasana'' and ''Vidya''.&lt;ref name=wcenker23/&gt; Upasana means &quot;come near to something, some idea&quot; and denotes the act and state of meditation, while ''Vidya'' means knowledge and is the consequence of ''Dhyana''.&lt;ref name=wcenker2374&gt;William Cenkner (1995), A Tradition of Teachers, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120809321}}, pages 23-25, 74-75&lt;/ref&gt; The term ''Upasana'' typically appears in the context of ritual meditative practices, such as before a devotional symbol such as deity or during a [[yajna]] type practice or community oriented bhakti worship singing, and is a subtype of ''Dhyana''.&lt;ref name=wcenker2374/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John C Plott (1974), A Philosophy of Devotion, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-0842606196}}, pages 70-71&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 11th-century [[Vishishtadvaita]] Vedanta scholar [[Ramanuja]] noted that ''upasana'' and ''dhyana'' are equated in the Upanishads with other terms such as ''vedana'' (knowing) and ''smrti'' (remembrance). Ramanuja holds that all these are phases of meditation, adding that they must be done with love or bhakti. In Bhagvad Gita verse 13.24, Ramanuja interprets dhyana as bhakti-yoga, since it is used alongside samkhya yoga and karma-yoga, thus preferring the term bhakti-yoga over bhakti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nishio |first=Hidenari |date=1979 |title=On bhakti in the Bhagavadgita |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/27/2/27_2_952/_article |journal=Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=952–950 |doi=10.4259/ibk.27.952|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Shankaracharya|Shankara]]'s Brahma Sutra Bhashya (4.1.7) defines upasana as a &quot;lengthened carrying on of an identical train of thought&quot;. This practice involves contemplating sections of holy texts, usually the Upanisads but also the Brahmanas and Aranyakas. According to Shankara, these texts discuss a personal deity and relate to ritual and upasana means devout contemplation on the conditioned Brahman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Andrijanić |first=Ivan |date=2022 |title=Discussion on Śrotavya, Mantavya and Nididhyasitavya in the Early Vedanta |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/2630-4082.54.13-29 |journal=Anthropos |volume=54 |issue=1–2 |pages=13–29 |doi=10.26493/2630-4082.54.13-29 |issn=0587-5161}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Hinduism}}<br /> {{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}<br /> * [[Yoga (philosophy)]]<br /> ** [[Sahaja Yoga]]<br /> ** [[Rāja yoga|Ashtanga Yoga]]<br /> ** [[Pranava yoga]]<br /> ** [[Raja Yoga]]<br /> ** [[Samādhi]]<br /> ** [[Samyama]]<br /> * [[Dhyāna in Buddhism]]<br /> * [[Jain meditation]]<br /> * [[History of meditation]]<br /> <br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> ===Published sources===<br /> {{refbegin|40em}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | author-link = Johannes Bronkhorst | year =1993 | title=The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Crangle | first =Eddie | year =1984 | chapter =A Comparison of Hindu and Buddhist Techniques of Attaining Samādhi | editor-last1 =Hutch | editor-first1 =R.A. | editor-last2 =Fenner | editor-first2 =P.G. | title =Under The Shade of the Coolibah Tree: Australian Studies in Consciousness | publisher =University Press of America | chapter-url =http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/A%20Comparison%20of%20Hindu%20and%20Buddhist%20Techniques%20of%20Attaining%20Samadhi_Crangle_1984.pdf | access-date =28 November 2014 | archive-date =1 September 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210901060208/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/A%20Comparison%20of%20Hindu%20and%20Buddhist%20Techniques%20of%20Attaining%20Samadhi_Crangle_1984.pdf | url-status =dead }}<br /> * {{Citation |last1=Deutsch |first1=Eliot |last2=Dalvi |first2=Rohit |title=The Essential Vedānta: A New Source Book of Advaita Vedānta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIc6AdO07-IC |year=2004 |publisher=World Wisdom, Inc |isbn=978-0-941532-52-5 }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Hiltebeitel | first =Alf | author-link =Alf Hiltebeitel | year =2002 | title =Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, &quot;The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture&quot; | publisher =Routledge | isbn =9781136875977 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture }}<br /> * {{Citation | last=Jianxin Li | date=n.d. | title=A Comparative Study between Yoga and Indian Buddhism | publisher=asianscholarship.org | url=http://www.asianscholarship.org/asf/AnnualFellows/July8_9/Li%20Jianxin,%20A%20Comparative%20Study%20between%20Yoga%20and%20Indian%20Buddhism.doc | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135225/http://www.asianscholarship.org/asf/AnnualFellows/July8_9/Li%20Jianxin,%20A%20Comparative%20Study%20between%20Yoga%20and%20Indian%20Buddhism.doc | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}<br /> * {{Citation | last1 =Jones | first1 =Constance | last2 =Ryan | first2 =James D. | year =2006 | title =Encyclopedia of Hinduism | publisher =Infobase Publishing | isbn =9780816075645 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&amp;q=dhyana+in+hinduism }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Kalupahana | first =David J. | year =1994 | title =A history of Buddhist philosophy | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Lochtefeld | first =James G. | year =2002 | title =The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M and N-Z (Vol 1 &amp; 2) | publisher =The Rosen Publishing Group | isbn =0-823922871 | url =https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Maas | first =Philipp A. | year=2006 | title =Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert | publisher =Shaker | location =Aachen | isbn =3832249877}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Maehle | first =Gregor | year =2007 | title =Ashtanga Yoga: Practice and Philosophy | publisher =New World Library}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Raju | first =P.T. | year =1992 | title =The Philosophical Traditions of India | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Scheepers | first =Alfred | year =2000 | title =De Wortels van het Indiase Denken | publisher =Olive Press}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Smith | first =Brian | year =2005 | title =Yoga. In: &quot;New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 6.&quot; | publisher =Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Underwood | first =Frederic B. | year =2005 | title =Meditation. In: &quot;Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. 2nd ed. Vol. 9. | publisher =Macmillan Reference USA. 5816-822. Gale Virtual Reference Library}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Whicher | first =Ian | year =1998 | title =The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga | publisher =SUNY Press |isbn=978-0791438152}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Wynne | first =Alexander | year =2007 | title =The Origin of Buddhist Meditation | publisher = Routledge}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Web-sources===<br /> {{reflist|group=web}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> {{refbegin|40em}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Comans | first =Michael | year =1993 | title =The Question of the Importance of Samadhi in Modern and Classical Advaita Vedanta. In: Philosophy East and West Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan. 1993), pp. 19–38. | url =http://www.realization.org/page/doc2/doc200.html }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Comans | first =Michael | year =2000 | title =The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =David | first =John | year=1998 |orig-date=1914 | title =The Yoga System of Patanjali with commentary Yogabhashya attributed to Veda Vyasa and Tattva Vaicharadi by Vacaspati Misra | publisher =Harvard University Press | isbn =9780524073827 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=hvsmdzI1iksC }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Dense | first =Christian D. Von | year =1999 | title =Philosophers and Religious Leaders | publisher =Greenwood Publishing Group}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Farquhar | first =John Nicol | year =1920 | title =An outline of the religious literature of India | publisher =Oxford University Press}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =King | first= Richard | year =1999 | title =Orientalism and the Modern Myth of &quot;Hinduism&quot; | journal =NUMEN |volume=46 | issue= 2 |pages=146–185 | publisher =BRILL| doi= 10.1163/1568527991517950 }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =King | first =Richard | year =2002 | title =Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and &quot;The Mystic East&quot; | publisher =Taylor &amp; Francis e-Library}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Mukerji | first =Mādhava Bithika | year =1983 | title =Neo-Vedanta and Modernity | publisher =Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan | url =http://www.anandamayi.org/books/Bithika2.htm }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Thurman | first =Robert | year =1984 | title =The Central Philosophy of Tibet | publisher =Princeton University Press}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Werner | first =Karel | year =1994 | title =The Yogi and the Mystic | publisher =Routledge}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =White | first =David Gordon | year =2014 | title =The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography | publisher =Princeton University Press}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> &lt;!--==External links==--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--&gt;<br /> &lt;!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. 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KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lingayats&diff=512217 2026-03-25T09:13:53Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Shaivist sect founded in the 12th century}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> &lt;!-- Should be 40 characters (including spaces) or fewer see [[WP:SD40]] --&gt;<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox religious group<br /> | group = Lingayats<br /> | flag = <br /> | flag_caption = <br /> | image = Basavanna.png<br /> | image_caption = [[Basava]], 12th-century statesman, philosopher, poet and Lingayat saint<br /> | population = <br /> | founder = [[Basava]] (1131-1196 CE)<br /> | religions = [[Hinduism]]<br /> | scriptures = ''[[Vachana sahitya]]''{{•}}''[[Karana Hasuge]]''{{•}}''[[Basava purana]]''{{•}}''[[Shunyasampadane]]''{{•}}''[[Mantra Gopya]]''<br /> | languages = [[Kannada]]{{•}}[[Marathi language|Marathi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Patil&quot;&gt;Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil (), [https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&amp;dq=lingayatism+marathi&amp;pg=PA176 ''Community Dominance and Political Modernisation: The Lingayats''], p.176&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | related-c = {{Bulleted list|[[Kannadigas]]|[[Marathi people|Marathis]]|[[Telugu people|Telugus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Patil&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | regions = <br /> | tablehdr = <br /> | region1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | pop1 = 15,893,983&lt;ref group=note&gt;16% of the state's population&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ref1 = &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title = CM Devendra Fadnavis to get demand for Lingayat quota examined by state panel|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/cm-devendra-fadnavis-to-get-demand-for-lingayat-quota-examined-by-state-panel/articleshow/70339881.cms|work = The Times of India| date=23 July 2019 |access-date = 5 August 2021|archive-date = 5 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210805150753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/cm-devendra-fadnavis-to-get-demand-for-lingayat-quota-examined-by-state-panel/articleshow/70339881.cms|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region2 = [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | pop2 = 6,742,460&lt;ref group=note&gt;6% of the state's population&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ref2 = &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region3 = [[Telangana]]<br /> | pop3 = 1,500,000&lt;ref group=note&gt;4.2% of the state's population&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | ref3 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Telangana state has around 15 lakh Lingayat population|date=20 April 2018 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200418/telangana-state-has-around-15-lakh-lingayat-population.html|access-date=20 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website =<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Lingayats''' ({{IPA|kn|liŋɡaːjɐt̪ɐ|ipa}}) are a [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] religious denomination of [[Hindu denominations|Hinduism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hastings |first1=James |url=https://archive.org/details/b29001225_0008/page/69/mode/1up?q=The+Lingayats+are+a+religious+community+in+India |title=Encyclopædia of religion and ethics |last2=Selbie |first2=John A. (John Alexander) |last3=Gray |first3=Louis H. (Louis Herbert) |date=1908 |publisher=T. &amp; T. Clark; C. Scribner's Sons |others=Wellcome Library |location=Edinburgh; New York |pages=68–74 |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=208-209}} Lingayats are known for their unique practice of [[Ishtalingam|Ishtalinga]] worship, where adherents carry a personal [[linga]] symbolizing a constant, intimate relationship with [[Parashiva]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramanujan, A. K. 1973&quot;&gt;Ramanujan, A. K. (Ed.) (1973). Speaking of Śiva (Vol. 270). Penguin.&lt;/ref&gt; A radical feature of Lingayats is their staunch opposition to the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and advocacy for social equality, challenging societal norms of the time.&lt;ref&gt;Schouten, J. P. (1995). Revolution of the mystics: On the Social Aspects of Vīraśaivism. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.&lt;/ref&gt; Its philosophical tenets are encapsulated in [[Vachana]]s, a form of devotional poetry.&lt;ref&gt;Rice, E. P. (1982). A History of Kannada literature. Asian educational services.&lt;/ref&gt; The tradition also emphasizes Kayaka (work) and Dasoha (service) as forms of worship, underscoring the sanctity of labor and service to others.&lt;ref&gt;Ishwaran, K. (1981). Bhakti Tradition and Modernization: the case of Lingayatism. In Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements (pp. 72-82). Brill.&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike mainstream Hinduism, Lingayats reject scriptural authority of [[vedas]], [[puranas]], [[superstition]], [[Hindu astrology|astrology]], [[vedic priesthood]] ritualistic practices, and the concept of rebirth, promoting a direct, personal experience of the divine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hastings |first1=James |url=https://archive.org/details/b29001225_0008/page/68/mode/1up?view=theater |title=Encyclopædia of religion and ethics |last2=Selbie |first2=John A. (John Alexander) |last3=Gray |first3=Louis H. (Louis Herbert) |date=1908 |publisher=T. &amp; T. Clark; C. Scribner's Sons |others=Wellcome Library |location=Edinburgh; New York |pages=68–74 |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramanujan, A. K. 1973&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Lingayats are considered as a [[Shaivism|Shaiva tradition]] or [[Sampradaya]] (sect).&lt;ref name=&quot;McCormack 1963 59–71&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McCormack |first=William |date=1963 |title=Lingayats as a Sect |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844333 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages=59–71 |doi=10.2307/2844333 |jstor=2844333 |issn=0307-3114|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Levinson|Christensen|2002|p=475}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=डीएनए हिंदी वेब |title=Lingayat Samuday: कौन हैं लिंगायत समुदाय के लोग, जानें कैसे हिंदू रीति-रिवाजों से अलग हैं इनकी परंपराएं |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/spiritual/report-who-are-lingayat-know-their-different-traditions-and-culture-hindu-karnataka-lingayat-samuday-4084630 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=DNA Hindi |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lingayatism is generally considered a Hindu sect{{sfn|Levinson|Christensen|2002|p=475}}&lt;ref name=EB_Lingayat group=web/&gt;{{refn|group=note|name=Hindu_sect|Hindu sect:&lt;br&gt;* Encyclopedia Britannica: &quot;Lingayat, also called Virashaiva, member of a Hindu sect&quot;&lt;ref name=EB_Lingayat group=web/&gt;&lt;br&gt;* Levinson &amp; Christensen (2002): &quot;The Lingayats are a Hindu sect&quot;{{sfn|Levinson|Christensen|2002|p=475}}}} because their beliefs include many Hindu elements.{{sfn|Ramanujan|1973|p=175}} Worship is centered on [[Shiva]] as the universal god in the iconographic form of ''Ishtalinga''.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=208–209}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HR&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Elaine M. |date=August 2019 |editor1-last=Copp |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Wedemeyer |editor2-first=Christian K. |editor2-link=Christian K. Wedemeyer |title=The Tangled Roots of Vīraśaivism: On the Vīramāheśvara Textual Culture of Srisailam |journal=[[History of Religions (journal)|History of Religions]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] for the [[University of Chicago Divinity School]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.1086/703521 |issn=0018-2710 |jstor=00182710 |lccn=64001081 |oclc=299661763 |s2cid=202376600}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=note|name=Dalal_linga|Roshen Dalal (2010): &quot;The linga is worshipped by all Shaivites, but it is the special emblem of the Lingayats or Virashaivas, a Shaivite sect.&quot;{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=208-209}}}} Lingayats emphasize [[qualified monism]], with philosophical foundations similar to those of [[Ramanuja]].&lt;ref group=web name=EB_Lingayat/&gt;<br /> <br /> Contemporary Lingayats are influential in [[South India]], especially in the state of [[Karnataka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HR&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Gall|Hobby|2009|p=567–570}} Lingayats celebrate anniversaries (''jayanti'') of major religious leaders of their sect, as well as Hindu festivals such as [[Shivaratri]] and [[Ganesh Chaturthi]].&lt;ref name=Patil34/&gt;&lt;ref name=campbell149/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Srinivas1995p158&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=M.N.|last=Srinivas|title=Social Change in Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrJB-MsbWvoC&amp;pg=PA158|year=1995|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0422-6|pages=157–158|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005512/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrJB-MsbWvoC&amp;pg=PA158|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lingayats have their own pilgrimage places, temples, shrines and religious poetry based on Shiva.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Wolf | first=Herbert C. | title=The Linga as Center: A Study in Religious Phenomenology | journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=XLVI | issue=3 | year=1978 | doi=10.1093/jaarel/xlvi.3.369 | pages=369–388}}&lt;/ref&gt; Today, Lingayats, along with [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] followers, [[Nath]]s, [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pashupatas]], [[Kapalika]]s and others constitute the [[Shaivism|Shaivite population]].&lt;ref name=shaivam.org group=web/&gt;{{refn|group=note|For an overview of the Shaiva Traditions, see Flood, Gavin, &quot;The Śaiva Traditions&quot;, in: Flood (2003), pp. 200–228. For an overview that concentrates on the Tantric forms of Śaivism, see [[Alexis Sanderson]]'s magisterial survey article ''Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions'', pp. 660–704 in ''The World's Religions'', edited by Stephen Sutherland, Leslie Houlden, Peter Clarke and Friedhelm Hardy, London: Routledge, 1988.}}<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> The word 'Lingayat' is derived from the Sanskrit root ''[[lingam]]'' &quot;mark, symbol&quot; and the suffix ''ayta''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9jbqGLH7ioC&amp;pg=PA81 |title=the mysore |date=1965 |publisher=Mittal Publications |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The adherents of ishtalinga are known as &quot;Lingayats&quot;. In historical literature, they are sometimes referred to as Lingawants, Lingangis, Lingadharis, Sivabhaktas, Virasaivas or Veerashaivas. The term Lingayat is based on the practice of both genders of Lingayats wearing an {{transliteration|hi|iṣṭaliṅga}} contained inside a silver box with a necklace all the time. The {{transliteration|hi|istalinga}} is an oval-shaped emblem symbolising [[Parashiva]], the absolute reality and icon of their spirituality.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iyer1965&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=L.K.A. Iyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9jbqGLH7ioC&amp;pg=PA81 |title=The Mysore |publisher=Mittal Publications |year=1965 |pages=81–82 |id=GGKEY:HRFC6GWCY6D |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014030/https://books.google.com/books?id=w9jbqGLH7ioC&amp;pg=PA81 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Historically, Lingayats were known as &quot;Virashaivas&quot;{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=71}} or &quot;ardent, heroic worshippers of Shiva.&quot;{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=1-5}} According to Blake Michael, Veerashaivism refers both to a &quot;philosophical or theological system as well as to the historical, social and religious movement which originated from that system.&quot; Lingayats refer to the modern adherents of this religion.{{sfn|Michael|1992|p=18, note 1}} The term Lingayats came to be commonly used during the British colonial period.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=71}}<br /> <br /> The terms ''Lingayat'' and ''Veerashaiva'' have been used synonymously.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=208-209}}{{sfn|Ahmmad|Ishwaran|1973|p=5}}{{sfn|Ikegame|2013a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17ezwC&amp;pg=PA83 83]}}&lt;ref name=EB_Lingayat group=web/&gt;{{refn|group=note|name=Lingayatism-Veerashaivism|Lingayatism-Veerashaivism:&lt;br&gt;* Roshen Dalal (2010): &quot;Lingayats or Virashaivas, a Shaivite sect.&quot;; &quot;A Shaivite sect, also known as Virashaivas.&quot;{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=208-209}}&lt;br&gt;* Encyclopedia Britannica: Encyclopedia Britannica: &quot;Lingayat, also called Virashaiva&quot;&lt;ref name=EB_Lingayat group=web/&gt;}} ''Veerashaivism'' refers to the broader ''Veerashaiva'' philosophy and theology as well as the movement, states Blake Michael, while Lingayata refers to the modern community, sect or caste that adheres to this philosophy.{{sfn|Michael|1992|p=18, note 1}}{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=71}} In the contemporary era, some state that Veerashaiva is a (sub)tradition within Lingayats with Vedic influences,&lt;ref name=thehindu_2018_03_23 group=web/&gt; and these sources have been seeking a political recognition of Lingayats to be separate from Veerashaivas, and Lingayats to be a separate religious community. In contrast, Veerashaivas consider the two contemporary (sub)traditions to be &quot;one and the same community&quot; belonging to Hinduism.&lt;ref name=BS_2018 group=web/&gt; The present-day dispute involves two opposing groups, one seeking separate status for the Lingayat community and the other wanting to keep the Veerashaiva-Lingayat community united.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nachiyar&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nachiyar |first=Nalme |date=2025-09-24 |title=Lingayats or Veerashaiva-Lingayats or Hindus? In Karnataka, a politically-charged conflict over religion and caste |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/lingayats-or-veerashaiva-lingayats-or-hindus-in-karnataka-a-politically-charged-conflict-over-religion-and-caste/article70084277.ece |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Origin==<br /> [[File:Development of Shaivism (expanded).png|thumb|right|The development of various schools of Shaivism from pre-Vedic Shiva and early worship of Rudra.]]<br /> The origins of Lingayats is traced to the 11th- and 12th-century CE in a region that includes northern Karnataka and nearby districts of South India. This region was a stronghold of [[Jainism]] and [[Shaivism]]. According to Iy&lt;ref name=&quot;Nachiyar&quot;/&gt; er and other scholars, the Lingayat theology emerged as a definitive egalitarian movement in this theological milieu, growing rapidly beyond north Karnataka. The Lingayats, states Burjor Avari quoting Jha, were &quot;extremely anti-Jain&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Burjor|last=Avari|title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XziTDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT285|year=2016|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-317-23672-6|page=285|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415010032/https://books.google.com/books?id=XziTDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT285|url-status=live}}, Quote: &quot;In the long run, however, their [Jain] influence in Karnataka waned owing to the rise of the Lingayat sect of the Virashaivas, led by a saint known as Basav. The Lingayats were extremely anti-Jain.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The Veerashaiva philosophy enabled Lingayats to &quot;win over the Jains to Shiva worship&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iyer1965&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=Kathleen |last=Kuiper |title=The Culture of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC |year=2010 |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-149-2 |pages=147–148 |access-date=26 September 2018 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206083035/https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Lingayats were also anti-Brahmin as evidenced by the polemics against the Brahmins in early Veerashaiva literature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=D. Venkat Rao|title=Critical Humanities from India: Contexts, Issues, Futures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnhQDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT143|year=2018|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-351-23492-4|pages=143–145|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034404/https://books.google.com/books?id=nnhQDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT143|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to a tradition which developed after Basava's time,{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=5}}&lt;!-- **START OF NOTE** --&gt;{{refn|group=note|name=Panchacharyas_dating|Dating of ''Panchacharyas'' tradition:&lt;br&gt;* Schouten (1995): &quot;The death of Basava certainly did not bring the Virasaiva movement to an end [...] Virasaivism gained a firm foothold in Hindu culture. In this process of consolidation, it was felt to be appropriate to emphasize the agreements, rather than the deviations, with the dominant religion. Hence, the Virasaivas tended to present themselves as pure Hindus who shared the age-old religious tradition. This went so far that the role of Basava as the founder of the movement was downplayed. Virasaivas even claimed that their school of thought already existed long before Basava. In their imagination, they sometimes traced the history of Virasaivism back to primordial times. Legends arose among them which related that five teachers, sprung from the five faces of Siva, descended to earth, in each of the ages of the world under different names, in order to preach the eternal truth of Virasaivism. Basava would have been nothing more than a reviver of this religion which had existed from times immemorial.&quot;{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=5}}&lt;br&gt;* Bairy: &quot;[Venkatrao, in 1919 the president of the Karnataka History Congress], mentions that many Lingayaths took objections to him mentioning Basava as the founder of Veerashaivism in his writings. Finding that very strange and unfathomable, he asks a Lingayath friend about the reasons for this. The friend tells him how that very question - of whether Basava is the founder of Veerashaivism (accepting which would not only mean that it is dated to as recent as the twelfth century but also subverts the Panchacharya tradition which claimed a more antiquarian past) or just a reformer - was a major bone of contention between the two sections of Lingayaths.{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=147-148}}&lt;br&gt;* According to Aditi Mangaldas, in the 14th century ''Veerashaivism'' developed as a sub-sect of Lingayatism.{{sfn|Mangaldas|Vaidyanathan|2014|p=55}}}}&lt;!-- **END OF NOTE** --&gt; ''Veerashaivism'' was transmitted by five ''Panchacharyas'', namely Renukacharya, Darukacharya, Ekorama, Panditharadhya, and Vishweswara, and first taught by Renukacharya to sage [[Agasthya]], a Vedic seer.&lt;ref name=Wire_2017 group=web/&gt; A central text in this tradition is [[Siddhanta Shikhamani]], which was written in Sanskrit, and gives an elaboration of &quot;the primitive traits of Veerashaivism [found] in the Vedas and the Upanishads&quot; and &quot;the concrete features given to it in the latter parts (Uttarabhaga) of the Saivagamas.&quot;&lt;ref name=Amazon group=web/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;M. Sivakumara Swamy, translator (2007){{full citation needed|date=November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; While Veerashaivas regard the ''Siddhanta Shikhamani'' to predate Basava, it may actually have been composed in the 13th or 14th century, post-dating Basava.&lt;ref name=Wire_2017 group=web/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> ===Basava (12th century)===<br /> {{See also|Basava}}<br /> [[File:Basava Gaint Statue 108 feet, Basava Kalyana.JPG|thumb|right|[[Basava]], the influential leader of Lingayats&lt;ref group=web name=EB_Basava/&gt;]]<br /> <br /> The [[Vachana sahitya|Sharana-movement]], which started in the 11th century, is regarded by some as the start of Veerashaivism.{{sfn|Shiva Prakash|1997|p=168-169}} It started in a time when [[Kalamukha]] Shaivism, which was supported by the ruling classes, was dominant, and in control of the monasteries.{{sfn|Shiva Prakash|1997|p=168}} The Sharana-movement was inspired by the [[Nayanars]], and emphasised personal religious experience over text-based dogmatism.{{sfn|Shiva Prakash|1997|p=169}}<br /> <br /> The traditional legends and hagiographic texts state that Basava was the founder of the Lingayats and its secular practices.{{sfn|Olson|2007|p=239–240}}{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=52-53}}&lt;ref name=EB_Lingayat group=web/&gt; Basava was a 12th-century Hindu philosopher, [[politician|statesman]], [[Kannada]] poet in the Shiva-focused [[Bhakti movement]] and a [[Social reformers of India|social reformer]] during the reign of the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri]] king [[Bijjala II]] (reigned 1157–1167) in [[Karnataka]], India.{{sfn|Ishwaran|1981|p=76}}&lt;ref group=web name=EB_Basava/&gt;{{refn|group=note|Encyclopedia Britannica: &quot;Basava, (flourished 12th century, South India), Hindu religious reformer, teacher, theologian, and administrator of the royal treasury of the Kalachuri-dynasty king Bijjala I (reigned 1156–67).&quot;&lt;ref group=web name=EB_Basava/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Basava grew up in a [[Brahmin]] family with a tradition of Shaivism.{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=52-53}}{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=2-3}} As a leader, he developed and inspired a new devotional movement named ''Virashaivas'', or &quot;ardent, heroic worshippers of Shiva&quot;. This movement shared its roots in the ongoing [[Bhakti movement]], particularly the Shaiva [[Nayanars]] traditions, over the 7th- to 11th-century. However, Basava championed devotional worship that rejected temple worship with rituals led by Brahmins, and emphasized personalised direct worship of Shiva through practices such as individually worn icons and symbols like a small [[linga]].{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=1-5}}<br /> [[File:Lingayatism_flag.png|alt=|right|250x250px|thumb|Hexagonal star and Istalinga on saffron coloured flag.]]<br /> Basavanna spread social awareness through his poetry, popularly known as ''Vachanaas''. Basavanna rejected gender or social discrimination, and caste distinctions,{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=52}} as well as some extant practices such as the wearing of sacred thread,{{sfn|Olson|2007|p=239–240}} and replaced this with the ritual of wearing ''[[Ishtalinga]]'' necklace, with an image of the [[Lingam|Shiva Liṅga]],{{sfn|Bunce|2010|p=983}} by every person regardless of his or her birth, to be a constant reminder of one's [[bhakti]] (loving devotion) to god Shiva. As the chief minister of his kingdom, he introduced new public institutions such as the ''Anubhava Mantapa'' (or, the &quot;hall of spiritual experience&quot;),{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=2-3}} which welcomed men and women from all socio-economic backgrounds to discuss spiritual and mundane questions of life, in open.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=161-162}}<br /> <br /> After initially supporting Basava, king Bijjala II disagreed with Basava's rejection of caste distinctions. In 1167 the Veerashaivas were repressed, and most of them left Kalyāna, Bijjala's new capital, spreading Basava's teachings into a wider area in southern India. The king was assassinated by the Veerashaivas in 1168.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|pp=5-6}}<br /> <br /> ===Consolidation (12th–14th century)===<br /> After Basava's death, Shaivism consolidated its influence in southern India, meanwhile adjusting to Hindu orthodoxy.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=6}} Basava's nephew Channabasava organised the community and systematised Virasaiva theology, moving the Virashaiva community toward the mainstream Hindu culture.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=14-15}} Basava's role in the origins of Shaivism was downplayed, and a mythology developed in which the origins of Veerashaivism were attributed to the five Panchacharyas, descending to earth in the different world-ages to teach Shaivism. In this narrative, Basava was regarded as a reviver of this ancient teaching.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=6}}{{refn|group=note|According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, &quot;According to South Indian oral tradition, he was the actual founder of the Lingayats, but study of Kalachuri inscriptions indicates that, rather than founding a new sect, he in fact revived an existing one.&quot;&lt;ref group=web name=EB_Basava/&gt;{{dubious|date=March 2018}}}}<br /> <br /> Monasteries of the older Saiva schools, &quot;such as the [[Kalamukha]],&quot; were taken over by the Virasaivas.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=14}} Two kinds of monastic orders developed. Due to their roots in the traditional schools, the ''gurusthalada'' monasteries were more conservative, while the ''viraktas'' &quot;constituted the true Virasaiva monastic organisation, shaped by the ideals of Basava and his contemporaries.&quot;{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=15}}<br /> <br /> ===Vijayanagara Empire (15th–17th century)===<br /> In the 14th-15th century, a Lingayat revival took place in northern Karnataka in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=15}}{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=64}} The Lingayats likely were a part of the reason why Vijayanagara succeeded in territorial expansion and in withstanding the Deccan Sultanate wars. The Lingayat text ''[[Sunyasampadane]]'' grew out of the scholarly discussions in an Anubhava Mantapa, and according to Bill Aitken, these were &quot;compiled at the Vijayanagara court during the reign of Praudha Deva Raya&quot;.{{sfn|Aitken|1999|p=109–110, 213–215}} Similarly, the [[hagiographical]] [[epic poem]] ''[[Basava Purana]]'', detailing the life of Basava, was expanded and translated into Kannada in 1369 during the reign of Vijayanagara ruler [[Bukka Raya I]].{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=64}}<br /> <br /> ===Ikkeri Nayakas, Keladi dynasty (16th-18th century)===<br /> The Virasaivas were an important part of the Vijayanagara empire army. They fought the Bijapur Sultans, and the Virasaiva leader Sadasiva Nayaka played a key role in leading the capture of Sultanate fortress such as at Gulbarga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein1989p84&quot;/&gt; This success led to Nayaka being appointed as the governor of the coastal Karnataka Kanara region. This emerged as a Lingayat dynasty, called the [[Nayakas of Keladi]]. Another group of Virasaivas merchants turned warriors of the Vijayanagara empire were successful in defeating the Deccan Sultanates in the [[Lepakshi]] region (Karnataka-Andhra Pradesh border region).&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein1989p84&quot;/&gt; After the collapse of the Vijayanagara empire, the Lingayat Keladi/Ikkeri dynasty ruled the coastal Karnataka till the invasion and their defeat by Hyder Ali seeking a Mysore-based Sultanate.&lt;ref name=shastry1982/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kodancha Gujjadi Vasantha Madhava|title=Western Karnataka: Its Agrarian Relations A.D. 1500-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0AaAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Navrang|isbn=978-81-7013-073-4|pages=113–114|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035131/https://books.google.com/books?id=t0AaAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Virasaiva dynasty Nayaka rulers built major 16th to 18th-century shrines and seminaries of Lingayats, repaired and built new Hindu and Jain temples,&lt;ref name=prasad2007&gt;{{cite book|first=Leela|last=Prasad|year=2007|title=Poetics of Conduct: Oral Narrative and Moral Being in a South Indian Town|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnLhdHpOKjwC|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13920-5|pages=74–77|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034854/https://books.google.com/books?id=JnLhdHpOKjwC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hatcher2015&gt;{{cite book|first=Brian A.|last=Hatcher|title=Hinduism in the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19aoCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT43|year=2015|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-135-04630-9|page=43|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415004142/https://books.google.com/books?id=19aoCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT43|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Michell|1995|pp=65–68}} sponsored major Hindu monasteries such as the Advaita [[Sringeri matha]] as well as forts and temples such as at [[Chitradurga Fort|Chitradurga]].&lt;ref name=prasad2007/&gt;{{sfn|Michell|1995|pp=71–72}} They also started new towns and merchant centres in coastal and interior Karnataka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stein1989p84&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Burton|last=Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|pages=84–85|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809073231/https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=shastry1982&gt;{{cite book|author=A. K. Shastry|title=A History of Śriṅgēri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MxAdAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Karnatak University Press|pages=34–41|access-date=5 October 2018|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415034402/https://books.google.com/books?id=MxAdAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&amp;pg=PA39 39–40]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Varna-status debates (19th–20th century)===<br /> In early decades of the 19th century, the Lingayats were described by British officials such as Francis Buchanan as a conglomeration of Hindu castes with enormous diversity and eclectic, egalitarian social system that accepted converts from all social strata and religions.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|pp=78-81}} However, the British officials also noted the endogamous tradition and hereditary occupations of many Lingayats, which made their classification difficult.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|pp=81-84}} In the 1871 and the 1881 colonial era census of British India, Lingayats were listed as ''[[shudras]]''.{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=143}}{{refn|group=note|According to S.M. Jamdar, &quot;who is spearheading the demand&quot; in 2017/2018 for recognition of Lingayats as a separate religion, and M.B. Patil, Chandan Gowda also claims that &quot;the Lingayats were recorded as a caste within the Hindu religion for the first time in the 1881 census done in Mysore state.&quot;&lt;ref name=thehindu_2018_03_23 group=web/&gt;}} According to the sociologist [[M. N. Srinivas]], Lingayats traditionally believed themselves to be equal in status to Brahmins, and some orthodox Lingayats were so anti-Brahmin that they would not eat food cooked or handled by Brahmins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Srinivas 1956 p=481&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last=Srinivas | first=M.N. | title=A Note on Sanskritization and Westernization | journal=The Far Eastern Quarterly | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=15 | issue=4 | year=1956 | pages=481–496 | doi=10.2307/2941919 | jstor=2941919| s2cid=162874001 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ikegame2013p128&gt;{{harvnb|Ikegame|2013b|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&amp;pg=PA128 128–129]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The egalitarian Lingayats, states Srinivas, had been a major force in Sanskritization of Kannada-speaking (Karnataka) and nearby regions but against elitism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Srinivas 1956 p=481&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=ikegame2013p128/&gt;<br /> <br /> After being placed in the shudra category in the 1881 census, Lingayats demanded a higher caste status.{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=143}} This was objected and ridiculed by a Brahmin named Ranganna who said that Lingayats were not Shaiva Brahmins given their eclectic occupations that included washermen, traders, farmers and others, as well as their exogamous relationships with the royal family.{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=144}} Lingayats persisted in their claims for decades,{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=143}} and their persistence was strengthened by Lingayat presence within the government, and a growing level of literacy and employment in journalism and the judiciary.{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=145}} In 1926, the Bombay High Court ruled that &quot;the Veerashaivas are not Shudras.&quot;{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=145, note 7}}<br /> <br /> According to Schouten, in the early 20th century Lingayats tried to raise their social status, by stressing the specific characteristics of their history and of their religious thought as being distinctive from the Brahmin-dominated Hindu-culture.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=16}} In the 1910s, the narrative of Basava and Allama as the &quot;founding pillars&quot; of the Lingayats gained new importance for the identity of parts of the Lingayat-community, with other parts responded with rejection of this &quot;resurrection.&quot;{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=145}}<br /> <br /> ===Separate religious identity (21st century)===<br /> According to Ramanujan, &quot;A modern attempt was made to show Lingayats as having a religion separate from Hindu when Lingayats received discrete entry in the Indian constitution of 1950.&quot;{{sfn|Ramanujan|1973|p=175}}&lt;ref name=thehindu2000 group=web/&gt;&lt;ref name=EB_Lingayat group=web/&gt; Individuals and community leaders have made intermittent claims for the legal recognition of either being distinct from Hinduism or a caste within Hinduism.{{refn|group=note|name=separate_identity|Separate identity:&lt;br&gt;* Ramanuja (1973): &quot;A modern attempt was made to show Lingayats as having a religion separate from Hindu when Lingayats received discrete entry in the Indian constitution of 1950.{{sfn|Ramanujan|1973|p=175}}&lt;br&gt;* The Hindu (11 December 2000): &quot;Mallaradhya, who became a prominent politician after his retirement from the IAS, had laid claim to the non-Hindu tag in the mid-Seventies at a time when the Devaraj Urs government had appointed the First Karnataka Backward Class Commission, headed by Mr. L.G.Havanur.&quot;&lt;ref name=thehindu2000 group=web/&gt;&lt;br&gt;* Encyclopedia Britannica: &quot;In the early 21st century some Lingayats began to call for legal recognition by the Indian government as a religion distinct from Hinduism or, alternatively, as a caste within Hinduism.&quot;&lt;ref name=EB_Lingayat group=web/&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In 2000, the ''Akhila Bharatha (All India) Veerashaiva Mahasabha'' started a campaign for recognition of &quot;Veerashaivas or Lingayats&quot; as a non-Hindu religion, and a separate listing in the Census. Recognition as a religious minority would make Lingayats &quot;eligible for rights to open and manage educational institutions given by the Constitution to religious and linguistic minorities.&quot;&lt;ref name=thehindu2000 group=web/&gt;{{refn|group=note| Arguments centre on the wording of legislation, such as &quot;This Act applies to a Hindu by religion... including Veerashaiva, a Lingayat,&quot; making a distinction between Lingayats and Veerashaivas. Others opposed the campaign, noting that &quot;the population of Lingayats would be mentioned separately alongside those of Arya Samajists and a few others considered as subgroups of Hinduism in the final Census figures.&quot;&lt;ref name=thehindu2000 group=web/&gt;}} In 2013, the ''Akhila Bharatha (All India) Veerashaiva Mahasabha'' president was still lobbying for recognition of Lingayats as a separate religious community, arguing that Lingayats rejects the social discrimination propagated by Hinduism.&lt;ref group=web name=IT_Naheed_2013/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, the demands for a separate religious identity gained further momentum on the eve of the 2018 elections in Karnataka.&lt;ref name=Economist_2017_medievalpoet group=web/&gt; While the Congress party supports the calls for Lingayatism as a separate religion,&lt;ref name=KPN_2018 group=web/&gt; the BJP regards Lingayats as Veerashaivas and Hindus.{{refn|group=note|In July 2017, Congress – the political party in power in Karnataka – formed a team to &quot;evolve public opinion in favour of declaring Veerashaiva Lingayat community as a separate religion&quot;, according to ''The New Indian Express'', &quot;to outflank the BJP in a poll year.&quot;&lt;ref name=NIE_2017 group=web/&gt; According to India Today, reporting August 2017, the ruling Congress party has publicly endorsed that Lingayatism is a separate religious group, not Hinduism.&lt;ref name=India_Today group=web/&gt; In contrast, the BJP Party leader, former Karnataka chief minister and a Lingayat follower [[Yeddyurappa]] disagrees,&lt;ref name=Economist_2017_medievalpoet group=web/&gt; stating that &quot;Lingayats are Veerashaivas, we are Hindus&quot; and considers this as creating religious differences, dividing people and politicizing of religion.&lt;ref name=newsminute_2017 group=web/&gt;&lt;ref name=thehindu_2017_karnataka group=web/&gt; According to the Indian Times, &quot;both Lingayats and Veerashaivas have been strong supporters of the saffron party for over a decade,&quot; and historian A. Veerappa notes that &quot;Congress has carefully crafted a divide within the Lingayat community by fuelling the issue,&quot; cornering BJP-leader Yeddyurappa on the issue, who &quot;has been forced to stress the common identity of Lingayats and Veerashaivas.&quot;&lt;ref name=India_Today group=web/&gt;}} In August 2017, a rally march supporting Lingayatism as &quot;not Hinduism&quot; attracted almost 200,000 people,&lt;ref name=Economist_2017_medievalpoet group=web/&gt; while the issue further divides the Lingayat and Veerashaiva communities,&lt;ref name=India_Today group=web/&gt; and various opinions exist within the Lingayat and Veerashaiva communities. According to India Today, &quot;Veerashaivas claim that the two communities are one and the same,&quot; while orthodox Lingayats claim that they are different.&lt;ref name=India_Today group=web/&gt; Veerashaivas further &quot;owe allegiance to various religious centres (mutts), [while] the Lingayats mostly follow their own gurus.&quot;&lt;ref name=India_Today group=web/&gt; Nevertheless, some mutts support the campaign for the status of a separate religion, while &quot;others content to be counted as a caste within Hinduism.&quot;&lt;ref name=Economist_2017_medievalpoet group=web/&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2018, the Nagamohan Das committee advised &quot;to form a separate religion status for the Lingayats community.&quot; In response, the Karnataka government approved this separate religious status, a decision which was decried by Veerashaivas.&lt;ref name=BS_2018 group=web/&gt;&lt;ref name=thehindu_2018_03_23 group=web/&gt; It recommended the Indian government to grant the religious minority status to the sect.&lt;ref name=fe_2018 group=web/&gt;&lt;ref name=thehindu_2018_03_23 group=web/&gt; Central Government later declined this recommendation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Centre refuses to recognise Lingayat as separate religion |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-refuses-to-recognise-lingayat-as-separate-religion/story-zvV9IeXPuZFo55n7sZ56sO.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=11 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Shivsundar, associate of [[Gauri Lankesh]] and former [[columnist]] of the Gauri Lankesh Patrike, by the 15th century, Lingayats were absorbed into the Hindu order and associated with Veerashaivas, despite resistance. Over time, they were relegated to a subordinate status. In the 20th century, leaders like Bahu Halakatti revived the egalitarian Vachana philosophy, asserting Lingayat distinctiveness and challenging caste hierarchies. Demands during the British era, such as separate kitchens and Sanskrit education, reflected tensions between their egalitarian ideals and aspirations for higher social status.<br /> <br /> Post-independence, Lingayats gained political and educational power but remained culturally tied to Veerashaivas. By the 1980s, a movement sought minority religion status, which gained momentum in 2017 with CM Siddaramaiah's support. This sparked widespread mobilization among Lingayats but faced opposition from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]], while the Veerashaiva Mahasabha showed mixed reactions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-03-21 |title=Lingayat Religion Status: From an Egalitarian Philosophy to a Political Tool {{!}} NewsClick |url=https://www.newsclick.in/lingayat-religion-status-egalitarian-philosophy-political-tool |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005075942/https://www.newsclick.in/lingayat-religion-status-egalitarian-philosophy-political-tool |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=NewsClick |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1980s even the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], which was under pressure from Bengal's [[Communism|Communist]] government to reconstitute the governing bodies of some of the Mission-run colleges, claimed it was a non-Hindu minority institution and hence insulated from state interference under [[Fundamental rights in India|Article 30]] of the Constitution.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jagannathan |first=R. |title=A premium on minorityism: Why Lingayats, and pretty much all other communities, crave minority status in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/a-premium-on-minorityism-why-lingayats-and-pretty-much-all-other-communities-crave-minority-status-in-india/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Gauri Lankesh, Veerashaivism is preserved and transmitted by five peethas (Rambhapuri, Ujjaini, Kedar, Shreeshail, Kashi), which play an essential role in the Veerashaiva tradition.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wire_2017&quot; group=&quot;web&quot; /&gt; In contrast, the {{transliteration|hi|virakta}} monastic organisation upheld &quot;the ideals of Basava and his contemporaries.&quot;{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=15}}{{refn|group=note|According to Chandan Gowda, these five mathas &quot;predate Basava.&quot;&lt;ref name=thehindu_2018_03_23 group=web/&gt; Yet, according to Schouten, monasteries of the older Saiva schools, &quot;such as the [[Kalamukha]],&quot; were taken over by the Virasaivas.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=14}} Two kinds of monastic orders developed, the more conservative''gurusthalada'' monasteries, and the {{transliteration|hi|viraktas}} which were faithful to &quot;the ideals of Basava and his contemporaries.&quot;{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=15}}}} According to Bairy, the {{transliteration|hi|virakta}} tradition criticised &quot;[t]he Panchacharya tradition, the Mathas which belonged to it and the (upper) castes which owed their allegiance to them&quot; for their support of Brahmins and their deviation from Basava's ideals.{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=145-146 (note 8)}}{{refn|group=note|Bairy: &quot;The Panchacharya tradition, the Mathas which belonged to it and the (upper) castes which owed their allegiance to them were accused by those espousing the Viraktha tradition of actively collaborating with the Brahmins in order to defame the 'progressive' twelfth century movement, which apparently spoke against caste distinctions and often incurred the displeasure of the upper castes within the Lingayath fold.&quot;{{sfn|Bairy|2013|p=145-146 (note 8)}}}}<br /> <br /> According to Sri Sharanbasava Devaru of Charanteshwar Mutt, interviewed in 2013, Lingayat is a separate religion, distinct from the Hindu cultural identity, while Veerashaivism is a Shaivite sect &quot;based on Vedic philosophy.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu_2017_Sharanbasava&quot; group=&quot;web&quot; /&gt; Sri Sharanbasava Devaru further states that Veerashaivism &quot;started gaining importance only after 1904 with some mutts mixing Veerashaivas with Lingayats.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu_2017_Sharanbasava&quot; group=&quot;web&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Characteristics==<br /> Lingayats consider themselves a Hindu sect.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCormack 1963 59–71&quot;/&gt; Ishtalinga worship is centred on [[Hindu]] god [[Shiva]] as the universal god in the iconographic form of ''Ishtalinga''.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=208-209}}{{refn|group=note|name=Dalal_linga}} They believe that they will be reunited with Shiva after their death by wearing the ''lingam''.{{sfn|Sinha|Saraswati|1978|p=107}}<br /> <br /> ===Ishtalinga===<br /> [[File:Akkamahadevi Udathadi1.JPG|thumb|right|An idol of [[Akka Mahadevi]] holding an ''ishtalinga'' in her left hand]]<br /> <br /> Lingayat worship is centred on the [[Hindu god]] [[Shiva]] as the universal [[God|supreme being]] in the iconographic form of ''ishtalinga''.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=208-209}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HR&quot;/&gt;{{refn|group=note|name=Dalal_linga}} The Lingayats always wear the ''ishtalinga'' held with a necklace.&lt;ref name=&quot;HR&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=EB_Lingayat group=web/&gt; The ''istalinga'' is made up of a small blue-black stone coated with fine durable thick black paste of cow dung ashes mixed with some suitable oil to withstand wear and tear. It is viewed as a &quot;living, moving&quot; divinity of the Lingayat devotee. Every day, the devotee removes the ''ishtalinga'' from its box, places it the in left palm, offers ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'', and then meditates about becoming one with the ''lingam'', in their journey towards the ''atma-linga''.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaghorneCutler1996p184&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Joanne Punzo|last1=Waghorne|first2=Norman|last2=Cutler|first3=Vasudha|last3=Narayanan|title=Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone: The Embodiment of Divinity in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LD91JTIl8uIC&amp;pg=PA184|year=1996|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10777-8|pages=184 note 15|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627072559/https://books.google.com/books?id=LD91JTIl8uIC&amp;pg=PA184|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Soteriology===<br /> <br /> ====Shatsthala====<br /> Lingayat principle teaches a path to an individual's spiritual progress, and describes it as a six-stage ''Satsthalasiddhanta''. This concept progressively evolves:{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=9-10}}<br /> * the individual starts with the phase of a devotee,<br /> * the phase of the master,<br /> * the phase of the receiver of grace,<br /> * Linga in life breath (god dwells in his or her soul),<br /> * the phase of surrender (awareness of no distinction in god and soul, self),<br /> * the last stage of complete union of soul and god (liberation, [[moksha|mukti]]).<br /> <br /> Thus bhakti progresses from external icon-aided loving devotional worship of Shiva to deeper fusion of awareness with abstract Shiva, ultimately to advaita (oneness) of one's soul and god for ''moksha''.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=9-10, 111-112}}<br /> <br /> ====Mukti====<br /> While Lingayats accept the concept of transmigration of soul (metempsychosis, reincarnation),{{sfn|Curta|Holt|2016|p=575}} they believe that they are in their last lifetime{{sfn|Curta|Holt|2016|p=575}}{{sfn|Malik|1943|p=263}} and will be reunited with Shiva after their death by wearing the ''lingam''.{{sfn|Sinha|Saraswati|1978|p=107}}{{sfn|Curta|Holt|2016}}{{sfn|Malik|1943|p=263}} Lingayats are not cremated, but &quot;are buried in a sitting, meditative position, holding their personal linga in the right hand.&quot;{{sfn|Curta|Holt|2016}}<br /> <br /> Indologist F. Otto Schrader was among early scholars who studied Lingayat texts and its stand on [[metempsychosis]].{{sfn|Schrader|1924|pp=313–317}} According to Schrader, it was Abbe Dubois who first remarked that Lingayats rejects metempsychosis – the belief that the soul of a human being or animal transmigrates into a new body after death. This remark about &quot;rejecting rebirth&quot; was repeated by others, states Schrader, and it led to the question whether Lingayats make a religion distinct from other Indian religions such as Hinduism where metempsychosis and rebirth is a fundamental premise.{{sfn|Schrader|1924|pp=313–317}} According to Schrader, Dubois was incorrect and Lingayat texts such as ''Viramahesvaracara-samgraha'', ''Anadi-virasaivasara-samgraha'', ''[[Sivatattva ratnakara]]'' (by Basava), and ''Lingait Paramesvara Agama'' confirm that metempsychosis is a fundamental premise of Lingayats.{{sfn|Schrader|1924|pp=314–315}} According to Schrader, Lingayats believe that if they live an ethical life then this will be their last life, and they will merge into Shiva, a belief that has fed the confusion that they do not believe in rebirth.{{sfn|Schrader|1924|pp=313–317}} According to R. Blake Michael, rebirth and ways to end rebirth was extensively discussed by Basava, Allama Prabhu, Siddharameshawar and other religious saints of Lingayats.{{sfn|Michael|1992|pp=102-114}}<br /> <br /> ===Shiva: non-dualism and qualified monism===<br /> {{Main|Panchachara|Ashtavarana|Shatsthala}}<br /> [[File:Necklace with Shiva's Family LACMA M.85.140.jpg|thumb|A necklace with pendant containing linga symbol of Shiva are worn by Lingayats. [[Rudraksha]] beads (shown above) and ''Vibhuti'' (sacred ash on forehead) are other symbols adopted as a constant reminder of one's principles of faith.{{sfn|Olson|2007|p=244}}]]<br /> <br /> ====Qualified non-dualism====<br /> ''Shunya'', in a series of Kannada language texts, is equated with the Virashaiva concept of the Supreme. In particular, the ''[[Shunyasampadane|Shunya Sampadane]]'' texts present the ideas of [[Allama Prabhu]] in a form of dialogue, where ''shunya'' is that void and distinctions which a spiritual journey seeks to fill and eliminate. It is the described as state of union of one's soul with the infinite Shiva, the state of blissful moksha.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=388-389}}{{sfn|Schuhmacher|1994|p=202}}<br /> <br /> This Lingayat concept is similar to ''shunya Brahma'' concept found in certain texts of [[Vaishnavism]], particularly in [[Odia language|Odiya]], such as the poetic ''Panchasakhas''. It explains the ''Nirguna Brahman'' idea of Vedanta, that is the eternal unchanging metaphysical reality as &quot;personified void&quot;. Alternate names for this concept of Hinduism, include ''shunya purusha'' and ''Jagannatha'' in certain texts.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=388-389}}{{sfn|Das|1994|p=9, 101–112}} However, both in Lingayats and various flavors of Vaishnavism such as ''Mahima Dharma'', the idea of ''Shunya'' is closer to the Hindu concept of metaphysical ''[[Brahman]]'', rather than to the ''[[Śūnyatā]]'' concept of Buddhism.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=388-389}} However, there is some overlap, such as in the works of Bhima Bhoi.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=388-389}}{{sfn|Bäumer|2010}}<br /> <br /> Sripati, a Veerashaiva scholar, explained Lingayat philosophy in ''Srikara Bhashya'', in [[Vedanta]] terms, stating it to be a form of qualified non-dualism, wherein the individual [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul) is the body of God, and that there is no difference between Shiva and Atman (self, soul), Shiva is one's Atman, one's Atman is Shiva.{{sfn|Olson|2007|p=244}} Sripati's analysis places Lingayat philosophy in a form closer to the 11th century [[Vishishtadvaita]] philosopher [[Ramanuja]], than to [[Advaita]] philosopher [[Adi Shankara]].{{sfn|Olson|2007|p=244}}<br /> <br /> ====Qualified monism====<br /> Other scholars state that Lingayat philosophy is more complex than the description of the Veerashaiva scholar Sripati. It united diverse spiritual trends during Basava's era. Jan Peter Schouten states that it tends towards monotheism with Shiva as the godhead, but with a strong awareness of the monistic unity of the [[Brahman|Ultimate Reality]].{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=9-10}} Schouten calls this as a synthesis of Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita and Shankara's Advaita traditions, naming it ''Shakti-Vishishtadvaita'', that is monism fused with Shakti beliefs.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=9-10}} But Basava's approach is different than [[Adi Shankara]], states Schouten, in that Basava emphasises the path of devotion, compared to Shankara's emphasis on the path of knowledge—a system of monistic [[Advaita]] philosophy widely discussed in Karnataka in the time of Basava.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=111-112}}<br /> <br /> ====Panchacharas====<br /> [[File:Kudala Sangama.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kudalasangama]] in [[Bagalkot district]], a temple and pilgrimage site linked to Guru Basavanna]]<br /> The ''Panchacharas'' describe the five codes of conduct to be followed by the Lingayats. The ''[[Panchachara]]s'' include:{{sfn|Klostermaier|2010}}<br /> * Lingāchāra&amp;nbsp;– Daily worship of the individual Ishtalinga icon, one to three times day.<br /> * Sadāchāra&amp;nbsp;– Attention to vocation and duty, and adherence to the seven rules of conduct issued by [[Basavanna]]:<br /> **{{transliteration|hi|kala beda}} (Do not steal)<br /> **{{transliteration|hi|kola beda}} (Do not kill or hurt)<br /> **{{transliteration|hi|husiya nudiyalu beda}} (Do not utter lies)<br /> **{{transliteration|hi|thanna bannisabeda}} (Do not praise yourself*, i.e., practice humility)<br /> **{{transliteration|hi|idira haliyalu beda}} (Do not criticize others)<br /> **{{transliteration|hi|muniya beda}} (shun anger)<br /> **{{transliteration|hi|anyarige asahya padabeda}} (Do not be intolerant towards others)<br /> * Sivāchāra&amp;nbsp;– acknowledging [[Shiva]] as the supreme divine being and upholding the equality and well-being of all human beings.<br /> * Bhrityāchāra&amp;nbsp;– Compassion towards all creatures.<br /> * Ganāchāra&amp;nbsp;– Defence of the community and its tenets.<br /> <br /> ====Ashtavarana====<br /> The ''Ashtavaranas'', the eight-fold armour that shields the devotee from extraneous distraction and worldly attachments. The ''[[Ashtavarana]]s'' include:{{sfn|Klostermaier|2010}}<br /> * [[Guru]]&amp;nbsp;– obedience towards Guru, the Mentor;<br /> * [[Linga]]&amp;nbsp;– wearing the ''Ishtalinga'' on your body at all times;<br /> * [[Jangama]]&amp;nbsp;– reverence for Shiva ascetics as incarnations of divinity;<br /> * [[Pādodaka]]&amp;nbsp;– sipping the water used for bathing the Linga;<br /> * [[Prasāda]]&amp;nbsp;– sacred offerings;<br /> * [[Vibhuti]]&amp;nbsp;– smearing holy ash on oneself daily;<br /> * [[Rudrāksha]]&amp;nbsp;– wearing a string of ''rudraksha'' (holy beads, seeds of [[Elaeocarpus ganitrus]]);<br /> * [[Mantra]]&amp;nbsp;– reciting the mantra of &quot;Namah Shivaya: (salutation to Shiva)&quot;<br /> <br /> ====''Kāyakavē Kailāsa'' doctrine and karma====<br /> [[File:Kailaasa.png|thumb|''Kayakave Kailasa'' in [[Kannada]]]]<br /> ''Kayakave kailasa'' is a slogan in Veerashaivism. It means &quot;work is heaven&quot; or &quot;to work [''Kayakave''] is to be in the Lord's Kingdom [''Kailasa'']&quot;. Some scholars translate ''Kayaka'' as &quot;worship, ritual&quot;, while others translate it as &quot;work, labour&quot;. The slogan is attributed to Basava, and generally interpreted to signify a work ethic for all social classes.{{sfn|Ramanujan|1973|p=35-36}}<br /> <br /> Lingayat poet-saints accepted the concept of ''[[karma]]'' and repeatedly mention it in their Shiva poetry. For example, states Ramanujan, Mahadeviyakka mentions karma and resulting chain of rebirths that are cut short by bhakti to Shiva.{{sfn|Ramanujan|1973|pp=116-117 with footnote 45 on p. 194}} Lingayats have the concepts of karma and dharma, but the Lingayat doctrine of karma is not one of fate and destiny. Lingayats believe in ''kayaka'' (work) and the transformative potential of &quot;one's work in the here and now&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Karigoudar|last=Ishwaran|title=A Populistic Community and Modernization in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNYUAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA25|year=1977|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=90-04-04790-5|pages=29–30|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414234936/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNYUAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA25|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Schouten, Siddharama and Allama debated the doctrine of karma as the law of work and merit, but Allama persuaded Siddharama that such merit is a low-level mechanism, and real mystical achievement transcends &quot;the sphere of works and rewards&quot; and is void of self-interest.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=105-106, 114}} These ideas, states Schouten, are similar to those found in Bhagavad Gita which teaches &quot;work must be done without any attachment to the results&quot;.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|pp=106-107}}{{refn|group=note|According to Venugolan, the Lingayatism views on karma and free will is also found in some early texts of Hinduism.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last=Venugopal | first=C. N. | title=Reformist Sects and the Sociology of Religion in India | journal=Sociological Analysis | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=51 | year=1990 | doi=10.2307/3711676 | pages=S.77–88| jstor=3711676 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ====Dāsoha doctrine====<br /> ''Dasoha'' is the purpose and result of ''Kāyakavē Kailāsa'' in Lingayat philosophy.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=111–113, 120, 140–141}} ''Dasoha'' means &quot;service&quot;, and more specifically &quot;service to other Lingayats&quot; including the ''[[Jangam]]a''. Regardless of one's vocation, Lingayats suggest giving and donating a part of one's time, effort and income to one's community and to religious mendicants.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=111–113, 120, 140–141}}{{sfn|Michael|1992|pp=40–45}}<br /> <br /> According to Virasaivism, skilful work and service to one's community, without discrimination, is a means to experiencing the divine, a sentiment that continues to be revered in present-day Virasaivas.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=138–141}} According to Jan Peter Schouten, this doctrine is philosophically rooted in the more ancient [[Soham (Sanskrit)|So'ham]] Sanskrit [[advaita|oneness]] mantra related to [[Shiva]], and which means &quot;I am He&quot;.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=113–114}} This social ethic is also found among other Hindu communities of South India, and includes community provisioning of grains and sharing other essentials particularly with poorer members of society and those affected by natural or other disasters.