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Idries Shah

2026-05-07T21:42:22Z

Kkasthana: Added a info

{{Short description|Afghan writer and Sufi teacher (1924–1996)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Idries Shah
| image = Idries Shah.gif
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| pseudonym = Arkon Daraul<ref name="IdriesShahOfficialFacebookPage">{{cite web | last=Estate of Idries Shah | first=The | title=Idries Shah | publisher=[[Facebook]] | date=1 September 2012 | url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/Idries-Shah/404749619578750 | access-date=2012-09-01 | archive-date=19 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119205051/https://www.facebook.com/pages/Idries-Shah/404749619578750 | url-status=live}}</ref>
| birth_name = Idries Shah
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|06|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla|Simla]], [[Punjab Province (British India)]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1996|11|23|1924|06|16|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[London]], England, UK
| occupation = Writer, publisher
| genre = Eastern philosophy and culture
| subject = Sufism, psychology
| movement =
| notableworks = {{bulleted list|
| ''The Sufis''
| ''The Commanding Self''
| ''The Subtleties of the Inimitable Mulla Nasrudin''
| ''The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin''
| ''Thinkers of the East''
| ''Learning How to Learn''
| ''The Way of the Sufi''
| ''Reflections''
| ''Kara Kush''
}}
| spouse = Cynthia (Kashfi) Kabraji
| partner =
| children = [[Saira Shah]], [[Tahir Shah]], [[Safia Shah]]
| relatives =
| influences =
| awards = Outstanding Book of the Year (BBC "The Critics"), twice; six first prizes at the [[UNESCO]] World Book Year in 1973
| signature = Idries Shah Signature.jpg
| website = {{URL|http://idriesshahfoundation.org/}}
| portaldisp =
}}

{{Sufism|Notable modern}}

'''Idries Shah''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|d|r|ɪ|s|_|ˈ|ʃ|ɑː}}; {{langx|hi|इदरीस शाह}}, {{langx|ur|{{nq|ادریس شاه}}}}; 16 June 1924 – 23 November 1996), also known as '''Idris Shah''', '''Indries Shah''', né '''[[Sayyid|Sayed]] Idries el-[[Hashemite|Hashimi]]''' (Arabic: {{lang|ar|سيد إدريس هاشمي}}) and by the [[pen name]] '''Arkon Daraul''', was an [[Afghans|Afghan]] author, thinker and teacher in the [[Sufism|Sufi]] tradition. Shah wrote over three dozen books on topics ranging from psychology and spirituality to travelogues and culture studies.

Born in [[British India]], the descendant of a family of [[Afghans|Afghan]] nobles on his father's side and a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] mother, Shah grew up mainly in [[England]]. His early writings centred on [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] and [[witchcraft]]. In 1960 he established a publishing house, Octagon Press, producing translations of Sufi classics as well as titles of his own. His seminal work was ''[[The Sufis]]'', which appeared in 1964 and was well received internationally. In 1965, Shah founded the [[Institute for Cultural Research]], a London-based educational charity devoted to the study of human behaviour and culture. A similar organisation, the [[Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge]] (ISHK), was established in the United States under the directorship of [[Stanford University]] psychology professor [[Robert Ornstein]], whom Shah appointed as his deputy in the U.S.

In his writings, Shah presented [[Sufism]] as a universal form of wisdom that predated [[Islam]]. Emphasizing that Sufism was not static but always adapted itself to the current time, place and people, he framed his teaching in Western psychological terms. Shah made extensive use of traditional [[teaching stories]] and [[parable]]s, texts that contained multiple layers of meaning designed to trigger insight and self-reflection in the reader. He is perhaps best known for his collections of humorous [[Nasreddin|Mulla Nasrudin]] stories.

Shah was at times criticized by [[Oriental studies|orientalists]] who questioned his credentials and background. His role in the controversy surrounding a new translation of the ''[[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam]]'', published by his friend [[Robert Graves]] and his older brother [[Omar Ali-Shah]], came in for particular scrutiny. However, he also had many notable defenders, chief among them the novelist [[Doris Lessing]]. Shah came to be recognized as a spokesman for Sufism in the West and lectured as a visiting professor at a number of Western universities. His works have played a significant part in presenting Sufism as a form of spiritual wisdom approachable by individuals and not necessarily attached to any specific religion.<ref name="Sufis54b">{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=The Sufis | publisher=Octagon Press | orig-year=1964 | year=1977 | location=London, UK | page=54 | isbn=0-86304-020-9}}: "Though commonly mistaken as a Moslem sect, the Sufis are at home in all religions"</ref>

== Life ==
=== Family and early life ===
[[File:IDRIES SHAH TELLING A STORY TO HIS CHILDREN, TAHIR, SAFIA, AND SAIRA SHAH.jpg|thumb|Idries Shah telling a story to his children]]

Idries Shah was born in [[Shimla|Simla]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]], to an [[Afghans in India|Afghan-Indian]] father; Sirdar [[Ikbal Ali Shah]], a writer and diplomat, and a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] mother; [[Saira Elizabeth Luiza Shah]]. His family on the paternal side were [[Moosavi (name)|Musavi]] [[Sayyid]]s. Their ancestral home was near the [[Paghman Gardens]] of [[Kabul]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].<ref name=Saira>{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Saira | author-link=Saira Shah | title=The Storyteller's Daughter | publisher=Anchor Books | year=2003 | location=New York, NY | pages=[https://archive.org/details/storytellersdaug00sair/page/19 19–26] | isbn=1-4000-3147-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/storytellersdaug00sair/page/19}}</ref> His paternal grandfather, Sayed Amjad Ali Shah, was the ''[[nawab]]'' of [[Sardhana]] in the North-Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite journal | last=Dervish | first=Bashir M. | title=Idris Shah: a contemporary promoter of Islamic Ideas in the West | journal=Islamic Culture – an English Quarterly | volume=L | issue=4 | publisher=Islamic Culture Board, Hyderabad, India (Osmania University, Hyderabad) | date=4 October 1976}}</ref> a hereditary title the family had gained thanks to the services an earlier ancestor, [[Jan-Fishan Khan]], had rendered to the British.<ref name="Lethbridge">{{cite book | last=Lethbridge | first=Sir Roper | title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire | url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924022932630 | place=London, UK/New York, NY | publisher=[[Macmillan and Co.]] | year=1893}}, p. 13; reprint by Elibron Classics (2001): {{ISBN|978-1-4021-9328-6}}</ref><ref name="Moore" />

Shah mainly grew up in the vicinity of [[London]].<ref name="Hammer" /> According to [[L. F. Rushbrook Williams]], Shah began accompanying his father in his travels from a very young age, and although they both travelled widely and often, they always returned to England, where the family made their home for many years. Through these travels, which were often part of Ikbal Ali Shah's [[Sufi]] work, Shah was able to meet and spend time with prominent statesmen and distinguished personalities in both East and West. Williams writes,
<blockquote>Such an upbringing presented to a young man of marked intelligence, such as Idries Shah soon proved himself to possess, many opportunities to acquire a truly international outlook, a broad vision, and an acquaintance with people and places that any professional diplomat of more advanced age and longer experience might well envy. But a career of diplomacy did not attract Idries Shah...<ref name=Williams-13-24>{{cite book | last=Williams | first=L.F. Rushbrook | title=Sufi Studies: East and West | publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co. | year=1974 | location=New York, NY | pages=13–24}}</ref></blockquote>

Shah described his own unconventional upbringing in a 1971 BBC interview with Pat Williams. He described how his father and his extended family and friends always tried to expose the children to a "multiplicity of impacts" and a wide range of contacts and experiences with the intention of producing a well-rounded person. Shah described this as "the Sufi approach" to education.<ref>{{YouTube|GriN_Wa8P30|1970 BBC interview with Idries Shah}}</ref>

After his family moved from London to [[Oxford]] in 1940 to escape [[The Blitz]] (German bombing), he spent two or three years at the [[City of Oxford High School for Boys]].<ref name="Moore" /> In 1945, he accompanied his father to [[Uruguay]] as secretary to his father's ''[[halal]]'' meat mission. He returned to England in October 1946, following allegations of improper business dealings.<ref name="Moore" /><ref name="Hammer" />

=== Personal life ===

Shah married [[Parsi]]-[[Zoroastrian]] Cynthia (Kashfi) Kabraji, daughter of the Indian poet [[Fredoon Kabraji]], in 1958. The couple had a daughter, [[Saira Shah]], in 1964, followed by [[fraternal twins]] in 1966 – a son, [[Tahir Shah]], and another daughter, [[Safia Shah]].<ref name="Dangerously">{{cite news | last=Groskop | first=Viv | title=Living dangerously | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=2001-06-16 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4724151/Living-dangerously.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141345/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4724151/Living-dangerously.html | archive-date=2020-12-16 | url-status=live | access-date=2020-12-16 | location=London}}</ref>

=== Friendship with Gerald Gardner and Robert Graves, and publication of ''The Sufis'' ===

Towards the end of the 1950s, Shah established contact with [[Wicca]]n circles in London and then acted as a secretary and companion to [[Gerald Gardner]], the founder of modern Wicca, for some time.<ref name="Moore" /><ref name="Lamond" /> In those days, Shah used to hold court for anyone interested in Sufism at a table in the Cosmo restaurant in [[Swiss Cottage]] (North London) every Tuesday evening.<ref name="Lamond19">{{cite book | last=Lamond | first=Frederic | author-link=Frederic Lamond (Wiccan) | title=Fifty Years of Wicca | publisher=Green Magic | year=2005 | page=19 | isbn=0-9547230-1-5}}</ref>

In 1960, Shah founded his publishing house, [[Octagon Press]]; one of its first titles was Gardner's biography – ''Gerald Gardner, Witch''. The book was attributed to one of Gardner's followers, [[Jack Bracelin|Jack L. Bracelin]], but had in fact been written by Shah.<ref name="Lamond">{{cite book | last=Lamond | first=Frederic | title=Fifty Years of Wicca | publisher=Green Magic | year=2004 | pages=9, 37 | isbn=0-9547230-1-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Pearson | first=Joanne | title=A Popular Dictionary of Paganism | publisher=[[Routledge Taylor & Francis Group]] | year=2002 | location=London, UK/New York, NY | page=28 | isbn=0-7007-1591-6}}</ref>

According to Wiccan [[Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)|Frederic Lamond]], Bracelin's name was used because Shah "did not want to confuse his Sufi students by being seen to take an interest in another esoteric tradition."<ref name="Lamond19" /> Lamond said that Shah seemed to have become somewhat disillusioned with Gardner, and had told him one day, when he was visiting for tea:<blockquote>When I was interviewing Gerald, I sometimes wished I was a ''[[News of the World]]'' reporter. What marvellous material for an exposé! And yet I have it on good authority that this group will be the cornerstone of the religion of the coming age. But rationally, rationally I can't see it!<ref name="Lamond19" /></blockquote>

In January 1961, while on a trip to [[Mallorca]] with Gardner, Shah met the English poet [[Robert Graves]].<ref name="OPrey213-215">{{cite book | last=O'Prey | first=Paul | title=Between Moon and Moon – Selected Letters of Robert Graves 1946–1972 | publisher=[[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]] | year=1984 | pages=213–215 | isbn=0-09-155750-X}}</ref> Shah wrote to Graves from his ''[[Pension (lodging)|pension]]'' in [[Palma de Mallorca|Palma]], requesting an opportunity of "saluting you one day before very long".<ref name="OPrey213-215" /> He added that he was currently researching ecstatic religions, and that he had been "attending... experiments conducted by the witches in Britain, into mushroom-eating and so on" – a topic that had been of interest to Graves for some time.<ref name="OPrey213-215" /><ref name="Graves2">{{cite book | last=Graves | first=Richard P. | title=''Robert Graves and The White Goddess 1940–1985'' | publisher=Phoenix Giant | year=1998 | location=London, UK | page=[https://archive.org/details/robertgraveswhit00grav/page/326 326] | isbn=0-7538-0116-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/robertgraveswhit00grav/page/326}}</ref>

Shah also told Graves that he was "intensely preoccupied at the moment with the carrying forward of ecstatic and intuitive knowledge."<ref name="Graves2" /> Graves and Shah soon became close friends and confidants.<ref name="OPrey213-215" /> Graves took a supportive interest in Shah's writing career and encouraged him to publish an authoritative treatment of Sufism for a Western readership, along with the practical means for its study; this was to become ''[[The Sufis]]''. Shah managed to obtain a substantial advance on the book, resolving temporary financial difficulties.<ref name="OPrey213-215" />

In 1964, ''The Sufis'' appeared,<ref name="Hammer" /> published by [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], Robert Graves's American publisher, with a long introduction by Graves.<ref name="OISTI" /> The book chronicles the impact of Sufism on the development of Western civilisation and traditions from the seventh century onward through the work of such figures as [[Roger Bacon]], [[John of the Cross]], [[Raymond Lully]], [[Chaucer]] and others.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.amazon.com/Sufis-Idries-Shah/dp/product-description/0385079664 |title=Editorial Reviews for Idries Shah's ''The Sufis'' |date=5 February 1971 |publisher=Anchor |isbn=978-0-385-07966-2 |access-date=28 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230154823/http://www.amazon.com/Sufis-Idries-Shah/dp/product-description/0385079664 |archive-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Like Shah's other books on the topic, ''The Sufis'' was conspicuous for avoiding terminology that might have identified his interpretation of Sufism with traditional Islam.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=Islam in America (Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series) | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] | year=1999 | location=New York, NY/Chichester, UK | page=69 | isbn=0-231-10966-0}}</ref>

The book also employed a deliberately "scattered" style; Shah wrote to Graves that its aim was to "de-condition people, and prevent their reconditioning"; had it been otherwise, he might have used a more conventional form of exposition. The book sold poorly at first, and Shah invested a considerable amount of his own money in advertising it.<ref name="OPrey236240">{{cite book | last=O'Prey | first=Paul | title=Between Moon and Moon – Selected Letters of Robert Graves 1946–1972 | publisher=Hutchinson | year=1984 | pages=236, 239, 240 | isbn=0-09-155750-X}}</ref> Graves told him not to worry; even though he had some misgivings about the writing, and was hurt that Shah had not allowed him to proofread it before publication, he said he was "so proud in having assisted in its publication", and assured Shah that it was "a marvellous book, and will be recognised as such before long. Leave it to find its own readers who will hear your voice spreading, not those envisaged by Doubleday."<ref name="OPrey240241">{{cite book | last=O'Prey | first=Paul | title=Between Moon and Moon – Selected Letters of Robert Graves 1946–1972 | publisher=Hutchinson | year=1984 | pages=234, 240–241, 269 | isbn=0-09-155750-X}}</ref>

=== John G. Bennett and the Gurdjieff connection ===

In June 1962, a couple of years prior to the publication of ''The Sufis'', Shah had also established contact with members of the movement that had formed around the [[mysticism|mystical]] teachings of [[Gurdjieff]] and [[P. D. Ouspensky|Ouspensky]].<ref name="Elwell14" /><ref name=Bennett /> A press article had appeared,<ref group="nb">Augy Hayter, a student of both Idries and Omar Ali-Shah, asserts that the article, published in ''[[Blackwood's Magazine]]'', was written by Idries Shah under a pseudonym. When Reggie Hoare, a Gurdjieffian and associate of Bennett's, wrote to the author care of the magazine, intrigued by the description of exercises known only to a very small number of Gurdjieff students, it was Shah who replied to Hoare, and Hoare who introduced Shah to Bennett. Shah himself according to Hayter later described the ''Blackwood's Magazine'' article as "trawling". ({{cite book | last=Hayter | first=Augy | title=Fictions and Factions | publisher=Tractus Books | year=2002 | location=Reno, NV/Paris, France | page=187 | isbn=2-909347-14-1}})</ref> describing the author's visit to a secret monastery in Central Asia, where methods strikingly similar to Gurdjieff's methods were apparently being taught.<ref name=Bennett /> The otherwise unattested monastery had, it was implied, a representative in England.<ref name=Moore />

One of Ouspensky's earliest pupils, Reggie Hoare, who had been part of the Gurdjieff work since 1924, made contact with Shah through that article. Hoare "attached special significance to what Shah had told him about the [[Fourth Way enneagram|enneagram]] symbol and said that Shah had revealed secrets about it that went far beyond what we had heard from Ouspensky."<ref name=Bennett2 /> Through Hoare, Shah was introduced to other Gurdjieffians, including [[John G. Bennett]], a noted Gurdjieff student and founder of an "Institute for the Comparative Study of History, Philosophy and the Sciences" located at Coombe Springs, a {{convert|7|acre|hectare|adj=on}} estate in [[Kingston upon Thames]], [[Surrey]].<ref name=Bennett2>{{cite book | last=Bennett | first=John G. | author-link=John G. Bennett | title=Witness: The autobiography of John G. Bennett | publisher=Omen Press | year=1974 | location=Tucson | pages=355–63 | isbn=0-912358-48-3}}</ref>

At that time, Bennett had already investigated the Sufi origins of many of Gurdjieff's teachings, based on both Gurdjieff's own numerous statements, and on travels Bennett himself made in the East where he met various Sufi Sheikhs.<ref name=Bennett3b>{{cite book | last=Bennett | first=John G. | author-link=John G. Bennett | title=Gurdjieff: Making a New World | publisher=Turnstone Books | year=1973 | location=Santa Fe, NM | page=21 | isbn=0-9621901-6-0}}</ref> He was convinced that Gurdjieff had adopted many of the ideas and techniques of the Sufis and that, for those who heard Gurdjieff's lectures in the early 1920s, "the Sufi origin of his teaching was unmistakable to anyone who had studied both."<ref name=Bennett3>{{cite book | last=Bennett | first=John G. | author-link=John G. Bennett | title=Gurdjieff: Making a New World | publisher=Turnstone Books | year=1973 | location=Santa Fe, NM | page=104 | isbn=0-9621901-6-0}}</ref>

Bennett wrote about his first meeting with Shah in his autobiography ''Witness'' (1974):<blockquote>At first, I was wary. I had just decided to go forward on my own and now another 'teacher' had appeared. One or two conversations with Reggie convinced me that I ought at least to see for myself. Elizabeth and I went to dinner with the Hoares to meet Shah, who turned out to be a young man in his early 40s. He spoke impeccable English and but for his beard and some of his gestures might well have been taken for an English public school type. Our first impressions were unfavourable. He was restless, smoked incessantly and seemed too intent on making a good impression. Halfway through the evening, our attitude completely changed. We recognized that he was not only an unusually gifted man, but that he had the indefinable something that marks the man who has worked seriously upon himself... Knowing Reggie to be a very cautious man, trained moreover in assessing information by many years in the Intelligence Service, I accepted his assurances and also his belief that Shah had a very important mission in the West that we ought to help him to accomplish.<ref name="Bennett2" /></blockquote>

Shah gave Bennett a "Declaration of the People of the Tradition"<ref name="DeclarationPDF">{{cite web | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=Declaration of the People of the Tradition and Twenty-Two Principles | publisher=Sher Point Publications, UK | date=13 April 2007 | url=https://xyzzy.jumpingcrab.com/sherpoint/docs/DeclarationOfThePeople.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011145738/https://xyzzy.jumpingcrab.com/sherpoint/docs/DeclarationOfThePeople.pdf | archive-date=11 October 2018 | url-status=dead | access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref> and authorised him to share this with other Gurdjieffians.<ref name=Bennett /> The document announced that there was now an opportunity for the transmission of "a secret, hidden, special, superior form of knowledge"; combined with the personal impression Bennett formed of Shah, it convinced Bennett that Shah was a genuine emissary of the "[[Sarmoung]] Monastery" in [[Afghanistan]], an inner circle of Sufis whose teachings had inspired Gurdjieff.<ref name=Bennett>{{cite book | last=Bennett | first=John G. | author-link=John G. Bennett | title=Witness: The autobiography of John G. Bennett | publisher=Turnstone Books | year=1975 | pages=355–63 | isbn=0-85500-043-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Hinnells | first=John R. | title=Who's Who of World Religions | publisher=Simon & Schuster | year=1992 | page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofworldre00hinn/page/50 50] | isbn=0-13-952946-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoofworldre00hinn/page/50}}</ref>

[[File:Nasreddin.jpg|thumb|220px|right|
{{quote box
| border = 0
| width = 90%
| align = center
| quote = '''Whose Beard?''' Nasruddin dreamt that he had Satan's beard in his hand. Tugging the hair he cried: "The pain you feel is nothing compared to that which you inflict on the mortals you lead astray." And he gave the beard such a tug that he woke up yelling in agony. Only then did he realise that the beard he held in his hand was his own.
| source = − Idries Shah<ref>{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=The World of Nasruddin | publisher=Octagon Press | year=2003 | location=London | page=438 | isbn=0-86304-086-1}}</ref>}}]]

For the next few years, Bennett and Shah had weekly private talks that lasted for hours. Later, Shah also gave talks to the students at Coombe Springs. Bennett says that Shah's plans included "reaching people who occupied positions of authority and power who were already half-consciously aware that the problems of mankind could no longer be solved by economic, political or social action. Such people were touched, he said, by the new forces moving in the world to help mankind to survive the coming crisis."<ref name=Bennett2 />

Bennett agreed with these ideas and also agreed that "people attracted by overtly spiritual or esoteric movements seldom possessed the qualities needed to reach and occupy positions of authority" and that "there were sufficient grounds for believing that throughout the world there were already people occupying important positions, who were capable of looking beyond the limitations of nationality and cultures and who could see for themselves that the only hope for mankind lies in the intervention of a Higher Source."<ref name="Bennett2" />

Bennett wrote, "I had seen enough of Shah to know that he was no charlatan or idle boaster and that he was intensely serious about the task he had been given."<ref name="Bennett2" /> Due to extreme pressure from Shah,<ref>Bright-Paul, Anthony. My Stairway to Subud. S.I.: Undiscovered Worlds Press, 2005. p.218.</ref> Bennett decided in 1965, after agonising for a long time and discussing the matter with the council and members of his Institute, to give the Coombe Springs property to Shah, who had insisted that any such gift must be made with no strings attached.<ref name="Moore" /><ref name=Bennett /> Once the property was transferred to Shah, he banned Bennett's associates from visiting, and made Bennett himself feel unwelcome.<ref name=Bennett />

Bennett says he did receive an invitation to the "Midsummer Revels", a party Shah held at Coombe Springs that lasted two days and two nights, primarily for the young people whom Shah was then attracting.<ref name=Bennett2 /> Anthony Blake, who worked with Bennett for 15 years, says, "When Idries Shah acquired Coombe Springs, his main activity was giving parties. I had only a few encounters with him but much enjoyed his irreverent attitude. Bennett once said to me, 'There are different styles in the work. Mine is like Gurdjieff's, around struggle with one's denial. But Shah's way is to treat the work as a joke.'"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://anthonyblake.co.uk/Meetings.html | title=Meetings | website=Anthonyblake.co.uk | access-date=2016-03-27 | archive-date=25 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025034211/http://www.anthonyblake.co.uk/Meetings.html | url-status=live}}</ref>

After a few months, Shah sold the plot – worth more than £100,000 – to a developer and used the proceeds to establish himself and his work activities at Langton House in [[Langton Green]], near [[Tunbridge Wells]], a {{convert|50|acre|adj=on}} estate that once belonged to the family of [[Lord Baden-Powell]], founder of the [[Scouting Movement|Boy Scouts]].<ref name="Moore" /><ref name="Hall 56">{{cite journal | last=Hall | first=Elizabeth | title=At Home in East and West: A Sketch of Idries Shah | journal=[[Psychology Today]] | volume=9 | issue=2 | page=56 | date=July 1975}}</ref>

Along with the Coombe Springs property, Bennett also handed the care of his body of pupils to Shah, comprising some 300 people.<ref name=Bennett /> Shah promised he would integrate all those who were suitable; about half of their number found a place in Shah's work.<ref name=Bennett /> Some 20 years later, the Gurdjieffian author [[James Moore (Cornish author)|James Moore]] suggested that Bennett had been duped by Shah.<ref name="Moore" /> Bennett gave an account of the matter himself in his autobiography (1974); he said that Shah's behaviour after the transfer of the property was "hard to bear", but also insisted that Shah was a "man of exquisite manners and delicate sensibilities" and considered that Shah might have adopted his behaviour deliberately, "to make sure that all bonds with Coombe Springs were severed".<ref name=Bennett /> He added that Langton Green was a far more suitable place for Shah's work than Coombe Springs could have been and said he felt no sadness that Coombe Springs lost its identity; he concluded his account of the matter by stating that he had "gained freedom" through his contact with Shah, and had learned "to love people whom [he] could not understand".<ref>{{cite book | last=Bennett | first=John G. | author-link=John G. Bennett | title=Witness: The autobiography of John G. Bennett | publisher=Turnstone Books | year=1975 | pages=362–63 | isbn=0-85500-043-0}} Chapter 27, Service and Sacrifice: "The period from 1960 (...) to 1967 when I was once again entirely on my own was of the greatest value to me. I had learned to serve and to sacrifice and I knew that I was free from attachments. It happened about the end of the time that I went on business to America and met with Madame de Salzmann in New York. She was very curious about Idries Shah and asked what I had gained from my contact with him. I replied: "Freedom!"... Not only had I gained freedom, but I had come to love people whom I could not understand."</ref>

According to Bennett, Shah later also engaged in discussions with the heads of the Gurdjieff groups in New York. In a letter to Paul Anderson from 5 March 1968, Bennett wrote, "Madame de Salzmann and all the others... are aware of their own limitations and do no more than they are able to do. While I was in New York, Elizabeth and I visited the Foundation, and we saw most of the leading people in the New York group as well as [[Jeanne de Salzmann]] herself. Something is preparing, but whether it will come to fruition I cannot tell. I refer to their connection with Idries Shah and his capacity for turning everything upside down. It is useless with such people to be passive, and it is useless to avoid the issue. For the time being, we can only hope that some good will come, and meanwhile continue our own work..."<ref name=Speeth>{{cite book | last=Speeth | first=Kathleen | title=The Gurdjieff Work | publisher=Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam | year=1989 | location=New York | page=105 | isbn=0-87477-492-6}}</ref>

The author and clinical psychologist [[Kathleen Speeth]] later wrote,

<blockquote>Witnessing the growing conservatism within the [Gurdjieff] Foundation, John Bennett hoped new blood and leadership would come from elsewhere... Although there may have been flirtation with Shah, nothing came of it. The prevailing sense [among the leaders of the Gurdjieff work] that nothing must change, that a treasure in their safekeeping must at all costs be preserved in its original form, was stronger than any wish for a new wave of inspiration."<ref name="Speeth" /></blockquote>

=== Sufi studies and institutes ===

In 1965, Shah founded the Society for Understanding Fundamental Ideas (SUFI), later renamed [[The Institute for Cultural Research]] (ICR) – an educational charity aimed at stimulating "study, debate, education and research into all aspects of human thought, behaviour and culture".<ref name="OISTI" /><ref name="Makers" /><ref>{{cite web | last=Staff | title=About the Institute | publisher=Institute for Cultural Research | url=http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/about.php | access-date=2008-10-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914072051/http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/about.php | archive-date=14 September 2008 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="DTOB" /> He also established the Society for Sufi Studies (SSS).<ref name="Galin" />

Langton House at Langton Green became a place of gathering and discussion for poets, philosophers and statesmen from around the world, and an established part of the literary scene of the time.<ref name="Writers Meet">{{cite journal | title=Writers Meet | journal=The Courier | page=16 | date=15 October 1971}}</ref> The ICR held meetings and gave lectures there, awarding fellowships to international scholars including [[Sir John Glubb]], [[Aquila Berlas Kiani]], [[Richard Gregory]] and [[Robert Cecil (diplomat, born 1913)|Robert Cecil]], the head of European studies at the University of Reading who became chairman of the institute in the early 1970s.<ref name="Writers Meet" /><ref name="ICR fellows">{{cite web | title=ICR Fellows | publisher=[[The Institute for Cultural Research]] | url=http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/fellows.php | access-date=27 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708092123/http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/fellows.php | archive-date=8 July 2017 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

Shah was an early member and supporter of the [[Club of Rome]].<ref group="nb">Some sources have described Shah as a "founding member" of the Club of Rome. Augy Hayter states, "To a certain extent, one can say that a good deal of the literature put out by Shah and friends under various pseudonyms was designed to act as a decoy. It occupied would-be students and opponents alike, and inflamed critics to quite amazing degree. A lot of it was fake: Shah knew perfectly well that he was not a founding member of the Club of Rome; he was a member for a short time and was politely asked to leave because he didn't turn up to meetings; but this mythology around Shah's public personage was necessary in order to provide the dream-lie without which no truth can exist, because a student must always have a choice."({{cite book | last=Hayter | first=Augy | title=Fictions and Factions | publisher=Tractus Books | year=2002 | location=Reno, NV/Paris, France | page=262 | isbn=2-909347-14-1}})</ref> Fellow Club of Rome members, such as scientist [[Alexander King (scientist)|Alexander King]] made presentations at the Institute.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hall | first=Elizabeth | title=At Home in East and West: A Sketch of Idries Shah | journal=[[Psychology Today]] | volume=9 | issue=2 | page=56 | date=July 1975}}</ref><ref name="ICRSciTEch">{{cite web | last=King | first=Dr. Alexander | title=Monograph Series No. 10: Science, Technology and the Quality of Life | publisher=[[The Institute for Cultural Research]] | url=http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive.php#M10 | access-date=14 September 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816065759/http://i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive.php#M10 | archive-date=16 August 2018 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ICREyeToFuture">{{cite web | last=King | first=Dr. Alexander | title=Monograph Series No. 15: An Eye to the Future | publisher=[[The Institute for Cultural Research]] | url=http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive.php#M15 | access-date=14 September 2012 | display-authors=etal | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816065759/http://i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive.php#M15 | archive-date=16 August 2018 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other visitors, pupils, and would-be pupils included the poet [[Ted Hughes]], novelists [[J. D. Salinger]], [[Alan Sillitoe]] and [[Doris Lessing]], zoologist [[Desmond Morris]], and psychologist [[Robert Ornstein]]. The interior of the house was decorated in a Middle-Eastern fashion, and buffet lunches were held every Sunday for guests in a large dining room that was once the estate stable, nicknamed "The Elephant" (a reference to the Eastern tale of the "[[Blind men and an elephant|Elephant in the Dark]]").<ref name="Hall 56" />

Over the following years, Shah developed [[Octagon Press]] as a means of publishing and distributing reprints of translations of numerous Sufi classics.<ref name="HW" /> In addition, he collected, translated and wrote thousands of Sufi tales, making these available to a Western audience through his books and lectures.<ref name="Galin" /> Several of Shah's books feature the [[Nasreddin|Mullah Nasruddin]] character, sometimes with illustrations provided by [[Richard Williams (animator)|Richard Williams]]. In Shah's interpretation, the Mulla Nasruddin stories, previously considered a folkloric part of Muslim cultures, were presented as Sufi [[parable]]s.<ref name="SW32" />

Nasruddin was featured in Shah's television documentary ''Dreamwalkers'', which aired on the BBC in 1970. Segments included Richard Williams being interviewed about [[The Thief and the Cobbler|his unfinished animated film]] about Nasruddin, and scientist John Kermisch discussing the use of Nasruddin stories at the [[Rand Corporation]] [[Think Tank]]. Other guests included the British psychiatrist [[William Sargant]] discussing the hampering effects of [[brainwashing]] and [[social conditioning]] on creativity and problem-solving, and the comedian [[Marty Feldman]] talking with Shah about the role of humour and ritual in human life. The program ended with Shah asserting that humanity could further its own evolution by "breaking psychological limitations" but that there was a "constant accretion of pessimism which effectively prevents evolution in this form from going ahead... Man is asleep – must he die before he wakes up?"<ref name="OnePairOfEyesVideo">{{cite web | last=Shah | first=Idries (Presenter) | title=One Pair of eyes: Dreamwalkers | publisher=[[BBC Television]] | date=19 December 1970 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v0oGh7mTV0 | format=video | access-date=13 September 2012 | archive-date=13 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113101409/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v0oGh7mTV0 | url-status=live}}</ref>

Shah also organised Sufi study groups in the United States. [[Claudio Naranjo]], a [[Chilean people|Chilean]] psychiatrist who was teaching in California in the late 1960s, says that, after being "disappointed in the extent to which Gurdjieff's school entailed a living lineage", he had turned towards Sufism and had "become part of a group under the guidance of Idries Shah."<ref name=Naranjo>{{cite book | last=Naranjo | first=Claudio | author-link=Claudio Naranjo | title=Character and Neurosis | publisher=Gateways | year=1994 | location=Nevada City, CA | page=xxviii | isbn=0-89556-066-6}}</ref> Naranjo co-wrote a book with [[Robert Ornstein]], entitled ''On The Psychology of Meditation'' (1971). Both of them were associated with the [[University of California]], where Ornstein was a research psychologist at the [[Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute]].<ref name=Naranjo2>{{cite book | last=Naranjo | first=Claudio | author2=Robert Ornstein | title=On the Psychology of Meditation | publisher=Viking Press | year=1972 | location=New York, NY | isbn=0-670-00364-6}}</ref>

Ornstein was also president and founder of the [[Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge]], established in 1969; seeing a need in the U.S. for books and collections on ancient and new ways of thinking, he formed the [[Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge|ISHK]] Book Service in 1972 as a central source for important contemporary and traditional literature, becoming the sole U.S. distributor of the works of Idries Shah published by Octagon Press.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ishkbooks.com/ishk_history.html | title=ISHK History | access-date=12 September 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215175421/http://www.ishkbooks.com/ishk_history.html | archive-date=15 February 2012}}</ref>