{{sfn|Vasavi|1999|p=71–76, 79–81}}<br /> <br /> ===Lingadharane===<br /> ''Lingadharane'' is the ceremony of initiation among Lingayats. Though ''lingadharane'' can be performed at any age, it is usually performed when a fetus in the womb is 7–8 months old. The family Guru performs [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] and provides the ishtalinga to the mother, who then ties it to her own ishtalinga until birth. At birth the mother secures the new ishtalinga to her child. Upon attaining the age of 8–11 years, the child receives ''[[Diksha]]'' from the family Guru to know the proper procedure to perform pooja of ishtalinga. From birth to death, the child wears the Linga at all times and it is worshipped as a personal ishtalinga. The ''Linga'' is wrapped in a cloth housed in a small silver and wooden box. It is to be worn on the chest, over the seat of the indwelling deity within the heart. Some people wear it on the chest or around the body using a thread.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Vegetarianism===<br /> Lingayats are strict [[vegetarian]]s. Devout Lingayats do not consume meat of any kind including fish.{{sfn|Ishwaran|1983|p=119–120}} The drinking of [[liquor]] is prohibited.&lt;ref name=cultural.maharashtra.gov group=web/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Temples and rites of passage===<br /> Lingayats believe that the human body is a temple. In addition, they have continued to build the community halls and Shaiva temple traditions of South India. Their temples include Shiva linga in the sanctum, a sitting Nandi facing the linga, with mandapa and other features. However, the prayers and offerings are not led by [[Brahmin]] priests but by Lingayat priests (Veerashaiva Jangama).&lt;ref name=&quot;Srinivas1998p42&quot;/&gt; The temple format is simpler than those of Jains and Hindus found in north Karnataka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Julia A. B.|last1=Hegewald|first2=Subrata K.|last2=Mitra|title=Re-Use-The Art and Politics of Integration and Anxiety|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxdBDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT75|year=2012|publisher=SAGE Publishing|isbn=978-81-321-1666-0|page=75|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=15 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415003230/https://books.google.com/books?id=AxdBDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT75|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Schouten|1995|pp=119, 167}} In some parts of Karnataka, these temples are samadhis of Lingayat saints, in others such as the [[Veerabhadra Temple, Yadur|Veerabhadra temple of Belgavi]] – one of the important pilgrimage sites for Lingayats,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Ramchandra Chintaman Dhere|title=Rise of a Folk God: Vitthal of Pandharpur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA70|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977764-8|pages=70–72|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414234937/https://books.google.com/books?id=jUeeAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA70|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and other historic temples, the Shiva temple is operated and maintained by Lingayat priests.&lt;ref name=&quot;Srinivas1998p42&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=M.N.|last=Srinivas|year=1998|title=Village, Caste, Gender, and Method: Essays in Indian Social Anthropology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4K3AAAAIAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564559-0|pages=42–43, 111|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414234933/https://books.google.com/books?id=-4K3AAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Patil34&gt;{{harvnb|Shankaragouda Hanamantagouda Patil|2002|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=R84n-Wv1S-8C&amp;pg=PA34 34–35]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many rural Lingayat communities include the images of Shiva, Parvati and Ganesha in their wedding invitations, while Ganesha festivities are observed by both rural and urban Lingayats in many parts of Karnataka.&lt;ref name=Patil34/&gt; Colonial-era reports by British officials confirm that Lingayats observed Ganesha Chaturthi in the 19th century.&lt;ref name=campbell149&gt;{{cite book|author=Sir James MacNabb Campbell|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Dháwár|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623727 |year=1884|publisher= Government Central Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924070623727/page/n163 148]–149}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Festivals===<br /> They celebrate most of the Hindu festivals and their own festivals;<br /> * [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]&lt;ref name=Patil34/&gt;&lt;ref name=campbell149/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/kalburgi-lankesh-questioned-lingayats-modi-rahul-courted-them/63529/ Kalburgi &amp; Lankesh questioned Lingayats, Modi &amp; Rahul courted them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927165242/https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/kalburgi-lankesh-questioned-lingayats-modi-rahul-courted-them/63529/ |date=27 September 2018 }}, The Print, Quote: &quot;For instance, he [Kalburgi] questioned the celebration of Ganesh Chaturthi by Lingayats [...]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Maha Shivaratri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Srinivas1995p158&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Literature==<br /> {{Main|Vachana Sahitya}}<br /> {{wide image|Plam leaf of 11th and 12th Century with Vachanas.jpg|750px|align-cap=center|[[Vachana Sahitya]] (also called ''Sharana Sahitya'') on a [[Palm-leaf manuscript|Palm Leaf]]}}<br /> <br /> ===Lingayat literature===<br /> [[File:Akkamahadevi Vachana (extracted).JPG|thumb|right|A vachana (poem) by [[Akka Mahadevi]]]]<br /> Several works are attributed to the founder of Lingayat movement, Basava, and these texts are revered in the Lingayat community. In particular, these include various ''Vachana'' (literally, &quot;what is said&quot;){{sfn|Olson|2007|p=239–240}} such as the ''Shat-sthala-vachana'', ''Kala-jnana-vachana'', ''Mantra-gopya'', ''Ghatachakra-vachana'' and ''Raja-yoga-vachana''.{{sfn|Rice|1982|p=53–54}} Saints and Sharanas like Allamaprabhu, Akka Mahadevi, [[Siddarama]] and Basava were at the forefront of this development during the 12th century.<br /> <br /> Other important Lingayat literature includes:{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}<br /> * [[Shunyasampadane]]<br /> * [[Mantra Gopya]]<br /> * [[Shunyasampadane|Shunya Sampadane]]<br /> * [[Karana Hasuge]]<br /> <br /> The ''[[Basava Purana]]'', a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] biographical epic poem which narrates the life story of Basava, was written by [[Palkuriki Somanatha]] in 13th-century, and an updated 14th-century Kannada version was written by [[Bhima Kavi]] in 1369. Both are sacred texts for lingayats.{{sfn|Rao|Roghair|2014|pp=21–23}}<br /> <br /> ===Vedas and shastras===<br /> Lingayat (Veerashaiva) thinkers rejected the custodial hold of Brahmins over the [[Veda]]s and the [[shastra]]s, but they did not outright reject the Vedic knowledge.{{sfn|Prasad|2012|p=104}}{{sfn|Rao|Roghair|2014|p=7}}{{sfn|Rao|Roghair|2014|p=7}} The 13th-century Telugu Virashaiva poet [[Palkuriki Somanatha]], author of [[Basava Purana]]—a scripture of Veerashaivas, for example asserted, &quot;Virashaivism fully conformed to the [[Vedas]] and the shastras.&quot;{{sfn|Prasad|2012|p=104}}{{sfn|Rao|Roghair|2014|pp=7-8}} Somanatha repeatedly stated that &quot;he was a scholar of the four Vedas&quot;.{{sfn|Rao|Roghair|2014|p=7}}<br /> <br /> Lingayats consider the Vedas as a means, but not the sanctimonious end.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCormack 1963 59–71&quot;/&gt; It rejected various forms of ritualism and the uncritical adherence to any text including the Vedas.{{sfn|Ishwaran|1980|p=72-76}}<br /> <br /> ===Anubhava Mantapa===<br /> The ''Anubhava Mantapa'' literally means the &quot;hall of spiritual experience&quot;.{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=1-5}} It has been a Lingayat institution since the time of Basava, serving as an academy of mystics, saints and poet-philosophers for discussion of spiritual and mundane questions of life, in open.{{sfn|Das|2005|p=161-163}} It was the fountainhead of all religious and philosophical thought pertaining to the Lingayata. It was presided over by the mystic Allamaprabhu, and numerous sharanas from all over Karnataka and other parts of India were participants. This institution also helped propagate lingayat's religious and philosophical thought. Akka Mahadevi, Channabasavanna and Basavanna himself were participants in the [[Anubhava Mantapa]].{{sfn|Schouten|1995|p=1-5}}<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> Lingayats today are found predominantly in the state of [[Karnataka]], especially in North and Central Karnataka with a sizeable population native to South Karnataka. Lingayats have been estimated to be about 16% of Karnataka's population&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title = CM Devendra Fadnavis to get demand for Lingayat quota examined by state panel|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/cm-devendra-fadnavis-to-get-demand-for-lingayat-quota-examined-by-state-panel/articleshow/70339881.cms|work = The Times of India| date=23 July 2019 |access-date = 5 August 2021|archive-date = 5 August 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210805150753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/cm-devendra-fadnavis-to-get-demand-for-lingayat-quota-examined-by-state-panel/articleshow/70339881.cms|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and about 6-7% of [[Maharashtra]]'s population.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Levinson|Christensen|2002|p=475}}{{refn|group=note|Levinson &amp; Christensen (2002): &quot;The Lingayats are a Hindu sect concentrated in the state of Karnataka (a southern provincial state of India), which covers 191,773 square kilometres.&quot;{{sfn|Levinson|Christensen|2002|p=475}}}} In Tamil Nadu, they are called Veera Saiva Bandarathar. Lingayat Vani community is present in [[marathwada]] and [[Kolhapur]], [[Konkan]] region and were traders, [[Zamindar]]s in medieval era.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Kumar Suresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&amp;dq=lingayat+vani&amp;pg=PA1272 |title=Maharashtra |last2=Bhanu |first2=B. V. |last3=India |first3=Anthropological Survey of |date=2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-101-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5n9nFS661TEC&amp;dq=lingayat+wani+yeotmal&amp;pg=PA91 |title=Yeotmal District Volume A Descriptive: By C. Brown and R. V. Russell |date=1908 |publisher=Printed at the Baptist mission Press |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Lingayat diaspora can be found in countries around the world, particularly the [[United States]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Australia]].&lt;ref name=Economist_2017_medievalpoet group=web/&gt;{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=March 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Reservation status==<br /> <br /> Today, the Lingayat community is a blend of various [[caste]]s, consisting of [[Other Backward Class|OBC]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=24 March 2023|title= Karnataka govt. scraps Muslim quota of 4%, increases quota of Lingayats and Vokkaligas by 2% each|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/state-govt-scraps-muslims-quota-of-4-increases-quota-of-lingayats-and-vokkaligas-by-2-each/article66658455.ece/|access-date=19 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=28 November 2020|title=Cabinet defers decision on inclusion of Lingayats in OBC|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cabinet-defers-decision-on-inclusion-of-lingayats-in-obc/article33195847.ece|access-date=31 December 2020|archive-date=23 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223105947/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cabinet-defers-decision-on-inclusion-of-lingayats-in-obc/article33195847.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/mar/23/lingayat-scs-obcs-may-not-welcome-minority-tag-1791248.html|title=Lingayat SCs, OBCs may not welcome minority tag|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=11 August 2018|quote=Out of 99 castes listed within the Lingayat community, about 20 come under SC and another 15 come under OBC...According to sources, about 7 per cent of Lingayats come under SC/ST category.|archive-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811064041/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/mar/23/lingayat-scs-obcs-may-not-welcome-minority-tag-1791248.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Currently, 16 castes of Lingayats have been accorded the OBC status by the Central Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; According to one of the estimates by a Lingayat politician around 7 per cent of people in Lingayat community come under SC and STs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Veerashaiva Lingayats get OBC reservation at state level in both Karnataka&lt;ref name=Karnataka&gt;{{cite web|title=CASTE LIST Government Order No.SWD 225 BCA 2000, Dated:30th March 2002. |url=http://kpsc.kar.nic.in/New%20Cast%20List.htm |website=KPSC |publisher=Karnataka Government |access-date=17 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920230051/http://kpsc.kar.nic.in/New%20Cast%20List.htm |archive-date=20 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and Telangana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tsmesa.in/2015BCW_MS16.pdf|title=STATE LIST OF BCs(List of BCs of Telangana State)|website=www.tsmesa.in|publisher=Backward Classes Welfare Department, Government of Telangana|access-date=11 August 2021|page=7|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811152125/http://www.tsmesa.in/2015BCW_MS16.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Pranalinga==<br /> '''Pranalinga''' ({{langx|kn|ಪ್ರಾಣಲಿಂಗ}}) within [[Hinduism]] refers to the experience of all as a form of god. It is a concept in ''Lingayatism''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;M. R. Sakhare, History and Philosophy of the Lingayat Religion, Prasaranga, Karnataka University, Dharwad&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Pranalinga is a type of ''shatshala'', a subdivision arranged by Kannada ''[[Vachana sahitya|vachanas]]'', which focuses on the thoughts of yoga practices and power.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2010.493279 |url-access=limited |last=Boratti |first=Vijayakumar M. |date=July 2010 |title=The 'Discovery' of Vachanas: Notes on Fakirappa Gurubasappa Halakatti's Secular Interpretation of the Texts and the Lingayath Community in Colonial Karnataka |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=177&amp;ndash;209 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2010.493279 |access-date=October 24, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its practice is used when worshipping the god [[Lingam#Lingayatism|Istalinga]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sharadacollegebasrur.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Journal-Word-converted.pdf |title=ENDEAVOUR: An Annual Multidisciplinary Journal |page=18 |access-date=October 24, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Lingayats]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note|35em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|20em}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> <br /> ===Printed sources===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> &lt;!-- A --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last1 =Ahmmad | first1 =Aziz | last2 =Ishwaran | first2 =Karigoudar | year =1973 | title =Contributions to Asian Studies | publisher =Brill Academic | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEVAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA55 | access-date =11 March 2018 | archive-date =15 April 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20210415005541/https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEVAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA55 | url-status =live }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Aitken | first =Bill | year =1999 | title =Divining the Deccan | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-564711-2 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJuAAAAMAAJ | access-date =22 January 2017 | archive-date =15 February 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215013220/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUJuAAAAMAAJ | url-status =live }}<br /> &lt;!-- B --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Bäumer | first =Bettina | year =2010 | title =Bhima Bhoi, Verses from the Void: Mystic Poetry of an Oriya Saint | publisher =Manohar Publishers | isbn =978-81-7304-813-5 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=nNnhSAAACAAJ | access-date =22 January 2017 | archive-date =15 February 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215022539/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNnhSAAACAAJ | url-status =live }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Bairy | first =Ramesh | year =2013 | title =Being Brahmin, Being Modern: Exploring the Lives of Caste Today | publisher =Routledge|url=https://books.google.com.pa/books?id=GAS8TN50bJcC}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Bunce | first =Fredrick | year =2010 | title =Hindu deities, demi-gods, godlings, demons, and heroes | publisher =D.K. 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A concise composition'', by Linga Raju.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326230757/https://www.amazon.com/Siddhanta-Shikhamani-hundred-doctrine-composition-ebook/dp/B01DFOG2FO |date=26 March 2022 }} Kindle Edition&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- B --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=BS_2018 group=web&gt;Business Standard (20 March 2018), [http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/karnataka-polls-siddaramaiah-accepts-lingayat-demand-for-separate-religious-status-10-highlights-118031900672_1.html ''Karnataka Lingayat religion row: Congress' decision a blow for BJP? updates''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321192943/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/karnataka-polls-siddaramaiah-accepts-lingayat-demand-for-separate-religious-status-10-highlights-118031900672_1.html |date=21 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- C --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=cultural.maharashtra.gov group=web&gt;{{cite news|author=cultural.maharashtra.gov|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLHAPUR/people_lingayats.html|title=LINGAYATS|access-date=2 July 2014|archive-date=27 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227020013/http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLHAPUR/people_lingayats.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- E --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=EB_Basava group=web&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Basava#ref287077 Basava] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802005456/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Basava#ref287077 |date=2 August 2017 }} Encyclopedia Britannica (2012)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=EB_Lingayat group=web&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lingayat Lingayat: Hindu sect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121919/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lingayat |date=2 February 2017 }}, Encyclopedia Britannica (2015)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=Economist_2017_medievalpoet group=web&gt;{{cite news|title=A medieval poet bedevils India's most powerful political party|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21729449-did-he-found-faith-or-just-faction-medieval-poet-bedevils-indias-most-powerful-political|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=21 September 2017|access-date=22 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921200952/https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21729449-did-he-found-faith-or-just-faction-medieval-poet-bedevils-indias-most-powerful-political|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- F --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=fe_2018 group=web&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/karnataka-recommends-minority-status-for-lingayat-community-will-it-impact-congress-bjp-in-upcoming-polls/1104986/|title=Karnataka recommends minority status for Lingayat community: Will it impact Congress, BJP in upcoming polls?|date=20 March 2018|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=25 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925030617/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/karnataka-recommends-minority-status-for-lingayat-community-will-it-impact-congress-bjp-in-upcoming-polls/1104986/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- I --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=India_Today group=web&gt;[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20170904-lingayat-veerashaiva-communities-bjp-karnataka-siddaramaiah-1031210-2017-08-25 Why Lingayat-Veerashaiva feud is bad news for BJP in Karnataka], India Today, Aravind Gowda, (24 August 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=IT_Naheed_2013 group=web&gt;Ataulla, Naheed (10 October 2013), [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Lingayats-renew-demand-for-separate-religion/articleshow/23846654.cms ''Lingayats renew demand for separate religion''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412233956/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Lingayats-renew-demand-for-separate-religion/articleshow/23846654.cms |date=12 April 2016 }}. ''The Times of India''. Retrieve don 28 November 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- K --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=KPN_2018 group=web&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://kalaburaginews.com/how-religious-minority-status-to-lingayats-would-impact-karnataka-elections/|title=How Religious Minority Status to Lingayats would Impact Karnataka Elections 2018|work=Kalaburagi Political News|access-date=20 March 2018|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919230113/http://kalaburaginews.com/how-religious-minority-status-to-lingayats-would-impact-karnataka-elections/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- N --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=newsminute_2017 group=web&gt;[http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veerashaivas-are-lingayats-and-they-are-hindus-no-question-separate-religion-yeddyurappa 'Veerashaivas are Lingayats and they are Hindus, no question of separate religion': Yeddyurappa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924140031/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veerashaivas-are-lingayats-and-they-are-hindus-no-question-separate-religion-yeddyurappa |date=24 September 2017 }}, TNM News Minute (23 July 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=NIE_2017 group=web&gt;[https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/jul/25/now-government-bats-for-separate-religion-for-lingayats-1633128.html Now, government bats for separate religion for Lingayats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924184639/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/jul/25/now-government-bats-for-separate-religion-for-lingayats-1633128.html |date=24 September 2017 }}, The New Indian Express (25 July 2017)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- S --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=shaivam.org group=web&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shaivam.org/ |title=shaivam.org, ''Shaivam'' |access-date=23 December 2012 |archive-date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227014210/http://www.shaivam.org/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- T --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=thehindu2000 group=web&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/2000/12/11/stories/0411402k.htm Veerashaivas' campaign gaining momentum]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, The Hindu (11 December 2000)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=thehindu_2017_karnataka&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/will-welcome-it-if-cm-contests-from-north-karnataka-says-yeddyurappa/article19711137.ece | title=Will welcome it if CM contests from north Karnataka, says Yeddyurappa | date=18 September 2017 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=11 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111232917/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/will-welcome-it-if-cm-contests-from-north-karnataka-says-yeddyurappa/article19711137.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=thehindu_2017_Sharanbasava group=web&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hinduism-is-only-a-cultural-identity/article7075806.ece | title=Lingayat is an independent religion: Seer | first=Vijaykumar | last=Patil | date=7 April 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=24 September 2019 | archive-date=14 April 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414235501/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/hinduism-is-only-a-cultural-identity/article7075806.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=thehindu_2018_03_23 group=web&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/terms-of-separation/article23325308.ece|title=Terms of separation|last=Gowda|first=Chandan|date=23 March 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 March 2018|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109010046/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/terms-of-separation/article23325308.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- W --&gt;<br /> &lt;ref name=Wire_2017 group=web&gt;Gauri Lankesh (5 September 2017), [https://thewire.in/history/karnataka-lingayat-veerashaive-debate ''Making Sense of the Lingayat vs Veerashaiva Debate''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320230401/https://thewire.in/history/karnataka-lingayat-veerashaive-debate |date=20 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Are Lingayats Hindus ? a comparative study of Lingayatism and Hinduism, Volume II, by Dr SM Jaamdar (IAS Retd) (English and Kannada) .. [https://jlms.in/shop/are-lingayats-hindus-2 En] [https://jlms.in/shop/lingayataru-hindugale-volume-2 Kn]<br /> *Are Lingayats and Veershaivas Same or Different?, by Dr. G. R. Channabasappa (in Kannada). [https://jlms.in/shop/are-lingayats-and-veershaivas-same-or-different Kn]<br /> *Veerashaiva Panchacharyas (Facts vs Fiction) by Dr. G. R. Channabasappa (in Kannada). [https://jlms.in/shop/veerashaiva-panchacharyas-facts-vs-fiction Kn]<br /> *Did Veerashaivism Exist Before the Twelfth Century? by Dr. G. R. Channabasappa (English) [https://jlms.in/shop/did-veerashaivism-exist-before-the-twelth-century En]<br /> *Lingayat as Independent Religion, Documentary Evidence Volume I, by Dr SM Jaamdar (IAS Retd) (English) [https://jlms.in/shop/lingayat-as-independent-religion-documentary-evidence-vol1 En]<br /> *Mysore Veerashaiva Agitation of 1890's and Its Long Term eff, by Dr SM Jaamdar (IAS Retd) (English) [https://jlms.in/shop/mysore-veerashaiva-agitation-and-effects-english En]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.virashaiva.com/ Virashaiva.com]<br /> * [http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00013643/00001 The Lingayats], N.C. Sargant (1963), University of Florida Archives<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844333 Lingayats as a Sect], William McCormack (1963)<br /> * [http://lingayatreligion.com/ Lingayat Religion]<br /> <br /> {{Lingayatism}}<br /> {{Saivism}}<br /> {{Lingayatism topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Anti-caste movements]]<br /> [[Category:Society of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Bhakti-era Hindu sects]]<br /> [[Category:Indian religions]]<br /> [[Category:Hinduism in South India]]<br /> [[Category:Sects that require vegetarianism]]<br /> [[Category:Shaiva sects]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okara_District&diff=468466 2026-03-23T09:51:16Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Okara(RENALA KHURD) District in Punjab, Pakistan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | official_name = Okara District<br /> | name = <br /> | native_name = {{Nastaliq|ضلع اوكاڑہ}}<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts in Punjab, Pakistan|District]] of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> |size = 250<br /> |photo1a = Mir Chakar Rind's Tomb.JPG <br /> |photo2a = Interior Ghausia Masjid, Katchery Bazar, Okara - panoramio.jpg<br /> |photo3a = Shaikhu Sharif, Okara.jpg<br /> }}<br /> | imagesize = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Top: [[Satghara]] &lt;br&gt;Center: Ghausia Masjid, [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]]&lt;br&gt;Bottom: Shaikhu Sharif, Okara<br /> | image_map = Pakistan - Punjab - Okara.svg<br /> | mapsize = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location of Okara in Punjab.<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|30.801380|73.448334|region:PK_type:city|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Punjab}}<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Pakistan|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Sahiwal Division|Sahiwal]]<br /> | founder = <br /> | seat_type = [[Headquarters]]<br /> | seat = [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]]<br /> | government_footnotes = <br /> | government_type = District Administration<br /> | leader_title = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]]<br /> | leader_name = Zeeshan Hanif&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://pakobserver.net/punjab-cm-appoints-juniors-as-dcs-in-22-districts/|title=Punjab CM appoints juniors as DCs in 22 districts|date=February 2023|access-date=25 July 2023|work=Pakistan Observer (newspaper)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | leader_title1 = District Police Officer<br /> | leader_name1 = Mansoor Aman<br /> | leader_title2 = District Health Officer<br /> | leader_name2 = N/A<br /> | leader_party = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 4377<br /> | population_as_of = 2023<br /> | population_total = 3515490<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_urban = 1187504<br /> | population_rural = 2,327,986<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;2023table1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | demographics2_title1 = Literacy rate<br /> | demographics2_info1 = {{bulleted list |'''Total:'''&lt;br /&gt;(60.25%) |'''Male:'''&lt;br /&gt;(66.52%) |'''Female:'''&lt;br /&gt;(53.71%) }}<br /> | timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = <br /> | area_code = 044<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[List of tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan|Tehsils]]<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = [[Depalpur Tehsil|Depalpur]]&lt;br&gt;[[Okara Tehsil|Okara]]&lt;br&gt;[[Renala Khurd Tehsil|Renala Khurd]]<br /> | blank_name_sec2 = Number of [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]<br /> | blank_info_sec2 = 10<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Main language(s)<br /> | demographics_type2 = Literacy<br /> | demographics2_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_districts.pdf |title= Literacy rate, enrolments, and out-of-school population by sex and rural/urban, CENSUS-2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Urdu]]<br /> | website = {{URL|okara.punjab.gov.pk}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Okara District''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|ضلع اوكاڑہ}}}}) is a [[Districts of Pakistan|district]] of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]. It became a separate district in 1982, prior to that it was part of [[Sahiwal District]].&lt;ref name=CBO&gt;[http://www.cbokara.gov.pk/en//history History of Okara District on Cantonment Board Okara website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614160534/http://cbokara.gov.pk/en//history |date=14 June 2022 }} Government of Pakistan website, Retrieved 12 April 2021&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> After the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Sikh Empire]] invaded and occupied Sahiwal. The Muslims faced restrictions during the Sikh rule. During the period of [[British Raj|British rule]], there was an Okan forest where the city has been built. The city is a relatively new agricultural city. The settlement's name &quot;Okara&quot; actually originated from word &quot;Okan&quot; (a lush green tree with needle-like leaves). The [[Tamarix|Okan Tree]] gave birth to word Okanwali ('''Land of Okan''') which ultimately became Okara.&lt;ref name=okara&gt;[https://www.punjab.gov.pk/okara Okara on Punjab Portal, Punjab Government website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926164655/https://www.punjab.gov.pk/okara |date=26 September 2022 }} Retrieved 11 April 2021&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1390884 |title=Visiting Okara District Complex a tough task|author=Aslam Piracha|date=22 February 2018|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=11 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; During [[British Raj|British rule]], the area was part of [[Montgomery District]] and contained a large [[Potassium nitrate|saltpeter]] refinery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_318.gif |title=Punjab – Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 20, p. 312. |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707012902/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_318.gif |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; At [[Partition of India|independence]] in 1947, one of the two textile mills that [[Pakistan]] got was in Okara. The mill was known as Sutlej textile mill and it was Asia's biggest textile mill at the time but at present, it has closed down. In 1982, the city became the headquarters of the newly created Okara District. Okara has had a railway line since 1892.&lt;ref name=CBO/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2015, a jail was established in Okara which is named as Okara District Jail. The 52-acre prison has the capacity to hold 750 prisoners.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Okara City and District: History, Facts, and Overview |url=https://pakgeography.com/okara-district/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Pak Geography |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=District Jail Okara {{!}} Punjab Prisons |url=https://prisons.punjab.gov.pk/distt_jail_okara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630212726/https://prisons.punjab.gov.pk/distt_jail_okara |archive-date=30 June 2024 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=prisons.punjab.gov.pk |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Agriculture &amp; Irrigation ==<br /> Okara, [[Pakpattan]], Sahiwal, [[Khanewal]], Vehari and [[Multan]] combined produce more than 60% of the potatoe harvest of Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mahmood |first=Amjad |date=2021-04-19 |title=The tuber territory of Okara |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1618941 |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title=Pakistan eyes China to boost potato industry |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2350184/pakistan-eyes-china-to-boost-potato-industry |access-date=2023-01-31 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The whole area was barren land till the introduction of canal system. However, [[Lower Bari Doab Canal]] (LBDC) from river [[Ravi River|Ravi]] in 1913, and later Depalpur and Pakpattan canals, brought the entire district under the command of irrigation system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Okara district profile - urbanunit.gov.pk |url=https://urbanunit.gov.pk/Download/publications/Files/8/2021/PCIIP%20Cities%20Profile-Okara.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> {{Historical populations<br /> |align=center<br /> |percentages=pagr<br /> |1951 |730472<br /> |1961 |827528<br /> |1972 |1123812<br /> |1981 |1487261<br /> |1998 |2232992<br /> |2017 |3040826<br /> |2023 |3515490<br /> |footnote= Sources:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Population by administrative units 1951-1998 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/1998/administrative_units.pdf |publisher = [[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Okara district (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;2023table9&quot;/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float = left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Punjabi Muslims|Islam]]|green|98.38}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Punjab, Pakistan|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.03}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> As of the [[2023 Pakistani census|2023 census]], Okara district has 549,724 households and a population of 3,515,490. The district has a sex ratio of 103.73 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 60.25%: 66.52% for males and 53.71% for females.&lt;ref name=&quot;2023table1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 1 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_1.pdf |website=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2023table12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 12 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_district.pdf |website=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 958,545 (27.36% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age.&lt;ref name=&quot;2023table5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 5 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_5.pdf |website=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]] |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1,187,504 (33.78%) live in urban areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;2023table1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ Religion in contemporary Okara District<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]&lt;br&gt;group<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1941&lt;ref name=&quot;Montgomery1941&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB PROVINCE |url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/censusofindia1941-28216851/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|42}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2017&lt;ref name=&quot;2017census&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2017) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/census-2017-district-wise |website=www.pbscensus.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023&lt;ref name=&quot;2023table9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 9 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_9.pdf |website=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> !{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}<br /> !{{Abbr|%|percentage}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] <br /> |414,437<br /> |{{Percentage|414437|567599|2}}<br /> |2,995,995<br /> |{{Percentage|2995995|3040826|2}}<br /> |3,446,579<br /> |98.38%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]{{efn|name=ad-dharmi|1941 census: Including [[Ad-Dharmi]]s}}<br /> |78,751<br /> |{{Percentage|78751|567599|2}}<br /> |214<br /> |{{Percentage|12|3040826|2}}<br /> |214<br /> |0%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]<br /> |65,749<br /> |{{Percentage|65749|567599|2}}<br /> |{{N/a}}<br /> |{{N/a}}<br /> |44<br /> |0%<br /> |-<br /> | [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]<br /> |8,602<br /> |{{Percentage|8602|567599|2}}<br /> |43,636<br /> |{{Percentage|43636|3040826|2}}<br /> |55,735<br /> |1.59%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Ahmadiyya in Pakistan|Ahmadi]]<br /> |{{N/a}}<br /> |{{N/a}}<br /> |956<br /> |{{Percentage|956|3040826|2}}<br /> |594<br /> |0.02%<br /> |-<br /> | Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], or not stated}}<br /> | 60<br /> |{{Percentage|60|567599|2}}<br /> |25<br /> |{{Percentage|25|3040826|2}}<br /> |285<br /> |0.01%<br /> |-<br /> ! Total Population<br /> ! 567,599<br /> !{{Percentage|567599|567599|2}}<br /> !3,040,826<br /> !{{Percentage|3040826|3040826|2}}<br /> !3,503,451<br /> !100%<br /> |- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;<br /> | colspan=&quot;7&quot; | {{small|Note: 1941 census data is for Okara and Depalpur tehsils of the former [[Montgomery District]], which roughly corresponds to contemporary Okara district. District and tehsil borders have changed since 1941.}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |thumb = right<br /> |caption = Languages of Okara district (2023)&lt;ref name=&quot;2023table11&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value1 = 94.16 |color1 = red<br /> |label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 4.64 |color2 = green<br /> |label3 = Others |value3 = 1.20 |color3 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2023 census, 94.16% of the population spoke [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and 4.64% [[Urdu]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;2023table11&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 11 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_11.pdf |website=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main Punjabi dialects of the district are [[Jhangvi dialect|Jhangvi]] (or Rachnavi), and the standard [[Majhi dialect]].<br /> <br /> There are many tribes and clans settled in the Okara District. The majority of the population of Okara are [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] speaking [[Muslim]]s. The main tribes and clans include: Syed, Malik, Jhujh, Channar, Wattus, Mungun, Jhakhar, Klaason, Dhall Jutt, [[Rajput]]s, [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikhs]], [[Lodhi (caste)|Lodhis]], [[Kharal]]s, Kamyanas, [[Kamboj|Kumbohs]], [[Khanzada Rajputs|Khanzadas]], Noons, [[Arain]]s, Chaudhary and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] are prominent. However, the [[Jat Muslim|Jat]] population is less compared to other communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dawn&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the 2023 census conducted by Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 98.47 % population of Okara district is Muslim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population by religion - pbs.gov.pk |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_9_punjab_districts.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Livestock==<br /> Okara is also known for its cattle breed known as [[Sahiwal cattle|Sahiwal]] and a [[Water buffalo]] breed known as [[Niliravi]]. It is very rich in livestock population and production. The [[Livestock Production Research Institute|Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRI)]] Bahadar Nagar Farm is a very large Government farm near Okara city (18.5&amp;nbsp;km on Faisalabad road from DepalPur Chowk Okara). The farm has a large number of cows, buffalos, bulls (for reproduction), goats and sheep. Okara is a major milk producing city of Pakistan. There is also a large military dairy farm in Okara district originally set up in 1913.&lt;ref name=Newsline/&gt; After the [[independence of Pakistan]] in 1947, the 'battai system' (sharing-partners in crop yields) continued in all military-owned farms in Pakistan, with the farmers taking their respective shares in the crop yields.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1314706 |author=Ikram Junaidi|date=14 February 2017|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|title=Okara farms dispute nearing 'amicable solution'|access-date=11 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Newsline&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://newslinemagazine.com/magazine/land-land-peasants-okara-fight-rights/ |author=Kunwar Khuldune Shahid|date=1 June 2016|title=This Land is Our Land: Peasants in Okara fight for their rights|journal=Newsline|access-date=12 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bypass==<br /> Since 2005 the Okara Bypass (30.786887° 73.459238°), with a length of 12.7&amp;nbsp;km, on GT road (N-5) was opened.yes&lt;ref name=CBO/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Surroundings==<br /> Towns in the district include:<br /> *[[Depalpur Tehsil|Depalpur]]&lt;ref name=OkaraDistrict&gt;[https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/punjab/OKARA_BLOCKWISE.pdf Population Detail of Okara District on Government of Punjab website] Retrieved 12 April 2021&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Renala Khurd]]<br /> *[[Basirpur]]<br /> *[[Haveli Lakha]]<br /> *[[Hujra Shah Muqeem|Hujra Shaah Moqeem]]<br /> *[[Ghaziabad]]<br /> *[[Jaboka]]<br /> *[[Chak 14 Gd Tehsildar]]<br /> *[[Naul Plot]]<br /> *[[Satghara]]<br /> <br /> ==Administration division==<br /> [[File:Okara constituencies.jpg|thumb|right|Map of the district's constituent units (national assembly)]]<br /> The following is a table of the [[Tehsil]]s &amp; [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union Council]]s of Okara District:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> !Tehsil&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/District.html Divisions/Districts of Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930093025/http://www.ecp.gov.pk/content/District.html|date=2006-09-30}} Note: Although divisions as an administrative structure has been abolished, the election commission of Pakistan still groups districts under the division names&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Area<br /> (km²)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=TABLE 1 : AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023, PUNJAB |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/punjab/dcr/table_1.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Pop.<br /> (2023)<br /> !Density<br /> (ppl/km²)<br /> <br /> (2023)<br /> !Literacy rate<br /> (2023)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_12_punjab_districts.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Union Councils<br /> |-<br /> |[[Depalpur Tehsil|Depalpur]]<br /> |2,502<br /> |1,592,201<br /> |636.37<br /> |55.29%<br /> |55<br /> |-<br /> |[[Okara Tehsil|Okara]]<br /> |1,241<br /> |1,393,746<br /> |1,123.08<br /> |63.34%<br /> |41<br /> |-<br /> |[[Renala Khurd Tehsil|Renala Khurd]]<br /> |634<br /> |529,543<br /> |835.24<br /> |66.98%<br /> |18<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Tehsil]] !! [[Union councils of Pakistan|Unions]] !! Total Unions<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Depalpur Tehsil|Depalpur]]<br /> | 1/SP WESAWEWALA, AMLI MOTI, AWAN KALAN, BARICT (CHAK BAWA), BASIRPUR-1, BASIRPUR-2, [[Behlolpur (Okara)|BEHLOL PUR]], BHELA GULAB SINGH, BHOMAN SHAH, BHONE MANZaBTA, BHUTA MOHABBAT, BONGA SALEH, CHIPLI PUR, DEPALPUR-1, DEPALPUR-2, DEPALPUR-3, DHULLIANA, FARID PUR SOHAG, GUDDAR MULKANA, [[Haveli Lakha|HAVELI LAKHA]]-1, [[Haveli Lakha|HAVELI LAKHA]]-2, [[Haveli Lakha|HAVELI LAKHA]]-3, HUJRA SHAH MUQEEM-1, HUJRA SHAH MUQEEM-2, HUJRA SHAH MUQEEM-3, JAITH PUR, JHUJH KALAN, KANI PUR, KLAIR KALAN, MAHANT DARSHAN, MANCHARIAN, [[Ahmedabad, Punjab|MANDI AHMADABAD]], MAROOF, MAZHAR ABAD, MEHAR SHAH KHAGA, MOHIB ALI UTAR, MUHAMMAD NAGAR, MUSTAFABAD., NAHAL MAHAR, NAMA JINDEKA, PANDAT MANFOOL PUR, PHULLAN TOLI, PIPLI PAHAR, [[Qadirabad|QADIR ABAD]], QILA JAVAND SINGH, [[Qila Tara Singh|QILA TARA SINGH]], RAJOWAL, RATTA KHANNA, REHMAT WALA, ROHILA TAJEYKA, RUKAN PURA, SHAH NAWAZ KHAN, SHAH YAKKA, [[Shergarh, Punjab|SHERGARH]], SOBHA RAM || 55 <br /> |-<br /> !<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Okara Tehsil|Okara]]<br /> | [[Thatta Ghulamka]] CHAK NO 25/2R SANGO-KA (CH BASHIR AHMAD SANGO-KA PAK ARMY), AKBAR, [[Bibi Pur|BIBI PUR]], [[Burj Jeway Khan|BURJ JEWAY KHAN]], CHAK 2/4L, CHAK 12/GD, CHAK 14/GD, CHAK 15/1R, CHAK 16/GD, CHAK 17/GD, CHAK 18/GD, CHAK 24/GD, CHAK 27/4L, CHAK 32/2L, CHAK 32/2R, CHAK 38/2R, CHAK 34/GD, CHAK 36-A/4L, CHAK 4/4L, CHAK 40/3R, CHAK 40-A/4L, [[CHAK 42/3R]] (Salamatpur), CHAK 44/2L, CHAK 43/GD, CHAK 45/GD(RETRI), [[Chak no.48/3R|CHAK 48/3R]], CHAK 52/2R, CHAK 53/2L, FATEH PUR, GOGERA-1, [[Jaboka|JABOKA]], JANDRAKA, KOHLA, LASHARI, OKARA-1, E-BLOCK, Masibat Pura, OKARA-10, OKARA-11, OKARA-2, OKARA-3, OKARA-4, OKARA-5, OKARA-6, OKARA-7, OKARA-8, OKARA-9, [[Satghara|SATGHARA]], SHEIKHU SHARIF, TARIQ ABAD || 41, 19/1R REHANO WALA.<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Renala Khurd Tehsil|Renala Khurd]]<br /> | Chak 13/1.R,( Imtiaz Ahmad Bhatti PA Vice Principal Academic, [[Aitchison College, Lahore|Aitchison College Lahore]])<br /> Chak 7/1-AL(of mahalmis) CHAK 10/1.AL, KOT GUJJARAN o KAMYANA Chak No 8/1R<br /> <br /> AKHTARABAD, BAZEEDA, CHAK 11/1L, Chak 12/1-L, CHAK 13/1-L, CHAK 14/1-L, CHAK 18/1L, CHAK 22/1AL, CHAK 23/2L, CHAK 33/1AL, CHAK 4/1AL, [[Chak 4GD|CHAK 4/GD]], CHAK 5/1RA, CHAK NO 4/1RA, CHAK 6/1L, CHAK 4/1.L, CHAK 7/1R, KAMAN, MOPALKEY, RENALA-1, RENALA-2 || 18<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The district is also represented in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], by 4 elected members who represent the following constituencies:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Constituency !! Member !! Party<br /> |-<br /> | NA-141 || Ch. Nadeem Abbas Rabbera|| [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]<br /> |-<br /> | NA-142 || Riaz ul Haq|| [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | NA-143 || [[Rao Muhammad Ajmal Khan]]|| [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]<br /> |-<br /> | NA-144 || Muhammad Moeen Wattoo||[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]]<br /> |-<br /> | ''Total'' || ''4''||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> *[[Bushra Bibi]] – (wife of [[Imran Khan]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/baba-farid-where-imran-khan-and-bushra-maneka-found-each-other-1.2175771 |author=Sana Jamal|newspaper=Gulf News (World Asia) website|title=Baba Farid: Where Imran Khan and Bushra Maneka found each other|date=19 February 2018|access-date=11 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Syed Samsam Bukhari]] – Politician<br /> * [[Aftab Iqbal]] – Journalist<br /> * [[Younis Iqbal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/younis-iqbal |title=Younis Iqbal |date=20 April 2018 |publisher=Front Line Defenders |access-date=21 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Social Activist and Founder/Chairman Anjuman Muzareen Movement <br /> * [[Rao Sikandar Iqbal]] – Politician<br /> * [[Zafar Iqbal (poet)|Zafar Iqbal]] – Poet and Columnist<br /> * [[Ajmal Kasab]] - [[2008 Mumbai Attacks]] terrorist<br /> * [[Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi]] - Lashkar e taiba terrorist<br /> * [[Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal]] – Historic Hero<br /> * [[Ghulam Ali Okarvi]] – Scholar<br /> * [[Indrias Rehmat]], Bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Faisalabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://fides.org/en/news/66279-ASIA_PAKISTAN_Appointment_of_the_Bishop_of_Faisalabad |website=Agenzia Fides website |access-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704131743/http://www.fides.org/en/news/66279-ASIA_PAKISTAN_Appointment_of_the_Bishop_of_Faisalabad |archive-date=4 July 2019 |title=ASIA/PAKISTAN - Appointment of the Bishop of Faisalabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Manzoor Wattoo]] – Politician, Former Chief Minister of Punjab&lt;ref name=Dawn&gt;{{Cite news|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1011363|title=After election debacle, Wattoo resigns as PPP's central Punjab president|date=14 May 2013|access-date=11 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[Saieen Zahoor]] – Sufi Musician<br /> * [[Mian Yawar Zaman]] – Politician<br /> * [[Mufti Ahmad Yar Khan Okarvi]] – Scholar<br /> * [[Samina Noor]]_ Politician<br /> <br /> * [[Muhammad Tayyab (scientist)|Muhammad Tayyab]] – Agricultural scientist and microbiome researcher specializing in sustainable crop production and soil health.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Muhammad Tayyab |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&amp;user=6AZyFZ4AAAAJ |website=Google Scholar |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Muhammad Tayyab's Research Profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muhammad-Tayyab-15 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Tayyab | first1=Muhammad | last2=Islam | first2=Waqar | last3=Arafat | first3=Yasir | last4=Pang | first4=Ziqin | last5=Zhang | first5=Caifang | last6=Lin | first6=Yuxuan | last7=Waqas | first7=Muhammad | last8=Lin | first8=Sheng | last9=Lin | first9=Wenxiong | last10=Zhang | first10=Hua | title=Effect of Sugarcane Straw and Goat Manure on Soil Nutrient Transformation and Bacterial Communities | journal=Sustainability | publisher=MDPI AG | volume=10 | issue=7 | date=2018-07-14 | issn=2071-1050 | doi=10.3390/su10072361 | doi-access=free| page=2361}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> [[Thatta Ghulamka]] Doll Village of Pakistan in Okara<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Okara District}}<br /> {{Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Okara District}}<br /> [[Category:Okara District| ]]<br /> [[Category:1982 establishments in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Districts of Punjab, Pakistan]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singrauli%E2%80%93Patna_Express&diff=536093 2026-03-23T09:31:06Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Train in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox rail service<br /> | name = Singrauli–Patna Express<br /> | image = <br /> | image_width = <br /> | caption = <br /> | type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br /> | locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] &amp; [[Bihar]]<br /> | first = <br /> | last =<br /> | operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]<br /> | ridership =<br /> | start = {{stnlnk|Singrauli}} (SGRL)<br /> | stops = 21<br /> | end = {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} (PNBE)<br /> | distance = {{convert|478|km|0|abbr=on}}<br /> | journeytime = 12 hours 35 minutes <br /> | frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}<br /> | class =AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br /> | seating = Yes<br /> | sleeping = Yes<br /> | autorack = <br /> | catering = E-catering only <br /> | observation = [[ICF coach]]<br /> | entertainment = <br /> | baggage = No<br /> | otherfacilities = Below the seats<br /> | stock = [[LHB coach]] <br /> | gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br /> | electrification =<br /> | trainnumber = 13349 / 13350<br /> | speed = {{convert|38|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br /> | map = <br /> | map_state =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The 13349 / 13350 '''Singrauli–Patna Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[East Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Singrauli}} and {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 13349/13350 train numbers on a daily basis.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/garhwa-16323388.html Palamu Express will run at an undated time]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/garhwa-16309954.html Most trains are in the middle of the night]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/palamu-16396275.html Palamu Express will run at an undated time]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Service==<br /> <br /> The 23347/Singrauli–Patna Express has an average speed of 36&amp;nbsp;km/h and covers 469&amp;nbsp;km in 13h 10m. The 23348/Patna–Singrauli Express has an average speed of 36&amp;nbsp;km/h and covers 469&amp;nbsp;km in 13h 10m.<br /> <br /> == Route and halts ==<br /> <br /> The important halts of the train are:<br /> <br /> * {{stnlnk|Singrauli}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Chopan}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Renukoot}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Garhwa}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Dehri-on-Sone}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Son Nagar Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Anugraha Narayan Road}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Gaya Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Jehanabad}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}<br /> <br /> ==Coach composition==<br /> <br /> The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 9 coaches:<br /> <br /> * 1 AC III Tier<br /> * 2 Sleeper coaches<br /> * 5 General Unreserved<br /> * 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake<br /> <br /> == Traction==<br /> <br /> Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Patratu|Patratu Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]] diesel locomotive from Singrauli to [[Chopan]]. From Chopan, train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Mughalsarai|Mughal Sarai Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] or [[WAM-4]] electric locomotive to Garhwa Road, and vice versa.<br /> <br /> ==Rake sharing==<br /> <br /> The train was attached to 13347/13348 [[Palamu Express]] at [[Garhwa Road Junction]] earlier. But now it does not attach with [[Palamu Express]] at [[Garhwa Road Junction]]<br /> <br /> The train shares its rake with 13347/48 [[Palamu Express]], 13331/32 [[Dhanbad-Patna Intercity Express]] and 03249/50 Patna Rajgir Special. <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Train No. !! Train name !! Departs !! Arrival<br /> |-<br /> | 13331 || [[Dhanbad-Patna Intercity Express]] || DHN@08:05 AM Daily || PNBE@05:30 PM Daily<br /> |-<br /> | 13350 || Patna-Singrauli Express || PNBE@07:15 AM Daily || SGRL@07:00 AM Daily<br /> |-<br /> | 13349 || Singrauli-Patna Express || SGRL@08:15 PM Daily || PNBE@09:00 AM Daily <br /> |-<br /> | 03250 || Patna-Rajgir Special || PNBE@09:20 AM Daily || RGD@12:20 PM Daily <br /> |-<br /> | 03249 || Rajgir-Patna Special || RGD@03:10 PM Daily || PNBE@06:20 PM Daily<br /> |-<br /> | 13348 || [[Palamu Express]] || PNBE@08:20 PM Daily || BRKA@07:50 AM Daily <br /> |-<br /> | 13347 || [[Palamu Express]] || BRKA@06:30 PM Daily || PNBE@06:50 AM Daily<br /> |-<br /> | 13332 || Patna-Dhanbad Intercity Express || PNBE@08:30 AM Daily || DHN@04:50 PM Daily <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Direction reversal==<br /> <br /> The train reverses its direction 2 times:<br /> <br /> * {{stnlnk|Son Nagar Junction}}<br /> * {{stnlnk|Chopan}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Singrauli railway station]]<br /> * [[Patna Junction railway station]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/984 23347/Singrauli–Patna Link Express] India Rail Info<br /> * [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/985 23348/Patna–Singrauli Link Express] India Rail Info<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singrauli-Patna Link Express}}<br /> [[Category:Transport in Patna]]<br /> [[Category:Express trains in India]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Singrauli]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-express-train-stub}}</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sujatha_(writer)&diff=538010 2026-03-20T14:36:19Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian screenwriter and novelist}}<br /> {{More footnotes needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;<br /> | name = Sujatha<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | pseudonym = Sujatha<br /> | birth_name = S. Rangarajan<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1935|05|03}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Sri Rangam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|02|27|1935|05|03}}<br /> | death_place = Chennai, India<br /> | occupation = Engineer, author, novelist, screenwriter<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | alma_mater = [[Madras Institute of Technology]]<br /> | period = 1958-2008<br /> | spouse = Sujatha (m. 1963)<br /> | children = 2<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''S. Rangarajan''' (3 May 1935 – 27 February 2008), better known by his [[wiktionary:allonym|allonym]] '''Sujatha''', was an Indian author, novelist and screenwriter who wrote in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. He authored over 100 novels, 250 short stories, ten books on science, ten stage plays, and a slim volume of poems. He was one of the most popular authors in [[Tamil literature]], and a regular contributor to topical columns in Tamil periodicals such as [[Ananda Vikatan]], [[Kumudam]] and [[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]. He had a wide readership, and served for a brief period as the editor of [[Kumudam]], and has also written screenplays and dialogues for several Tamil films.<br /> <br /> Rangarajan was also an engineer; he supervised the design and production of the [[Indian voting machines|electronic voting machine]] ([[Electronic voting|EVM]]) during his tenure at [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL), a machine which is currently used in elections throughout India. As an author he inspired many authors, including [[Balakumaran]], [[Madhan (writer)|Madhan]].<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> An Electronics-Engineer by profession, he was proficient in the language of technology. Widely read and knowledgeable, he presented his knowledge in simple Tamil.<br /> <br /> His works stood out during a time when Tamil writing was dominated by social/family dramas and historical novels. His identification with the masses, and his uncanny adoption of their way of talking, behavior, mindset and slang, helped make him popular across multiple demographic segments.<br /> <br /> His popularization of technology was one of his greatest contributions – starting with his Silicon Chip writing in ''[[Dinamani Kadhir]]'' and Yen, Yedharku, Eppadi in ''Junior Vikatan''. At one point, his writings were appearing in numerous Tamil weeklies and journals simultaneously, including ''[[Ananda Vikatan]], [[Kumudam]], Kungumam, Kalki'' and ''Dhinamani Kadhir''. Later he contributed as script/screenplay author for several Tamil movies. His notable movies included ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'', ''Thiruda Thiruda, Boys'' and ''Sivaji''. Most of his early novels/stories were made as movies, including ''Priya, Gaytri, Karaiyellam Senbagapoo'' and ''Anandha Thandavam'', among others.<br /> <br /> Brought up in Srirangam, Trichy, and having spent most of the later part of life in Bangalore, he described both places vividly in his various writings. Among his popular novels are ''Pirivom Sandhipom'' (not related to the movie of the same name), ''Rathham Ore Niram'', and ''Kolaiyudhir Kaalam''.<br /> <br /> He also immortalized Ganesh-Vasanth – an imaginary advocate pair serving as the main characters in most of his detective stories. Ganesh is a level-headed, senior advocate and Vasanth is his flirtatious junior advocate. The Ganesh-Vasanth pair was based on [[James Hadley Chase]]'s characters, Vic Malloy and his sidekick.<br /> <br /> In his later days he restricted his writing to essays such as Katradhum-Petradhum. He began to spend more time reading, especially old rare Tamil literature and writings on the latest developments in information technology and computing.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> Sujatha Rangarajan was born in a Tamil Brahmin family in [[Triplicane]], [[Chennai]] but spent his childhood in [[Srirangam]] near [[Tiruchirapalli]] under the care of his paternal grandmother owing to his father's frequent transfers in his job.<br /> <br /> === Education ===<br /> <br /> Sujatha did his schooling in the [[Higher Secondary School for Boys, Srirangam]] and attended the [[St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli]]. He graduated in the 1954 batch with a BSc in physics (1952–54). Later he studied engineering in Electronics from [[Madras Institute of Technology]], where he was a friend of [[Abdul Kalam]] (who later became the [[President of India]]). His writing interests were largely inspired by the short stories and serials published in popular [[Tamil language|Tamil]] magazines.<br /> <br /> === Early writings ===<br /> <br /> ''Srirangathu Devathaigal'' (''Angels of Srirangam'') is a series of short stories based on incidents in Srirangam during 1940s and 50s which appeared in ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]''. ''Sivaji'', a minor magazine from [[Tiruchirappalli]], published a story during his student days. His first short story was published in the ''[[Kumudam]]'' magazine in 1962. His ''Kolaiyuthir Kalam'' was an exciting ghost-themed novel.<br /> <br /> === Engineering career ===<br /> <br /> He worked first in Civil Aviation Department of Government of India and later for [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] in [[Bangalore]], India before his retirement to Chennai, India, where he lived till his last days. As an engineer, he was a forward thinker and he was the key person behind the development of the Electronic Voting Machine in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/28sujatha.htm|title=Tamil writer Sujatha is dead|website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He initiated the development of advanced word processing before the days of personal computers. He is known for coining new Tamil words for computer terms like password, file, directory, etc. These words have been adopted by many software companies of today for translating their software/software products to Tamil.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/01/stories/13010693.htm]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tamilnation.co/digital/zha.htm|title = Tamil Nation &amp; Beyond - தமிழ் தேசியம்: ஓரு வளர்கின்ற ஒன்றிணையம்}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> * Nil, Kavani, Thaakku (1970)<br /> * [[En Iniya Iyanthira]]<br /> * Ore Oru Throgam (1983)<br /> * [[Meendum Jeano]] (1987) - Sequel to En Iniya Iyanthira<br /> * Virumbi Sonna Poigal (1987)<br /> * Ilamaiyil Kol (1987)<br /> * Ainthavathu Athiyayam (2000)<br /> * [[Kolaiyuthir Kaalam (novel)|Kolaiyuthir Kalam]]<br /> * Adhalinaal Kaadhal Seiveer<br /> * [[Sorga Theevu]]<br /> * Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo - later adapted into film with [[Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo]] (1981)<br /> * [[Niramatra Vanavil]]<br /> * Kolai Arangam<br /> * Meendum Oru Kutram<br /> * Thoondil Kathaigal<br /> * Computer Gramam<br /> * Oru Naduppagal Maranam<br /> * Maelum Oru Kuttram<br /> * Thanga Mudichu<br /> * Rayil Punnagai<br /> * Sivandtha kailkal<br /> * Manaivi Kidaithal<br /> * Pirivom Sandhippom<br /> * Srirangaththu Devadhaigal<br /> * Mathyamar<br /> * Singaramayangar<br /> * Ullam Thuranthavan<br /> * Thedathey<br /> * Vairangal<br /> * Vizhundha Natchaththiram<br /> * Amuthavum Avanum - later adapted into the movie format with [[Kannathil Muthamittal]] (2002)<br /> * 6961<br /> * Andru Un Arukil<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> <br /> * Sujatha received an award from Government of India's National Council for Science and Technology in 1993 for making science accessible to the public through his books, magazine contributions and other media.<br /> *VASVIK Award for Electronic Voting Machine.<br /> * [[Kalaimamani Award]] from the Tamil Nadu Government.<br /> * Mylapore Academy award for Doordharshan best serial &quot;Mahan Ramanujar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newkerala.com/one.php?action=fullnews&amp;id=27725|title=@ NewKerala.Com News, India&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Best Writer Award from Tamil Nadu Cinema Kalaimandram in the year of 1999.<br /> <br /> == Style and influence ==<br /> <br /> Sujatha was a versatile Tamil author, with several short stories, novels, poems, plays, screenplays for movies, articles on popular science and other non-fiction articles, to his credit. Sujatha wrote a number of sci-fi stories in Tamil and sought to explain science in simple terms to the layman. He would routinely answer science questions in magazines like ''Junior Vikatan''. His science FAQ has been released as separate books called ''Yen Etharku Eppadi'' and ''Athisaya Ulagam'' by Vikatan Publications.<br /> <br /> He worked on &quot;Katradhum, Petradhum&quot; in Anantha Vikatan and &quot;Sujatha Bathilgal&quot; in Kumudam and Kungumam.<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> <br /> Sujatha, who had been suffering from diabetes and had undergone a bypass heart surgery, died of multiple organ failure at Apollo hospital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2008-02-28 |title=Man behind EVMs passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/man-behind-evms-passes-away/articleshow/2822921.cms |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> <br /> He extended his writing skills and expertise from science to movies. The first of these efforts were ''[[Gaayathri]]'' and ''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]''. In ''Priya'', his fictional character Ganesh was played by [[Rajinikanth]]. [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' was written by him. He penned dialogues for the movie ''Roja'', directed by Maniratnam. In recent times he has been associated with [[Mani Ratnam]] (for ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'', ''[[Aayitha Ezhuthu]]'', etc.), [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] (for ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'', ''[[Mudhalvan]]'', ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'', ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji: The Boss]]'' and ''[[Enthiran]]: The Robot'') and [[Azhagam Perumal]] in ''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]''. He was also a co-producer for the banner [[Media Dreams]], which went on to produce the critically acclaimed ''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'', a biopic of the great Tamil poet [[Subramanya Bharathi|Bhaarathiyaar]].<br /> <br /> He was working on Shankar's ''Enthiran'' before he died on 27 February 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Sruthi Ganapathy |date=2018-01-06 |title=Before Rajinikanth’s Chitti in ‘Enthiran’, there was Jeeno the robotic dog |url=https://scroll.in/reel/860626/before-rajinikanths-chitti-in-enthiran-there-was-jeeno-the-robotic-dog |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> ;As Writer<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Movie || Year|| Story||Dialogues|| Notes<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Gaayathri]]'' ||1977||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]'' ||1978||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''Yaarukku Yaar Kaaval'' ||1979||{{yes}}||{{no}}||Adapted from novel ''Jannal Malar''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-12-16/page/n21/mode/2up | title=Kalki magazine 1979-12-16 | date=16 December 1979 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (1979 film)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''||1979||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo]]'' ||1981||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Onti Dhwani]]''||1981||{{yes}}||{{no}}||Kannada film<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Poi Mugangal]]'' ||1986||{{yes}}||{{no}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Unnidathil Naan]]''||1986||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Vikram (1986 Tamil film)|Vikram]]'' ||1986||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Nadodi Thendral]]''||1992||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' ||1992||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Thiruda Thiruda]]'' ||1993||{{no}} ||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' ||1996||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dil Se..|Uyire]]'' ||1998||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' ||1998||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mudhalvan]]'' ||1999||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aryabhata (film)|Aryabhata]]'' ||1999||{{yes}}||{{no}}|| Kannada film<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'' ||2000||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Nila Kaalam]]'' ||2001||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' ||2002||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' ||2003||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' ||2003||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chellame]]'' ||2004||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aayutha Ezhuthu]]'' ||2004||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kangalal Kaidhu Sei]]'' ||2004||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]'' ||2004||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[The Legend of Buddha]]'' ||2004||{{no}}||{{yes}}|| English film<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' ||2005||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Anniyan]]'' ||2005||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' ||2007||{{no}}||{{yes}}||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ananda Thandavam (2009 film)|Ananda Thandavam]]'' ||2009||{{yes}}||{{yes}}|| Posthumous release&lt;br&gt;Adapted from novel ''Pirivom Santhippom''<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Enthiran]]'' ||2010||{{no}}||{{yes}}||Posthumous release&lt;br&gt;Co-dialogue written by [[Madhan Karky]] and [[S. Shankar]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ;As Producer<br /> *''[[Bharathi (2000 film)|Bharathi]]'' (2000)<br /> *''[[Little John (film)|Little John]]'' (2001)<br /> *''[[Nila Kaalam]]'' (2001)<br /> *''[[Pandavar Bhoomi]]'' (2001)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of Indian writers]]<br /> * [[Abdul Rasheed (writer)|Abdul Rasheed]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://www.tamilnation.org/hundredtamils/sujatha.htm Sujatha – One Hundred Tamils of 20th Century]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110826205432/http://tamilnanbargal.com/node/34233 Sujatha @ Tamil Friends]<br /> *[https://transparenttides.wordpress.com/2016/01/19/an-almost-complete-list-of-sujathas-works/ transparenttides.wordpress.com]<br /> *[http://writersujatha-tribute.blogspot.com/ Tribute to Writer Sujatha திரு.சுஜாதா அவர்களுக்கு சமர்ப்பணம்]<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}<br /> <br /> {{Sujatha}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rangarajan, Sujatha}}<br /> [[Category:2008 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Madras Institute of Technology alumni]]<br /> [[Category:1935 births]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:St Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br /> [[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Chengiz_Khan&diff=447420 2026-03-16T21:49:45Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: content update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Pakistan Air Force operation during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}<br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Operation Chengiz Khan<br /> | image = {{Location map+ | India<br /> | width = 350<br /> | caption = <br /> | places =<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Amritsar]]<br /> | position = right<br /> | lat_deg = 31.63<br /> | lon_deg = 74.87 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Ambala]]<br /> | position = bottom<br /> | lat_deg = 30.37<br /> | lon_deg = 76.78 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Agra]]<br /> | lat_deg = 27.17<br /> | lon_deg = 78.00 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Awantipur]]<br /> | lat_deg = 33.92<br /> | lon_deg = 75.01 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Bikaner]]<br /> | lat_deg = 28.02<br /> | lon_deg = 73.31 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Halwara]]<br /> | lat_deg = 30.73<br /> | lon_deg = 75.63 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Jodhpur]]<br /> | lat_deg = 26.23<br /> | lon_deg = 73.02 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Jaisalmer]]<br /> | lat_deg = 26.91<br /> | lon_deg = 71.90 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Pathankot]]<br /> | lat_deg = 32.27<br /> | lon_deg = 75.65 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Bhuj]]<br /> | lat_deg = 23.24<br /> | lon_deg = 69.66 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Srinagar]]<br /> | position = left<br /> | lat_deg = 34.08<br /> | lon_deg = 74.79 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Uttarlai]]<br /> | position = bottom<br /> | lat_deg = 25.81<br /> | lon_deg = 71.48 }}<br /> {{Location map~ | India<br /> | label = [[Faridkot, Punjab|Faridkot]]<br /> | position = left<br /> | lat_deg = 30.67<br /> | lon_deg = 74.75 }}<br /> }}<br /> | caption = Locations of airstrikes carried out by the [[Pakistan Air Force]]<br /> | partof = the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]<br /> | date = 3 December 1971<br /> | place = 11 Forward airfields&lt;ref name=Hiro&gt;{{cite book |last=Hiro |first=Dilip |author-link=Dilip Hiro |title=Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia |year=2012 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17378-9 |page=143}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | result = Pakistani failure&lt;ref name=&quot;Ganguly 2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first=Sumit |author-link=Sumit Ganguly |title=Conflict Unending: India-Pakistan Tensions Since 1947 |date=April 2002 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-50740-0 |page=67}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Formal commencement of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]&lt;ref name=Riedel&gt;{{cite book |last=Riedel |first=Bruce O. |author-link=Bruce Riedel |title=Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad |year=2012 |publisher=Brookings Institution |isbn=978-0-8157-2274-8 |page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | combatant1 = {{tree list}}<br /> *{{flagicon|India|size=24px}} [[India]]<br /> ** {{air force|India}}<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> | combatant2 = {{tree list}}<br /> *{{flagicon|Pakistan|size=24px}} [[Pakistan]]<br /> ** {{air force|Pakistan}}<br /> {{tree list/end}}<br /> | commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Air Chief Marshal 1950-1980.svg}} [[Pratap Chandra Lal]]<br /> | commander2 = {{flagicon image|Pakistani Air Force Ensign.svg}} [[Abdur Rahim Khan]]&lt;br&gt; {{flagicon image|Pakistani Air Force Ensign.svg}} [[Patrick Desmond Callaghan|P. D. Callaghan]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon image|Pakistani Air Force Ensign.svg}} [[Eric Gordon Hall]]&lt;br&gt; {{flagicon image|Pakistani Air Force Ensign.svg}} [[Sharbat Ali Changezi]]<br /> | strength1 = [[Anti-Aircraft Warfare|Anti-aircraft guns]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] missiles<br /> | strength2 = [[#The first strikes|36 aircraft]] in first two waves &lt;br /&gt; [[#Followup counter-air strikes|15 aircraft]] in a third wave<br /> | casualties1 = No material damage to most of the IAF airfields, with only the runways at Amritsar getting cratered and a radar station destroyed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordeen1985&quot; /&gt; Most airfields repaired within same night.&lt;ref name=lal /&gt;<br /> | casualties2 = 4 aircraft shot down&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordeen1985&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}<br /> '''Operation Chengiz Khan''' was the code name assigned to the preemptive strikes carried out by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] on the [[Forward operating base|forward airbases]] and [[radar]] installations of the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) on the evening of 3 December 1971, and marked the formal initiation of hostilities of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. The operation targeted 11 of India's airfields and also included artillery strikes on Indian positions in [[Kashmir]]. The targets were the Indian airbases of Amritsar, Ambala, Agra, Awantipur, Bikaner, Halwara, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Pathankot, Bhuj, Srinagar and Uttarlai and air defence radars at Amritsar and Faridkot.<br /> <br /> Notwithstanding the multiplicity of targets, the Pakistani air strikes were ineffectual and failed to inflict any material damage to the IAF airfields, only cratering the runways at Amritsar and destroying a radar station.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordeen1985&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor &amp; Francis&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batabyal |first=Guru Saday. |title=Politico-Military Strategy of the Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971 |date=20 December 2020 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-1-000-31766-4 |edition=illustrated |page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; The PAF reportedly lost four aircraft during the raid.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nordeen1985&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nordeen |first=Lon O. |title=Air warfare in the missile age |url=http://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord |url-access=registration |year=1985 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=978-0-87474-680-8 |page=96}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In an address to the nation on radio that same evening, then Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] held the air strikes to be a declaration of war against India and the Indian Air Force responded with initial air strikes the same night, which were expanded to massive retaliatory air strikes the next morning. Statements released by both nations the next day confirmed the &quot;existence of a state of war between the two countries&quot;, although neither government formally issued a [[declaration of war]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}<br /> <br /> In March 1971, [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) [[Bangladesh declaration of independence|declared independence]] from [[Pakistan]], starting the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] following rising political discontent and [[cultural nationalism]] among the people of East Pakistan and the brutal suppressive force from West Pakistan in response (see [[Operation Searchlight]] and [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities]]).&lt;ref name= genwatch&gt;{{cite web<br /> | publisher = Gendercide watch<br /> |url=http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html<br /> | title=Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971.<br /> | access-date=2008-07-04<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= rule&gt;{{cite web<br /> | publisher = Country Studies Bangladesh<br /> |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm<br /> | title=Emerging Discontent, 1966–70.<br /> | access-date=2008-07-04<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pakistan came under increasing criticism&lt;ref name= Donaldson&gt;{{Harvnb|Donaldson|1972|p=}}&lt;/ref&gt; from India, the Soviet Union, Japan, and Europe as the plight of the refugees and their impact on the Indian economy were highlighted by Indira Gandhi in the UN and on a number of global tours.&lt;ref name=Times13&gt;{{cite magazine<br /> |magazine=Time<br /> |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-2,00.html<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011034833/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-2,00.html<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=11 October 2007<br /> | title=India and Pakistan: Over the Edge<br /> | access-date=2008-07-04<br /> | date=1971-12-13<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the United States and China showed little interest in the situation and actively opposed aid, intervention or support to the [[Mukti Bahini]]&lt;ref name= Banglapedia&gt;{{cite book |last=Sheren |first=Syeda Momtaz |year=2012 |chapter=War of Liberation, The |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=War_of_Liberation,_The |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= Nixon&gt;Remarks of President Richard M Nixon on 10 April 1971 at State Department signing of Biological Weapons Convention.<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt; Every Great Power must follow the principle that it should not directly or indirectly allow any other nation to use force or armed aggression against one of its neighbors.&lt;/blockquote&gt;.<br /> <br /> USIS Text, pp 1–2.&lt;/ref&gt; (possibly fearing advancement of Soviet influence deep into South Asia&lt;ref name=Donaldson/&gt;). India's aid to the Mukti Bahini continued unabated, and fighting between the Mukti Bahini and the Pakistani forces grew increasingly vicious. On 9 August 1971, India signed a [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation|twenty-year cooperation treaty]] with the Soviet Union&lt;ref name= Kapur&gt;{{Harvnb|Kapur|1972|p=}}&lt;/ref&gt; in which each promised military support to the other in the event it was attacked. This provided India cover against any possible Chinese or American intervention in aid of Pakistan if it went to war with India. To the Pakistani leadership, it became clear that armed Indian intervention and secession of East Pakistan was becoming inevitable.&lt;ref name=TIME20/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The strategy of pre-emption==<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=January 2015}}<br /> By October 1971, the Mukti Bahini had started launching massive raids deep into East Pakistan, with active support from the Indian Army beginning in November.&lt;ref name= BanglapediaMuktiBahini&gt;{{cite book <br /> |last=Ahmed |first=Helal Uddin |year=2012 <br /> |chapter=Mukti Bahini <br /> |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mukti_Bahini <br /> |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The situation had deteriorated to a state of active [[undeclared war]] in the East by the end of November, when [[Indian Army|Indian]] and Mukti Bahini forces launched offensives on both the eastern and western borders of East Pakistan. Regular Indian Army troops engaged and mauled Pakistani armour [[Battle of Garibpur|at Garibpur]],&lt;ref name=SainikSamachar&gt;{{cite web<br /> | author = Col. Anil Shorey<br /> | publisher = Sainik Samachar, Indian Ministry of Defence<br /> |url=http://mod.nic.in/samachar/april15-02/html/ch3.htm<br /> | title= The Unique Battle of Garibpur. Sainik Samachar Vol.49, No.8, 16–30 April 2002<br /> | access-date=2008-07-04<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; during which the two intruding Pakistan Air Force jets were shot down and another badly damaged in the [[Battle of Boyra]] while offensive manoeuvres were launched in [[Battle of Atgram|Atgram]] against Pakistani border posts and communications centres along the eastern border. The Mukti Bahini also launched an offensive on Jessore at this time.&lt;ref name= LOC&gt;{{cite web<br /> | publisher = Library of Congress Country Studies.<br /> |url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+pk0032)<br /> | title= Pakistan: Yahya Khan and Bangladesh<br /> | access-date=2008-07-04<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was clear to [[Islamabad]] by this time that open conflict was inevitable, and that East Pakistan was indefensible in the long run.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} [[Yahya Khan]] chose at this point to try to protect Pakistan's integrity and to hold India by [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]'s strategy – ''&quot;The defence of East Pakistan lies in the West&quot;''.&lt;ref name=Faruqui&gt;{{Harvnb|Faruqui|2001|p=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This policy made the assumptions that an open conflict with India would not last long due to international pressure, and since East Pakistan was undefendable, the war-effort should be concentrated on occupying as large an area of Indian territory as possible as a bargaining tool at the negotiating table. To this end, General [[Tikka Khan]] had proposed an offensive into India, and the PAF's overriding priority was to give maximum support to this offensive.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} The initial plans for the offensive called for at least a temporary cover of [[air dominance]] by the PAF under which Khan's troops could conduct a lightning campaign deep into [[Western India]] before digging in and consolidating their positions. In order to achieve air dominance, Pakistan decided to launch an [[offensive counter air]] strike codenamed ''Operation Chengiz Khan'' on Indian airbases.<br /> <br /> A second objective for the PAF was to conduct [[air interdiction]] against the supply routes for the Indian troops opposing Khan's proposed offensive, but these were accorded as secondary targets to be engaged after the operation started.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}<br /> <br /> The PAF's strikes were based on the same strategy of pre-emptive neutralization of enemy air capability used by the [[Israeli Air Force]] against Egyptian and Arab air forces in [[Operation Focus]] during the [[Six-Day War]] of 1967.&lt;ref name= acig&gt;{{cite web<br /> | author =Tom Cooper, with Syed Shaiz Ali<br /> | publisher =Air Combat Information Group<br /> |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_330.shtml<br /> |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717035936/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_330.shtml<br /> |url-status=usurped<br /> |archive-date=July 17, 2012<br /> | title=India – Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, part I<br /> | access-date=2008-07-04<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= iaf&gt;{{cite web<br /> | publisher=Indian Air Force<br /> | url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=71<br /> | title=The War of December 1971<br /> | access-date=2008-07-04<br /> | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410000055/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=71<br /> | archive-date=2009-04-10<br /> | url-status=dead<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The decision to hit India with a pre-emptive air strike was taken on 30 November 1971 during a meeting among the Pakistani President, General [[Yahya Khan]], [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] General [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Abdul Hamid Khan]], and the Chief of General Staff Lt. Gen. [[Gul Hassan Khan]].<br /> <br /> The objectives of the strike were:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-13 |title=1971 war: How IAF's air superiority helped in the early fall of Dhaka |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/1971-war-how-iafs-air-superiority-helped-in-the-early-fall-of-dhaka-10205231.html |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *To surprise the IAF by attacking its [[forward airfield]]s when it was least expected.<br /> *To neutralize these in order to obtain at least temporary battlefield [[air superiority]] in the West.<br /> *To counter-balance the Indian numerical advantage by hitting the [[forward operating base]]s of the Indian Air Force as a measure reducing the weight of expected counterattacks on PAF's own bases.<br /> <br /> To achieve surprise, the decision was made to strike on a Friday, the day of the ''[[jumu'ah]]'' ([[Muslim Sabbath]]), at 17:45 hrs when shifts in IAF control centers were changing. Emulating its operations' experience in battle against the Indian Air Force during the [[Indo-Pakistani Conflict of 1965]], the decision was made to hit the Indian bases in a two-wave dusk strike followed by a number of night-interdiction missions through the night.&lt;ref name= acig/&gt; The plans for the strike also anticipated the Indians securing their aircraft in [[blast pen]]s.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} Also, anticipating difficulty in target acquisition for camouflaged targets such as fuel tanks, ammunition dumps and command centers, the primary objectives set for the operation were the runways and air defense radars.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}<br /> <br /> === The II Corps offensive into Punjab ===<br /> Under Chengiz Khan, Pakistan's II Corps offensive plan involved driving east from the vicinity of [[Bahawalnagar]] to cross the international border and push towards Bhatinda and Ludhiana in India's &quot;Foxtrot Sector&quot; or &quot;F Sector.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gill2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=John H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2q6SgAACAAJ |title=An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh |date=2003 |publisher=National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies |pages= |language=en |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While describing the situation in the &quot;F sector&quot; of India, John H. Gill writes:<br /> {{Blockquote|text=With poor dispositions and inept leadership, India's 67 Brigade lost a significant parcel of land to Pakistan's 105 Brigade despite repeated and costly counterattacks. Fortunately for India, indecision on the part of Pakistan's high command kept its potentially powerful II Corps from executing a planned offensive against India's &quot;Foxtrot Sector&quot;<br /> (or simply &quot;F Sector&quot;).|author=}}<br /> The II Corps offensive plan called for 105 Brigade and 25 Brigade to come under II Corps, while IV Corps advanced from its positions along the Ravi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gill2003&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The PAF had also positioned mobile radar and pre-stocked forward airfields in the proposed battle area to support the planned attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Mansoor |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/647248 |title=The gold bird: Pakistan and its Air Force--observations of a pilot |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-579772-5 |location=Oxford; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Army headquarters ordered II Corps to shift to its forward assembly areas on 14 December and major elements of 1 Armored Division began to move the following day, while the 7 Division was also concentrating south of the Sutlej. However, by now, a major part of II Corps, 33 Division, had been broken up to reinforce Pakistani units against Indian offensives elsewhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Jahan Dad |url=https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1473653 |title=Pakistan leadership challenges |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577990-5 |location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thus, the II Corps offensive was deprived of approximately one third of its striking power before it had even begun.<br /> <br /> On 16 December, Army headquarters issued new orders &quot;freezing all movements&quot; until further notice. Trains carrying equipment of 1 Division were unloaded, and II Corps, with its units on both sides of the Sutlej, settled in to await orders. If the operation had proceeded as planned, the corps would likely have launched their attack in the early morning of 17 December. However, due to the &quot;freeze&quot; order, they remained on the Pakistan side of the border and were unable to cross before the cease-fire came into effect at 2000 hours on the same day.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Candeth |first=K. P. |author-link=Kunhiraman Palat Candeth |title=The Western front : Indo-Pakistan war, 1971 |date=1997 |publisher=English Book Depot |isbn=81-85567-35-2 |location=Dehra Dun, India |oclc=45399558}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pakistan's failure to launch the offensive in a timely manner has generated great controversy among subsequent commentators.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=John H. |title=An Atlas of the 1971 India - Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2q6SgAACAAJ |year=2003 |publisher=National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies |page=55}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The first strikes==<br /> The final orders for the strike were issued at 17:30 hrs on Friday 3 December 1971. The first formations were in flight and heading for their targets by 17:40 hrs. Officially, it was announced via government channels that the airstrikes were launched in response to attacks along the western border on [[Pakistan Rangers]]' outposts by regular troops of the [[Indian army]], which the Indian Air Force was providing support to.&lt;ref name=Times13/&gt; The Indians would later deny any engagement on the Western Front.&lt;ref name= Times13/&gt; However, the Indian air defence radars failed to detect the approaching formations. The first indications for the Indians of the impending assault was the roar of the strike aircraft over their airfields,&lt;ref name= acig/&gt; while in Delhi, the air-raid sirens were the first indications for newsmen, gathered for the daily brief of the East-Pakistan situation, that something was going on.&lt;ref name= Times13/&gt;<br /> <br /> The first of the strikes were mounted against [[Pathankot Air Force Station|Pathankot Airbase]]. Led by a flight of two [[Dassault Mirage III|Mirage III]]s (a reconnaissance craft and a strike escort)&lt;ref name=&quot;acig&quot; /&gt; a six-plane wing of [[Canadair F-86 Sabre|F-86F Sabre]]s flying from Murid and led by [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]] S N Jilani hit the airbase with unguided rockets and dropped several 125&amp;nbsp;kg bombs. The main target of this strike was the runway, which was damaged and took the Indian ground crew several hours to repair. These missions went unopposed since the IAF had not scrambled any interception, and faced only [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft fire]]. Pathankot was covered by interceptors from Adampur following this first strike during the time it took the ground crew to repair its runway.&lt;ref name=&quot;lal&quot;&gt;&quot;My years with the IAF&quot; by Air Chief Marshal P C Lal&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At 17:45 hrs, four Mirages flying from [[Sargodha]] and led by Wing Commander Hakimullah attacked [[Amritsar Air Force Station|Amritsar Airbase]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} Hakimullah's flight was armed with two 500&amp;nbsp;kg bombs each, which the strike used efficiently hitting the first 300m of the runway and cratering it enough to leave it nonoperational for several hours.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal&quot;&gt;{{Harvnb|Lal|1986|p=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lon O. Nordeen&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Air Warfare in the Missile Age |url=https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord |url-access=registration |year=1985 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press |isbn=978-0-85368-751-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/airwarfareinmiss00nord/page/96 96] |author=Lon O. Nordeen}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Amritsar runway was repaired within the same night to receive detachments of [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|Mig 21s]] and [[Sukhoi Su-7|Su-7]] that flew against [[PAF Base Rafiqui|Rafiqui airbase]] the next morning. A second strike of two [[F-104 Starfighter]]s, led by Wing Commander Amjad H Khan hit the P-35 radar station at Amritsar, rendering it inoperable for nearly an hour. Two Sukhois then took off from the one remaining serviceable lane of the runway, moments before it was bombed by a passing [[Martin B-57 Canberra|B-57 Canberra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lal&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Within forty-five minutes of these strikes, Pakistani troops had shelled India's western frontier and were reported to have crossed the border at Punch in the state of Jammu.&lt;ref name=Times13/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Followup counter-air strikes==<br /> The third wave of the PAF counter air strikes were directed to strike [[Ambala]], [[Agra]] and [[Halwara]] around 18:00 hrs and continued in single or two-plane formations through the evening until at least 22:30 hrs. These strikes involved fifteen [[B-57 Canberra]]s, four [[T-33 Shooting Star|T-33]]s, and one [[C-130]]. The B-57s flew seven single-plane sorties. These caused significant damage, especially in [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Uttarlai]], and [[Halwara]] and impeded IAF's preparation [[#The Indian retaliation|for retaliation]].<br /> <br /> [[Ambala Air Force Station|Ambala Airbase]] was a hit by a two plane B-57 formation led by Wg. Cdr. Rais Rafi. The flight hit the runway with eight bombs, causing minor damage.<br /> <br /> Like Ambala, [[Agra Airport|Agra Airbase]], which lay deepest among the PAF's targets that evening, was struck by a two-plane B-57 formation led by Wg. Cdr. Yunus and followed by Flight Lieutenant Mazhar Bukhari. The bombs dropped by Yunus did not explode. Rais Rafi explained the old age of the bombs as the reason for their ineffectiveness as these were supposed to be used in the Second World War.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rais Ahmed Rafi&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=PAF Bomber Operations 1965 and 1971 Wars |publisher=PAF Book Club |pages=105–106 |author=Rais Ahmed Rafi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first Indian counter strikes launched that very night included the [[English Electric Canberra|Canberra]]s of No.5 Sqn based at Agra.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> Sirsa was hit by Sqn. Ldr. Alvi with bombs equipped with time-delayed fuses, damaging the runway heavily and forcing the runway to be closed for the rest of the night.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Four [[T-33 Shooting Star|T-33s]] from A-Flight No.2 Squadron, led by Sqn. Ldr. Qureshi, hit [[Uttarlai Air Force Station|Uttarlai]], causing damage to the runway. These were launched at the same time as the [[#Srinagar|second strike over Srinagar]]. Uttarlai was attacked a second time later that night by Wg. Cdr. Akhtar. The net damage to the runway was significant enough to keep the runway closed for six days and for the [[taxiway]] to be used instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;lal&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the south, Sqn. Ldr. Ishtak Qureshi's bombs hit the underground power cable at [[Jaisalmer]], cutting off the power supply and telephone connection for six hours. At the same time, [[Jodhpur]] was hit by two B-57s led by Sqn. Ldr. Sohail Mansur while [[Jamnagar]] was hit by Flt. Lt. Ejaz Azam.&lt;ref name=&quot;lal&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==The Indian retaliation==<br /> {{see also|East Pakistan Air Operations}}<br /> <br /> As Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi addressed the nation on radio shortly after midnight&lt;ref name= BBC&gt;{{cite news<br /> |publisher=BBC<br /> |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_2519000/2519133.stm<br /> | title=Pakistan intensifies air raids on India<br /> | access-date=2008-07-04<br /> | date=1971-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; informing about the Pakistani attack, the [[Indian Air Force]] struck back. By 21:00hrs, the [[B-57 Canberra|Canberra]]s of the [[No. 35 sqn|No.35 Squadron]] and [[No. 106 Squadron IAF|No.106 Squadron]], as well as No.5 and No.16 squadron were armed and ready for attacks deep into Pakistan. These flew against eight Western Pakistani airbases: [[PAF Base Murid|Murid]], [[PAF Base M.M. Alam|Mianwali]], [[PAF Base Mushaf|Sargodha]], [[Chandhar Air Force Base|Chandhar]], Risalewala, [[PAF Base Rafiqui|Rafiqui]], and [[PAF Base Masroor|Masroor]]. In total, 23 combat [[sortie]]s were launched that night, inflicting heavy damage to Sargodha and Masroor airbases.&lt;ref name=acig/&gt; The PAF units stationed on these airfields had to operate from taxiways for the following two days.<br /> <br /> Through the night the Indian Air Force also [[East Pakistan Air Operations#3–4 December|struck the main East Pakistani airfields]] of [[Tejgaon Airport|Tejgaon]], and later [[Shahjalal International Airport|Kurmitola]]. At the same time, the Indian Air Force was deploying additional aircraft to its forward airfields for the strikes that were to follow the next morning. Within days, India was able to achieve air superiority.&lt;ref name= TIME20&gt;{{cite magazine<br /> |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878969,00.html<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112032245/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878969,00.html<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-date=12 January 2007<br /> | title=Bangladesh: Out of War, a Nation Is Born |magazine=Time |volume=98 |issue=25<br /> | access-date=2008-07-04<br /> | date=1971-12-20<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Analysis==<br /> Of its stated objectives, the PAF was unable to neutralize the Indian Air Force in the west,&lt;ref name= Times13/&gt; which on its part had dispersed its aircraft in hardened aircraft shelters, suffering only minor damage to a few aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pradeep P. Barua&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=The State at War in South Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/stateatwarsoutha00baru |url-access=limited |year=2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=0-8032-1344-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/stateatwarsoutha00baru/page/n240 222]–223 |author=Pradeep P. Barua}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As ''[[Newsweek]]'' magazine (1971) described the attack: &lt;blockquote&gt;Trying to catch the Indian Air Force napping, Yahya Khan, launched a Pakistani version of Israel's 1967 air blitz in hopes that one rapid attack would cripple India's far superior air power. But India was alert, Pakistani pilots were inept, and Yahya's strategy of scattering his thin air force over a dozen airfields was a bust!&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mandeep |title=Anti-Aircraft Artillery in Combat, 1950–1972: Air Defence in the Jet Age |publisher=Air World |year=2020 |page=208}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> * [[Military plans of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> * [[Mitro Bahini order of battle]]<br /> * [[Pakistan Army order of battle, December 1971]]<br /> * [[Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Donaldson<br /> | given1 = Robert H.<br /> | date = June 1972<br /> | title = India: The Soviet Stake in Stability<br /> | doi = 10.2307/2643045<br /> | journal = Asian Survey<br /> | publisher = University of California Press<br /> | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 475–492<br /> | issn = 0004-4687<br /> | jstor = 2643045<br /> }}.<br /> *{{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Kapur<br /> | given1 = Ashok<br /> | date = June 1972<br /> | title = Indo-Soviet Treaty and the Emerging Asian Balance<br /> | doi = 10.2307/2643044<br /> | journal = Asian Survey<br /> | publisher = University of California Press<br /> | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 463–474<br /> | issn = 0004-4687<br /> | jstor = 2643044<br /> }}.<br /> *{{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Lal<br /> | given1 = Pratap Chandra<br /> | year = 1986<br /> | title = My Years with the IAF<br /> | publisher = Casemate Pub &amp; Book Dist Llc<br /> | isbn = 978-81-7062-008-2}}.<br /> *{{Citation<br /> | surname1 = Faruqui<br /> | given1 = A<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | title = Failure in Command: Lessons from Pakistan's Indian Wars, 1947–1999. Defense and Security Analysis, Volume 17, Number 1, 1 April 2001, pp. 31–40(10)<br /> | journal = Defense &amp; Security Analysis<br /> | publisher = Routledge, part of the Taylor &amp; Francis Group<br /> | issn = 1475-1798<br /> }}.<br /> <br /> {{1971 Indo-Pak War}}<br /> {{Military of Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chengiz Khan 1971}}<br /> [[Category:Military operations of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]<br /> [[Category:Airstrikes conducted by Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Airstrikes during India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]<br /> [[Category:Military operations of the Kashmir conflict]]<br /> [[Category:1970s in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:1970s in Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:1970s in Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:1970s in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:1970s in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Military operations involving airports]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on airports in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on military installations in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on military installations in 1971]]<br /> [[Category:Attacks on air bases]]<br /> [[Category:Airstrikes in India]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mira_Nair&diff=448619 2026-03-15T15:50:54Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Improved structure and clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian American filmmaker (born 1957)}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Mira Nair<br /> | image = Mira Nair.jpg<br /> | caption = Nair in 2008<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|15 October 1957}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Rourkela]], Orissa, India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Filmmaker}}<br /> | years_active = 1986–present<br /> | spouse = {{ubl|{{Marriage|[[Mitch Epstein]]|1981|1989|reason=divorce}}|{{marriage|[[Mahmood Mamdani]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;|1991}} }}&amp;lt;!--no date for divorce or remarriage as yet---&amp;gt;<br /> | children = [[Zohran Mamdani]]<br /> | relatives = [[Rama Duwaji]]&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;(daughter-in-law)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Mira Nair''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: {{transl|pa|ISO|Mīrā Nayyar}}; born 15 October 1957) is an [[Indian American]] filmmaker. She has received two prizes from the [[Cannes Film Festival]] and four from the [[Venice International Film Festival|Venice Film Festival]], as well as nominations for an [[Academy Award]], two [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]], a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Golden Globe]], and two [[César Awards]].<br /> <br /> Nair began her career making documentaries, but went on to make feature films. She usually directs independent drama films, which she also produces through her company [[Mirabai Films]], and her films often touch on political themes or controversial topics. She made her feature-length [[directorial debut]] with ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988), which received Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Golden Globe Award nominations. Her next film, ''[[Mississippi Masala]]'' (1991), was nominated for the [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Film]].<br /> <br /> Nair has directed films such as ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' (2001), ''[[Vanity Fair (2004 film)|Vanity Fair]]'' (2004), ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]'' (2006), and ''[[Queen of Katwe]]'' (2016). ''Monsoon Wedding'' made her the first female director to win the [[Golden Lion]] at the Venice Film Festival, was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best International Feature Film, and held the record for the highest-grossing Indian film in North America until 2017.<br /> <br /> Born and raised in India, Nair moved to the U.S. to attend [[Harvard University]], and was married to photographer [[Mitch Epstein]] from the early to late 1980s. She then lived for a few years in Uganda with her second husband, political scientist [[Mahmood Mamdani]], but they later returned to the United States. Their son, [[Zohran Mamdani]], has served as [[Mayor of New York City]] since 2026.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Mira Nair was born in [[Rourkela]]&amp;lt;ref name=toi2025&amp;gt;{{cite web | title=Mira Nair education and career path: How Zohran Mamdani's mother shaped her own revolution—on screen and beyond | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=25 June 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/mira-nairs-education-and-career-path-how-zohran-mamdanis-mother-shaped-her-own-revolutionon-screen-and-beyond/articleshow/122062623.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005041720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/mira-nairs-education-and-career-path-how-zohran-mamdanis-mother-shaped-her-own-revolutionon-screen-and-beyond/articleshow/122062623.cms | archive-date=5 October 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=30 October 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;express&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Namesake a tribute to Ritwik Ghatak, says Mira Nair |website=cities.expressindia.com |date=28 May 2005 |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=130459 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204013611/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=130459 |archive-date=4 December 2005 |url-status=dead |access-date=24 October 2025 |quote =...said she was overwhelmed to be in the city [[[Kolkata]]] she calls home. 'I was born in Rourkela but summers meant holidays in Kolkata's Cornfield road and Alipore'. }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; on 15 October 1957,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | title=Mira Nair| website= Frauendatenbank fembio.org | date=31 March 2023 | url=https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/frauendatenbank?fem_id=20440 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721004354/https://www.fembio.org/biographie.php/frau/frauendatenbank?fem_id=20440 | archive-date=21 July 2024 | url-status=live | access-date=30 October 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | title=Mira Nair | website=filmportal.de | url=https://www.filmportal.de/en/person/mira-nair_f303075930c62226e03053d50b375262 | access-date=22 January 2026}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=eb&amp;gt;{{cite web | title=Mira Nair| website=Encyclopedia Britannica | date=11 October 2025 | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mira-Nair | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251030081849/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mira-Nair | archive-date=30 October 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=30 October 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; the daughter of social worker Praveen Nair and [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer Amrit Lal Nair.&amp;lt;ref name=toi2025/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=mohapatra2025&amp;gt;{{cite web | last=Mohapatra | first=Debabrata | title=Mira Nair's son, in NYC mayoral race, has Odisha buzzing | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 June 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/mira-nairs-son-in-nyc-mayoral-race-has-odisha-buzzing/articleshow/121658407.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726051000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/mira-nairs-son-in-nyc-mayoral-race-has-odisha-buzzing/articleshow/121658407.cms | archive-date=26 July 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=30 October 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=Mehzabeen2024&amp;gt;{{cite web | last=Mehzabeen | first=Mallika | title=Meet director whose father is an IAS officer, her film made it to the Oscars, and who married a Ugandan scientist, her name is... | website=[[India.com]] | date=17 October 2024 | url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-director-mira-nair-whose-father-is-an-ias-officer-her-film-salaam-bombay-made-it-to-the-oscars-and-who-married-a-ugandan-scientist-her-name-is-7329833/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228000503/https://www.india.com/entertainment/meet-director-mira-nair-whose-father-is-an-ias-officer-her-film-salaam-bombay-made-it-to-the-oscars-and-who-married-a-ugandan-scientist-her-name-is-7329833/ | archive-date=28 December 2024 | url-status=live | access-date=30 October 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She has two older brothers named Vikram and Gautam.&amp;lt;ref name=muir2006/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; The family is of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] origin, now settled in [[Delhi]],&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;punjabi iht&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Mira Nair Peels Back Layers of Punjabi Society |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm|work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |last=Dupont |first=Joan |date=21 September 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201204013/http://www.iht.com:80/articles/33143.htm|archive-date=1 December 2001|url-status=dead|access-date=12 July 2025 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Mira Nair (2) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/jun/12/guardianinterviewsatbfisouthbank |work=The Guardian |last=Greer |first=Bonnie |date=12 June 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021020125916/http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,736170,00.html|archive-date=20 October 2002|url-status=dead|access-date=22 January 2026 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and is [[Hinduism|Hindu]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=Mira Nair - How a suitable boy-girl love story transcends class culture |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/mira-nair-how-suitable-boy-love-story-transcends-class-culture-n1249924 |newspaper=[[NBC News]] |last= Gajjar |first=Saloni |date= 7 December 2020|quote=Nair herself comes from a Hindu family, while her husband is Muslim. }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The family name &quot;[[Nayar (name)|Nayyar]]&quot; was changed by her grandfather, although one of her uncles continues to use it.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Mira Masala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/mira-masala/articleshow/339968857.cms |work=The Times of India |date=22 September 2001 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Mirage! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/mirage/articleshow/1526732961.cms |work=The Times of India |date=6 November 2001 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Nair grew up in a &quot;colonial-style bungalow, with [a] spacious veranda and terracotta-tiled floor&amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;''&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;. Her father, Amrit, was a remote character, who was &quot;not much fun&quot;, and her parents later (around 1990) separated, after years of tension and fighting. Nair appreciated Amrit's love of [[Persian poetry]] and song, but he drove his children hard, insisting that they &quot;spend their time usefully&quot;. He also argued with her brothers, Vikram and Gautam, a lot, but being a girl, Mira was regarded as less important, and was allowed to just get on with doing what interested her.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; Praveen had a strong influence on the young Mira, particularly her independence, confidence, fearlessness, and social awareness.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; Nair did not directly challenge her father in the home, but in her early documentary films she attacked many of his attitudes, such as the hypocrisy of male ideas about &quot;[[virtue]]&quot; in ''India Cabaret'' (1985), and the Indian custom by which female fetuses were often aborted, in ''Children of Desired Sex'' (1987).&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Nair first attended Ispat English Medium School in Rourkela, from ages 7 to 10, between 1964 and 1967.&amp;lt;ref name=mohapatra2025/&amp;gt; Her family moved to [[Bhubaneswar]], where she lived until age 18. She attended an English-medium high school at [[Loreto Convent, Tara Hall, Shimla|Loreto Convent, Tara Hall]] in [[Kaithu, Shimla]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |title=I'd eat onions before kissing Shashi Tharoor: Mira Nair |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Id-eat-onions-before-kissing-Shashi-Tharoor-Mira-Nair/articleshow/16235108.cms |work=The Times of India|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; where she developed a fondness for English literature.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}<br /> <br /> In her teens, she taught herself to type and play the [[sitar]]; painted; wrote poetry and performed in local theatre, and was also an outstanding student.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> She studied at [[Miranda House]]-a college for women at [[Delhi University]]-where she majored in sociology.{{efn|This is reported by this source, but not mentioned in a long 2002 interview.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;}} While at university, she belonged to an amateur drama company in [[Delhi]]. There she worked with Indian theatre director [[Barry John (theatre director)|Barry John]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;voices.cla.umn.edu&quot;/&amp;gt; At university she performed in ''[[Equus (play)|Equus]]'', ''[[Habeas Corpus (play)|Habeas Corpus]]'', and as [[Cleopatra]] in Shakespeare's ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]''.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; She also did political street theatre in [[Calcutta]] with the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] playwright [[Badal Sircar]].&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> After turning down the offer of a full scholarship to [[Cambridge University]] in England&amp;lt;ref name=Mehzabeen2024/&amp;gt; (later saying &quot;I had a chip on my shoulder about the Brits&quot;) in 1976,&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; aged 19, she moved to the US to attend [[Harvard University]] on a scholarship.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;voices.cla.umn.edu&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|last1=Blenski|first1=Simon|last2=Debreyne|first2=Adrien Maurice |last3=Hegewisch |first3=Martha Eugina |last4=Trivedi |first4=Avani Anant |title=Mira Nair |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11299/166286 |publisher=University of Minnesota |date= 8 May 2005 |hdl=11299/166286 }} [https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/57ee097d-f43b-4a70-a1d9-a71bd6002a94/content PDF]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=toi2025/&amp;gt; She enjoyed acting and continued to perform throughout her first year at Harvard. Her friend and future collaborator [[Sooni Taraporevala]] was a classmate at Harvard.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; <br /> <br /> Heading to [[New York City]] during the summer break of her first year, she worked with American dramatist [[Joseph Chaikin]] and met [[Judith Malina]] and [[Julian Beck]], who founded [[The Living Theatre]].<br /> <br /> Upon returning to Harvard, she took a summer course in photography. She then cross-registered for a film class with [[Richard Leacock]] at MIT. This class inspired Nair to focus on documentary filmmaking in the Department of Visual and Environmental Studies at Harvard (now called the Department of Art, Film, and Visual Studies).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2019/02/harvard-renames-art-film-department&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; She graduated in 1979.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Colleen |date=2022-03-04 |title=Filmmaker Mira Nair donates archive to Harvard |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/03/filmmaker-mira-nair-donates-archive-to-harvard/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Before she became a filmmaker, Nair was interested in acting. While in India, she performed in plays written by [[Badal Sircar]], a [[Bengali theatre|Bengali dramatist and theatre director]]. While she studied film at Harvard, Nair also became involved in the theatre program. She won a Boylston Prize for her performance of [[Jocasta]]'s speech from [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]]'s ''[[Oedipus (Seneca)|Oedipus]]''.&amp;lt;ref name=muir2006/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2002 Nair was interviewed by American theatre critic and biographer [[John Lahr]], in which she shared much about her early life and career to this point.&amp;lt;ref name=lahr2002/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In a 2004 interview with FF2 Media's Jan Huttner, Nair commented on her filmmaking process:&amp;lt;ref name=huttner2004&amp;gt;{{Cite interview|title=Jan Chats with Internationally-Acclaimed Director Mira Nair About Her New Film 'Vanity Fair'| interviewer-first= Jan | interviewer-last=Huttner|url=http://www.films42.com/chats/mira_nair.asp|first= Mira|last=Nair|date=15 August 2004 |website=FF2 Media|access-date=18 May 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118001432/http://films42.com/chats/mira_nair.asp| archive-date=18 Jan 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;It's all in how I do it. Keeping the bums on the seats is very important to me. It requires that ineffable thing called rhythm and balance in movie-making. Foils have to be created, counter-weights. From the intimacy, let's say, of a love scene to the visceral, jugular quality of war. That shift is something in the editing, how one cuts from the intimate to the epic that keeps you there waiting. The energy propels you.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In an interview with ''Image Journal'' in 2017, Nair said that she had chosen directing over any other art form because it was collaborative. She said, &quot;That's why I am neither a photographer nor writer, I like to work with people, and my strength, if any, is that. Working with life.&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|title=A Conversation with Mira Nair|url=https://imagejournal.org/article/conversation-mira-nair/|website=Image Journal|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-18}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Documentaries===<br /> In her early years, Nair primarily made documentaries in which she explored Indian cultural traditions. For her film thesis at Harvard, between 1978 and 1979, she produced a black-and-white film titled ''Jama Masjid Street Journal''. In the 18-minute film, Nair explored the streets of [[Old Delhi]] and had casual conversations with Indian locals,&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;voices.cla.umn.edu&quot;/&amp;gt; using a [[Bolex]] camera. The film's name derives from a Muslim community near the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], a large mosque in Old Delhi.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> After Nair graduated and moved to New York, American filmmaker [[D. A. Pennebaker]], a pioneer of the [[cinéma vérité]] style of documentary filmmaking, liked ''Jama Masjid Street Journal'' and helped Nair secure a grant for her next film.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; Her second documentary, ''So Far from India'' (1982), was a 52-minute film that follows an Indian newspaper dealer living in the subways of New York. His pregnant wife waits for him to return home to India.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mira Nair&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Mira Nair |url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2007-Li-Pr/Nair-Mira.html|website=Encyclopedia of World Biography|access-date=29 April 2015}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The protagonist, Ashok, slowly becomes estranged from not only his family, but also his Indian heritage. Nair directed ''So Far from India'' as a commentary on the life of an immigrant separated from his home and suffering cultural isolation.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Foster |first=Gwendolyn Audrey |title=Women Filmmakers of the African and Asian Diaspora : Decolonizing the Gaze, Locating Subjectivity |date=1997-05-01 |publisher=Southern Illinois University Press |isbn=9780809380947 |edition=1st |pages=112 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The film won Best Documentary at the [[American Film Festival]] in [[Wrocław|Wrocław, Poland]] and New York's Global Village Film Festival.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;voices.cla.umn.edu&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Her third documentary, ''India Cabaret'', with [[cinematography]] by her husband [[Mitch Epstein]], opened the inaugural [[Indian International Film Festival]], in [[Hyderabad]], in 1985. The film was very well received at the festival.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; It portrays the exploitation of female strippers in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], and follows a customer who regularly visits a local strip club while his wife stays at home.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;voices.cla.umn.edu&quot; /&amp;gt; Nair raised roughly $130,000 for the project. The 59-minute film was shot over a span of two months. ''India Cabaret'' was widely criticized, primarily by Indian men, who objected to the portrayal of women working as strippers or those who are forced to marry. In New York some opponents tried to block release of the film on [[WNET]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&amp;gt; The film was bought by [[PBS]], but then rejected by [[WNET|Channel 13]], the network's New York affiliate.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; Nair's family,&amp;lt;ref name=muir2006 /&amp;gt; especially her father, also criticized it. He said she should not have positively portrayed these women. Nair created ''India Cabaret'' to reveal the prejudice shown towards sex workers.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&amp;gt; Some feminists criticized her for filming these women through the [[male gaze]], due to the sexual nature of the strip clubs. The film received several awards, including the [[Blue Ribbon Award for Best Film|Blue Ribbon award]] and two awards for Best Documentary.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''Children of a Desired Sex'' (1987) was the fourth documentary Nair directed. Made for [[Television in Canada|Canadian television]], this film explored how [[amniocentesis]] was being used to determine the sex of fetuses.&amp;lt;ref name=james1988&amp;gt;{{Cite news |last=James |first=Caryn |date=1988-10-17 |title=Mira Nair Combines Cultures to Create a Film |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/17/movies/mira-nair-combines-cultures-to-create-a-film.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Additionally, the premise of the film seeks to bring to light the experiences of women who live in a society where there is a large preference towards giving birth to male children.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:022&quot;/&amp;gt; Despite how controversial this topic may be, Nair highlighted the struggle and the dilemma these women go through.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&amp;gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Blenski |first1=Simon |last2=Debreyne |first2=Adrien Maurice |last3=Hegewisch |first3=Martha Eugenia |last4=Trivedi |first4=Avani Anant |date=2005 |title=Mira Nair |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11299/166286 |journal=Voices from the Gaps |hdl=11299/166286 |language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Living in [[Cape Town]], South Africa, for around three years while her second husband took up a post at the university there, Nair worked on scripts with her friend [[Sooni Taraporevala]], and made a telemovie based on [[Abraham Verghese]]'s book ''[[My Own Country: A Doctor's Story]]'' for [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]].&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&amp;gt; The film tells the story of Dr Verghese's real-life experiences in treating [[HIV/AIDS]] patients in [[East Tennessee]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hughes, Mike (12 July 1998). [https://www.newspapers.com/article/lansing-state-journal/174570009/ &quot;Aids movie is full of emotion; Compassionate tale: Glenne Headly and Naveen Andrews co-star in 'My Own Country&quot;]. ''Lansing State Journal''. p.&amp;amp;nbsp;1E. Retrieved 6 November 2025.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nair also spent six weeks assisting children who lived in local [[Township (South Africa)|townships]] to make films of their lives.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2001, with ''The Laughing Club of India'', she explored [[Laughter yoga|yoga based on laughter]]. Its founder, Madan Kararia, spoke of the club's history and the growth of laughing clubs across the country, and subsequently the world. The documentary included testimonials from members of the laughter clubs who described how the practice had improved or changed their lives. Its featured segments included a group of workers in an electrical products factory in [[Mumbai]] who took time off to laugh during their coffee break.&amp;lt;ref name=muir2006&amp;gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEte5ilhCTcC&amp;amp;q=mira+nair+++documentary&amp;amp;pg=PR9|title=Mercy in Her Eyes: The Films of Mira Nair|last=Muir|first=John Kenneth|date=2006|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|isbn=9781557836496|pages=156–158|language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Feature films===<br /> In June 1987, with Taraporevala, Nair researched and co-wrote ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'', which turned out to be an enormous and exhausting undertaking.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; Nair sought out real [[Street children in India|street children]] to more authentically portray the lives of children who survived in the streets and were deprived of a true childhood.&amp;lt;ref name=muir2006/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=tusing2025&amp;gt;{{cite web | last=Tusing | first=David | title=Six essential films by Mira Nair, Zohran Mamdani's Oscar-nominated mother | website=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] | date=5 November 2025 | url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2025/11/05/six-essential-films-by-mira-nair-zohran-mamdanis-oscar-nominated-mother/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251107004642/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/film-tv/2025/11/05/six-essential-films-by-mira-nair-zohran-mamdanis-oscar-nominated-mother/ | archive-date=7 November 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=7 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Mitch Epstein was co-producer and [[production designer]] on the film. They struggled to get financing, but eventually Nair &quot;managed to cajole completion cash out of a French company&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; On 19 May 1988, three days after Nair had finished cutting the film, it had its world première at the closing gala at the [[1988 Cannes Film Festival]]. It earned a 15-minute standing ovation, and won the [[Caméra d'Or]] (the first Indian film to do so)&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; and the [[Prix du public]] (Audience Prize). It was nominated at the 1989 [[Academy Awards]] for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]]. Although it did not do well at the [[box office]], it won 23 international awards.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last=Crossette |first=Barabara |date=23 December 1990 |title=Homeless and Hungry Youths of India |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DA1531F930A15751C1A966958260 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=13 October 2008 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Nair and Taraporevala next worked together on the 1991 film ''[[Mississippi Masala]],'' which told the story of [[Indians in Uganda|Ugandan-born Indians]] ([[Expulsion of Indians from Uganda|displaced by Idi Amin]] in 1972) in [[Mississippi]]. Their research for the film started in March 1989, and was their first visit to Africa. Nair met her second husband, Asian Ugandan academic [[Mahmood Mamdani]], when she interviewed him in [[Nairobi]] after having read his book ''From Citizen to Refugee'', about the expulsion of Asians.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; The film centers on a carpet-cleaner business owner ([[Denzel Washington]]) who falls in love with the daughter ([[Sarita Choudhury]]) of one of his Indian clients. The film revealed the prejudice in black and Indian communities. ''Mississippi Masala'' was heavily inspired by the history of Indian emigrants in Uganda. Nair was inspired by the fact that Ugandan-born Indians often aligned themselves more with white people, especially due to the worse treatment Black Ugandans endured.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite book |last=Deepika |first=Bahri |title=Between the Lines: South Asian and Postcoloniality |publisher=Temple University Press Philadelphia |year=1996 |edition=1st |pages=191–193}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was well received by critics, earned a standing ovation at the 1992 [[Sundance Film Festival]], and won three awards at the [[Venice Film Festival]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;voices.cla.umn.edu&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Her next feature, ''[[The Perez Family]]'' (1995) was not a success. The producer said that it had &quot;too much plot&quot;, and a critic wrote, &quot;It looks like a musical after all the songs have been cut out.&quot;&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; The next one, ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]'' (1996), which Nair later called &quot;an aberration&quot;, also bombed.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; In that year, the family moved to South Africa for three years, where her career &quot;stagnated&quot;.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'', written by [[Sabrina Dhawan]], was filmed over only 30 days, using only a small crew, including some of Nair's acquaintances and relatives. Released in 2001, the film told the story of an Indian [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] wedding.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&amp;gt; In the end, the film grossed over $30 million worldwide. The film was awarded the [[Golden Lion]] award at the [[Venice Film Festival]], making Nair the first female recipient of the award.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last=Whitney |first=Anna |date=10 September 2001 |title=Indian director is first woman to win Golden Lion |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/indian-director-is-first-woman-to-win-golden-lion-9225222.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/indian-director-is-first-woman-to-win-golden-lion-9225222.html |archive-date=15 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Independent |location=London |access-date=8 December 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Nair directed the 2002 [[television film]], ''[[Hysterical Blindness (film)|Hysterical Blindness]]'' for [[HBO]]. The film is a romance set 1987 starring [[Uma Thurman]] in the lead role. The made-for-TV movie would prove a success for both HBO and Thurman, with the latter receiving a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] for her acting in the film.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&amp;gt; This was followed by an adaptation of [[William Makepeace Thackeray]]'s epic ''[[Vanity Fair (2004 film)|Vanity Fair]]'' (2004).&amp;lt;ref name=huttner2004/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2005, Nair was asked to direct ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'', but turned it down to work on ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]],'' reportedly after her son [[Zohran Mamdani|Zohran]] persuaded her that she was the only one who could direct the latter.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Mira Nair&quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |last=Zee |first=Michaela |date=25 June 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Loves Movies: NYC's Presumptive Democratic Mayoral Pick Told Mom Mira Nair to Turn Down 'Harry Potter,' Rapped for a Disney Film and More |url=https://variety.com/lists/zohran-mamdani-mom-mira-nair-turn-down-harry-potter/mamdani-convinced-his-mom-to-direct-the-namesake-instead-of-harry-potter/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Based on the book by [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winner [[Jhumpa Lahiri]], Sooni Taraporevala's screenplay follows the son of Indian immigrants who wants to fit in with New York City society, but struggles to get away from his family's traditional ways. The film was presented with the Dartmouth Film Award and was also honored with the Pride of India award at the [[Bollywood Movie Awards]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=23 April 2007 |title=Bollywood to honour Mira Nair with 'Pride of India' award |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=a8b47023-270e-47f0-a6c2-399a750ab572&amp;amp; |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|agency=Press Trust of India (PTI) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055840/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=a8b47023-270e-47f0-a6c2-399a750ab572&amp;amp; |archive-date=30 September 2007}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=28 May 2007 |title=Mira Nair, Asha Parekh honoured at Bollywood awards in New York |url=http://story.malaysiasun.