Another Shah associate, the scientist and professor [[Leonard Lewin (telecommunications engineer)|Leonard Lewin]], who was teaching telecommunications at the [[University of Colorado]] at the time, set up Sufi study groups and other enterprises for the promotion of Sufi ideas like the Institute for Research on the Dissemination of Human Knowledge (IRDHK), and also edited an anthology of writings by and about Shah entitled ''The Diffusion of Sufi Ideas in the West'' (1972).<ref name=Lewin-no-page>{{cite book | last=Lewin | first=Leonard | title=Diffusion of Sufi Ideas in the West | publisher=Keysign Press | year=1972 | location=Boulder, CO}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/fellows.php | title=Dr Kate Fox : The Institute for Cultural Research | website=I-c-r.org.uk | access-date=2016-03-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708092123/http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/fellows.php | archive-date=8 July 2017 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

The planned animated feature film by Williams, provisionally titled ''The Amazing Nasruddin'', never materialised, as the relationship between Williams and the Shah family soured in 1972 amid disputes about copyrights and funds; however, Williams later used some of the ideas for his film ''[[The Thief and the Cobbler]]''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Dessem | first=Matthew | url=https://thedissolve.com/features/movie-of-the-week/602-animations-lost-masterpiece/ | title=Animation's lost masterpiece | date=5 June 2014 | work=[[The Dissolve]] | publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] | access-date=9 August 2018 | archive-date=9 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809183722/https://thedissolve.com/features/movie-of-the-week/602-animations-lost-masterpiece/ | url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Later years ===

Shah wrote around two dozen more books over the following decades, many of them drawing on classical Sufi sources.<ref name="Moore" /> Achieving a huge worldwide circulation,<ref name="Makers">{{cite book | editor-last=Wintle | editor-first=Justin | author-link=Justin Wintle | title=Makers of Modern Culture, Vol. 1 | publisher=Routledge | year=2001 | location=London, UK/New York, NY | page=474 | isbn=0-415-26583-5}}</ref> his writings appealed primarily to an intellectually oriented Western audience.<ref name="Smith" /> By translating Sufi teachings into contemporary psychological language, he presented them in vernacular and hence accessible terms.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Westerlund | editor-first=David | title=Sufism in Europe and North America | publisher=RoutledgeCurzon | year=2004 | location=New York, NY | page=54 | isbn=0-415-32591-9}}</ref> His [[Folklore|folktales]], illustrating Sufi wisdom through anecdote and example, proved particularly popular.<ref name="Smith" /><ref name="Makers" /> Shah received and accepted invitations to lecture as a visiting professor at academic institutions including the [[University of California]], the [[University of Geneva]], the [[National University of La Plata]] and various English universities.<ref>{{cite news | last=Campbell | first=Edward | author-link=Edward Campbell (journalist) | title=Reluctant guru | work=[[Evening News (London)|Evening News]] | date=1978-08-29}}</ref> Besides his literary and educational work, he found time to design an [[air ioniser]] (forming a company together with [[Coppy Laws]]) and run a number of textile, ceramics and electronics companies.<ref name="Hall 56" /> He also undertook several journeys to his ancestral [[Afghanistan]] and involved himself in setting up [[Afghan Relief|relief efforts]] there; he drew on these experiences later on in his book ''[[Kara Kush]]'', a novel about the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref name="OISTI" />

=== Illness ===

In late spring of 1987, about a year after his final visit to Afghanistan, Shah suffered two successive and massive heart attacks.<ref name="DTOB" /><ref name="ISCOM">{{cite web | title=Idries Shah, Sayed Idries el-Hashimi (official website) | publisher=The Estate of Idries Shah | url=http://www.idriesshah.com/ | access-date=2008-10-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123095631/http://www.idriesshah.com/ | archive-date=2008-01-23}}</ref> He was told that he had only eight per cent of his heart function left, and could not expect to survive.<ref name="DTOB" /> Despite intermittent bouts of illness, he continued working and produced further books over the next nine years.<ref name="DTOB" /><ref name="ISCOM" />

=== Death ===
[[File:Idries Shah Grave Brookwood.jpg|thumb|right|The grave of Idries Shah in [[Brookwood Cemetery]]]]

Idries Shah died in London on 23 November 1996, at the age of 72 and was buried in [[Brookwood Cemetery]]. According to his obituary in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', Idries Shah was a collaborator with [[Mujahideen]] in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]], a Director of Studies for the Institute for Cultural Research and a Governor of the [[Royal Humane Society]] and the [[Royal Hospital and Home for Incurables]].<ref name="DTOB">{{cite news | last=Staff | title=Idries Shah – Grand Sheikh of the Sufis whose inspirational books enlightened the West about the moderate face of Islam (obituary) | newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/et?ac=001301712421770&rtmo=qMuJX999&atmo=99999999&pg=/et/96/12/7/ebshah07.html | access-date=2008-10-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000525070609/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/et?ac=001301712421770&rtmo=qMuJX999&atmo=99999999&pg=%2Fet%2F96%2F12%2F7%2Febshah07.html | archive-date=25 May 2000 | url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also a member of the [[Athenaeum Club, London|Athenaeum Club]].<ref name="Moore" /> At the time of his death, Shah's books had sold over 15 million copies in a dozen languages worldwide,<ref name="Hammer" /> and had been reviewed in numerous international journals and newspapers.<ref>{{cite book | last=Archer | first=Nathaniel P. | title=Idries Shah, Printed Word International Collection 8 | publisher=Octagon Press | year=1977 | location=London, UK | isbn=0-86304-000-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Ghali | first=Halima | title=Shah, International Press Review Collection 9 | publisher=BM Sufi Studies | year=1979 | location=London, UK}}</ref>

== Teachings ==
=== Books on magic and the occult ===

Shah's early books were studies of what he called "minority beliefs". His first book ''[[Oriental Magic]]'', published in 1956, was originally intended to be titled ''Considerations in Eastern and African Minority Beliefs''. He followed this in 1957 with ''The Secret Lore of Magic: Book of the Sorcerers'', originally entitled ''Some Materials on European Minority-Belief Literature''. The names of these books were, according to a contributor to a 1973 ''festschrift'' for Shah, changed before publication due to the "exigencies of commercial publishing practices."<ref name=Williams-230-231>{{cite book | last=Williams | first=L.F. Rushbrook | title=Sufi Studies: East and West | publisher=E.P. Dutton & Co. | year=1974 | location=New York, NY | pages=230–31}}</ref>

Before his death in 1969, Shah's father asserted that the reason why he and his son had published books on the subject of magic and the occult was "to forestall a probable popular revival or belief among a significant number of people in this nonsense. My son... eventually completed this task, when he researched for several years and published two important books on the subject."<ref>Shah, Sirdar Ikbal Ali (1992). ''Alone in Arabian Nights''. London: Octagon Press Ltd. p. 136; {{ISBN|0-86304-063-2}}.</ref>

In an interview in ''[[Psychology Today]]'' from 1975, Shah elaborated:<blockquote>The main purpose of my books on magic was to make this material available to the general reader. For too long people believed that there were secret books, hidden places, and amazing things. They held onto this information as something to frighten themselves with. So the first purpose was information. This is the magic of East and West. That's all. There is no more. The second purpose of those books was to show that there do seem to be forces, some of which are either rationalized by this magic or may be developed from it, which do not come within customary physics or within the experience of ordinary people. I think this should be studied, that we should gather the data and analyze the phenomena. We need to separate the chemistry of magic from the alchemy, as it were.<ref name="Hall 61">{{cite journal | last=Hall | first=Elizabeth | url=http://www.idriesshahfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Psychology-Today.pdf | title=The Sufi Tradition: A Conversation with Idries Shah | journal=[[Psychology Today]] | volume=9 | issue=2 | page=61 | date=July 1975 | access-date=16 March 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126125628/http://www.idriesshahfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Psychology-Today.pdf | archive-date=26 January 2017 | url-status=dead}}</ref></blockquote>

Shah went on to say that his books on the subject were not written for the current devotees of magic and witchcraft, and that in fact he subsequently had to avoid them, as they would only be disappointed in what he had to say.<ref name="Hall 61" />

These books were followed by the publication of the travelogue ''[[Destination Mecca]]'' (1957), which was featured on television by Sir [[David Attenborough]].<ref>[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1970/oct/22/the-mysterious-east-2/?pagination=false Lessing, Doris (1970). "The Mysterious East"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021121911/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1970/oct/22/the-mysterious-east-2/?pagination=false |date=21 October 2012 }}. ''[[The New York Times]]'' Review of Books, 22 October</ref> Both ''Destination Mecca'' and ''Oriental Magic'' contain sections on the subject of [[Sufism]].<ref name=Oriental>{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Sayed Idries | title=Oriental Magic | publisher=Octagon Press, Ltd. | year=1956 | location=London, UK | pages=59–75 | isbn=0-86304-017-9}}</ref><ref name=Destination>{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=Destination Mecca | publisher=Octagon Press | orig-year=1957 | year=1971 | location=London, UK | pages=169–78 | isbn=0-900860-13-8}}</ref>

=== Sufism as a form of timeless wisdom ===

Shah presented Sufism as a form of timeless wisdom that predated Islam.<ref name="Farouki">{{cite book | editor-last=Taji-Farouki | editor-first=Suha | editor-last2=Nafi | editor-first2=Basheer M. | title=Islamic Thought in the Twentieth Century | publisher=I.B.Tauris Publishers | year=2004 | location=London, UK/New York, NY | page=123 | isbn=1-85043-751-3}}</ref> He emphasised that the nature of Sufism was alive, not static, and that it always adapted its visible manifestations to new times, places and people: "Sufi schools are like waves which break upon rocks: [they are] from the same sea, in different forms, for the same purpose," he wrote, quoting [[Ahmad al-Badawi]].<ref name="Galin" /><ref name="Farouki" />

Shah was often dismissive of orientalists' descriptions of Sufism, holding that academic or personal study of its historical forms and methods was not a sufficient basis for gaining a correct understanding of it.<ref name="Farouki" /> In fact, an obsession with its traditional forms might actually become an obstacle: "Show a man too many camels' bones, or show them to him too often, and he will not be able to recognise a camel when he comes across a live one," is how he expressed this idea in one of his books.<ref name="Farouki" /><ref name="Dermis">{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=The Dermis Probe | url=https://archive.org/details/dermisprobe00shah | url-access=registration | publisher=Octagon Press | orig-year=1970 | year=1980 | location=London, UK | page=[https://archive.org/details/dermisprobe00shah/page/18 18] | isbn=0-86304-045-4}}</ref>

Shah, like [[Inayat Khan]], presented Sufism as a path that transcended individual religions, and adapted it to a Western audience.<ref name="HW">{{cite book | last=Smoley | first=Richard | author2=Kinney, Jay | title=Hidden Wisdom: A Guide to the Western Inner Traditions | publisher=Quest Books | year=2006 | location=Wheaton, IL/Chennai, India | page=238 | isbn=0-8356-0844-1}}</ref> Unlike Khan, however, he deemphasised religious or spiritual trappings and portrayed Sufism as a psychological technology, a method or science that could be used to achieve self-realisation.<ref name="HW" /><ref name="Deikman" /> In doing so, his approach seemed to be especially addressed to followers of Gurdjieff, students of the [[Human Potential Movement]], and intellectuals acquainted with modern psychology.<ref name="HW" /> For example, he wrote, "Sufism ... states that man may become objective, and that objectivity enables the individual to grasp 'higher' facts. Man is therefore invited to push his evolution ahead towards what is sometimes called in Sufism 'real intellect'."<ref name="HW" /> Shah taught that the human being could acquire new subtle sense organs in response to need:<ref name="Galin" />

{{Blockquote|Sufis believe that, expressed in one way, humanity is evolving towards a certain destiny. We are all taking part in that evolution. Organs come into being as a result of the need for specific organs ([[Rumi]]). The human being's organism is producing a new complex of organs in response to such a need. In this age of transcending of time and space, the complex of organs is concerned with the transcending of time and space. What ordinary people regard as sporadic and occasional outbursts of [[telepathy|telepathic]] or prophetic power are seen by the Sufi as nothing less than the first stirrings of these same organs. The difference between all evolution up to date and the present need for evolution is that for the past ten thousand years or so we have been given the possibility of a conscious evolution. So essential is this more rarefied evolution that our future depends upon it.|Idries Shah, ''The Sufis''.<ref name="Sufis54">{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=The Sufis | publisher=Octagon Press | orig-year=1964 | year=1977 | location=London, UK | page=54 | isbn=0-86304-020-9}}</ref>}}

Shah dismissed other Eastern and Western projections of Sufism as "watered down, generalised or partial"; he included in this not only Khan's version, but also the overtly Muslim forms of Sufism found in most Islamic countries. On the other hand, the writings of Shah's associates implied that he was the "Grand Sheikh of the Sufis" – a position of authority undercut by the failure of any other Sufis to acknowledge its existence.<ref name="HW" /> Shah felt the best way to introduce Sufi wisdom in the West, while at the same time overcoming the problems of [[guru]]s and [[cult]]s, was to clarify the difference between a cult and an educational system, and to contribute to knowledge. In an interview, he explained,
"You must work within an educational pattern – not in the mumbo-jumbo area."<ref name="New Psychology" /> As part of this approach, he acted as Director of Studies at the ICR.<ref name="New Psychology">{{cite journal | title=New Psychology | journal=The Courier | date=23 June 1978}}</ref> He also lectured on the study of Sufism in the West at the [[University of Sussex]] in 1966. This was later published as a monograph entitled ''Special Problems in the Study of Sufi Ideas.''<ref name=Sussex>{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Idries | author-link=Idries Shah | title=Special Problems in the Study of Sufi Ideas | publisher=Octagon Press | year=1974 | location=London, UK | isbn=0-900860-21-9}}</ref>

Shah later explained that Sufi activities were divided into different components or departments: "studies ''in'' Sufism", "studies ''of'' Sufism", and "studies ''for'' Sufism".<ref name="Shahadvanced">{{cite web | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=An Advanced Psychology of the East | publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge|ISHK]] | year=1977 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3D3ApJsE8yg | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/3D3ApJsE8yg | archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live | format=audio | access-date=22 September 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Studies ''for'' Sufism helped lead people towards Sufism and included the promotion of knowledge which might be lacking in the culture and needed to be restored and spread, such as an understanding of [[social conditioning]] and [[brainwashing]], the difference between the rational and intuitive modes of thought, and other activities so that people's minds could become more free and wide-ranging. Studies ''of'' Sufism included institutions and activities, such as lectures and seminars, which provided information about Sufism and acted as a cultural liaison between the Sufis and the public. Finally, Studies ''in'' Sufism referred to being in a Sufi school, carrying out those activities prescribed by the teacher as part of a training, and this could take many forms which did not necessarily fit into the preconceived notion of a "mystical school".<ref name="Shahadvanced" />

Shah's Sufi aims and methodologies were also delineated in the "Declaration of the People of the Tradition" given at Coombe Springs:
<blockquote>In addition to making this announcement, to feeding into certain fields of thought certain ideas, and pointing out some of the factors surrounding this work, the projectors of this declaration have a practical task. This task is to locate individuals who have the capacity for obtaining the special knowledge of man which is available; to group them in a special, not haphazard, manner, so that each such group forms a harmonious organism; to do this in the right place at the right time; to provide an external and interior format with which to work, as well as a formulation of 'ideas' suitable to local conditions; to balance theory with practice.<ref name="Bennett2" /></blockquote>

In a BBC interview from 1971, Shah explained his contemporary, adaptive approach: "I am interested in making available in the West those aspects of Sufism which shall be of use to the West at this time. I don't want to turn good Europeans into poor Asiatics. People have asked me why I don't use traditional methods of spiritual training, for instance, in dealing with people who seek me out or hunt me down; and of course, the answer is, that it's for the same reason that you came to my house today in a motorcar and not on the back of a camel. Sufism is, in fact, not a mystical system, not a religion, but a body of knowledge."<ref name=Lewin>{{cite book | last=Lewin | first=Leonard | title=Diffusion of Sufi Ideas in the West | publisher=Keysign Press | year=1972 | location=Boulder, CO | page=17}}</ref>

Shah frequently characterised some of his work as really only preliminary to actual Sufi study, in the same way that learning to read and write might be seen as preliminary to a study of literature: "Unless the psychology is correctly oriented, there is no spirituality, though there can be obsession and emotionality, often mistaken for it."<ref name="Wilson187-188">{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Peter | editor=[[Peter B. Clarke]] | chapter=The Strange Fate of Sufism in the New Age | title=New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam | publisher=Luzac Oriental | year=1998 | location=London, UK | pages=187–88 | isbn=1-898942-17-X}}</ref><ref name="LHTL80">{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=Learning How To Learn | publisher=Penguin Arkana | date=1978 | location=New York, NY/London, UK/Ringwood, Victoria/Toronto, Canada/Auckland, NZ | page=80 | isbn=0-14-019513-0}}</ref> "Anyone trying to graft spiritual practices upon an unregenerate personality ... will end up with an aberration", he argued.<ref name="Wilson187-188" /> For this reason, most of the work he produced from ''The Sufis'' onwards was psychological in nature, focused on attacking the ''[[nafs]]-i-ammara'', the [[True self and false self|false self]]: "I have nothing to give you except the way to understand how to seek – but you think you can already do that."<ref name="Wilson187-188" />

Shah was frequently criticised for not mentioning God very much in his writings; his reply was that given man's present state, there would not be much point in talking about God. He illustrated the problem in a parable in his book ''Thinkers of the East'': "Finding I could speak the language of ants, I approached one and inquired, 'What is God like? Does he resemble the ant?' He answered, 'God! No indeed – we have only a single sting but God, He has ''two''!'"<ref name="Wilson187-188" /><ref name="TOTE101">{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=Thinkers of the East | publisher=Penguin Arkana | date=1972 | location=New York, NY, US; London, UK; Ringwood, Victoria, Australia; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Auckland, New Zealand | page=[https://archive.org/details/thinkersofeastar00idri/page/101 101] | isbn=0-14-019251-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/thinkersofeastar00idri/page/101}}</ref>

=== Teaching stories ===
{{Further|Teaching stories}}

Shah used teaching stories and humour to great effect in his work.<ref name="Farouki" /><ref>{{cite book | last=Lewin | first=Leonard | author2=Shah, Idries | title=The Diffusion of Sufi Ideas in the West | publisher=Keysign Press | year=1972 | location=Boulder, CO | page=72}}</ref> Shah emphasised the therapeutic function of surprising anecdotes, and the fresh perspectives these tales revealed.<ref name="SW31">{{cite book | editor1-last=Malik | editor1-first=Jamal | editor2=Hinnells, John R. | title=Sufism in the West | publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group | year=2006 | location=London, UK/New York, NY | page=31 | isbn=0-415-27407-9}}</ref> The reading and discussion of such tales in a group setting became a significant part of the activities in which the members of Shah's study circles engaged.<ref name="SW32" /> The transformative way in which these puzzling or surprising tales could destabilise the student's normal (and unaware) mode of consciousness was studied by [[Stanford University]] psychology professor [[Robert Ornstein]], who along with fellow psychologist [[Charles Tart]]<ref name="Clarke195">Wilson, Peter (1998). "The Strange Fate of Sufism in the New Age". In {{cite book | editor-last=Clarke | editor-first=Peter B. | title=New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam | publisher=Luzac Oriental | location=London | year=1998 | page=195 | isbn=1-898942-17-X}}</ref> and eminent writers such as [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|Poet Laureate]] [[Ted Hughes]]<ref name="Clarke167">Hermansen, Marcia (1998). "In the Garden of American Sufi Movements: Hybrids and Perennials". In {{cite book | editor-last=Clarke | editor-first=Peter B. | title=New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam | publisher=Luzac Oriental | location=London | year=1998 | page=167 | isbn=1-898942-17-X}}</ref> and [[Nobel Prize for literature|Nobel-Prize]]-winning novelist [[Doris Lessing]]<ref name="Galin">{{cite book | last=Galin | first=Müge | title=Between East and West: Sufism in the Novels of Doris Lessing | publisher=State University of New York Press | year=1997 | location=Albany, NY | pages=xix, 5–8, 21, 40–41, 101, 115 | isbn=0-7914-3383-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Fahim | first=Shadia S. | title=Doris Lessing: Sufi Equilibrium and the Form of the Novel | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan/St. Martins Press | year=1995 | location=Basingstoke, UK/New York, NY | pages=passim | isbn=0-312-10293-3}}</ref> was one of several notable thinkers profoundly influenced by Shah.<ref name="SW31" /><ref name="Westerlund53">{{cite book | editor-last=Westerlund | editor-first=David | title=Sufism in Europe and North America | publisher=RoutledgeCurzon | year=2004 | location=New York, NY | page=53 | isbn=0-415-32591-9}}</ref>

Shah and Ornstein met in the 1960s.<ref name="Westerlund53" /> Realising that Ornstein could be an ideal partner in propagating his teachings, translating them into the idiom of [[psychotherapy]], Shah made him his deputy (''[[Caliph|khalifa]]'') in the United States.<ref name="SW31" /><ref name="Westerlund53" /> Ornstein's ''The Psychology of Consciousness'' (1972) was enthusiastically received by the academic psychology community, as it coincided with new interests in the field, such as the study of [[biofeedback]] and other techniques designed to achieve shifts in mood and awareness. Ornstein has published more books in the field over the years.<ref name="Westerlund53" />

Philosopher of [[science]] and physicist [[Henri Bortoft]] used teaching tales from Shah's corpus as analogies of the habits of mind which prevented people from grasping the scientific method of Johann Wolfgang von [[Goethe]]. Bortoft's ''The Wholeness of Nature: Goethe's Way of Science'' includes tales from ''[[Tales of the Dervishes]]'', ''The Exploits of the Incomparable Mullah Nasruddin'' and ''[[A Perfumed Scorpion]]''.<ref>Henri Bortoft, ''The Wholeness of Nature: Goethe's Way of Science'' (1996). Floris Books; {{ISBN|0-86315-238-4}}</ref>

In their original historical and cultural setting, Sufi teaching stories of the kind popularised by Shah – first told orally, and later written down for the purpose of transmitting Sufi faith and practice to successive generations – were considered suitable for people of all ages, including children, as they contained multiple layers of meaning.<ref name="Galin" /> Shah likened the Sufi story to a peach: "A person may be emotionally stirred by the exterior as if the peach were lent to you. You can eat the peach and taste a further delight ... You can throw away the stone – or crack it and find a delicious kernel within. This is the hidden depth."<ref name="Galin" /> It was in this manner that Shah invited his audience to receive the Sufi story.<ref name="Galin" /> By failing to uncover the kernel, and regarding the story as merely amusing or superficial, a person would accomplish nothing more than looking at the peach, while others internalised the tale and allowed themselves to be touched by it.<ref name="Galin" />

Tahir Shah mentions his father's storytelling at several points throughout his 2008 book ''In Arabian Nights'', first to discuss how Idries Shah made use of teaching stories: "My father never told us how the stories worked. He did not reveal the layers, the nuggets of information, the fragments of truth and fantasy. He didn't need to – because, given the right conditions, the stories activated, sowing themselves."<ref name=IAN>{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Tahir | title=In Arabian Nights | year=2008 | publisher=Bantam Books | location=London | isbn=978-0-553-80523-9 | pages=10, 15, 24, 262}}</ref> He then explains how his father used these stories to impart wisdom: "My father always had a tale at hand to divert our attention, or to use as a way of transmitting an idea or a thought. He used to say that the great collections of stories from the East were like encyclopedias, storehouses of wisdom and knowledge ready to be studied, to be appreciated and cherished. To him, stories represented much more than mere entertainment. He saw them as complex psychological documents, forming a body of knowledge that had been collected and refined since the dawn of humanity and, more often than not, passed down by word of mouth."<ref name=IAN />

Later on in the book, he continues his discussion of stories as teaching tools, quoting the following explanation his father gave him at the end of a story:
{{Blockquote|These stories are technical documents, they are like maps, or kind of blueprints. What I do is show people how to use the maps, because they have forgotten. You may think it's a strange way to teach – with stories – but long ago this was the way people passed on wisdom. Everyone knew how to take the wisdom from the story. They could see through the layers, in the same way you see a fish frozen in a block of ice. But the world where we are living has lost this skill, a skill they certainly once had. They hear the stories and they like them, because the stories amuse them, make them feel warm. But they can't see past the first layer, into the ice.

The stories are like a lovely chessboard: we all know how to play chess and we can be drawn into a game so complicated that our faculties are drained. But imagine if the game was lost from a society for centuries and then the fine chessboard and its pieces were found. Everyone would cluster round to see them and praise them. They might never imagine that such a fine object ever had a purpose other than to entertain the eyes. The stories' inner value has been lost in the same way. At one time everyone knew how to play with them, how to decipher them. But now the rules have been forgotten. It is for us to show people again how the game is played.|Tahir Shah|''In Arabian Nights''.<ref name=IAN />}}

[[Olav Hammer]], in ''Sufism in Europe and North America'' (2004), cites an example of such a story.<ref name="Hammer" /> It tells of a man who is looking for his key on the ground.<ref name="Hammer" /> When a passing neighbour asks the man whether this is in fact the place where he lost the key, the man replies, "No, I lost it at home, but there is more light here than in my own house."<ref name="Hammer">{{cite book | editor-last=Westerlund | editor-first=David | title=Sufism in Europe and North America | publisher=RoutledgeCurzon | year=2004 | location=New York, NY | pages=136–138 | isbn=0-415-32591-9}}</ref> Versions of this story have been known for many years in the West (see [[Streetlight effect]]). This is an example of the long-noted phenomenon of similar tales existing in many different cultures, which was a central idea in Shah's folktale collection ''[[World Tales]]''.

Peter Wilson, writing in ''New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam'' (1998), quotes another such story, featuring a [[dervish]] who is asked to describe the qualities of his teacher, Alim.<ref name="Wilson185">{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Peter | editor=[[Peter B. Clarke]] | chapter=The Strange Fate of Sufism in the New Age | title=New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam | publisher=Luzac Oriental | year=1998 | location=London, UK | page=185 | isbn=1-898942-17-X}}</ref> The dervish explains that Alim wrote beautiful poetry, and inspired him with his self-sacrifice and his service to his fellow man.<ref name="Wilson185" /> His questioner readily approves of these qualities, only to find the dervish rebuking him: "Those are the qualities which would have recommended Alim to ''you''."<ref name="Wilson185" /><ref name="Dermis21">{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Idries | title=The Dermis Probe | url=https://archive.org/details/dermisprobe00shah | url-access=registration | publisher=Octagon Press | orig-year=1970 | year=1980 | location=London, UK | page=[https://archive.org/details/dermisprobe00shah/page/21 21] | isbn=0-86304-045-4}}</ref> Then he proceeds to list the qualities which actually enabled Alim to be an effective teacher: "Hazrat Alim Azimi made me irritated, which caused me to examine my irritation, to trace its source. Alim Azimi made me angry, so that I could feel and transform my anger."<ref name="Dermis21" /> He explains that Alim Azimi followed the [[path of blame]], intentionally provoking vicious attacks upon himself, in order to bring the failings of both his students and critics to light, allowing them to be seen for what they really were: "He showed us the strange, so that the strange became commonplace and we could realise what it really is."<ref name="Wilson185" /><ref name="Dermis21" />

=== Views on culture and practical life ===

Shah's concern was to reveal essentials underlying all cultures, and the hidden factors determining individual behaviour.<ref name="Makers" /> He discounted the Western focus on appearances and superficialities, which often reflected mere fashion and habit, and drew attention to the origins of culture and the unconscious and mixed motivations of people and the groups formed by them. He pointed out how both on the individual and group levels, short-term disasters often turn into blessings – and vice versa – and yet the knowledge of this has done little to affect the way people respond to events as they occur.<ref name="Makers" />

Shah did not advocate the abandonment of worldly duties; instead, he argued that the treasure sought by the would-be disciple should derive from one's struggles in everyday living. He considered practical work the means through which a seeker could do self-work, in line with the traditional adoption by Sufis of ordinary professions, through which they earned their livelihoods and "worked" on themselves.<ref name="Galin" />

Shah's status as a teacher remained indefinable; disclaiming both the [[guru]] identity and any desire to found a [[cult]] or [[sect]], he also rejected the academic hat.<ref name="Makers" /> Michael Rubinstein, writing in ''Makers of Modern Culture'', concluded that "he is perhaps best seen as an embodiment of the tradition in which the contemplative and [[Intuition (knowledge)|intuitive]] aspects of the mind are regarded as being most productive when working together."<ref name="Makers" />

=== Legacy ===

Idries Shah considered his books his legacy; in themselves, they would fulfil the function he had fulfilled when he could no longer be there.<ref>{{cite book | last=Shah | first=Tahir | author-link=Tahir Shah | title=In Arabian Nights: A Caravan of Moroccan Dreams | publisher=Bantam | year=2008 | location=New York, NY | pages=215–16 | isbn=978-0-553-80523-9}}</ref> Promoting and distributing their teacher's publications has been an important activity or "work" for Shah's students, both for fund-raising purposes and for transforming public awareness.<ref name="SW32">{{cite book | editor-last=Malik | editor-first=Jamal | editor-last2=Hinnells | editor-first2=John R. | title=Sufism in the West | publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group | year=2006 | location=London, UK/New York/NY | page=32 | isbn=0-415-27407-9}}</ref> The ICR suspended its activities in 2013 following the formation of a new charity, [[The Idries Shah Foundation]],<ref name="ICR-Ceased-2014">{{cite web | title=The Institute for Cultural Research | publisher=The Institute for Cultural Research | date=2014 | url=http://www.i-c-r.org.uk | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830031217/http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/ | archive-date=30 August 2014 | access-date=25 October 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref> while the SSS had ceased its activities earlier. The ISHK (Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge), headed by Ornstein,<ref>{{cite web | title=Directors, Advisors & Staff | publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge (ISHK) | url=http://ishkbooks.com/ishk_leadership.html | access-date=27 March 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004064521/http://www.ishkbooks.com/ishk_leadership.html | archive-date=4 October 2008}}</ref> is active in the United States; after the [[9/11 terrorist attacks]], for example, it sent out a brochure advertising Afghanistan-related books authored by Shah and his circle to members of the [[Middle East Studies Association]], thus linking these publications to the need for improved cross-cultural understanding.<ref name="SW32" />

When Elizabeth Hall interviewed Shah for ''[[Psychology Today]]'' in July 1975, she asked him: "For the sake of humanity, what would you like to see happen?" Shah replied: "What I would really want, in case anybody is listening, is for the products of the last 50 years of psychological research to be studied by the public, by everybody, so that the findings become part of their way of thinking (...) they have this great body of psychological information and refuse to use it."<ref name="Hall 61" />

Shah's brother, [[Omar Ali-Shah]] (1922–2005), was also a writer and teacher of Sufism; the brothers taught students together for a while in the 1960s, but in 1977 "agreed to disagree" and went their separate ways.<ref name="Hayter">{{cite book | last=Hayter | first=Augy | title=Fictions and Factions | publisher=Tractus Books | year=2002 | location=Reno, NV/Paris, France | pages=177, 201 | isbn=2-909347-14-1}}</ref> Following Idries Shah's death in 1996, a fair number of his students became affiliated with Omar Ali-Shah's movement.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last=Malik | editor-first=Jamal | editor-last2=Hinnells | editor-first2=John R. | title=Sufism in the West | publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group | year=2006 | location=London, UK/New York, NY | page=30 | isbn=0-415-27407-9}}</ref>

One of Shah's daughters, [[Saira Shah]], became notable in 2001 for reporting on women's rights in Afghanistan in her documentary ''Beneath the Veil''.<ref name="Dangerously" /> His son, [[Tahir Shah]], is a noted travel writer, journalist and adventurer.

==== Translations ====

Idries Shah's works have been translated into many languages, such as French, German, Latvian, Persian, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish and others.

Idries Shah work was relatively late to reach the Polish reader. The pioneering translation into Polish was done by specialist in Iranian studies and translator [[Ivonna Nowicka]] who rendered the ''Tales of the Dervishes'' of her own initiative in 1999–2000. After a few unsuccessful attempts, she managed to find a publisher, the [[WAM Publishing House]], and the book was finally published in 2002. The ''Wisdom of the Fools''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://drzewobabel.pl/wydawnictwo/ksiazki/madrosc_glupcow,ksiazka,23.html | title=Mądrość głupców | access-date=13 July 2019 | archive-date=13 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713180843/http://drzewobabel.pl/wydawnictwo/ksiazki/madrosc_glupcow,ksiazka,23.html | url-status=live}} ([[Polish language|pol.]])</ref> and ''The Magic Monastery''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://drzewobabel.pl/wydawnictwo/ksiazki/zaczarowana_swiatynia,ksiazka,30.html | title=Zaczarowana świątynia | access-date=13 July 2019 | archive-date=13 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713180843/http://drzewobabel.pl/wydawnictwo/ksiazki/zaczarowana_swiatynia,ksiazka,30.html | url-status=live}} ([[Polish language|pol.]])</ref> in her translation followed in 2002 and 2003, respectively.