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/f825b92e19df636a/id/252152/cs/1/ |newspaper=Malaysia Sun |agency=Indo-Asian News Service (IANS) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207004720/http://story.malaysiasun.com/index.php/ct/9/cid/f825b92e19df636a/id/252152/cs/1/ |archive-date=7 February 2012 |access-date=8 December 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Next she directed the [[Amelia Earhart]] biopic ''[[Amelia (film)|Amelia]]'' (2009), starring [[Hilary Swank]] and [[Richard Gere]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/114003628|website=NPR|title=Mira Nair, Discovering A Very Modern 'Amelia'|first=Melissa|last=Block|date=22 October 2009|access-date=14 September 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The film predominantly received negative reviews.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/amelia_2009/ &quot; 'Amelia' Reviews, Pictures.&quot;] ''Rotten Tomatoes, IGN Entertainment''.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/amelia &quot; 'Amelia' (2009): Reviews.&quot;] ''Metacritic''.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; It was also a [[box-office bomb]], grossing $19.6 million against a budget of $40 million.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=amelia.htm &quot;Amelia.&quot;] ''Box Office Mojo,'' 10 January 2010.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, Nair directed ''[[The Reluctant Fundamentalist (film)|The Reluctant Fundamentalist]]'', a thriller based on the best-selling novel by [[Mohsin Hamid]], starring [[Riz Ahmed]], [[Kate Hudson]], [[Liev Schreiber]], and [[Kiefer Sutherland]]. It tells a [[post-9/11]] story about the impact of the terrorist attacks on one Pakistani man and his treatment by Americans in reaction to them. It opened the 2012 [[Venice Film Festival]] in [[Venice|Venice, Italy]] to critical acclaim, and was released worldwide in early 2013. It did not do well at the box office.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | last=Kaplan | first=Fred | title=Crossing Dangerous Borders | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=19 April 2013 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/movies/mira-nair-on-the-reluctant-fundamentalist.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527070859/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/movies/mira-nair-on-the-reluctant-fundamentalist.html | archive-date=27 May 2024 | url-status=live | access-date=8 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;film budget&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/indian-director-mira-nair-on-the-reluctant-fundamentalist-1.1181142|title=Indian director Mira Nair on 'The Reluctant Fundamentalist'|work=Weekend Review|date=9 May 2013 |accessdate=24 July 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;film box office&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2013) – International|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&amp;amp;id=reluctantfundamentalist.htm|accessdate=10 December 2015}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Nair's 2016 film ''[[Queen of Katwe]]'', a [[Walt Disney Pictures|Disney]] production, starred [[Lupita Nyong'o]] and [[David Oyelowo]], and was based on a biography of Ugandan chess prodigy [[Phiona Mutesi]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/08/lupita-nyongo-disney-d23-star-wars-jungle-book-queen-of-katwe |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Why Lupita Nyong'o, Not the Superheroes, Represents the Future of Disney |first=Joanna |last=Robinson |date=16 August 2015 |access-date=14 September 2021}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; written by American author [[Tim Crothers]]. The film earned much acclaim.&amp;lt;ref name=tusing2025/&amp;gt; It had a budget of $15&amp;amp;nbsp;million and grossed $10.4&amp;amp;nbsp;million.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;DeadlineKatwe&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite news | last1=Fleming | first1=Mike Jr. | title=David Oyelowo &amp;amp; Lupita Nyong'o In Talks To Star In 'Queen Of Katwe' For Disney | url=https://deadline.com/2015/01/david-oyelowo-lupita-nyongo-queen-of-katwe-chess-movie-1201345794/# | access-date=27 April 2015 | website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=9 January 2015}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web | url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=queenofkatwe.htm | title=Queen of Katwe (2016) | website=Box Office Moj}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nair's son [[Zohran Mamdani]] appears as an extra in the film, and one of his songs performed under his [[rapper]] pseudonym Young Cardamom, &quot;#1 Spice&quot;, also features in the film.&amp;lt;ref name=tusing2025/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, [[Amardeep Singh]] published a book, with the University Press of Mississippi, about Nair's films, titled, ''The Films of Mira Nair - Diaspora vérité''.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |title=The Films of Mira Nair: Diaspora Vérité |url=https://www.upress.state.ms.us/Contributors/S/Singh-Amardeep|access-date=2025-11-08 |language=en}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Short films===<br /> Nair's [[short film]]s include ''A Fork, a Spoon and a Knight,'' inspired by the [[Nelson Mandela]] quote, &quot;Difficulties break some men but make others.&quot;<br /> <br /> She contributed a segment to the [[anthology film]] ''[[11'09&quot;01 September 11]]'' (2002) in which 11 filmmakers reacted to the terrorist attack on New York on 11 September 2001. Her film dramatises a true story, of a New York Pakistani family whose son, [[Mohammad Salman Hamdani]], missing after the event, was suspected by police and reported by press as being one of the terrorists. When his body was eventually found months later, it turned out that he had rushed to the scene to help people escape the wreckage, and was killed himself.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | last=Young | first=Deborah | title=Review: '11'09&quot;01 September 11' | website=variety.com | date=5 September 2002 | url=http://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/11-09-01-september-11-1200546469 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708225523/http://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/11-09-01-september-11-1200546469 | archive-date=8 July 2017 | url-status=dead | access-date=6 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Other titles include ''How Can It Be?'' (2008), ''Migration'' (2008), ''New York, I Love You'' (2009) and her collaboration with among others, [[Emir Kusturica]] and [[Guillermo Arriaga]] on the anthology film ''[[Words with Gods]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}<br /> <br /> ===Other work===<br /> A long-time activist, Nair set up an annual film-makers' laboratory, [[Maisha Film Lab]], in [[Kampala|Kampala, Uganda]]. Since 2005, young directors in [[East Africa]] have been trained at the nonprofit facility with the motto that &quot;If we don't tell our stories, no one else will&quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/mira-nair-films-monsoon-wedding-riz-ahmed-lupita-nyongo-fawad-khan-hollywood/story/1/13059.html |title=If we don't tell our stories no one else will: Mira Nair |last=Bamzai |first=Kaveree |publisher=DailyO |date=2016-09-22 |access-date=2018-09-24 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As of 2018 Maisha was building a school with architect Raul Pantaleo, winner of the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]], and his company, Studio Tamassociati.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/tamassociati-humanitarian-architecture/ |title=TAMassociati's Humanitarian Architecture |last=Sisson |first=Patrick |work=Redshift EN |publisher=Autodesk |date=2015-04-09 |access-date=2018-09-24 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 1998, Nair used the profits from ''Salaam Bombay!'' to create the [[Salaam Baalak Trust]], which works with [[street children in India]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=mira Nair|url=https://amakula.org/mira-nair/|website=Amakul International Film Festival|date=12 March 2016|access-date=12 September 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; A musical adaptation of ''Monsoon Wedding'', directed by Nair, premiered at the [[Berkeley Repertory Theatre]], running from 5 May to 16 July 2017.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.playbill.com/article/monsoon-wedding-kicks-off-developmental-lab-today ″Monsoon Wedding Kicks Off Developmental Lab Today″], ''Playbill'', 30 May 2016&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Monsoon Wedding|url=https://www.berkeleyrep.org/season/1617/10662.asp|website=berkeleyrep.org|access-date=19 September 2017}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As of 2015, she lived in [[New York City]], where she was an adjunct professor in the Film Division of the School of Arts for [[Columbia University]] in [[Manhattan]]. The university had a collaboration with Nair's Maisha Film Lab, and offered opportunities for international students to work together and share their interests in film-making.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Global Programs|url=http://arts.columbia.edu/global-programs?&amp;amp;home=1865|website=Columbia University School of the Arts|publisher=Columbia University|access-date=30 April 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624181018/http://arts.columbia.edu/global-programs?&amp;amp;home=1865|archive-date=24 June 2015}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2020, journalist [[Ellen Barry (journalist)|Ellen Barry]] announced that her [[Pulitzer Prize]]-nominated story &quot;The Jungle Prince of Delhi&quot; about the &quot;[[Nawab of Awadh|royal family of Oudh]]&quot;, published in ''[[The New York Times]]'', would be adapted into a web series for [[Amazon Studios]] by Nair.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Krishnankutty|first=Pia|date=2020-07-10|title=Mira Nair to adapt New York Times story 'The Jungle Prince of Delhi' into Amazon series|url=https://theprint.in/world/mira-nair-to-adapt-new-york-times-story-the-jungle-prince-of-delhi-into-amazon-series/458158/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=ThePrint}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-07-10|title=Mira Nair to adapt New York Times article The Jungle Prince of Delhi into a series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mira-nair-to-adapt-the-jungle-prince-of-delhi-amazon-series-6498783/|access-date=2020-07-11|website=The Indian Express}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In March 2021 it was announced that Nair would direct a ten-episode TV series for [[Disney+]] reimagining the [[National Treasure (franchise)|''National Treasure'' series]] with a new cast.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=2021-03-24|title='National Treasure' TV Series With Latina Lead Greenlighted By Disney+; Mira Nair To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/national-treasure-tv-series-reimagening-latina-lead-disney-plus-mira-nair-1234720950/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> '''Mirabai Films''' is a film [[production company]] founded by Mira Nair.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Bhullar |first1=Harkirat |title=Women Director Spotlight: Mira Nair |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/4/9/women-director-spotlight-mira-nair-article/ |website=The Harvard Crimson |access-date=2 November 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> [[File:Mira Nair and Mahmood Mamdani at Mamdani inauguration.png|thumb|Nair and Mamdani in the crowd of their son Zohran Mamdani's inauguration.]]<br /> In 1977, Nair met her first husband, photographer [[Mitch Epstein]], when taking photography classes at Harvard University.&amp;lt;ref name=muir2006/&amp;gt; He was her lecturer, and they married in 1981 in India, in a [[Punjabi wedding traditions|traditional Punjabi wedding]], despite Epstein being &quot;a Jewish boy from [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]].&quot; They were together for 12 years, of which they were married for 8. They divorced around 1989.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002&amp;gt;{{cite interview|first= Mira|last=Nair | interviewer-last=Lahr | interviewer-first=John|interviewer-link= John Lahr | title=Whirlwind | website=[[The New Yorker]] | date=2 December 2002 | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/12/09/the-whirlwind | url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022030926/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/12/09/the-whirlwind| archive-date= 22 October 2014| url-status=live|quote=Published in the print edition of the December 9, 2002, issue.}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> On 29 March 1989, Nair met her second husband, [[Indians in Uganda|Indo-Ugandan]] political scientist [[Mahmood Mamdani]], in Nairobi, Kenya, while doing research for the film ''Mississippi Masala''. She had read his book ''From Citizen to Refugee'', about the expulsion of Asians.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; Nair moved in with Mamdani on campus at [[Makerere University]], where he was teaching. They married in 1991, and their son, [[Zohran Mamdani]], was born in [[Kampala]], Uganda, in the same year.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt; In 1996 the family moved to [[Cape Town]], South Africa, for Mahmood to take up an appointment as head of the African studies program at the [[University of Cape Town]], where they lived for around three years.&amp;lt;ref name = lahr2002/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2020, her son, Zohran Mamdani, won a seat representing [[Astoria, Queens]], in the [[New York State Assembly]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Yoshita |title=Mira Nair's son wins election to New York State assembly |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/mira-nairs-son-wins-election-to-ny-state-assembly/20201104.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=4 November 2020}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Mira Nair, Mahmood Mamdani &amp;amp; Zohran: A Global Family of Art, Politics and Leadership |url=https://thebrewnews.com/thebrew-news/world/mira-nair-mahmood-mamdani-zohran/ |website=The Brew News |date=12 November 2025 |access-date=14 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He became the [[Mayor of New York City]] on 1 January 2026.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite news |last=Helmore |first=Edward |date=2026-01-01 |title=Zohran Mamdani sworn in as mayor of New York City |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/jan/01/zohran-mamdani-sworn-in-mayor-new-york-city |access-date=2026-01-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Nair has been an enthusiastic [[yoga]] practitioner for decades; when making a film, she has the cast and crew start the day with a yoga session.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;punjabi iht&quot; /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political views==<br /> In July 2013, Nair declined an invitation to the [[Haifa International Film Festival]] as a &quot;guest of honor&quot; to protest Israel's policies toward [[Palestine]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=21 July 2013 |title=Film director Mira Nair boycotting Haifa festival |url=https://www.jta.org/2013/07/21/arts-entertainment/indian-film-director-boycotts-haifa-film-festival |publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=23 July 2013 |title=Mira Nair turns down invite to Israel film festival |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/Mira-Nair-turns-down-invite-to-Israel-film-festival/articleshow/21240349.cms |newspaper=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India (PTI)}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In posts on Twitter, Nair wrote: &quot;I will go to Israel when the walls come down. I will go to Israel when occupation is gone...I will go to Israel when the state does not privilege one religion over another. I will go to Israel when Apartheid is over. I stand w/ Palestine for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) &amp;amp; the larger [[Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions|BDS]] Mov't.&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=21 July 2013 |title=Mira Nair boycotts Haifa film festival |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/21/director-mira-nair-boycotts-haifa-festival |newspaper=The Guardian}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nair was praised by PACBI, which said her decision to boycott Israel &quot;helps to highlight the struggle against colonialism and apartheid.&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |date=20 July 2013 |title=Mira Nair boycotts Israel Film Festival in Palestine's support |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/579618/mira-nair-boycotts-israel-film-festival-in-palestines-support/ |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recognition and awards==<br /> [[File:Mira Nair at ZIFF 2013.jpg|thumb|Nair at the 2013 [[Zanzibar International Film Festival]] ]]<br /> At the [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1988]], Nair was awarded the New Generation Award, a career achievement award, by the [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association]].&amp;lt;ref name=lat1988&amp;gt;{{cite web | title=L.A. Film Critics Vote Lahti, Hanks, 'Dorrit' Winners | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=12 December 1988 | url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-12-12/entertainment/ca-187_1_l-a-film-critics | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601134731/http://articles.latimes.com/1988-12-12/entertainment/ca-187_1_l-a-film-critics | archive-date=1 June 2016 | url-status=dead | access-date=7 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2012, Nair was awarded India's third highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]], by then president of India, [[Pratibha Patil]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news |last=Jamkhandikar |first=Shilpa |date=25 January 2012 |title=Dharmendra, Shabana Azmi, Mira Nair to get Padma Bhushan |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/padma-bhushan-awards-idINDEE80O0IY20120125 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225207/http://in.reuters.com/article/padma-bhushan-awards-idINDEE80O0IY20120125 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 March 2016 |work=Reuters}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |date=27 January 2013 |title= Padma Awards Announced |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=27 January 2013}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Films===<br /> Many of Nair's films have won awards, including:<br /> * 1988: Audience Award, [[Cannes Film Festival]]: ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | last=Schuldt | first=Clay | title=Film Society to show 'Salaam Bombay' | website=nujournal.com | date=10 March 2018 | url=http://www.nujournal.com/news/local-news/2018/03/10/film-society-to-show-salaam-bombay/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310091929/http://www.nujournal.com/news/local-news/2018/03/10/film-society-to-show-salaam-bombay/ | archive-date=10 March 2018 | url-status=live | access-date=7 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 1988: [[Caméra d'Or|Golden Camera]] (Best First Film), Cannes Film Festival: ''Salaam Bombay!''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1988/allAward.html |title=Awards 1988: All Awards |work=festival-cannes.fr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228211216/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1988/allAward.html |archive-date=28 December 2014 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 1988: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]: ''Salaam Bombay!''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book |last=Taraporevala |first=Sooni|title=Salaam Bombay!|year=1989|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0-14-012724-0|author2=Mira Nair}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 1988: [[National Board of Review Awards 1988|National Board of Review Award]] for Top Foreign Films: ''Salaam Bombay!''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | title=National Board of Review of Motion Pictures :: Awards | website=[[NBRMP]] | url=http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=1988 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083539/http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=1988 | archive-date=29 September 2007 | url-status=dead | access-date=7 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 1988: &quot;Jury Prize&quot;, &quot;Most Popular Film&quot;, and &quot;[[Prize of the Ecumenical Jury]]&quot; at [[Montreal World Film Festival]]: ''Salaam Bombay!''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | title=Awards of the Montreal World Film Festival | website=[[FFM Montreal]] | url=http://www.ffm-montreal.org/en/awards/29-awards-of-the-montreal-world-film-festival-1988.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926110715/http://www.ffm-montreal.org/en/awards/29-awards-of-the-montreal-world-film-festival-1988.html | archive-date=26 September 2017 | url-status=dead | access-date=7 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 1991: [[Golden Osella]] (Best Original Screenplay), [[Venice Film Festival]]: ''[[Mississippi Masala]]'' (with [[Sooni Taraporevala]])&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite book|last=Sloan|first=Jane|title=Reel Women|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-5738-4}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=tusing2025/&amp;gt;<br /> * 1991: Critics Special Award, [[São Paulo International Film Festival]]: ''Mississippi Masala''<br /> * 2001: [[Golden Lion]] (Best Film), Venice Film Festival: ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''&amp;lt;ref name=tusing2025/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=vff2001&amp;gt;{{cite web | title=Venice Film Festival 2001| website=MUBI | url=https://mubi.com/en/awards-and-festivals/venice?year=2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212111922/https://mubi.com/en/awards-and-festivals/venice?year=2001 | archive-date=12 Dec 2023 | url-status=dead | access-date=7 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 2001: Laterna Magica Prize, Venice Film Festival: ''Monsoon Wedding''&amp;lt;ref name=vff2001/&amp;gt;<br /> * 2003: [[Arts First|Harvard Arts Medal]]&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=History of the Harvard Arts Medal |url=https://ofa.fas.harvard.edu/harvard-arts-medal |publisher=Harvard University Office for the Arts |access-date=23 February 2019}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 2007: &quot;Golden Aphrodite&quot; award, at Love is Folly International Film Festival ([[Bulgaria]]), for ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-03-04 |title=Ретроспекция Любовта е Лудост {{!}} IFF &quot;Love Is Folly&quot; |url=https://loveisfolly.com/en/retrospection/ |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010225157/https://loveisfolly.com/en/retrospection/ |archive-date=10 October 2022 |language=bg}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 2012: &quot;[[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|IFFI Centenary Award]]&quot; for ''[[The Reluctant Fundamentalist (film)|The Reluctant Fundamentalist]]''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=89798|title=43rd IFFI closes with Meera Nair's 'The Reluctant Fundamentalist'|website=pib.nic.in}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Many of her films have also been nominated for some significant awards; a selection of these follow.<br /> * 1988: Runner-up (2nd to ''[[Wings of Desire]]'') [[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1988|Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards]], Best Foreign Film&amp;lt;ref name=lat1988/&amp;gt;<br /> * 1989: [[61st Academy Awards]], [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]], for ''Salaam Bombay!''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006074956/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/61st-winners.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |date=29 March 1989}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=tusing2025/&amp;gt;<br /> * 1989: [[César Award for Best Foreign Film]] (''Meilleur film étranger''): ''Salaam Bombay!''<br /> * 1989: [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]: ''Salaam Bombay!''<br /> * 1990: [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]]: ''Salaam Bombay!''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=Film in 1990 |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1990/film |publisher=[[British Academy Film Awards]] |access-date=22 May 2020 |date=1990 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305074044/http://awards.bafta.org/award/1990/film |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 1991: [[Golden Lion]] (Best Film), [[Venice Film Festival]]: ''[[Mississippi Masala]]''<br /> * 1993: [[Independent Spirit Award]] for Best Feature: ''Mississippi Masala''<br /> * 1996: [[Golden Seashell]], [[San Sebastián International Film Festival]]: ''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]''<br /> * 2001: [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]: ''Monsoon Wedding''<br /> * 2002: [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]]: ''Monsoon Wedding''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | last=Dawtrey | first=Adam | title=BAFTA noms unveiled | website=Variety | date=28 January 2002 | url=https://variety.com/2002/film/awards/bafta-noms-unveiled-1117859198/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826100101/https://variety.com/2002/film/awards/bafta-noms-unveiled-1117859198/ | archive-date=26 August 2025 | url-status=live | access-date=7 November 2025}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> * 2003: Golden Star, [[International Film Festival of Marrakech]]: ''[[Hysterical Blindness (film)|Hysterical Blindness]]''<br /> * 2004: [[Golden Lion]] (Best Film), [[Venice Film Festival]]: ''[[Vanity Fair (2004 film)|Vanity Fair]]''<br /> * 2007: [[Gotham Awards 2007|Gotham Award]] for Best Film: ''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]''&amp;lt;ref name=tusing2025/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |date=2007-10-22 |title=17th Annual Gotham Awards Unveil Nominees for Year's Best Independent Films |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2007/10/prweb563097.htm |website=PRWeb |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010222149/https://www.prweb.com/releases/2007/10/prweb563097.htm |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;!--also a Best Actor award at Independent Spirit Awards, but not relevant to Nair---&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> &amp;lt;!---don't actually need refs here if the films are mentioned in the body---&amp;gt;<br /> ===Feature fiction films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1988<br /> |''[[Salaam Bombay!]]''<br /> |Nominated - [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nominated - [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nominated - [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]]<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |''[[Mississippi Masala]]''<br /> |Nominated - [[Independent Spirit Award for Best Film]]<br /> |-<br /> |1995<br /> |''[[The Perez Family]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |''[[Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1998<br /> |''[[My Own Country]]''<br /> |Made for television ([[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]])<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''<br /> |Winner - [[58th Venice International Film Festival|Golden Lion]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nominated - [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;Nominated - [[Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |''[[Hysterical Blindness (film)|Hysterical Blindness]]'' <br /> |Made for television (HBO)<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> |''[[Vanity Fair (2004 film)|Vanity Fair]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |''[[The Namesake (film)|The Namesake]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> |''[[Amelia (film)|Amelia]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> |''[[The Reluctant Fundamentalist (film)|The Reluctant Fundamentalist]]''<br /> |won- [[Munich International Film Festival]]<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |''[[Queen of Katwe]]''<br /> |won- [[Africa Movie Academy Awards]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Documentary films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Notes (Awards)<br /> |-<br /> |1979<br /> |''Jama Street Masjid Journal''<br /> |Film thesis at Harvard<br /> |-<br /> |1982<br /> |''So Far From India''<br /> |Best Documentary at [[American Film Festival]]<br /> Best Documentary at New York's Global Village Film Festival<br /> |-<br /> |1984<br /> |''India Cabaret''<br /> |Best Documentary at New York's Global Village Film Festival<br /> Awarded the [[Blue Ribbon Awards|Blue Ribbon]]<br /> |-<br /> |1987<br /> |''Children of a Desired Sex''<br /> |&amp;lt;ref name=james1988/&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |''The Laughing Club of India''<br /> |&amp;lt;ref name=muir2006/&amp;gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Short films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> |''The Day the Mercedes Became a Hat''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> |''India''<br /> |Segment of ''[[11'9&quot;01 September 11]]''<br /> |-<br /> |2007<br /> |''Migration..''<br /> ||Segment of ''AIDS Jaago''<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''Kosher Vegetarian''<br /> |Segment of ''[[New York, I Love You]]''<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> |''How can it be?''<br /> |Segment of ''[[8 (2008 film)|8]]''<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''God Room''<br /> |Segment of ''[[Words with Gods]]''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television series===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2020<br /> |''[[A Suitable Boy (series)|A Suitable Boy]]''<br /> |5 episodes&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/a-suitable-boy-cast|title=BBC - Cast announced for BBC One's A Suitable Boy, the first screen adaptation of Vikram Seth's classic novel - Media Centre|publisher=BBC}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''[[National Treasure: Edge of History]]''<br /> | Episode &quot;I'm a Ghost&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Indians in the New York metropolitan area]]<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Jigna Desai: ''[https://archive.org/details/beyondbollywoodc0000desa Beyond Bollywood: The cultural politics of South Asian diasporic film],'' New York: Routledge, 2004, 280 pp. ill., {{ISBN|0-415-96684-1}} (inb.) / {{ISBN|0-415-96685-X}} (hft.)<br /> * Gita Rajan: ''Pliant and compliant: colonial Indian art and postcolonial cinema''. ''Women''. Oxford (Print), ISSN 0957-4042; 13(2002):1, pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;48–69<br /> * Alpana Sharma: ''Body matters: the politics of provocation in Mira Nair's films'', ''QRFV: Quarterly review of film and video'', ISSN 1050-9208; 18(2001):1, pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;91–103<br /> * Pratibha Parmar: ''Mira Nair: filmmaking in the streets of Bombay,'' ''Spare rib'', ISSN 0306-7971; 198, 1989, pp.&amp;amp;nbsp;28–29<br /> * Gwendolyn Audrey Foster: ''[https://archive.org/details/womenfilmmakerso0000fost Women Filmmakers of the African and Asian Diaspora: Decolonizing the Gaze, Locating Subjectivity]''. [[Carbondale, Illinois|Carbondale, IL]] : Southern Illinois University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8093-2120-3}}<br /> * John Kenneth Muir: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HEte5ilhCTcC Mercy in Her Eyes: The Films of Mira Nair],'' Hal Leonard, 2006, {{ISBN|1-55783-649-3}}, {{ISBN|978-1-55783-649-6}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name}}<br /> * {{Instagram}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> * {{Britannica|401896}}<br /> * {{Cite web |title=Papers of Mira Nair, 1929-2020 (inclusive), 1983-2020 (bulk) |url=https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/sch02139/catalog |website=HOLLIS for Archive Discovery, Harvard Library}}<br /> <br /> {{Mira Nair}}<br /> {{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention|state=collapsed}}<br /> {{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}<br /> {{Berlin International Film Festival jury presidents}}<br /> {{Zohran Mamdani footer}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;!-- Vital statistics categories --&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Mira}}<br /> [[Category:American women film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]<br /> [[Category:American film directors of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from New York City]]<br /> [[Category:English-language film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Directors of Caméra d'Or winners]]<br /> [[Category:Directors of Golden Lion winners]]<br /> [[Category:Golden Globe Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]<br /> [[Category:Columbia University faculty]]<br /> [[Category:American women academics]]<br /> [[Category:American women activists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women activists]]<br /> [[Category:American activists for Palestinian solidarity]]<br /> [[Category:American anti-Zionists]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Miranda House alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Mamdani family]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century American women]]<br /> [[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br /> [[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]<br /> [[Category:American people of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:People associated with the 2025 New York City mayoral election]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi women]]<br /> [[Category:People from Rourkela]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian women]]<br /> [[Category:1957 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santal_people&diff=450953 2026-03-12T00:37:02Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Revised and enhanced article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ethnic group of India, Nepal and Bangladesh}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox ethnic group<br /> | group = Santal<br /> | native_name = Hoṛku<br /> | native_name_lang = Santali Language<br /> | image = Baha parab 4.jpg &lt;!-- Better representational image required: Man and woman of Santhal tribe standing in traditional attire. (older generation people preferred) --&gt;<br /> | image_caption = Santals in traditional dress celebrating ''[[Baha parab]]''<br /> | pop = {{circa|7.5&amp;nbsp;million}}<br /> | total_year = 2011<br /> | popplace = {{flag|India}}{{*}}{{flag|Bangladesh}}{{*}}{{flag|Nepal}}<br /> | region1 = {{Flag|India}}:&lt;br /&gt;{{spaces|7}}[[Jharkhand]]<br /> | pop1 = &lt;br /&gt;2,754,723&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|access-date=18 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region2 = {{spaces|7}}[[West Bengal]]<br /> | pop2 = 2,512,331&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region3 = {{spaces|7}}[[Odisha]]<br /> | pop3 = 894,764&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region4 = {{spaces|7}}[[Bihar]]<br /> | pop4 = 406,076&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;/&gt;<br /> | region5 = {{spaces|7}}[[Assam]]<br /> | pop5 = 213,139&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1800.XLSX |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|access-date=3 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region6 = {{spaces|7}} [[Tripura]]<br /> | pop6 = 2,913<br /> | ref6 = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Tripura - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43015/download/46683/ST-16-PCA-A11-APPENDIX.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region7 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}<br /> | pop7 = 129,049 (2021)<br /> | ref7 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/2022-07-28-14-31-b21f81d1c15171f1770c661020381666.pdf|title=Table 1.4 Ethnic Population by Group and Sex|year=2021|publisher=Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics|page=34|language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | region8 = {{flag|Nepal}}<br /> | pop8 = 51,735<br /> | ref8 = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011: Social Characteristics Tables|url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf|journal=Nepal Census|via=Government of Nepal|archive-date=14 March 2023|access-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | languages = [[Santali language|Santali]]<br /> | religions = '''Majority'''&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]&lt;ref name=&quot;censusindia.gov.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11908/download/15021/ST-20-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=3 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''Minority'''&lt;br /&gt;Folk religions ([[Sari Dharam]], [[Sarnaism|Sarna Dharam]])&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]&lt;br /&gt; [[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Christianity]], [[File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg|16px]] [[Buddhism]], Others&lt;ref name=&quot;censusindia.gov.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> | related = [[Munda people|Mundas]]{{•}}[[Ho people|Hos]]{{•}}[[Juang people|Juangs]]{{•}}[[Kharia people|Kharias]]{{•}}[[Savara people|Savaras]]{{•}}[[Korku people|Korkus]]{{•}}[[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Infobox ethnonym|root=ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ Santal|person=Santal|people=ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ|language=[[Santali language|Santali]]|country={{Flag|India}}, {{Flag|Bangladesh}} and {{Flag|Nepal}}}}<br /> The '''Santal''' (or '''Santhal''') are an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]-speaking [[Munda peoples|Munda]] ethnic group of the [[Indian subcontinent]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bangladesh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/cfcavallaro/Pdf%20files/Cavallaro%20and%20Rahman%202009.pdf|title=The Santals of Bangladesh|last1=Cavallaro|first1=Francesco|last2=Rahman|first2=Tania|website=ntu.edu.sg|access-date=17 November 2017|publisher=Nayang Technical University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109161200/http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/cfcavallaro/Pdf%20files/Cavallaro%20and%20Rahman%202009.pdf|archive-date=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; They constitute the largest tribal community in the Indian states of [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]], and are also present in [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[Assam]], and [[Tripura]]. They are the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's [[Rajshahi Division]] and [[Rangpur Division]]. They have a sizeable population in [[Nepal]]. The Santals speak [[Santali language|Santali]], the most widely spoken language of the [[Munda languages|Munda subfamily]] of [[Austroasiatic languages]].<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> Santal is most likely derived from an exonym. The term refers to inhabitants of {{lang|bn|Saont}} in erstwhile [[Silda, West Bengal|Silda]] in [[Midnapore|Medinapore]] region in West Bengal.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|p=3|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Census 1961, west bengal-district handbook, Midnapore|publisher=The superintendent, government printing, West Bengal|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5131/1/22153_1961_MID.pdf|year=1966|pages=58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902221642/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5131/1/22153_1961_MID.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sanskrit word ''Samant'' or Bengali ''Saont'' means plain land.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dVaq4_cLoC&amp;pg=PA213|year=2010|pages=213|isbn=9788178351216}}&lt;/ref&gt; Their ethnonym is {{lang|sat|Hor Hopon}} (&quot;child of human&quot;).&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=5|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> === Origins ===<br /> According to linguist [[Paul Sidwell]], [[Austro-Asiatic language]] speakers probably arrived on the coast of [[Odisha]] from [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]] about 4,000–3,500 years ago ({{circa|2000|1500}} BCE).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/36689736 |title=Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018. |last=Sidwell |first=Paul |date=2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522203539/http://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 |archive-date=22 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rau |first1=Felix |last2=Sidwell |first2=Paul |title=The Munda Maritime Hypothesis |date=12 September 2019 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/228160282.pdf |journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |volume=12 |issue=2 |issn=1836-6821 |hdl=10524/52454 |pages=35–57 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Austroasiatic speakers spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.<br /> <br /> Due to the lack of significant archaeological records, the original homeland of the Santhals is not known with certainty. The folklore of the Santhals claims they came from {{lang|sat|Hihiri}}, which scholars have identified as Ahuri in [[Hazaribagh district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Karua |first=Subhash Chandra |date=2006 |title=The Santals of Mayurbhanj — a Study on Their Original Homeland |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147979 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=67 |pages=592–599 |jstor=44147979 |issn=2249-1937}}&lt;/ref&gt; From there, they claim, they were pushed onto [[Chhota Nagpur Plateau]], then to [[Jhalda]], [[Patkum estate|Patkum]] and finally Saont, where they settled for good.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sen|p=14|1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Dalton, where they were renamed to Santal from cluster name Kharwar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lister |first=E. |url=http://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/bihar-and-orissa-district-gazetteers-hazaribagh-0 |title=Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteers: Hazaribagh |year=1917 |pages=54 |language=en |access-date=29 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This legend, which has been cited by several scholars, has been used as evidence that the Santals once had a significant presence in [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]. Colonial scholar Colonel [[Edward Tuite Dalton|Dalton]] claimed in Chai there was a fort formerly occupied by a Santal raja who was forced to flee when the [[Delhi Sultanate]] invaded the territory.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sen|p=15|1997}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === British Era ===<br /> [[File:The People Of India 1868 Sonthals.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Santhals in [[British Raj|British India]], 1868]]<br /> <br /> In the latter half of the 18th century, the Santals entered the historical record in 1795 when they are recorded as &quot;Soontars&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Interrogating Temporal and Spatial Demarcations in History Writing {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2024/51/special-articles/interrogating-temporal-and-spatial-demarcations.html |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=www.epw.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770|Bengal Famine of 1770]], the drier western and southwestern parts of Bengal, especially the [[Jungle Mahals]] region, were some of the worst-hit areas and were significantly depopulated. This depopulation resulted in a significant loss of revenue for the [[East India Company]]. Therefore, when the [[Permanent Settlement]] was enacted in 1790, the Company looked for agriculturalists to clear the lands.&lt;ref name=Sen1997 group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sen|p=19|1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; British officials turned their attention to Santals, who were ready to clear the forest for the practice of settled agriculture. In 1832, a large number of area of the Raj Mahal hills demarcated as [[Damin-i-koh]]. Santal from [[Cuttack]], [[Dhalbhum]], [[Birbhum]], [[Manbhum]], [[Hazaribagh]] migrated and started cultivating these lands as peasants &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jha|first=Amar Nath|year=2009|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=70|pages=185–196|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44147668|title=Locating the Ancient History of Santal Parganas}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Sen1997 group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;/&gt; sponsored by landowners and the British who were desperate for labour.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Equations2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9T3zYvKVF98C&amp;q=santhal&amp;pg=PA57|title=This is Our Homeland: A Collection of Essays on the Betrayal of Adivasi|year=2007|location=Banglaore|publisher=Equations|oclc=180852396|access-date= 26 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malik2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Malti |year=2016 |title=Saraswati History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&amp;q=santhal+revolt&amp;pg=PA329 |publisher=New Saraswati House |isbn=978-81-7335-498-4 |access-date=26 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sen|p=20|1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under British direction, Santals took loans from non-Santal moneylenders to buy iron tools, seed grain and oxen as individuals and families, rather than groups as was their custom for working the land.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=43|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> When they arrived in [[Damin-i-koh]] (present day [[Santhal Pargana Division|Santal Pargana]]), the British provided no protection for the Santals against the preexisting [[Mal Paharia people|Mal Paharias]], who were against destruction of forest, were known raiders of the plains areas and had only recently been partially &quot;pacified&quot;. Eventually, the Santals, with their better technology and ability to match the Paharia's guerrilla attacks, managed to drive them out. They clear the forest tracts and started cultivation in these areas. Their settlement took place between the 1830s and 1850s: in 1830, the area was home to only 3,000 Santals, but by the 1850s, 83,000 Santals had settled in the land and had turned it into paddy fields. This resulted in a 22 times increase in Company revenue from the area.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=31|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, as they became more agricultural, the Santals were [[Economic exploitation|exploited]] by the [[zamindars]]. Unlike the Santals, the British valued individual competition instead of cooperation, and had a rigid system of laws very different from the relatively relaxed norms of the village council, the highest form of government most Santals knew. [[Mahajans]] from Bengal and [[Bania (caste)|Baniyas]] from Bihar began selling goods from elsewhere, and many Santals, seeing them as exotic, were tricked into [[debt]] to buy them, usually with a [[mortgage]] on their land. When the Santals were unable to pay the [[moneylenders]] back, they became owners of the land and the Santals became dispossessed [[landless]] peasants. The Baniya merchants and other outsiders also began to treat Santals as outcastes in a [[Brahminical]] system.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=46|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sen|1997|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Eventually, these acts of [[Exploitation of natural resources|exploitation]], combined with British tax policies and [[Corruption|corrupt]] tax collectors, deteriorated to the point where Santals grew discontented. In 1855, they revolted in the [[Santhal rebellion|Santal rebellion]], better known as the {{lang|sat|Santal Hul}}. 30,000 Santals, led by [[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu]], attacked the zamindars and other outsiders ({{lang|sat|dikkus}}) who had made their lives so miserable, as well as the British authorities. Eventually, around 10,000 [[Presidency armies|British troops]] managed to suppress the rebellion. Although the rebellion's impact was largely overshadowed by that of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the impact of the Santhal Rebellion lives on as a turning point in Santhal pride and identity. This was reaffirmed, over a century and a half later with the creation of the tribal province in the [[India|Republic of India]], [[Jharkhand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Equations2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malik2016&quot; /&gt; Following the rebellion, the British satisfied all Santhal demands, due to their importance as a tax-paying group. The British created a 5000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; area, called [[Santhal Pargana division|Santal Parganas]], where the normal procedures of British India did not apply. Administration of the community was primarily made the responsibility of the village headman, or pradhan, who was also given the power to collect taxes. It was made illegal for Santals to transfer land to non-Santals, allowing them to have legal rights over their land.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|1979|p=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the [[British Crown]] formally took control over India in 1858, the Santals continued their system of government and traditions. Newly established Christian missions brought education, and many Santals moved to the tea plantations in [[Assam]], [[North Bengal]], where they still remain today. However, most continued with their old life, but were still not prosperous. In addition, secular education did not become widespread until after Indian independence.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|1979|p=53}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the late 19th century, many Santals migrated from the Santal Parganas to the districts of Bihar and North Bengal such as Purnia, Malda and Dinajpur. The Santals still faced retaliation after the Santal Hul and were invited by zamindars to cultivate many parts of north Bengal, which had become scrubland, land which the Santals specialised in farming.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Ashim Kumar|year=2016|title=Forest, Land Use, and Water: A Study of the Santal Adivasi World of Colonial Maldah, 1900-1947|url=http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1852/1/3%20Forest%2C%20Land%20Use%2C%20and%20Water.pdf|journal=Vidyasagar University Journal of History|volume=4|pages=29–40|archive-date=23 April 2024|access-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423031337/http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1852/1/3%20Forest,%20Land%20Use,%20and%20Water.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the 1930s, their numbers in this region the Santals had become two lakh. Most were settled on wasteland where the rent was cheaper than the more fertile wet lands. However they faced heavy taxation from the zamindars, and were oppressed by moneylenders, upper castes, and the bureaucracy in general. In 1924, several Santal sardars, influenced by Gandhian ideology and led by Jitu Sardar, began to lead agitations against the oppressive double system of elite Bengalis and British government. Santals stopped paying rent to the zamindars, beat up revenue inspectors, and led agitations against the moneylenders. In 1928, the Santals stopped paying the chaukidari tax and led protests in Thakurgaon in 1929. In 1932, several Santals attempted to organise their own state with Jitu Sardar as head, initially based on Gandhi's Ram Rajya but quickly criticised Gandhi when he did not help them. In 1933, a British commissioner was appointed to look into the grievances of Santals of North Bengal.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}<br /> <br /> === Post-independence ===<br /> The Santal community, like the others of the region, was split between West Bengal in India and East Bengal in Pakistan during Partition. After independence, the Santals were made one of the [[Scheduled Tribes]] in India. In East Pakistan, there were some regions in the west where Santals were still in significant numbers. There and in neighbouring West Bengal, the Santals provided significant support to the [[Tebhaga movement]]. After the Pakistani military crushed the uprising and burned many Santal homes, many fled across the border to Malda in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Panjabi |first=Kavita |year=2010 |title='Otiter Jed' or Times of Revolution: Ila Mitra, the Santals and Tebhaga Movement |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25741971|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=45|issue=33|pages=53–59|jstor=25741971|issn=0012-9976}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In northern [[West Bengal]], tribal peasants participated in [[Naxalbari uprising]] led by a Santal communist leader [[Jangal Santhal]]. The impoverishment has led to the [[Guevarist]] inspired [[Naxalite]] [[insurgency]] in what is often termed as the [[Red Corridor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Legendary Leader Jangal Santhal|url=http://cpiml.org/feature/legendary-leader-jangal-santhal/|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After [[Jharkhand]] was carved out of [[Bihar]] in 2000, the [[Santhal Pargana division|Santal Parganas]] was made a separate division of the state.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; These Santals have also agitated for recognition of their traditions in the census as a separate religion, [[Sarnaism|''sarna dharam'']], for which Jharkhand assembly passed a resolution in 2020. Many still face poverty and exploitation, and in Bangladesh, theft of their lands is common. Although spread out over a large area, they now consider the Santal Parganas as their cultural heartland.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|pp=6–7|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Society ==<br /> The base of Santal society is a division between &quot;sibling&quot; ({{lang|sat|boeha}}) and &quot;guest&quot; ({{lang|sat|pera}}), a divide found in many other [[tribal]] societies of central and eastern India. Children of the same father (sometimes grandfather), known as {{lang|sat|nije boeha}}, often live next to each other and own adjacent pieces of land. Those in the closest form of brotherhood, called {{lang|sat|mit orak hor}} (&quot;people of one house&quot;) in Singhbhum, cannot marry each other and propitiate the same deity, since the house refers to a common ancestor from which all the families are believed to descend. Only {{lang|sat|mit orak hor}} marriages are severely stigmatised. Another brotherhood is membership of a clan, which are exogamous.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|p=99|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The last form of brotherhood is {{lang|sat|phul}}, a ritual friendship with members of other ethnic groups. Children of {{lang|sat|phul}} brothers consider themselves as brothers, and they attend each other's main lifecycle events, such as weddings or funerals, as {{lang|sat|pera}}. They also give help in times of hardship.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|pp=99–100|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Those who do not have brotherhood are referred to as {{lang|sat|pera}}, or guests. Members of other communities, especially those not speaking Santali, are excluded from this grouping, except for communities such as the [[Karmakar]], [[Mahali]] or [[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]] of their locality, who are enmeshed in Santal society. Those with this relationship can marry, and attend major festivals as guests. People related by marriage, although {{lang|sat|pera}}, have special roles in life-cycle events. Women perform special welcome rituals for {{lang|sat|pera}} when they visit. Those related by marriage can have one of two relationships. They can be {{lang|sat|bala}}, a relationship exemplified by the couple's parents, or {{lang|sat|sangat}}, between cross-siblings of a couple.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|p=100|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Santal people Jharkhand India.jpg|thumb|Santal women]]<br /> <br /> Santal society has much less stratification and is more [[egalitarian]] than adjacent [[Caste|caste Hindu]] society, but still has some status differences. The most important marker of a person when interacting with others in Santal society is their standing as {{lang|sat|marang}} (&quot;senior&quot;) or {{lang|sat|hudin}} (&quot;junior&quot;). This standing is evaluated by relation: for example, if someone is greeting their father's elder brother's son, they would be the junior irrespective of age. Similarly, when someone greets their elder brother's wife, the wife would be {{lang|sat|marang}}. However, for strangers or guests with no clear kin connections, the question of {{lang|sat|marang}} or {{lang|sat|hudin}} is decided by age.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|p=102|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ritual greeting ({{lang|sat|god}} in Santali) of someone is given much importance and is done in the courtyard of a house when a {{lang|sat|pera}} visits. The greeting differs by gender, and whether the person is junior or senior to the one being greeted. The greeting rituals given by a {{lang|sat|hudin}} involve an &quot;offering&quot; ({{lang|sat|dobok' johar}}) of respect, while a {{lang|sat|marang}} &quot;receives&quot; this respect.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=59|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; This greeting should not be done hastily, and correct practice of it is encouraged in children from a young age.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|p=103|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; However the {{lang|sat|hudin}}-{{lang|sat|marang}} distinction does not apply to {{lang|sat|phul}} or {{lang|sat|bala}}, who instead greet each other as if greeting a {{lang|sat|marang}}.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|p=104|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Santals also have [[totem]]istic [[clans]], known as {{lang|sat|pari}}.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=58|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; These 12 clans are divided into two ranks: 7 senior and 5 junior. The senior clans are believed to originate from the 7 sons and daughters of the first man and woman, and in order of seniority they are: {{lang|sat|[[Hansda]]}} (goose), {{lang|sat|[[Murmu]]}} ([[Nilgai]]), {{lang|sat|[[Marandi]]}} (''[[Ischaemum rugosum]]''), {{lang|sat|[[Kisku]]}} (kingfisher), {{lang|sat|Soren}} ([[Pleiades]]), {{lang|sat|[[Hembram]]}} ([[betel palm]]) and {{lang|sat|[[Tudu (disambiguation)|Tudu]]}} (owl).&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|p=109|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The junior clans are Baskey or Baske (stale rice), {{lang|sat|Besra}} ([[Besra|falcon]]), Chorey or Chonre (lizard), Pauria or Pawria (pigeon) and Bediya. Members of a senior clan do not marry members of a junior clan, and there are some forbidden marriages as well, such as between Marandi and Kisku. In addition, Besras are sometimes treated differently due to their perceived low status, but other than the context of marriage, they play no role in social life. The clans also avoid harming their clan totem, lest evil befall them.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|pp=110–111|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Santals have another social organisation important for rituals, called {{lang|sat|khunti}}, or {{lang|sat|gusti}} in south Chota Nagpur.{{Efn|The term comes from the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] {{lang|bn|goshti}}, meaning clans. It seems likely that the nearby Santals of Singhbhum borrowed the word.}} The term refers to descendants of a common ancestor, no more than a few generations back, that live nearby. The {{lang|sat|khunti}} is identified by some distinguishing feature of the ancestor, such as {{lang|sat|poeta}}, people who wear a thread on their chest in worship. In many cases, all the people of a {{lang|sat|gusti}} live in their ancestral village, but some members may have migrated to neighbouring villages.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|p=117|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Culture ==<br /> === Festivals ===<br /> [[Sohrai]] is the principal festival of Santal community. Besides that [[Baha parab|Baha]], [[Karam (festival)|Karam]], [[Dashain]], Sakrat, Mahmore, Rundo and Magsim are important festivals. They traditionally accompany many of their dances during these festivals with two drums: the Tamak‘ and the Tumdak’.<br /> [[File:Dasai Dance at the streets of Purulia district 05.JPG|left|thumb|A traditional Dasai dance in [[Purulia district]], [[West Bengal]]]]<br /> [[File:Numin din do̠ sohrai 'Northern Santali Sohrai folk song'.webm|thumb| A tradional Sohrai Song, sung by Paulina Mardi, Donyson Mardi and Pushtina Mardi.]]<br /> [[File:Tamak and Tumdak 01.jpg|thumb|Tamak (r.) and Tumdak (l.) - typical drums of the Santhal people, photographed in a village in [[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]], [[Bangladesh]].]]<br /> [[File:Santali Lungi Panchi Dance West Bengal.jpg|thumb|[[Lungi Panchi Dance]] of Santal in [[Birbhum]], West Bengal]]<br /> <br /> [[Chadar Badar]], a form of [[puppetry]] known also as Santal puppetry, is a folk show involving wooden puppets placed in a small cage which acts as the stage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chadar Badar&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110107/jsp/jharkhand/story_13400270.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506151043/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110107/jsp/jharkhand/story_13400270.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=6 May 2011 | title=Chadar Badar | work=The Telegraph |year=2015 | access-date=22 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Local affairs are handled by a [[village council]], led by a ''{{lang|sat|manjhi}}''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Winston2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |editor1-last=Winston |editor1-first=Robert |editor2-last=Wilson |editor2-first=Don E. |year=2004 |title=Human |publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]] |pages=440 |isbn=0-7566-0520-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The walls of traditional Santal homes are ornamented with carved designs of animals, hunting scenes, dancing scenes, and [[geometric patterns]]. Santal bridal palanquins are also finely carved.&lt;ref name=&quot;Winston2004&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:Santal House at ' State Tribal Fair-2020 ' Bhubaneswar,India.jpg|thumb|Santal house at 2020 Odisha Tribal fair, [[Bhubaneswar]]]]<br /> <br /> === Marriage ===<br /> There are seven kinds of marriage recognised in the Santal community, each with its own degree of social acceptance. The most elaborate kind of marriage is the {{lang|sat|hapramko bapla}}, or ancestor's marriage, but the most widely practised is {{lang|sat|kesimek'}}. In this form of marriage, a boy and girl who wish to marry decide to go to the groom's house and stay there a while. When the girl's family are made aware of their situation, the {{lang|sat|jog majhi}} of the girl's village arrives at the house of the headman of the boy's village to discover the couple's intentions. The couple are summoned to the village headman and the bride is asked whether she wishes to set a date for {{lang|sat|kesimek'}}. If she replies 'no', the boy's family will have to pay a small fine to the {{lang|sat|jog majhi}} of the girl's village, who would take the girl back to her father. If she assents, the boy's family is consulted for the best day for the {{lang|sat|kesimek'}}.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=23|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bride and groom are not bound by any obligation to marry.&lt;ref name=Somers197929 group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=29|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this time, the {{lang|sat|jog majhi}} stays in the village to give all the information he can to the bride's father: both in determining what would be a good bride price to demand and whether the marriage might end in a short time.&lt;ref name=Somers197929 group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> On the day of the {{lang|sat|kesimek'}} ceremony, a group of men from the bride's village, including the {{lang|sat|jog majhi}}, headman, village elders, and the bride's father and some relations, arrives at the bride's village. They are seated at the headman's house with respect and organised by {{lang|sat|marang}} or {{lang|sat|hudin}} status. Meanwhile, the groom's family gathers to discuss the bride price the groom's father should pay. The two parties then meet and the fathers negotiate the [[bride price]] to be paid. The groom is first asked whether he wishes the marriage to continue. As a symbolic [[marriage contract]], the [[groom]]'s father gives a small amount of cash and gives {{lang|sat|handi}} (rice-beer) to the guests. The negotiations for bride-price continue between the fathers exclusively until an amount is reached. Although this is nowadays in cash, livestock or other goods are not uncommon. The bride price is generally light and it is seen wrong to stop two young people from marrying because of a disagreement about bride price.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=28|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; After an agreement is reached, celebrations ensue and festive drinking continues into the night.&lt;ref name=Somers1979-25 group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=25|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A short time afterwards, a relative of the groom along with the {{lang|sat|jog majhi}} of the [[groom]]'s village hand over the bride price to the [[bride]]'s family.&lt;ref name=Somers1979-25 group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;/&gt; Afterwards the couple arrive in the bride's natal village. The bride arriving first carrying a pot with white clay, the symbol of a woman returning to her natal village as a guest. The bride greets her mother first and neighbours are invited to share {{lang|sat|handi}} reserved for {{lang|sat|pera}} ({{lang|sat|pera hor handi}}), while getting acquainted with the husband.&lt;ref name=Somers1979-25 group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;/&gt; When the couple leaves the bride's village, the bride pays her respects to the headman in his courtyard. At the {{lang|sat|Majhi Than}}, the bride thanks the headman for all he has done and gives a symbolic gift. The headman then blesses the couple and wishes the bride strength, good luck and many strong sons. The couple then leaves for the groom's village to start their new life.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Somers|p=26|1979}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Marriages done by {{lang|sat|kesimek'}} involve very little ritual: Santal society has clearly defined roles for marriage, and the choice of the couple is respected. Decisions by the families are done in a spirit of consensus rather than adversarially, and marriage is seen just as important for the entire village as for the couple.&lt;ref name=Somers197929 group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:163 Museu de la Música, dhodro banam, violins indis.jpg|thumb|{{lang|sat|Dhodro banam}} musical instruments]]<br /> <br /> == Religion ==<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption=Religion among Santal people of Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Tripura&lt;ref name=ST-14/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST-14A/&gt;<br /> |thumb=right<br /> |value1=63.15<br /> |label1=[[Hinduism]]<br /> |color1=orange<br /> |value2=23<br /> |label2=[[Sarnaism]]<br /> |color2=maroon<br /> |value3=7.28<br /> |label3=[[Sari Dharam]]<br /> |color3=green<br /> |value4=5.45<br /> |label4=[[Christianity]]<br /> |color4=dodgerblue<br /> |other = yes<br /> |other-color=grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The Santal are granted [[Scheduled Tribe]] status in five states: [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], and [[Tripura]], where they account for a total population of 6,570,807 according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]]. Of this population, 63.15% are reported as [[Hinduism|Hindu]], 23% as [[Sarnaism|Sarna]], 7.28% as [[Sari Dharam]] (all in West Bengal), and 5.46% as [[Christians|Christian]].&lt;ref name=ST-14&gt;{{multiref2|{{cite web|title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html|access-date=3 November 2019|website=census.