== Reception ==

Shah's books on Sufism achieved considerable critical acclaim. He was the subject of a [[BBC]] documentary ("One Pair of Eyes") in 1969,<ref name=MENA /> and two of his works (''[[The Way of the Sufi]]'' and ''[[Reflections (Sufi literature)|Reflections]]'') were chosen as "Outstanding Book of the Year" by the [[BBC]]'s "The Critics" programme.<ref name="DLES">{{cite news | last=Lessing | first=Doris | author2=Elwell-Sutton, L. P. | title=Letter to the Editors by Doris Lessing, with a reply by L. P. Elwell-Sutton | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] | date=1970-10-22 | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/10797 | access-date=2008-11-05 | archive-date=23 March 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323002753/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/10797 | url-status=live}}</ref> Among other honours, Shah won six first prizes at the [[UNESCO]] World Book Year in 1973,<ref name=MENA>{{cite book | title=The Middle East and North Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastnortha00unkn | url-access=registration | publisher=Europa Publications Limited, Taylor & Francis Group, International Publications Service | year=1988 | page=[https://archive.org/details/middleeastnortha00unkn/page/952 952] | isbn=978-0-905118-50-5}}</ref> and the [[Islamic scholar]] [[James Kritzeck]], commenting on Shah's ''[[Tales of the Dervishes]]'', said that it was "beautifully translated".<ref name="DLES" />

A collection of positive assessments of Shah's work entitled ''Sufi Studies: East and West'' was published in 1973 which included, among others, contributions from L. F. Rushbrook Williams, [[Rom Landau]], [[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], [[Gyula Germanus]], [[Sir John Glubb]], Sir [[Razik Fareed]], [[Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi]], [[Ahmet Emin Yalman]], Mahmoud Youssef Shawarbi and Nasrollah S. Fatemi.<ref>''Sufi Studies: East and West'', edited by Professor L.F. Rushbrook Williams, E.P.Dutton & Co., 1974.{{ISBN|978-0525211952}}</ref>

[[Colin Wilson]] stated that "partly through Idries Shah, I have begun to see some rather new and interesting implications [about the subject of mysticism]"<ref>''The Nature of Religious Man'', edited by D.B. Fry, Octagon Press, London, 1982, p. 99.</ref> and in his review of ''[[The Magic Monastery]]'' (1972) noted that Shah "is not primarily concerned with propagating some secret doctrine. He is concerned with the method by which mystical knowledge is transmitted... [The Sufis] transmit knowledge through direct intuition rather in the manner of the [[Zen]] masters, and one of the chief means of doing this is by means of brief stories and parables which work their way into the subconscious and activate its hidden forces."<ref>"Worlds of Magic", in ''Books and Bookmen'', June 1972, vol 17, no. 9, issue #201.</ref>

In Afghanistan, the ''[[Kabul Times]]'' said that ''Caravan of Dreams'' (1968) was "highly recommended" and "of especial interest to Afghans" because it is "basically an anthology of short stories, tales and proverbs, jokes and extracts, from the written and oral literature which forms a part of many an evening's talk and interchange – even in these modern times – in Afghanistan."<ref>Kabul Times, 13 May 1973, p. 3.</ref> ''The Afghanistan News'' reported that ''The Sufis'' "covers important Afghan contributions to world philosophy and science" and was "the first {{sic|?|hide=y|fully|-}}authoritative book on Sufism and the human development system of the dervishes."<ref>The Afghanistan News, May 1964, vol 7, no. 81</ref> As far as doubts about Shah's background and credentials are concerned, the [[Sardar Haji Faiz Muhammad Khan Zikeria]], an Afghan scholar who had served as Afghan Minister of Education and later Ambassador and Foreign Minister of Afghanistan, issued a notarized Declaration for the scholars of the world about the Shah family in 1970: "The Musavi Saiyids of Afghanistan and Khans of Paghman are recognized as the descendants of the Prophet – may peace be upon him. They are recognized to be of the most noble descent of Islam and are respected as Sufi teachers and erudite scholars. Saiyid Idries Shah, son of the late Saiyid Ikbal Ali Shah, is personally known to me as an honourable man whose rank, titles and descent are attested and known by repute."<ref>"Spirituality, Science and Psychology in the Sufi Way" in Sufi Studies: East and West, edited by Professor L.F. Rushbrook Williams, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1974, p. 116</ref>

In 1980, Professor [[Khalilullah Khalili]], former Poet Laureate of Afghanistan, praised the work of his "compatriot and friend the ''Arif'' (Sufi Illuminate) The Sayed Idries Shah", saying "Especially to be appreciated are his brilliant and important services in revealing the celestial inspirations and inner thoughts of the great teachers of Islam and Sufis."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.octagonpress.com/titles/LI/qukhpage02.htm | title= Octagon Press - Quatrains of Khalilullah Khalili - page 2 | access-date=20 August 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602033731/http://www.octagonpress.com/titles/LI/qukhpage02.htm | archive-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

The ''[[Hindustan Standard]]'' of India found that ''Caravan of Dreams'', was a "fine anthology, dippable-into at any time for entertainment, refreshment, consolation, and inspiration... witty, engrossing, utterly and appealingly human."<ref>"Oriental Wisdom" in ''Hindustan Standard'', 4 January 1970.</ref>

[[The Institute for Cross-cultural Exchange]] (ICE), a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Charitable organization|charity]] founded in 2004, decided to use Idries Shah's children's books to distribute to thousands of needy children in Canada, [[Mexico]] and Afghanistan, as part of their children's [[literacy]] programme and promotion of [[cross-cultural]] understanding. This series of books is published by Hoopoe Books, a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit]] initiative by the [[Americans|American]] [[psychologist]] [[Robert Ornstein]]'s [[Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge]] (ISHK).<ref name="AboutICE">{{cite web | last=Staff | title=Children's Literacy: About ICE: Who We Are | publisher=The Institute for Cross-cultural Exchange | date=2015 | url=http://www.iceeducation.org/aboutIceWeAre.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217112851/http://www.iceeducation.org/aboutIceWeAre.html | archive-date=17 December 2015 | access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="CanadianPensioners">{{cite news | last=Zada | first=John | title=Helping to Close the Literacy Gap | newspaper=Viewpoint | publisher=Canadian Pensioners Concerned, Inc. | location=[[Toronto]], [[Canada]] | date=December 2012 | volume=38 | issue=4 | url=http://www.canpension.ca/pages/archives/dec12/gap.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217132259/http://www.canpension.ca/pages/archives/dec12/gap.html | archive-date=17 December 2015 | access-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> ISHK provides these books to needy children through their own Share Literacy initiative.<ref name="ShareLiteracy">{{cite web | last=Staff | title=About Share Literacy | publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge]] | date=2015 | url=http://www.shareliteracy.org/about.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219115826/http://www.shareliteracy.org/about.htm | archive-date=19 December 2015 | access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

=== "Shah-school" writings ===

A hostile critic was [[James Moore (Cornish author)|James Moore]], a Gurdjieffian who disagreed with Shah's assertion that [[Gurdjieff]]'s teaching was essentially Sufic in nature and took exception to the publication of a chronologically impossible, pseudonymous book on the matter (''[[The Teachers of Gurdjieff]]'' by Rafael Lefort) that was linked to Shah.<ref name="Moore" /> In a 1986 article in ''[[Religion Today]]'' (now the ''[[Journal of Contemporary Religion]]''), Moore covered the Bennett and Graves controversies and noted that Shah was surrounded by a "nimbus of exorbitant adulation: an adulation he himself has fanned".<ref name="Moore">{{cite journal | last=Moore | first=James | author-link=James Moore (Cornish author) | title=Neo-Sufism: The Case of Idries Shah | journal=Religion Today | volume=3 | issue=3 | year=1986 | pages=4–8 | doi=10.1080/13537908608580605 | url=http://www.gurdjieff-legacy.org/40articles/neosufism.htm | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724030211/http://www.gurdjieff-legacy.org/40articles/neosufism.htm | archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> He described Shah as supported by a "coterie of serviceable journalists, editors, critics, animators, broadcasters, and travel writers, which gamely choruses Shah's praise".<ref name="Moore" /> Moore questioned Shah's purported Sufi heritage and upbringing and deplored the body of pseudonymous "Shah-school" writings from such authors as "Omar Michael Burke PhD" and "Hadrat B. M. Dervish", who from 1960 heaped intemperate praise – ostensibly from disinterested parties – on Shah, referring to him as the "Tariqa Grand Sheikh Idries Shah Saheb", "Prince Idries Shah", "King Enoch", "The Presence", "The Studious King", the "Incarnation of Ali", and even the [[Qutub (Sufism)|Qutb]] or "Axis" – all in support of Shah's incipient efforts to market Sufism to a Western audience.<ref name="Moore" />

Peter Wilson similarly commented on the "very poor quality" of much that had been written in Shah's support, noting an "unfortunately fulsome style", claims that Shah possessed various [[paranormal]] abilities, "a tone of superiority; an attitude, sometimes smug, condescending, or pitying, towards those 'on the outside', and the apparent absence of any motivation to substantiate claims which might be thought to merit such treatment".<ref name="Wilson189-191" /> In his view, there was a "marked difference in quality between Shah's own writings" and the quality of this secondary literature.<ref name="Wilson189-191">{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Peter | editor=[[Peter B. Clarke]] | chapter=The Strange Fate of Sufism in the New Age | title=New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam | publisher=Luzac Oriental | year=1998 | location=London | pages=189–191 | isbn=1-898942-17-X}}</ref> Both Moore and Wilson, however, also noted similarities in style, and considered the possibility that much of this pseudonymous work, frequently published by Octagon Press, Shah's own publishing house, might have been written by Shah himself.<ref name="Wilson189-191" />

Arguing for an alternative interpretation of this literature, the religious scholar Andrew Rawlinson proposed that rather than a "transparently self-serving [...] deception", it may have been a "masquerade – something that by definition has to be seen through".<ref name="Rawlinson525" /> Stating that "a critique of entrenched positions cannot itself be fixed and doctrinal", and noting that Shah's intent had always been to undermine false certainties, he argued that the "Shah myth" created by these writings may have been a teaching tool, rather than a tool of concealment; something "made to be deconstructed – that is ''supposed'' to dissolve when you touch it".<ref name="Rawlinson525">{{cite book | last=Rawlinson | first=Andrew | title=The Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions | publisher=Open Court | year=1997 | location=Chicago and La Salle, IL | page=[https://archive.org/details/bookofenlightene00rawl/page/525 525] | isbn=0-8126-9310-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/bookofenlightene00rawl/page/525}}</ref> Rawlinson concluded that Shah "cannot be taken at face value. His own axioms preclude the very possibility."<ref name="Rawlinson525" />

=== Assessment ===
[[File:Doris lessing 20060312 (jha).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Nobel-prize winner [[Doris Lessing]] was profoundly influenced by Shah.]]

Doris Lessing, one of Shah's greatest defenders,<ref name="Moore" /> stated in a 1981 interview: "I found Sufism as taught by Idries Shah, which claims to be the reintroduction of an ancient teaching, suitable for this time and this place. It is not some regurgitated stuff from the East or watered-down Islam or anything like that."<ref name="Galin" /> In 1996, commenting on Shah's death in ''The Daily Telegraph'', she stated that she met Shah because of ''[[The Sufis]]'', which was to her the most surprising book she had read, and a book that changed her life.<ref name="Lessingon">{{cite web | last=Lessing | first=Doris | author-link=Doris Lessing | title=On the Death of Idries Shah | work=dorislessing.org | url=http://www.dorislessing.org/on.html | access-date=3 October 2008 | archive-date=14 November 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114223939/http://www.dorislessing.org/on.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Describing Shah's œuvre as a "phenomenon like nothing else in our time", she characterised him as a many-sided man, the wittiest person she ever expected to meet, kind, generous, modest ("Don't look so much at my face, but take what is in my hand", she quotes him as saying), and her good friend and teacher for 30-odd years.<ref name="Lessingon" />

[[Arthur J. Deikman]], a professor of [[psychiatry]] and long-time researcher in the area of [[meditation]] and change of consciousness who began his study of Sufi teaching stories in the early seventies, expressed the view that Western psychotherapists could benefit from the perspective provided by Sufism and its universal essence, provided suitable materials were studied in the correct manner and sequence.<ref name="Deikman">{{cite journal | editor-last=Boorstein | editor-first=Seymour | title=Transpersonal Psychotherapy | journal=American Journal of Psychotherapy | publisher=State University of New York Press | year=1996 | volume=54 | issue=3 | location=Albany, NY | pages=408–23 | doi=10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.3.408 | pmid=11008637 | isbn=0-7914-2835-4 | last1=Boorstein | first1=S. | doi-access=free}}</ref> Given that Shah's writings and translations of Sufi teaching stories were designed with that purpose in mind, he recommended them to those interested in assessing the matter for themselves, and noted that many authorities had accepted Shah's position as a spokesman for contemporary Sufism.<ref name="Deikman" /> The psychologist and consciousness researcher [[Charles Tart]] commented that Shah's writings had "produced a more profound appreciation in [him] of what psychology is about than anything else ever written".<ref name="Wilson195">{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Peter | editor=[[Peter B. Clarke]] | chapter=The Strange Fate of Sufism in the New Age | title=New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam | publisher=Luzac Oriental | year=1998 | location=London, UK | page=195 | isbn=1-898942-17-X}}</ref>

Asked to give an assessment of Shah in 1973, [[J.G. Bennett]] said that Shah was doing important work on a large scale, "stirring people up very effectively all over the place, making them think, showing them that modes of thought that appear to be free are really largely conditioned." He referred to Shah as the [[Jiddu Krishnamurti|Krishnamurti]] of Sufism, breaking down people's fixed ideas in many directions as part of an awakening process that is "a very necessary preparation for the new world."<ref name="BennettTalk">{{cite web | last=Bennett | first=J.G. | title=Gurdjieff: Making a New World | publisher=Bennett Books | date=23 November 1973 | url=http://www.bennettbooks.org/store/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=BB&Product_Code=CDPT2-BL&Category_Code=110 | format=audio cd | access-date=17 October 2012 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140546/http://www.bennettbooks.org/store/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=BB&Product_Code=CDPT2-BL&Category_Code=110 | archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

The Indian philosopher and mystic [[Rajneesh]], later known as Osho, commenting on Shah's work, described ''The Sufis'' as "just a diamond. The value of what he has done in ''The Sufis'' is immeasurable". He added that Shah was "the man who introduced Mulla Nasrudin to the West, and he has done an incredible service. He cannot be repaid. [...] Idries Shah has made just the small anecdotes of Nasrudin even more beautiful ... [he] not only has the capacity to exactly translate the parables, but even to beautify them, to make them more poignant, sharper."<ref>{{cite book | last=Osho | author-link=Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh) | title=Books I Have Loved | publisher=Tao Publishing Pvt. Ltd | year=2005 | location=Pune, India | pages=127–28 | isbn=81-7261-102-1}}</ref>

[[Richard Smoley]] and [[Jay Kinney]], writing in ''Hidden Wisdom: A Guide to the Western Inner Traditions'' (2006), pronounced Shah's ''The Sufis'' an "extremely readable and wide-ranging introduction to Sufism", adding that "Shah's own slant is evident throughout, and some historical assertions are debatable (none are footnoted), but no other book is as successful as this one in provoking interest in Sufism for the general reader."<ref name="HW250-251">{{cite book | last=Smoley | first=Richard | author2=Kinney, Jay | title=Hidden Wisdom: A Guide to the Western Inner Traditions | publisher=Quest Books | year=2006 | location=Wheaton, IL/Chennai, India | pages=250–51 | isbn=0-8356-0844-1}}</ref> They described ''Learning How to Learn'', a collection of interviews, talks and short writings, as one of Shah's best works, providing a solid orientation to his "psychological" approach to Sufi work, noting that at his best, "Shah provides insights that inoculate students against much of the nonsense in the spiritual marketplace."<ref name="HW250-251" />

[[Human Givens|Ivan Tyrrell]] and social psychologist [[Human Givens|Joe Griffin]], in their book about innate emotional needs, ''Human Givens: A new approach to emotional health and clear thinking'', wrote that Shah "more than anyone else, understood and appreciated the real significance of the givens of human nature".<ref>Griffin, J; Tyrrell, I. (2004) ''Human Givens: A new approach to emotional health and clear thinking.'' HG Publishing.{{ISBN|1-899398-31-7}}</ref> In another book, ''Godhead: The Brain's Big Bang – The explosive origin of creativity, mysticism and mental illness'', they said that Shah's stories, "when told to young and old alike [...] lay down blueprints in the mind, not only for living and overcoming everyday difficulties but also for travelling the spiritual path. Their impact may not be recognized or felt for months or years after first hearing or reading them, but eventually the structural content they contain will exploit the pattern-matching nature of the brain and make it possible for students to observe the functioning of their own emotionally conditioned responses to changing life circumstances. It then makes it easier for them to take any action required by reality, and for their minds to connect to higher realms. Teaching stories should be read, told and reflected on, but not intellectually analysed, because that destroys the beneficial impact that they would otherwise have had on your mind." Shah, they added, was "a great collector and publisher of tales and writings that contain this 'long-term impact' quality. He understood the vital importance for humanity of the 'mental blueprint' aspect of them and his books are full of nourishing examples."<ref>Griffin, J; Tyrrell, I. (2011) ''Godhead: The Brain's Big Bang – The explosive origin of creativity, mysticism and mental illness''.; {{ISBN|978-1-899398-27-0}}</ref>

Olav Hammer notes that during Shah's last years, when the generosity of admirers had made him truly wealthy, and he had become a respected figure among the higher echelons of British society, controversies arose due to discrepancies between autobiographical data – mentioning kinship with the prophet [[Muhammad]], affiliations with a secret Sufi order in [[Central Asia]], or the tradition in which Gurdjieff was taught – and recoverable historical facts.<ref name="Hammer" /> While there may have been a link of kinship with the prophet [[Muhammad]], the number of people sharing such a link today, 1300 years later, would be at least one million. Other elements of Shah's autobiography appeared to have been pure fiction. Even so, Hammer noted that Shah's books have remained in public demand, and that he has played "a significant role in representing the essence of Sufism as a non-confessional, individualistic and life-affirming distillation of spiritual wisdom."<ref name="Hammer" />

Peter Wilson wrote that if Shah had been a swindler, he had been an "extremely gifted one", because unlike merely commercial writers, he had taken the time to produce an elaborate and internally consistent system that attracted a "whole range of more or less eminent people", and had "provoked and stimulated thought in many diverse quarters".<ref name="Wilson195" /> Moore acknowledged that Shah had made a contribution of sorts in popularising a [[humanism|humanistic]] Sufism, and had "brought energy and resource to his self-aggrandisement", but ended with the damning conclusion that Shah's was "a 'Sufism' without self-sacrifice, without self-transcendence, without the aspiration of [[gnosis]], without tradition, without the Prophet, without the [[Qur'an]], without Islam, and without God. Merely that."<ref name="Moore" /><ref name="Farouki" />

[[Gore Vidal]] opined that Shah's "books are a great deal harder to read than they were to write."<ref name="Hitchens">{{cite book | author=Christopher Hitchens | title=Arguably | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2f9ECP49MLIC&pg=PT61 | publisher=Atlantic Books | isbn=978-0-85789-257-7 | page=61 | year=2011 | access-date=11 October 2016 | archive-date=27 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127091945/https://books.google.com/books?id=2f9ECP49MLIC&pg=PT61 | url-status=live}}</ref>

==== ''The Sufis'' reception ====

The reception of Shah's body of work was also marked by controversy.<ref name="Galin" /> Some orientalists were hostile, in part because Shah presented classical Sufi writings as tools for self-development to be used by contemporary people, rather than as objects of historical study.<ref name="OISTI">{{cite news | last=Cecil | first=Robert | title=Obituary: Idries Shah | work=[[The Independent]] | date=1996-11-26 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-idries-shah-5590406.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012192124/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-idries-shah-5590406.html | archive-date=12 October 2018 | url-status=live | access-date=2008-11-05 | location=London}}</ref> The internationally renowned German orientalist [[Annemarie Schimmel]] commented that ''The Sufis'', along with Shah's other books, "should be avoided by serious students".<ref name="Schimmel2011">{{cite book | author=Annemarie Schimmel | title=Mystical Dimensions of Islam | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CICW6flJvusC&pg=PA9 | year=2011 | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | isbn=978-0-8078-9976-2 | page=9 | access-date=20 June 2019 | archive-date=1 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501100651/https://books.google.com/books?id=CICW6flJvusC&pg=PA9 | url-status=live}}</ref>

Graves' introduction to ''The Sufis'', written with Shah's help, described Shah as being "in the senior male line of descent from the [[Muhammad|prophet Mohammed]]" and as having inherited "secret mysteries from the [[Caliphs]], his ancestors. He is, in fact, a Grand Sheikh of the Sufi ''[[Tariqa]]''... "<ref name="OPrey214269">{{cite book | last=O'Prey | first=Paul | title=Between Moon and Moon – Selected Letters of Robert Graves 1946–1972 | publisher=Hutchinson | year=1984 | pages=214, 269 | isbn=0-09-155750-X}}</ref> Privately, however, writing to a friend, Graves confessed that this was "misleading: he is one of us, not a Moslem personage."<ref name="OPrey213-215" /> The introduction is not included in Octagon Press editions of the book after 1983 but has always been included in the Anchor/Doubleday editions.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?kn=idries+shah+the+sufis+robert+graves&sts=t | title=Idries Shah the Sufis Robert Graves | website=AbeBooks.com | access-date=2016-03-27 | archive-date=22 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122223548/https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchResults?kn=idries%2Bshah%2Bthe%2Bsufis%2Brobert%2Bgraves&sts=t | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=The Sufis | author1=Idries Shah | author2=Robert Graves | isbn=978-0-385-07966-2 | year=1964 | publisher=Doubleday}}</ref>

Shah's fiercest critic, University of Edinburgh scholar [[L.P. Elwell-Sutton]], published in 1975 an article critical of what he called "pseudo-Sufis" like [[Gurdjieff]] and Shah. He opined that Graves had been trying to "upgrade" Shah's "rather undistinguished lineage", and that the reference to Mohammed's senior male line of descent was a "rather unfortunate gaffe", as Mohammed's sons had all died in infancy. Elwell-Sutton accepted that the family were [[Sayyid]]s descended from the seventh [[Imam]] [[Musa al-Kazim]], the great-great-grandson of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], who was the younger son of the marriage of [[Fatima]] (the daughter of the Prophet) and [[Ali]]. However, he considered this an "undistinguished lineage" with no special sanctity because "Sayyids proliferate throughout the Islamic world, in all walks of society and on both sides of every religious and political fence."<ref name="Elwell14">{{cite journal | last=Elwell-Sutton | first=L. P. | date=May 1975 | title=Sufism & Pseudo-Sufism | journal=Encounter | volume=XLIV | issue=5 | page=14}}</ref><ref name="OPrey311-312">{{cite book | last=O'Prey | first=Paul | title=Between Moon and Moon – Selected Letters of Robert Graves 1946–1972 | publisher=Hutchinson | year=1984 | pages=311–312 | isbn=0-09-155750-X}}</ref> He described Shah's books as "trivial", replete with errors of fact, slovenly and inaccurate translations and even misspellings of Oriental names and words – "a muddle of platitudes, irrelevancies and plain mumbo-jumbo", adding for good measure that Shah had "a remarkable opinion of his own importance".<ref name="ES">{{cite news | last=Elwell-Sutton | first=L. P. | title=Mystic-Making | work=[[The New York Review of Books]] | date=2 July 1970 | url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/10908 | access-date=5 November 2008 | archive-date=5 September 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905102012/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/10908 | url-status=live}}</ref> He took a dim view of Rushbrook Williams' ''[[festschrift]]'' (collection written in honour) of Shah, saying he considered many of the claims made in the book on behalf of Shah and his father, concerning their representing the Sufi tradition, to be self-serving publicity marked by a "disarming disregard for facts".<ref name="RWreview">{{cite journal | last=Elwell-Sutton | first=L. P. | year=1976 | title=Review of: Sufi Studies: East and West by L. F. Rushbrook Williams | journal=Folklore | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | volume=87 | issue=1 | pages=120–21}}</ref><ref name="Elwell12-16">{{cite journal | last=Elwell-Sutton | first=L. P. | date=May 1975 | title=Sufism & Pseudo-Sufism | journal=Encounter | volume=XLIV | issue=5 | pages=12–16}}</ref> Expressing amusement and amazement at the "sycophantic manner" of Shah's interlocutors in a BBC radio interview, Elwell-Sutton concluded that some Western intellectuals were "so desperate to find answers to the questions that baffle them, that, confronted with wisdom from 'the mysterious East,' they abandon their critical faculties and submit to [[brainwashing]] of the crudest kind".<ref name="DLES" /> To Elwell-Sutton, Shah's Sufism belonged to the realm of "Pseudo-Sufism", "centred not on God but on man."<ref name="Galin" /><ref name="Elwell16">{{cite journal | last=Elwell-Sutton | first=L. P. | date=May 1975 | title=Sufism & Pseudo-Sufism | journal=Encounter | volume=XLIV | issue=5 | page=16}}</ref>

==== Omar Khayyam affair ====

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Shah came under attack over a controversy surrounding the 1967 publication of a new translation of [[Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam|Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat]], by Robert Graves and Shah's older brother, [[Omar Ali-Shah]].<ref name="OISTI" /><ref name="DLES" /> The translation, which presented the Rubaiyat as a Sufi poem, was based on an annotated "[[Crib sheet|crib]]", supposedly derived from a manuscript that had been in the Shah family's possession for 800 years.<ref name="eagle">{{cite magazine | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844564,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121003133/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844564,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=21 January 2009 | title=Stuffed Eagle at | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | access-date=5 November 2008 | last=Robert Graves | first=Omar Ali-Shah | date=31 May 1968}}</ref> L. P. Elwell-Sutton, an orientalist at [[Edinburgh University]], and others who reviewed the book expressed their conviction that the story of the ancient manuscript was false.<ref name="DLES" /><ref name="eagle" />

Shah's father, the Sirdar [[Ikbal Ali Shah]], was expected by Graves to present the original manuscript to clear the matter up, but he died in a car accident in [[Tangier]] in November 1969.<ref name="Graves" /> A year later, Graves asked Idries Shah to produce the manuscript. Shah replied in a letter that the manuscript was not in his possession, but even if it were, producing it would prove nothing, because it could not be accurately dated using the current methods and its authenticity would still be contested.<ref name="Graves" /> It was time, Shah wrote, "that we realised that the hyenas who are making so much noise are intent only on opposition, destructiveness and carrying on a campaign when, let's face it, nobody is really listening."<ref name="Graves" /> He added that his father had been so infuriated by those casting these aspersions that he refused to engage with them, and he felt his father's response had been correct.<ref name="Graves" /> Graves, noting that he was now widely perceived as having fallen prey to the Shah brothers' gross deception, and that this affected income from sales of his other historical writings, insisted that producing the manuscript had become "a matter of family honour".<ref name="Graves" /> He pressed Shah again, reminding him of previous promises to produce the manuscript if it were necessary.<ref name="Graves" />

Neither of the brothers ever produced the manuscript, leading Graves' nephew and biographer to muse that it was hard to believe – bearing in mind the Shah brothers' many obligations to Graves – that they would have withheld the manuscript if it had ever existed in the first place.<ref name="Graves">{{cite book | last=Graves | first=Richard Perceval | title=Robert Graves and The White Goddess: The White Goddess, 1940–1985 | publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson | year=1995 | location=London, UK | pages=446–447, 468–472 | isbn=0-231-10966-0}}</ref> According to his widow writing many years later, Graves had "complete faith" in the authenticity of the manuscript because of his friendship with Shah, even though he never had a chance to view the text in person.<ref>{{cite news | last=Graves | first=Beryl | title=Letter to the Editor | work=[[The Independent]] | date=1996-12-07 | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-idries-shah-1313347.html | access-date=2008-11-05 | location=London | archive-date=23 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123054626/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-idries-shah-1313347.html | url-status=live}}</ref> The scholarly consensus today is that the "[[Jan-Fishan Khan]]" manuscript was a hoax, and that the Graves/Ali-Shah translation was in fact based on a Victorian amateur scholar's analysis of the sources used by previous Rubaiyat translator [[Edward FitzGerald (poet)|Edward FitzGerald]].<ref name="Moore" /><ref name="DLES" /><ref>{{cite book | last=Aminrazavi | first=Mehdi | title=The Wine of Wisdom | publisher=Oneworld | year=2005 | location=Oxford, UK | page=155 | isbn=1-85168-355-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last=Irwin | first=Robert | author-link=Robert Graham Irwin | title=Omar Khayyam's Bible for drunkards | magazine=[[The Times Literary Supplement]] | url=http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25336-1947980,00.html | access-date=2008-10-05 | location=London | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725095512/http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0%2C%2C25336-1947980%2C00.html | archive-date=25 July 2009}}</ref>

== Works ==
=== Studies in minority beliefs ===
* ''[[Oriental Magic]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790424}} (1956)
* ''[[The Secret Lore of Magic]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790660}} (1957)

=== Sufism ===
* ''[[The Sufis]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790004}} (1964)
* ''[[Tales of the Dervishes]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790691}} (1967)
* ''[[Caravan of Dreams (book)|Caravan of Dreams]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790127}} (1968)
* ''[[Reflections (Sufi literature)|Reflections]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790189}} (1968)
* ''[[The Way of the Sufi]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790240}} (1968)
* ''[[The Book of the Book]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790783}} (1969)
* ''[[Wisdom of the Idiots]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790363}} (1969)
* ''[[The Dermis Probe]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790486}} (1970)
* ''[[Thinkers of the East: Studies in Experientialism]]'' {{ISBN|9781784790608}} (1971)
* ''[[The Magic Monastery]]'' {{ISBN|0-86304-058-6}} (1972)
* ''[[The Elephant in the Dark – Christianity, Islam and the Sufis]]'' {{ISBN|9781784791025}} (1974)
* ''A Veiled Gazelle – Seeing How to See'' {{ISBN|0-900860-58-8}} (1977)
* ''[[Neglected Aspects of Sufi Study]]'' {{ISBN|0-900860-56-1}} (1977)
* ''[[Special Illumination: The Sufi Use of Humour]]'' {{ISBN|0-900860-57-X}} (1977)
* ''[[A Perfumed Scorpion]]'' {{ISBN|0-900860-62-6}} (1978)
* ''[[Learning How to Learn]]'' {{ISBN|0-900860-59-6}} (1978)
* ''[[The Hundred Tales of Wisdom]]'' {{ISBN|0-86304-049-7}} (1978)
* ''Evenings with Idries Shah'' {{ISBN|0-86304-008-X}} (1981)
* ''Letters and Lectures of Idries Shah'' {{ISBN|0-86304-010-1}} (1981)
* ''Observations'' {{ISBN|0-86304-013-6}} (1982)
* ''[[Seeker After Truth]]'' {{ISBN|0-900860-91-X}} (1982)
* ''Sufi Thought and Action'' {{ISBN|0-86304-051-9}} (1990)
* ''[[The Commanding Self]]'' {{ISBN|0-86304-066-7}} (1994)
* ''[[Knowing How to Know]]'' {{ISBN|0-86304-072-1}} (1998)

==== Collections of Mulla Nasrudin stories ====
* ''[[The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin]]'' {{ISBN|0-86304-022-5}} (1966)
* ''[[The Pleasantries of the Incredible Mulla Nasrudin]]'' {{ISBN|0-86304-023-3}} (1968)
* ''The Subtleties of the Inimitable Mulla Nasrudin'' {{ISBN|0-86304-021-7}} (1973)
* ''The World of Nasrudin'' {{ISBN|0-86304-086-1}} (2003)

=== Studies of the English ===
* ''Darkest England'' {{ISBN|0-86304-039-X}} (1987)
* ''The Natives are Restless'' {{ISBN|0-86304-044-6}} (1988)
* ''The Englishman's Handbook'' {{ISBN|0-86304-077-2}} (2000)

=== Travel ===
* ''[[Destination Mecca]]'' {{ISBN|0-900860-03-0}} (1957)

=== Fiction ===
* ''[[Kara Kush]]'', London: [[HarperCollins|William Collins Sons and Co., Ltd.]] {{ISBN|0-685-55787-1}} (1986)

=== Folklore ===
* ''[[World Tales]]'' {{ISBN|0-86304-036-5}} (1979)

=== For children ===
* ''[[Neem the Half-Boy]]'' {{ISBN|1-883536-10-3}} (1998)
* ''The Farmer's Wife'' {{ISBN|1-883536-07-3}} (1998)
* ''[[The Lion Who Saw Himself in the Water]]'' {{ISBN|1-883536-25-1}} (1998)
* ''The Boy Without A Name'' {{ISBN|1-883536-20-0}} (2000)
* ''The Clever Boy and the Terrible Dangerous Animal'' {{ISBN|1-883536-51-0}} (2000)
* ''The Magic Horse'' {{ISBN|1-883536-26-X}} (2001)
* ''[[The Man with Bad Manners]]'' {{ISBN|1-883536-30-8}} (2003)
* ''The Old Woman and The Eagle'' {{ISBN|1-883536-27-8}} (2005)
* ''[[The Silly Chicken]]'' {{ISBN|1-883536-50-2}} (2005)
* ''Fatima the Spinner and the Tent'' {{ISBN|1-883536-42-1}} (2006)
* ''The Man and the Fox'' {{ISBN|1-883536-43-X}} (2006)
* ''The Onion'' {{ISBN|978-1-78479-305-0}} (2018)
* ''Speak First and Lose'' {{ISBN|978-1-78479-241-1}} (2018)
* ''The Ants and the Pen'' {{ISBN|978-1-78479-309-8}} (2018)
* ''The Horrible Dib Dib'' {{ISBN|978-1-78479-341-8}} (2019)
* ''After a Swim'' {{ISBN|978-1-78479-342-5}} (2019)
* ''The Tale of the Sands'' {{ISBN|978-1-78479-340-1}} (2019)

=== As Arkon Daraul ===
* ''A History of Secret Societies'' {{ISBN|0-8065-0857-4}} (1961)<ref name="IdriesShahOfficialFacebookPage" />
* ''Witches and Sorcerers'' {{ISBN|0-8065-0267-3}} (1962)<ref name="IdriesShahOfficialFacebookPage" />

=== As Omar Michael Burke ===
* ''Among the Dervishes'' (Octagon Press, 1973).