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114034625/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |archive-date=14 November 2019}}<br /> |{{cite web|title=ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Bihar - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11898/download/15011/ST-10-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}<br /> |{{cite web|title=ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), West Bengal - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11907/download/15020/ST-19-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}<br /> |{{cite web|title=ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Jharkhand - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11908/download/15021/ST-20-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}<br /> |{{cite web|title=ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Odisha - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11909/download/15022/ST-21-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}<br /> |{{cite web|title=ST-14: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Tripura - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11904/download/15017/ST-16-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India}}}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ST-14A&gt;{{multiref2|{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Bihar - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12513/download/15626/ST-10-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=25 October 2023}}<br /> |{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), West Bengal - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12522/download/15635/ST-19-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=25 October 2023}}<br /> |{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Jharkhand - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12523/download/15636/ST-20-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=25 October 2023}}<br /> |{{Cite web|title=ST-14 A: Scheduled tribe population by religious community (State/UT level), Odisha - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12524/download/15637/ST-21-00-014A-DDW-2011.XLS |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |access-date=25 October 2023}}<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other minor religious affiliations include Bidin (27,602), [[Muslims|Muslim]] (13,014), Santal (4,771), Sumra Sandhi (2,059), Sarvdharm (1,625), [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] (1,121), Adi Bassi (1,100), [[Sikhism|Sikh]] (987), Kharwar (385), Sant (356), Saran (352), Jain (348), Achinthar (273), Sarin (185), Marangboro (167), Saranath (157), Seran (125), Adi (84), and Alchichi (78). Additionally, 102 were [[Atheism|''Atheist'']], 331 were believers of ''[[Tribal religions in India|Tribal religion]]'', 1,123 followed other unclassified religions, and 16,974 did not state any religious affiliation.&lt;ref name=ST-14/&gt;&lt;ref name=ST-14A/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the [[doctrine]] of Sari Dharam (a religion based on truths), the Santals are broadly divided into three categories: ''Um-hor'', followers of Christianity; ''Saka-hor'', followers of Hinduism; and ''Bonga-hor'', followers of Sari Dharam. While Sari Dharam is predominantly observed in West Bengal, Santals in other states commonly identify their religious practices under the framework of Sarna Dharam, an umbrella term for tribal religions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Orans |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5MBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Santal: A Tribe in Search of a Great Tradition |date=1965 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-1256-8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, the Santals practised their [[Indigenous religion|autonomous religious beliefs]] without assigning specific nomenclature to their faith. From the [[Census of India prior to independence|beginning of census operations in India]], they mobilised into various [[New religious movement|religious-political movements]], identifying under names such as ''Santal'', ''[[Adivasi|Adibasi]]'', ''[[Jaherthan|Jaher]]'', ''[[Sohrai]]'', ''Sari'', and ''Sarna'', to distinguish themselves from the prevalent religions of India, such as Hinduism and Christianity. Although, those beliefs denomination were administratively clubbed together as [[Animism]] in the colonial census.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |first=Pradeep |last=Chattopadhyay |chapter=Post Colonial Struggle for Language and Culture Rights: The Santal Narrative |others=National Seminar on Tribal Unrest, State Policy and Empowerment in Contemporary India (2012 : Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya) |url=https://archive.org/details/dissentdiscrimin0000nati |editor-first=K.K |editor-last=Mishra |editor-first2=N.K. |editor-last2=Das|title=Dissent, discrimination and dispossession : tribal movements in contemporary India |date=2014 |publisher=Bhopal, M.P. : IGRMS; New Delhi : Manohar |isbn=978-93-5098-043-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Post-independence, the census publishes macro-level ''de facto'' data, specifically for the scheduled communities; thus, there has been a tendency toward revivalism and unification of diverse religious identities among them, with many Santals aligning under the banners of Sarna Dharma, except for the Santals of West Bengal. They regarded it as having more political motives than religious ones and adhered to their own developed religion, named Sari Dharma, based on their ancestral ethics, values, and beliefs. In fact, in the 1961 census, except for Hinduism, most Santals identified their religion by their own ethnic identity, ''Santhal'', while others identified with various beliefs, including Sari and Sarna Dharma. Later, in the 1971 census, the Santhal religion was replaced by Sarna Dharma, a religious identity that only a few Santals had identified with in previous censuses, and the shift was primarily attributed to the Jharkhand statehood movement. However, while all those terms differ in nomenclature from a religio-political perspective, in practice, they reflect a synthesis of ancestral autonomous beliefs and elements of dominant religions like Hinduism and Christianity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | title=Christians and Missionaries in India | chapter=Christian Missionaries and Orientalist Discourse: Illustrated by Materials on the Santals after 1855 |author=Peter B. Andersen |author2=Susanne Foss| publisher=Routledge | date=11 January 2013 | isbn=978-0-203-06108-4 | doi=10.4324/9780203061084-12 | page=295-314}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the religious beliefs of Santals, the core of reverence falls on a court of [[Spirit (vital essence)|spirits]] ({{lang|sat|bonga}}), who handle different aspects of the world and who are placated with prayers and offerings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=India: a country study|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/96019266/|last=Heitzman|first=James|year=1996|editor-last=Heitzman|editor-first=James|edition=5th|pages=168–169|isbn=0-8444-0833-6|oclc=34598209|editor-last2=Worden|editor-first2=Robert L.|entry=Tribal Religions}}{{PD-notice}}&lt;/ref&gt; These benevolent spirits operate at the village, household, ancestor, and sub-clan level, along with evil spirits that cause disease and can inhabit village boundaries, mountains, water, tigers, and the forest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The {{lang|sat|bonga}} are intermediaries between {{lang|sat|noa puri}} (visible world) and {{lang|sat|hana puri}} (the invisible reality), the abode of a Creator.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} This creator is variously called ''[[Marang Buru]]'' (Supreme Deity or literally The Great Mountain) or {{lang|sat|Thakur Jiu}} (life giver), and is the &quot;cause of all causes,&quot; making the Santal religion, in a deep sense, [[monotheistic]] as well as pantheistic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Living on the Edge: The Predicament of a Rural Indigenous Santal Community in Bangladesh|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/26415|date=28 February 2011|degree=Doctor of Education|language=en-ca|first=Mrinal Kanti|last=Debnath}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hembrom|p=36|1996}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are several ranks of {{lang|sat|bongas}}: the most important are associated intimately with [[Marang Buru]] and are worshipped by all Santals. These include {{lang|sat|Marang Buru bonga}}, {{lang|sat|Jaher Era bonga}} and {{lang|sat|Gosae Era}}. Other {{lang|sat|bongas}}, who are held to be less powerful, are the spirits of important people of the village who have since been deified. There is also another class of {{lang|sat|bongas}} who are feared as bringers of evil. These spirits are not placated by a [[priest]] but by a [[medicine-man]] called {{lang|sat|ojha}}. In the present-day, belief in these malignant {{lang|sat|bongas}} is eroding due to the penetration of modern medical science. The lack of a separate name for malignant {{lang|sat|bongas}} caused many early colonial scholars to present Santal religion as wholly focused on the appeasement of evil spirits or as representing bongas as exclusively harmful.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hembrom|p=38|1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; However {{lang|sat|bonga}} in itself simply means a supernatural force in the world and has no specific connotation with good or evil. Moreover, these bongas do not refer to specific objects but to the invisible force that governs or is associated with those objects.{{sfn|Hembrom|p=40|1996|ps=&quot;... it simply signifies invisible supernatural forces or powers and can very well be understood equivalent to the English word 'spirit'.&quot;}}<br /> <br /> The Santal creation story holds that originally the world was water, and Marang Buru and some lesser deities were the only inhabitants. When some spirits requested permission to make humans, Marang Buru asked {{lang|sat|Malan Budhi}} to create the human bodies. When she had finally succeeded, she was told by Marang Buru to use the human spirits that were high on the rafters of his hut. She could not reach the human spirit, and took the bird spirit instead. When Marang Buru integrated the spirits with the bodies, they flew away and asked for a place to build a nest. Marang Buru could not get anyone else to bring land to the surface, and so the tortoise volunteered and pushed the Earth onto his back. The birds then gave birth to a boy and a girl called {{lang|sat|Pilchu Haram}} and {{lang|sat|Pilchu Budhi}}. These two had seven sons and seven daughters, but the couple soon had a quarrel and separated. Pilchu Haram and his sons became great hunters, and on a time came upon the daughters, who had become maidens and were unrecognisable. They became introduced and made love. Looking for his sons, Pilchu Haram discovered an old woman and asked for fire, and upon talking to her more, he discovered his wife and reconciled with her. Another version tells how Pilchu Budhi was in fact in tears at her daughters' disappearance, but Marang Buru reassured her that they were all safe and brought her to reconcile with her husband. When their sons found out they had married their sisters, they were very angry and would have killed their parents if Marang Buru had not hidden them in a cave, where they stayed for the rest of their days. The children of these seven couples became the progenitors of the Santal clans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bradley-Birt |first=Francis Bradley |year=1910 |title=Chota nagpur : a little-known province of Empire |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951001684102n&amp;seq=11 |edition=2nd |publisher=Smith, Elder, &amp; Co.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A characteristic feature of a Santal village is a [[sacred grove]] (known as {{lang|sat|[[Jaherthan|Jaher]]}})&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Schulte-Droesch|p=187|2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hembrom|p=41|1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; on the edge of the village where many spirits live and where a series of annual festivals take place.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; This grove is set aside in the founding of the village and left undisturbed except at times of festival. Inside is set a series of natural (uncut) stones which represent the bongas, but are not substitutes except during festival.&lt;ref group=&quot;upper-alpha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Hembrom|p=42|1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{lang|sat|Majhi Than}}, a raised [[tumulus|mound]] of earth covered with a thatched roof outside the headman's house, is where the Majhi's ancestors' spirits live. During the summer, a jug of water is placed there so the spirits can drink. Here the most important decisions of the village are made, including judgements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Somers |first1=George E. |title=The Dynamics of Santal Traditions in a Peasant Society |date=December 1985 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-8364-1516-2 |page=147 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Commons |first1=Great Britain Parliament House of |title=Sessional Papers |date=1904 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=417 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Man |first1=Edward G. |title=Sonthalia and the Sonthals |date=1989 |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=87 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:ᱡᱟᱷᱮᱨ ᱛᱷᱟᱱ.jpg|thumb|[[Jaherthan|Jaher]], the holy place of Santal]]<br /> [[File:JAAHER garh.jpg|left|thumb|258x258px|People performing rituals in Jaher, [[Mayurbhanj district]], Odisha]]<br /> A yearly round of rituals connected with the agricultural cycle, along with life-cycle rituals for birth, marriage and burial at death, involves petitions to the spirits and offerings that include the sacrifice of animals, usually birds.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Religious leaders are male specialists in medical cures who practice divination and witchcraft (the socio-historic meaning of the term, used here, refers to the ritual practice of magic and is not pejorative).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Similar beliefs are common among other [[tribes]] on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]] Plateau like the [[Kharia people|Kharia]], [[Munda people|Munda]], and [[Oraon people|Oraon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Smaller and more isolated tribes often demonstrate less articulated classification systems of the spiritual hierarchy described as [[animism]] or a generalised worship of spiritual energies connected with locations, activities, and social groups.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Religious concepts are intricately entwined with ideas about nature and interaction with local ecological systems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; As in Santal religion, religious specialists are drawn from the village or family and serve a wide range of spiritual functions that focus on placating potentially dangerous spirits and co-ordinating rituals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Politics ==<br /> === Schedule Tribe status ===<br /> {{See also|Tea-garden community of Assam}}<br /> The Santhal people are constitutionally designated as [[Scheduled Tribes]] only in [[Scheduled Areas|Fifth Schedule areas]], such as Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Odisha, and Tripura. While the Santals, who migrated from Fifth Schedule areas to [[Scheduled Areas|Sixth Schedule areas]], specifically to Assam as tea garden labourers during the [[British Raj]], are not considered Scheduled Tribes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=ST demand by Santhal union |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/st-demand-by-santhal-union/cid/1398802 |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 July 2022 |title=Droupadi Murmu's election rekindles hope among Santals in Assam seeking Scheduled Tribe status |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/east-and-northeast/droupadi-murmus-election-rekindles-hope-among-santals-in-assam-seeking-scheduled-tribe-status-1128819.html |access-date=25 August 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Instead, they are classified as [[Other Backward Class]] in Assam, and the remaining population living in other states is considered part of the [[General Caste|general population]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Central List of OBCs for the State of Assam |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/cl/assam.pdf |website=ncbc.nic.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; The inclusion in Schedule Tribe list have been opposed by respective states and tribal activists organisation following Sixth Scheduled autonomy, such as the Coordination Committee of Tribal Organisations of Assam (CCTOA). The organisation feared up that granting Scheduled Tribe status to the Santal and other 40 migrated tribal communities will squeeze up the benefits of [[natives]], the &quot;original tribal people&quot; of the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sarmah |first1=Jayanta Krishna |last2=Hazarika |first2=Joyjit |date=5 June 2015 |title=Politics of Scheduled Tribe Status in Assam |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/14/commentary/politics-scheduled-tribe-status-assam.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=55 |issue=14 |pages=7–8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report| title= The report of the advisory committee on the revision of the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|url=https://tribal.nic.in/downloads/Statistics/OtherReport/LokurCommitteeReport.pdf |publisher=Department of Social Security, GOI|pages=18–19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Religion status ===<br /> {{Main|Sarnaism}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Hinduism|Tribal religions in India}}<br /> {{Expand section|date=August 2022}}<br /> The Santhal people believe in [[nature worship]], and their place of worship is in [[sacred grove]]s known as [[Jaherthan|''Jaher'']] and [[Sarna (place)|''Sarna'']], in contrast to Hindu places of worship in [[temple]]s. They also perform [[animal sacrifice]]s to honour their gods and accept flesh, including [[beef]] and [[pork]], practices that are generally prohibited in [[Hinduism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Bisoee |first1=Animesh |title=Brave show of support for arrested Santhal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/brave-show-of-support-for-arrested-santhal/cid/1691348 |access-date=31 May 2019 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 May 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thus they consider themselves believers of [[Sari Dharam|Sari]] and [[Sarna (religion)|Sarna religion]] rather than Hinduism. Although there is overlap of ideology, belief, culture and practices in between Sarnasim and Hinduism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarna Dharam Code: Of Adivasi identity and eco-nationalism |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/sarna-dharam-code-of-adivasi-identity-and-eco-nationalism-74569 |access-date=25 August 2022 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |date=9 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Lakshman |first=Abhinay |date=22 July 2022 |title=Being Sarna: a fight to define tribal identity in Jharkhand |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/being-sarna-a-fight-to-define-tribal-identity-in-jharkhand/article65670776.ece |access-date=25 August 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people==<br /> {{Main|Category:Santali people}}<br /> <br /> {{More citations needed section|date=March 2022}}<br /> &lt;!--🛑 Only add if the person is highly notable and has an article in English Wikipedia. Arrange entries alphabetically by LAST NAME--&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Administrative officials===<br /> *[[G. C. Murmu]], [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India#List of Comptroller and Auditors General of India|14th CAG of India]] and first [[Lieutenant governor]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Anand ST |title='A Tribal Boy Got a Big Opportunity': GC Murmu's Mother Elated over His Appointment as J&amp;K's L-G |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/a-tribal-boy-got-a-big-opportunity-gc-murmus-mother-elated-on-his-appointment-as-jks-l-g-2370675.html |access-date=19 February 2020 |work=News18 |date=1 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Entertainment===<br /> *[[Rathin Kisku]], [[Baul]] singer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Baul international |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/baul-international/cid/1006346 |access-date=26 March 2020 |work=The Telegraph |date=18 November 2007 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Freedom Fighter===<br /> *[[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu]], leader of [[Santhal rebellion]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Sailendra Nath Sen|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|date=2010|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9780230328853|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&amp;pg=PA1876 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literature===<br /> *[[Turia Chand Baskey]], Santali writer<br /> *[[Damayanti Beshra]], Santali writer<br /> *[[Shyam Sundar Besra]], Santali writer<br /> *[[Rupchand Hansda]], writer<br /> *[[Arjun Charan Hembram]], writer<br /> *[[Sarada Prasad Kisku]], writer from Purulia<br /> *[[Joba Murmu]], writer<br /> *[[Raghunath Murmu]], Inventor of [[Ol Chiki script]]. He is also known as ''Olguru''.<br /> *[[Sadhu Ramchand Murmu]], Santali Poet, known as ''Kabiguru''.<br /> *[[Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar]], writer<br /> *[[Kherwal Soren]], writer<br /> <br /> ===Politician===<br /> *[[Birbaha Hansda]], Santali-language actress and politician, [[Cabinet Minister|Forest Minister]], [[Government of West Bengal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Madhuparna |title=Santhali actress Birbaha Hansda to fight West Bengal polls |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/santhali-actress-birbaha-hansda-to-fight-west-bengal-polls/articleshow/51654930.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 January 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=2 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Babulal Marandi]], first [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|chief minister of Jharkhand]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/babulal-marandi-jharkhand-lok-sabha-elections-2019-bjp-jharkhand-vikas-morcha-pm-narendra-modi-santhal-1-1072441.html|title=जिस BJP को दिलाई थी करिश्माई जीत, बाबूलाल मरांडी का उसी से हुआ मोहभंग|website=aajtak.intoday|date=1 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Droupadi Murmu]], 15th [[president of India]], former [[governor of Jharkhand]], former minister, [[Government of Odisha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Draupadi Murmu, to be the first president to be born after Independence |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/draupadi-murmu-first-president-india-born-independence-1503092340.html |access-date=22 July 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=21 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Draupadi Murmu: All you need to know about India's 15th President |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/draupadi-murmu-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-15th-president-article-93037434 |access-date=22 July 2022 |work=TimesNow |date=22 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Khagen Murmu]] an Indian politician and a [[Member of Parliament]] from [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]], West Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=40 Years In CPM And Now A BJP MP, This Man Embodies Left's Demise |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/cpm-bjp-mamata-modi-west-bengal_in_5cf525b3e4b0e8085e3d7671 |access-date=20 August 2020 |work=HuffPost India |date=4 June 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Salkhan Murmu]], Indian socio-political activist, former MP from Mayurbhanj{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> *[[Hemant Soren]], [[List of chief ministers of Jharkhand|Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Sorenfamily&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Mohan Charan Majhi]], [[Chief Minister of Odisha]]<br /> *[[Shibu Soren]], former chief minister of Jharkhand and founder of [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. He is also known as ''Disomguru''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sorenfamily&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Shibu Soren|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shibu-Soren|access-date=3 February 2020|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Uma Saren]], Politician, former MP from [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ET&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=32 newly elected under-35 MPs &amp; what they intend to do for their constituencies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/32-newly-elected-under-35-mps-what-they-intend-to-do-for-their-constituencies/articleshow/35569860.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=14 March 2019 |date=25 May 2014|last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |last2=Balasubramanyam |first2=K. R. }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Science and technology===<br /> *[[Naresh Chandra Murmu]], chief scientist and director of [[Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute]], [[Durgapur]], West-Bengal, India.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Sports===<br /> *[[Purnima Hembram]], Athlete&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.adivasiresurgence.com/purnima-hembram-santhal-tribe-bags-pentathlon-gold-india-asian-indoor-meet/|title=Purnima Hembram of Santhal tribe bags pentathlon gold for India at Asian indoor meet – Adivasi Resurgence|website=www.adivasiresurgence.com|date=20 September 2017|language=en-US|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192632/http://www.adivasiresurgence.com/purnima-hembram-santhal-tribe-bags-pentathlon-gold-india-asian-indoor-meet/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Rafayel Tudu]], football player&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.offsidebangladesh.com/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A5/?fbclid=IwAR28f9btLTSfoMCHk8mjM5MSnzp_HiHnLw_PmF_oMEFrr-j2EAzpx7RdKbY_aem_AZq2i7F2D6Fn_bF6G-vezc1M-2P3_S9t7WyDaL156I8G-Cuvg5U4UHlUyJKZGSL-rIzBKTnlnKHZxlZXMbnt3ny1|script-title=bn:রাফায়েল টুডু : গোলকিপার থেকে বিসিএলের শীর্ষ গোলদাতা!|trans-title=Rafael Tudu: BCL top scorer from goalkeeper!|language=bn|date=11 April 2024|access-date=12 April 2024|website=OffsideBangladesh|archive-date=12 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412111207/https://www.offsidebangladesh.com/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A5/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Shanti Mardi]], football player&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=গ্রামের মেয়ে থেকে জাতীয় তারকা শান্তি মার্ডি |url=https://dhakamail.com/country/242050 |work=Dhaka Mail |language=bn |date=19 July 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> ===Footnotes===<br /> {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<br /> <br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{reflist|2|group=upper-alpha}}<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Schulte-Droesch|first=Lea |title=Making place through ritual : land, environment and region among the Santal of Central India|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-053973-8|oclc=1054397811}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Somers|first=George E.|title=The dynamics of Santal traditions in a peasant society|date=1979|publisher=Schenkman Pub. Co|oclc=5668202}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Suchibrata|title=The Santals, crises of identity and integration|date=1997|publisher=Ratna Prakashan|isbn=81-85709-51-3|oclc=40418077}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Hembrom|first=Timotheas|title=The Santals : anthropological-theological reflections on Santali &amp; biblical creation traditions|date=1996|publisher=Punthi Pustak|isbn=81-86791-00-0|edition=1|location=Calcutta|oclc=35742627}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * [[Paul Olaf Bodding|Bodding, P. O]]. Santal Folk Tales (3 volumes). Cambridge, Massachusetts: H. Aschehoug; Harvard University Press, 1925.<br /> * [[Paul Olaf Bodding|Bodding, P. O]]. Santal Riddles and Witchcraft among the Santals. Oslo: A. W. Brøggers, 1940.<br /> * [[Paul Olaf Bodding|Bodding, P. O]]. A Santal Dictionary (5 volumes), 1933–36 Oslo: J. Dybwad, 1929.<br /> * [[Paul Olaf Bodding|Bodding, P. O]]. Materials for a Santali Grammar I, Dumka 1922.<br /> * [[Paul Olaf Bodding|Bodding, P. O]]. Studies in Santal Medicine and Connected Folklore (3 volumes), 1925–40<br /> * Bompas, Cecil Henry, and [[Paul Olaf Bodding|Bodding, P. O]]. Folklore of the Santal Parganas. London: D. Nutt, 1909. [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11938 Full text at Project Gutenberg].<br /> * Chakrabarti, Dr. Byomkes, A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali, KP Bagchi, Calcutta, 1994<br /> * Culshaw, W. J. Tribal Heritage; a Study of the Santals. London: Lutterworth Press, 1949.<br /> * {{cite book |title=The Santals |last=Mukherjea |first=Charulal |location=Calcutta |publisher=A. Mukherjee &amp; Co. Pr. Ltd. |date=1939}}<br /> * Orans, Martin. &quot;The Santal; a Tribe in Search of a Great Tradition.&quot; Based on thesis, University of Chicago., Wayne State University Press, 1965.<br /> * Prasad, Onkar. Santal Music: A Study in Pattern and Process of Cultural Persistence, Tribal Studies of India Series; T 115. New Delhi: Inter-India Publications, 1985.<br /> * Roy Chaudhury, Indu. ''Folk Tales of the Santals''. 1st ed. Folk Tales of India Series, 13. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1973.<br /> * Troisi, J. The Santals: A Classified and Annotated Bibliography. New Delhi: Manohar Book Service, 1976.<br /> * ———. Tribal Religion: Religious Beliefs and Practices among the Santals. New Delhi: Manohar, 2000.<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Santal people}}<br /> {{NIE Poster|Santals}}<br /> * {{cite web | title=Locating and digitising early Santali periodicals published between 1890 and 1975 in Eastern India | date=2021 |url=https://eap.bl.uk/project/EAP1300 | doi=10.15130/EAP1300 | last1=Soren | first1=Rahi }}<br /> * [http://www.saontalvoice.org/about_saontal_community.html Saontal Voice in Bangladesh]<br /> * [http://livelystories.com/2013/06/14/santhal-rebellion-part-i-the-begining/ Santal Rebellion]<br /> * [https://archive.today/20130102194147/http://www.frazadelic.com/Santhal.html Santal Dance]<br /> * [http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/young-generation-indias-adivasis-struggles-tough-problems-other-youth-do-not-have Boro Baski: Santal worries]<br /> * [http://www.daricha.org/tribes.aspx?ID=TR140630204053&amp;Name=Santals Santal culture on Daricha Foundation website (Kolkata)]<br /> <br /> {{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}<br /> {{Ethnic groups in Nepal}}<br /> {{Scheduled tribes of India}}<br /> {{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}<br /> {{Tribes of Jharkhand}}<br /> {{Scheduled tribes in Orissa}}<br /> {{Scheduled tribes of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Santhal| ]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]<br /> [[Category:Indigenous peoples of South Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Adivasi]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Schools of Indian painting]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deepak_Pandya&diff=473730 2026-03-06T10:16:35Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian American neuroanatomist (1932–2020)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = Deepak Pandya.jpg<br /> | birth_name = Deepak Narmadashankar Pandya <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1932|12|06|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Jhulasan]], Baroda State, British India<br /> |alma_mater = [[B. J. Medical College, Ahmedabad]]&lt;br&gt;[[Gujarat University]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2020|10|04|1932|12|06|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Venice, Florida]], US<br /> | occupation = [[Neuroanatomist]]<br /> | spouse = Ursuline Bonnie Zalokar<br /> | children = [[Sunita Williams]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Deepak Narmadashankar Pandya'''{{efn|{{langx|gu|દીપક નર્મદાશઙ્કર પણ્ડ્યા}}}} (6 December 1932 – 4 October 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/bostonglobe/name/deepak-pandya-obituary?pid=196979268|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627101143/https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/bostonglobe/name/deepak-pandya-obituary?pid=196979268|archive-date=2021-06-27 |title=MOHAN YADAV Obituary (2020) - Needham, MA - Boston Globe|publisher=legacy.com |access-date=2021-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was an [[Indian American]] [[neuroanatomist]] who is best known for his contributions to the understanding of cortical and subcortical brain connectivity in the [[macaque]] using tract-tracing methods. He is the father of [[NASA]] astronaut [[Sunita Williams]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life and career==<br /> Deepak Narmadashankar Pandya was born on December 6, 1932 in [[Jhulasan]], [[Mehsana District]], [[Gujarat]] in [[India]]. He was orphaned and completed his I.S. in 1953 from [[Gujarat University]] in India. After obtaining his M.D. degree from Gujarat University in 1957 (and interning in V.S. Hospital in [[Junagadh]] till 1958), he went to the [[United States]] and did his internship and residency training in Medicine in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]].{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br /> <br /> In 1964, Pandya joined the Department of [[Anatomy]] at [[Case Western Reserve University]], as a postdoctoral [[fellow]]. He moved to Boston in 1966 and joined the [[Aphasia]] Research Center at the Boston Veterans Administration Medical Center, and the Departments of [[Anatomy]] and [[Neurology]] at [[Boston University]] School of Medicine as an Assistant [[Professor]]. During his [[postdoctoral]] [[Fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]] and subsequent period in Boston, Pandya focused his research investigations on cortico-[[Cerebral cortex|cortical]] connections. In 1969 his laboratory moved to Boston City Hospital. During this time he was appointed a lecturer in Experimental [[Neuropathology]] at Harvard Medical School, and he participated in teaching the [[Neuroscience]] course at both schools. In 1973, Pandya joined the Veterans Administration Medical Center in [[Bedford, Massachusetts]], as a staff internist. He practiced clinical medicine while continuing his research studies and teaching, until his retirement in 1995. After this, Pandya moved his office to the Department of [[Anatomy]] &amp; [[Neurobiology]] at Boston University School of Medicine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bumc.bu.edu/anatneuro/our-people/faculty/pandya/|title=Deepak Pandya, M.D. » Anatomy &amp; Neurobiology {{!}} Boston University|website=www.bumc.bu.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-03-31|archive-date=31 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331025337/http://www.bumc.bu.edu/anatneuro/our-people/faculty/pandya/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Contributions and research ==<br /> Pandya, along with many colleagues, made significant contributions in the field of connectivity of [[cerebral cortex]]. Several postdoctoral and Ph.D. students received training under Pandya. His research works have been internationally recognized and he presented his work at conferences in North America and Europe. Prior to his death, he had continued his research studies on comparative brain [[wikt:Special:Search/architectonic|architectonics]] in [[monkey]]s and humans, as well as connectional studies in monkeys.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> He married [[Slovene Americans|Slovene American]] Ursuline Bonnie Zalokar, who resides in [[Falmouth, Massachusetts]]. They are the parents of [[NASA]] astronaut [[Sunita Williams]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/06/21/dad_proud_as_shuttle_heads_home/|title=Local dad proud as space shuttle heads home - The Boston Globe|website=www.boston.com|language=en|access-date=2017-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a relative of [[Haren Pandya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://english.varthabharati.in/india/congress-revives-haren-pandya-murder-case-as-sunita-williams-returns-to-earth#google_vignette&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Deepak}}<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br /> [[Category:1932 births]]<br /> [[Category:2020 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Case Western Reserve University faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard Medical School faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Boston University faculty]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mehsana district]]<br /> [[Category:American people of Gujarati descent]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kitchen_of_Joy&diff=540572 2026-03-04T08:33:36Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox restaurant<br /> | embed =<br /> | name = &lt;!-- Leave blank if embed set to yes --&gt;The Kitchen of Joy<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_width = <br /> | logo_alt = <br /> | image = The Kitchen of Joy Bangalore interior.jpg<br /> | image_width = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Interior decoration<br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | established = &lt;!-- {{Start date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;Mid-2013<br /> | closed = &lt;!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;<br /> | current_owner = <br /> | previous_owner = <br /> | head_chef = <br /> | chef = <br /> | pastry_chef = <br /> | food_type = Bengali<br /> | dress_code = <br /> | rating = <br /> | street_address = <br /> | city = Bangalore<br /> | county = <br /> | state = Karnataka<br /> | postcode = &lt;!-- or | zip = --&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|12.9635|77.6101|type:landmark|display=inline}}<br /> | seating_capacity = <br /> | reservations = <br /> | other_locations = <br /> | other_label = &lt;!-- replaces &quot;Other information&quot; label --&gt;<br /> | other_information = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt; <br /> }}<br /> '''The Kitchen of Joy''' was a [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]] restaurant located in [[Indiranagar, Bangalore|Indiranagar]], [[Bangalore]]. The restaurant was started in mid-2013. It serves a number of Bengali dishes including ''Dimer Devil (egg devil)'', ''[[Luchi]]-[[Dum Aloo]]'', ''green peas kachori''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bengal to Bangalore&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Bengal to Bangalore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/bengal-to-bangalore/article5145973.ece|accessdate=8 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=19 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;For more than a pinch of Kolkata&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=For more than a pinch of Kolkata|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-neighbourhood/for-more-than-a-pinch-of-kolkata/article2851984.ece|accessdate=8 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=2 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BM Saveur: Kitchen of Joy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=BM Saveur: Kitchen of Joy|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/food/BM-Saveur-Kitchen-of-Joy/articleshow/42549894.cms|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=15 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The Kitchen of Joy was started in mid-2013 by Sonali Sengupta and her husband R. Suresh. Sonali is a Bengali and Suresh is from [[Kerala]]. According to the couple they used to miss Bengali snacks and refreshments in Bangalore, and thus the idea of starting the restaurant came to their mind.<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Bengal to Bangalore&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;For more than a pinch of Kolkata&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Architectural features ==<br /> The restaurant appears in a single-floor house. The interior decoration has been done following the culture and famous places and events of [[Kolkata]]. Suresh was into advertising agency before starting this place. He told: ''&quot;We wanted the place to seem homely and welcoming to anyone who steps into the place. There's a pinch of Kolkata in everything here&quot;''. The billing desk looks a bus in Kolkata and it is named On one side of the order counter there are a few framed photos capturing Kolkata [[tram]]s, portrait of Bengali-director [[Satyajit Ray]], Bengali comic characters Hada Bhoda, Bengali [[Adda (South Asian)|adda]]. There are also graffiti, scribbles and Bengali quotes and phrases such as ''Awesome Saala!'', ''Amake amar moto thakte dao'' (leave me to myself), ''Dada vs Didi'', ''Ilish vs Chingri''. Bengali or Hindi songs are played in the main restaurant area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bengal to Bangalore&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;For more than a pinch of Kolkata&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BM Saveur: Kitchen of Joy&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Restaurant cuisine ==<br /> The restaurant cuisine includes a large number of Bengali and east Indian dishes such as ''Dimer Devil (egg devil)'', ''[[Luchi]]-[[Dum Aloo]]'', ''green peas kachori'', egg potato chop, mutton curry etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;BM Saveur: Kitchen of Joy&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Authentic flavours of Kolkata&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Authentic flavours of Kolkata|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/361128/authentic-flavours-kolkata.html|accessdate=8 February 2016|work=Deccan Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Military hotels in Bangalore]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kitchen of Joy}}<br /> [[Category:Restaurants in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Restaurants established in 2013]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali restaurants]]<br /> [[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_(2011_film)&diff=446321 2026-03-03T20:50:44Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: clean up</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2011 Indian film by Rajesh Pillai}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Traffic<br /> | image = Traffic (Malayalam film).jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical official poster<br /> | director = [[Rajesh Pillai]]<br /> | producer = [[Listin Stephen]]<br /> | writer = [[Bobby-Sanjay]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> *[[Sreenivasan]]<br /> *[[Kunchacko Boban]]<br /> *[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]<br /> *[[Anoop Menon]]<br /> *[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]<br /> *[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]<br /> *[[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]]<br /> *[[Remya Nambeesan]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = {{ubl||}}<br /> '''Songs:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Mejo Joseph]]&lt;br /&gt;Samson Kottoor&lt;br /&gt;'''Background Score:'''&lt;br /&gt;Mejo Joseph<br /> | cinematography = [[Shyju Khalid]]<br /> | editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]<br /> | studio = [[Magic Frames]]<br /> | distributor = Magic Frames<br /> | runtime = 122 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|01|07}}<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> | budget = {{INR|2.75 crores}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.news18.com/news/india/2011-was-troublesome-for-malayalam-films-434144.html|title=2011 was troublesome for Malayalam films|work=[[News18]]|date=4 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR|15 crores}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Manoj Nair|title=Malayalam movies: Non-linear narratives are making the box-office ring louder|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/business-of-bollywood/malayalam-movies-non-linear-narratives-are-making-the-box-office-ring-louder/articleshow/8478136.cms|work=[[India Times]]|agency=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=21 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''''Traffic''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[Road movie|road thriller]] film directed by [[Rajesh Pillai]] and written by [[Bobby–Sanjay]]. It features an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Sreenivasan]], [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]], [[Roma Asrani|Roma]], [[Remya Nambessan]], [[Lenaa|Lena]], and [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/sep/29/slide-show-1-south-looking-at-malayalam-film-traffic.htm Coming up: A complex Traffic – Rediff.com Movies&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; The film tells its story in a [[Hyperlink cinema|hyperlink]] narrative format. <br /> <br /> ''Traffic'' was released on 7 January 2011 to positive reviews from critics, and was a commercial success. It has since gained [[cult status]] and is widely recognised as being among the first [[New generation (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave]] films. A [[multiperspectivity|multi-narrative]] thriller that intertwines multiple stories around one particular incident, ''Traffic'' is inspired from a real event that happened in [[Chennai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aphithendranmemorialtrust.org/incident.html|title=Hithendran Incident}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/12067.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819134719/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/12067.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 August 2010|title= Traffic Movie Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was remade into Tamil as ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'', in Kannada as ''[[Crazy Star (film)|Crazy Star]]'' and in Hindi, [[Traffic (2016 film)|under the same name]]. The film marked the final appearance of the veteran actor [[Jose Prakash]] before his death in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Veteran-Malayalam-actor-Jose-Prakash-passes-away/articleshow/12393083.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111181409/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-24/kochi/31233737_1_villain-roles-film-industry-actor | url-status=live | archive-date=11 January 2014 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Veteran Malayalam actor Jose Prakash passes away | date=24 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> On 16 September in [[Kochi]], Sidharth Shankar is preparing for the release of his new film; Traffic Constable Sudevan resumes his duty following a suspension for accepting a bribe to pay the fees for his niece's school admission, cardiologist Dr. Abel is celebrating his first wedding anniversary and Raihan, an aspiring television journalist, starts his new job with an interview with Siddharth Shankar.<br /> <br /> At a crowded traffic jam, Raihan and his friend Rajeev, who were travelling together on a bike are hit by a speeding car at the signal. At the same junction in another car is Abel and his friend, Jikku.<br /> <br /> On the other hand, Siddharth's daughter Riya is suffering from a heart condition and her condition deteriorates, making her in need of a heart transplant. Raihan falls into a coma and is declared brain dead, although he is kept alive using a ventilator. Raihan's parents refuse to take their son of the ventilator and donate his heart but reluctantly agree on the persuasion of Rajeev, and Raihan's girlfriend Aditi. However, the heart is unable to be transported from Kochi to Palakkad, as there are no helicopters or flights available due to the weather conditions and time concerns; the only option available is via road.<br /> <br /> City Police Commissioner Ajmal Nazar is asked to take charge of the mission, but refuses due to the complexity and risk involved. However, he agrees on the insistence of Dr. Simon D' Souza. No officer is willing to drive the vehicle transporting the heart until Sudevan volunteers, hoping to regain the respect he lost. Accompanying him on the mission are Abel and Rajeev.<br /> <br /> The mission goes smoothly at first, until Abel holds Rajeev at knife-point, threatening Sudevan that if he didn't comply he would kill Rajeev, forcing Sudevan to deviate from the highway into a forest. After Rajeev retaliates, Abel calls his sister Miriam, and confesses to running over his wife Shwetha, after finding out that she was having an affair with his friend Jikku and that she may have died, therefore he wishes to save himself from the police. Siddharth then calls Abel and promises to help him, though he is not convinced. A frustrated Siddharth's wife Sruthi explains the trauma she has been through because of her daughter's heart condition, and tells him that no other problem could be bigger than this. A finally convinced Abel advises Sudevan and Rajeev to leave without him, however, he is brought along by Sudevan despite being requested by Nazar to have him arrested.<br /> <br /> They divert into a road 8&amp;nbsp;km ahead of the scheduled route, making up for the time they lost. Riya's condition begins to worsen, causing Sudevan to take an alternate route through a communally sensitive are called Bilal Colony, where police are restricted from entering due to its strong minority. Rajeev, who is familiar with the area, helps make way for the vehicle to pass along with help of Thanzeer, Siddharth Shankar's Fan Club President whom Siddharth personally called. Abel also leave the vehicle to push two vehicles blocking the route. Sudevan drives at a high speed and reaches the hospital on time, covering the 150&amp;nbsp;km feat in an hour and 58 minutes.<br /> <br /> Abel is relieved after finding out that Shwetha is in stable condition and has no complaints against him. Rajeev is offered a lift back to Kochi and Raihan's parents accept Aditi and invite her to their home, before doing Raihan's final rites. Riya opens her eyes, much to the relief of her family, and a satisfied Nazar thanks Dr. Simon D'Souza. Sudevan ''en-route'' to his home finds a group of people arguing in the middle road over a minor accident, where he signals them to stop, ending the film on a happy note.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *[[Sreenivasan]] as Head Constable Sudevan Nair, [[Kochi City Police|Kochi Traffic Police]]<br /> *[[Kunchacko Boban]] as Dr. Abel Thariyan, a [[cardiologist]]<br /> *[[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Siddharth Shankar<br /> *[[Anoop Menon]] as Ajmal Nazeer [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], City Police Commissioner <br /> *[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] as Raihan Saifudheen, a trainee journalist<br /> *[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Rajeev, Raihan's friend<br /> *[[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]] as Adithi, Raihan's girlfriend<br /> *[[Roma Asrani|Roma]] as Mariyam, Abel's sister<br /> *[[Remya Nambeesan]] as Shwetha, Abel's wife<br /> *[[Lenaa|Lena]] as Shruthi, Siddharth's wife<br /> *[[Namitha Pramod]] as Riya, Siddharth's daughter<br /> *[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] as Dr. Saifudheen, Raihan's father<br /> *[[Fathima Babu]] as Raihan's mother<br /> *[[Jose Prakash]] as Dr. Simon D'Souza<br /> *[[Prem Prakash]] as Chief Surgeon<br /> *[[Krishna (Malayalam actor)|Krishna]] as Jikku, Abel's friend<br /> *[[Rony David Raj]] as Journalist<br /> *[[Vijayakumar]] as Mathew, Siddharth's secretary<br /> *[[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Thanzeer, Siddharth Shankar Fan Club Association President<br /> *[[Nisha Sarang]] as Sudevan's sister<br /> *[[Gowri Krishnan]] as Sudevan's daughter<br /> *[[Reena Basheer]] as Sudevan's wife<br /> *[[Nivin Pauly]] as a driver (cameo appearance)<br /> <br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> [[Bobby–Sanjay|Bobby and Sanjay]], who scripted ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' and ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' explained: &quot;The director wanted the film to be of a different mould altogether. Here every character is of equal importance as the story moves ahead. It was quite a challenging task but an enjoyable experience as well.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article804622.ece|title=It happened one day... |author=Vijay George|accessdate=30 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India|date=30 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; They add that the film is inspired by a true incident. A similar mission was successfully carried out by the [[Tamil Nadu]] police in a more complex [[Chennai]] city.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu&quot;/&gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2012}} Also, in a scene, the character played by [[Anoop Menon]] talks about the incident.<br /> <br /> ''Traffic'' is one of the first multi narratives made in this decade in Malayalam film. The film has Sreenivasan, Rahman, Kunchacko Boban and Asif Ali as the four lead protagonists whose stories are narrated through the sequences.&lt;ref name=&quot;July&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/57917.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621080807/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/57917.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2010|title='Traffic' to start this July|accessdate=18 June 2010|work=Indiaglitz}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu&quot;/&gt; On the theme, Rajesh says, &quot;I felt it was a theme that could connect with viewers regardless of their age. It's a contemporary theme that reassures us that if we approach something with honesty, even nature will come to our support.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1089894.ece|title=Traffic gets green signal|author=Vijay George|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 January 2011|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film will be the second on-screen pairing of Vineeth and Sreenivasan, after their first film ''[[Makante Achan]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;sreeni&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Vineeth and Sreenivasan in 'Traffic' |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/54337.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212103653/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/54337.html |archive-date=12 February 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2010 |work=Indiaglitz}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Critical response===<br /> The film opened on 7 January 2011 to positive reviews. Veeyen of ''Nowrunning.com'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing, &quot;Rajesh Pillai's ''Traffic'' is a brutally brilliant film in which he lends color to coincidence and unveils before us cogitation on the dynamics of chance. A strikingly crafted film that is raw and genuine, it crawls right under your skin and stays there.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nowrunning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7383/malayalam/traffic/2895/review.htm|title=Rajesh Pillai's Traffic is a brutally brilliant film! |accessdate=8 January 2011|publisher=Nowrunning}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''IndiaGlitz'' enthusiastically praised the film's &quot;riveting plot, great performances, soulful music... and skillful direction&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100819134719/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/12067.html &quot;Traffic – This is a 'Traffic' of change&quot;.] ''IndiaGlitz''. 8 January 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; A review at Cinefundas also praised the acting, adding that &quot;the real hero of the film is the script&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110111011234/http://www.cinefundas.com/2011/01/07/traffic-malayalam-movie-review &quot;Traffic – Malayalam Movie Review&quot;.]}} CineFundas.com. 7 January 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Sify.com'' called it &quot;an overwhelming experience&quot; and rated it as &quot;very good.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130314013953/http://www.sify.com/movies/traffic-review-review-malayalam-14959872.html Movie Review:''Traffic'' review&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; The Malayalam website ''Movieraga'' called it an &quot;excellent movie&quot; and went on to state that the new blood of Malayalam cinema cannot be seen as second-grade any more.&lt;ref&gt;[http://movieraga.indulekha.com/2011/01/08/review-traffic/ Review: Traffic | MOVIERAGA&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; The movie was part of the series of movies that began the [[New generation (Malayalam film movement)|New Generation Movement.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=When script trumps superstars: How Malayalam cinema has changed in the last decade|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/when-script-trumps-superstars-how-malayalam-cinema-has-changed-last-decade-115089|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The News Minute|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Traffic was screened in the ''Malayalam Cinema Today'' section at the 16th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] (IFFK), in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;A slice of Kerala&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=A slice of Kerala|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article231030.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083628/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article231030.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|newspaper=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Box office==<br /> The film received highly positive reviews and was declared a blockbuster at box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kaavalan-bangalore-days-traffic-22-female-kottayam-thattathin-marayathu-337655-2016-08-28|title=Kaavalan to Meendum Oru Kadhal Kadhai: 5 Malayalam remakes that shouldn't have been made|work=[[India Today]]|date=28 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/2011-malayalam-filmdom-failed-to-script-success-430328.html|title=2011: Malayalam filmdom failed to script success|publisher=[[News18]]|date=21 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Traffic<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Mejo Joseph]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|12|25}}<br /> | recorded = 2010<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = {{Duration|m=25|s=32}}<br /> | language = [[Malayalam]]<br /> | label = Satyam Audios<br /> | producer = [[Mejo Joseph]]<br /> | prev_title = Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe<br /> | prev_year = 2010<br /> | next_title = [[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]<br /> | next_year = 2012<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Artists<br /> <br /> | all_lyrics = [[S. Ramesan Nair]] except where noted<br /> | all_music = Samson Kottoor except where noted<br /> <br /> | title1 = Kannerinjal<br /> | extra1 = Vipin Warrier, [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]<br /> | music1 = [[Mejo Joseph]]<br /> <br /> | title2 = Pakalin<br /> | extra2 = [[Sithara (singer)|Sithara]]<br /> | music2 = Mejo Joseph<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]]<br /> <br /> | title3 = Unaroo Mizhiyazhake<br /> | extra3 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br /> <br /> | title4 = Unaroo Mizhiyazhake<br /> | extra4 = Samson Kottoor<br /> <br /> | title5 = Unaroo Mizhiyazhake<br /> | note5 = Instrumental<br /> | extra5 = Kalyan<br /> <br /> | title6 = Theme Music<br /> | note6 = Instrumental<br /> | music6 = Samson Kottoor<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Remakes==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Language<br /> |-<br /> || 2013 || ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''[[Crazy Star (film)|Crazy Star]]'' || Kannada<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Traffic (2016 film)|Traffic]]'' || Hindi<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Owing to its critical and commercial success, ''Traffic'' was remade in Tamil as ''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' (2013), which was a huge success at box office like ''Traffic''. [[Kannada]] remake ''[[Crazy Star (film)|Crazy Star]]'' (2014) received negative reception from both critics and box-office. Traffic's [[Traffic (2016 film)|Hindi remake]] was released in May 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.top10cinema.com/news/9000/malayalam-traffic-to-be-remade-in-tamil|title=Malayalam 'Traffic' to Be Remade in Tamil?|publisher=Top 10 Cinema|date=1 February 2011|accessdate=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204170141/http://www.top10cinema.com/news/9000/malayalam-traffic-to-be-remade-in-tamil|archive-date=4 February 2011|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kaumudiplus.com/news.php?nid=b37e3729ccb3a1b55f8b9ad638b4c28c&amp;mcid=3&amp;msid=3 &quot;ട്രാഫിക് ഹിന്ദിയിലും&quot;]. (in Malayalam) ''Kerala Kaumudi''. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Recipient<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards 2011]]<br /> | [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | [[Bobby–Sanjay|Bobby-Sanjay]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Kerala State Film Awards 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Kerala State Film Awards|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/dileep-sweta-menon-triumphs-at-state-awards/54304/story.htm|publisher=Nowrunning.com|access-date=19 July 2012|archive-date=21 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721044353/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/dileep-sweta-menon-triumphs-at-state-awards/54304/story.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| [[1st South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br /> | Best Director<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | [[Rajesh Pillai]]<br /> | rowspan=2|<br /> |-<br /> | Best Actress in a Supporting Role<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | [[Lena (actress)|Lena]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South 2012]]<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | [[Listin Stephen]]<br /> | rowspan=2|&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfare Awards South 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Filmfare Awards South 2012|date= 8 July 2012|url= http://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/07/59th-filmfare-awards-2012-south.html|publisher=Kollyinsider.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Lena Abhilash<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| [[Kerala Film Critics Awards]]<br /> | Best Script<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Bobby-Sanjay<br /> | rowspan=3|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kerala Film Critics Awards 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article3431213.ece?textsize=small&amp;test=2|newspaper=The Hindu | location=Chennai, India|date=18 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Second Best Actor – Male<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | [[Anoop Menon]]<br /> |-<br /> | Second Best Actor – Female<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Lena Abhilash<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Lohithadas Award<br /> | Best Script<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Bobby-Sanjay<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=ലോഹിതദാസ് പുരസ്‌കാരം ബോബിക്കും സഞ്ജയിനും|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/282848/|newspaper=Mathrubhumi|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628210409/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/282848/|archive-date=28 June 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=6 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Awards 2012]]<br /> | Best Film<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | Listin Stephen<br /> | rowspan=6|&lt;ref name=&quot;Asianet Film Awards 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Asianet Film Awards 2011|url= http://www.trivandrum.co.in/2011/12/asianet-film-awards-2012-list-of.html|publisher=Trivandrum.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Director<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | Rajesh Pillai<br /> |-<br /> | Best Screenplay<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Bobby-Sanjay<br /> |-<br /> | Best Supporting Actor<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | Anoop Menon<br /> |-<br /> | Best Supporting Actress<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | [[Remya Nambeesan]]<br /> |-<br /> | Best Character Actor<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | [[Sreenivasan]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Asiavision Movie Awards<br /> | Best Popular Movie<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Listin Stephen<br /> | rowspan =5|&lt;ref name=&quot;Asiavision Movie Awards 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Asiavision Movie Awards|url=http://www.asiavisionawards.com/ma2011-winners/|publisher=Asiavisionawards.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125011756/http://www.asiavisionawards.com/ma2011-winners/|archivedate=25 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Second Best Actor<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Anoop Menon<br /> |-<br /> | Best Screenplay<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Bobby-Sanjay<br /> |-<br /> | Special Performance Award<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]<br /> |-<br /> | Trendsetter Award<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Listin Stephen<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Nana Film Awards<br /> | Best Film<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Listin Stephen<br /> | rowspan=3|&lt;ref name=&quot;Nana Film Awards 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nana Film Awards 2011|url=http://fbcdn-sphotos-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/384380_165044300264538_100002769065902_193665_2060132686_n.jpg|publisher=Nana.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710205829/http://fbcdn-sphotos-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash4/384380_165044300264538_100002769065902_193665_2060132686_n.jpg |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Director<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Rajesh Pillai<br /> |-<br /> | Best Editor<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Mahesh Narayanan<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Mathrubhumi Kalyan Silks Film Awards<br /> | Best Screenplay<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Bobby-Sanjay<br /> | rowspan=2|&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathrubumi Kalyan Silks FIlm Awards 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Mathrubhumi Film Awards 2011|url=http://www.sanscinema.com/2012/02/mathrubhumi-kalyan-silks-film-awards-2012-announced.html|publisher=Sanscinema.com|access-date=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314015043/http://www.sanscinema.com/2012/02/mathrubhumi-kalyan-silks-film-awards-2012-announced.html|archive-date=14 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Path Breaking Film of the Year<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | Listin Stephen<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=2 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Surya Film Awards<br /> | Most Popular Director<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> | Rajesh Pillai<br /> | rowspan=2|<br /> |-<br /> | Best Editor<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Mahesh Narayanan<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=1 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Kochi Times Awards<br /> | Best Script<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Bobby – Sanjay<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kochi Times Film Awards 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/The-Kochi-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14341029.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-23/news-and-interviews/32369964_1_video-mohanlal-kavya-madhavan|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=2013-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=3 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Amrita Film Awards 2012<br /> | Best Supporting Actor (Female)<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Lena Abhilash<br /> | rowspan=3|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Amrita Film Awards 2012|url=http://www.amritatv.com/afa/winners.html|publisher=Amritatv.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014060735/http://www.amritatv.com/afa/winners.html|archivedate=14 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Script<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Bobby-Sanjay<br /> |-<br /> | Trendsetting Film Director<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Rajesh Pillai<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | Jaihind Film Awards 2012<br /> | Best Director<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Rajesh Pillai<br /> |{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | Film Guidance Chalachitra Awards 2011<br /> | Best Supporting Actress<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Remya Nambeesan<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Film Guidance Chalachitra Award 2011|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2012/beautiful-film-guidance-chalathchitra-award-150212.html|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=21 July 2012|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609190308/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/news/2012/beautiful-film-guidance-chalathchitra-award-150212.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=5 style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Reporter TV Film Awards 2012<br /> | Best Film<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Listin Stephen<br /> | rowspan=5|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Reporter TV Film Awards 2012|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/News/Traffic%20bags%205%20awards%20in%20Reporter%20TV%20Awards.-4051-1 |publisher=Metromatinee.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Best Director<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Rajesh Pillai<br /> |-<br /> | Best Script<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Bobby-Sanjay<br /> |-<br /> | Best Editor<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Mahesh Narayanan<br /> |-<br /> | Best Supporting Actress<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Lena Abhilash<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| Thikkurissy Awards 2011<br /> | Best Second Actress<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | Sandhya<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> &lt;!