=== Audio interviews, seminars and lectures ===
* Shah, Idries, and Pat Williams. ''A Framework for New Knowledge.'' London: Seminar Cassettes, 1973. Sound recording.
* Shah, Idries. ''Questions and Answers.'' London: Seminar Cassettes, 1973. Sound recording.
* King, Alexander, Idries Shah, and Aurelio Peccei. ''The World-and Men.'' Seminar Cassettes, 1972. Sound recording.
* King, Alexander, et al. ''Technology: The Two-Edged Sword.'' London: Seminar Cassettes, 1972. Sound recording.
* ''Learning From Stories'' (1976 Lecture) {{ISBN|1-883536-03-0}} (1997)
* ''On the Nature of Sufi Knowledge'' (1976 Lecture) {{ISBN|1-883536-04-9}} (1997)
* ''An Advanced Psychology of the East'' (1977 Lecture) {{ISBN|1-883536-02-2}} (1997)
* ''Overcoming Assumptions that Inhibit Spiritual Development''; previously entitled ''A Psychology of the East'' (1976 Lecture) {{ISBN|1-883536-23-5}} (2000)

=== Centenary ===
Materials to mark the centenary of Shah's birth, 16 June 2024.
* Tahir Shah (Ed), ''Idries Shah Centenary'' (8 volumes), (2024).

== See also ==
{{Portal|Children's literature}}
* [[The Institute for Cultural Research]] (1965–2013)
* [[The Idries Shah Foundation]] (2013 onwards)

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Nile |author-link1=Nile Green |title=Empire's Son, Empire's Orphan: The Fantastical Lives of Ikbal and Idries Shah |publisher= [[W. W. Norton & Company]] |date=2 July 2024 |isbn= 978-1324002413}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Shah |editor-first1=Tahir |editor-link1=Tahir Shah |title=Idries Shah Remembered |publisher=Idries Shah Media |date=11 July 2025 |isbn=978-1915876911 }}

== Notes ==
{{Refbegin}}
<references group="nb" />
{{Refend}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | last=Archer | first=Nathaniel P. | title=Idries Shah, Printed Word International Collection 8 | publisher=Octagon Press | year=1977 | location=London, UK | isbn=0-86304-000-4}}
* {{cite book | last=Bennett | first=John G. | author-link=John G. Bennett | title=Witness: The autobiography of John G. Bennett | publisher=Turnstone Books | year=1975 | isbn=0-85500-043-0}}
* {{cite journal | editor-last=Boorstein | editor-first=Seymour | title=Transpersonal Psychotherapy | journal=American Journal of Psychotherapy | publisher=State University of New York Press | year=1996 | volume=54 | issue=3 | pages=408–423 | location=Albany, NY | doi=10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.3.408 | pmid=11008637 | isbn=0-7914-2835-4 | last1=Boorstein | first1=S.}}
* {{cite book | last=Galin | first=Müge | title=Between East and West: Sufism in the Novels of Doris Lessing | publisher=State University of New York Press | year=1997 | location=Albany, NY | isbn=0-7914-3383-8}}
* {{cite book | last=Ghali | first=Halima | title=Shah, International Press Review Collection 9 | publisher=BM Sufi Studies | year=1979 | location=London, UK}}
* {{cite book | last=Graves | first=Richard Perceval | title=Robert Graves and The White Goddess: 1940–1985 | publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson | year=1995 | location=London, UK | isbn=0-297-81534-2}}
* {{cite book | last=Lewin | first=Leonard | author2=Shah, Idries | title=The Diffusion of Sufi Ideas in the West | publisher=Keysign Press | year=1972 | location=Boulder, CO}}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Malik | editor-first=Jamal | editor-last2=Hinnells | editor-first2=John R. | title=Sufism in the West | publisher=Routledge Taylor & Francis Group | year=2006 | location=London, UK/New York, NY | isbn=0-415-27407-9}}
* {{cite journal | last=Moore | first=James | author-link=James Moore (Cornish author) | title=Neo-Sufism: The Case of Idries Shah | journal=Religion Today | volume=3 | issue=3 | year=1986 | pages=4–8 | doi=10.1080/13537908608580605}}
* {{cite book | last=O'Prey | first=Paul | title=Between Moon and Moon – Selected Letters of Robert Graves 1946–1972 | publisher=Hutchinson | year=1984 | isbn=0-09-155750-X}}
* {{cite book | last=Rawlinson | first=Andrew | title=The Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions | publisher=Open Court | year=1997 | location=Chicago and La Salle, IL | isbn=0-8126-9310-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/bookofenlightene00rawl}}
* {{cite book | last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=Islam in America (Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series) | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=1999 | location=New York, NY/Chichester, UK | isbn=0-231-10966-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Smoley | first=Richard | author2-link=Jay Kinney | author2=Kinney, Jay | title=Hidden Wisdom: A Guide to the Western Inner Traditions | publisher=Quest Books | year=2006 | location=Wheaton, IL/Chennai, India | isbn=0-8356-0844-1}}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Taji-Farouki | editor-first=Suha | editor-last2=Nafi | editor-first2=Basheer M. | title=Islamic Thought in the Twentieth Century | publisher=I.B.Tauris Publishers | year=2004 | location=London, UK/New York, NY | isbn=1-85043-751-3}}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Westerlund | editor-first=David | title=Sufism in Europe and North America | publisher=RoutledgeCurzon | year=2004 | location=New York, NY | isbn=0-415-32591-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Wilson | first=Peter | editor=[[Peter B. Clarke]] | chapter=The Strange Fate of Sufism in the New Age | title=New Trends and Developments in the World of Islam | publisher=Luzac Oriental | year=1998 | location=London | isbn=1-898942-17-X}}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Wintle | editor-first=Justin | author-link=Justin Wintle | title=Makers of Modern Culture, Vol. 1 | publisher=Routledge | year=2001 | location=London, UK/New York, NY | isbn=0-415-26583-5}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.idriesshahfoundation.org/ The Idries Shah Foundation]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v0oGh7mTV0 ''One Pair of Eyes: Dreamwalkers'' television documentary], YouTube.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140830031217/http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/ Institute for Cultural Research] (Archived)
* [http://www.ishk.net/ The Institute for the Study of Human Knowledge -- ISHK]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080918192234/http://ishk.net/sufis/index.html Sufi Studies Today] (Archived)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051015023705/http://www.idriesshah.info/Shah/IdriesShah.htm List of works by Idries Shah or with his participation] (Archived)

{{Shah family|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Idries}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Afghan writers]]
[[Category:British writers]]
[[Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Collectors of fairy tales]]
[[Category:English people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Fourth Way]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Indian people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Musawis]]
[[Category:Naqshbandi order]]
[[Category:People educated at the City of Oxford High School for Boys]]
[[Category:People from Langton Green]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:Shah family|Idries Shah]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi psychology]]
[[Category:Sufi teachers]]
[[Category:Sufi writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Himachal Pradesh]]

Guwahati Central Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T18:05:45Z

Kkasthana: Added a stub

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Guwahati Central
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 36
| map_image = Guwahati Central Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| district = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
| established = 2023
| reservation = None
| mla = [[VIJAY KUMAR GUPTA]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]
| electors =
}}
'''Guwahati Central Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
| [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|
|
|
|-
|}

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Guwahati Central}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[VIJAY KUMAR GUPTA]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=101297|percentage=68.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kunki Choudhury |party=Assam Jatiya Parishad|votes=39376|percentage=26.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Avijit Mazumdar|party=Trinamool Congress |votes=1061 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bipul Debnath |party=All India Forward Bloc|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anurupa Dekaraja|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Achyut Kalita|party=Independent|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prabin Jyoti Kalita|party=Independent |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India) |votes=1892|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61921 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Government of Assam]]
* [[Government of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Neolamarckia cadamba

2026-05-06T15:19:09Z

Kkasthana: Creating A Pg!

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Neolamarckia cadamba 6226.jpg
|image_caption = Tree in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
|image2 = Neolamarckia_Cadamba_Flower.jpg
|image2_caption = Close-up of flower
|taxon = Neolamarckia cadamba
|authority = ([[Roxb.]]) [[Jean Marie Bosser|Bosser]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = "WCSP_133819">{{Cite web |title = ''Neolamarckia cadamba''|website = World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher = [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url = http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=133819 |access-date = 2013-09-01}}</ref>
|synonyms =
* ''Nauclea cadamba'' Roxb.
* ''Anthocephalus cadamba'' (Roxb.) [[Miq.]]
* ''Anthocephalus indicus'' var. ''glabrescens'' H.L.Li
* ''Anthocephalus morindifolius'' [[Korth.]]
* ''Nauclea megaphylla'' [[S.Moore]]
* ''Neonauclea megaphylla'' (S.Moore) S.Moore
* ''Samama cadamba'' (Roxb.) [[Otto Kuntze|Kuntze]]
* ''Sarcocephalus cadamba'' (Roxb.) Kurz
}}
[[File:Kadam (Neolamarckia cadamba).jpg|thumb|A full fruit with two halved]]

'''''Neolamarckia cadamba''''', with English [[common name]]s '''burflower-tree''', '''laran''', and '''Leichhardt pine''',<ref name=GRIN>{{citation |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=410705 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy}}</ref> and called '''kadamba''' or '''kadam''' or '''cadamba'''<ref name=GRIN/> locally, is an [[evergreen]], tropical tree native to [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. The genus name honours French naturalist [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]. It has scented orange flowers in dense globe-shaped clusters. The flowers are used in perfumes. The tree is grown as an [[ornamental plant]] and for timber and paper-making. Kadamba features in [[Indian religions]].

==Description==
A fully mature tree can reach up to {{convert|45|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.: ecology, silviculture and productivity|date=2011|isbn=9786028693387|oclc=939914708|last1=Krisnawati|first1=Haruni|last2=Kallio|first2=Maarit|last3=Kanninen|first3=Markku |publisher=CIFOR }}</ref> It is a large tree with a broad crown and straight cylindrical bole. It is quick growing, with broad spreading branches and grows rapidly in the first 6–8 years. The trunk has a diameter of 100–160 cm, but typically less than that. Leaves are {{convert|13|-|32|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=":0" /> Flowering usually begins when the tree is 4–5 years old.

Its [[flower]]s are sweetly fragrant, red to orange in colour, occurring in dense, globular heads of approximately {{convert|5.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} diameter. The fruit of ''N. cadamba'' occur in small, fleshy capsules packed closely together to form a fleshy yellow-orange infructescence containing approximately 8000 seeds. On maturing, the fruit splits apart, releasing the seeds, which are then dispersed by wind or rain.<ref>http://www.agricultureinformation.com/forums/questions-answers/11926-anthocephalus-kadamba.html.-{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Horticulture/Suryanarmada, Agriculture Arbitration Consultant, Chennai, India.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050703080904/http://www.geocities.com/vibhaskumar/plant_ism1.html - The Environmental Information System(ENVIS), Ministry of Environment and Forests - Centre of Mining environment]</ref>

* Stamens 5, inserted on the corolla tube, filaments short, anthers basifixed. Ovary inferior, [[locule|bi-locular]], sometimes 4-locular in the upper part, style exserted and a spindle-shaped stigma.
* Fruitlets numerous with their upper parts containing 4 hollow or solid structures. Seed trigonal or irregularly shaped.
* The [[sapwood (wood)|sapwood]] is white with a light yellow tinge becoming creamy yellow on exposure and is not clearly differentiated from the heartwood.

==Ecology==
[[File:Leaves & flowers I IMG 8695.jpg|thumb|Leaves and flower buds]]
[[File:Kadamba (Neolamarckia cadamba) Tree lower trunk.jpg|thumb|Lower trunk of tree]]
''N. cadamba'' is native to the following areas:
* Southern [[China]]<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220009137 Flora of China]</ref>
* [[Indian subcontinent]]: [[India]] (n. & w.); [[Bangladesh]]; [[Nepal]]; [[Sri Lanka]]
* [[Southeast Asia]]: [[Cambodia]]; [[Laos]]; [[Myanmar]]; [[Thailand]]; [[Vietnam]], [[Indonesia]]; [[Malaysia]]; [[Papua New Guinea]]; [[Australia]]

It is an introduced species in [[Puerto Rico]] at [[Toro Negro State Forest]].<ref name="drna.gobierno.pr">[http://www.drna.gobierno.pr/biblioteca/publicaciones/hojas-de-nuestro-ambiente/30-Toro%20Negro%20ultimo.pdf ''Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807061645/http://www.drna.gobierno.pr/biblioteca/publicaciones/hojas-de-nuestro-ambiente/30-Toro%20Negro%20ultimo.pdf |date=2015-08-07 }} Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. July 2008. [Publication/Issue: P-030] Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</ref>

The [[larvae]] of ''[[Moduza procris]]'', a [[Nymphalidae|brush-footed butterfly]], and ''[[Arthroschista hilaralis]]'', a moth, consume this species. The flowers attract pollinators.

==Taxonomy==

The [[botanical name]] of this species has been the subject of a long [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] debate, beginning in the 1930s. The problem arose because scientific names are based on [[Type (biology)|type specimens]]. In 1785 [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] described a specimen under the name ''Cephalanthus chinensis'', stating that it came from [[Madagascar]]. In 1830, [[Achille Richard]] created the name ''Anthocephalus indicus'', stating that the species came from Asia and that his description was based on the same specimen as Lamarck's ''Cephalanthus chinensis''.<ref name=Raza02/> (Under the rules of the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]], Richard should have used the name ''A. chinensis'' rather than ''A. indicus'', as he should not have changed the specific epithet.)

The issue is whether Richard was indeed using the same specimen as Lamarck; the geographical origin is said to be different, and the descriptions do not match; for example in Lamarck's ''Cephalanthus chinensis'' the [[inflorescence]]s are [[Axillary bud|axillary]] whereas in Richard's ''Anthocephalus'' they are terminal. If specimens were the same, then ''Anthocephalus'' is a synonym of the Madagascan ''Cephalanthus'' and cannot be a generic name for the Asian kadam tree. If they were different (in spite of Richard's claim that they were the same) then ''Anthocephalus'' could be a generic name for the kadam tree. Based on the latter view, the name ''Anthocephalus chinensis'' has been widely used for the kadam tree.<ref name=Raza02>{{Cite journal |last=Razafimandimbison |first=Sylvain G. |year=2002 |title=A Systematic Revision of ''Breonia'' (Rubiaceae-Naucleeae) |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=1–37 |doi=10.2307/3298655 |jstor=3298655 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/16372 }}</ref>

The current view taken by most taxonomic sources is that Richard's ''Anthocephalus indicus'' or ''Anthocephalus chinensis'' is a synonym of ''Cephalanthus chinensis'' (now transferred to the genus ''[[Breonia]]'' as ''Breonia chinensis'' (Lam.) Capuron), and that the widespread use of ''Anthocephalus chinensis'' for the kadam tree is an error. (This erroneous sense of the scientific name is shown by writing ''A. chinensis'' auct., where "auct." is an abbreviation of the Latin for "of authors", i.e. rather than of the correct authority.)<ref name=WCSP_133819/><ref name=GRIN/><ref name=Raza02/>

Given that Richard's name for the kadam tree is incorrect, the earliest name is [[William Roxburgh]]'s 1824 ''Nauclea cadamba''. In 1984, [[Jean Marie Bosser]] created the new generic name ''Neolamarckia'', honouring Lamarck, for the Asian genus which matched Richard's description of his ''Anthocephalus'', transferring ''Nauclea cadamba'' as ''Neolamarckia cadamba'' (Roxb.) Bosser.<ref name=Raza02/> However, not all botanical sources have accepted this taxonomic analysis and the name ''Anthocephalus'' is still in use for the Asian genus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ridsdale |first=C. |year=1998 |chapter=Rubiaceae |pages=158–159 |editor-last=Dassanayke |editor-first=M.D. |title=A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon |publisher=A.A. Balkema |location=Rotterdam }} Cited in {{Harvtxt|Razafimandimbison|2002}}.</ref>

==Uses==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2020}}
The fruit and inflorescences are reportedly edible by humans. The fresh leaves are fed to cattle.
''N. lamarckia'' is grown as an [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]], and for low-grade timber and paper. The timber is used for plywood, light construction, pulp and paper, boxes and crates, dug-out canoes, and furniture components. Kadamba yields a pulp of satisfactory brightness and performance as a hand sheet. The wood can be easily impregnated with synthetic resins to increase its density and [[compressive strength]]. The wood has a density of 290–560 kg/cu m at 15% moisture content, a fine to medium texture; straight grain; low luster and has no characteristic odor or taste. It is easy to work, with hand and machine tools, cuts cleanly, gives a very good surface and is easy to nail. The timber air dries rapidly with little or no degrade. Kadamba wood is very easy to preserve using either open tank or pressure-vacuum systems.

Kadamba is one of the most frequently planted trees in the tropics. The tree is grown along avenues, roadsides and villages for shade. Kadamba are suitable for reforestation programs. It sheds large amounts of leaf and non-[[leaf litter]] which on decomposition improves some physical and [[Chemical property|chemical properties]] of soil under its canopy. This reflects an increase in the level of soil organic carbon, [[cation-exchange capacity]], available plant nutrients and exchangeable bases.

A yellow dye is obtained from the root bark. Kadamba flowers are an important raw material in the production of ‘attar’, which is Indian perfume with [[sandalwood]] (''Santalum'' spp.) base in which one of the essences is absorbed through hydro-distillation. An extract of the leaves serves as a mouth gargle. The bulbous fruit (bearing flowers) is edible and is consumed raw in Northern India. It is fragrant, sweet and little tangy in taste and is widely enjoyed as relish.

The leaf extract has recently been used to produce [[silver nanoparticles]] for [[surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ankamwar|first1=Balaprasad|last2=Sur|first2=Ujjal Kumar|last3=Das|first3=Pulak|title=SERS study of bacteria using biosynthesized silver nanoparticles as the SERS substrate|journal=Anal. Methods|date=2016|volume=8|issue=11|pages=2335–2340|doi=10.1039/C5AY03014E}}</ref>

== Cultural significance ==
[[File:Temple de Mînâkshî02.JPG|thumb|At the entrance to the Meenakshi temple, [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, India]]

===Symbolism===
The kadamba flower was the emblem of [[Athmallik State]], one of the [[princely state]]s of [[India]] during the period of the [[British Raj]].<ref name="BDG">L. E. B. Cobden-Ramsay, ''Feudatory States of Orissa: Bengal District Gazetteers'', p.115</ref>

The kadamba lends its name to the [[Kadamba Dynasty]] that ruled from Banavasi in what is now the state of [[Karnataka]] from 345 CE to 525 CE, as per Talagunda inscription of c.450 CE.<ref name="tree">[[George M. Moraes]] (1931), ''The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka'', Asian Educational Services, 1990, p.10</ref> The kadamba tree was considered a [[holy tree]] by the Kadamba dynasty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/kadamba.htm |title=Kamat's Potpourri: The Deccan Plateau: The Kadambas |publisher=Kamat.com |access-date=2012-11-08}}</ref>

According to [[Hindu]] tradition the 27 [[nakshatra]]s, constituting 12 [[House (astrology)|Houses]] (Rasis) and nine [[planet]]s, are specifically represented precisely by 27 trees —one for each star. The kadamba tree is said to represent [[Shatabhisha]], roughly corresponding to [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarii]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/astro/articles/yourstar.asp|title=Web Page Under Construction|website=chennaionline.com|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108161718/http://www.chennaionline.com/astro/articles/yourstar.asp|archive-date=8 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Religious significance ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = Westindischer Maler um 1550 001.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Gita Govinda]] by [[Jayadeva]]
| image2 = Indischer Maler um 1770 001.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Radha with Krishna
}}
Kadamba is mentioned in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. In [[North India]], it is associated with [[Krishna]] while in the south it is known as "[[Parvati]]’s tree". [[Radha]] and Krishna are supposed to have played in the hospitable and sweet-scented shade of the kadamba tree.<ref>[http://iecolumnists.expressindia.comfull_column.php?content_id=71745. Kadamba vriksh]{{Dead link|date=November 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the [[Sangam period]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Murugan]] of Tirupparankundram Hill of [[Madurai]] was referred to as a centre of [[pantheism|nature worship]]. He was in the form of a spear under a kadamba tree.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://ignca.nic.in/cd_08009.htm |title = Sacred Groves and Sacred Trees of Uttara Kannada|website = |author = M. D. Subash Chandran Madhav Gadgil|date = 1998|publisher = Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080224083135/http://ignca.nic.in/cd_08009.htm |archive-date = 24 February 2008}}</ref>

An episode from the life of Krishna narrates of when he stole the garments of [[gopi]]s when they were bathing in a pond near [[Vrindavan]]. [[Varuna]], the sea-god, had forbidden nude bathing in rivers, ponds and other public places, but gopis often resorted to it. One day, to teach them a lesson, Krishna reached the bank of the pond where they were taking a bath and took away their garments and spread them on the branches of nearby kadamba tree. He himself climbed the tree and hid there behind a branch. After the gopis had bathed, they looked for their garments but found them missing. Suddenly their attention was drawn to the nearby kadamba tree by the stirring of its branches. When they looked up, they saw Krishna hiding there and their garments scattered all over the branches of the tree. Krishna insisted that they come out naked to receive their garments. This episode is portrayed in song, story, painting and artifacts, in the backdrop of the kadamba tree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/DC90/|title=Vastra-harana |website=Exotic India|access-date=|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180524082631/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/product/paintings/vastra-harana-DC90/ |archive-date = 24 May 2018}}</ref>

Karam-Kadamba is a popular harvest festival, celebrated on the eleventh lunar day of the month [[Bhadrapada]]. A twig of the tree is brought and worshipped in the courtyard of the house. Later in the day, young ears of grain are distributed among friends and relatives. This festive custom has been adopted by the Tulu people. [[Onam]] ([[Kerala]]) and [[Huttari]] ([[Kodagu]]) are regional variants of this festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tulu-research.blogspot.com/2007_12_01_archive.html|title = 60. The Original Rama |website=tulu-research.blogspot.com|access-date=20 December 2007|author = Ravindra Mundkur }}</ref> ''Kadambotsava'' ("The festival of Kadamba") is also the festival that is celebrated every year by the [[Government of Karnataka]] in honor of the Kadamba kingdom, the first ruling Kingdom of Karnataka, at [[Banavasi]], as it was here that the Kadamba kings organised the spring festival every year.<ref name= "kadambotsava">''Kadambotsava'' {{cite news |title=Kadambotsava in Banavasi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/20/stories/2006012003990300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090446/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/20/stories/2006012003990300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-10-01 |access-date=2006-11-28 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2006-01-20}}</ref>

The kadamba tree is also associated with a [[tree deity]] called Kadambariyamman.<ref name=TheHindu>{{citation |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/06/02/stories/2007060250410100.htm |work=The Hindu |title=Nature's unsung heroes |access-date=2011-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602170831/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/06/02/stories/2007060250410100.htm |archive-date=2011-06-02 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khandro.net/nature_trees.htm|title=Trees|website=www.khandro.net|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> The kadamba, which is considered the ''[[Sthala Vriksha]]'' ("tree of the place") of the city that is otherwise known as Kadambavanam (kadamba forest) and is present in [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]], Madurai.<ref name=TheHindu/> A withered relic of the kadamba is also preserved there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/hindu-sadhanas/176782-tripura-sundari-ashtakam.html |title=Tripura Sundari Ashtakam |website=IndiaDivine.org |date=4 April 2002 |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

In [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]], the kadamba tree was where [[Sumedha Buddha]] achieved enlightenment.<ref>[[:si:අට විසි බුදුවරු]]</ref>

=== Social diversions ===
Pelting each other with the flowers of the kadamba tree is shown as a sport for social diversions in the [[Kama Sutra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana, by Richard Francis Burton, Bhagavanlal Indrajit, and Shivaram Parashuram Bhide. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/27827/27827-h/27827-h.htm#CHAPTER_PI_II |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref>

=== Poetry ===
[[File:Neolamarckia cadamba flower 02.jpg|thumb|Flower at Duliajan, [[Assam]]]]
It's associated with pleasant monsoon rains after summer, as in these verses from [[Ṛtusaṃhāra|Ritusamharam]] by [[Kalidasa]]:<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |first= |title=Ritusamharam A Gathering of Seasons |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-670-08955-0 |location=India |translator-last=Haksar |translator-first=A.N.D}}</ref><blockquote>''And the forest, its heat cooled''

''all over by showers of rain,''

''is as if filled with great delight:''

''the kadamba flowering everywhere,''

''and tree branches dancing in the breeze''

''as the ketaki laughs with its needle leaves.''</blockquote>Kadamba flowers stir deep longing in lovers parted by the monsoon, when travel becomes arduous and reunions seem distant:<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>''And the breeze rustling through''

''groves of sarja and kadamba,''

''of arjuna, nipa, ketaki trees,''

''carrying their flower scents''

''and also cooled by drizzling clouds:''

''whom does this not fill with longing?''</blockquote>The kadamba is also associated with Lord Krishna and the bhakti poetry which shows the separation between the lovers Krishna and Radha during rainy season. [[Bihari Lal|Biharilal]] writes:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaube |first=Bihari Lal |title=Poems from the Satsai |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2022 |isbn=9780674268746 |location=India |translator-last=Snell |translator-first=Rupert}}</ref><blockquote>''Now leave all hope of help, the rains have come:''

''to bear the fragrance of kadamba flowers''

''is certainly no game.''</blockquote>Some believe this species is not the true kadamba referenced in Bhakti poetry, instead the kadamba of Stephegyne genus, [[Mitragyna parvifolia]], which grows around Vrindavan, is.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Jayadeva's Gita Govinda |publisher=Ocaso Press |year=2017 |location=Santiago |translator-last=Holcombe |translator-first=C. John}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Nauclea orientalis]]'', the Leichhardt tree. A species commonly confused with the kadam tree.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==References==
* Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia '''6''': 247 (1984).
* Pollard, J.F.,1969. A note on the nursery treatment of two species of Sabah. Malay.Forester 32(3), pp 269–271
* [https://ayuguide.com/kadamba-kadamba-anthocephalus-cadamba-all-detail-of-kadamba-plant Kadamba]

==External links==
{{Wikispecies|Neolamarckia cadamba}}
{{Commons category|Neolamarckia cadamba}}
* [https://ayuguide.com/kadamba-kadamba-anthocephalus-cadamba-all-detail-of-kadamba-plant Reference]
* [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=NECA7 USDA PLANTS database]
* {{citation |chapter-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220009137 |chapter=''Neolamarckia cadamba'' (Roxburgh) Bosser, Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia. 6: 247. 1985 |title=Flora of China online |volume=19 |author=Tao Chen and Charlotte M. Taylor}}

{{Worship in Hinduism}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q573791}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neolamarckia Cadamba}}
[[Category:Naucleeae]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Trees of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Trees of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Trees of Malesia]]
[[Category:Trees of New Guinea]]
[[Category:Sacred trees in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1824]]

Raakaasa

2026-05-06T03:06:44Z

Kkasthana: Creating A Stub!

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu film by Manasa Sharma}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raakaasa
| image =
| caption =
| director = Manasa Sharma
| writer = Manasa Sharma
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* [[Niharika Konidela]]
* Umesh Kumar Bansal
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Sangeeth Sobhan]]
* [[Nayan Sarika]]
}}
| cinematography = Edurolu Raju
| editing = Anwar Ali
| music = [[Anudeep Dev]]
| studio = {{plain list|
* Pink Elephant Pictures
* [[Zee Studios]]
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|4|3}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Raakaasa''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy comedy]] film written and directed by Mansa Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-03 |title=Raakaasa Review: Routine first half, decent finish |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/raakaasa-review-routine-first-half-decent-finish |access-date=2026-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> It stars [[Sangeeth Sobhan]] and [[Nayan Sarika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raakaasa Movie Review: Sangeeth Sobhan struggles to lift this muddled thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/raakaasa/movie-review/130002015.cms |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 3 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-09 |title=Niharika Konidela’s PEP2 Titled ‘Raakaasaa’, Set for April 3, 2026 Release |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/niharika-konidelas-pep2-titled-raakaasaa-set-for-april-3-2026-release-1929331 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-06 |title=Raakaasa collects Rs 10.30 crore in two days |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Apr/06/raakaasa-collects-rs-1030-crore-in-two-days |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Veerababu "Veeru" returns from USA to marry his longtime lover, Sukanya, from his town. Veeru finds out that Sukhanya is getting married to someone else and that she used him for gifts, money, etc. Heartbroken, he tries to stop the wedding with Subbalakshmi "Subbu", his childhood classmate, but to no avail, fails at stopping the wedding.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sangeeth Sobhan]] as Veerababu "Veeru"
* [[Nayan Sarika]] as Subbalakshmi "Subbu"
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Somu
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Kanne Pongula Balaraju "Balu", Veeru’s friend
* [[Brahmaji]] as Parasuram, Village President
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Chari, Subbu’s father
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Ramesh
* Sukhwinder Singh Grewal as Demon "Raakaasa"
* [[Thakur Anoop Singh]] as Maharaja Prataparudra
* [[Vasu Inturi]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Narasimha Rao
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Mangamma, Veeru's grandmother
* Rohini Reddy Noni as Savithri, Somu’s wife
* Rohan Roy as Ananda, Subbu’s brother
* Rajasekhar Aningi as Maharaja’s advisor
* Prem Kosireddy as Maharaja’s assistant
* Katta Anthony as Gangayya Thatha
* Kishore Kumar Polimera as Villager
* Raadhya Suresh as Sukanya, Veeru’s ex-girlfriend
* Chaitanya Varma as Mahesh, Sukanya’s fiancee
* Chandamama Dhanvika Sasha as Raakaasa’s adoptive daughter ([[Cameo appearance|Cameo]])
}}

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by [[Anudeep Dev]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Snake Dance
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], Maneesha Pandranki, Ritesh G Rao, Lakshmi Meghana, Vinayak
| length1 = 3:19
| lyrics1 = Raghuram
| title2 = Padhe Padhe
| extra2 = Sindhuja Srinivasan
| title3 = Rapappa
| length3 = 3:07
| lyrics3 = Raghuram
| extra3 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| length2 = 4:08
| lyrics2 = Kittu Vissapragada
}}

==Release==
''Raakaasa'' was released on 3 April 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niharika Konidela’s New Film Is Titled Raakaasaa; Release Date Revealed {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/niharika-konidelas-new-film-is-titled-raakaasaa-release-date-revealed-80780.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> Post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-03 |title=Rakasa OTT release date details: When and where to watch the Telugu horror fantasy-comedy starring Sangeeth Shobhan and Nayan Sarika |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rakasa-ott-release-date-details-when-and-where-to-watch-the-telugu-horror-fantasy-comedy-starring-sangeeth-shobhan-and-nayan-sarika/articleshow/130000684.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 and noted the lead cast performances, cinematography and visual effects, while particularly writing that "Overall, ''Raakaasa''<nowiki/>'s strong second half is why the film works".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-04-05 |title=Raakaasa Movie Review: Performances and visuals anchor this fantasy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2026/Apr/05/telugureview2026apr03raakaasa-movie-review-performances-and-visuals-anchor-this-fantasy |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Srivathsan Nadadhur stated in his review that, "''RaaKaaSaa'' has many compelling ideas up its sleeve, but ultimately settles for being a safe popcorn entertainer rather than a fantasy saga" while noting Sangeeth, Kishore and Srinu's comedic performances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2026-04-03 |title=‘RaaKaaSaa’ movie review: Sangeeth Shobhan’s supernatural fantasy tale banks big on humour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raakaasaa-movie-review-sangeeth-shobhans-supernatural-fantasy-tale-is-directed-by-manasa-sharma/article70818461.ece |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Echoing the same, T Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and was further critical towards the writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Acharya |first=T. Maruthi |date=2026-04-03 |title=Raakaasa review: More noise than laughs in a tired template |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/raakaasa-review-more-noise-than-laughs-in-sangeeth-shobhan-gilm-mixed-response-2891267-2026-04-03 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated it 1.5 out of 5 calling it "illogical, regressive socio fantasy film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=B. V. S. |date=2026-04-03 |title=Raakaasa is an Illogical, Regressive Socio Fantasy Film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-review/raakaasa-is-an-illogical-regressive-socio-fantasy-film-1948227 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|36451817|Raakaasa}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:2026 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 fantasy films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:2026 comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language fantasy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]

Rao Shekha

2026-05-05T21:39:44Z

Kkasthana: Creating New Bio!

{{Short description|Rajput ruler (1490–1545)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Maharao Shekha
| title = Founder of Shekhawati
| image = Maharao shekha statue.jpg
| caption = Maharao Shekha statue in [[Sikar]]
| reign = c. 1450 – 1488
| coronation = c. 1450
| predecessor = Title established
| successor = Rao Raimal
| issue = Durga Ji
Ratna Ji
Trilok Ji
Abhaji
Achala Ji
Ridmal Ji
Kumbha Ji
Bharmal Ji
Bharat Ji
Pratap Ji
Pooran Ji
Rao Raimal
| full name = Shekha Mokal Singh Kachhwaha
| house = [[Shekhawat]]
| dynasty = [[Kachhwaha]]
| father = Rao Mokal Kachhwaha
| mother = Rani Nirwan
| birth_date = 1433
| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Amber]]
| death_date = 1488
| death_place = [[Amarsar]], [[Shekhawati]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Maharao Shekha''' (1433–1488) was a 15th-century [[Rajput]] chieftain and the founder of the [[Shekhawati|Shekhawati region]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. A member of the [[Kachhwaha Dynasty|Kachhwaha dynasty]] of Amber, Shekha asserted his independence and established a principality centered at [[Amarsar]] around the mid-15th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rima Hooja |url=http://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan |title=A History Of Rajasthan |pages=582–584}}</ref> His descendants came to be known as the [[Shekhawat|Shekhawats]], one of the most prominent and influential sub-clans of the Kachhwahas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rima Hooja |url=http://archive.org/details/a-history-of-rajasthan |title=A History Of Rajasthan |pages=696 |quote=He followed up his campaign against the Mewatis into Kachchwaha-held lands and attacked Amarsar. Amarsar was then held by Raimal of the Shekhawat sub-branch of the Kachchwahas}}</ref>

==Birth==
Rao Balaji, third son of Maharaja Udaikaran ji of Amer, was given the estate of Nayan and Barwada after the death of his father. Descendants of Rao Balaji are collectively called "Balapota". After the death of Rao Balaji, Kunwar Mokal ji succeeded him as ruler of the estate. He had four wives, but he could not have any heir. He met a hermit who guided him to Brindavan, to pray to God, and to take care of cattle. He followed this. One day in his estate, he met a mysterious man, who was a Sufi saint named Sheikh Burhan Chisti. He gave a boon to him that his son would remain undefeated, but he had to name him after the Sufi saint and wear a tunic. On the day of Vijayadashmi, in Tyondagarh fort in Khetri, Rao Shekha ji was born from the womb of Maharani Nirwan ji, daughter of Rao Lunkaran Nirwan.