--LINKS TO PUBLIC DISCUSSION FORUMS SHOULD NOT BE ADDED--&gt;<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=1821682|title=Traffic}}<br /> * [http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7383/malayalam/traffic/index.htm ''Traffic''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121050433/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7383/malayalam/traffic/index.htm |date=21 January 2011 }} at Nowrunning.com<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101204124724/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/8644/traffic.html ''Traffic''] at [[Oneindia.in]]<br /> * [http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-traffic/20110110.htm ''Traffic'' review] at [[Rediff.com]]<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * [http://www.aphithendranmemorialtrust.org/incident.html &quot;A true heart touching story (The incident on which the film is based on)&quot;].<br /> <br /> {{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Traffic}}<br /> [[Category:2011 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian road movies]]<br /> [[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2010s road movies]]<br /> [[Category:2011 thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Films with screenplays by Bobby-Sanjay]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]<br /> [[Category:Hyperlink films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Rajesh Pillai]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nadhi_Karaiyinile&diff=469573 2026-03-03T04:40:06Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Nadhi Karaiyinile.jpg<br /> | caption = DVD cover with the international title, ''Jameela''<br /> | director = [[Ponvannan]]<br /> | screenplay = Ponvannan<br /> | story = [[Sara Aboobacker]]<br /> | starring = [[Suvalakshmi]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Rajan P. Dev]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ram G|Ramji]]<br /> | cinematography = K. V. Mani<br /> | editing = K. Palanivel<br /> | music = [[Sirpy]]<br /> | studio = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]<br /> | distributor = Viswas Cinema<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|11|28|ref1={{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=428}}}}<br /> | runtime = 104 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Nadhi Karaiyinile''''' ({{translation|On the river shore}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], written and directed by [[Ponvannan]]. Based on the [[Kannada]] novel ''Chandragiriya Theeradalli'' by [[Sara Aboobacker]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 March 2012 |title=Up in arms |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/up-in-arms/articleshow/21410365.cms |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film, which had an initial release at international film festivals with the title '''''Jameela''''', stars [[Suvalakshmi]], [[Rajan P. Dev]] and [[Ram G|Ramji]]. The music for the film was composed by [[Sirpy]] and the film opened to positive reviews in November 2003, after several delays.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2 December 2003 |title=Nadhi Karayinile |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov313.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050408210838/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov313.asp |archive-date=8 April 2005 |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Suvalakshmi]] as Jameela<br /> * [[Rajan P. Dev]] as Mohammed Khan<br /> * [[Ram G|Ramji]] as Nazeer<br /> * [[Cochin Haneefa]]<br /> * [[Ajay Rathnam]]<br /> * [[Shanti Williams]]<br /> * [[R. C. Sakthi]]<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> Ponvannan had been impressed with writer [[Sara Aboobacker]]'s novel and bought the script rights, before submitting his screenplay to [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] to finance the film, titled ''Jameela''. The agency agreed and ''Jameela'' was shot for 17 days in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] at a shoestring budget of ₹35 lakh (worth ₹2.4 crore in 2021 prices).{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|pages=429}}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film won positive reviews in screenings and was well received by critics, prompting it to be selected to be shown in the non-competitive category at the [[2002 Shanghai International Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 August 2002 |title=Tamil film in Chinese fest |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/23/stories/2002082301010200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404202841/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/08/23/stories/2002082301010200.htm |archive-date=4 April 2003 |access-date=19 November 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite being censored in 2001, the film only had a theatrical release across India in November 2003 under the title ''Nadhi Karayinile'', after the distributor Viswas Sundar did not want the film to be classified as a &quot;Muslim film&quot;.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|pages=429}} The film did not perform well at the box office, but went on to win three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|State film awards]] including the recognition as [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film Portraying Woman in Good Light|Best Film portraying Women in Good Light]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2004 |title=Tamil Nadu announces film awards for three years |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024060415/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10733.html |archive-date=24 October 2004 |access-date=19 November 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Hindu'' described Ponvannan's direction as an &quot;absorbing presentation&quot;, adding &quot;his sensitivity comes to the fore throughout the film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 November 2003 |title=Nadhi Karaiyinilae |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/11/28/stories/2003112801490201.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207200951/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/11/28/stories/2003112801490201.htm |archive-date=7 December 2003 |access-date=19 November 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of actors, K. V. Mani's cinematography and praised Ponvannan for directing the film realistically.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=14 December 2003 |title=நதி கரையினிலே |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-12-14/page/32/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240126160306/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-12-14/page/32/mode/2up |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=26 January 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was Suvalakshmi's last film she had worked before she left the film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 January 2024 |title=Remember Aasai Actress Suvalakshmi? Here's What She Is Doing Now Post-Marriage |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/remember-aasai-actress-suvalakshmi-heres-what-she-is-doing-now-post-marriage-8754103.html |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206141535/https://www.news18.com/movies/remember-aasai-actress-suvalakshmi-heres-what-she-is-doing-now-post-marriage-8754103.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2000s feminist films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about domestic violence]]<br /> [[Category:Films about women in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Kannada novels]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Ponvannan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Sirpy]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Puducherry]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian feminist films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valmiki_Faleiro&diff=543475 2026-03-02T07:46:54Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian writer (1956–2023)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Valmiki Faleiro<br /> | image = Valmiki Faleiro.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Faleiro in 2015<br /> | birth_name = Socrates Valmiki Faleiro<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1956|1|6|df=y}}<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|10|5|1956|1|6|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Margão]], [[Portuguese Goa]]<br /> | death_place = Margao, Goa, India<br /> | other_names = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | occupation = Lawyer, writer<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = ''Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration'' (2023)<br /> | awards = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Socrates Valmiki Faleiro''' (6 January 1956 – 5 October 2023) was an Indian researcher, writer, journalist, and former president of the Margao Municipal Council in Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIValmikiObit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-10-06 |title=History researcher Valmiki Faleiro dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/history-researcher-valmiki-faleiro-dies/articleshow/104196172.cms |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HeraldGreatSon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 Oct 2023 |title=Goa loses its 'great intelligent son' in Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/-Goa-loses-its-%E2%80%98great-intelligent-son%E2%80%99-in-Valmiki-Faleiro-/211640 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt; He practiced law in Margao and wrote popular columns for local newspapers for over three decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;HeraldPerseverance&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 Oct 2023|title=Goa's literary world loses the perseverance of Valmiki Faleiro |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/goa%E2%80%99s-literary-world-loses-the-perseverance-of-valmiki-faleiro/211646 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=oHeraldo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Socrates Valmiki Faleiro was born on 6 January 1956 in Margao, Goa to Jose Manuel Faleiro, an officer in the [[Indian Army]], and Olga de Sa. He was named after the Greek thinker, [[Socrates]], and the Indian poet from legend, [[Valmiki]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HeraldFriend&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gracias |first=Radharao |author-link=Radharao Gracias |date=31 Jan 2024 |title=Valmiki, my friend |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/edit/opinions/valmiki-my-friend/277997/ |access-date=2025-10-23 |website=oHeraldo }}&lt;/ref&gt; Faleiro began his education under the Portuguese system at Agostinho Vicente Lourenco School. He continued his schooling at Loyola High School and Holy Spirit Institute in [[Margao]]. He then completed his higher education at Vidya Vikas Mandal's Commerce College in Margao.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIValmikiObit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> ===Journalism===<br /> Faleiro was a journalist from 1975 to 1983. He reported about Goa for various national publications, including ''Current Weekly'', ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'', and ''[[The Indian Express]]''. He also contributed to local dailies and journals.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIValmikiObit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===As a corporator===<br /> From 1985 to 1987, Faleiro was the president of the [[Margao]] Municipal Council. During his tenure, he contributed significantly to the development of Margao.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIValmikiObit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Writing===<br /> Faleiro began writing in 2005. His first book, ''Patriotism in Action'' (2010), highlighted Goa's contributions to India's defense services. He also authored ''Soaring Spirit: 450 Years of Margao's Espirito Santo Church (1565-2015)'', exploring the church's extensive history. His extensively researched work, ''Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration'', provided a comprehensive account of the [[Goa liberation movement]] and [[Operation Vijay (1961)|Operation Vijay]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIValmikiObit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Faleiro died on 5 October 2023, at his residence in Margao due to a heart attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOIValmikiObit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |title=Patriotism in action: Goans in India's defence services |date=2010 |isbn=978-93-80739-06-9 |edition=Goa,1556; First Edition (1 January 2010) |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HzWjgEACAAJ |title=Soaring Spirit: 450 Years of Margao's Espr̕ito Santo Church (1565-2015) |date=2015 |publisher=Goa 1556 |isbn=978-93-80739-90-8 |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |language=en}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Faleiro, Valmiki}}<br /> [[Category:1956 births]]<br /> [[Category:2023 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Margao]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_Telangana_local_elections&diff=482774 2026-02-13T17:03:35Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Elections in the Indian state}}<br /> {{Infobox election<br /> | election_name = 2020 Telangana urban local bodies elections<br /> | type = parliamentary<br /> | ongoing = no<br /> | country = India<br /> | election_date = 2020<br /> | previous_election = 2016 Telangana local elections<br /> | previous_year = 2016<br /> | next_election = 2021 Telangana local elections<br /> | next_year = 2021<br /> | 1blank = Wards<br /> | 2blank = Wards&amp;nbsp;±<br /> | 3blank = ULBs<br /> | 4blank = ULBs&amp;nbsp;±<br /> | seats_for_election = {{plainlist|<br /> *535 wards/divisions across 11 municipal corporations<br /> *2,727 wards across 120 municipalities&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhandari |first=Shashwat |date=2020-01-26 |title=Telangana Municipal Election 2020: TRS wins 109 out of 120 municipalities, bags 7 out of 9 corporations {{!}} India News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/telangana-municipal-election-2020-trs-wins-109-out-of-120-municipalities-bags-7-out-of-9-corporations-583113 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2020-01-25 |title=Telangana Rashtra Samithi sweeps municipal elections |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-rashtra-samithi-sweeps-municipal-elections/article30655413.ece |access-date=2023-03-25 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Total number of wards in municipal corporations where elections were held is the added number of the wards of 9 municipal corporations which held election on 22 January 2020, [[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]] which held election on 24 January 2020, and [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] which held election on 1 December 2020.}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- BRS --&gt;| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|bSize = 135 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 150|oTop = |oLeft = 10}}<br /> | image1_size = 160x160px<br /> | leader1 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]<br /> | party1 = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br /> | 1data1 = '''1,686'''<br /> | 2data1 = ''TBC''<br /> | 3data1 = '''114'''<br /> | 4data1 = {{increase}}89<br /> &lt;!-- AIMIM --&gt;| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Akbaruddin_Owaisi_Picture.jpg|bSize = 165 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 5|oLeft = 22}}<br /> | image2_size = 160x160px<br /> | leader2 = [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]]<br /> | party2 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen<br /> | 1data2 = 87<br /> | 2data2 = ''TBC''<br /> | 3data2 = 5<br /> | 4data2 = {{increase}}15<br /> &lt;!-- INC --&gt;| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image =N Uttam kumar Reddy.jpg|bSize = 135 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 5|oLeft = 10}}<br /> | image3_size = 160x160px<br /> | leader3 = [[N. Uttam Kumar Reddy]]<br /> | party3 = Indian National Congress<br /> | 1data3 = 569<br /> | 2data3 = ''TBC''<br /> | 3data3 = 5<br /> | 4data3 = {{decrease}}14<br /> &lt;!-- BJP --&gt;| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Dr_Kova_Laxman.jpg|bSize = 165 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 150|oTop = 25|oLeft = 22}}<br /> | image4_size = 160x160px<br /> | leader4 = [[K. Laxman]]<br /> | party4 = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> | 1data4 = 293<br /> | 2data4 = ''TBC''<br /> | 3data4 = 4<br /> | 4data4 = {{increase}}1<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Local elections in the Indian state of [[Telangana]] were held in 2020 for 11 municipal corporations and 120 municipalities. Elections for 9 municipal corporations and 120 municipalities were held on 22 January 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-25 |title=Telangana Municipal Election Results 2020 Highlights: ‘Respect mandate given to TRS, otherwise democracy will lose its value’, KCR warns Opposition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telangana-urban-local-body-elections-live-updates-municipal-corporations-counting-of-votes-trs-tdp-6234322/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125024447/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telangana-urban-local-body-elections-live-updates-municipal-corporations-counting-of-votes-trs-tdp-6234322/ |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elections for [[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]] were held on 24 January 2020 whereas elections for the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] were held on 1 December 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2020-01-27 |title=TRS wins majority in Karimnagar set to retain Mayor post |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/trs-wins-majority-in-karimnagar-set-to-retain-mayor-post/article30666968.ece |access-date=2022-12-25 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-25 |title=Telangana Municipal Election Results 2020 Highlights: ‘Respect mandate given to TRS, otherwise democracy will lose its value’, KCR warns Opposition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telangana-urban-local-body-elections-live-updates-municipal-corporations-counting-of-votes-trs-tdp-6234322/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523175853/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telangana-urban-local-body-elections-live-updates-municipal-corporations-counting-of-votes-trs-tdp-6234322/ |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pavan |date=2020-11-17 |title=Telangana: SEC announces GHMC elections schedule in Hyderabad, polling on December 1 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/telangana-sec-announces-ghmc-elections-schedule-in-hyderabad-polling-on-december-1-656732 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> Most previous elections for the urban local bodies were held from [[2014 Andhra Pradesh urban local bodies elections|2014]]-[[2016 Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation election|2016]]. In 2014, the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] won 3 municipal corporations and 22 municipalities, followed by the [[Indian National Congress]] with 19 municipalities, the [[Telugu Desam Party]] with 4 municipalities, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] with 3 municipalities, and the [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] with 1 municipality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-07-03 |title=TRS wins 3 corporations, 22 municipalities |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/trs-wins-3-corporations-22-municipalities/article6174242.ece |access-date=2022-12-25 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, the TRS had swept the GHMC bagging 99 out of 150 wards, a clear two-third majority.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-02-06 |title=GHMC elections: TRS makes clean sweep, TDP, BJP, Cong wiped out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/k-chandrasekhara-raos-trs-sweeps-greater-hyderabad-municipal-polls/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Results ==<br /> <br /> === By municipal corporation ===<br /> {{Incomplete list|date=March 2023}}<br /> '''[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]'''{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=56|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|seats2=48|party3=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|seats3=44|party4=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats4=2|source=The Financial Express&lt;ref name=&quot;ghmc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=GHMC Election 2020 Winners List: BJP wins 48; TRS bags 56, AIMIM 44|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ghmc-election-2020-winners-list-aimim-trs-bjp-counting-underway/2142994/|access-date=25 December 2022|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;|party5=Others|seats5=0}}'''[[Karimnagar Municipal Corporation]]'''{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=33|party2=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|seats2=13|party3=[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]|seats3=6|party4=Others|seats4=8|source=The Financial Express&lt;ref name=&quot;ghmc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=GHMC Election 2020 Winners List: BJP wins 48; TRS bags 56, AIMIM 44|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/ghmc-election-2020-winners-list-aimim-trs-bjp-counting-underway/2142994/|access-date=25 December 2022|website=The Financial Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}'''[[Ramagundam Municipal Corporation]]'''{{Election results|party1=[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]|seats1=19|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|seats2=11|party3=[[All India Forward Bloc]]|seats3=9|party4=[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|seats4=5|source=The Hans India&lt;ref name=&quot;rmc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Municipal poll results: Bhongir and Ramagundam municipalities heading towards hung|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/municipal-poll-results-bhongir-and-ramagundam-municipalities-heading-towards-hung-599921|access-date=25 December 2022|website=The Hans India|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;|party5=Others|seats5=6}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[2016 Telangana urban local bodies elections]]<br /> * [[2021 Telangana urban local bodies elections]]<br /> * [[Elections in Telangana]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Telangana elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2020 elections in India|Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Local elections in Telangana]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=T._S._Suresh&diff=539152 2026-02-12T03:10:53Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film editor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = T.S.Suresh<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize =<br /> | caption = T. S. Suresh and Santosh Sivan at the premiere of ''[[Ceylon (film)|Inam]]'' in 2014.<br /> | birth_name = Suresh Sathyanarayan<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|7|1}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Madras University]]<br /> | death_date =<br /> | death_place =<br /> | othername =<br /> | yearsactive = 2004-present<br /> | website =<br /> | spouse =<br /> | occupation = [[film editing|Film Editor]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tirupattur Sathyanarayanan Suresh''' (born 1 July 1986{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}) is an Indian film editor who predominantly works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/film-editor-s-job-starts-in-pre-production-phase-113052500213_1.html|title='Film editor's job starts in pre-production phase'|date=25 May 2013|via=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> Suresh was a graduate in Visual communication from [[University of Madras]]. He learned the art of [[film editing]] from ace film editor [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]] in several language films between 2005 and 2009.<br /> <br /> Having worked on films like ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'', ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' and ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'' as an assistant editor to [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]], he went on to make his debut with [[C. S. Amudhan]]’s ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010).<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> === Films===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+Key<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot;| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Language <br /> !Notes and Refs<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2010 || ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Theeratha Vilayattu Pillai]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vilai]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2011 || ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mugaputhagam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |Short film<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Oru Marubhoomikkadha]]'' || [[Malayalam]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2012 || ''Adigaram 79'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |- <br /> |'' [[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]] '' ||| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tezz]]'' || [[Hindi]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kamaal Dhamaal Malamaal]]'' || [[Hindi]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;| 2013 || ''[[Rangrezz]]'' || [[Hindi]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-10 |title=Audio beat: Vanakkam Chennai - Take a welcome break |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-vanakkam-chennai-take-a-welcome-break/article5009785.ece |access-date=2023-08-06 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Geethaanjali]]'' || [[Malayalam]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saraswathi Sabatham (2013 film)|Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thagaraaru]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2014 || ''[[Endrendrum]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | '' [[Ceylon (film)|Ceylon]]'' ||| [[English language|English]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-11-11 |title=Santosh Sivan broke grammar of capturing shots in Ceylon: Editor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/santosh-sivan-broke-grammar-of-capturing-shots-in-ceylon-editor/story-q0HDiFHiwafHCxT4QVfrlI.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ceylon (film)|Inam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2015 || ''[[Vaalu]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | '' [[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Maya]]'' ||| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=When work from home is not an option: Post-production in the age of quarantine |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2021/may/16/when-work-from-home-is-not-an-option-post-production-in-the-age-of-quarantine-24533.html |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 May 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | '' [[Maya (2015 Tamil film)|Mayuri]]'' ||| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2016 || ''[[Kavalai Vendam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2017 || ''Rhythm Of Life Music Video''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2018 || ''[[Veera (2016 film)|Veera]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2019 || ''The Hunt'' || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] <br /> |-<br /> | ''Lots Of Love'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020 || ''[[Dagaalty]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Segment: ''Reunion''<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2021 || ''Yaathi Yaathi Music Video''|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2022 || ''Traffic''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] <br /> |-<br /> <br /> |''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Segment: ''Mouname Paarvayaai''<br /> |-<br /> |2023 || ''[[Raththam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024 || ''[[Raghu Thatha]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025 || ''[[Test (2025 film)|Test]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2026<br /> |style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; | ''Poochandi'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Delayed <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; | ''Palaandu Vaazhga'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Delayed <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;background:#FFFFCC;&quot; | ''Rendavathu Padam'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}} || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Delayed <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|3595566}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, T. S.}}<br /> [[Category:1986 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam film editors]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film editors]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi film editors]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film editors]]<br /> [[Category:People from Vellore]]<br /> [[Category:Film editors from Tamil Nadu]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narender_K._Sehgal&diff=520571 2026-02-08T18:03:32Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian physicist, scientific administrator and science populariser}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = Narender K. Sehgal<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = &lt;!--(as myimage.jpg, no 'File:')--&gt;<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1940|11|07}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|09|07|1940|11|07}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = &lt;!-- <br /> {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --&gt;<br /> | other_names = <br /> | residence = <br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | fields = [[Particle physics]]<br /> | workplaces = [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]&lt;br&gt;[[Somali National University]]&lt;br&gt;[[Department of Science and Technology (India)]]<br /> | patrons = <br /> | alma_mater = [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]<br /> | thesis_title = Strange particle production in P̄d annihilations in flight<br /> | thesis_url = https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47852621<br /> | thesis_year = 1960<br /> | doctoral_advisor = <br /> | academic_advisors = <br /> | doctoral_students = <br /> | notable_students = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | author_abbrev_bot = <br /> | author_abbrev_zoo = <br /> | influences = <br /> | influenced = <br /> | awards = [[Kalinga Prize]] (1991)<br /> | signature = &lt;!--(filename only)--&gt;<br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Narender K. Sehgal''' (7 November 1940 - 7 September 2020) was an Indian physicist, scientific administrator, and science populariser. He was born in [[Lahore]] (now in [[Pakistan]]). He worked as Scientific Officer in the Theoretical Reactor Physics Division of [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]]. In 1963 he went to US for his MSc and PhD in [[particle physics]] from the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]. He became professor of physics at the [[Somali National University]] in Magadiscio, East Africa. He returned to India in 1978 as visiting scientist at the [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC) of [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). In 1982 he joined the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology of the Government of India]]. He was head of the [[National Council for Science and Technology Communication]] (NCSTC) and later [[Vigyan Prasar]], where he remained until his retirement in 2000.&lt;ref name=vigyanteh&gt;{{cite web|title=Brief Resume of Dr Narender K. Sehgal|url=http://www.geocities.ws/enkays/biodataenkays.html|publisher=Vigyanteh India Computer Cell|accessdate=15 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Bhatia|first=Sant Ram|title=Narender K. Sehgal|journal=Indian Librarian|year=1972|volume=72|issue=6|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XUVAAAAIAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1991 Narendar K. Sehgal was awarded the [[Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science|UNESCO Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science]] &quot;for his contribution to the promotion of the integrity and accessibility of scientific knowledge, and propagating the scientific and technological culture to the broadest possible base.&quot;&lt;ref name=kalinga&gt;{{cite web|title=Kalinga Prize laureate|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/science-technology/sti-policy/global-focus/science-popularization/prizes/kalinga-prize/kalinga-winners/kalinga-1991-l1/|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=15 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Narendar K. Sehgal was born in 1940 in Lahore, now the capital city of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab in Pakistan]]. He was educated at his hometown. He excelled in academics. He won merit scholarship in matriculation in 1956, using which he entered [[Punjab University, Lahore|Punjab University]]. He graduated with BSc in physics in 1960, winning one of the top ten merit certificates of the university. He immediately joined the Atomic Energy Establishment's (now known as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre's) Training School from where he completed a one-year postgraduate course in physics in August 1961. He was appointed Scientific Officer (a first-class officer rank) in the Theoretical Reactor Physics Division of BARC, where he worked for two years. In 1963 he found an opportunity to join the [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]] in Honolulu, in United States, from where he obtained his MSc in particle physics in 1965.&lt;ref name=kalinga/&gt; He enrolled for PhD in [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], and earned his doctoral degree in 1969.&lt;ref name=vigyanteh/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Narendar K. Sehgal continued his research in Indian universities. He turned to scientific journalism and published a quarterly ''Scientific Opinion'' from [[Jalandhar]] in August 1972. He also served as contributor to ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' journal in London. He continued for four years until he was appointed professor of physics at Somali National University in 1976. After two years he got appointment in 1978 at the Space Applications Centre (SAC) of ISRO in [[Ahmedabad]] as a visiting scientist. In February 1982, he joined the Department of Science and Technology, India. He became Director of the newly established the National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC), and later of Vigyan Prasar. He was also Adviser to the [[Government of India]] in the Department of Science and Technology. He remained in this post until his retirement in November 2000.&lt;ref name=kalinga/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Achievements==<br /> Narendar K. Sehgal was the main force behind several science programmes in India. He introduced science communication programmes such as ''Bharat Jan Vigyan Jatha'' of 1987, the annually held National Children's Science Congress (since 1993), radio serials including ''Vigyan Vidhi'' (Methods of Science) and ''Manav Ka Vikas'' (Human Evolution) which were broadcast respectively during 1989-90 and 1991–94, and television serials such as ''Kyon Aur Kaise'' (12 episodes) and ''Kudratnama'' (27 episodes). He was also instrumental in the origin of [[National Science Day]] (February 28), formation of the All India People's Science Network in 1988, and the NCSTC Network in 1990. He was chief editor of the bilingual (Hindi and English) monthly newsletters ''NCSTC Communications'', from 1988 to November 2000, and ''Dream-2047'', from its inception in 1998 to November 2000. He was also actively involved in debunking the [[Ganesha milk miracle]] incident in 1995.&lt;ref name=vigyanteh/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards and recognition==<br /> *UNESCO Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science in 1991<br /> *Honorary Fellow of the Indian Science Writers’ Association in 1993&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Honorary Fellows|url=http://iswaindia.com/?page_id=13|publisher=Indian Science Writers' Association|accessdate=15 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *{{cite book|author= Sehgal, Narendar K.|title= The Changing Role of Science Centres and Museums in Developing Countries |year= 2005| url=http://www.astralint.com/bookdetails.aspx?isbn=9788170353799| publisher= Daya Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7035-379-9}}<br /> *{{cite book|author1=Sehgal, Narendar K. |author2=Sangwan, Satpal |author3=Mahanti, Subodh |title=Uncharted Terrains: Essays on Science Popularisation in Pre-independence India|year= 2000| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZxrAAAACAAJ| publisher=Vigyan Prasar|isbn=978-81-7480-056-5}}<br /> *{{cite book|author1=Sehgal, Narendar K. |author2=Bhattacharya, Sandip |title= Total Solar Eclipse Answers To All Your Questions|year= 1999| publisher=Vigyan Prasar|isbn=978-81-7480-053-4}}<br /> *{{cite book|author= Sehgal, Narendar K.|title= Memoirs of Ruchi Ram Sahni Pioneer of Science Popularisation in Punjab|year= 1997| url=https://www.amazon.com/Memoirs-Pioneer-Science-Popularisation-Punjab/dp/B00DU9QTKI/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1397570201&amp;sr=1-1| publisher=Vigyan Prasar|isbn=978-81-7480-016-9}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sehgal, Narendar K.}}<br /> [[Category:1940 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Lahore]]<br /> [[Category:University of the Punjab alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni]]<br /> [[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Somali National University]]<br /> [[Category:Kalinga Prize recipients]]<br /> [[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Professor&diff=474990 2026-02-07T01:20:19Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: small add lead based on references and updated info as per guidelines</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Academic title at universities and other educational institutions}}<br /> {{For-multi|the broader American term for academic employees|Academic personnel{{!}}Faculty (academic staff)|other uses}}<br /> {{pp-pc}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox Occupation<br /> | name = Professor<br /> | image = [[File:Einstein 1921 by F Schmutzer - restoration.jpg|220px]]<br /> | caption = [[Albert Einstein]] as a professor<br /> | official_names = Professor<br /> &lt;!------------Details-------------------&gt;<br /> | type = [[Education]], [[research]], [[teacher|teaching]]<br /> | activity_sector = [[Academic staff|Academics]]<br /> | competencies = Academic knowledge, research, writing journal articles or book chapters, teaching<br /> | formation = [[Master's degree]], [[doctoral degree]] (e.g., PhD), [[professional degree]], or other [[terminal degree]]<br /> | employment_field = [[Academic staff|Academics]]<br /> | related_occupation = [[Teacher]], [[lecturer]], [[reader (academic rank)|reader]], [[researcher]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Professor''' (commonly abbreviated as '''Prof.''')&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=Professor |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=professor |access-date=28 July 2007 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an [[Academy|academic]] rank at [[university|universities]] and other [[tertiary education|post-secondary education]] and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from [[Latin]] as a 'person who professes'. Professors are usually [[expert]]s in their field and teachers of the highest rank.&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In most systems of [[List of academic ranks|academic ranks]], &quot;professor&quot; as an unqualified title refers only to the most senior academic position, sometimes informally known as &quot;'''full professor'''&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;macleans.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/education/uniandcollege/assistant-associate-what-the-words-before-professor-mean/|last=Pettigrew|first=Todd|date=17 June 2011|title=Assistant? Associate? What the words before &quot;professor&quot; mean: Titles may not mean what you think they do|website=Maclean's|access-date=6 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=United Kingdom, Academic Career Structure|url=https://www.eui.eu/ProgrammesAndFellowships/AcademicCareersObservatory/AcademicCareersbyCountry/UnitedKingdom|publisher=European University Institute|access-date=28 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In some countries and institutions, the word ''professor'' is also used in titles of lower ranks such as [[associate professor]] and [[assistant professor]]; this is particularly the case in the United States, where the unqualified word is also used colloquially to refer to associate and assistant professors as well, and often to instructors or lecturers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Hartley |first=Tom |title=Dr Who or Professor Who? On Academic Email Etiquette |url=https://thermaltoy.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/dr-who-or-professor-who-on-academic-email-etiquette/ |publisher=Tom Hartley |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=28 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Professors often conduct [[original research]] and commonly teach [[undergraduate]], [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]], or [[Professional school|professional]] courses in their fields of expertise. In universities with [[graduate school]]s, professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a [[thesis|thesis or dissertation]]. In many universities, full professors take on senior managerial roles such as leading departments, research teams and institutes, and filling roles such as [[University president|president]], principal or [[vice-chancellor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;prom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Promoted from doctor to professor: what changes? |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/promoted-from-doctor-to-professor-what-changes |work=Times Higher Education |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=29 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The role of professor may be more public-facing than that of more junior staff, and professors are expected to be national or international leaders in their field of expertise.&lt;ref name=&quot;prom&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> [[File:Socrates Louvre.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The Ancient Greek philosopher [[Socrates]] was one of the earliest recorded professors.&lt;ref&gt;David K. Knox &quot;Socrates: The First Professor&quot; ''Innovative Higher Education'' December 1998, Volume 23, Issue 2, pp 115–126&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> The term ''professor'' was first used in the late 14th century to mean 'one who teaches a branch of knowledge'.&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline.com&quot;/&gt; The word comes &quot;...from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|professeur&quot; (14c.) and directly from [the] [[Latin]] {{lang|la|professor}}[, for] 'person who professes to be an expert in some art or science; teacher of highest rank'}}; the Latin term came from the &quot;...[[agent noun]] from {{lang|la|[[wikt:profiteri|profiteri]]&quot; 'lay claim to, declare openly'}}. As a title that is &quot;prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706&quot;. The &quot;[s]hort form prof is recorded from 1838&quot;. The term ''professor'' is also used with a different meaning: &quot;[o]ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the [[Elizabethan period]], but is obsolete in England.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;etymonline.com&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> A professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] nations, as well as northern Europe, the title ''professor'' is the highest academic rank at a university. In the [[Professors in the United States|United States]] and [[Academic ranks in Canada#Professorship|Canada]], the title of ''professor'' applies to most post-doctoral academics, so a larger percentage are thus designated. In these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees (typically [[PhD]] degrees) or equivalent qualifications who teach in colleges and [[University|universities]]. An [[emeritus]] professor is a title given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature and ongoing research. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, and so on.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Difference Between a Teacher and a Professor |url=https://www.wgu.edu/blog/difference-teacher-professor2008.html |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=Western Governors University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=van Dijk |first1=Esther E. |last2=van Tartwijk |first2=Jan |last3=van der Schaaf |first3=Marieke F. |last4=Kluijtmans |first4=Manon |date=1 November 2020 |title=What makes an expert university teacher? A systematic review and synthesis of frameworks for teacher expertise in higher education |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/410385/What_makes_an_expert_university_teacher.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |journal=Educational Research Review |language=en |volume=31 |article-number=100365 |doi=10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100365 |issn=1747-938X|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The term professor is also used in the titles ''[[assistant professor]]'' and ''[[associate professor]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/associate+professor |title=Associate Professor – definition of associate professor |publisher=Free Online Dictionary |access-date=16 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; which are not considered professor-level positions in all European countries. In Australia, the title ''associate professor'' is used in place of the term [[Reader (academic rank)|''reader'']] as used in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries; ranking above senior lecturer and below full professor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eui.eu/ProgrammesAndFellowships/AcademicCareersObservatory/AcademicCareersbyCountry/Australia.aspx|title=Australia, Academic Career Structure|publisher=European University Institute|language=en-GB|access-date=4 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Beyond holding the proper academic title, universities in many countries also give notable artists, athletes and foreign dignitaries the title ''[[Honorary title (academic)|honorary]] professor'', even if these persons do not have the academic qualifications typically necessary for professorship and they do not take up professorial duties. However, such &quot;professors&quot; usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution. In general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis.<br /> <br /> == Tasks ==<br /> [[File:Toni Morrison 2008-2.jpg|thumb|[[Toni Morrison]], Emeritus Professor at [[Princeton University]]]]<br /> Professors are qualified experts in their field who generally perform some or all of the following tasks:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Difference Between a Teacher and a Professor |url=https://www.wgu.edu/blog/difference-teacher-professor2008.html |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=Western Governors University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 November 2015 |title=What exactly is a professor these days? |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/blog/what-exactly-professor-these-days |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Managing [[teaching]], research, and publications in their departments (in countries where a professor is head of a department);<br /> * Presenting [[lecture]]s and [[seminar]]s in their specialties (i.e., they &quot;[[wikt:profess|profess]]&quot;);<br /> * Performing, leading and publishing advanced [[original research]] in [[peer review]]ed [[Peer-reviewed journal|journals]] in their fields;<br /> * Providing [[community service]], including consulting functions (such as advising government and nonprofit organizations) or providing expert commentary on TV or radio news or public affairs programs;<br /> * Mentoring [[graduate students]] in their academic training;<br /> * Mentoring more junior academic staff;<br /> * Conducting administrative or managerial functions, usually at a high level (e.g. deans, heads of departments, research centers, etc.); and<br /> * Assessing students in their fields of expertise (e.g., through grading [[Test (assessment)|examinations]] or [[Thesis#Thesis examinations|viva voce]] defenses).<br /> Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols, place (country), and time. For example, professors at research-oriented universities in North America and, generally, at European universities, are promoted primarily on the basis of research achievements and external grant-raising success.<br /> <br /> == Around the world ==<br /> {{main|List of academic ranks}}<br /> {{Academic ranks worldwide}}<br /> <br /> Many [[colleges]] and [[university|universities]] and other institutions of [[higher education|higher learning]] throughout the world follow a similar hierarchical ranking structure amongst [[scholars]] in academia; the list above provides details.<br /> <br /> == Salary ==<br /> [[File:Professor salaries.svg|thumb|Salary of professors, as reported in the 2005 report the {{ill|Deutscher Hochschulverband|de}} DHV. Bars are for assistant professor, associate professor and full professor, respectively.]]<br /> <br /> A professor typically earns a base salary and a range of [[employee benefits]]. In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in their institution (e.g., department chair, [[Dean (education)|dean]], head of graduate studies, etc.) sometimes earns additional income. Some professors also earn additional income by activities such as [[Consultant|consulting]], publishing academic or other books, giving speeches, or coaching executives. Some fields (e.g., business and computer science) give professors more opportunities for outside work.<br /> <br /> === Germany and Switzerland ===<br /> &lt;!-- The entire paragraph is based on an unreferenced report by the DHV. The website of the DHV is given, but that is not enough. I couldn't find the report during a 1 hour long search. --&gt;<br /> A report from 2005 by the &quot;Deutscher Hochschulverband DHV&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hochschulverband.de/ |title=Deutscher Hochschulverband |publisher=Hochschulverband.de |access-date=16 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; a lobby group for German professors, the salary of professors, the annual salary of a German professor is [[Euro|€]]46,680 in group &quot;W2&quot; (mid-level) and €56,683 in group &quot;W3&quot; (the highest level), without performance-related bonuses. The anticipated average earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The anticipated average earnings of a professor working in Switzerland vary for example between 158,953 [[CHF (currency)|CHF]] (€102,729) to 232,073 CHF (€149,985) at the [[University of Zurich]] and 187,937 CHF (€121,461) to 247,280 CHF (€159,774) at the [[ETH Zurich]]; the regulations are different depending on the [[Cantons of Switzerland]].<br /> <br /> === Italy ===<br /> {{As of|2021}}, in the Italian universities there are about 18 thousand Assistant Professors, 23 thousand Associate Professors, and 14 thousand Full Professors. The role of &quot;professore a contratto&quot; (the equivalent of an &quot;adjunct professor&quot;), a non-tenured position which does not require a PhD nor any habilitation but requires a public academic competition (in which the PhD title is a preferential qualification), is paid at the end of the academic year nearly €3000 for the entire academic year,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University L'Orientale of Naples – table of annual fees for contract professors |url=https://www.unior.it/doc_db/doc_obj_10412_6290e1ddeaad6.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; without salary during the academic year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Monella|first=Lillo Montalto|date=26 January 2018|title=Essere professore a contratto all'università...per 3,75 euro l'ora|url=https://it.euronews.com/2018/01/26/essere-professore-a-contratto-all-universita-per-3-75-euro-l-ora|access-date=9 January 2022|website=euronews|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are about 28 thousand &quot;Professori a contratto&quot; in Italy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esplora i dati&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Esplora i dati|url=http://ustat.miur.it/dati/|access-date=9 January 2022|website=USTAT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Associate Professors have a gross salary in between 52.937,59 and 96.186,12 euros per year, Full Professors have a gross salary in between 75.431,76 and 131.674 Euros per year, and adjunct professors of around 3,000 euros per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Salary Sapienza University of Rome Italy (in Italian) Tabella stipendi personale Docente |url=https://www.uniroma1.it/it/pagina/tabella-stipendi-personale-docente-costo-orario|access-date=9 January 2022|website=Sapienza Università di Roma }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As of 2025 in the Italian universities there are: 16,574 Full Professors 26,472 Associate Professors with salary and 33,535 &quot;Professori a contratto&quot; without salary.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esplora i dati&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Saudi Arabia ===<br /> According to ''World Salaries 2023'', the salary of a professor in any public university is 447,300 SAR, or 119,217.18 USD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Average Professor – Education Salary in Saudi Arabia for 2023 |url=https://worldsalaries.com/average-professor-education-salary-in-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=World Salaries}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Spain ===<br /> {{Further|Academic ranks in Spain}}<br /> The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed on a nationwide basis, but there are some bonuses related to performance and seniority and a number of bonuses granted by the Autonomous Regional governments. These bonuses include three-year premiums ({{Langx|es|trienios}}, according to seniority), five-year premiums ({{Langx|es|quinquenios|label=none}}, according to compliance with teaching criteria set by the university) and six-year premiums ({{Langx|es|sexenios|label=none}}, according to compliance with research criteria laid down by the national government). These salary bonuses are relatively small. Nevertheless, the total number of {{Langx|es|sexenios|label=none}} is a prerequisite for being a member of different committees.<br /> <br /> The importance of these {{Langx|es|sexenios|label=none}} as a [[Reputation|prestige]] factor in the university was enhanced by legislation in 2001 (LOU). Some indicative numbers can be interesting, in spite of the variance in the data. We report net monthly payments (after taxes and social security fees), without bonuses: Ayudante, €1,200; Ayudante Doctor, €1,400; Contratado Doctor; €1,800; Profesor Titular, €2,000;<br /> Catedrático, €2,400. There are a total of 14 payments per year, including 2 extra payments in July and December (but for less than a normal monthly payment).<br /> <br /> === United States ===<br /> {{Further|Professors in the United States#Salary}}<br /> [[Professors in the United States]] commonly occupy any of several positions in academia. In the U.S., the word &quot;professor&quot; informally refers collectively to the [[Academic ranks in the United States|academic ranks]] of '''assistant professor''', '''associate professor''', or professor. This usage differs from the predominant usage of the word &quot;professor&quot; internationally, where the unqualified word &quot;professor&quot; only refers to full professors. The majority of university lecturers and instructors in the United States, {{As of|2015|lc=y}}, do not occupy these [[tenure-track]] ranks, but are part-time adjuncts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=COE – Characteristics of Postsecondary Faculty |url=https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/csc/postsecondary-faculty |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=National Center for Education Statistics }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Table of wages ===<br /> In 2007 the Dutch social fund for the academic sector SoFoKleS&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sofokles.nl/ |title=SoFoKleS &amp;#124; Sociaal Fonds voor de KennisSector |publisher=Sofokles.nl |access-date=16 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; commissioned a comparative study of the wage structure of academic professions in the Netherlands in relation to that of other countries. Among the countries reviewed are the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, France, Sweden and the Netherlands. To improve comparability, adjustments have been made to correct for [[purchasing power]] and taxes. Because of differences between institutions in the US and UK these countries have two listings of which one denotes the salary in top-tier institutions (based on the [[Shanghai ranking|Shanghai-ranking]]).<br /> <br /> The table below shows the final reference wages (per year) expressed in net amounts of Dutch euros in 2014 (i.e., converted into Dutch [[purchasing power]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seo.nl/uploads/media/2015-65_Beloning_van_wetenschappelijk_personeel_in_internationaal_perspectief.pdf|title= International wage differences in academic occupations | author= SEO Economic Research | author-link = SEO Economic Research |date = 23 September 2015 | access-date=12 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class = &quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |+ NL comparison, 2014, net salaries, in NL purchasing power<br /> |-<br /> ! Country<br /> ! Assistant professor<br /> ! Associate professor<br /> ! Full professor<br /> |-<br /> | United States<br /> | €46,475&lt;!--do not change to other currency - the source calculated all in Euros to allow comparison--&gt;<br /> | €52,367<br /> | €77,061<br /> |-<br /> | United States – top universities<br /> | €59,310<br /> | €68,429<br /> <br /> | €103,666<br /> |-<br /> | United Kingdom<br /> | €36,436&lt;!--do not change to other currency - the source calculated all in Euros to allow comparison--&gt;<br /> | €44,952<br /> | €60,478<br /> |-<br /> | United Kingdom – top universities<br /> | €39,855<br /> | €45,235<br /> | €84,894<br /> |-<br /> | Germany<br /> | €33,182<br /> | €42,124<br /> | €47,894<br /> |-<br /> | France<br /> | €24,686<br /> | €30,088<br /> | €38,247<br /> |-<br /> | Netherlands<br /> | €34,671<br /> | €42,062<br /> | €50,847<br /> |-<br /> | Switzerland<br /> | €78,396<br /> | €89,951<br /> | €101,493<br /> |-<br /> | Belgium<br /> | €32,540<br /> | €37,429<br /> | €42,535<br /> |-<br /> | Sweden<br /> | €30,005<br /> | €35,783<br /> | €42,357<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | Norway<br /> <br /> | €34,947<br /> <br /> | €37,500<br /> | €45,113&lt;!--do not add entries without adding a source that uses the same estimation method for the same year--&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Research professor ==<br /> In a number of countries, the title &quot;research professor&quot; refers to a professor who is exclusively or mainly engaged in research, and who has few or no teaching obligations. For example, the title is used in this sense in the [[United Kingdom]] (where it is known as a research professor at some universities and professorial research fellow at some other institutions) and in [[northern Europe]]. A research professor is usually the most senior rank of a research-focused career pathway in those countries and is regarded as equal to the ordinary full professor rank. Most often they are permanent employees, and the position is often held by particularly distinguished scholars; thus the position is often seen as more prestigious than an ordinary full professorship. The title is used in a somewhat similar sense in the [[Professors in the United States#Research professor|United States]], with the exception that research professors in the United States are often not permanent employees and often must fund their salary from external sources,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bu.edu/handbook/appointments-and-promotions/classification-of-ranks-and-titles/ Classification of Ranks and Titles].&lt;/ref&gt; which is usually not the case elsewhere.<br /> <br /> == In fiction ==<br /> {{Main list|List of fictional professors}}<br /> <br /> Traditional fictional portrayals of professors, in accordance with a [[stereotype]], are shy, [[Absent-minded professor|absent-minded]] individuals often lost in thought. In many cases, fictional professors are socially or physically awkward. Examples include the 1961 film ''[[The Absent-Minded Professor]]'' or [[Professor Calculus]] of ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]'' stories. Professors have also been portrayed as being misguided into an evil pathway, such as Professor Metz, who helped [[Bond villain]] [[Ernst Stavro Blofeld|Blofeld]] in the film ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]''; or simply evil, like [[Professor Moriarty]], [[archenemy]] of British detective [[Sherlock Holmes]]. The modern animated series ''[[Futurama]]'' has [[Professor Hubert Farnsworth]], a typical absent-minded but genius-level professor. A related stereotype is the [[mad scientist]].<br /> <br /> [[Vladimir Nabokov]], author and professor of [[English studies|English]] at [[Cornell University|Cornell]], frequently used professors as the [[protagonist]]s in his novels. Professor [[Henry Higgins (character)|Henry Higgins]] is a main character in [[George Bernard Shaw]]'s play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]''. In the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series, set at the wizard school [[Hogwarts]], the teachers are known as professors, many of whom play important roles, notably Professors [[Dumbledore]], [[Minerva McGonagall|McGonagall]] and [[Severus Snape|Snape]]. In the board game ''[[Cluedo]]'', Professor Plum has been depicted as an absent-minded academic. [[Christopher Lloyd]] played Plum's [[Clue (film)|film]] counterpart, a [[psychologist]] who had an affair with one of his patients.<br /> <br /> Since the 1980s and 1990s, various stereotypes were re-evaluated, including professors. Writers began to depict professors as just normal human beings and might be quite well-rounded in abilities, excelling both in intelligence and in physical skills. An example of a fictional professor not depicted as shy or absent-minded is [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]], a professor as well as an [[archeologist]]-[[adventurer]], who is skilled at both scholarship and fighting. The popularity of the ''[[Indiana Jones]]'' movie franchise had a significant impact on the previous stereotype, and created a new archetype which is both deeply knowledgeable and physically capable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hiscock |first=Peter |date=2012 |title=Cinema, Supernatural Archaeology, and the Hidden Human Past |journal=Numen |volume=59 |issue=2/3 |pages=156–177 |doi=10.1163/156852712X630761 |jstor=23244957 |issn=0029-5973}}&lt;/ref&gt; The character generally referred to simply as [[The Professor (Gilligan's Island)|the Professor]] on the television [[sitcom]] series, ''[[Gilligan's Island]]'', although described alternatively as a high-school science teacher or research scientist, is depicted as a sensible advisor, a clever inventor, and a helpful friend to his fellow [[castaway]]s. [[John Houseman]]'s portrayal of law school professor Charles W. Kingsfield, Jr., in ''[[The Paper Chase (film)|The Paper Chase]]'' (1973) remains the [[epitome]] of the strict, authoritarian professor who demands perfection from students. [[Annalise Keating]] (played by [[Viola Davis]]) from the [[American Broadcasting Company]] (ABC) [[legal drama]] [[Mystery (fiction)|mystery]] television series ''[[How to Get Away with Murder]]'' is a [[law]] professor at the fictional Middleton University.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abc.go.com/shows/how-to-get-away-with-murder/cast/annalise-keating|title=Viola Davis as Annalise Keating|website=ABC|publisher=[[The Walt Disney Company]]|access-date=21 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Early in the series, Annalise is a self-sufficient and confident woman, respected for being a great law professor and a great lawyer, feared and admired by her students,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/how-to-get-away-with-murder-pilot-1798181412|title=How To Get Away With Murder: &quot;Pilot&quot;|last=Kumari Upadhyaya|first=Kayla|date=25 September 2014|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|access-date=21 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; whose image breaks down as the series progresses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/a-new-lie-has-consequences-for-everyone-on-how-to-get-a-1798185361|title=A new lie has consequences for everyone on How To Get Away With Murder|last=Kumari Upadhyaya|first=Kayla|date=23 October 2015|website=The A.V. Club|access-date=21 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sandra Oh stars as an English professor, Ji-Yoon Kim, recently promoted to the role of department chair in the 2021 Netflix series ''[[The Chair (2021 TV series)|The Chair]].'' The series includes her character's negotiation of liberal arts campus politics, in particular issues of racism, sexism, and social mores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dettmar |first=Kevin |date=2 September 2021 |title=What 'The Chair' Gets Unexpectedly Right About the Ivory Tower |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2021/09/netflixs-chair-celebrates-common-professor/619946/ |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mysterious, older men with magical powers (and unclear academic standing) are sometimes given the title of &quot;Professor&quot; in literature and theater. Notable examples include [[Professor X]] in the [[X-Men]] franchise, Professor Marvel in ''The Wizard of Oz''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032138/ |title=The Wizard of Oz (1939)|publisher=IMDb|access-date=16 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Professor Drosselmeyer (as he is sometimes known) from the ballet ''[[The Nutcracker]]''. Also, the magician played by Christian Bale in the film ''[[The Prestige]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0482571/ |title=The Prestige (2006)|publisher=IMDb|access-date=16 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; adopts 'The Professor' as his [[stage name]]. A variation of this type of non-academic professor is the &quot;crackpot inventor&quot;, as portrayed by Professor Potts in the film version of ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]'' or the Jerry Lewis-inspired ''[[Professor Frink]]'' character on ''[[The Simpsons]]''. Other professors of this type are the thoughtful and kind Professor Digory Kirke of [[C. S. Lewis]]'s ''[[Chronicles of Narnia]]''.<br /> <br /> == Non-academic usage ==<br /> The title has been used by [[comedian]]s, such as &quot;Professor&quot; [[Irwin Corey]] and [[Soupy Sales]] in his role as &quot;The Big Professor&quot;. In the past, [[pianist]]s in [[Western saloon|saloons]] and other rough environments have been called &quot;professor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930955,00.html |title=Music: Machines &amp; Musicians |magazine=Time |date=30 August 1937 |access-date=9 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417042553/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,930955,00.html |archive-date=17 April 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[puppeteer]] of a [[Punch and Judy]] show is also traditionally known as &quot;[[Punch and Judy|Professor]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 August 2008|title=A working life: The Punch and Judy man|url=http://www.theguardian.com/money/2008/aug/23/workandcareers4|access-date=29 August 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}<br /> <br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Aside from such examples in the performing arts, one apparently novel example is known where the title of professor has latterly been applied to a college appointee with an explicitly &quot;non-academic role&quot;, which seems to be primarily linked to claims of &quot;strategic importance&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 August 2021|title=REINFORCEMENTS!|url=https://www.union.ac.uk/discover/news-events/blog/102/reinforcements|access-date=29 August 2021|website=Union Theological College, Belfast|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Academic discipline]]<br /> * [[Adjunct professor]]<br /> * [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|''Sacrae Theologiae Professor'']] (S.T.P.) – degree now awarded as S.T.D. or [[Doctor of Divinity]] (D.D.)<br /> * ''[[Emeritus]]''<br /> * [[Habilitation]]<br /> * [[Scholarly method]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|Professors}}<br /> * {{Wikiquote-inline}}<br /> * {{Wiktionary-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {{Academic positions}}<br /> {{Academic degrees}} &lt;!