Shekhaji succeeded as the head of the Nayan and Barwada estate, along with 24 more villages, at the age of 12, as a result of the untimely death of his father Mokal ji in 1445.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh Shekhawat|first=Thakur Surjan|title=Rao Shekha}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=May 2020}}

==Life==
When Shekhaji inherited his father's estate, his reputation and power attracted the jealousy of the Lord Paramount of [[Jaipur State|Amber]]. He was attacked, but by the aid of he successfully withstood the reiterated assaults of his suzerain lord. Up to this period they had acknowledged the Amber princes as liege lords{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}, and in token of the alliance paid as tribute all the colts reared on the original estate. A dispute on this point was the ostensible cause (though subordinate to their rapid prosperity) of intermittent separations of the Shekhawat colonies from the parent state, which lasted until the reign of Sawai Jai Singh, who brought submission and pecuniary relief from them. Shekhaji left a well-established position to his youngest son Raimal.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=James tod|url=http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/document/eXlWV2YwcUJjMmk5NStkV1dBOWlUVmtoM2tNa2hCUFBxMlo0MGd1QzRiND0|title=Clear writing edition of - Annals & Antiquities of Rajasthan or the central & western Rajput states of India|publisher= madras Higginbotham and co 165 mount road|year=1873|page=360]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa & Company|year=2006|isbn=9788129115010}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=May 2020}}. After Rao Raimal, Rao Lunkaran (1548-1584) was made the Head of Amarsar. After is Death, the Ancestral seat of Amarsar was succeeded by his Son Rao Manohar. Later [[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]], became the capital of Old Amarsar - Manoharpur line of Shekhawats.<ref name=":08">{{cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |page=499}}</ref>

==Death==

Shekhaji died in 1488 fighting the [[Gaur (clan)|Gaur Rajputs]] in the battle of Ghatwa, reason being a newly lady of Kachwaha clan was ill treated and her husband was killed by Gaur ruler. Shekhaji took his last breath at Ralawta. A [[cenotaph]] (''Chhatri'') was built where he died. A statue of Shekhaji was also inaugurated in the same place by the President of India Smt. [[Pratibha Patil]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sinh|first=Ranbir|title=History Of Shekhawats|publisher=Publication Scheme|year=2001|isbn=8186782745|location=Jaipur}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=May 2020}} [[File:Innorgration of maharao shekha statue.jpg|thumb|Inauguration of Maharao Shekha statue by Honorable [[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]]]]

==See also==
*[[History of Rajasthan]]
*[[Rajput]]
*[[Rajputana]]
*[[James Tod]]
*[[Shahpura, Jaipur|Shahpura]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekha Of Amarsar}}
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Shekhawati]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

2024 Tamil Nadu alcohol poisoning

2026-05-05T07:58:28Z

Kkasthana: Made New Article Needs Work

{{Short description|Mass poisoning in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}

{{Infobox event
| title = 2024 Tamil Nadu alcohol poisoning
| image =
| caption =
| time =
| timezone =
| duration =
| date = {{start date|2024|06|20}}
| venue =
| location = [[Kallakurichi district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| coordinates =
| also_known_as =
| type = [[Poisoning|Mass poisoning]]
| theme =
| cause = [[Methanol toxicity|Methanol poisoning]] from [[moonshine|hooch]]
| reported deaths = 65
| reported injuries = ~200
| map = {{maplink|frame-align=center|frame=yes|type=point|coord={{coord|11.73815|N|78.96540|E|display=inline,title}}|id=Q2308206|zoom=6}}
| arrests = 3
| suspects =
| accused =
| convicted =
| charges =
| trial =
| verdict =
| convictions =
}}

The '''2024 Tamil Nadu alcohol poisoning''' took place in [[Kallakurichi district]] in the [[southern India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] on 20 June 2024. Consumption of illegally made [[moonshine|liquor]] resulted in at least 65 deaths and more than 200 injuries.

== Background ==
Illegal home-brewed liquor is consumed in various parts of India due to its cheaper price compared to the commercially available brands. These illicit liquors frequently have additional chemicals added to them such as pesticides or [[methanol]], in order to increase potency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-tainted-liquor-bootleg-alcohol-deaths-tamil-nadu-kallakurichi/|title=Tainted liquor kills more than 30 people in India in the country's latest bootleg alcohol tragedy|date=20 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|first=Arshad R.|last=Zargar|work=[[CBS News]]|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620141954/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-tainted-liquor-bootleg-alcohol-deaths-tamil-nadu-kallakurichi/|url-status=live}}</ref> There had been sporadic incidents of poisoning involving illegal liquor in India in the preceding years. In 2020, at least 120 people had died from consuming illicit liquor in [[2020 Punjab alcohol poisoning|Punjab]] and, in 2022, 30 people died in [[2022 Bihar alcohol poisoning|Bihar]] and 28 died in [[2022 Gujarat alcohol poisoning|Gujarat]] from similar incidents.<ref name="AP">{{cite news|title=Illegally brewed liquor kills at least 34 with dozens hospitalized in southern India |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-tamil-nadu-illicit-liquor-deaths-1ec967d5d76653e71475ca15ac936eed|date=20 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|work=[[Associated Press]]|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620053612/https://apnews.com/article/india-tamil-nadu-illicit-liquor-deaths-1ec967d5d76653e71475ca15ac936eed|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Incident ==
On 20 June 2024, an incident of poisoning due to the consumption of [[moonshine|illicit liquor]] occurred in [[Kallakurichi district]] in the [[southern India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Tainted, Illicit Liquor Kills Dozens in India|url=https://time.com/6990126/tamil-nadu-india-deaths-illegal-tainted-alcohol/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=20 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-live-updates-june-20/article68311093.ece|title=Kallakurichi hooch tragedy Highlights: Death toll rises to 38, CB-CID begins probe|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620122906/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-live-updates-june-20/article68311093.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-victims-leave-behind-shattered-families/article68311522.ece|title=Kallakurichi hooch tragedy: Victims leave behind shattered families, broken dreams|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|first=S.|last=Prasad|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620124115/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-victims-leave-behind-shattered-families/article68311522.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It resulted in [[vomiting]], [[stomach ache]]s and [[diarrhoea]] due to the presence of [[methanol]] in the liquor.<ref>{{cite news|title=Death toll rises to 54 in India liquor tragedy|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/death-toll-rises-54-india-liquor-tragedy-2024-06-22/|work=Reuters|date=22 June 2024|access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref> At least 58 people died from consumption of tainted liquor and more than 200 people were admitted to hospitals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-rises-to-57/article68326316.ece|title=Kallakurichi hooch tragedy: Death toll rises to 58|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 June 2024|access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref> The injured were treated at various government hospitals in the state and [[Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research|JIPMER]] in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]].<ref name="Frontline"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-deaths-9403614/|title=Toll in Kallakurichi hooch tragedy rises to 34, around 100 in hospitals, 5 critical|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|first=Arun|last=Janardhanan|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620102825/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-deaths-9403614/|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 21 June, 28 people were reported to be in critical condition.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/death-toll-in-kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-climbs-to-47/article68315188.ece|title=Kallakurichi hooch tragedy: Death toll climbs to 47, over 100 others undergoing treatment|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Most of those who died were [[Other Backward Class|economically and socially backward]] [[Dalit]]s from [[Kallakurichi]], and nearby villages.<ref name="Frontline"/>

== Aftermath ==
[[Chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. K. Stalin]] announced an [[ex gratia]] of {{INRconvert|1|m}} for the family of the deceased and {{INRconvert|50|k}} for the injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/tn-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-rises-to-34-cm-announces-rs-10-lakh-compensation/|title=Tamil Nadu Hooch Tragedy: Death Toll Rises to 34, CM M.K. Stalin Announces Rs 10 Lakh Compensation|work=[[Lokmat Times]]|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] issued orders for the transfer of then [[District Collector]] of Kallakurichi and the appointment of a new collector. It also ordered the suspension of the [[Superintendent of Police]] and ten members of the [[Tamil Nadu Police|state police]]'s [[alcohol prohibition|prohibition]] enforcement wing for negligence.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mollan|first1=Cherylann|title=Tamil Nadu: At least 34 dead after drinking toxic alcohol|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd117j4nplzo|work=[[BBC]]|date=20 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Frontline">{{cite news|last1=Rajasekaran|first1=Ilangovan|title=Kallakurichi Methanol Hooch Tragedy: Exposing the Deadly Nexus of Bootleggers and Lax Enforcement |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-nexus-of-bootleggers-and-lax-enforcement/article68313030.ece/|work=Frontline|date=20 June 2024|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
On 21 June 2024, the government appointed a one-man commission headed by former [[Madras High Court]] judge B. Gokuldas to investigate the incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-deaths-justice-gokuldas-commission-to-submit-report-in-three-months|title=Kallakurichi deaths: Justice Gokuldas Commission to submit report in three months|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|work=[[The News Minute]]|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620081823/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-deaths-justice-gokuldas-commission-to-submit-report-in-three-months|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-rises-to-38-stalin-orders-judicial-probe/articleshow/111154126.cms|title=Tamil Nadu hooch tragedy: Death toll rises to 38; Stalin orders judicial probe|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On the same day, three people were arrested in connection with the case and were incarcerated at [[Cuddalore Central Prison]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2024/06/21/tamil-nadu-hooch-tragedy-liquor-arrest-death-toll.html|title=Tamil Nadu hooch tragedy: Prime accused arrested; death toll rises to 50|work=Onmanorama|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

== Reaction ==
[[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Governor of Tamil Nadu]] [[R. N. Ravi]] expressed shock over the incident and offered his condolences.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-rn-ravi-condoles-death-of-kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-victims/article68309221.ece|title=T.N. Governor R.N. Ravi condoles death of Kallakurichi hooch tragedy victims|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621132006/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-governor-rn-ravi-condoles-death-of-kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-victims/article68309221.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Leader of opposition]] [[Edappadi K Palaniswami]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] state president [[:ta:அண்ணாமலை குப்புசாமி|K. Annamalai]] and [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]] president [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] criticised the government for the tragedy and demanded the resignation of the ministers concerned.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-rises-to-29-aiadmk-demands-cm-stalins-resignation/3529560/|title=Tamil Nadu Hooch tragedy: Death toll rises to 29, AIADMK demands CM Stalin's resignation|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620091027/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-rises-to-29-aiadmk-demands-cm-stalins-resignation/3529560/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-hooch-tragedy-annamalai-announces-state-wide-protest-on-june-22-899954|title=Tamil Nadu Hooch Tragedy: Annamalai Announces State-wide Protest on June 22|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=20 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|archive-date=21 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240621132123/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-hooch-tragedy-annamalai-announces-state-wide-protest-on-june-22-899954|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-bjp-announces-state-wide-protest-against-ruling-dmk-government-on-june-22/article68310980.ece|title=Tamil Nadu's illicit liquor case: BJP announces State-wide protest against ruling DMK government on June 22|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620085231/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-bjp-announces-state-wide-protest-against-ruling-dmk-government-on-june-22/article68310980.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/shocking-and-heartbreaking-actor-vijay-mourns-loss-of-34-lives-in-kallakurichi-hooch-incident-ajr-sfdb0w|title='Shocking and heartbreaking': Actor Vijay mourns loss of 34 lives in Kallakurichi hooch incident|work=[[Asianet News]]|date=20 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024|archive-date=20 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620090158/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/shocking-and-heartbreaking-actor-vijay-mourns-loss-of-34-lives-in-kallakurichi-hooch-incident-ajr-sfdb0w|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] also demanded a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]-led inquiry of the incident.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kallakurichi Hooch Tragedy: Death toll rises to 47; demand for CBI enquiry, ruckus in Tamil Nadu Assembly - 10 Key points|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kallakurichi-hooch-tragedy-death-toll-aiadmk-ruckus-in-assembly-tamil-nadu-bjp-chief-k-annamalai-cbi-enquiry-11718962936878.html|work=Livemint|date=21 June 2024|access-date=21 June 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of methanol poisoning incidents]]
*[[List of alcohol poisonings in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2024}}
{{Alcohol in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Nadu alcohol poisoning, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 crimes in India]]
[[Category:2024 health disasters]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu|Alcohol poisoning]]
[[Category:June 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu|2024 alcohol poisoning]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in India]]
[[Category:Adulteration]]
[[Category:Deaths by poisoning]]
[[Category:Methanol poisoning incidents]]
[[Category:Mass poisonings]]
[[Category:Kallakurichi district]]

Purandar Mishra

2026-05-05T06:58:25Z

Kkasthana: Creating Stub!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Purandar Mishra''' (Born: 3 January, 1959)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Raipur City North Assembly constituency]] in [[Raipur district|Raipur District]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Raipur City North Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/raipur-city-north-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687110.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raipur City North Constituency Election Results 2023: Raipur City North Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/chhattisgarh/constituency-show/raipur-city-north |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He is the only [[Odisha]] native in the [[6th Chhattisgarh Assembly]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Purandar Mishra, The Lone Odia Face In BJP's Biggest-Ever Win In Chhattisgarh |url=https://odishabytes.com/purandar-mishra-the-lone-odia-face-in-bjps-biggest-ever-win-in-chhattisgarh/ |url-status= |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mishra is from [[Basna]], Raipur District, Chhattisgarh. His late father, Gautam Mishra, was a farmer. He completed his D.L.L.M in 1996 at S. R. Law College, [[Sambalpur]] and later did his L. L. B. In 1992 at Balangeer Law College. Earlier, he also graduated in arts in 1981.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Purandar Mishra(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RAIPUR CITY NORTH(RAIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=1057 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mishra won from Raipur City North Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 54,279 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kuldeep Singh Juneja of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 23,054 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raipur City North assembly election results 2023: Raipur City North Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/raipur-city-north-assembly-result-26050 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Raipur City North Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Purandar Mishra Wins From Raipur City North |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/raipur-city-north-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647385 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Raipur City North, Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Raipur City North सीट पर BJP ने हासिल की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/raipur-city-north-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830639-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

Mishra is actively engaged in the social networks of Odia communities. He serves as the president of the Greater Odia Samaj in Chhattisgarh state and is the chief patron of the World Odisha Society, Chhattisgarh branch. He is also credited with contributing to the development of the largest Jagannath temple in Chhattisgarh, located in Gayatri Nagar, Raipur, within his constituency.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Purandar}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Raipur]]
[[Category:Politicians from Odisha]]

Telangana State Women Commission

2026-05-03T10:35:44Z

Kkasthana:

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
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| headquarters =2nd Floor, South Block, Buddha Bhavan, Ranigunj, Secunderabad-500003.<ref name="tw ref1">{{cite web |title=Telangana State Women Commission |url=http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Telangana |website=Telangana State Women Commission |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="tw ref2">{{cite web |title=Telangana State Women Commission |url=https://wdcw.tg.nic.in/tswc/ |website=Telangana State Women Commission |access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref>
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'''Telangana State Women Commission''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Telangana]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Telangana|Telangana Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==

Telangana State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women's Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The Commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.

Telangana State Women Commission had activated number 181 as state's women helpline number and started SHE teams initiative.<ref name="tw ref9">{{cite news |title=Telangana State Women's Commission starts operations, members take charge |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/080121/telangana-state-womens-commission-starts-operations-members-take-cha.html |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=9 January 2021}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Telangana State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and other members. The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women. Their salary and other emoluments are fixed by state government and revised from time to time.

Smt.Vakiti Sunitha Lakshma Reddy is the Chairperson of the Telangana State Commission for Women.<ref name="tw ref3">{{cite news |title=Telangana gets a fully functional Women's Commission after 2.5 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/telangana-fully-functional-womens-commission-after-2-5-years-7122878/ |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=indianexpress.com |date=28 December 2020}}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.<ref name="tw ref4">{{cite news |title=Telangana women's commission members assume office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-womens-commission-members-assume-office/articleshow/80171980.cms |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=Times of India |date=8 January 2021}}</ref>

== Activities ==

Telangana State Commission for Women was formed in 2006 to perform below activities:

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.<ref name="tw ref8">{{cite news |title=Telangana police according top priority to women safety: TSCW chief |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-police-according-top-priority-to-women-safety-tscw-chief |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=telanganatoday.com |date=3 July 2021}}</ref>
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.<ref name="tw ref5">{{cite news |title=Bulli Bai victims from Hyderabad move Telangana women's panel for justice |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/jan/05/bulli-bai-victims-from-hyderabad-move-ts-womens-panel-for-justice-2403173.html |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=New Indian Express |date=5 January 2022}}</ref>
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.
== Criticism ==
Several media reports have documented criticism of the Telangana State Commission for Women by political leaders over its handling of certain issues. In March 2025, leaders of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (BRS) alleged that the commission had not responded to what they described as objectionable remarks made by members of the state government, while issuing notices in other cases. Speaking to the media, former minister [[Sabitha Indra Reddy]] questioned the commission’s response to incidents of violence against women in the state, citing official crime figures and calling for greater intervention. The commission did not publicly respond to the allegations at the time.<ref>{{cite news
|title=BRS women leaders question women’s commission on atrocities in Telangana
|work=Telangana Today
|date=March 2025
|url=https://telanganatoday.com/brs-women-leaders-question-womens-commission-on-atrocities-in-telangana
}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://wdcw.tg.nic.in/tswc/ Official Website]
* {{Official website|http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Telangana}}

[[Category:State agencies of India]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Indpalsar Bara

2026-05-01T17:04:59Z

Kkasthana: Added new page

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{orphan|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Indpalsar Bara
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.9251|N|74.1699|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shri Dungargarh]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dungargarh Assembly constituency|Dungargarh]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 10.71
| population_total = 1465
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 331803
| registration_plate = RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=31 December 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}
'''Indpalsar Bara''' is a village located in [[Shri Dungargarh]] Tehsil within the [[Bikaner]] district of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]].
This village's population primarily rely on [[agriculture]], and many of them own their own enterprises.

==Demographics==

As per 2011 Census, conducted by Government of India; population of this village is 1,465, out of which 791 is male population and 674 is female population. There're total 230 houses in this village.
Literacy rate of this village is 37.54%<ref>{{cite web |title= Census of Indpalsar Bara village. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69915-indpalsar-bara-rajasthan.html |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref>

100% of the village population follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Indpalsar Bara Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Indpalsar Bara Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani Language|Rajsthani]] is the most spoken language here. The village administration follows [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] as their official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Indpalsar Bara village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=96|value2=3.9|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Indpalsar Bara village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

PIN Code(Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 331803.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Gouthu Sireesha

2026-04-25T00:26:36Z

Kkasthana: new basic info w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gouthu Sireesha
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Seediri Appalaraju]]
| constituency = [[Palasa Assembly constituency|Palasa]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1980}}
}}
'''Gouthu Sireesha''' (born 1980) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a first-time member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from [[Palasa Assembly constituency|Palasa constituency]] of [[Srikakulam district]]. She represents [[Telugu Desam Party]] and won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palasa Assembly Election Results 2024: Palasa Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/palasa-constituency-result-1002 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Palasa Constituency Election Results 2024: Palasa Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/palasa |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sireesha was born in Palasa. She married Yarlagadda Venkanna Choudary. She runs her own business. She did her bachelor's degree in Law at NBM Law College which is affiliated with [[Andhra University]] in 2015. After BL, she did Masters of Business Administration in 1996 at Pydah College, also with [[Andhra University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Gouthu Sireesha(TDP):Constituency- PALASA(SRIKAKULAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7247 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She belongs to backward class, hailing from Sri Sayana community. She is born to former minister Gouthu Shyam Sundar Sivaji<ref name=":0" /> and is a granddaughter of freedom fighter Gouthu Latchanna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pativada |first=Sreenu Babu |date=2024-04-13 |title=2 women in fray to take forward family legacy in North Andhra politics |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/13/2-women-in-fray-to-take-forward-family-legacy-in-north-andhra-politics |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Chowdari Lakshmana |date=2024-06-07 |title=Srikakulam: Alliance wave gives chance to novices |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/srikakulam-alliance-wave-gives-chance-to-novices-883208 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sireesha made her electoral debut in 2019 but lost the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] contesting on TDP ticket to Appalaraju Seediri. But she won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Palasa Assembly constituency]] which was earlier represented by her father twice. Representing [[Telugu Desam Party]], she defeated Appalaraju Seediri of [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] by a margin of 40,350 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Palasa Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/palasa-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916757.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sireesha, Gouthu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

Vallabhdas Aidan Mohta

2026-04-23T08:29:29Z

Kkasthana: done

{{Short description|Indian Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vallabhdas Aidan Mohta
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|4|26|df=y}}
| office = 15th [[Chief justice]] of [[Odisha High Court]]
| term_start = 28 September 1994
| term_end = 25 April 1995
| predecessor = [[G. T. Nanavati]]
| successor = [[Sailendu Nath Phukan]]
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| death_date = {{Death date|2018|7|3|df=y}}
}}
'''Vallabhdas Aidan Mohta''' (26 April 1933 – 3 July 2018) was an Indian judge and former Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha History {{!}} Chief Justice|url=http://www.odishahistory.com/chief_justice_odisha_high_court.html|access-date=2021-06-26|website=www.odishahistory.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Mohta was born in 1933 at [[Akola]]. He studied in New English High School, Akola and passed from [[DAV College, Kanpur]]. He completed his [[LL.B]]. from [[Nagpur]]. Besides legal practice he was involved with various social welfare works. Mohta's autobiography is titled ''Time and Chance''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mohta|first=V. A.|url=https://www.amazon.in/Time-Chance-V-Mohta-ebook/dp/B07WYXM356|title=Time and Chance|date=2019-09-05}}</ref> He became the founder president of Radhadevi Goenka Mahila Mahavidyalaya. In 1974, Mohta was elected as Vice Chairman of the Bar Council of [[Maharashtra]]. On 27 April 1979 he was appointed a judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] and on 28 September 1994 Mohta was elevated to the post of Chief Justice of Orissa High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Chief Justice {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack|url=https://orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/former-chief-justices/hon-ble-mr-justice-vallabhdas-aidan-mohta/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=orissahighcourt.nic.in}}</ref> During his tenure of judgeship he recommended the name of Justice Dipak Mishra, Hon'ble [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-03|title=Former Chief Justice Of Orissa HC V A Mohta No More|url=https://odishabytes.com/former-chief-justice-orissa-hc-v-mohta-no/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Odisha Bytes|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohta, Vallabhdas Aidan}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:People from Akola district]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Tunturu (film)

2026-04-21T17:29:42Z

Kkasthana: entry

{{short description|Indian romantic thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tunturu
| image = Tunturu (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Mussanje Mahesh
| writer = Mussanje Mahesh {{small|(Dialogues)}} Gangu-Gayaz {{small|(Story & screenplay)}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Somashekar Devanahalli
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[Anu Prabhakar]]
*[[Rishika Singh]]
*Anil
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Nagesh Acharaya
| editing = E S Eshwar
| music = [[V. Sridhar|Sridhar Sambhram]]
| studio = Thibbadevi Enterprises Kumar Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|2|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tunturu''''' ({{Translation|Drizzle}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic thriller film]] directed by Mussanje Mahesh and starring [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Anu Prabhakar]], [[Rishika Singh]] and Anil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/anu-prabhakar-in-a-female-oriented-film/articleshow/19304584.cms|title=Anu Prabhakar in a female oriented film|first=Vinay|last=Lokesh|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 March 2013 |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

==Plot ==
Sneha and her boyfriend Ani are college students. Sneha lives with her brother and her sister-in-law, Sandhya. One day, both Sneha and Ani are kidnapped. How Sneha's brother and Sandhya set out to save them forms the rest of the story.<ref name="V"/>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[Anu Prabhakar]] as Sandhya
*Somashekar
*[[Rishika Singh]] as Sneha
*Anil as Ani
*Naveen Gowda
*Akshatha Shetty
*Sonu
*Jaideep
*James
*Papu
*Kushi
*Aruna
*Deepa
*Dinesh
*Romi
*Shashi
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in December 2011.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/showing-skin-is-glamorous-in-this-industry-risheeka-singh/articleshow/11081570.cms|title=Showing skin is glamorous in this industry: Risheeka Singh|date=13 December 2011|work=The Times of India|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> [[Ramesh Aravind]] and [[Anu Prabhakar]], who have paired together in several films, play the role of a mature couple, which is a contrast to their earlier films together.<ref name="N">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/Apr/06/ramesh-to-don-a-new-avatar-356085.html|title=Ramesh to don a new avatar|date=16 May 2012|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> [[Rishika Singh]] plays a national level swimmer and Ramesh Aravind's brother while Anil plays her love interest.<ref name="TOI"/> This was the third film that Rishika Singh signed and she only accepted the film due to the length of her role.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/gossip/-/articleshow/20396167.cms|title=ರಗಳೆಗಳ ಬಳಿಕ ತುಂತುರು ಮಳೆ|trans-title=Drizzle after irritation |date=3 June 2013|language=kn|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> As of May 2012, the film's shooting was complete except for the songs and the climax scene.<ref name="N"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Apr/28/ramesh-aravind-minus-kamal-haasan-362784.html|title=Ramesh Aravind minus Kamal Haasan|date=16 May 2012|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[V. Sridhar|Sridhar Sambhram]].<ref name="N"/>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ninna Preeti Sala Kode<ref name="V"/>
| title2 = Eno Onthara Kushi
| extra2 = Deepak Doddera, Lakshmi
| length2 = 3:43
| title3= Yen Antha
| length3 = 2:14
| title4 = Edeya Gaali
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9318670}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/@bhushanbhoo ''Tunturu'' songs] on [[YouTube]]

[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 Kannada-language films]]

Mumbai CSMT–Nagercoil Balaji Express

2026-04-18T15:44:39Z

Kkasthana:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mumbai LTT–Nagercoil Balaji Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1996|01|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Mumbai LTT]] (LTT)
| stops = 38
| end = {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} (NCJ)
| distance = {{convert|1948|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 34hrs 55mins
| frequency = Bi-weekly {{efn|Runs two days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 16351 / 16352
| speed = {{convert|53|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| maintenance = {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}
| sharing = Rake sharing with 16339/16340 [[Mumbai–Nagercoil Express]]
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 16351 / 16352 '''Mumbai LTT–Nagercoil Balaji Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Southern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]], [[Mumbai]], and {{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 16351/16352 train numbers on a bi-weekly basis.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/two-express-trains-get-superfast-status/articleshow/57069750.cms | title=Two express trains get superfast status | date=10 February 2017 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=15 October 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4942&did=1486708262583D7B2A4F8E8E1757938CF86E7BB493BA1.web91 TEMPORARY STOPPAGE AT GANAGAPUR ROAD]</ref><ref>[http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3816&did=14865569937246394BEA7BAF921CE199FD009BB3492B5.web91 Temporary Halt at Gangapur Road on Solapur Division for 5 pairs of trains for 5 days]</ref>

== Service==

*The 16352/Nagercoil–Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Balaji Express has an average speed of 52 km/h and covers 1947 km in 37h 15m.
*The 16351/Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Nagercoil Balaji Express has an average speed of 55 km/h and covers 1947 km in 34h 55m.

==Route & halts==

The important halts of the train are:

* '''[[Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]'''
* {{stnlnk|Thane}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalyan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Karjat}}
* {{stnlnk|Lonavala}}
* {{stnlnk|Pune Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daund Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Solapur}}
* {{stnlnk|Kalaburagi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Wadi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Guntakal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gooty Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kadapa}}
* {{stnlnk|Renigunta Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tiruttani}}
* {{stnlnk|Arakkonam Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanchipuram}}
* {{stnlnk|Chengalpattu Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Viluppuram Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Dindigul Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kovilpatti}}
* {{stnlnk|Vanchi Maniyachchi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tirunelveli Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Vallioor}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Nagercoil Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. Being an Express train its speed limit is 110 km/h.

This train is reversed in both the directions at [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]]

The train consists of 20 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier
* 4 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper coaches
* 1 Pantry car
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 Generator cars at both end

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]]-based [[WCAM-3]] electric locomotives from Mumbai to [[Daund]]. From Daund, train is hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Golden Rock|Golden Rock Loco Shed]]-based [[WDP-4B]] diesel locomotive until [[Viluppuram]]. From Viluppuram, train is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] & [[WAP-1]] electric locomotive uptil Nagercoil, and vice versa.After getting upgraded to [[LHB coach]] now the train is running from end-to-end with [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram]]-based [[WAP-7]] locomotive.

== See also ==

* [[Mumbai Lokmanya Tilak Terminus]]
* [[Nagercoil Junction railway station]]
* [[Mumbai–Nagercoil Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1139 16351/Mumbai LTT - Nagercoil Balaji Express] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1172 16352/Nagercoil - Mumbai LTT Balaji Express] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai LTT-Nagercoil Balaji Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Nagercoil]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1996]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Pattan Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:24Z

Kkasthana: Creating Post!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{distinguish|Patan Assembly constituency (disambiguation){{!}}Patan Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pattan
| mla = Javaid Riyaz
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
| established = 1962
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 13
}}

'''Pattan Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Pattan is also part of [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Pattan Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/pattan.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Ghulam Mohammad Bhat Zalib || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || G. R. Dar
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Ghulam Qadir Bhdar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || [[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Aga Syed Mahmood Almosvi || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || rowspan=2 | [[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2006 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|2006 By-election]] || [[Sheikh Mustafa Kamal]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Imran Raza Ansari]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Javaid Riyaz]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pattan">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Pattan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0813.htm |accessdate=10 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010064216/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0813.htm |archivedate=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javaid Riyaz]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=29,893 |percentage=42.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Imran Raza Ansari]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=29,290 |percentage=41.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Akbar Rather |party=Independent politician |votes=3,316 |percentage=4.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javid Iqbal Ganaie |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,758 |percentage=3.92% |change={{decrease}}36.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Mustafa Lone |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=644 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syeed Abrar Ahmad Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=613 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Reyaz Ahmad Sheikh |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=558 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,032 |percentage=1.47% |change={{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=603 |percentage=0.86% |change= {{decrease}}16.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,272 |percentage=68.18% |change= {{increase}}9.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,069 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}2.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Imran Raza Ansari]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=21,218 |percentage=40.41% |change={{decrease}}10.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aga Syed Mahmood Almosvi |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,884 |percentage=22.63% |change={{decrease}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Reyaz Ahmad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,629 |percentage=12.62% |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basharat Hussain Najar |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=4,666 |percentage=8.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,466 |percentage=4.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Yatoo |party=Independent politician |votes=2,280 |percentage=4.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad Ganie |party=Independent politician |votes=1,567 |percentage=2.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=567 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,334 |percentage=17.78% |change= {{decrease}}10.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,507 |percentage=58.72% |change= {{increase}}7.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=20,703 |percentage=51.14% |change={{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,432 |percentage=23.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Yatoo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,152 |percentage=12.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmad Ganai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,047 |percentage=2.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=682 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Najar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=563 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashiq Hussain Lone |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=517 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,271 |percentage=27.84% |change= {{increase}}22.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,482 |percentage=50.84% |change= {{decrease}}18.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,628 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly By-election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 elections in India#Jammu and Kashmir|2006 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeAprMay2006/index.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date = 1 January 2025 |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - April-May 2006 |publisher=Election Commission Of India |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sheikh Mustafa Kamal]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=26,736 |percentage=50.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=23,969 |percentage=45.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Najar |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=996 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmed Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=962 |percentage=1.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,767 |percentage=5.25% |change= {{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,663 |percentage=68.97% |change= {{increase}}27.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,356 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,268 |percentage=52.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Abdul Ahad Yatoo |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,084 |percentage=45.10% |change={{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=656 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,184 |percentage=7.53% |change= {{decrease}}12.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,008 |percentage=41.56% |change= {{decrease}}26.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,803 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,868 |percentage=45.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=10,540 |percentage=25.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Yatoo |party=Independent politician |votes=9,836 |percentage=23.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khazir Mohammed Guroo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,825 |percentage=4.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,328 |percentage=20.28% |change= {{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=41,069 |percentage=71.34% |change= {{decrease}}11.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,047 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Aga Syed Mahmood Almosvi |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,871 |percentage=44.02% |change={{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moulvi Mustafa Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=9,291 |percentage=24.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=5,539 |percentage=14.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,277 |percentage=13.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Yatto |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=763 |percentage=1.99% |change={{decrease}}34.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahmed Ganiey |party=Independent politician |votes=284 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,580 |percentage=19.78% |change= {{increase}}16.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,330 |percentage=82.03% |change= {{increase}}4.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,114 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,761 |percentage=39.22% |change={{increase}}36.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Parrey |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=10,904 |percentage=36.36% |change={{decrease}}17.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]] |party=Independent politician |votes=3,713 |percentage=12.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Khan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,609 |percentage=12.04% |change={{decrease}}41.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=857 |percentage=2.86% |change= {{decrease}}7.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,987 |percentage=78.52% |change= {{decrease}}10.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,093 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}14.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Rashid Shaheen]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,738 |percentage=53.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]] |party=Janata Party |votes=12,734 |percentage=43.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Bhdar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=676 |percentage=2.32% |change={{decrease}}74.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,004 |percentage=10.31% |change= {{decrease}}53.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,148 |percentage=87.37% |change= {{increase}}19.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,370 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Bhdar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,002 |percentage=76.77% |change={{increase}}33.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yousuf Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=2,508 |percentage=12.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basir Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,032 |percentage=10.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,494 |percentage=63.93% |change= {{increase}}50.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,542 |percentage=67.38% |change= {{increase}}14.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,864 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}19.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G. R. Dar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,764 |percentage=56.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Q. B. Bedar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,881 |percentage=43.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,883 |percentage=13.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,645 |percentage=53.65% |change= {{increase}}51.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,592 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Pattan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Bhat Zalib |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=23,717 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,717 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pattan]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|34.162|74.554|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Baramulla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Bhat, Daskroi

2026-04-08T22:10:43Z

Kkasthana: Made New Entry V1

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhat
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname = Bhat Gam
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Bhat.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from topː Moti Talav, Morning View, Farm View, Swaminarayan Temple, Building at Rabari Vas and different areas
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|52|35|N|72|27|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 33
| population_total = 5,858
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref name="Census Organization of India">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/511679-bhat-gujarat.html|title= Census Organization of India: Data from the Population Census 2011, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=17 April 2015|publisher= Census Organization of India}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 382210
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#GJ.E2.80.94Gujarat|GJ]]-1, GJ-27
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhat''' ({{audio|Bhat.ogg|[ˈbhaːt]}}) is a village in [[Daskroi]]<ref name="Ahmedabad District Panchayat">{{cite web|url=https://ahmedabaddp.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad/english/daskroi-taluko.htm|title= Ahmedabad District Panchayat: Data from the Ahmedabad District Panchayat, including Villages of Daskroi Taluka (Provisional)|accessdate=22 April 2015|publisher= Ahmedabad District Panchayat}}</ref> Taluka in [[Ahmedabad district]] of [[Gujarat State, India]]. Bhat is located near the bank of the [[Sabarmati River]], 24 km towards west from District headquarters [[Ahmedabad]], 5 km from [[Daskroi]] and 49 km from State capital [[Gandhinagar]].

==Geography==
Bhat lies at {{Coord|22.87|N|72.46|E|}} in [[western India]] at 33 metres (107 ft) above sea level near the bank of the [[Sabarmati River]] in north-central Gujarat. According to the [[Bureau of Indian Standards]], the village falls under [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone 3]], in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).<ref name="hazardprofile">{{cite web |url=https://www.caee.uottawa.ca/India.pdf |title=Performance of buildings during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake|accessdate=3 August 2008 |work=Jag Mohan Humar, David Lau, and Jean-Robert Pierre|publisher=The Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering |format=PDF |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070710000016/https://www.caee.uottawa.ca/India.pdf |archivedate = 10 July 2007}}</ref>

The south-west monsoon winds bring humid climate to Bhat from mid-June to mid-September. The average rainfall is 932 mm.<ref name="climate">{{cite web
|title = Incredible India (Ahmedabad page)
|url = https://www.incredibleindia.org/newsite/cms_page.asp?pageid=32
|accessdate = 26 March 2006
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928140410/https://www.incredibleindia.org/newsite/cms_page.asp?pageid=32
|archivedate = 28 September 2007
}}</ref> The highest temperature recorded is 47 °C and the lowest is 5 °C.<ref name="temperatures">{{cite web
|title = Weatherbase (Ahmedabad data)
|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=074624&refer=&units=metric
|accessdate=8 May 2006

}}</ref>

===Holi Dhal===
'''Holi Dhal''' is a prominent [[town square]] in Bhat, Daskroi village.<ref name="Ahmedabad District Panchayat"/>{{failed verification|date=November 2019|reason=No mention of this place in the given reference}} It is surrounded by historical structures. It is a vegetable market in the morning, a cloth market in the noon and the street food market at night.

It is named after ritual ceremony of [[Holika Dahan]]. In the festival of Holi villagers celebrates the death of Holika to save [[Prahlad]] at this place so now it is known as Holi Dhal. In olden days, people use to contribute a piece of wood for Holika bonfire. This bustling open square near the center of the village functions as a vegetable market in the morning and evening, and a cloth market in the afternoon. It is most famous, however, for its food stalls that start to emerge around 7:30 in the evening and continue till late night, with various local street snacks. Some heritage structures are in vicinity. The memorial temple of Lord Shiva known as Dudheshwar Mahadev is situated in Holi Dhal. It was the first [[Pol (housing)|pol]] (housing cluster) of Bhat. Prajapati and Patels settled here around the 1450s. There is one temple besides pol, Dudheshwar Mahadev temple.

===Garba Chowk===
{{Infobox street
| name = Garba Chowk
| native_name =
| marker_image =
| image = Garba Chowk.jpg
| caption = During Garba at Night
| other_name =
| former_names =
| postal_code =
| addresses = within Bhat village
| length_m =
| length_ft =
| length_mi =
| length_km =
| length_ref =
| width =
| location = Bhat, [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India
| client =
| maint =
| coordinates = {{coord|22.87614|72.46299|format=dms|type:landmark:IN|display=inline}}
| direction_a =
| terminus_a =
| direction_b =
| terminus_b =
| junction =
| commissioning_date =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date = 
| demolition_date =
| north =
| south =
| east =
| west =
}}
'''Garba Chowk''' is a second prominent [[town square]] in Bhat, Daskroi village.<ref name="Ahmedabad District Panchayat"/>{{failed verification|date=November 2019|reason=No mention of this place in the given link}} The Chowk is [[hardscape]]s suitable for open [[market (place)|market]]s, music concerts, political rallies, and other events. Being centrally located, chowk is surrounded by small shops such as vegetable shop, [[Grocery store|Grocery shop]], and clothing stores.

Place is as hub for playing [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] across the village, Nine nights of [[Navratri|Navaratri]] are celebrated with people performing Garba, the most popular folk dance of Gujarat. In the village there is a ritual to perform garba from the day of [[Indian New Year's days|Bestu Varas]] to the day of [[Kartik Poornima|Dev Diwali]]. Villagers perform Garba, start to emerge around 8:00 in the evening and continue till late night.

==Demographics==
As per Census 2011,<ref name="Census Organization of India">{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/511679-bhat-gujarat.html|title= Census Organization of India: Data from the Population Census 2011, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=17 April 2015|publisher= Census Organization of India}}</ref> The Bhat village had population of 5858 of which 3037 are males while 2821 are females. In Bhat village population of children with age 0–6 is 761 which makes up 12.99% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Bhat village is 929 which is higher than Gujarat state average of 919. Child Sex Ratio for the Bhat as per census is 829, lower than [[Gujarat]] average of 890. ''Lakkadiya Hanuman Temple'', also known as ''[[Hanuman]] ji Mandir'' is the place of worship in the village.<ref name="Ahmedabad District Panchayat"/>{{failed verification|date=November 2019|reason=No mention of this place in the given link}}

===Faliyas===
A ''faliyu'' (pronounced phaliyum, {{langx|gu|ફળિયું}}) or ''faliya'' and ''fali'', also known as '''nivas''', is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by [[caste]], profession, or religion.<ref name="Others">{{cite book|title=Reader In Urban Sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEwOQh41NZMC&pg=PA179|accessdate=15 February 2012|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-0-86311-152-5|pages=179–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Residential Cluster, Ahmedabad: Housing based on the traditional Pols|url=http://www.plea2009.arc.ulaval.ca/Papers/1.CHALLENGE/1.2%20City/POSTER/1-2-22-PLEA2009Quebec.pdf|publisher=arc.ulaval.ca/|accessdate=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518101300/http://www.plea2009.arc.ulaval.ca/Papers/1.CHALLENGE/1.2%20City/POSTER/1-2-22-PLEA2009Quebec.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is a list of faliya in Bhat, Daskroi, Gujarat, India.

The list of Faliyas in Bhat is given below:
#GARBA CHOWK (THAKOR VAS)
#Mukhi vash
#Prajapati Nivas
#Patel's Faliyu
#Patel's Khadki
#Raval Vas
#Sharma Nivas
#Thakor Vas
#Rabari Vas
#Bhampol
#Mahadev Khadaki
#Suthar Vas
#Darji Vas
#Rohit Vas

==Transportation==
The [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] runs a circular bus service along the [[Sardar Patel Ring Road]] from Sarkhej – [[Dholka City|Dholka]] Road on an hourly basis.<ref name="circular">{{cite news |title=Circular bus service on Sardar Patel Ring Road |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/news/circular-bus-service-on-sardar-patel-ring-road/550901/ |date=7 December 2009 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Ahmedabad |accessdate=29 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="circ">{{cite news |title=GSRTC to have circular bus service along SP Ring Road |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/GSRTC-to-have-circular-bus-service-along-SP-Ring-Road/articleshow/5306083.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130729142931/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-06/ahmedabad/28093495_1_gsrtc-circular-routes-buses |url-status=live |archive-date=29 July 2013 |date=6 December 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=Ahmedabad|access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>
[[List of state highways in Gujarat|State Highway 4]], linking [[Vataman]] to Ahmedabad, passes through Bhat and connects it with [[Dholka]], [[Sarkhej]], Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar. The [[National Highway 8A (India)|National Highway 8A]] also links Bhat to Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar.<ref name="Roads and Highways in Gujarat">{{cite web|url=https://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/transportation-in-gujarat/roads-in-gujarat.htm|title=Roads and Highways in Gujarat: Data from Detail Of Roads and Highways in Gujarat, including List of State Highways and National Highways in Gujarat|accessdate=2 June 2015|publisher=Discovered India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701132626/http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/transportation-in-gujarat/roads-in-gujarat.htm|archive-date=1 July 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Bhat Primary School Panorama View.jpg|left|thumb|Bhat Primary School Panorama View]]
[[File:Bhat Primary School.JPG|thumb|Bhat Primary School Campus]]
Bhat village has lower [[literacy]] rate compared to Gujarat. In 2011, literacy rate of Bhat village was 74.08% compared to 78.03% of Gujarat. In Bhat Male literacy stands at 84.05% while female literacy rate was 63.53%.<ref name="Census Organization of India"/> There is two primary government schools named: Bhat Primary School and Rampura Primary School.<ref name="Integrated Management Information System (IMIS)">{{cite web|url=https://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/rws/rpt_DetailsofSchools_AganwadisBlockWiseList.aspx?BlockId=0000002054&DistrictName=AHMADABAD&StateName=GUJARAT&Category=1&Type=Othr|title= Integrated Management Information System: Data from Detail Of Total Schools, including village name and schools (Provisional)|accessdate=22 April 2015|publisher= Integrated Management Information System (IMIS)}}</ref>

==Economy==
In Bhat village out of total population, 2055 were engaged in work activities. 88.81% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 11.19% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 2055 workers engaged in Main Work, 449 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 788 were Agricultural labourer.<ref name="Census Organization of India"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Bhat, Daskroi| ]]
[[Category:Villages in Ahmedabad district]]

A (Ad Infinitum)

2026-04-06T21:17:11Z

Kkasthana: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Telugu films of 2021#January – March]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Saaphabee

2026-04-04T17:41:10Z

Kkasthana: Creating A Pg

{{Short description|1976 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saaphabee
| image = File:Saaphabee_Movie_Poster.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| producer = G. Narayan Sharma
| writer =
| screenplay = Sarangthem Bormani
| story = Sarangthem Bormani
| starring = [[Kangabam Tomba]] Laishram Subadani
| music = [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
| cinematography = Deojibhai Padhiar
| editing = Madhusudan Banerjee
| studio = N.S. Films
| distributor = N.S. Films
| released = {{Film date|1976|07|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])
}}

'''''Saaphabee''''' is a 1976 [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri film]] written by Sarangthem Bormani, produced by G. Narayan Sharma and directed by [[Aribam Syam Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/aribam-syam-sharma |title=Aribam Syam Sharma | IFFR |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=iffr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/indigenous-people-will-become-strangers-in-their-own-lands-aribam-syam-sharma/article26215177.ece |title=Indigenous people will become strangers in their own lands: Aribam Syam Sharma |first1=Iboyaima |last1=Laithangbam |first2=Meghachandra |last2=Kongbam |date=16 December 2021 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aribam Syam Film |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Donny_Luwang.Aribam_Syam_Film |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> The film features [[Kangabam Tomba]] and Laishram Subadani in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saphabee (1976) |url=https://indiancine.ma/RVF |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> It was released at Usha Cinema, Paona Bazar on 13 July 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title='HELLOY' Between conscious and sub-consciousness: A film by G. Narayan Sharma |url=http://www.e-pao.net/epPrinter.asp?src=reviews.movies.Helloy |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref> The movie won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri]] at the [[24th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/03/manipuri-feature-film-bags-national-award-after-12-years/?amp |title=Manipuri feature film bags national award after 12 years |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=kanglaonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Festival |title=Aribam Syam Sharma - Festival des Cinémas d'Asie de Vesoul |url=https://www.cinemas-asie.com/en/members/item/2335-aribam-syam-sharma.html |access-date=2021-04-21 |website=www.cinemas-asie.com |language=fr-fr}}</ref> It is based on the famous [[Meitei folklore|Manipuri folk]] play ''Haorang Leishang Saaphabee''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://imphalreviews.in/aribam-syam-sharma-a-genius-in-the-world-of-indian-cinema/ |title=Aribam Syam Sharma: A Genius in the World of Indian Cinema |author=MEGHACHANDRA KONGBAM |website=imphalreviews.in|date=27 February 2021 }}</ref> It is the first Manipuri folk film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://communicationtoday.net/2014/03/31/manipuri-cinema-multiple-facets/ |title=Manipuri Cinema : Multiple Facets |access-date=16 December 2021 |author=Meghachandra Kongbam |website=communicationtoday.net|date=31 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/saaphabee |title=Saaphabee (1976) |website=moviebuff.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kangabam Tomba]] as Loya Naha Saaphaba
* Laishram Subadani as Haorang Leishang Saaphabee
* Manbi as Saaphabee's mother
* N. Tombi as Tabung, King of Kege region, Saaphabee's father
* Soraisam Keshoram as Thongnang, King of Khuman region, Saaphaba's father
* [[Kshetrimayum Rashi]] as Saaphabee's friend
* Elangbam Indu as Saaphabee's friend
* Babu
* Shanti
* Gouri
* Open

==Soundtrack==
[[Aribam Syam Sharma]] composed the soundtrack for the film and Konsaba Ibochou and G. Joykumar Sharma wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saaphabee Songs: Saaphabee MP3 Manipuri Songs by Arambam Jamuna Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/saaphabee |access-date=2021-04-21}}</ref> The movie has four songs sung by Aheibam Syam Sharma, Arambam Jamuna and Khun Joykumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saaphabee (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - Amazon.com |website=Amazon |url=https://www.amazon.com/Saaphabee-Original-Motion-Picture-Soundtrack/dp/B0781GDXBL |access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Saaphabee
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Aheibam Syam Sharma, Arambam Jamuna, Khun Joykumar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1976
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=18|s=19}}
| label = N.S. Films
| producer = G. Narayan Sharma
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=18|s=19}}
| title1 = Mapok Langol Khudingda
| extra1 = Aheibam Shyam Sharma, Arambam Jamuna
| length1 = 04:39
| title2 = Eidi Pakhang Shareeni
| extra2 = Khun Joykumar
| length2 = 04:06
| title3= Khoyumgumna Saklotpa
| extra3= Arambam Jamuna Devi
| length3= 04:28
| title4= Ngasi Korou Nongjada
| extra4= Aheibam Syam Sharma, Arambam Jamuna
| length4= 05:06
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1578132}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_YIRq-zo08k |title=Saaphabee Full Movie |last=Aribam Syam Sharma Archives |date= 4 November 2017|publisher= |accessdate=7 May 2021 |via=YouTube}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aribam Syam Sharma]]
[[Category:Films about Sanamahism]]

Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)

2026-03-25T11:10:56Z

Kkasthana: Made New Data V1

{{short description|Metro route of mass rapid transit system in Nagpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Aqua Line
| color = {{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}}
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit|Rapid Transit]]
| system = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Nagpur]]
| start = [[Prajapati Nagar metro station|Prajapati Nagar]]
| end = [[Hingna Mount View metro station|Hingna Mount View]]
| stations = 20
| daily_ridership =
| open = 28 January 2020
| close =
| operator = [[MahaMetro]]
| character = Elevated and Underground
| stock = [[CRRC Dalian]]
| linelength = 18.557 km
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg}} ([[Standard gauge]])
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead catenary]]
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = {{Nagpur Metro East-West Line}}
| map_state = expanded
}}
The '''Aqua Line''', also known as the '''East–west corridor''', of the [[Nagpur Metro]] is a metro route of the mass rapid transit system in [[Nagpur]], India. It was opened on 28 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nagpur Metro's Aqua Line inaugurated today. Check new routes, timings |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/nagpur-metro-s-aqua-line-inaugurated-today-check-new-routes-timings-11580199039676.html |website=mint |access-date=25 November 2021 |language=en |date=28 January 2020}}</ref>

The total length of the corridor is {{Convert|18.557|km|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref name="NMRCL - Milestone">{{Cite web |title=NMRCL - Milestone |url=https://metrorailnagpur.com/Project-Updates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114637/https://metrorailnagpur.com/Project-Updates |archive-date=2025-07-17 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.metrorailnagpur.com}}</ref> with 21 stations from Prajapati Nagar to Hingna Mount View with a total distance of {{Convert|18.557|km|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref name="NMRCL - Milestone"/> All stations are elevated stations and Sitaburdi station is an Interchange Station. Average inter-station distance is {{Convert|1.00|km|4=3|abbr=on|sp=us}} approximately varying from {{Convert|0.65 to 1.29|km|4=3|abbr=on|sp=us}} depending upon the site, operational and traffic requirements. The entire corridor is elevated.

The [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]] in its Detailed Project Report (DPR) submitted to [[Nagpur Improvement Trust]] has suggested to start the construction work on both the routes simultaneously contradicting the prior suggestion of phase wise development.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Work-on-two-routes-to-start-together/articleshow/18566514.cms|title=Work on two routes to start together|date=19 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== List of stations ==
Following is a list of stations on this route-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Aqua}};" colspan="8" | Aqua Line
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stn. No.
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opened
! rowspan="2" |Chainage (in metre)
! rowspan="2" |Distance from previous station
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
|1
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Prajapati Nagar}}
|प्रजापती नगर
|11 December 2022<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Nagpur Metro, Flags Off 6th Vande Bharat Train |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-nagpur-metro-flags-off-6th-vande-bharat-train-3596721 |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=NDTV}}</ref>
|0.0
|0.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|2
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Vaishnodevi Square}}
|वैष्णोदेवी चौक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":3" />
|1229.3
|1229.3
|None
|Elevated
|-
|3
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Ambedkar Square}}
|आंबेडकर चौक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":3" />
|1947.9
|718.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|4
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Telephone Exchange}}
|टेलिफोन एक्स्चेंज
|11 December 2022<ref name=":3" />
|3137.4
|1189.5
|None
|Elevated
|-
|5
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Chitar Oli Chowk}}
|चितारओळी चौक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":3" />
|3950.2
|812.8
|None
|Elevated
|-
|6
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Agrasen Square}}
|अग्रसेन चौक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":3" />
|4759.8
|809.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|7
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Dosar Vaishya Square}}
|दोसर वैश्य चौक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":3" />
|5590.4
|830.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|8
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Nagpur Railway Station}}
|नागपूर रेल्वे स्थानक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":3" />
|6464.4
|874.0
|{{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}
|Underground
|-
|9
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Cotton Market}}
|कॉटन मार्केट
|21 September 2023
|
|
|None
|Underground
|-
|10
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Sitabuldi}}
|सिताबर्डी
|28 January 2020<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=29 January 2020|title=[Pics] Nagpur Metro Aqua Line's 1st Section Inaugurated|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/01/29/pics-nagpur-metro-aqua-lines-1st-section-inaugurated/|access-date=26 November 2021|website=The Metro Rail Guy}}</ref>
|7707.7
|1243.3
|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
|Underground
|-
|11
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Jhansi Rani Square}}
|झाशी राणी चौक
|28 January 2020<ref name=":0" />
|8354.0
|646.3
|None
|Underground
|-
|12
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Institution of Engineers}}
|इन्स्टिट्युशन ऑफ इंजिनिअर्स
|28 January 2020<ref name=":0" />
|9117.2
|763.2
|None
|Underground
|-
|13
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Shankar Nagar Square}}
|शंकर नगर चौक
|9 December 2020<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Shankar Nagar, Rachna Ring Road Junction Metro station to be functional from tomorrow|url=https://thelivenagpur.com/2020/12/08/shankar-nagar-rachna-ring-road-junction-metro-station-to-be-functional-from-tomorrow/|url-status=live|access-date=26 November 2021|website=The Live Nagpur|date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420095530/https://thelivenagpur.com/2020/12/08/shankar-nagar-rachna-ring-road-junction-metro-station-to-be-functional-from-tomorrow/ |archive-date=20 April 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":2" />
|10074.9
|957.7
|None
|Underground
|-
|14
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|LAD Square}}
|एलएडी चौक
|22 October 2020<ref>{{Cite web|title=CMRS gives safety node to launch metro services on four new stations in Nagpur|url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/cmrs-gives-safety-node-to-launch-metro-services-on-four-new-stations-in-nagpur|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2020|title=Nagpur Metro's Double Decker Viaduct Inaugurated|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/11/16/nagpur-metros-double-decker-viaduct-inaugurated/|access-date=26 November 2021|website=The Metro Rail Guy}}</ref>
|10873.1
|798.2
|None
|Elevated
|-
|15
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Dharampeth College}}
|धरमपेठ महाविद्यालय
|6 April 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2021|title=4 new Metro stations operational from today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/4-new-metro-stations-operational-from-today/articleshow/81920428.cms|access-date=25 November 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|12020.7
|1147.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
|16
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Subhash Nagar}}
|सुभाष नगर
|28 January 2020<ref name=":0" />
|12947.1
|926.4
|None
|Elevated
|-
|17
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Rachana Ring Road Junction}}
|रचना रिंग रोड जंक्शन
|9 December 2020<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Shankar Nagar & Rachana Ring Road Junction Stations open for Public at Nagpur |url=https://www.punemetrorail.org/download/Newsletter/MahaMetroConnect_January2021.pdf |website=Pune Metro |publisher=Mahametro |access-date=26 November 2021}}</ref>
|14201.1
|1254.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
|18
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Vasudev Nagar|Madhav Netralaya Vasudev Nagar}}
|माधव नेत्रालय वासुदेव नगर
|28 January 2020<ref name=":0" />
|15173.9
|972.8
|None
|Elevated
|-
|19
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Bansi Nagar}}
|बंसी नगर
|23 September 2020
|16131.6
|957.7
|None
|Elevated
|-
|20
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Lokmanya Nagar}}
|लोकमान्य नगर
|28 January 2020<ref name=":0" />
|17792.6
|1661.0
|None
|Elevated
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
* [[Nagpur Metro]]
* [[Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)]]

== Other Metro systems in India ==
{{columns-list|
*[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Chennai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Gurugram Metro stations]]
*[[List of Hyderabad Metro stations]]
*[[List of Jaipur Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kochi Metro stations]]
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[List of Lucknow Metro stations]]
*[[List of Mumbai Metro stations]]
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[List of Noida Metro stations]]|colwidth=22em}}{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2020]]

Cornerstone Park, Bengaluru

2026-03-22T13:23:39Z

Kkasthana: new some data needs work

{{Short description|Public park in Bangalore, Karnataka, India}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

[[File:Cornerstone Park.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Park at night]]
'''Cornerstone Park''' is a [[public park]] located at the junction of the CMH Road and 100 Ft Road in the heart of [[Indiranagar, Bangalore|Indiranagar]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India. The [[BBMP]] (local council) park was renovated by Cornerstone Properties in 2012 as a part of a social initiative that has been formed to address social and environmental concerns of Bangalore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cornerstoneindia.in/csr.html |title=CSR - Harmony In Development | Cornerstone |publisher=Cornerstoneindia.in |date= |accessdate=2013-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628090742/http://www.cornerstoneindia.in/csr.html |archive-date=28 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cornerstoneindia.in/csr1.html |title=Cornerstone - Beyond Standards |publisher=Cornerstoneindia.in |date= |accessdate=2013-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409103503/http://www.cornerstoneindia.in/csr1.html |archive-date=9 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1428465.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218095400/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1428465.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2013 |title=Indiranagar park reblooms in style |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date= |accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref> The renovations were aimed to revitalizing residential neighborhoods and communities with elements of functional design and ecological functions. The highlight of the park is the city's only outdoor vertical garden.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/making-the-indiranagar-park-a-cornerstone-of-the-community/ |title=Making the Indiranagar Park a Cornerstone of the community |publisher=This Week Bangalore |date=2013-02-25 |accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref>

The park was inaugurated on the occasion of the 150th birth anniversary of [[Swami Vivekananda]] by Ananthkumar, [[Parliament of India|MP]] and General Secretary of the [[BJP]] and presided by S. Raghu, [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of Sir C. V. Raman Nagar Constituency. The Chief Guests include P. C. Mohan [[Parliament of India|MP]], Shri. A. Ravindra (Chief Advisor for the C. M. & Chief Secretary, Govt. of [[Karnataka]]), Savitha Ramesh (Corporator, Hoysala Nagar) and B. P. Kumar Babu (managing director of Cornerstone Properties). The communications were designed and developed by [[Circuit 9 Communications Private Limited]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130409103503/http://www.cornerstoneindia.in/csr1.html Cornerstone Park]

{{coord|12.978002|77.641209|display=title}}

[[Category:Parks in Bengaluru]]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

Malik Maqbul Tilangani

2026-03-22T10:45:11Z

Kkasthana: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Vizier of Delhi Sultanate (d. 1369)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{infobox person
| name = Malik Maqbul
| known_for = {{ubl|[[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaq]] military leader|[[Vizier|Wazir]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]}}
| death_date = 1369
| resting_place = [[Tomb of Khan-i Jahan Tilangani]]
}}
'''Malik Maqbul''' (Malla Yugandharudu{{sfn|Wagoner|Rice|2001|p=48}}), also referred to as '''Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul Tilangani'''<ref name="Delhiinfo">[https://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/tombs/khanijahanstomb-tombofmaqbulkhan.html Khan-i-Jahan's Tomb - Tomb of Malik Maqbul Khan], Delhi Information, retrieved 17 April 2019</ref> and '''Jahan Khan'''<ref name="Kulke" /> (d. 1369), was an Indian commander in the [[Kakatiya Empire]] who was converted to [[Islam]] and rose to become the [[Vizier|Wazir]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] ({{reign|1351|1388}}).<ref name="Jayapalan 2001">{{cite book | last=Jayapalan | first=N. | title=History of India | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited | year=2001 | isbn=978-81-7156-928-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC | access-date=2023-08-26 | page=70}}</ref> He was appointed as the governor of [[Hyderabad]] in service of the Delhi Sultanate and he ruled and governed all the lands of present day [[Telangana]] on behalf of the Delhi Sultanate.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=97}}</ref>

== Career in Warangal ==
Malik Maqbul or Malla Yugandharudu (also called Gannama Nayaka), was a commander of the [[Kakatiya Empire]] under [[Prataparudra]] ({{reign|1289|1323}}). Marana's ''Markandeya Puranamu'' (in Telugu) names him as "Pedda Malla Devudu" & "Gannavibhudu" and describes him as the commander (''Kataka paludu'') of [[Warangal Fort]], the capital of Kakatiyas.{{sfn|Wagoner|Rice|2001|p=48}} The term "Malla Devudu" (meaning "Lord") implies that he was very high up in the Kakatiya administrative hierarchy.

After [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughluq's]] son and general Ulugh Khan ([[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]) [[Siege of Warangal (1323)|captured Warangal]] in 1323, Ulugh Khan himself took over the Governorship of what is now a new province of "Teling" (Telangana) in the Sultanate. Gannaya was captured and converted to [[Islam]], given the name Malik Maqbul and found a place in the new regime. When Ulugh Khan left for Delhi soon afterwards, he left Warangal in the charge of Malik Maqbul. Ulugh Khan succeeded Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq as the new [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] under the name Muhammad bin Tughluq.{{sfn|Wagoner|Rice|2001|p=48}}{{sfn|Somasekhara Sarma|1945|loc=p. 25, footnote 1}}

The new regime was beset with rebellions and the Muslim governors were not welcomed as rulers. The coastal region around [[Rajahmundry]] slipped out immediately after Ulugh Khan's departure, the area south of [[Krishna River]] in 1325, [[Bhadrachalam]] area in 1330 and western Telangana between 1330–1335.{{sfn|Rama Rao|1947|p=297}} The Sultan marched on South India in 1334 in order to suppress the rebellions, but his army was struck by an epidemic, and he was forced to return to Delhi.{{sfn|Jackson|1999|p=268}} Soon afterwards, captured Warangal, and Malik Maqbul fled to Delhi. Facing significant losses in his army due to the epidemic, the Sultan was in no position to recover Telangana.{{sfn|Jackson|1999|pp=268–269}}

==Career in Delhi==
Malik Maqbul was initially made the governor of [[Multan]] and sent to administer [[Punjab]].<ref>T. H. Beale and [[Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|H. G. Keene]], ''[https://archive.org/details/orientalbiograp00benggoog/page/n7 An Oriental Biographical Dictionary]'', W. H. Allen, 1894, p. 214</ref> When he was the governor of Cambay, the Moroccan traveller [[Ibn Battuta]] met him who was on his journey towards south of India.