--- Sacra Theologiae Professor, and others ---&gt;<br /> {{Social class}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Academic ranks]]<br /> [[Category:Education and training occupations]]<br /> [[Category:Professorships| ]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anjana_Singh&diff=467911 2026-02-06T05:38:14Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Bhojpuri actress}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Anjana Singh<br /> | image = Anjana Singh.jpg<br /> | alt = Anjana Singh<br /> | caption = Anjana Singh in 2019<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1990|8|7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday, Anjana Singh: Rani Chatterjee, Aamrapali Dubey, and others wish the birthday girl |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/happy-birthday-anjana-singh-rani-chatterjee-aamrapali-dubey-and-others-wish-the-birthday-girl/articleshow/77408898.cms |accessdate=13 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=अंजना सिंह और मणि भट्टाचार्य की धमाकेदार एंट्री, 'हे छठी मईया हमार मनसा पुरईह' का ट्रेलर छाया इंटरनेट पर! - ख़बर हर दिन |url=https://www.khabarhardin.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/anjana-singh-and-mani-bhattacharyas-explosive-entry-hey-chhathi-maiya-hamar-mansa-puriyeh-trailer-hits-the-internet/ |work=www.khabarhardin.com |date=22 October 2024 |language=hi-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = [[Actress]]<br /> | years_active = 2012–present<br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Love Aur Rajneeti]]''|''[[Nagraj]]''|''[[Sanki Daroga]]''}}<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Yash Kumarr]]|2013|2018|end=div.}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/bhojpuri/article/bhojpuri-actor-yash-kumar-personal-life-story-to-anjana-singh-divorce-and-nidhi-jha-marriage/437673|title=Yash Kumar Story: अंजना से शादी और तलाक के बाद निधि से दोबारा शादी तक, जानें भोजपुरी स्टार यश कुमार की कहानी|date=2 September 2022 |access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Anjana Singh''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress. She mainly works in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] films and television serials. She made her on-screen debut with ''Ek Aur Faulad'' (2012) and her [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] television debut was ''Bhag Na Bache Koi''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=2 साल में 25 फिल्में साइन कर बना चुकी हैं रिकॉर्ड, अब बॉलीवुड में जलवा दिखाएंगी अंजना सिंह |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/%e2%80%8bbhojpuri-actress-anjana-singh-record-and-her-hot-photos-on-birthday/1492218/ |accessdate=13 August 2020 |work=Jansatta |date=10 August 2020 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='उसे एड्स है, दूर रहना उससे..', जब इस एक्ट्रेस के लिए पीठ पीछे बोली जाती थी ऐसी बातें |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/picture-gallery/actress-anjana-singh-struggling-days-when-people-call-her-aids-patient/1468680/ |accessdate=13 August 2020 |work=Jansatta |date=15 July 2020 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Exclusive! 'Right now, the only thing that matters is work because several people are facing a lack of money,' says Anjana Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/exclusive-right-now-the-only-thing-that-matters-is-work-because-several-people-are-facing-a-lack-of-money-says-anjana-singh/articleshow/76567613.cms |accessdate=13 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> Her latest video Radhe Radhe track on trading on the occasion of Lord Krishna Janmashtami.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=पवन सिंह काजल राघवानी का जन्माष्टमी स्पेशल भोजपुरी गीत 'राधे राधे' |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/bhojpuri/janmashtami-special-pawan-singh-kajal-raghwani-anjana-singh-rakesh-mishra-bhojpuri-song-radhe-radhe/videoshow/77499417.cms |accessdate=13 August 2020 |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film <br /> ! Co-actors!! Language<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''Ek Aur Faulad'' <br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''Lahoo Ke Do Rang'' <br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2012 || ''Lawarish'' <br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2012 || ''Kaisan Piyawa Ke Charitar Ba'' <br /> | || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> |''Dil Le Gai Odhaniya Wali''<br /> |[[Khesari Lal Yadav]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Raja Ji I Love You''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Saansar''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Truck Driver''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Vardiwala Gunda''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Dildar Sawariya''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Tuhi To Meri Jan Hai Radha''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Hathkadi'' <br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Lahoo Pukarela''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Khoon Bhari Hamaar Maang''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Andhi Toofan''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Ek Nirahua Sarfira''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Baba Rangeela''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Pyar Mohabat Zindabad''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Dil Lagal Duppata Wali Se''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Dil Le Gai Odhganiya Wali''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Bihari Rikshawala''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Garda''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Ladaai''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Katta Tanal Dupatta Par''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Karela KLamal Dhartiu Ke Lal''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2014 || ''Kachche Dhaage''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''Bahurani''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''Lagi Tohse Lagan''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''Ei Kaisan Pyar''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''Hasina Maan Jayegi''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''Gola Barood''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2015 || ''HamSe BadhKar Kaun''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Ballia Ke Dabangai''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Beta''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Mokama 0 KM''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahi''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Dabang Aashiq''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Khiladi''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Hero GamchaWala''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Doodh Ka Karz''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Love Aur Rajneeti''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Jouthi Tu Sethi Mu''<br /> | || [[Oriya language|Oriya]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''Rani Dilbarjani''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Gundey Hai Hum''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Gundey''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Rangila''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Jigar''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Tere Jaise Yaar Kaha''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Trishool''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''Sherdil Ghatak''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Nagraj]]''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''[[Sanki Daroga]]''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Badrinath''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Khuddar''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Shiva Banal Don''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Munna Mawali''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Badla Hindustani Ka''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Maai Ke Biruwa''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2018 || ''Shahenshah''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''Maine Unko Sajan Chun Liya'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Raja Ji Chal Gayele Sata Mein... पर अंजना सिंह ने जमकर लगाए ठुमके, देखें वीडियो |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/videos/bhojpuri/anjana-singh-bhojpuri-song-raja-ji-chal-gayele-sata-mein-movie-maine-unko-sajan-chun-liya-1-3983552 |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''Bitiya Chhati Mai Ke''<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2024|| ''ghar ki malkin'' <br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2019 || ''Saiyaan Ji Dagabaaz'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Nirahua, Anjana Singh starrer 'Saiyaan Ji Dagabaaz' trailer unveiled — Watch |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/dinesh-lal-yadav-aka-nirahua-anjana-singh-starrer-saiyaan-ji-dagabaaz-trailer-unveiled-watch-2180642.html |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]<br /> |-<br /> | 2020|| ''Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki 2'' <br /> | || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Kadam Paida Karne Wali Ki 2' trailer to be out on THIS date, Nidhi Jha reveals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/kadam-paida-karne-wali-ki-2-trailer-to-be-out-on-this-date-nidhi-jha-reveals/articleshow/77501719.cms |accessdate=13 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Anjana Singh shares a throwback photo from her beach day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/anjana-singh-shares-a-throwback-photo-from-her-beach-day/articleshow/77146339.cms |accessdate=13 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Anjana Singh and Yash Kumar collaborate for 'Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/anjana-singh-and-yash-kumar-collaborate-for-kasam-paida-karne-wale-ki-2/articleshow/72884667.cms |accessdate=13 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Awards and nominations==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Ceremony<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Reference<br /> |-<br /> || [[International Bhojpuri Film Awards]] show [[London]]<br /> | Best Actress Viewers Choice<br /> | 2017<br /> |<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Best actress viewers choice award in london |url=https://www.channeleyenews.com/2017/08/01/anjana-singh-gets-best-actress-viewers-choice-award-in-london/ |accessdate=12 April 2018 |website=channeleyenews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || [[International Bhojpuri Film Awards]] show [[Malaysia]]<br /> | Best Actress<br /> | 2018<br /> | ''Jigar''<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/bhojpuri/international-bhojpuri-film-awards-2018-check-out-the-list-of-winners-2126960.html |title=International Bhojpuri Film Awards 2018: Check out the list of winners |work=Zee News |date=23 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Bhojpuri cinema actresses]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> *{{IMDb name|7491231}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Anjana}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Lucknow]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:1990 births]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> <br /> {{India-screen-actor-stub}}</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiyasha_Lepcha&diff=541599 2026-02-05T18:16:22Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Bengali television actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Tiyasha Lepcha<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Tiyasha Lepcha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='Krishnakoli' spreads awareness on precautionary measures to fight Corona |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/krishnakoli-spreads-awareness-on-precautionary-measures-to-fight-corona/articleshow/76398715.cms |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=16 June 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|08|16|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = ''[[Krishnakoli]]'' (2018)&lt;br&gt;[[Roshnai]] (2024)<br /> | occupation = [[Actress]]<br /> | television = <br /> | spouse = {{marriage|Suban Roy|2018|2022|end=div}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The lead actress of Krishnakali is married to a tele-actor |url=https://ebela.in/amp/the-lead-actress-of-krishnakali-is-married-to-a-tele-actor-dgtl-1.777305 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=ebela}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Krishnakoli fame Tiyasha and Suban Roy get divorced - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/krishnakoli-fame-tiyasha-and-suban-roy-get-divorced/articleshow/90195750.cms |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tiyasha Lepcha'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 November 2021 |title=Tiyasha Roy: লাল টুকটুকে শর্ট ড্রেসে তুমুল নাচ 'কৃষ্ণকলি' শ্যামার, হু হু করে ভাইরাল ভিডিও |url=https://www.sangbadsafar.com/entertrainment/tiyasha-roy-danced-in-red-short-dress-viral-video/ |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=Sangbad Safar |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 16 August 1999)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Tiyasha Roy aka Shyama turns 21 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/krishnakoli-aka-tiyasha-roy-turns-21/articleshow/77590571.cms |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=17 August 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a Bengali Indian television actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 July 2021 |title=Tiyasha Roy: অন ক্যামেরার সামনে খোলামেলা পোশাকে 'Super Hot' শ্যামা, অভিনেত্রীর শরীরী আবেদনে ফিদা সাইবারবাসীরা, রইল ভিডিও |url=https://www.sangbadsafar.com/entertrainment/tiyasha-roy-in-short-dress-on-front-camera-viral-video/ |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=Sangbad Safar |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is known for portraying the role of Shyama in the Bengali television series ''[[Krishnakoli]]'' and the titular role of in the [[Star Jalsha]] television drama series ''Roshnai''.&lt;ref name =&quot;krishnakoli&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Neel Bhattacharya-Tiyasha Roy starrer 'Krishnakoli' tops the TRP charts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/neel-bhattacharya-tiyasha-roy-starrer-krishnakoli-tops-the-trp-charts/articleshow/80057266.cms |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> Tiyasha started her career in television as a lead actress. In 2018, she started acting in Bengali television series ''[[Krishnakoli]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bhanja |first1=Sandipta |title=Krishnakali famed Tiyasha Roy's exclusive interview with Sangbad Pratidin |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/coffee-house/krishnakali-famed-tiyasha-roys-exclusive-interview-with-sangbad-pratidin/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=Sangbad Pratidin |date=13 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series aired on [[Zee Bangla]] and it completed 1202 episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Neel Bhattacharya-Tiyasha Roy starrer 'Krishnakoli' completes 800 episodes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/neel-bhattacharya-tiyasha-roy-starrer-krishnakoli-completes-800-episodes/articleshow/79425844.cms |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=26 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Tiyasha was married to Suban Roy from 2018 to 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 September 2019 |title=পুজোর মধ্যেই বিবাহবার্ষিকী তিয়াসা-সুবানের |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tiyasha-suban-bengali-tele-couple-to-celebrate-2nd-annniversary-during-puja-146066/ |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=Indian Express Bangla}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == TV shows ==<br /> '''Regular shows'''<br /> * ''[[Krishnakoli]]'' as Shyama Chowdhury (''[[Zee Bangla]]'') (2018-2022)&lt;ref name=&quot;krishnakoli&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Bangla Medium]]'' as Indira Sarkar Chatterjee ''([[Star Jalsha]]) (2022-2023)''<br /> * ''Ramprasad'' as Rani Bhavani ''([[Star Jalsha]]) (2024)''<br /> * ''[[Roshnai]]'' as Roshnai Ganguly ''([[Star Jalsha]]) (2024-2025)'' (replacement of Anushka Goswami)<br /> * ''[[Anurager Chhowa]]'' (Season 2) as Poroma ''([[Star Jalsha]]) (2025-)''<br /> <br /> '''Mahalaya'''<br /> <br /> * ''Shaktirupeno'' as Debi Rankini Kali. ([[Zee Bangla]] Mahalaya) (2018)<br /> * ''12 Maashe 12 Rupe Debiboron'' as Debi Sankatnashini. ([[Zee Bangla]] Mahalaya) (2019)<br /> * ''Durga Soptosoti Sambhavami Yuge Yuge'' as Debi Roktodontika. ([[Zee Bangla]] Mahalaya) (2020)<br /> * ''Nanarupe Mahamaya'' as Debi Kaushiki. ([[Zee Bangla]] Mahalaya) (2021)<br /> * ''Ya Chandi'' as Debi Kaushiki. ([[Star Jalsha]] Mahalaya) (2022)<br /> <br /> '''Television Shows'''<br /> <br /> * ''[[Dadagiri Unlimited|Dadagiri]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Team 'Krishnakoli' has a blast with 'Dadagiri Unlimited Season 8' host Sourav Ganguly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/team-krishnakoli-has-a-blast-with-dadagiri-unlimited-season-8-host-sourav-ganguly/articleshow/70363214.cms |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''appeared as a contestant ([[Zee Bangla]])''<br /> * ''[[Didi No. 1|Didi No 1]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 July 2020 |title=Didi No. 1 to welcome Krishnakoli family |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/didi-no-1-to-welcome-krishnakoli-family/articleshow/77142908.cms |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; - ''appeared as a contestant ([[Zee Bangla]])''<br /> * ''[[Rannaghor]] - appeared as a Host ([[Zee Bangla]])''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=24 January 2022 |title=Tiyasha Roy In Rannaghar: এবার নয়া ভূমিকায় 'কৃষ্ণকলি'- তিয়াশা! দায়িত্ব পেলেন 'রান্নাঘর'-র |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/television/photo/krishnokoli-fame-tiyasha-roy-aka-shyama-host-rannaghar-famous-cookery-show-sudipa-chatterjee-special-set-episodes-soc-336728-2022-01-24 |work=[[Aaj Tak]] বাংলা |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Award<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Name<br /> ! {{Refh}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2019<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2019<br /> | Sera Juti<br /> | Shyama-Nikhil<br /> |-<br /> | Sera Bou<br /> | Shyama<br /> |-<br /> | Tele Academy Awards<br /> | Best Couple<br /> |As ''Shyama'' in ''[[Krishnakoli]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=সংবাদদাতা |first1=নিজস্ব |title=টেলি অ্যাকাডেমি অ্যাওয়ার্ড-এ শ্রেষ্ঠ সিরিয়াল 'ফাগুন বউ', জনপ্রিয়তম সিরিয়াল 'কৃষ্ণকলি' |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/tele-academy-award-2019-check-out-the-winner-list-dgtl-1.1042011 |work=anandabazar.com |publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=6 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=MP |first1=Team |title=Most people watch more serials than news: CM |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/most-people-watch-more-serials-than-news-cm-373154 |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=millenniumpost.in |date=6 September 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2020<br /> | ZBFG Award<br /> | Favorite Actress&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Zee Bangla Fanbase category)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |''[[Krishnakoli]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=নতুন বছর পড়তেই সুখবর 'শ্যামা'র জীবনে, আনন্দে আত্মহারা 'কৃষ্ণকলি'র তিয়াশা |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/bengali-cinema/krishnakoli-actress-tiyasha-roy-bags-the-all-time-favorite-actress-award-by-fans-adb-qn1gji |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |date=16 January 2021 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2020<br /> | Sera Juti<br /> | Shyama-Nikhil<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2021<br /> | Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2021<br /> | Sera Bouma<br /> | Shyama<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ditipriya-bagged-best-actress-award-swastika-has-3-golden-trophies-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners-in-zee-bangla-sonar-sonsar-2021-31614337259021.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301142748/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/ditipriya-bagged-best-actress-award-swastika-has-3-golden-trophies-check-out-the-full-list-of-winners-in-zee-bangla-sonar-sonsar-2021-31614337259021.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 March 2021 | title=সোনার সংসার ২০২১: বাজিমাত কৃষ্ণকলির, সেরা নায়িকা 'রানিমা', ৩টে পুরস্কার রাধিকার!| date=26 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/throwback-thursday-when-krishnakolis-tiyasha-roy-gets-emotional-recalling-her-first-zee-bangla-sonar-sansar-award/amp/| title=Throwback Thursday: When Krishnakoli's Tiyasha Roy gets emotional recalling her first Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Award}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2021<br /> | Sera Juti<br /> | Shyama-Nikhil<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | Zee Bangla Sonar Sansar Awards 2022<br /> | Sonar Sodosso<br /> | Shyama<br /> |-<br /> | 2023<br /> |Tele Academy Awards 2023<br /> | Sera Juti<br /> | Indira-Bikram<br /> |-<br /> | 2025<br /> |Tele Academy Awards 2025<br /> | Best Actress<br /> | Roshnai<br /> |-<br /> | 2025<br /> |Tele Academy Awards 2025<br /> | Priyo Bon<br /> | Poroma<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lepcha, Tiyasha}}<br /> [[Category:Bengali actresses]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1999 births]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-tv-actor-stub}}</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurumba_painting&diff=511280 2026-02-04T07:27:06Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Prehistoric tribal art form in India}}<br /> [[File:Kurumbar Tribe Painting.jpg|alt=Kurumbar painting (2017)|thumb|Kurumba painting (2017)]]<br /> <br /> '''Kurumba painting''', or '''Kurumbar''' '''painting''', is a [[prehistoric art]] form utilizing painting that depict aspects of tribal [[Kurumba people (India)|Kurumba]] life in the [[Nilgiri Mountains]], located in modern-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar-2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Ajit |last2=Varman |first2=Raj K. |last3=Tiwary |first3=Sachin Kr. |date=July 30, 2017 |title=A Reappraisal of Rock‐art at Vellarikombi and its Kurumba Association and Continuity |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume5/15.pdf |journal=Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=5 |pages=244–260|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105092019/https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume5/15.pdf|archive-date=January 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The New Indian Express-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 12, 2013 |title=If only stick figures could talk! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2013/Sep/12/if-only-stick-figures-could-talk-515763.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rozwadowski-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rozwadowski |first=Andrzej |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Visual_Culture_Heritage_and_Identity_Usi/fTY0EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1 |title=Visual Culture, Heritage and Identity: Using Rock Art to Reconnect Past and Present |last2=Hampson |first2=Jamie |date=June 17, 2021 |publisher=[[Archaeopress Publishing Ltd]]. |isbn=978-1-78969-847-3 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The earliest documented reference to the continuity of Kurumba paintings on dwelling structures in the Nilgiris dates to 1871–1872, reported by [[James Wilkinson Breeks]] in 1873.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breeks-1873&quot;&gt;Breeks, J. W. (1873), ''An Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nilgris'', [[W. H. Allen &amp; Co.|W.H.Allen &amp; Co.]], London, p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ravi-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ravi |first=Vijayalakshmi |last2=John |first2=R. Sheela |date=2024 |title=Unveiling the History and Symbolism of Languishing Kurumba paintings |url=https://www.afjbs.com/issue-content/unveiling-the-history-and-symbolism-of-languishing-kurumba-paintings-7348 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=African Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol. 6, No.15 |doi=10.48047/AFJBS.6.15.2024.3112-3132}}&lt;/ref&gt; These visual representations are historically linked to prehistoric and [[Neolithic]] rock art, estimated to be over 3,000 years old, discovered at the Jackanarai and Eluthu Paarai archaeological sites in the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu in 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rozwadowski-2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Premkumar |first=Rohan |date=April 14, 2023 |title=Another ancient rock art site discovered in the Nilgiris, local Kurumba tribe may have cultural link to it, say experts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/another-ancient-rock-art-site-discovered-in-the-nilgiris-local-kurumba-tribe-may-have-cultural-link-to-it-say-experts/article66737015.ece |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manjunath-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manjunath |first=M. R. |last2=Angadi |first2=Jagadish |date=May 29, 2021 |title=A 3,000-year-old art form on the path of revival |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/a-3000-year-old-art-form-on-the-path-of-revival-991373.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Durai-2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Durai |first=Nagarajan R. |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Alu Kurumbas’ tribal art depicts their connection with nature |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/alu-kurumbas-tribal-art-depicts-their-connection-with-nature/article66751386.ece |access-date= |website=Frontline, [[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=October 11, 2012 |title=A chronicle of the Kurumbas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/A-chronicle-of-the-Kurumbas/article12553617.ece |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The earliest documented evidence attesting to the continuity of Kurumba paintings on dwelling structures in the Nilgiris can be traced to the period of 1871–1872, as recorded by [[James Wilkinson Breeks]] in his 1873 account.&lt;ref name=&quot;Breeks-1873&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ravi-2024&quot; /&gt; His observations provide one of the first historical references to the sustained practice of this artistic tradition, indicating its established presence within Kurumba domestic and cultural life during the late nineteenth century.These paintings, depicting animals and human figures, were executed on whitewashed surfaces using charcoal and red earth. <br /> <br /> An ancient rock art site was later discovered near Jackanarai village in the Nilgiris, featuring approximately 40 abstract red-ochre paintings. Archaeologists suggest that these artworks may have cultural connections to the local Kurumba community. Eluthu Paarai is another significant rock art site in the Nilgiris district, located in the [[Kotagiri|Kothagiri]] region. Discovered in 1984 by American anthropologist [[Allen Zackerel]], the site contains rock art estimated to be around 3,000 years old. Archaeologists identify these paintings as prehistoric, belonging primarily to the Neolithic period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar-2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Durai-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Jeyalakshmi |date=May 4, 2025 |title=When every rock tells an artistic story |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2025/May/04/when-every-rock-tells-an-artistic-story |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Iconography and materials==<br /> A defining characteristic of Kurumba painting is the exclusive use of natural pigments sourced from the local environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar-2017&quot; /&gt; These naturally derived colors not only impart a distinctive aesthetic to the art form but also demonstrate indigenous knowledge of local plant resources and sustainable material practices. The continued use of such pigments reinforces the cultural authenticity and ecological significance of Kurumba painting traditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Durai-2023&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lifestyle set in art |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/lifestyle-set-art-2294504 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kurumba paintings predominantly depict themes rooted in the community’s everyday life, cultural practices, and close interaction with the natural environment of the Nilgiris. The imagery commonly includes scenes of forests and wildlife, traditional dwellings constructed from leaves and wood, women engaged in drying food grains, and men involved in honey gathering. Social and ceremonial aspects of Kurumba life—such as weddings and ritual observances—are also frequently represented. In addition, elements of domestic livelihood, including earthen pens for rearing hens, and portrayals of wild animals moving through forested landscapes, together form a visual narrative that reflects the ecological, social, and cultural worldview of the Kurumba people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rozwadowski-2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ravi-2024&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Revival of Kurumba art==<br /> Krishnan, from Velaricombai, a Kurumba settlement in the [[Nilgiris district]], is widely credited with revitalizing Kurumba artistic traditions through his cloth paintings and a painting career spanning more than three decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;The New Indian Express-2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Manjunath-2021&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Premkumar |first=Rohan |date=April 14, 2025 |title=The paints cure as renowned tribal artist ‘Kitna’ passes away in the Nilgiris |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/the-paints-cure-as-renowned-tribal-artist-kitna-passes-away-in-the-nilgiris/article69448555.ece |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2026, the [[Government of India]] posthumously awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in the category of Art and Culture to Krishnan for his contributions to indigenous art. His work was inspired by ancient rock art and employed organic pigments derived from natural materials collected from forest environments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. Senthil |date=February 1, 2026 |title=Kurumba art wins Padma Shri, TN artist’s family lives in penury |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Feb/01/kurumba-art-wins-padma-shri-tn-artists-family-lives-in-penury |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-01-25 |title=Adivasi artist R. Krishnan posthumously awarded Padma Shri |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/adivasi-artist-r-krishnan-posthumously-awarded-padma-shri/article70550043.ece |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India<br /> }}<br /> * [[Cave paintings in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{India topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kurumba paintings}}<br /> [[Category:Indian painting| ]]<br /> [[Category:Art in Tamil Nadu|painting]]<br /> [[Category:Prehistoric art]]<br /> [[Category:Ancient Indian art]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seethampeta,_Parvathipuram_Manyam&diff=533942 2026-01-30T07:55:30Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Seethampeta<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = te<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|18|43|04|N|83|46|44|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br /> | parts = Seethampeta<br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 532443<br /> | registration_plate = AP <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh .2825.29|Lok Sabha constituency]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Araku (ST) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Araku (ST)]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Assembly constituency]]<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Palakonda (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Palakonda (ST)]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:NTR_adventure_Park,_seethampeta,_srikakulam_district,_main_gate_view.jpg | thumb | right | alt=Photograph of many people standing underneath a blue arch that is across the entrance to the park. The name of the park is written on the arch in white letters. | Entrance to the NTR Adventure Park, an attraction in Seethampeta]]<br /> '''Seethampeta''' is a village in the [[Parvathipuram Manyam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Seethammapeta|Seethampeta]] [[mandal]] in [[Palakonda revenue division]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mandal wise list of villages in Srikakulam district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/srikakulam.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=6 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208022139/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Srikakulam.pdf|archivedate=8 December 2014|page=10|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Parvathipuram Manyam district]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bharatpur_(1825%E2%80%931826)&diff=535720 2026-01-23T19:39:29Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British victory in India}}<br /> {{for|the 1805 siege|Siege of Bharatpur (1805)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = Siege of Bharatpur<br /> | partof = <br /> | image = THE STORMING OF BHURTPOOR.jpg<br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | caption = An illustration of the siege<br /> | date = 9 December 1825 – 18 January 1826<br /> | place = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.2199|77.4954|scale:5000|display=title,inline}}<br /> | map_type = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | map_relief = Yes<br /> | latitude = <br /> | longitude = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_marksize = <br /> | map_caption = Location within [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | map_label = Bharatpur<br /> | territory = <br /> | result = British victory<br /> | combatant1 = {{flag|British Empire}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg}} [[East India Company]]<br /> | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Bharatpur.png}} [[Bharatpur State]]<br /> | commander1 = {{flagd|British Empire}} [[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|Lord Combermere]]&lt;br&gt;{{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg}} [[Michael Childers]]<br /> | strength1 = 27,000&lt;ref name=:1&gt;Clodfelter, Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007, 2008, p. 237.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | strength2 = 25,000&lt;ref name=:1/&gt;<br /> | casualties1 = 1,050&lt;ref name=:1/&gt;<br /> | casualties2 = 19,000&lt;ref name=:1/&gt;<br /> | commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Bharatpur.png}} [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur]]<br /> }}<br /> [[File:PLAN OF BHURTPOOR.jpg|thumbnail|right|Plan of Bhurtpore]]<br /> The '''siege of Bharatpur''' was a [[siege]] that took place in the Indian [[princely state]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] (now part of [[Rajasthan]]) between December 1825 and January 1826. British troops under [[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|Lord Combermere]] initially surrounded the state's capital until on 18{{nbsp}}January 1826 its fortress was stormed and captured.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> Since the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] sponsored victory at the [[Siege of Bharatpur (1805)|Siege of Bharatpur]] in 1805, Bharatpur had remained beyond British control, a situation that unnerved the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]] (EIC) in London. They met at the beginning of 1825 and sought the advice of the [[Duke of Wellington]] as to how Bharatpur could be taken. He recommended Lord Combermere for the task but was told that the Court did not consider Combermere a &quot;a man of any great genius&quot;. &quot;I don't care a damn about his genius,&quot; Wellington replied, &quot;I tell you he's the man to take Bhurtpore.&quot;{{sfn|Stapleton Cotton|Stapleton Cotton|Knollys|1866|page=30}} Accordingly, Combermere sailed to [[Calcutta]] aboard the EIC ship ''Thalia'' and after a prolonged voyage arrived on 2{{nbsp}}October 1825.{{sfn|Stapleton Cotton|Stapleton Cotton|Knollys|1866|page=39}}<br /> Meanwhile, the [[Maharaja]] of Bharatpore, [[Baldeo Singh]] died in suspicious circumstances to be succeeded by his son [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Balwant Singh]], who was only five years of age but had been officially recognised by the [[Governor-General of India]], [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|Lord Amherst]].{{sfn|Stapleton Cotton|Stapleton Cotton|Knollys|1866|page=39}} Before his death Baldeo Singh had entrusted his son to the protection of distinguished General Sir [[David Ochterlony]] who, acting on his initiative as Civil Commissioner, advanced on Bharatpore with an army from the British garrison at [[Delhi]]. When Amherst heard of the move, he sent peremptory orders to recall the troops, whereupon Ochterlony resigned.{{sfn|Grant|1885|page=573}} Amherst then appointed Combermere Commander-in-Chief.<br /> <br /> ==Siege==<br /> [[File:The Storming of Bhurtpore, 1826 - NY PWO TEMP2.jpg|thumb|The Storming of Bhurtpore, 1826]]<br /> Combermere's army was made up of two divisions of infantry, one division of regular cavalry, a brigade of irregular horse, a large train of battering ordnance, several brigades of field artillery (horse and foot), along with a corps of engineers, sappers and other requisite troops.{{sfn|Blackwoods|1828|page=446}} The fortress at Bharatpur had been erected by the [[Jat]] rulers of Bharatpur and enhanced over the years. By the time Combermere arrived it was {{convert|8|mi}} in circumference and surrounded by 35 clay and horse dung semi-circular bastions, which had been baked rock-hard by the sun. The fortress was considered impervious to artillery while its defences were enhanced by a {{convert|150|ft|adj=on}} wide and {{convert|59|ft|adj=on}} deep dry moat, which could be filled by diverting water from a nearby lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Siege of Bhurtpore 1825|url=http://horsepowermuseum.co.uk/?p=227|publisher=The Museum of the King's Royal Hussars|date=7 January 2015|access-date=4 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Combermere arrived in [[Agra]] on 1{{nbsp}}December 1825 and reached Bharatpore on the 10th. On arrival, troops were despatched to capture the reservoir to the north west of the fort to prevent the enemy flooding the area as they had done during the 1805 siege. By the middle of December the fort was surrounded by British forces with skirmishes occurring on a daily basis. The siege continued until the night of 18{{nbsp}}January when two breaches were made and mines exploded so that within two hours the fort had been stormed and taken.{{sfn|Creighton|1830|page=10-100}}<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> Following his success at Bharatpur, Lord Combermere was raised in the peerage as Viscount Combermere on 8{{nbsp}}February 1827.{{sfn|Burke|1869|page=254}} When the [[prize money]] was divided following the siege, the officers present gave the sum of £1,000 to the widows of each of the four European officers killed, and £1,000 to be divided amongst the widows and orphans of the European soldiers killed.{{sfn|Grant|1885|page=575}}<br /> <br /> For many years the 17.75-ton Bhurtpore gun,&lt;ref name=DT&gt;{{Cite news|title=Viscount Combermere|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1374349/Viscount-Combermere.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=16 November 2000|access-date=1 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; captured during the siege stood outside the [[Royal Artillery Barracks]] in Woolwich, London.{{sfn|Murray|1878|page=486}} It is now in the care of the Royal Artillery Museum at Larkhill, Wiltshire.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ;Bibliography<br /> * {{cite book|author=Blackwoods|title=Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfMAAAAAYAAJ|year=1828|publisher=William Blackwood &amp; Sons.}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire|last1=Burke|first1=Bernard|author1-link=Bernard Burke|url=https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera00inburk|year=1869|publisher=Harrison|location=London}}<br /> * {{cite book|first=James Norman|last=Creighton|title=Narrative of the siege and capture of Bhurtpore, in the province of Agra, upper Hindoostan, by the forces under the command of Lord Combermere, in the latter end of 1825, and beginning of 1826|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c16216;view=1up;seq=37;size=175|year=1830|location=London}}<br /> * {{cite book|first1=Mary Woolley|last1=Stapleton Cotton|first2=Stapleton|last2=Stapleton Cotton|author2-link=Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere|first3=William Wallingford|last3=Knollys|title=Memoirs and Correspondence of Field-marshal Viscount Combermere, from his family papers, by Mary Viscountess Combermere and W.W. Knollys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTwBAAAAQAAJ|year=1866}}<br /> * {{cite book|first1=James|last1=Grant|title=British battles on land and sea|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924091765663|year=1885}}<br /> * {{cite book|first=John|last=Murray|title=Handbook for England and Wales: Alphabetically Arranged for the Use of Travellers ...|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookforengl00firgoog|year=1878|publisher=J. Murray}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline|Siege of Bharatpur, 1825-26}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:History of Bharatpur, Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Conflicts in 1825|Bharatpur]]<br /> [[Category:Conflicts in 1826|Bharatpur]]<br /> [[Category:1825 in India]]<br /> [[Category:1826 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company|Bharatpur]]<br /> [[Category:December 1825]]<br /> [[Category:January 1826]]<br /> [[Category:Battles involving the Jats]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramtanu_Lahiri&diff=529433 2026-01-04T07:56:54Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian scholar and activist (1813–1898)}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ramtanu Lahiri<br /> | image = Ramtanu Lahiri.jpg<br /> | image_size = 120px<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = 1813<br /> | birth_place = [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]], Bengal Presidency<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|18 August 1898|1813}}<br /> | death_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal Presidency<br /> | occupation = Educationist, reformer<br /> | spouse = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ramtanu Lahiri''' (1813–1898) was a [[Young Bengal]] leader, a teacher and a social reformer. [[Peary Chand Mitra]] wrote about him, ''&quot;There are few persons in whom the milk of kindness flows so abundantly. He was never wanting in appreciation of what was right, and in his sympathy with the advanced principles.&quot;'' Sivanath Sastri's ''[[Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Bangasamaj]]'', published in 1903, was not only his biography but also an overview of Bengali society of the era, &quot;a remarkable social document on the period of the Bengal Renaissance.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Comment of Nitish Sengupta.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Young Bengal]]<br /> *''[[Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Bangasamaj]]''<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * ''[[Ramtanu Lahiri O Tatkalin Banga Samaj]]'' in Bengali by Sivanath Sastri<br /> * ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'' by Nitish Sengupta<br /> * ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) in Bengali edited by Subodh Chandra Sengupta and Anjali Bose<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Lahiri, Ramtanu |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Lahiri,_Ramtanu |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}<br /> <br /> {{Bengal Renaissance}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Lahiri, Ramtanu}}<br /> [[Category:1813 births]]<br /> [[Category:1898 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Hare School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]<br /> [[Category:People from Krishnagar]]<br /> [[Category:Brahmos]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]<br /> [[Category:Young Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Indian social workers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian social reformers]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from British India]]<br /> [[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhawaiya&diff=475505 2025-12-29T00:12:33Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Folk music from Bengal and Assam}}<br /> {{Culture of Bangladesh}}<br /> {{Music of Bangladesh}}<br /> {{Music of West Bengal}}<br /> {{Culture of Bengal}}<br /> '''Bhawaiya''' is a musical form or a popular folk music that originated in [[North Bengal|Northern Bengal]], especially the [[Rangpur Division]] in [[Bangladesh]], [[Cooch Behar district]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]], and the [[undivided Goalpara district]] of [[Assam]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpedia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rahman, Urmi. |title=Bangladesh - culture smart! : the essential guide to customs &amp; culture |date=2014 |publisher=Kuperard |isbn=978-1-85733-696-2 |pages=121 |oclc=883354783}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=A. F. Salahuddin |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Bazlul Mobin |title=Bangladesh, national culture, and heritage : an introductory reader |date=2004 |publisher=University of Michigan |isbn=984-8509-00-3 |pages=407 |oclc=56598621}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Mobarak Hossain |title=Music and its study |year=1988 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sterling Publishers |page=69 |isbn=81-207-0764-8 |oclc=18947640}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Goalpariya folk music genre (which combines both song and dance), originating in the Goalpara region of Assam, contains several characteristic yet diverse themes, principally spirituality, longing, desire, and separation. Based on these themes, the songs and dances are categorized into different groups. Two important categories of Goalpariya lokageet (the Assamese term for folk music) are bhawaiya and chatka.&quot; {{harvcol|Sarma|Monteiro|2019|p=331}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has recurrent themes of the &quot;working class&quot;, ''[[mahouts]]'', ''mahishals'' (buffalo herders), and ''gariyals'' (cart drivers). Lyrics express pangs of separation and loneliness of their womenfolk,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;(T)he popular image that the term bhawaiya still conjures up is a form of plaintive ballads that speak of love and loss and endless longing within a woman's heart.&quot; {{harvcol|Dutta|2019a}}&lt;/ref&gt; with elongated tones accentuating pain, longing and &quot;deep emotion&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvcol|Sarma|Monteiro|2019|p=332}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhawaiya is generally believed to have originated in the 16th century under [[Biswa Singha]],&lt;ref&gt;&quot;There is an approximate consensus that the origins of the form may be dated back to at least the sixteenth century, during the reign of Raja Bishwa Sinha, who established the kingdom of Koch Bihar.&quot;{{harvcol|Dutta|2019a}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has evolved into stage performances since the 1950s.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The initial set of changes started to unfold in the 1950s when the folk genre was transferred from its natural setting to the 'stage'. Although initially the performances were confined to Goalpara, gradually they began to be staged across Assam. With the technological revolution and the opening up of the economy in the 1990s, Goalpariya lokageet began entering the realm of the Internet, giving global audiences access. {{harvcol|Sarma|Monteiro|2019|p=334}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lyrics of Bhawaiya songs are non-denominational.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;(B)hawaiya developed as an integral cultural expression of the Rajbanshis, and these songs are composed in Rajbanshi (or Kamrupi or Kamtapuri), the most widely spoken Bengali dialect across this belt. Despite the influence of Brahminical Hinduism, Islam and Vaishnavism over the preceding centuries, the popular culture of these communities has retained matriarchal influences, evident from the many extant folk rituals and practices.&quot; {{harvcol|Dutta|2019a}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhawaiya is really popular during the Bengali occasion of [[Eid Al Fitr]] and [[Eid Al Adha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Alom |first1=Zahangir |title=Eid albums from Bengal |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/music/eid-albums-bengal-1586380 |work=The Daily Star |date=5 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> There are various explanations of the meaning of ''Bhawaiya''. Low-lying land with shrubs and other vegetables are called ''bhawa''. According to some researchers,'' Bhawaiya'' is derived from the word ''Bawaiya,'' which is subsequently derived from the word ''bao'' (breeze). The derivative of the word ''Bhawaiya'' is ''Bhav'' &gt; ''Bhao'' + ''Iya'' = ''Bhawaiya''; the meaning of this word is ''emotionally charged''. According to [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]], this music is like the random and pleasant wind blowing from [[North Bengal]] called Bhawaiya. According to a survey taken of performers of Bhawaiya (conducted by the Folk Cultural and Tribal Cultural Centre, [[Government of West Bengal]]), the name is derived from the word ''Bhao'', which was transformed into ''Bhav''. These songs carry a deep emotion of ''biraha'' or separation and loneliness.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[W]hen ''[[mahouts]]'' went away (often to Bhutan, which was close to Goalpara and is sometimes mentioned in the songs) to catch the elephants, they were unable to return home for six months to a year. Their wives, who stayed at home, would express the pangs of separation and loneliness through these lokageet. Hence, the element of biraha, 'deep emotion', comes out very strongly through such songs.&quot; {{harvcol|Sarma|Monteiro|2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Film==<br /> Bangladeshi film director [[Shahnewaz Kakoli]]'s movie ''[[Uttarer Sur]]'' (Northern Symphony) is based on the life of a Bhawaiya singer and tells the story about the gradual demise of this music in the northern part of Bangladesh due to poverty. The movie was screened in the 18th [[Kolkata International Film Festival]].&lt;ref name=IANS&gt;{{cite news|title=Bangladeshi filmmaker idolises Ritwik Ghatak|url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/11/13/199--Bangladeshi-filmmaker-idolises-Ritwik-Ghatak-.html|access-date=2 December 2012|newspaper=News Track India|date=Nov 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222160034/http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/11/13/199--Bangladeshi-filmmaker-idolises-Ritwik-Ghatak-.html|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Singers==<br /> {{see|List of Bhawaiya singers}}<br /> * [[Abbasuddin Ahmed]], credited with popularising Bhawaiya songs throughout Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;bpedia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Bhawaiya |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bhawaiya |publisher=[[Banglapedia]] |access-date=29 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Pratima Barua Pandey]], credited with popularizing Bhawaiya in Assam and the rest of India.<br /> * [[Papon (singer)|Papon]], credited with adapting Bhawaiya in popular music.<br /> * [[Zubeen Garg]], credited with adapting Bhawaiya in popular music.<br /> * [[Kalpana Patowary]], credited with adapting Bhawaiya in popular music.<br /> * [[Rathindranath Roy]], Bhawaiya singer of Bangladesh.<br /> * [[:bn:মহেশ চন্দ্র রায়|Mahesh Chandra Roy]], Bhawaiya singer of Bangladesh.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706223847/https://www.sahapedia.org/solitude-love-nature-culture-and-womanhood-bhawaiya-songs-0 |archive-date=6 July 2020 |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/solitude-love-nature-culture-and-womanhood-bhawaiya-songs-0 |last=Dutta |first=Soumik |date=24 December 2019a |title=The Solitude of Love: Nature, Culture and Womanhood in Bhawaiya Songs |website=Sahapedia |access-date=6 July 2020}}<br /> * {{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707012126/https://www.sahapedia.org/bhawaiya-musical-tradition-west-bengal |archive-date=7 July 2020 |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/bhawaiya-musical-tradition-west-bengal |last=Dutta |first=Soumik |date=24 December 2019b |title=The Bhawaiya Musical Tradition of West Bengal |website=Sahapedia |access-date=7 September 2020}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Sarma |first1=Simona |last2=Monteiro |title=Contemporary 'Folk' Dynamics: Shifting Visions and Meanings in the Goalpariya Folk Music of Assam |journal=Folklore |year=2019 |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=331–351 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.2019.1622923|s2cid=213283007 }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htjRzvs9BRo Documentary on Bhawaiya.]<br /> <br /> {{Folk music}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian folk music]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali folk songs]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi folk music]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali music]]<br /> [[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia&diff=485150 2025-12-28T18:35:07Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sikh chieftain}}{{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = Sardar<br /> | name = Ajit Singh Sandhawalia<br /> | image = Sardar Ajit-Singh Sandhawalia of Raja Sansi.jpg<br /> | caption = Sardar Ajit Singh Sandhawalia of Raja Sansi, ca.1840<br /> | known_for = Assassin of [[Sher Singh|Maharaja Sher Singh]]<br /> | parents = Basava Singh Sandhawalia (father)<br /> | family = [[Sandhawalia]]Jat clan<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ajit Singh Sandhawalia''' was a Sikh chieftain from the [[Sandhawalia]] Jat clan who assassinated [[Sher Singh]], the ruler of the [[Sikh Empire]], on 15 September 1843.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=2016-05-13 |title=In Lahore, overflowing garbage marks the spot where the final blow was dealt to the Sikh Empire |url=http://scroll.in/article/808042/in-lahore-overflowing-garbage-marks-the-spot-where-the-final-blow-was-dealt-to-the-sikh-empire |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> [[File:Depiction_of_Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia.jpg|thumb|Depiction of Ajit Singh Sandhawalia|left]]Ajit Singh was the son of Basava Singh Sandhawalia, a sardar from Rajasansi. <br /> <br /> After the assassination of [[Nau Nihal Singh]], the Sandhawalia clan supported [[Chand Kaur]] to become the ruler.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; But when Sher Singh forced Chand Kaur to abdicate the throne, the Sandhawalias felt cheated and refused to accept his rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gavin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqcSEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22ajit+singh+sandhawalia%22&amp;pg=PT508 |title=The Butcher of Sobraon: A Fake War and the Genocide of Khalsa |date=2020-12-21 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-6641-1385-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sandhawalias were banished from the Khalsa empire and fled to Calcutta in British India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://apnaorg.com/books/english/the-fall-of-the-kingdom-of-the-punjab/the-fall-of-the-kingdom-of-the-punjab.pdf |title=The Fall of the Kingdom of the Punjab |publisher=Penguin}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> British civil servant [[George Russell Clerk]] convinced Sher Singh to let the Sandhawalias enter the empire again. Sher Singh welcomed Ajit Singh back with open arms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sher Singh's assassination ===<br /> [[File:Depiction_of_the_assassination_of_Maharaja_Sher_Singh_by_the_Sandhawalia_Sardars.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the assassination of Maharaja Sher Singh by the [[Sandhawalia]] Sardars]]<br /> Ajit Singh killed Sher Singh after asking him to inspect a new shotgun. Ajit Singh then pulled the trigger&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2016-02-27 |title=The Raja of Rajas |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1055752/the-raja-of-rajas |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and then killed the wounded Sher Singh with his sword by cutting off his head.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> After assassinating Sher Singh, Ajit Singh and his uncle, Lahina Singh, escaped and went on to assassinate [[Dhian Singh]], the wazir of Sikh empire.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://jatchiefs.com/sardar-ajit-singh-sandhawalia-of-raja-sansi/ Ajit Singh Sandhwalia - Jatchiefs.com]<br /> <br /> {{Sikh Empire|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{Sikh-bio-stub}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Indian assassins]]<br /> [[Category:1843 deaths]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cherambane&diff=493861 2025-11-27T08:10:22Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Created New Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{AI-generated|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{orphan|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Short description|Village in Kodagu district, Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> |native_name = {{lang|kn|ಚೇರಂಬಾಣೆ}}<br /> |native_name_lang = <br /> |settlement_type = village<br /> |image_skyline = <br /> |imagesize = <br /> |image_alt = <br /> |image_caption = <br /> |etymology = <br /> |nickname = <br /> |coordinates = {{coord|12.3659941|75.6339017}}<br /> |population_total = <br /> |subdivision_type = Country<br /> |subdivision_name = India<br /> |subdivision_type1 = State<br /> |subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> |subdivision_type2 = District<br /> |subdivision_name2 = [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]]<br /> |subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]<br /> |subdivision_name3 = [[Madikeri]]<br /> |website = &lt;!-- {{Official URL}} --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> '''Cherambane''' is a village located in the [[Kodagu district]] of [[Karnataka]], India.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mapsofindia.com/pincode/india/karnataka/kodagu/cherambane.html Mapsofindia - Cherambane PIN code]&lt;/ref&gt; It lies in the western part of the state, near the Western Ghats.<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> Cherambane is located approximately 24 km from [[Madikeri]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://indiamapia.com/Kodagu/Cherambane.html IndiaMapia – Cherambane map and location]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://wikimapia.org/2712438/Cherambane-Town Wikimapia – Cherambane Town overview]&lt;/ref&gt;The terrain is hilly and surrounded by coffee estates, pepper farms, and forest areas.<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> According to the 2011 Census, Cherambane is a village located in the Madikeri taluk of Kodagu district, Karnataka. While specific population data is not individually reported, the village reflects the broader demographic patterns of the region.<br /> <br /> The primary language spoken in Cherambane is Kodava Takk, the native tongue of the Kodava community.&lt;ref&gt;[Kodava Language – Ethnologue]&lt;/ref&gt; Kannada is the official state language and is widely used in administration and education.&lt;ref&gt;[Census India – Mother Tongue 2011]&lt;/ref&gt; Minority languages include Are Bhashe, a dialect of Kannada, and Malayalam, owing to the village's proximity to the Kerala border.&lt;ref&gt;[Arebhashe: A dialect and its culture – Deccan Herald]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Most residents follow Hinduism, with minorities practicing Christianity and Islam.&lt;ref&gt;[Kodagu District Religion Data – Census 2011]&lt;/ref&gt; The literacy rate in Kodagu district is approximately 82.5%, with a male literacy rate of 87.4% and a female literacy rate of 77.6%.<br /> <br /> == Religion and culture ==<br /> Cherambane and its surrounding areas are home to several temples and sacred groves that reflect the cultural and spiritual traditions of the region.<br /> <br /> * '''Kottur Shree Gopala Krishna Temple''': Located on the Madikeri - Tala Kaveri Road, this temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna and is a significant place of worship for the local community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://us.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/kodagu/kottur-shree-gopala-krishna-temple-142478772/ | title=Kottur Shree Gopala Krishna Temple Tickets &amp;#91;2025&amp;#93; - Promos, Prices, Reviews &amp; Opening Hours }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * '''Mahavishnu Temple''': A local place of worship devoted to Lord Vishnu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://kodavaclan.com/kodaguheritage/temples-in-kodagu-2/ | title=.Temples in Kodagu | date=8 August 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition to formal temples, Cherambane is also known for its '''sacred groves''' (Devara Kadu), which are protected forest areas considered holy by the community.<br /> <br /> * '''Eeroli Bana''': Located in the nearby Thaaka village, this sacred grove is dedicated to Lord Aiyappa and covers over 800 acres. Entry is restricted, except during annual religious rituals and festivals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/Jun/17/karnataka-gods-own-forests-watch-over-kodagu-1829259.html | title=Karnataka: God's own forests watch over Kodagu | date=17 June 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The village is also mentioned in relation to [[Siddharudha Swami]] due to his visits to a local Matha.<br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> The economy of Cherambane is primarily based on agriculture, with paddy and coffee being the main crops.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Paddy cultivation hit as Kodagu battles rain deficit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Aug/17/paddy-cultivation-hit-as-kodagu-battles-rain-deficit-2606002.html |work=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kodagu – ADS – Vegetable Cultivation -2018-2023 |url=https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/careernotices/0610180452Kodagu%20%20ADS%20-%20Vegetables%20Cultivation%2027032018.pdf |publisher=NABARD}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tourism is also growing, with homestays like Cloud Valley attracting visitors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cloud Valley - Cherambane |url=https://codagu.com/about/homestays/cloud-valley-cherambane |publisher=Codagu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, locals have raised concerns about resource strain due to increased tourist activity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kodagu 7th most searched travel destination, local residents unhappy |date=28 December 2023 |url=https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/kodagu-7th-most-searched-travel-destination-local-residents-unhappy |publisher=The Kodagu Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> Cherambane is accessible by road, with regular KSRTC bus services connecting it to nearby towns such as Madikeri and Bhagamandala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Madikeri Bus Stand Timetable |url=https://ksrtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Time%20Table/MADIKERI.pdf |publisher=Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Planning a Trip to Coorg? Check KSRTC Bus Timings and Connectivity in Kodagu |date=28 January 2025 |url=https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/planning-a-trip-to-coorg-check-ksrtc-bus-timings-and-connectivity-in-kodagu |publisher=Kodagu Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The village is connected via State Highways 90 and 89, facilitating road travel from various parts of Karnataka.<br /> <br /> There is no railway station within 10 km of Cherambane; the nearest major railway stations are in Mysuru and Mangaluru.<br /> <br /> The closest airports are Mysore Airport (approximately 155 km away) and Mangalore International Airport (approximately 140 km away).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Cloud Valley Coorg - Resorts Coorg |url=https://www.resortscoorg.in/homestay/cloud-valley/ |publisher=Resorts Coorg}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> * {{cite news |date=2023-08-17 |title=Paddy cultivation hit as Kodagu battles rain deficit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2023/Aug/17/paddy-cultivation-hit-as-kodagu-battles-rain-deficit-2606002.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=The New Indian Express}} – Reports on drought affecting paddy fields in Kodagu, relevant to Cherambane.<br /> <br /> * {{cite web |title=Kodagu – Horticulture Overview |url=https://www.nabard.org/auth/writereaddata/careernotices/0610180452Kodagu%20%20ADS%20-%20Vegetables%20Cultivation%2027032018.pdf |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=NABARD}} – Government document detailing vegetable farming in Kodagu.<br /> <br /> * {{cite web |title=Economy of Coorg |url=https://codagu.com/about/economy |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Codagu.com}} – Overview of plantation economy including coffee and pepper.<br /> <br /> * {{cite web |title=Madikeri Bus Timetable |url=https://ksrtc.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/Time%20Table/MADIKERI.pdf |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=KSRTC}} – Source for bus services connecting Cherambane.<br /> <br /> * {{cite web |title=Transport in Kodagu |url=https://codagu.com/about/info/transport |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Codagu.com}} – Includes information on road, rail, and air connectivity.<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://kodavaclan.com/kodaguheritage/temples-in-kodagu-2/ Temples in Kodagu – KodavaClan]<br /> * [https://us.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/kodagu/kottur-shree-gopala-krishna-temple-142478772/ Kottur Shree Gopala Krishna Temple – Trip.com]<br /> * [https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/Jun/17/karnataka-gods-own-forests-watch-over-kodagu-1829259.html God's Own Forests – New Indian Express article on sacred groves]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Kodagu district]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chothe_Thangwai_Pakhangba&diff=450572 2025-11-19T11:31:34Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Expanded content with additional details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br /> <br /> The '''Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯣꯊꯦ ꯊꯪꯋꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯈꯪꯕ}}) is an 18th-century [[classical Meitei language]] literary work. The author addresses Vaisnava Thongnang Maya, who is identified as Meitei [[Pamheiba|King Garibniwaj]]. The story is a rare example of conjugal love in the [[ancient Moirang]] region and can be seen as the reverse of [[Nungpan Ponpi Luwaopa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Manihar Singh, Ch. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;A Glimpse of Manipuri Literary Works. N.p.: FSP Media Publications, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Lost Kingdom of Moyon (Bujuur): Iruwng (King) Kuurkam Ngoruw Moyon &amp; The People of Manipur. N.p.: Shashwat Publication, 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Birth and divine instruction ==<br /> <br /> Thangwai Koting Ahanba was the king of [[Moirang]], and Leima Thammoilengpi was his queen. She became happy when she was pregnant, but the child was lost through a natural [[abortion]]. Soraren, the god of heaven, restored the child to her womb with instructions that he should be born as her son but should not live long enough to reach any [[rite of passage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Five months later, Soraren appeared in her dream, telling her that the child she carried was His own. He instructed that the child should not be given any ordinary food or drink. After the child was born, the god appeared again, revealed His connection to the child, and named him Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and marriage ==<br /> <br /> Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba grew into a strong and graceful youth. His parents had forgotten the divine instructions. One day, he saw [[Sunulembi]], daughter of Thongnang Loikemba of [[Cachar]]i origin, and immediately fell in love with her. They were formally engaged and married in a grand ceremony.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Divine intervention ==<br /> <br /> Soraren reminded Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba in a dream of the instructions given to his parents. When Sunulembi saw him in tears, he explained that he had to leave within five days. The next morning, this was told to his parents, friends, and relatives. On the appointed day, Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba, dressed in his best clothes with Sunulembi's help, prepared for the heavenly journey. Sunulembi insisted on accompanying him. They ascended towards the sky, observed by people below.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Trials on the journey ==<br /> <br /> The couple faced several obstacles on their way to the abode of Soraren:<br /> <br /> 1. Flooded Sphere: The heavenly gate initially allowed only the husband to enter, but [[Sunulembi]] was later permitted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> 2. Swarm of Snakes: Sunulembi was allowed to proceed after her husband pleaded with the snakes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> 3. Access to Heaven: Soraren forbade the couple from staying together in heaven. He told Sunulembi to return to earth and feed her husband with heavenly food.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Sunulembi refused, threatening to die from thirst and starvation if separated. Soraren sent dangers including a wild boar, a tiger, a flood, fire, and a hill-kite, but she remained unafraid.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reunion and return ==<br /> <br /> Moved by Sunulembi's devotion, Soraren allowed her to keep her husband. He also gave Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba the sceptre of Moirang and blessed him with a long and prosperous reign. The couple returned to earth alive and joyful, and the people of [[Moirang]] welcomed them, immediately making Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba king.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Themes and significance ==<br /> <br /> The story combines fantasy with elements of realism, reflecting Moirang society of the time. Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba’s approach to love involved persuasion through friends and family rather than direct courtship. Sunulembi is portrayed as beautiful, calm, composed, and steadfast in love. Her courage and devotion are central to the story, and she is depicted as a figure comparable to legendary characters such as [[Savitri]] and [[Orpheus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Nongban Pombi Luwaoba|Nungpan Ponpi Luwaopa]]<br /> * [[Henjunaha]]<br /> * [[Savitri and Satyavan]]<br /> * [[Pativrata]]<br /> * [[Orpheus and Eurydice]]<br /> * [[Izanami]] and [[Izanagi]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Meitei mythology]]<br /> [[Category:Meitei folklore]]<br /> [[Category:Meitei literature]]<br /> [[Category:Couples]]<br /> [[Category:Romantic literature]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_Mizoram_Legislative_Assembly&diff=483698 2025-11-14T05:55:43Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 legislature of Mizoram, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> The '''9th Mizoram Legislative Assembly''' was constituted in January, 2023. It represents the northeastern state of [[Mizoram]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.mizoramassembly.in/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=www.mizoramassembly.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Election results were announced on 4 December 2023. The [[Zoram People's Movement]], which was not represented in the 8th Assembly, won a majority of seats. The 9th [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] marks the first time that more than one woman was elected to represent Mizoram since elections began in 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vital Stats |url=https://prsindia.org/legislatures/state/vital-stats/profile-of-the-9th-mizoram-legislative-assembly |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! District<br /> ! No.<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! Name&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/statewiseS161.htm |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! Remarks<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Mamit district|Mamit]]<br /> |1<br /> | [[Hachhek Assembly constituency|Hachhek]]||[[Robert Romawia Royte]] <br /> | {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|2<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Dampa Assembly constituency|Dampa]]||[[Lalrintluanga Sailo]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}<br /> | Died on 21 July 2025<br /> |-<br /> |[[R. Lalthangliana]]<br /> | Elected on 14 November 2025<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> | [[Mamit Assembly constituency|Mamit]]||[[H. Lalzirliana]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Kolasib district|Kolasib]]<br /> |4<br /> |[[Tuirial Assembly constituency|Tuirial]]<br /> |[[K. Laldawngliana]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> | [[Kolasib Assembly constituency|Kolasib]]||[[Lalfamkima]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> | [[Serlui Assembly constituency|Serlui]]||[[Lalrinsanga Ralte]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;14&quot; | [[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]<br /> |7<br /> | [[Tuivawl Assembly constituency|Tuivawl]]||[[Lalchhandama Ralte]]<br /> |[[List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Mizoram_Legislative_Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> | [[Chalfilh Assembly constituency|Chalfilh]]||[[Lalbiakzama]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement|rowspan=17}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> | [[Tawi Assembly constituency|Tawi]]||[[Lalnilawma]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> | [[Aizawl North 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl North 1]]|| [[Vanlalhlana]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> | [[Aizawl North 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl North 2]]||[[Vanlalthlana]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> | [[Aizawl North 3 Assembly constituency|Aizawl North 3]]||[[K. Sapdanga]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> | [[Aizawl East 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl East 1]]||[[Lalthansanga]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> | [[Aizawl East 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl East 2]]||[[B. Lalchhanzova]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |[[Aizawl West 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl West 1]]<br /> |[[T. B. C. Lalvenchhunga]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> | [[Aizawl West 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl West 2]]||[[Lalnghinglova Hmar]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> | [[Aizawl West 3 Assembly constituency|Aizawl West 3]]||[[V. L. Zaithanzama]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> | [[Aizawl South 1 Assembly constituency|Aizawl South 1]]||[[C. Lalsawivunga]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> | [[Aizawl South 2 Assembly constituency|Aizawl South 2]]||[[Lalchhuanthanga]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> | [[Aizawl South 3 Assembly constituency|Aizawl South 3]]||[[Baryl Vanneihsangi]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Champhai district|Champhai]]<br /> |21<br /> | [[Lengteng Assembly constituency|Lengteng]]||[[F. Rodingliana]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> | [[Tuichang Assembly constituency|Tuichang]]||[[W. Chhuanawma]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> | [[Champhai North Assembly constituency|Champhai North]]||[[H. Ginzalala]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |24<br /> | [[Champhai South Assembly constituency|Champhai South]]||[[Clement Lalhmingthanga|C. Lalhmingthanga]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> | [[East Tuipui Assembly constituency|East Tuipui]]||[[Ramthanmawia]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]<br /> |26<br /> | [[Serchhip Assembly constituency|Serchhip]]|| [[Lalduhoma]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement|rowspan=8}}<br /> |[[List of Chief Ministers of Mizoram|Chief Minister]]<br /> |-<br /> |27<br /> | [[Tuikum Assembly constituency|Tuikum]]||[[P. C. Vanlalruata]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |28<br /> | [[Hrangturzo Assembly constituency|Hrangturzo]]||[[Lalmuanpuia Punte]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]<br /> |29<br /> | [[South Tuipui Assembly constituency|South Tuipui]]||[[Jeje Lalpekhlua]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |30<br /> | [[Lunglei North Assembly constituency|Lunglei North]]||[[V. Malsawmtluanga]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |31<br /> | [[Lunglei East Assembly constituency|Lunglei East]]||[[Lalrinpuii]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |32<br /> | [[Lunglei West Assembly constituency|Lunglei West]]||[[T. Lalhlimpuia]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |33<br /> | [[Lunglei South Assembly constituency|Lunglei South]]||[[Lalramliana Papuia]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |34<br /> | [[Thorang Assembly constituency|Thorang]]||[[R. Rohmingliana]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=3}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |35<br /> | [[West Tuipui Assembly constituency|West Tuipui]]||[[Prova Chakma]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]]<br /> |36<br /> | [[Tuichawng Assembly constituency|Tuichawng]]||[[Rasik Mohan Chakma]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |37<br /> | [[Lawngtlai West Assembly constituency|Lawngtlai West]]||[[C. Ngunlianchunga]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |38<br /> | [[Lawngtlai East Assembly constituency|Lawngtlai East]]||[[Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah|L. Lalpekliana Chinzah]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Zoram People's Movement}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Siaha district|Saiha]]<br /> |39<br /> | [[Saiha Assembly constituency|Saiha]]||[[K. Beichhua]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |40<br /> | [[Palak Assembly constituency|Palak]]||[[K. Hrahmo|Pushpa K. Hrahmo]]<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> &lt;!--{{Mizoram Legislative Assembly}}--&gt; <br /> {{Current Indian assemblies}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Terms of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]<br /> [[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028| ]]<br /> [[Category:2023 establishments in Mizoram]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|Mizoram]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narva_mandal&diff=520699 2025-11-09T15:43:41Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Other uses|Narva (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{refimprove|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Narva<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Mandal<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = &lt;!--India Telangana--&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = Narayanpet<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = Hanmi Reddy<br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 509130<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 08504.....<br /> | registration_plate = TG 38<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Makthal<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = Mahaboob Nagar<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = Makthal<br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|hot]] &lt;small&gt;([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Narva''' is a [[Tehsil|Mandal]] in [[Narayanpet district]], [[Telangana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt; |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Villages==<br /> The villages in Narwa mandal include:<br /> * Bekkarapalle <br /> * Chandragad <br /> * Eklaspur <br /> * Eerladinne <br /> * Jakkannapalle <br /> * Jangamreddipalle <br /> * Kalwal <br /> * Kanmanoor <br /> * Kothapalli <br /> * Kumarlingampally <br /> * Lankal <br /> * Mittanandimalla <br /> * Nagalkadumur <br /> * Narwa<br /> * Patherched <br /> * Peddakadmoor <br /> * Raikode <br /> * Rampur <br /> * Seepur <br /> * Undekode <br /> * Yamki<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Narayanpet district|state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Telangana}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mandals in Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Narayanpet district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Telangana-geo-stub}}</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_western_India_bombings&diff=445364 2025-11-06T05:45:13Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: rd update</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[2008 Western India bombings]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_Bahadur_Gour&diff=528253 2025-11-05T15:26:19Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> [[File:Dr-Raj-Bahadur-Gour.png|thumb|Dr. Raj Bahadur Gour in 2007 (1918 - 2011)]]'''Raj Bahadur Gour''' was a freedom fighter and trade unionist. He was active with the [[Comrades Association]] and the [[Communist Party of India]], and at the forefront of the 1946–1947 [[Telangana Rebellion]] against the [[Nizam]] of the erstwhile [[Hyderabad state]]. He was founder general secretary of the [[AITUC]] affiliated All Hyderabad Trade Union Council of which [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin]] was the president. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952 while in jail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article3118.html|title=Tribute to Dr Rajbahadur Gour - Mainstream}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> <br /> Gour was born in Hyderabad on 21 July 1918. He did his MBBS from Osmania Medical college. Graduated from [[Osmania Medical College]] with a degree in medicine, demonstrating fluency in Urdu, the [[medium of instruction]] during his time. He joined the freedom struggle during his student life.{{fact|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Political activism and the Telangana armed struggle==<br /> ===From medicine to revolution===<br /> Gour was an elected member of Rajya Sabha for two terms. He who worked as city secretary of CPI during the troubled years in Hyderabad after its integration, was elected to the Central Executive Committee (CEC) of CPI in 1978. He was a prominent trade union leader. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://rajbahadurgour.blogspot.com/|title = Raj Bahadur Gour |author = Tamara Gour|date = 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gour, who championed the cause of Urdu in India, was president of All India Anjuman Taraqqui-e-Urdu for long. He has a number of Urdu books to his credit. He published memoirs as well as a collection of English articles &quot;Random Writings&quot; in English. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://rajbahadurgour.blogspot.com/|title = Raj Bahadur Gour |author = Tamara Gour|date = 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Inspired by the October Socialist Revolution and driven by a strong sense of social justice, Gour joined the &quot;Comrades Association&quot; alongside [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin]], a renowned Urdu poet and revolutionary. He became actively involved in organizing trade unions across various sectors, such as railways, road transport, mills, and collieries. These unions, like the [[APSRTC]] Employees Union and the Singareni Collieries Union, grew under his leadership, challenging the Nizam's authority and empowering workers.{{fact|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> Gour played a key role in the [[Telangana Armed Struggle]] (1946-1948), a peasant rebellion against the oppressive feudal rule of the Nizam. He rejected the &quot;Standstill Agreement&quot; between the Nizam and the Indian government, as he believed it did not address the grievances of the people. He actively mobilized support for the armed struggle, leading to his arrest and imprisonment multiple times. Despite facing hardships, his dedication to the cause remained unwavering.{{fact|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> ==Political career and public service==<br /> <br /> He participated in the anti-Nizam Struggle, built first trade unions in the Nizam state and was a close associate of Comrades Ravi Narayan Reddy and Makhdoom Mohiuddin, the heroes of Telangana Armed Struggle. He wrote the famous booklet &quot;Tri-colour shall fly over Hyderabad&quot; for integration of the Nizam state with India.<br /> <br /> Following the merger of Hyderabad with the Indian Union in 1948, Dr. Gour continued his political activism as a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI). He served as the President of the Andhra Pradesh Bank Employees Federation and the State AITUC, and was highly respected for his leadership and negotiating skills. In 1952, while still imprisoned for his role in the Telangana struggle, he was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He was re-elected for a full term later and actively advocated for the release of political prisoners and land reforms in his speeches.<br /> <br /> ===Beyond politics===<br /> <br /> Gour was a multifaceted figure who transcended the realm of politics. He was a skilled orator, often using humor and wit to connect with audiences. He was also a prolific writer, penning numerous articles and essays on contemporary political issues and workers' rights. His book, [http://www.navatelanganabooks.com/BookInfo/97641 &quot;The Tricolour will Fly over Hyderabad,&quot;] was a popular source of inspiration during the Telangana Struggle. He remained passionate about [[Urdu literature]] throughout his life.<br /> <br /> ==Later life and legacy==<br /> <br /> Gour actively participated in politics until his retirement at the age of 75. However, he always remained accessible to ordinary people, living simply in his Chikkadpalli neighborhood. He continued to donate to educational institutions and other worthy causes. Even after his death in 2011, his commitment to the public good continued as he had willed his body to the Osmania Medical College for research purposes.<br /> <br /> Gour's life is a testament to the power of unwavering conviction and selfless service. He was a tireless champion of the downtrodden, a voice for the voiceless, and a leader who led by example. His legacy continues to inspire generations of activists and remind us of the importance of fighting for social justice and a better tomorrow.<br /> <br /> A veteran freedom fighter, a hero of Telangana Armed Struggle and communist leader comrade Gour died on 7 October 2011 at Hyderabad. He was 93 years old. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/veteran-communist-raj-bahadur-gaur-dead/article2517885.ece|title = Veteran communist Raj Bahadur Gaur dead|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Articles and books authored ==<br /> <br /> He was a poet and a writer, and published several books and articles on the history and politics of Telangana and other subjects. Here is the list of some of his books.<br /> <br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Tricolour Shall Fly Over Hyderabad. India, Prachee Publications, 2007.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Makhdoom: A Memoir. Communist Party [of India], 1970.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Telangana Udyamam: Charitra, Visheshaalu, Parinaamalu. [[Prajasakti]] Book House, 2008.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Telangana Udyamam: Naa Anubhavalu. Prajasakti Book House, 2009.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Telangana Udyamam: Naa Drushtilo. Prajasakti Book House, 2010.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Glorious Telengana Armed Struggle. India, Communist Party of India, 1973.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Random Writings. India, Makhdoom Society in collaboration with Prachee Publications, Hyderabad, 2002.<br /> * Krishnan, N. K.., Gour, Raj Bahadur., Siddhanta, T. N.. Working Class and the Emergency. India: Communist Party of India, 1975.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Telengana Tangle: The Communist Approach. India: Communist Party Publication, 1969.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. 'Mulki Tangle' in Andhra Pradesh: The Communist Approach. India, Communist Party of India, 1972.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Working Class Under Congress Raj. India, D.P. Sinha for the Communist Party of India, 1961.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur., Bhoothalingam, S.. Bury the Bhoothalingam Report. India: AITUC Publication, 1978.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. ‫ادبى تناظر‬‎. India: Anjuman Taraqqī-yi Urdū, Hind, 1991.<br /> * Gour, Raj Bahadur. Adabī mut̤ālaʻe. India: Anjuman Taraqqī-yu Urdū, Āndhrā Pradesh, 1978.<br /> * Muḥīuddīn, Mak̲h̲dūm., Gour, Raj Bahadur., Mallāreḍḍi, Gajjela. Makhdūṃ kavita. India: Viśālāndhra Pabliṣiṅg Haus, 1970.<br /> <br /> <br /> His body was being donated for research purposes to the Osmania Medical College.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2011/oct/09/gours-body-handed-over-to-omc-for-research-298513.html|title = Gour's body handed over to OMC for Research| date=16 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;Comrade Raj Bahadur Gaur passes away https://hastalavictoriasiambre.blogspot.com/2011/10/comrade-raj-bahadur-gaur-passes-away.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;Books Authored by Dr Raj Bahadur Gour: https://www.google.ca/search?q=inauthor:%22Raj+Bahadur+Gour%22&amp;sca_esv=594529445&amp;hl=en&amp;tbm=bks&amp;sxsrf=AM9HkKmw2imTby91M073PKRShFg4_8bLNA:1703914560467&amp;ei=QKyPZYeXHPGJptQP27KR2AE&amp;start=0&amp;sa=N&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiHt-qwuLaDAxXxhIkEHVtZBBs4ChDy0wN6BAgCEAY&amp;biw=1440&amp;bih=749&amp;dpr=2 &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gour, Raj Bahadur}}<br /> [[Category:1918 births]]<br /> [[Category:2011 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:Indian trade unionists]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Razia_Sajjad_Zaheer&diff=530095 2025-10-16T17:20:18Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: creating</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian writer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | embed = <br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Razia Sajjad Zaheer<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_upright = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_name = Razia Dilshad<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1918|10|15}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Ajmer State]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1979|12|18|1918|10|15}}<br /> | death_place = [[Delhi]], India<br /> | resting_place = VIP Graveyard, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi <br /> | occupation = Writer, translator<br /> | language = Urdu<br /> | residence = <br /> | nationality = <br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = Allahabad University<br /> | home_town = <br /> | period = 1948–1979<br /> | genre = &lt;!-- or: | genres = --&gt;<br /> | subject = &lt;!-- or: | subjects = --&gt;<br /> | movement = Progressive Writers Association and [[Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation|Afro-Asian Writers' Movement]]<br /> | notable_works = Allah De Banda Le, Nehru ka Bhatija and Galileo<br /> | spouse = [[Sajjad Zaheer]]<br /> | partner = &lt;!-- or: | partners = --&gt;<br /> | children = 4, including [[Nadira Babbar]]{{sfn|Salman|2018}} and [[Noor Zaheer]]<br /> | relatives = <br /> | awards = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | years_active = <br /> | module = <br /> | website = [https://sites.utexas.edu/zaheerarchive/ Sajjad Zaheer Digital Archive]<br /> | portaldisp = &lt;!-- &quot;on&quot;, &quot;yes&quot;, &quot;true&quot;, etc.; or omit --&gt;<br /> }}<br /> {{Progressive Writers' Movement}}<br /> <br /> '''Razia Sajjad Zaheer''' (15 October 1918 – 18 December 1979) was an Indian writer in the [[Urdu language]], a translator, and a prominent member of the Progressive Writers Association. She won the Uttar Pradesh Sahitya Akademi Award as well as the ''Soviet Land'' Nehru Award.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Razia Dilshad was born in [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]] on 15 October 1918{{sfn|SA|1961|p=410}} in an academic family. Her father was the principal of Ajmer Islamia College.{{sfn|Mahmood|2020a}} She received an undergraduate degree in Ajmer.{{sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=144}}<br /> <br /> She married [[Sajjad Zaheer]], a poet and communist activist when she was 20. He was one of the founders of the [[Progressive Writers Association]] (PWA) and was not interested in pursuing a career in law that he had trained for. Shortly after their marriage, he was arrested by the British for his revolutionary activities and imprisoned for two years.{{sfn|Mahmood|2020a}}<br /> <br /> Razia obtained a postgraduate degree from Allahabad University.{{sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=144}} In the 1940s, Razia and her husband were in [[Bombay]], where they were active in the cultural sphere, organising weekly PWA soirees.{{sfn|Mahmood|2020a}} She acknowledged the influence of the PWA in radicalising her politics,{{sfn|Gopal|2009|p=142}} and was among the activist women who were beginning to question &quot;''[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhian]] ideologies of women's nature and place''.&quot;{{sfn|Gopal|2005|p=21}}<br /> <br /> By 1948, Razia had four daughters, and her husband was in [[Pakistan]] at the behest of the [[Communist Party of India]], which had supported the [[Partition of India]]. She moved to [[Lucknow]] with her daughters.{{sfn|Mahmood|2020a}}<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Razia had been contributing short stories to journals like ''Phool'', ''Tehzib-e-Nisvaan'' and ''Ismat'' since her childhood.{{sfn|Naeem|2019}} In Lucknow, Razia began to teach, write and translate in order to earn a living. She translated about 40 books into Urdu.{{sfn|Mahmood|2020b}} Her translation of [[Bertold Brecht]]'s ''[[Life of Galileo]]'' to Urdu was called ''powerful''.{{sfn|Husain|1972|pp=146-147}} She translated Siyaram Sharan Gupta's ''Nari'' (published as ''Aurat'' (''Woman'') by Sahitya Akademi),{{sfn|Rao|2004|p=165}} and [[Mulk Raj Anand]]'s ''Saat Saal (Seven Years'', 1962).{{sfn|Husain|1963|p=145}}<br /> <br /> In 1953, her novella ''Sar-e-Sham'' (''Early in the Evening'') was published, ''Kante'' (''Thorns'', a novel) was released in 1954, while ''Suman'' (another novel) came out in 1964. She edited and published ''Nuqush-e-Zindan'' (1954), which comprised her husband's letters to her from prison. {{sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=144}}<br /> <br /> She worked on a novel on the poet [[Majaz Lucknawi|Majaz Lucknowi]], which remained unfinished. Along with her literary endeavours, she also edited and copied her husband's writings. {{sfn|Mahmood|2020b}}<br /> <br /> Her short stories have been characterised as having a ''socialistic purpose''.{{sfn|Machwe|1977|p=148}} For example, in ''Neech'' (''Lowborn'') she explored class differences between a privileged woman and a fruit-seller, and the prejudices the former has to set aside to obtain strength from the latter.{{sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=82}} Moreover, given the revolutionary ideology of the PWA, her works - as those of her colleagues in the group - explored gender relations and women's oppression by men and other women,{{sfn|Gopal|2005|p=31}} the development of a modernist identity among women,{{sfn|Gopal|2005|p=68}} as well as the more deleterious effects of poverty and [[ostracism]] on marginalised women.{{sfn|Singh|2006|p=256}}<br /> <br /> ''Zard Gulab'' (''The Yellow Rose'', 1981) and ''Allah De Banda Le'' (''God gives, Man takes'', 1984) were two of her short story collections published posthumously.{{sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=144}}<br /> <br /> ==Later life==<br /> Razia's husband was in prison in Pakistan until 1956, whereupon he returned to India and joined his family in Lucknow. In 1964, they moved to [[Delhi]]. Sajjad died in USSR in 1973.{{sfn|Mahmood|2020b}}<br /> <br /> Razia Sajjad Zaheer died in Delhi on 18 December 1979.{{sfn|Naeem|2019}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> The literary work of Razia Sajjad Zaheer include:{{sfn|Naeem|2019}}<br /> * ''Sar-e-Sham'' (1953)<br /> * ''Kaante'' (1954)<br /> * ''Suman'' (1963)<br /> * {{cite book|title=Allah Megh De|year=1973|isbn=978-81-7587-511-1|last1=Ẓahīr |first1=Raz̤Iyyah Sajjād |publisher=Maktaba jamia new delhi }}<br /> * ''Zard Gulaab'' (1981)<br /> * ''Allah De Banda Le'' (1984)<br /> * ''Nehru ka Bhateeja'' (1954)<br /> * ''Sultan Zainul Abidin Budshah''<br /> <br /> ==Awards and honours==<br /> * ''Soviet Land'' Nehru Award (1966).{{sfn|Machwe|1977|p=145}}<br /> * Uttar Pradesh Sahitya Akademi Award (1972).{{sfn|Tharu|Lalita|1993|p=144}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags, these references will then appear here automatically --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> *{{cite book|last=Gopal|first=Priyamvada|title=Literary Radicalism in India: Gender, Nation and the Transition to Independence|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32904-0}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Gopal|first=Priyamvada|title=The Indian English Novel: Nation, History, and Narration|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-954437-0}}<br /> *{{cite journal|last=Husain|first=S. Ehtesham|title=Urdu Literature—1962|journal=Indian Literature|volume=6|number=2|year=1963|jstor=23329422}}<br /> *{{cite journal|last=Husain|first=S. Ehtesham|title=Urdu Literature—1971|journal=Indian Literature|volume=15|number=4|year=1972|pages=142–149|jstor=24157192}}<br /> *{{cite journal|last=Machwe|first= Prabhakar|title=Prominent Women Writers In Indian Literature After Independence|journal=Journal of South Asian Literature|volume= 12|number= 3/4 |year=1977|pages= 145–149|jstor=40872164}}<br /> *{{cite news|last=Mahmood|first=Nazir|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/593596-raziya-shaukat-and-the-pwa-part-i|title=Raziya, Shaukat, and the PWA - Part I|newspaper=The News International|date=5 January 2020a}}<br /> *{{cite news|last=Mahmood|first=Nazir|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/594043-raziya-shaukat-and-the-pwa-part-ii|title=Raziya, Shaukat, and the PWA - Part II|newspaper=The News International|date=6 January 2020b}}<br /> *{{cite news|title=Razia Sajjad Zaheer: The forgotten virtuoso of Urdu literature|newspaper=The Express Tribune|first=Raza|last=Naeem|date=18 December 2019|url=https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/92089/razia-sajjad-zaheer-the-forgotten-virtuoso-of-urdu-literature/}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Rao|first=D. S.|title=Five Decades: The National Academy of Letters, India: A Short History of Sahitya Akademi|year=2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-2060-7}}<br /> *{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Who's Who of Indian Writers|title=Razia Sajjad Zaheer|year=1961|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=Delhi|ref={{harvid|SA|1961}}}}<br /> *{{cite news|newspaper=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1448216|title=All about mother|first=Peerzada|last=Salman|date=29 November 2018}}<br /> *{{cite encyclopedia|first=V. P.|last=Singh|title=Emerging From the Veil: A Study of Selected Muslim Women's Feminist Writing From the Indian Subcontinent|editor1-first=Amar Nath|editor1-last=Prasad|editor2-first=S. John Peter|editor2-last=Joseph|encyclopedia=Indian Writing In English: Critical Ruminations Part 2|year=2006|publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-725-1}}<br /> *{{cite book|editor1-last=Tharu|editor1-first=Susie J.|editor2-last=Lalita|editor2-first=K.|title=Women Writing in India: The twentieth century|year=1993|publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY|isbn=978-1-55861-029-3}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Zaheer, Razia Sajjad}}<br /> &lt;!--- Categories ---&gt;<br /> [[Category:People from Ajmer]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]<br /> [[Category:1918 births]]<br /> [[Category:1979 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Urdu-language writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women short story writers]]<br /> [[Category:Translators to Urdu]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Female politicians of the Communist Party of India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian feminist writers]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenu_Kurumba_language&diff=506067 2025-09-08T13:48:30Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Dravidian language spoken in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox language<br /> |name = Jenu Kurumba<br /> |nativename = {{lang|xuj|ஜென்னு குரும்பா}}<br /> |states = [[India]]<br /> |region = [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]]<br /> |speakers = {{sigfig|101,000|1}}<br /> |date = 2011 census<br /> |ref = e25<br /> |familycolor = Dravidian<br /> |fam2 = Southern<br /> |fam3 = [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern I]]<br /> |fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]<br /> |fam5 = [[Kannada dialects|Badaga–Kannada]]<br /> |fam6 = Kannadoid<br /> |iso3= xuj<br /> |script= [[Tamil script]]<br /> |glotto=jenn1240<br /> |glottoname=Jennu <br /> |glottorefname=Jennu Kurumba<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jenu Kurumba''' ({{ipa|xuj|d͡ʒeːnu kurumbɐ|ipa}}), also known as '''Jen Kurumba''' or '''Jennu Kurumba''', is a [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern]] [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] of the [[Tamil–Kannada language|Tamil–Kannada]] subgroup spoken by the [[Jenu Kuruba]]/[[Kattunayakan]] tribe.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023|reason=&quot;Jenu Kurumba&quot; is not mentioned on the Kuruba page at all.}} It is often considered to constitute a dialect of [[Kannada Language|Kannada]]; however, ''[[Ethnologue]]'' classifies it as a separate language. Jenu Kurumba speakers are situated on the [[Nilgiri Hills]] cross-border area between [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]], [[Mysore district|Mysore]] and [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]] districts of [[Karnataka]], and [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] district of [[Kerala]]. The speakers of the language call it &quot;nama basha&quot; ({{Translation|our language}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cepf.net/sites/default/files/56154-ipp-kattunayakan.pdf|title=Indigenous People's Plan: Kattunayakans|work=Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund|access-date=15 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Betta Kurumba language]]<br /> *[[Alu Kurumba language]]<br /> *[[Dravidian languages]]<br /> *[[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]<br /> *[[Languages of South Asia]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> *{{Citation<br /> |last= Zvelebil<br /> |first= Kamil V.<br /> |authorlink=Kamil Zvelebil<br /> |title= Jēnu Kuṟumba: Brief Report on a &quot;Tribal&quot; Language of the Nilgiri Area<br /> |publisher= Journal of the American Oriental Society<br /> |year= 1988<br /> |url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/603656<br /> }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> {{Dravidian languages}}<br /> {{Languages of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Languages spoken in Kerala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tamil languages]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Dravidian languages|Jenu Kurumba]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sripathi_Rajeshwar_Rao&diff=475634 2025-08-28T06:14:46Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: corrected structure for consistency and corrected details for clarity</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Sripathi Rajeshwar Rao<br /> | office = [[Second N. T. Rama Rao ministry|Minister]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | birth_date =<br /> | death_date = 28 April 2013<br /> | party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Sripathi Rajeshwar Rao''' (died 28 April 2013) was an Indian politician.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ntr-fan-former-andhra-minister-is-dead-news-national-ne2n4fhfcjhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317125943/http://www.sify.com/movies/ntr-fan-former-andhra-minister-is-dead-news-national-ne2n4fhfcjhsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2016-03-17|title=NTR fan, former Andhra minister is dead|website=[[Sify]]|language=en|access-date=2019-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the founder of the fan association of actor [[N. T. Rama Rao]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ntr-fan-former-minister-sripathi-rajeshwar-rao-is-dead-605889.html|title=NTR fan, former minister Sripathi Rajeshwar Rao is dead|website=News18|date=28 April 2013 |access-date=2019-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rao served as a minister in the [[Andhra Pradesh]] state government for two terms and worked as the chairman of HUDA ([[Hyderabad Urban Development Authority]]), Setwin, and other corporations. He was the Andhra Pradesh MLA for the [[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]] Constituency and MLA for the [[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]] Constituency. He was the founder and President of Akhila Bharatha 'NTR' Abhimana Sangham. He was known as &quot;Ajatha Shatruvu,&quot; which means &quot;a person with no enemy,&quot; due to his popularity among leaders from all political parties.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}<br /> <br /> He has two sons and a daughter. <br /> <br /> *Sripathi Sathish kumar is the eldest Son who is into Active Politics. He is one of the key Politician in Hyderabad District and also He is Currently serving as the State President of Telugudesam Party BC Cell in Telangana &amp; Sanathnagar Constituency INCHARGE.<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> On 28 April 2013, Indian news media reported that Rao had died from kidney failure after a long illness, at the age of 73.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Sripathi Rajeshwar}}<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br /> [[Category:2013 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manikchak&diff=547425 2025-08-16T12:02:34Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{About|the community development block in West Bengal, India|1 its namesake village|Manikchak, Malda|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Manikchak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Manikchak<br /> | native_name =<br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Community development block<br /> | image_skyline = File:Manikchak in Malda (West Bengal).svg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.0624410|N|87.9091110|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Representative democracy]]<br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 316.39<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 269,813<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 732202<br /> | area_code_type = [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]]/telephone code<br /> | area_code = 03512<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Dakshin]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Manikchak (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manikchak]]<br /> | website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> [[File:Manikchak Ghat.jpg|thumb|498x498px|Manikchak Ghat]]<br /> '''Manikchak''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Malda Sadar subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> ===Gauda and Pandua===<br /> [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]] was once the &quot;capital of the ancient bhukti or political division of Bengal known as [[Pundravardhana]] which lay on the eastern extremity of the [[Gupta Empire]].&quot; During the rule of the [[Sena Dynasty]], in the 11th-12th century, Gauda was rebuilt and extended as Lakshmanawati (later Lakhnauti), and it became the hub of the Sena empire. Gauda was conquered by [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]] in 1205. During the Turko-Afghan period, &quot;the city of Lakhnauti or Gauda continued to function initially as their capital but was abandoned in 1342 by the [[Ilyas Shahi dynasty|Ilyas Shahi sultans]] in favour of [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] because of major disturbances along the river course of the [[Ganges|Ganga]].&quot; &quot;Pandua then lay on the banks of the [[Mahananda River|Mahananda]], which was the major waterway of the sultanate at the time. However, when the Mahananda too began to veer away from the site of Pandua in the mid-15th century, Gauda was rebuilt and restored to the status of capital city by the [[Hussain Shahi dynasty|Hussain Shahi sultans]]&quot;... With the ascent of [[Akbar]] to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] throne at Delhi... the Mughals annexed the ancient region of [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] in 1576 and created the Diwani of Bengal. The centre of regional power shifted across the Ganga to [[Rajmahal]], Following the demise of the independent sultanate, the regional importance of the Gauda or Malda region declined irreversibly and the city of Gauda was eventually abandoned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Malda district===<br /> With the advent of the British, their trading and commercial interests focussed on the new cities of Malda and English Bazar. Malda district was formed in 1813 with &quot;some portion of outlying areas of Purnia, Dinajpur and Rajshahi districts&quot;. A separate treasury was established in 1832 and a full-fledged Magistrate and Collector was posted in 1859. Malda district was part of Rajshahi Division till 1876, when it was transferred to Bhagalpur Division, and again transferred in 1905 to Rajshahi Division. With the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] in 1947, the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed Malda district in India, except the Nawabganj subdivision, which was placed in East Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 6-8: Brief History of the District |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 6 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Manikchak is located at {{coord|25.0624410|N|87.9091110|E|source:yahoomaps_region:IN-WB|format=dms}}<br /> <br /> Manikchak CD Block is part of the Diara, one of the three physiographic sub-regions of the district. &quot;The Diara is a relatively well drained flat land formed by the [[Fluvial processes|fluvial]] deposition of newer [[alluvium]] in the transitional zone between the Barind upland and the marshy Tal tract. The soil is light with sandy appearance and is very fertile. Mango gardens are common and mulberry is also grown in this natural division.&quot; It covers 32.16% of the total area of the district. 42.81% of the population of the district live in this sub-region. The Ganges enters the district at Gaduri of Bhutni Char in Manikchak CD Block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=censusmap&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 603: Map of Manikchak CD Block|publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 24 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Gopalpur, Dharampur, Manikchak, Dakshin Chandipur, Hiranandapur and Nazirpur gram panchayats in Manikchak CD Block are vulnerable to floods from the adjoining Ganges and Fulahar rivers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.wbdmd.gov.in/writereaddata/uploaded/DP/Malda.pdf |title = Foreword | work= Areas vulnerable in respect of floods |publisher= Malda district administration | access-date = 16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208214908/http://www.wbdmd.gov.in/writereaddata/uploaded/DP/Malda.pdf|archive-date = 2017-02-08 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Left bank erosion of the [[Ganges]] upstream of [[Farakka Barrage]] has rendered nearly 4.5 lakh people homeless in Manikchak, Kaliachak I, II and III and Ratua blocks over the last three decades of the past century. The worst hit area is between Bhutnidiara and Panchanandapore in Kaliachak II block. According to the Ganga Bhangan Pratirodh Action Nagarik Committee, 750&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; area was lost in 30 years in the Manikchak and Kalichak areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | title = A Report on the Impact of Farakka Barrage on the Human Fabric, November 1999 | work = The social impact of erosion, pp 13-14 | first = Manisha | last = Banerjee | publisher = South Asia Network On Dams, Rivers and People, New Delhi: 110 088 India | access-date = 17 February 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170808234303/http://sandrp.in/dams/impct_frka_wcd.pdf | archive-date = 8 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> See also - [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts]]<br /> <br /> Manikchak is bounded by Amdabad CD Block of Katihar district in Bihar and [[Ratua I]] CD Block on the north, [[Ratua II]] CD Block and [[English Bazar (community development block)|English Bazar]] CD Block on the east, [[Kaliachak II]] CD Block on the south and [[Sahibganj (community development block)|Sahibganj]] CD Block and [[Rajmahal (community development block)|Rajmahal]] CD Block of Sahibganj district in Jharkhand, across the Ganges, on the west.&lt;ref name=censusmap/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/bihar/tehsil/katihar.html |title = Katihar CD Block/ Tehsil Map |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 24 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/sahibganj.html |title = Sahibganj CD Block/ Tehsil Map |publisher= Maps of India | access-date = 24 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manikchak CD Block has an area of 316.39&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=admin&gt;{{cite web| url = http://malda.nic.in/ |title = Manikchak at a Glance|access-date = 14 February 2011|work = Maldah District |publisher = District administration}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 11 [[gram panchayat]]s, 162 gram sansads (village councils), 89 [[mouza]]s and 72 inhabited villages. [[Manikchak, Malda#Police station|Manikchak]] police station serves this block.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Headquarters of this CD Block is at Manikchak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Maldah with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 29 October 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | title = BDO Offices under Malda District | work = Deoartment of Mass Education Extension &amp; Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 8 November 2018 | archive-date = 12 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181012074655/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Gram panchayat]]s of Manikchak bloc/ panchayat samiti are: Nurpur, Nazirpur, Hiranandapur, [[Mathurapur, Malda|Mathurapur]], Gopalpur, Manikchak, Chowki Mirdadpur, Uttar Chandipur, Dakshin Chandipur, Dharampur and Enayetpur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Malda district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> &lt;!---You may add new data/information with reliable references but please do not disturb existing data---&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Population===<br /> As per [[2011 Census of India]], Manikchak CD Block had a total population of 269,813, all of which were rural. There were 139,593 (51%) males and 130,220 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 43,282. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 74,816 (27.73%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 40,125 (14.87%).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Manikchak CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Uttar Chandipur (10.549), Chandipurmal (6,799), Paschim Chandipur (9,522), Harachandapur (8,191), Naobarar Jagir (6,632), Dakshin Chandipur (5,804), Paschim Narayanpur (5,544), Narayanpur (4,072), Ugritola (7,088), Kamalpur (6,519), [[Mathurapur, Malda|Mathurapur]] (12,755), Talim Nagar (4,023), Chandipur (16,017), Nurpur (14,066), Lalbathani (4,067), Nawada (7,516), Enayetpur (14,729), Purba Saidpur (6,883), Salabatganj (4,744), Chauki Mirdadpur (8,493), Khanpur (7,463), Manikchak (4,038) and Gopalpur (9,867).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> Other villages in Manikchak CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Nazirpur (3,466).&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Decadal [[Population growth|Population Growth]] Rate (%)'''<br /> {{Graph:Chart<br /> |width=300<br /> |height=200<br /> |legend=Legend<br /> |xAxisTitle=X<br /> |yAxisTitle=Y<br /> |type= rect<br /> |x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011<br /> |y1 = 18.36,18.40,20.59,26.01<br /> |y2 = 26.00,29.78,24.78,21.22<br /> |y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.77,13.93<br /> |colors = olive,yellow,violet<br /> |y1Title= Manikchak CD Block<br /> |y2Title=Malda district<br /> |y3Title=West Bengal <br /> }}<br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The CD Block data for 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for Manikchak PS&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> The decadal growth of population in Manikchak CD Block in 2001-2011 was 26.01%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 April 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The decadal growth of population in Manikchak PS covering Manikchak CD Block in 1991-2001 was 20.59%. The decadal growth of population in Manikchak PS in 1981-91 was 18.40% and in 1971-81 was 18.36%.&lt;ref name=&quot;humandev1&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 11-14 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The decadal growth rate of population in Malda district was as follows: 30.33% in 1951-61, 31.98% in 1961-71, 26.00% in 1971-81, 29.78% in 1981-91, 24.78% in 1991-2001 and 21.22% in 2001-11.&lt;ref name=&quot;growthmalda&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = Malda - Table 2.3 Growth of Population by sex on different census years in the district of Malda | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Decadal Growth Rate&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | access-date = 26 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93 in 2001-2011, 17.77% in 1991-2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Provisional population totals Paper I: West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title = District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas| work = Page 40, Table 3.2.1| publisher = Development &amp; Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010| access-date = 20 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180205044900/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| archive-date = 5 February 2018| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Malda district has the second highest decadal population growth rate, for the decade 2001-2011, in West Bengal with a figure of 21.2% which is much higher than the state average (13.8%).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Maldah| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 15 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal growth rate in the state with 23.2%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1904_PART_B_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Decadal growth rate of population is higher than that of neighbouring Murshidabad district, which has the next highest growth rate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1907_PART_B_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf| title = Census of India 2011 District Census Handbook Murshidabad| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Population density in the district has intensified from 162 persons per km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 1901 to 881 in 2001 (i.e., around five times), which is highest amongst the districts of North Bengal. However, unlike the densely populated southern regions of West Bengal, urbanisation remains low in Malda district. North Bengal in general, and Malda in particular, has been witness to large scale population movement from other states in India, as well as from outside the country. The District Human Development Report for Malda notes, &quot;Malda district has been a principal recipient of the human migration waves of the 20th century.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;humandev1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> There are reports of [[Illegal immigration to India|Bangladeshi infiltrators]] coming through the international border. Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bangladesh-government-warns-india-of-increased-infiltration-by-jihadis-jmb-huji | title = Bangladeshi Govt warns India of increased infiltration by jihadis | date = 21 March 2017 | publisher = the quint |access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/12105-infiltration-decreasing-through-india-bangla-border | title = Infiltration decreasing through India Bangla border | date = 23 December 2017 | publisher = Sunday Guardian | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 7 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181107010145/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/12105-infiltration-decreasing-through-india-bangla-border | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Literacy===<br /> As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Manikchak CD Block was 130,874 (57.77% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 75,340 (64.18% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 55,534 (50.89% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.29%.&lt;ref name=census2011/&gt;<br /> <br /> See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]<br /> <br /> {{Literacy in CD Blocks of Malda district|collapsible=y}}<br /> <br /> ===Language and religion===<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religion in Manikchak CD block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;/&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#FCD116<br /> |left1=<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|55.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|43.88}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.16}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Hinduism is the majority religion, with 55.96% of the population. Islam is the second-largest religion.&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As per 2014 District Statistical Handbook: Malda (quoting census figures), in the 2001 census, Hindus numbered 122,657 and formed 57.28% of the population in Manikchak CD Block. Muslims numbered 91,384 and formed 42.68% of the population. Christians numbered 5. Others numbered 81 and formed 0.04% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook| title = District Statistical Handbook Malda 2014| work = Table 2.10 (a)| publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 27 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook| archive-date = 21 January 2019| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Manikchak CD block (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;/&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 77.63 |color1 = orchid<br /> |label2 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value2 = 16.08 |color2 = tomato<br /> |label3 = [[Kurukh language|Kisan]] |value3 = 3.61 |color3 = seagreen<br /> |label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 1.38 |color4 = gold<br /> |label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 0.93 |color5 = orange<br /> |label6 = Others |value6 = 0.37 |color6 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the time of the 2011 census, 77.63% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 16.08% [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 3.61% [[Kurukh language|Kisan]], 1.38% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and 0.93% [[Hindi]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rural poverty==<br /> As per the [[Human Development Report]] for Malda district, published in 2006, the percentage of rural families in [[Below Poverty Line (India)|BPL]] category in Manikchak CD Block was 33.8%. Official surveys have found households living in absolute poverty in Malda district to be around 39%.&lt;ref name=&quot;humandev2&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 102-104 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 30 October 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the report, &quot;An overwhelmingly large segment of the rural workforce depends on agriculture as its main source of livelihood, the extent of landlessness in Malda has traditionally been high because of the high densities of human settlement in the district… Although land reforms were implemented in Malda district from the time they were launched in other parts of West Bengal, their progress has been uneven across the Malda blocks… because of the overall paucity of land, the extent of [[Land reform in India|ceiling-surplus]] land available for redistribution has never been large… The high levels of rural poverty that exist in nearly all blocks in Malda district closely reflect the livelihood crisis… &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;humandev2&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> ===Livelihood===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption= '''Livelihood&lt;br/&gt;in Manikchak CD Block'''<br /> |value1 = 9.27<br /> |label1 = Cultivators<br /> |value2 = 47.18<br /> |label2 = Agricultural labourers<br /> |value3 = 10.44<br /> |label3 = Household industries<br /> |value4 = 33.11<br /> |label4 = Other Workers}}<br /> <br /> In Manikchak CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 9,053 and formed 9.27%, agricultural labourers numbered 46,068 and formed 47.18%, household industry workers numbered 10,195 and formed 10.44% and other workers numbered 32,330 and formed 33.11%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories of Economic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Total workers numbered 97,646 and formed 36.19% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 172,167 and formed 63.81% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the [[Factories Act,1948, India|Factories Act]]. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Infrastructure===<br /> There are 72 inhabited villages in Manikchak CD Block. All 72 villages (100%) have power supply. 70 villages (97.22%) have drinking water supply. 23 villages (31.54%) have post offices. 66 villages (91.67%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 27 villages (37.5%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 26 villages (36.11%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 10 villages (13.89%) have agricultural credit societies. 10 villages (13.89%) have banks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 80-81 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Agriculture===<br /> &quot;Large parts of the Diara, now the most intensely settled region within Malda, began to attract a new population from the early 20th century, after the alluvial chars exposed by the Ganga’s westward migration were opened for revenue settlement… Agricultural land in the Tal and Diara is mostly irrigated and intensively cropped and cultivated… Rainfall in the district is moderate…&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work = pages 91-100 | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manikchak CD Block had 76 fertiliser depots, 14 seed stores and 51 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.&lt;ref name=handbook2014&gt;{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda | work = Tables 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013-14, Manikchak CD Block produced 2,750 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 1,143 hectares, 3,949 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,094 hectares, 392 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 202 hectares, 17,669 tonnes of wheat from 7,418 hectares, 3,024 tonnes of maize from 801 hectares, 22,991 tonnes of jute from 1,717 hectares, 3,136 tonnes of potatoes from 97 hectares and 46,575 tonnes of sugar cane from 493 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Manikchak CD Block was 7,284 hectares, out of which 701 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation, 482 hectares by deep tube wells, 5,546 hectares by shallow tube wells and 555 hectares by other means.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mango===<br /> 25,500 hectares of land in Malda district produces mango varieties such as ''langra'', ''himasagar'', ''amrapali'', ''laxmanbhog'', ''gopalbhog'' and ''fazli''. The core area of mango production is Old Malda, English Bazar and Manikchak CD Blocks, from where it has spread to Kaliachak I &amp; II, Ratua I &amp; II and Chanchal I CD Blocks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 20-21: A short note on mango production in the district | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 2 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Backward Regions Grant Fund===<br /> Malda district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> In 2013-14, Manikchak CD Block had 10 ferry services and 1 originating/ terminating bus route.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[State Highway 10 (West Bengal)|State Highway 10]] connects Manickchak to [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] (old number NH 34) at Malda and [[National Highway 131A (India)|National Highway 131A]] at Ratua.&lt;ref&gt;Google maps&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> In 2013-14, Manikchak CD Block had 152 primary schools with 29,064 students, 9 middle schools with 1,813 students, 6 high schools with 10,513 students and 16 higher secondary schools with 36,315 students. Manikchak CD Block had 367 institutions for special and non-formal education with 22,586 students.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> As per the 2011 census, in Manikchak CD Block, amongst the 72 inhabited villages, 5 villages did not have a school, 37 villages had more than 1 primary school, 30 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 21 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Malda, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 720-21, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 3 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Manikchak College]] was established at [[Mathurapur, Malda|Mathurapur]], Manikchak, in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://manikchakcollege.ac.in/ | title = Manikchak College| publisher = MC | accessdate = 11 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.collegeadmission.in/ManikchakCollege/ManikchakCollege.shtml#! | title = Manikchak College | publisher = College Admission | accessdate = 11 August 2021 | archive-date = 11 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210811123842/https://www.collegeadmission.in/ManikchakCollege/ManikchakCollege.shtml#! | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Healthcare==<br /> In 2014, Manikchak CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 1 nursing home with total 53 beds and 9 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 35 family welfare subcentres. 5,160 patients were treated indoor and 311,405 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.&lt;ref name=handbook2014/&gt;<br /> <br /> Manikchak Rural Hospital at [[Manikchak, Malda|Manikchak]] with 30 beds is the main medical facility in Manikchak CD Block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at [[Bhutni, Malda|Bhutni]] (with 10 beds), [[Mathurapur, Malda|Mathurapur]] (with 4 beds) and Nurpur (with 4 beds).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health &amp; Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 14 November 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Wikivoyage inline|Malda}}<br /> * {{Wikivoyage inline|Gour-Pandua}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|3}}<br /> <br /> {{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br /> {{Malda topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Community development blocks in Malda district]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_47C_(India,_old_numbering)&diff=520993 2025-07-29T18:34:46Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: Created a redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[National Highway 966A (India)]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R with history}}<br /> }}</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiruttani_railway_station&diff=541544 2025-06-08T17:58:24Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Railway Junction in Tiruvallur, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = Tiruttani railway station<br /> | native_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | style = Indian Railways<br /> | type = [[rail station]]<br /> | image = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | address = [[Tiruttani]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.1797|79.6120}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|88|m}}<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br /> | line = [[Gudur–Chennai section|Chennai–Gudur]] &lt;br /&gt; [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban]]<br /> | platforms = 3 [[side platforms]]<br /> | tracks =<br /> | structure = <br /> | parking = Available<br /> | accessible = Yes<br /> | status = Functional<br /> | code = {{Indian railway code<br /> | code = TRT&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Station Code Index|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf|work=Centre For Railway Information Systems|access-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216225807/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2023-24/Station_Code_Index.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2024|date=2023–24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br /> | zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br /> | division = {{rwd|Chennai}}<br /> }}<br /> | opened = <br /> | closed = <br /> | rebuilt = <br /> | electrified = Yes<br /> | passengers = <br /> | map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br /> | image_size = <br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-caption = Interactive map<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tiruttani railway station''' (station code: TRT) is a [[List of railway stations in India|railway station]] located in [[Tiruvallur district]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/tiruttani-trt/1515|title=Tiruttani railway station|work=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> It is located on the [[Gudur–Chennai section]] of the [[Howrah-Chennai main line]] and is part of the [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West North Line]] of [[Chennai Suburban]]. It comes under the jurisdiction of [[Chennai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]]. It is classified as a NSG-4 station (annual revenue from 100 to 200&amp;nbsp;million rupees and 2 to 5&amp;nbsp;million passengers handled).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Southern Railway list of stations|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf|work=Centre For Railway Information Systems|access-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2024|page=1|date=1 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177784|title=Categorization of Railway Stations|date=21 March 2018|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925075945/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177784|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IndiaRailInfo|1515}}<br /> <br /> {{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Chennai railway division|Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Railway stations in Tiruvallur district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}</div>

KlaudiaDupre70 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab_Ratan&diff=527251 2025-05-28T16:26:47Z

<p>KlaudiaDupre70: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Punjabi award}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br /> '''The Punjab Ratan Award''', is a type of [[award]] given by the [[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]] for exceptional excellence and achievement in the service of Punjab or at an international level. The award is given to deserving awardees in the field of art, literature, culture, science, technology, and politics. The award consists of the Punjab Rattan Award itself, Punjabi silver plaque and a Punjab Rattan Award citation. In Punjab, the prestigious award is considered to be as prized and valued as the much sought-after [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award]].<br /> <br /> ==Awardees==<br /> * Smt. [[Amrita Pritam]]<br /> * [[Khushwant Singh]], Writer<br /> * [[Yash Chopra]], Film Director<br /> * [[S. K. Sama]], Endocrinologist and Padma Shri awardee&lt;ref name=&quot;Area of Expertise&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.medicalsecondopinions.com/doctorprofile/sk-sama | title=Area of Expertise | publisher=Medical Second Opinion | date=2015 | accessdate=14 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020347/http://www.medicalsecondopinions.com/doctorprofile/sk-sama | archive-date=17 November 2015 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ranbir Chander Sobti]], Cell biologist and Padma Shri awardee&lt;ref name=&quot;Sobti on Zaheer Science Foundation&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.zaheersciencefoundation.com/the-governing-council/prof-rc-sobti | title=Sobti on Zaheer Science Foundation | publisher=Zaheer Science Foundation | date=2016 | accessdate=18 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303063630/http://www.zaheersciencefoundation.com/the-governing-council/prof-rc-sobti | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Hira Lal Sibal]], Jurist and [[Padma Bhushan]] recipient<br /> * Dr Rajneesh Kapoor - Senior Director, Interventional Cardiology, Medanta The Medicity, Gurgaon, India&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/2018-08-20-215471.html|title = Inbrief}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Jagjit Singh Dardi]], Senior Sikh Journalist, Chairman [https://timetv.news Chardikla Time Tv] ( year 2000)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000417/punjab.htm|access-date=2021-01-01|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Sardar Anjum]], Indian Poet, Famous for Karzdar ( year 2001) https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar_Anjum<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121017211726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-08-28/india/27797592_1_khushwant-singh-eminent-personalities-padma-bhushan]<br /> *{{cite news | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060621/punjab1.htm#6 | title= Punjab CM honours Yash Chopra | date=20 June 2006 | newspaper=The Tribune | accessdate=20 March 2018 }}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121017211737/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-09-11/india/27213201_1_legal-notice-award-organisers]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Punjabi culture]]<br /> [[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Punjab, India]]</div>

KlaudiaDupre70