After his return to [[Delhi]], Maqbul earned the trust of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]. He accompanied the sultan on an expedition to [[Gujarat]] to subdue the rebels in [[Bharuch|Broach]]. He put all the rebels to death and captured enormous amount of wealth.<ref>[[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians]], Vol. III, H. M. Elliot, Adamant Media Corporation, p. 256, {{ISBN|1-4021-8212-0}}</ref> Subsequently, by making himself indispensable in the Delhi durbar (court), he became the [[finance minister]] and finally, the [[Vizier|Wazir]], of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]].<ref>Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq by M. Ahmed, 1978, Chugh Publications, New Delhi p. 46 and 95</ref> When Firuz Shah was away on a Campaign to [[Sindh]] and [[Gujarat]] for six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi.<ref name=Kulke>{{Citation |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |title=A History of India |publisher=Routledge |edition=Third |year=1998 |isbn=0-415-15482-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C |page=167}}</ref> He was the most highly favoured among the significant number of the nobles in Feroz Shah's court and retained the trust of the sultan.{{sfn|Jackson|1999|p=186}} Feroz Shah used to call Maqbul as 'brother'. The sultan even remarked that Khan-i-Jahan was the real ruler of Delhi. The fiscal and general administration were entirely left to Maqbul. On his part, Maqbul never exceeded his powers, and kept the sultan fully informed. He was also scrupulously honest. Although he did take presents from the governors of the provinces, he entered them in the royal treasury. He was also strict in collecting government dues. His powers, however, were restricted by the auditor (''mustaufi'') and by the Accountant-General (''mushrif''). Sometimes it led to bitter disputes in which the sultan mediated.<ref>Medieval India; From Sultanat to the Mughals, S. Chandra, 2007, Har Anand Publications, p.122, {{ISBN|81-241-1064-6}}</ref> On one occasion, Maqbul threatened to leave for Mecca when he came into conflict with [[Ayn al-Mulk Mahru|Ain-i-Mahru]], the Accountant General. Sultan had to retrench Ain-i-Mahru. Maqbul was paid annually 13 [[lakh]] tankas over and above the expenses of his army and servants and separate allowances for his sons and sons-in-law. Maqbul also maintained a retinue of 2000 concubines.<ref>The Cambridge Economic History of India, T. Raychaudhuri and I. Habib, Orient Longman, 2005, p. 90, {{ISBN|81-250-2730-0}}</ref>

===Successor===
Firoz Shah gave an undertaking that the position of Wazir will be inherited by Maqbul's son. After the death of Maqbul in 1369 CE, his son Jauna Khan became the Wazir.<ref>Medieval India; From Sultanat to the Mughals, S. Chandra, 2007, Har Anand Publications, p.161, {{ISBN|81-241-1064-6}}</ref>

Jauna Khan was as competent as his father but he was no military leader. He failed in the conflict for succession, which began even during the lifetime of Feroz Shah. Jauna Khan was captured and executed. Also known as Junan Shah, he built seven large mosques in and around Delhi including [[Khirki Mosque|Khirki Masjid]] and [[Kalan Masjid]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/sacred-seven/article2275143.ece | title=Sacred Seven | date=15 April 2007 | first=Abhilash | last=Gaur | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=3 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Safvi |first=Rana |author-link=Rana safvi |date=2015-01-12 |title=Kalan Masjid, Turkman Gate, Delhi |url=https://ranasafvi.com/kalan-masjid-turkman-gate-delhi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518203008/https://ranasafvi.com/kalan-masjid-turkman-gate-delhi/ |archive-date=2024-05-18 |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Rana Safvi |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Monuments==
[[File:Malik Maqbool tomb Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Tomb of Khan-i Jahan Tilangani|Malik Maqbul's tomb in Delhi]]]]
Built in 1388 by Junan Shah (son of Malik Maqbul), his [[Tomb of Khan-i Jahan Tilangani|tomb]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=14206 |title=Khan-i Jahan Maqbul Tilangani Mausoleum |access-date=3 May 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701173344/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=14206 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Bunce, Fredrick W. 2004. Islamic Tombs in India: The Iconography and Genesis of Their Design. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld, 52-55</ref><ref>Sharma, Y.D. 2001. Delhi and its Neighbourhood. New Delhi: Directory General Archaeological Survey of India, 27, 118.</ref> was the first [[octagon]]al [[mausoleum]] to be built in Delhi. The only other octagonal mausoleum that pre-dates this tomb in the Indian subcontinent is the Tomb of Shah Rukn-i Alam in [[Multan]].
The mausoleum occupies the northwestern corner of [[Nizamuddin West]].<ref>Tomb of Telanga nawab: Anon (1997) Delhi, The Capital of India; Asian Educational Services. pp. 85. {{ISBN|81-206-1282-5}}, 9788120612822</ref> The plan is composed of an octagonal [[burial]] chamber wrapped by a larger [[octagon]]al veranda. The verandah has three arched openings on each side, with a finial bearing cupola crowning the central arches. A large raised dome sits on top of the central chamber. While the parapet wall of the veranda is articulated with crenellations, a slanting stone overhang ([[chhajja]]) runs beneath it, encasing all sides of the structure.
The main entry to the structure is through the central arch of its south façade. The walls of the chamber are substantially thick. The [[mihrab]] is set in a stepped niche on the west wall of the chamber. A stairwell leading to the crypt below is also built into the western wall and accessed from inside a doorway. A large rectangular [[sarcophagus]] sits centred in the chamber beneath the dome in a two tiered arrangement. The tomb stands today in a very poor state of repair.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sanatani|first1=Rohit Priyadarshi|title=The Tomb of Khan - i Jahan Tilangani: A forgotten gem.|url=http://thespeakingarch.com/tomb_of_tilangani/|website=The Speaking Arch|accessdate=27 March 2015}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Jackson |first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://archive.org/details/TheDelhiSultanateAPoliticalAndMilitaryHistoryCambridgeStudiesInIslamicCivilization/page/n6 |year=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}
* {{citation |first=M. |last=Rama Rao |title=The Fall of Warangal and After |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=10 |pages=292–297 |year=1947 |jstor=44137150}}
* {{citation |last=Somasekhara Sarma |first=Mallampalli |title=A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History: History of the Musunūri Nāyaks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnxAAAAAMAAJ |year=1945 |publisher=Andhra University/Ananda Press}}
* {{citation |first1=Phillip B. |last1=Wagoner |first2=John Henry |last2=Rice |title=From Delhi to the Deccan: Newly Discovered Tughluq Monuments at Warangal-Sult̤ānpurand the Beginnings of Indo-Islamic Architecture in Southern India |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=61 |pages=77–117 |number=1 |year=2001 |jstor=3249963|doi=10.2307/3249963 }}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maqbul, Malik}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Tughlaq dynasty]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from the Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Kakatiya people]]
[[Category:1369 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian people]]

Sanjay

2026-03-22T05:11:39Z

Kkasthana:

{{wiktionary|Sanjay}}
'''Sanjay''', also spelled '''Sanjai''', '''Sanjey''', '''Sanje''', ''''' and '''Sunjay''', is a male given name of [[Sanskrit]] origin meaning "triumphant," from the Sanskrit Sañjaya ([[wikt:सञ्जय|सञ्जय]]),{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} and may refer to:

==People==
* [[Sanjaya]], an important character in the ancient Indian epic ''Mahabharata''
* [[Sanjay Gupta]] (born 1969), a neurosurgeon and CNN senior medical correspondent
* [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] (born 1965), a former Indian cricketer
* [[Sanjay Malhotra]], an Indian civil servant

===Actor===
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] (born 1959), an Indian actor
* [[Sanjay Shejwal]], an Indian actor
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]], an Indian actor and producer, and brother of Anil Kapoor
* [[Sanjay Khan]] (born 1941), an Indian actor, director and producer
* [[Sanjay Mitra (actor)]], an Indian actor in Malayalam cinema and television
* [[Sanjaya Malakar]] (born 1989), American singer and finalist on the sixth season of ''American Idol''
* [[Sanjay Suri]] (born 1971), an Indian actor and producer

===Cinema===
* [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] (born 1963), an Indian film director
* [[Sanjay Mehrotra]], CEO of Micron Technology and co-founder of Sandisk.
* [[Sanjay Patel]], a British American animator

===Musician===
* [[Sanjay Subrahmanyan]] (born 1968), a Carnatic vocalist from India
* [[Sunjay]] (born 1993), British singer-songwriter

===Politician===
* [[Sanjay Awasthy]] Politician and MLA from Arki, Himachal Pradesh, India
* [[Sanjay Bansode]] (born 1973), an Indian politician and minister in government of Maharashtra
* [[Sanjay Gaikwad]], member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
* [[Sanjay Gandhi]] (1946–1980), an Indian politician and son of former prime minister of India Indira Gandhi
* [[Sanjaya Sinh]] (born 1951), an Indian politician from the state of Uttar Pradesh

==Fictional characters==
* Sanjay Nahasapeemapetilon, the younger brother of Apu in the American animated sitcom ''[[The Simpsons]]''
* Sanjay, an Indian American character on the American animated series ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]''
* Prince Sanjay of Ishkebar, a character in the American sitcom ''[[The Suite Life of Zack & Cody]]''
* Sanjay Dravid, an Indian scientist in the ''[[Power of Five]]'' novel series
* Sanjay Patel, a main character in the 2013 American animated series ''[[Sanjay and Craig]]''
* Sanjay Patel, a character in the American sitcom ''[[Modern Family]]''
* Sanjay Rash, a Separatist [[puppet ruler]] in the fifth season of ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]''

==See also==
*[[Sanjaya (disambiguation)]]

{{given name}}

[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

YouTube Music

2026-03-20T20:42:02Z

Kkasthana:

{{short description|Music streaming service by YouTube}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox online service
| name = YouTube Music
| logo = YouTube Music 2024.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = File:Youtube Music UI, playing Kevin MacLeod, 2025.png
| image_size = 250px
| caption = YouTube Music playing "Pamgaea" by [[Kevin MacLeod]] in 2025
| type = music and video streaming
| launched = {{Start date and age|2015|11|12}}
| developer = [[YouTube]]
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Neal Mohan]] (YouTube CEO)|T. Jay Fowler (Director of Product Management)|[[Lyor Cohen]] (Global Head of YouTube & Music)}}
| pricing =
| platform = {{hlist|[[Android (operating system)|Android]]|[[iOS]]|[[ChromeOS]]|[[Wear OS]]|[[Google Nest (smart speakers)|Google Nest]]|[[Sonos]]|[[Android TV]]|[[Android Auto]]|[[WatchOS]]|[[World Wide Web|Web]]|[[audioOS]]|[[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]}}
| availability = 119 countries and territories; mostly in the Americas, Europe and Oceania, and in parts of Africa and Asia (see [[#Geographic availability|full list]])
| members = 125 million paid subscribers ({{As of|2025|03|lc=y|df=US}})<ref name="YTS">{{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Lyor |title=20 years & 125 million subscribers later…|url=https://blog.youtube/inside-youtube/20-years-125-million-subscribers-lyor-cohen/ |website=YouTube Official Blog|access-date=March 6, 2025 |date=March 5, 2025}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://music.youtube.com}}
}}

'''YouTube Music''' is a [[music streaming service]] developed by the American video platform [[YouTube]], a [[subsidiary]] of [[Google]]. The service is designed with an interface that allows users to simultaneously explore music audios and [[music video]]s from YouTube-based genres, playlists and recommendations. On December 1, 2020, YouTube Music replaced [[Google Play Music]] as Google's primary brand for music streaming. In April 2023, the service expanded its offerings to include support for [[podcasts]]<ref name="Malik">{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Aisha |date=April 27, 2023 |title=YouTube Music officially rolls out podcasts for listeners in the US |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/27/youtube-music-officially-launches-podcasts-for-listeners-in-the-us/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US |archive-date=April 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427223212/https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/27/youtube-music-officially-launches-podcasts-for-listeners-in-the-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> shortly before [[Google Podcasts]] was shut down.

YouTube Music also features a premium tier that provides several benefits to paying subscribers. These include ad-free playback, the ability to play audio in the background, and the option to download songs for offline listening. These benefits are also bundled with and available to subscribers of [[YouTube Premium]].

==History==
The YouTube Music app was unveiled in October 2015 and released the following month; its release came alongside the unveiling of [[YouTube Premium]] (originally called ''YouTube Red''), a larger subscription service that covers the entirety of the YouTube platform, including the Music app. Although redundant to [[Google]]'s existing [[Google Play Music]] All Access subscription service, the app was designed for users who primarily consume music through YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service|title=Exclusive: An inside look at the new ad-free YouTube Red|work=The Verge|access-date=May 17, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=April 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404133500/https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="engadget-ytmusic"/>

On May 17, 2018, YouTube announced a new version of the YouTube Music service, including a web-based desktop player and redesigned mobile app, more dynamic recommendations based on various factors, and Google artificial intelligence technology to search songs based on lyrics and descriptions. In addition, YouTube Music became a separate subscription service (positioned as a more direct competitor to [[Apple Music]] and [[Spotify]]), offering ad-free and background/audio-only streaming, and downloading for offline playback, for music content on YouTube. The service's benefits continued to be available as part of the existing YouTube Premium service and to Google Play Music All Access subscribers. The YouTube Music subscription was priced in line with its competitors at US$9.99 per month; the price of YouTube Premium was concurrently increased to $11.99 for new subscribers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/05/youtubes-revamped-music-subscription-service-launches-on-may-22/|title=New YouTube Music Premium costs $9.99 monthly, add $2 to get all Red perks|work=Ars Technica|access-date=May 18, 2018|language=en-us|archive-date=July 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709134409/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/05/youtubes-revamped-music-subscription-service-launches-on-may-22/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/17/17364056/youtube-music-premium-google-launch|title=Google announces YouTube Music and YouTube Premium|work=The Verge|access-date=May 17, 2018|archive-date=August 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814173306/https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/17/17364056/youtube-music-premium-google-launch|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, YouTube Music reached multiple sponsorship agreements with [[Dick Clark Productions]] to serve as a partner for its television specials ''[[Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve]]'' and the [[American Music Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-music-american-music-awards-amas-sponsorship-1202913542/|title=YouTube Music Signs American Music Awards Two-Year Title Sponsorship Deal|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=August 22, 2018|work=Variety|access-date=October 10, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=October 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095434/https://variety.com/2018/digital/news/youtube-music-american-music-awards-amas-sponsorship-1202913542/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/youtube-music-dick-clark-productions-extend-partnership-for-new-years-rockin-eve-with-ryan-seacrest-1202500921/|title=YouTube Music And Dick Clark Productions Extend Partnership For 'New Year's Rockin' Eve With Ryan Seacrest'|last=Hayes|first=Dade|date=November 13, 2018|work=Deadline|access-date=November 19, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015146/https://deadline.com/2018/11/youtube-music-dick-clark-productions-extend-partnership-for-new-years-rockin-eve-with-ryan-seacrest-1202500921/|url-status=live}}</ref>

YouTube Music became available on [[Google Assistant]] [[smart speaker]]s (including [[Google Nest (smart speakers)|Google Nest]] smart speakers) on April 18, 2019, with feature-limited ad-supported playback available for non-subscribers in only a limited number of countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Music is now free with ads on Google Home devices|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/04/18/youtube-music-is-now-free-with-ads-on-google-home-devices/|website=TechCrunch|date=April 18, 2019|language=en-US|access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref>

In July 2024, YouTube Music became available for [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] cars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeal |first=Ryan |date=July 3, 2024 |title=YouTube Music is cruising its way into your Tesla with native app |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/youtube-music-tesla-app-3456923/ |access-date=November 12, 2024 |work=Android Authority}}</ref>

==Features==
The availability of music encompasses numerous releases from mainstream artists and extends to any video categorized as music on the YouTube platform.

YouTube Music initially operated in parallel with Google Play Music, but the latter was shut down in December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Info about the Google Play Music phase-out|url=https://support.google.com/googleplaymusic/answer/9973710?hl=en-GB&ref_topic=6230811|access-date=November 7, 2020|website=Google|archive-date=December 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219191358/https://support.google.com/googleplaymusic/answer/9973710?hl=en-GB&ref_topic=6230811|url-status=dead}}</ref> Product manager Elias Roman stated in 2018 that they aimed to reach feature parity with Google Play Music before migrating users to it, but as of 2024 this has not been achieved.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/23/17386752/youtube-music-uploads-feature-google-play-music|title=YouTube Music will eventually get Google Play Music's best features, including user uploads|work=The Verge|access-date=May 24, 2018|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109064325/https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/23/17386752/youtube-music-uploads-feature-google-play-music|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Amadeo|first=Ron|date=August 4, 2020|title=Google Music shutdown starts this month, music deleted in December|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/08/google-music-shutdown-starts-this-month-music-deleted-in-december/|access-date=September 11, 2020|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125231134/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/08/google-music-shutdown-starts-this-month-music-deleted-in-december/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|last=Amadeo|first=Ron|date=June 24, 2020|title=With YouTube Music, Google is holding my speakers for ransom|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/06/youtube-music-library-transfers-your-purchased-music-is-not-welcome-here/|access-date=September 11, 2020|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207055804/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2020/06/youtube-music-library-transfers-your-purchased-music-is-not-welcome-here/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2019, YouTube Music replaced Google Play Music in the core [[Google Mobile Services]] bundle distributed on new [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/27/20886952/youtube-music-app-preinstalled-android-10|title=YouTube Music will now come preinstalled on Android devices|last=Welch|first=Chris|date=September 27, 2019|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=October 8, 2019|archive-date=September 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924200613/https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/27/20886952/youtube-music-app-preinstalled-android-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/27/youtube-music-will-be-preinstalled-on-android-10-and-new-android-9-devices/|title=YouTube Music will be preinstalled on Android 10 and new Android 9 devices|website=TechCrunch|date=September 27, 2019|language=en-US|access-date=October 8, 2019|archive-date=October 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008182901/https://techcrunch.com/2019/09/27/youtube-music-will-be-preinstalled-on-android-10-and-new-android-9-devices/|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2020, an update was released to allow imports from Google Play Music, including purchased music, [[playlist]]s, cloud libraries, and [[recommendations]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=YouTube Music can finally import your library and uploads from Google Play Music|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/12/21254378/youtube-music-google-play-library-transfer-announced|last=Welch|first=Chris|date=May 12, 2020|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=October 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018063413/https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/12/21254378/youtube-music-google-play-library-transfer-announced|url-status=live}}</ref>

A "[[pre-save]]" feature for upcoming releases was added in May 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Al-Heeti|first=Abrar|title=YouTube Music now lets you pre-save albums|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-music-now-lets-you-pre-save-albums/|access-date=June 12, 2020|website=CNET|language=en|archive-date=August 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811134004/https://www.cnet.com/news/youtube-music-now-lets-you-pre-save-albums/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, YouTube Music introduced a seasonal recap feature, which serves as a culmination of a user's top artists, songs, albums and playlists, in a similar style to [[Spotify Wrapped]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Forristal |first1=Lauren |title=YouTube Music introduces seasonal recap playlists |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/06/16/youtube-music-introduces-seasonal-recap-playlists-to-compete-with-spotify-wrapped/ |website=TechCrunch |date=June 16, 2022 |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref>

In February 2023, YouTube Music launched Radio Builder, a free and from anywhere accessible web service for both paying subscribers and free users with [[iOS]] or [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices. It allows users to create a custom radio station, selecting up to 30 artists with an option to hear only their songs or from comparable musicians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/21/23609228/youtube-music-radio-builder-custom-stations|title=YouTube Music will let you make your own custom radio stations / You|date=February 21, 2023|publisher=[[The Verge]]|access-date=February 23, 2023|archive-date=February 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223085642/https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/21/23609228/youtube-music-radio-builder-custom-stations|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/with-radio-builder-create-your-own-custom-station-on-youtube-music-all-you-need-to-know-101677124714221-amp.html|title=With 'Radio Builder', create your own custom station on YouTube Music: All you need to know|date=February 23, 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=February 23, 2023|archive-date=February 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223085640/https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/with-radio-builder-create-your-own-custom-station-on-youtube-music-all-you-need-to-know-101677124714221-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/youtube-music-launches-radio-builder-feature-allowing-users-to-create-custom-stations-based-on-favorite-artists/articleshow/98141666.cms|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|title=YouTube Music launches 'Radio Builder' feature, allowing users to create custom stations based on favorite artists|date=February 22, 2023|access-date=February 23, 2023|archive-date=February 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223085645/https://www.businessinsider.in/tech/apps/news/youtube-music-launches-radio-builder-feature-allowing-users-to-create-custom-stations-based-on-favorite-artists/articleshow/98141666.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2023, podcasts were added to the service, initially for users in the US only with a worldwide rollout planned at a later date.<ref name="Malik"/><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Chan |first=J. Clara |date=February 25, 2023 |title=YouTube's Podcast Play Comes Into Focus Amid Skepticism From Creators |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/youtube-podcasts-1235332624/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226041753/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/youtube-podcasts-1235332624/ |archive-date=February 26, 2023 |access-date=February 26, 2023 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[Google Podcasts]] was shut down worldwide in June 2024 with YouTube Music replacing it.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Seyderhelm |first1=Jennifer |date=June 26, 2024 |title=Farewell Google Podcasts |url=https://radioinfo.com.au/podcast-info/farewell-google-podcasts/ |access-date=October 18, 2024 |website=RadioInfo Australia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2024 |title=YouTube gets 'Your podcasts' page as Google Podcasts shuts down internationally |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/youtube-gets-your-podcasts-page-as-google-podcasts-shuts-down-internationally/articleshow/111257194.cms |access-date=October 18, 2024 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

===Subscriptions===
The free tier plays songs in its [[music video]] version where applicable. The premium tier plays official tracks of the [[album]] unless the user searches for the music video version. YouTube Music Premium and YouTube Premium subscribers can switch to an audio-only mode that can play in the background while the application is not in use. The free tier does not allow audio-only mode with background playback as it displays video advertisements.<ref name="engadget-ytmusic">{{cite web | title = YouTube Music isn't perfect, but it's still heaven for music nerds | date = November 12, 2015 | url = https://www.engadget.com/2015/11/12/youtube-music-app-hands-on/ | publisher = Engadget | access-date = November 7, 2016 | archive-date = November 12, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022054/https://www.engadget.com/2015-11-12-youtube-music-app-hands-on.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

The free tier's audio quality supports up to 128 kbit/s, in [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]] and [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]] audio formats.<ref name="youtube-format-ids-2024-july" /> When on premium, you have access to 256 kbit/s.

YouTube Music Premium and YouTube Premium plans are available in individual and family variants. A family plan allows up to six family members from the same household to access plan features. Eligible students can obtain a discount on an individual plan.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! style=max-width:4em | Subscription tiers
! style=max-width:2em | Ads
! style=max-width:8em | Skipping and [[scrubbing (audio)|scrubbing]]
! style=max-width:6em | Offline mode
! style=max-width:6em | Background playback
! style=max-width:6em | Audio quality
|-
! Music Free
| {{No|Yes}}
| {{Yes|Unlimited}}
| {{maybe|Podcast only}}
| {{maybe|Podcast only}}
| 50, 70, 128 kbit/s [[Variable bitrate|VBR]] [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]] 48 kbit/s [[High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding|HE-AAC]], 128 kbit/s [[Constant bitrate|CBR]] [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]]<ref name="youtube-format-ids-2024-july" />
|-
! Music Premium
| {{Yes|No}}
| {{Yes|Unlimited}}
| {{Yes|Available|Unknown number of devices}}
| {{Yes|Available}}
| All free tier qualities, including 256 kbit/s AAC & Opus<ref name="youtube-format-ids-2024-july">{{cite web | title = Youtube Format IDs | url = https://gist.github.com/MartinEesmaa/2f4b261cb90a47e9c41ba115a011a4aa |website=GitHub}}</ref>
|-
! Premium
| {{Yes|No}}
| {{Yes|Unlimited}}
| {{Yes|Available|Unknown number of devices}}
| {{Yes|Available}}
| All free tier qualities, including 256 kbit/s AAC & Opus<ref name="youtube-format-ids-2024-july"/>
|}

==Geographic availability==
As of March 2024, YouTube Music is available in most of the [[Americas]], [[Europe]] and [[Oceania]], as well as parts of [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], with a total availability in 119 markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where is YouTube Music available? |url=https://support.google.com/youtubemusic/answer/6313540?hl=en&co=GENIE.Platform%3DDesktop |access-date=October 23, 2024 |website=YouTube Music Help}}</ref> Following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Google indefinitely suspended all of its all payment and subscription-based services in the country, including YouTube Music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 10, 2022 |title=YouTube, Google Play suspend payment-based services in Russia |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/youtube-google-play-suspend-payment-based-services-russia-2022-03-10/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=March 11, 2022 |title=Which Music Industry Companies Are Leaving Russia? Here's a Complete List |url=https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2022/03/11/music-industry-russia-exits/ |work=[[Digital Music News]]}}</ref>

[[File:Availability of Youtube Music in the World.svg|thumb|upright=2.04|Countries where YouTube Music is available ({{as of|2024|3|lc=on}})|alt=]]

{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sticky-header" style="text-align: center"
|-
! colspan=3| History of expansion
|-
! style="width:200px;"| Date
! style="width:250px;"| Countries/regions
! style="width:150px;"| {{Refh}}
|-
| '''May 22, 2018'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Australia}} Australia
* {{Flag icon|Mexico}} Mexico
* {{Flag icon|New Zealand}} New Zealand
* {{Flag icon|South Korea}} South Korea (paid only)
* {{Flag icon|United States}} United States
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Introducing YouTube Premium |url=https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/introducing-youtube-premium/ |website=YouTube Official Blog}}</ref><ref name=Verge>{{cite web |last1=Deahl |first1=Dani |title=YouTube Music and YouTube Premium officially launch in US, Canada, UK, and other countries |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/18/17475122/youtube-music-premium-launch-us-canada-uk |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=June 18, 2018 |date=June 18, 2018 |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618182528/https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/18/17475122/youtube-music-premium-launch-us-canada-uk |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| '''June 18, 2018'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Austria}} Austria
* {{Flag icon|Canada}} Canada
* {{Flag icon|Finland}} Finland
* {{Flag icon|France}} France
* {{Flag icon|Germany}} Germany
* {{Flag icon|Ireland}} Ireland
* {{Flag icon|Italy}} Italy
* {{Flag icon|Norway}} Norway
* {{Flag icon|Russia}} Russia (suspended on March 10, 2022 until further notice)
* {{Flag icon|Spain}} Spain
* {{Flag icon|Sweden}} Sweden
* {{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2018 |title=YouTube Music and YouTube Premium launch in 17 countries: It's all here |url=https://blog.youtube/news-and-events/youtube-music-and-youtube-premium/ |website=YouTube Official Blog}}</ref><ref name=AndroidPolice>{{cite web |last1=Gao |first1=Richard |title=YouTube Premium and Music launch today in 17 countries, including Canada and 11 European countries |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/06/18/youtube-premium-music-launch-today-17-countries-including-canada-11-european-countries/ |website=Android Police |access-date=June 18, 2018 |date=June 18, 2018 |archive-date=June 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035747/https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/06/18/youtube-premium-music-launch-today-17-countries-including-canada-11-european-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Verge />
|-
| '''August 29, 2018'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Belgium}} Belgium
* {{Flag icon|Netherlands}} Netherlands
* {{Flag icon|Denmark}} Denmark
* {{Flag icon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=El Khoury |first=Rita |date=29 August 2018 |title=YouTube Premium and Music Premium are now available in The Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Luxembourg |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/08/29/youtube-premium-music-premium-now-available-netherlands-belgium-denmark-luxembourg/ |work=Android Police}}</ref>
|-
| '''September 26, 2018'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Brazil}} Brazil
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=El Khoury |first=Rita |date=26 September 2018 |title=YouTube Premium and Music Premium launch in Brazil |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/09/26/youtube-premium-music-premium-launch-brazil/ |work=Android Police}}</ref>
|-
| '''November 14, 2018'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Chile}} Chile
* {{Flag icon|Colombia}} Colombia
* {{Flag icon|Japan}} Japan
* {{Flag icon|Peru}} Peru
* {{Flag icon|Portugal}} Portugal
* {{Flag icon|Switzerland}} Switzerland
* {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} Ukraine
|<ref>{{cite web|author=Ivan|date=November 14, 2018|title=YouTube Premium and Music Premium expand to seven new countries|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/youtube_premium_and_music_premium_expand_to_seven_new_countries-news-34221.php|work=GSMArena|access-date=November 17, 2018|archive-date=April 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424083554/https://www.gsmarena.com/youtube_premium_and_music_premium_expand_to_seven_new_countries-news-34221.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| '''March 13, 2019'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Argentina}} Argentina
* {{Flag icon|Bolivia}} Bolivia
* {{Flag icon|Costa Rica}} Costa Rica
* {{Flag icon|Dominican Republic}} Dominican Republic
* {{Flag icon|Ecuador}} Ecuador
* {{Flag icon|El Salvador}} El Salvador
* {{Flag icon|Guatemala}} Guatemala
* {{Flag icon|Honduras}} Honduras
* {{Flag icon|India}} India
* {{Flag icon|Nicaragua}} Nicaragua
* {{Flag icon|Panama}} Panama
* {{Flag icon|Paraguay}} Paraguay
* {{Flag icon|South Africa}} South Africa
* {{Flag icon|Uruguay}} Uruguay
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilde |first=Damien |date=13 March 2019 |title=YouTube Music and Premium rolling out to 14 nations including India, South Africa |url=https://9to5google.com/2019/03/13/youtube-music-premium-india-more-countries/ |work=9to5Google}}</ref>
|-
| '''May 16, 2019'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria
* {{Flag icon|Cyprus}} Cyprus
* {{Flag icon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic
* {{Flag icon|Hungary}} Hungary
* {{Flag icon|North Macedonia}} North Macedonia
* {{Flag icon|Poland}} Poland
* {{Flag icon|Romania}} Romania
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dwivedi |first=Roshan |date=16 May 2019 |title=YouTube Premium now available in 7 European countries |url=https://www.muvi.com/industry-updates/youtube-premium-now-available-in-7-european-countries/ |work=Muvi One}}</ref>
|-
| '''July 17, 2019'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Bosnia & Herzegovina}} Bosnia & Herzegovina
* {{Flag icon|Croatia}} Croatia
* {{Flag icon|Estonia}} Estonia
* {{Flag icon|Greece}} Greece
* {{Flag icon|Iceland}} Iceland
* {{Flag icon|Latvia}} Latvia
* {{Flag icon|Liechtenstein}} Liechtenstein
* {{Flag icon|Lithuania}} Lithuania
* {{Flag icon|Malta}} Malta
* {{Flag icon|Serbia}} Serbia
* {{Flag icon|Slovakia}} Slovakia
* {{Flag icon|Slovenia}} Slovenia
* {{Flag icon|Turkey}} Turkey
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=El Khoury |first=Rita |date=17 July 2019 |title=YouTube Premium and Music launch in 13 new countries, now available in more than 60 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/07/17/youtube-premium-and-music-launch-in-13-new-countries-now-available-in-more-than-60/ |work=Android Police}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=King |first=Ashley |date=18 July 2019 |title=YouTube Premium and YouTube Music Add 13 More Countries to Reach 63 Total — But Adoption Remains Weak |url=https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2019/07/18/youtube-premium-music-countries/ |work=[[Digital Music News]]}}</ref>
|-
| '''September 11, 2019'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Bahrain}} Bahrain
* {{Flag icon|Israel}} Israel
* {{Flag icon|Kuwait}} Kuwait
* {{Flag icon|Lebanon}} Lebanon
* {{Flag icon|Oman}} Oman
* {{Flag icon|Qatar}} Qatar
* {{Flag icon|Saudi Arabia}} Saudi Arabia
* {{Flag icon|United Arab Emirates}} United Arab Emirates
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.androidcentral.com/youtube-premium-and-music-expand-8-new-countries-middle-east|title=YouTube Premium and Music expand to 8 new countries in the Middle East|date=September 11, 2019|website=Android Central|language=en|access-date=September 13, 2019|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201185438/https://www.androidcentral.com/youtube-premium-and-music-expand-8-new-countries-middle-east|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=El Khoury |first=Rita |date=11 September 2019 |title=YouTube Premium and Music launch in 8 new countries in the Middle East |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/09/10/youtube-premium-music-launch-new-countries-middle-east-gulf-gcc/ |work=Android Police}}</ref>
|-
| '''November 6, 2019'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Hong Kong}} Hong Kong
* {{Flag icon|Indonesia}} Indonesia
* {{Flag icon|Malaysia}} Malaysia
* {{Flag icon|Philippines}} Philippines
* {{Flag icon|Singapore}} Singapore
* {{Flag icon|Taiwan}} Taiwan
* {{Flag icon|Thailand}} Thailand
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=El Khoury |first=Rita |date=6 November 2019 |title=YouTube Premium and Music launch in 7 Asian markets |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/11/06/youtube-premium-and-music-launch-in-7-asian-countries/ |work=Android Police}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=England |first=Jason |date=6 November 2019 |title=YouTube Premium and Music expand to seven new regions in Asia |url=https://www.androidcentral.com/youtube-premium-and-music-has-now-expanded-seven-new-regions-asia |work=Android Central}}</ref>
|-
| '''March 10, 2020'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Nigeria}} Nigeria
* {{Flag icon|Turks and Caicos Islands}} Turks and Caicos Islands
* {{Flag icon|Venezuela}} Venezuela
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Jules|date=10 March 2020 |title=YouTube Premium and Music now available in Nigeria, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/03/10/youtube-premium-and-music-now-available-in-nigeria-turks-and-caicos-islands-venezuela/ |work=Android Police}}</ref>
|-
| '''June 10, 2020'''
|
* {{Flag icon|American Samoa}} American Samoa
* {{Flag icon|Aruba}} Aruba
* {{Flag icon|Belarus}} Belarus
* {{Flag icon|Bermuda}} Bermuda
* {{Flag icon|Cayman Islands}} Cayman Islands
* {{Flag icon|Egypt}} Egypt
* {{Flag icon|French Guiana}} French Guiana
* {{Flag icon|French Polynesia}} French Polynesia
* {{Flag icon|Guadeloupe}} Guadeloupe
* {{Flag icon|Guam}} Guam
* {{Flag icon|Northern Mariana Islands}} Northern Mariana Islands
* {{Flag icon|Papua New Guinea}} Papua New Guinea
* {{Flag icon|Puerto Rico}} Puerto Rico
* {{Flag icon|U.S. Virgin Islands}} U.S. Virgin Islands
|<ref name="GSM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsmarena.com/youtube_premium_and_music_now_available_in_14_more_countries_-news-43692.php|title=YouTube Premium and Music now available in 14 more countries|author=Michail|date=June 10, 2020|website=GSMArena|access-date=June 3, 2021|archive-date=October 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003044236/https://www.gsmarena.com/youtube_premium_and_music_now_available_in_14_more_countries_-news-43692.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Babu |date=11 June 2020 |title=YouTube Premium and Music are now available in 14 new markets |url=https://www.androidcentral.com/youtube-music-and-premium-now-available-14-new-markets |work=Android Central}}</ref>
|-
| '''April 12, 2023'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Vietnam}} Vietnam
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Quy |first=Luu |date=12 April 2023 |title=YouTube Premium rolls out in Vietnam |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/companies/youtube-premium-rolls-out-in-vietnam-4592679.html |work=VnExpress International}}</ref>
|-
| '''August 2, 2023'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Bangladesh}} Bangladesh
* {{Flag icon|Nepal}} Nepal
* {{Flag icon|Pakistan}} Pakistan
* {{Flag icon|Sri Lanka}} Sri Lanka
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2023 |title=YouTube Premium launched in Bangladesh at BDT 239 per month |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/tech-startup/news/youtube-premium-launched-bangladesh-bdt-239-month-3385521?amp |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=YouTube Premium and YouTube Music arrive in Pakistan |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2428908/youtube-premium-and-youtube-music-arrive-in-pakistan |work=[[The Express Tribune]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=YouTube Premium is now available in Sri Lanka |url=https://readme.lk/youtube-premium-is-now-available-in-sri-lanka/ |work=ReadME Sri Lanka}}</ref>
|-
| '''December 5, 2023'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Algeria}} Algeria
* {{Flag icon|Cambodia}} Cambodia
* {{Flag icon|Georgia}} Georgia
* {{Flag icon|Ghana}} Ghana
* {{Flag icon|Iraq}} Iraq
* {{Flag icon|Jordan}} Jordan
* {{Flag icon|Kenya}} Kenya
* {{Flag icon|Laos}} Laos
* {{Flag icon|Senegal}} Senegal
* {{Flag icon|Tunisia}} Tunisia
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abodalo |first=Liliana |date=12 December 2023 |title=YouTube Music & Premium expands to Algeria, Jordan, Iraq and Tunisia |url=https://blog.google/intl/en-mena/product-updates/connect-communicate/youtube-music-premium-expands-to-algeria-jordan-iraq-and-tunisia/ |website=Google Blog (Mideast & North Africa)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Awofisayo |first=Addy |date=6 December 2023 |title=YouTube Music & Premium land in Kenya, Senegal, and Ghana |url=https://blog.google/intl/en-africa/company-news/technology/youtube-music-premium-land-in-kenya-senegal-and-ghana/ |website=Google Blog (Africa)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Li |first=Abner |date=18 December 2023 |title=YouTube Premium and Music Premium launching in 10 more countries |url=https://9to5google.com/2023/12/18/youtube-premium-more-countries/ |work=9to5Google}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keverenge |first=Hillary |date=2023-12-06 |title=YouTube Premium lands in Kenya for Kshs 499 per month |url=https://androidkenya.com/2023/12/youtube-premium-lands-in-kenya-for-kshs-499-per-month/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Android Kenya |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| '''March 14, 2024'''
|
* {{Flag icon|Azerbaijan}} Azerbaijan
* {{Flag icon|Jamaica}} Jamaica
* {{Flag icon|Kazakhstan}} Kazakhstan
* {{Flag icon|Libya}} Libya
* {{Flag icon|Morocco}} Morocco
* {{Flag icon|Réunion}} Réunion
* {{Flag icon|Tanzania}} Tanzania
* {{Flag icon|Uganda}} Uganda
* {{Flag icon|Yemen}} Yemen
* {{Flag icon|Zimbabwe}} Zimbabwe
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abodalo |first=Liliana |date=18 March 2024 |title=YouTube Music & Premium expands to Morocco, Libya and Yemen |url=https://blog.google/intl/en-mena/product-updates/connect-communicate/youtube-music-premium-expands-to-Libya-Morocco-Yemen/ |website=Google Blog (Mideast & North Africa)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Chandraveer |date=14 March 2024 |title=YouTube Premium expands to 10 new countries, including 1 in North America |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/youtube-premium-10-new-countries-north-america/ |work=Android Police}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=14 March 2024 |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/youtube_premium_now_available_in_10_more_countries-news-62005.php | title=YouTube Premium now available in 10 more countries |website=GSMArena}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Internet|Music}}
* [[Comparison of music streaming services]]
* [[List of podcast clients]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.youtube.com/musicpremium}}
*[https://music.youtube.com Official web player]

{{YouTube navbox}}
{{Music streaming services}}
{{Music digital distribution platforms}}
{{Podcast clients}}

[[Category:Music streaming services]]
[[Category:YouTube]]
[[Category:2015 software]]
[[Category:Mobile software distribution platforms]]
[[Category:Mobile software]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Android Auto software]]
[[Category:Jukebox-style media players]]
[[Category:Musical culture]]

Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-18T10:02:14Z

Kkasthana: formatting fix

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Wayanad {{Small|KL-4}}
| constituency_no =
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Kerala/Wayanad.map}}
| map_caption = Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| incumbent_image = Priyanka Gandhi Vadra (8).jpg
| mp = [[Priyanka Gandhi Vadra|Priyanka Gandhi]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Wayanad by-election|2024]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| assembly_cons = [[Mananthavady (State Assembly constituency)|Mananthavady]] [[Sulthan Bathery (State Assembly constituency)|Sulthan Bathery]] [[Kalpetta (State Assembly constituency)|Kalpetta]] [[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady]] [[Eranad (State Assembly constituency)|Eranad]] [[Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)|Nilambur]] [[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)|Wandoor]]
| electors = 1,357,819 (2019)
}}
'''Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern India. Wayanad was established by 2008 Delimitation. {{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

Before, [[Mananthavady Assembly constituency|Mananthavady]] was included in [[Kannur Lok Sabha constituency|Cannanore Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Kalpetta Assembly constituency|Kalpetta]],[[Thiruvambady Assembly constituency|Thiruvambady]], [[Sulthan Bathery Assembly constituency|Sulthan Bathery]] was included in [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Nilambur Assembly constituency|Nilambur]],[[Wandoor Assembly constituency|Wandoor]], and [[Eranad Assembly constituency|Eranad]] was included in [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency|Manjeri Lok Sabha Constituency]]
==Assembly segments==

Wayanad Parliamentary Constituency is composed of 56 [[Local self-government in India|LSG]] segments of the following [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] Constituencies:<ref name="wyd">{{cite news|last=Philip|first=Shaju |title=Explained: Introducing Wayanad, from where Rahul Gandhi will contest Lok Sabha polls|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-introducing-wayanad-from-where-rahul-gandhi-could-contest-lok-sabha-elections-5639694/?ddvsw|access-date=31 March 2019|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 March 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|-
|17
|[[Mananthavady (State Assembly constituency)|Mananthavady]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
|[[O. R. Kelu]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|18
|[[Sulthan Bathery (State Assembly constituency)|Sulthan Bathery]]
|[[I. C. Balakrishnan]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|19
|[[Kalpetta Assembly constituency|Kalpetta]]
|[[T Siddique]]
|-
|32
|[[Thiruvambady (State Assembly constituency)|Thiruvambady]]
|[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|[[Linto Joseph]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|34
|[[Eranad (State Assembly constituency)|Eranad]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|[[P. K. Basheer]]
|{{party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
|35
|[[Nilambur (State Assembly constituency)|Nilambur]]
|[[Aryadan Shoukath]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|36
|[[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)|Wandoor]]
|[[A. P. Anil Kumar]]
|-
|}

==Members of Parliament==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| rowspan="2" |[[M. I. Shanavas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rahul Gandhi]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
| [[2024 Wayanad by-election|2024]]{{efn|By-election.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Gandhi posts thumping maiden election win from Wayanad |website=The Hindu |date=23 November 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/priyanka-gandhi-posts-thumping-maiden-election-win-from-wayanad/article68902558.ece |access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref>}}
| [[Priyanka Gandhi Vadra]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#By-Election 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.69}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|64.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.21}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.86}}
}}

===2024 by-election===
Congress leader Rahul Gandhi, who was elected from two seats, Wayanad and [[Rae Bareli Lok Sabha constituency|Rae Bareli]], resigned from Wayanad thereby causing a by-election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayanad Election Results |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/topics/elections/wayanad-election-results.html |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Wayanad Election Results |language=ml}}</ref> Priyanka Gandhi Vadra had won by a margin of 4,10,931 votes.<ref name="Priyanka wins Wayanad Lok Sabha seat by huge margin, Congress retains Nanded too">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=23 November 2024 |title=Priyanka wins Wayanad Lok Sabha seat by huge margin, Congress retains Nanded too |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/priyanka-wins-wayanad-lok-sabha-seat-by-huge-margin-congress-retains-nanded-too/article68902809.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123165603/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/priyanka-wins-wayanad-lok-sabha-seat-by-huge-margin-congress-retains-nanded-too/article68902809.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Wayanad bypoll Result 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Wayanad bypoll Result 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S114.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125113932/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S114.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Wayanad by-election|2024 by-election]]: Wayanad}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Priyanka Gandhi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes= 6,22,338|percentage=64.99
|change= {{increase}} 5.3}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sathyan Mokeri]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes= 2,11,407 |percentage=22.08|change={{decrease}}4.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Navya Haridas|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,09,939 |percentage=11.48|change={{decrease}}1.51}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above (India)|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=5,406 |percentage=0.57|change={{decrease}}0.5}}
{{Election box majority ||votes=4,10,931|percentage=42.9|change={{increase}}9.32}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,57,571|percentage=64.22|change={{decrease}}9.35}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = {{increase}} 5.3
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Wayanad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rahul Gandhi]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=647,445|percentage=59.69|change={{decrease}}5.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Annie Raja]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,83,023|percentage=26.09|change={{increase}}0.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K. Surendran (politician)|K. Surendran]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,41,045|percentage=13.00|change={{increase}}6.75}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,999|percentage=0.65|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,64,422|percentage=33.59|change={{decrease}}7.09}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,86,459|percentage=74.19|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{decrease}} 5.25
}}
{{Election box end}}
Percentage change (±) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayanad Lok Sabha Election results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/kerala/wayanad}}</ref>

=== General elections 2019 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Wayanad<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rahul Gandhi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,06,367 |percentage=64.94 |change={{increase}}23.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[P. P. Suneer]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=274,597|percentage=25.24|change={{decrease}}13.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thushar Vellappally|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|votes=78,816|percentage=7.25|change= N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babu Mani|party=Social Democratic Party of India|votes=5,426|percentage=0.50|change={{decrease}}1.07}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,31,770 |percentage=39.69 |change=37.41 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=10,87,783|percentage=80.37|change=6.77}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,59,679 |change =8.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing={{increase}}23.73}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Wayanad<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. I. Shanavas]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,77,035 |percentage=41.21 |change={{decrease}} 8.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sathyan Mokeri]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=356,165 |percentage=38.92 |change={{increase}} 7.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. R. Rasmilnath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=80,752 |percentage=8.83 |change={{increase}} 4.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. V. Anvar |party=Independent politician |votes=37,123 |percentage=4.06 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaleel Neelambra |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=14,327 |percentage=1.57 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramla Mampad |party=Welfare Party of India |votes=12,645 |percentage=1.38 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=10,735 |percentage=1.17 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. P. A. Sageer |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=10,684 |percentage=1.17 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sathyan Thazhemangad |party=Independent politician |votes=5,476 |percentage=0.60 |change= ''N/A'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,870 |percentage=2.28 |change={{decrease}}16.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,15,006 |percentage=73.25 |change= {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,49,420 |change ={{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General elections 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Wayanad<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. I. Shanavas]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,10,703 |percentage=49.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Rahmathulla |party=Communist Party of India |votes=257,264 |percentage=31.23 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Muraleedharan]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=99,663 |percentage=12.10 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Vasudevan Master |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,687 |percentage=3.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rahmathulla Pooladan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,459 |percentage=0.78 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanavas Malappuram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,015 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,53,439 |percentage=18.63 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,23,694 |percentage=74.76 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,02,097 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}
{{coord|11.634|75.992|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Rahul Gandhi]]

Harish Shah

2026-03-14T03:37:39Z

Kkasthana: added references to improve readability and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Indian film director (1943–2020)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harish Shah
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1943|10|7|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|07|07|1943|10|7|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Film Producer, Director
| years active = 1968–2020
}}

'''Harish Shah''' (7 October 1943 – 7 July 2020)<ref>{{cite web|title=Veteran filmmaker Harish Shah dies at 76 of throat cancer| date=7 July 2020 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/veteran-filmmaker-harish-shah-dies-at-76-of-throat-cancer/story-KRLbdz3GBHFMJh6hLmrjQM.html#:~:text=Veteran%20filmmaker%20Harish%20Shah%2C%20best,Rishi%20Kapoor%2Dstarrer%20Dhan%20Daulat.|publisher=hindustantimes|accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Filmmaker Harish Shah passes away|date=7 July 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/harish-shah-dead-6493829/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shatrughan Sinha on filmmaker Harish Shah: He was non-filmi|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/he-was-non-filmi-in-the-true-sense/articleshow/76840194.cms|publisher=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com|accessdate=8 July 2020}}</ref> was an Indian Film Producer, Director and Writer, known for his work on ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'' featuring [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Tanuja]], ''[[Kaala Sona]]'' featuring [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] and [[Parveen Babi]], ''[[Ram Tere Kitne Naam]]'' featuring [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Rekha]], ''[[Zalzala (1988 film)|Zalzala]]'' featuring [[Dharmendra]] and [[Shatrughan Sinha]], ''[[Ab Insaf Hoga]]'' featuring [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and ''[[Jaal: The Trap]]'' featuring [[Sunny Deol]] and [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]. He died on 7 July 2020 due to throat cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/filmmaker-harish-shah-dies-at-76-after-a-long-battle-with-throat-cancer/videoshow/76835447.cms|title=Veteran filmmaker Harish Shah passes away at 76 after a long battle with throat cancer | Hindi Movie News - Bollywood - Times of India|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Producer, director ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Producer
!Director
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1968
|''Dil Aur Mohabbat''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1972
|''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1975
|''[[Kaala Sona]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1980
|''[[Dhan Daulat]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1981
|''Hotel''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1985
|''[[Ram Tere Kitne Naam]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1988
|''[[Zalzala (1988 film)|Zalzala]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1995
|''[[Ab Insaf Hoga]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2003
|''[[Jaal: The Trap]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|author=Harish Shah|title=TRYST WITH FILMS|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5URYDwAAQBAJ|date=2018|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64249-252-1}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0787441}}

{{Portalbar|India|Bollywood}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Harish}}
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Deaths from throat cancer in India]]

Sarathi Baba

2026-03-13T10:56:26Z

Kkasthana: new

{{Short description|Indian fraud religious leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarathi Baba
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Santosh Raul
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|46|2015|8|10}}<ref name=VariousAvatars>{{cite news|title=From Radhe Maa to Sarathi Baba: Various avatars of bandal gurus|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maa-baba-and-mess-galore-various-avatars-of-self-styled-spiritual-gurus/article1-1377393.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807065948/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maa-baba-and-mess-galore-various-avatars-of-self-styled-spiritual-gurus/article1-1377393.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2015|accessdate=6 September 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 August 2015}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ganjam district]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names = Sarathi baba, Srimad Sarathi
| occupation = [[Guru|Spiritual guru]]
| known_for =
| spouse =
| children = Satyam Sekhar Raul ([[adoption|adopted]])<ref name=DNA-SonArrest/>
}}

'''Sarathi Baba''' (born '''Santosh Raul''', {{Birth based on age as of date|46|2015|8|10|noage=y}}),<ref name=VariousAvatars/> also known as '''Srimad Sarathi Dev''', is a self-proclaimed [[godman (India)|godman]] from [[Odisha]], [[India]], currently under investigation for [[fraud]] and In [[Remand (detention)|custody]]. On 4 August 2015, a TV channel, [[Prameya News7]], ran a report of him being a [[charlatan]] The channel claimed that he had stayed in a luxury hotel in [[Hyderabad]] with a young woman. The report also included images of him wearing a T-shirt and jeans. This triggered widespread protests in the state. He was arrested on 8 August 2015. {{As of|September 2015}}, the state police is investigating various charges against him.

==Life==
{{Location map | Orissa
| width =
| float =
| caption = Location of Sarathi's Mahipala ashram in Odisha
| alt = Location of Sarathi's Mahipala ashram in Odisha
| label = Mahipala
| label_size = 100 
| position = bottom
| background =
| mark = Orange_pog.svg
| marksize = 8 
| lat_deg = 20.509700
| lon_deg = 85.407800
}}

Sarathi Baba was born as Santosh Kumar Raula in [[Ganjam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-08-07 |title=Evolution of a godman: How Santosh Raula became Sarathi Baba |url=https://sambadenglish.com/evolution-of-a-god-man-how-santosh-raula-became-sarathi-baba/ |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Sambad English |language=en}}</ref> Later, his family moved to [[Kendrapara district]]. His father was an [[electricity meter]] reader in Mahipala, Kendrapara. He completed his [[matriculation]] from Gulnagar High School, Gulnagar, Kendrapara and joined [[Kendrapara Autonomous College, Kendrapara]]. He dropped out and worked as an errand boy for a while before leaving town in 1985.<ref name="Dropout">{{cite news |date=6 August 2015 |title=Sarathi Baba's Journey From a College Dropout to Spiritual Guru |url=http://incredibleorissa.com/sarathi-baba-journey-from-college-dropout-to-spiritual-guru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808222656/http://incredibleorissa.com/sarathi-baba-journey-from-college-dropout-to-spiritual-guru/ |archive-date=2015-08-08 |accessdate=16 August 2015 |work=Incredible Orissa}}</ref><ref name=Tense>{{cite news|title=Kendrapara tense over godman|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150805/jsp/odisha/story_35371.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807232036/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150805/jsp/odisha/story_35371.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 August 2015|accessdate=17 August 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=5 August 2015}}</ref>

In 1992, he returned and established a small [[ashram]] in Barimula on the Kendrapara-Indupur road. He began organising [[satsang]]s. He also began performing miracles like materialising [[vibhuti]] and dripping [[honey]] from his feet. With this, he began attracting large crowds.<ref name=Dropout/> He claimed to be an [[avatar]] of [[Krishna]] and asked his young female devotees to serve him as [[gopi]]s.<ref name=GuptSeva>{{cite news|title=Gopis queued up for Sarathi Baba's 'gupt seva' after 11 pm|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/gopis-queued-sarathi-baba-s-gupt-seva-after-11-pm-468|accessdate=17 August 2015|work=[[The Asian Age]]|date=12 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Palanka>{{cite news|title=Beautiful women provided 'palanka seva' to Sarathi Baba!|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/11/beautiful-women-provided-palanka-seva-to-sarathi-baba/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811185601/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/11/beautiful-women-provided-palanka-seva-to-sarathi-baba/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 August 2015|accessdate=17 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=11 August 2015}}</ref>

Sarathi Baba's relations had not been amicable with the locals. On 12 November 2013, [[Kendrapara]] locals had protested by blockading a highway with [[burning tires]]. They said the members and visitors of Sarathi Baba's Barimula ashram were encroaching land by using the main road, the cremation ground and grazing fields for parking.<ref name=KpadaRoad>{{cite news|title=Sarathi Baba devotees' parking on K'pada road protested|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/sarathi-baba-devotees-parking-on-kpada-road-protested.html|accessdate=16 August 2015|date=23 November 2013|work=[[The Pioneer (India)]]}}</ref> In January 2015, locals met the [[District Collector]] Pramod Kumar Das and demanded action against Sarathi. They said that he was encroaching land and hiring goons to quieten them. However, an aide of Sarathi said that the locals were merely jealous of his popularity.<ref name=KpadaBaba>{{cite news|title=Action sought against K'pada Baba|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/action-sought-against-kpada-baba.html|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

==Controversy==

===Exposé===
[[File:Sarathi Mandir Gate.jpg|thumb|Entrance of the "Sarathi temple"]]
On 4 August 2015, a TV channel broadcast a report which showed Sarathi Baba in a hotel lobby in [[Banjara Hills]], [[Hyderabad]]. The [[godman (India)|Baba]] who usually wore traditional whites, was seen in a T-shirt and jeans. He had checked in and stayed with a woman in her 20s, whom he had introduced as his wife, from 3 to 5 July. The report claimed that he had ordered chicken and alcohol. A former aide of Sarathi, Kailash Chandra Mallick, also appeared on the report and said that the Sarathi's public image and miracles were made up.<ref name=Sting>{{cite news|title=Sting on escapades singes Odisha godman Sarathi Baba|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/05/odisha-godman-sarathi-baba-embroiled-in-controversy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821002834/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/05/odisha-godman-sarathi-baba-embroiled-in-controversy/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=4 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=CMprobe/>

The TV channels identified the woman as a 24-year-old [[MBBS]] student at [[Shri Ramachandra Bhanj Medical College]], [[Cuttack]].<ref name=DidGo/> Sarathi Baba responded to the report as an attempt to defame him.<ref name=Sting/>

===Protests===
By 4 August evening, protests had begun in [[Kendrapara]], [[Bhubaneswar]] and other parts of the state.<ref name=Sting/><ref name=Capital>{{cite news|title=Protesters demand arrest of Sarathi Baba in Odisha capital|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/05/protesters-demand-arrest-of-sarathi-baba-in-odisha-capital/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821055745/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/05/protesters-demand-arrest-of-sarathi-baba-in-odisha-capital/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=5 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Beefedup>{{cite news|title=Security beefed up at Sarathi Baba's Ashram in Kendrapara|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/06/security-beefed-up-in-sarathi-ashram-in-odishas-kendrapara/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821141636/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/06/security-beefed-up-in-sarathi-ashram-in-odishas-kendrapara/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=6 August 2015}}</ref> On 5 August, a group of Sarathi's devotees organised a press conference to defend him. But, they were surrounded by members of [[women's right]]s groups. They had to be rescued by the police.<ref name=Rescued>{{cite news|title=Sarathi Baba supporters rescued by police in Odisha capital|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/05/sarathi-baba-supporters-rescued-by-police-in-odisha-capital/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821061806/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/05/sarathi-baba-supporters-rescued-by-police-in-odisha-capital/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=5 August 2015}}</ref> On 5 August, Sarathi Baba told the media that he had not gone to Hyderabad. He admitted those images to be his own. But added that the images were from a hotel in [[Ujjain]]. Later, the TV channels produced plane ticket records of Sarathi and his female companion.<ref name=DidGo>{{cite news|title=Odisha godman's lie nailed; he did go to Hyderabad with woman|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/07/odisha-godmans-lie-nailed-he-did-go-to-hyderabad-with-woman/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822004508/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/07/odisha-godmans-lie-nailed-he-did-go-to-hyderabad-with-woman/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=7 August 2015}}</ref>

On 6 August 2015, the [[Government of Odisha]] directed the Crime Branch of [[Odisha Police]] to investigate the accusations of sex scandal and financial malpractices against Sarathi.<ref name=ToInvestigate>{{cite news|title=Police to investigate allegations against self-styled godman Srimad Sarathi|url=http://www.iamin.in/en/bhubaneswar/news/police-investigate-allegations-against-self-styled-godman-srimad-sarathi-66437|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809001158/http://www.iamin.in/en/bhubaneswar/news/police-investigate-allegations-against-self-styled-godman-srimad-sarathi-66437|url-status=unfit|archive-date=9 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=6 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=CBprobe>{{cite news|title=Crime Branch to probe Sarathi Baba controversy|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Crime-Branch-to-probe-Sarathi-Baba-controversy/articleshow/48380725.cms|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 August 2015}}</ref> On the same day, police in Barimula [[lathi charge]]d protestors and damaged vehicles near the ashram.<ref name=Berserk>{{cite news|title=Police goes berserk; thrashes protestors near Sarathi Ashram|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/07/police-goes-berserk-thrashes-protestors-near-sarathi-ashram/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806210406/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/07/police-goes-berserk-thrashes-protestors-near-sarathi-ashram/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=6 August 2015}}</ref> On the same day, the MBBS student's mother told TV channels that her daughter was in her college hostel from 3 to 5 July. Later, the TV channels produced the student's leave application.<ref name=CMprobe>{{cite news|title=CM orders Sarathi probe|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150807/jsp/frontpage/story_35878.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810164731/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150807/jsp/frontpage/story_35878.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=7 August 2015}}</ref>

On 7 August, the protests continued in [[Kendrapara district]]. The protesters pelted stones near the Barimula ashram. The police fired [[tear gas]] and [[lathi charge]]d to dispel the mob. Section 144 of [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]] ([[illegal assembly]]) imposed to prevent more rioting.<ref name=BoilOver>{{cite news|title=Kendrapada on boil over Sarathi Baba controversy|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Kendrapada-on-boil-over-Sarathi-Baba-controversy/articleshow/48389830.cms|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 August 2015}}</ref> Also on 7 August, Nitinjeet Singh was appointed the Kendrapada [[Superintendent of police]], replacing Satish Gajbhiye. Meanwhile, the MBBS student appeared on a phone interview with a TV channel and said that Sarathi was being trapped in a conspiracy by some of his associates.<ref name=BacksBaba>{{cite news|title=SP shunted, Sec 144 imposed in Kendrapada; woman backs baba|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/SP-shunted-Sec-144-imposed-in-Kendrapada-woman-backs-baba/articleshow/48401848.cms|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=MysteryWoman>{{cite news|title=Mystery woman admits she went to Hyderabad with Baba|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/07/mystery-woman-admits-she-went-to-hyderabad-with-baba/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821215528/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/07/mystery-woman-admits-she-went-to-hyderabad-with-baba/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=7 August 2015}}</ref>

Also on late 7 August 2015, the MBBS student filed a complaint at a Cuttack police station that four former associates of Sarathi had been harassing her since before the controversy. She said that they possessed a video of her bathing and had threatened to release it. She added that on their instruction she had insisted to Sarathi that he take her with him to Hyderabad.<ref name=MysteryWoman/><ref name=MedicoFears>{{cite news|title=Woman medico fears threat to life|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/woman-medico-fears-threat-to-life/article7514076.ece|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 August 2015}}</ref>

===Arrest and investigation===

On 8 August 2015, Sarathi was arrested from his ashram. He was booked under Section 420 ([[fraud]]), 120 (B) ([[criminal conspiracy]]) and 341 (wrongful restraint) of the [[Indian Penal Code]], and also under [[Arms Act, 1959]] and [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]].<ref name=SarathiArrested>{{cite news|title=Controversial Odisha 'Godman' Sarathi Baba Arrested|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/controversial-odisha-godman-sarathi-baba-arrested-1205208|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=8 August 2015}}</ref> The woman was sent to her hometown [[Paradip]] and given police protection.<ref name=SentHome>{{cite news|title=Sarathi Baba's lady disciple taken home; given security|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/09/sarathi-babas-lady-disciple-taken-home-given-security/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810040742/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/09/sarathi-babas-lady-disciple-taken-home-given-security/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=10 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=9 August 2015}}</ref>

The police officials said that Sarathi had admitted to visiting [[Hyderabad]] under the interrogation.<ref name="CBprobe"/> On 13 August, Satish Gajbhiye was suspended for using excess force while handling the protesters.<ref name=SPSuspend>{{cite news|title=Former Kendrapara SP suspended|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/former-kendrapara-sp-suspended/article7538360.ece|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 August 2015}}</ref> The police reopened a missing person case from April 2013. He was a devotee and a [[chit fund]] agent had gone to Sarathi's ashram but had gone missing.<ref name=MissingSon>{{cite news|title=Woman files FIR against Odisha Godman Sarathi Baba over missing son|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/12/woman-files-fir-against-odisha-godman-sarathi-baba-over-missing-son/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812182430/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/12/woman-files-fir-against-odisha-godman-sarathi-baba-over-missing-son/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 August 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=12 August 2015}}</ref> Also the same day, the state education department suspended a public school teacher, Sarat Patra, who was also a close associate of the Baba. Patra had spoken at a press conference in the defence of Sarathi.<ref name=SuspendedTeach>{{cite news|title=Sarathi's aide Sarat suspended from teacher post|url=http://pragativadi.com/top-stories/sarathis-aide-sarat-suspended-from-teacher-post#.Vn9c6k9R2D4|accessdate=27 December 2015|work=[[Pragativadi]]|date=13 August 2015}}</ref>

On 15 August 2015, the MBBS student filed a [[first information report]] (FIR) under claiming that Sarathi's women aides had threatened to kill her if she spoke against him.<ref name=FreshFIR>{{cite news|title=Sarathi Baba's woman companion lodges fresh FIR against the godman|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sarathi-baba-s-woman-companion-lodges-fresh-fir-against-the-godman-2114873|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=15 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=PlotKill>{{cite news|title=Associate accuses godman Sarathi Baba of plotting to kill her|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/associate-accuses-godman-sarathi-baba-of-plotting-to-kill-her/|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 August 2015}}</ref> Also on 15 August 2015, his [[bail]] petition was rejected.<ref name=Independence>{{cite news|title=No relief for Odisha 'Godman' Sarathi Baba on Independence Day, sent to jail|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/no-relief-for-odisha-godman-sarathi-baba-on-independence-day-sent-to-jail/|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 August 2015}}</ref> On 19 August 2015, a woman filed a complaint in Nikirai, [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]], claiming that her husband and her in-laws tortured after she did not submit to Sarathi after her marriage in January 2015.<ref name=DNA-SarathiIntimate>{{cite news|title=Woman alleges torture for refusing to be intimate with godman Sarathi Baba|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-woman-alleges-torture-for-refusing-to-be-intimate-with-godman-sarathi-baba-2115936|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Sun-Torture>{{cite news|title=Odisha man tortured wife for not surrendering to Baba!|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/19/odisha-man-tortured-wife-for-not-surrendering-to-baba/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819073354/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/19/odisha-man-tortured-wife-for-not-surrendering-to-baba/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 August 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=19 August 2015}}</ref> On 19 August, Satyam Sekhar Roul, the adopted son of Sarathi, was arrested from a hotel in [[Mumbai]]. He had been in hiding.<ref name=DNA-SonArrest>{{cite news|title=Sarathi Baba's absconding son nabbed by Odisha police|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sarathi-baba-s-absconding-son-nabbed-by-odisha-police-2116280|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=[[DNA India]]|date=19 August 2015}}</ref> Also on 19 August, Pramod Mohanty, a close aide of Sarathi, died. His family said that he died due to a heart attack caused by stress and they cremated him without an [[autopsy]] in [[Jagatsinghpur]]. He was being questioned by the police about his associate with the godman.<ref name=Hin-Mysteriously>{{cite news|title=Sarathi devotee dies mysteriously|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sarathi-devotee-dies-mysteriously/article7559248.ece|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Sun-aideDeath>{{cite news|title=Mystery shrouds death of key Sarathi Baba aide|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/19/mystery-shrouds-death-of-key-sarathi-baba-aide/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819220849/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/19/mystery-shrouds-death-of-key-sarathi-baba-aide/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 August 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=19 August 2015}}</ref>

On 26 August, the state government admitted to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] that it had given grants to Sarathi Baba from public funds. On the recommendations of [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]s, Bed Prakash Agrawal and Pratap Keshari Deb, {{INRconvert|15.4|l}} was granted for building a Sarathi [[community centre]] and two Sarathi temples. Deb said that people in his constituency had approached him for community centre in Bharatpur near [[Patrapur]]. But after it was completed it was named after Sarathi. Agrawal said that he made the recommendation because of the people's demand. Ashok Chandra Panda, the state tourism minister, revealed that Agrawal had recommended that the ashram be designated a tourist spot.<ref name=TT-FundsGiven>{{cite news|title=Funds given to Sarathi: Govt|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150827/jsp/odisha/story_39230.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911160627/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150827/jsp/odisha/story_39230.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=27 August 2015}}</ref>

On 27 August, the statement of Surendra Mallick, the manager of the Barimula ashram, was recorded in Kendrapada court.<ref name=SurendraStatement>{{cite news|title=Sarathi aide's statement recorded in court|url=http://pragativadi.com/state-at-large/sarathi-aides-statement-recorded-in-court#.Vn9NNE9R2D4|accessdate=27 December 2015|work=[[Pragativadi]]|date=28 August 2015}}</ref> On 28 August, Sarat Patra, a key aide of Sarathi, was arrested by the police. The suspended school teacher was charged with threatening the medical student. Another woman had come forward and complained that Patra had coerced women into having sexual relations with the Baba.<ref name=ChelaNo1>{{cite news|title=Odisha Crime Branch arrests Sarathi Baba's Chela No 1|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/28/odisha-crime-branch-arrests-sarathi-babas-chela-no-1/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829000024/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/28/odisha-crime-branch-arrests-sarathi-babas-chela-no-1/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 August 2015|accessdate=27 December 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=28 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=SaratArrest>{{cite news|title=Sarathi's Close Aide Sarat Arrested by CB|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Sarathis-Close-Aide-Sarat-Arrested-by-CB/2015/08/29/article2999186.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117233642/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Sarathis-Close-Aide-Sarat-Arrested-by-CB/2015/08/29/article2999186.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2015|accessdate=27 December 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=29 August 2015}}</ref> On 30 August, more suspects, Pilaski Swain, Biswajit Patnaik and Haris Chandra Das, were arrested. They had allegedly taken {{INRconvert|20|l}} from Satyam to help him escape the police. About {{INRconvert|16.95|l}} was recovered from them.<ref name=EvadeArrest20l>{{cite news|title=Sarathi's Son Paid Rs 20L to Evade Arrest|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Sarathis-Son-Paid-Rs-20L-to-Evade-Arrest/2015/09/01/article3004252.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904003938/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Sarathis-Son-Paid-Rs-20L-to-Evade-Arrest/2015/09/01/article3004252.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 September 2015|accessdate=27 December 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=1 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=FleeBaba>{{cite news|title=3 held by CB for helping God man Sarathi Baba's son to flee|url=http://www.uniindia.com/3-held-by-cb-for-helping-god-man-sarathi-baba-s-son-to-flee/other/news/183988.html|accessdate=27 December 2015|work=[[United News of India]]|date=31 August 2015}}</ref>

On 15 September, Patra's [[bail bond]] was approved.<ref name=PatraBail>{{cite news|title=Sarathi row: Court grants bail to Sarat Patra|url=http://pragativadi.com/state-at-large/sarathi-row-court-grants-bail-to-sarat-patra#.Vn9KmE9R2D4|accessdate=27 December 2015|work=[[Pragativadi]]|date=15 September 2015}}</ref> On 2 December, Satyam Raul was granted bail by the [[Odisha High Court]].<ref name=BailAdoptedSon>{{cite news|title=HC grants conditional bail to Sarathi Baba s adopted son|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/cuttack/HC-grants-conditional-bail-to-Sarathi-Baba-s-adopted-son/articleshow/50020947.cms|accessdate=27 December 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 December 2015}}</ref>

===Discovered assets===

His {{convert|2.47|acre}} ashram in Barimula, Kendrapara, has been estimated to be worth {{INRConvert|4.48|c}}.<ref name=New-4Crore>{{cite news|title=Sarathi Baba's Ashram Valued at Rs 4.48 Crore|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Sarathi-Babas-Ashram-Valued-at-Rs-4.48-Crore/2015/08/20/article2984316.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820224919/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Sarathi-Babas-Ashram-Valued-at-Rs-4.48-Crore/2015/08/20/article2984316.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=20 August 2015}}</ref> On 12 August 2015, a Crime Branch official told the media that they had found {{INRConvert|2.55|c}} deposited in about 22 bank accounts belonging to Sarathi.<ref name="CBprobe"/> By 14 August, the police has found 50 plots of land worth {{INRConvert|1|c}} belonging to the Baba. They also found 30–40 branches of Sarathi's organisation across the state. These organisations used to collect cash from devotees.<ref name=CashNotCheques>{{cite news|title=Controversial Godman Sarathi Baba Wanted Cash, Not Cheques, At His Feet|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Controversial-Godman-Sarathi-Baba-Wanted-Cash-Not-Cheques-At-His-Feet/2015/08/14/article2974596.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115150907/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Controversial-Godman-Sarathi-Baba-Wanted-Cash-Not-Cheques-At-His-Feet/2015/08/14/article2974596.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2015|accessdate=16 August 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=14 August 2015}}</ref> By 23 August, the police had seized {{INRConvert|27|l}} from accounts under Satyam's name.<ref name=Tele-Grill/>

Satyam used to manage the film production company Srimad Sarathi Productions, which used to produce music albums and films. The [[Odia language|Odia]] film ''Bachelor'' released in 2012 was its first feature film.<ref name=Tele-Grill>{{cite news|title=Cops grill baba's son again|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150823/jsp/odisha/story_38644.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823153756/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150823/jsp/odisha/story_38644.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=23 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Sun-Prod>{{cite news|title=Odisha Crime Branch to investigate Srimad Sarathi Productions|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/21/odisha-crime-branch-to-investigate-srimad-sarathi-productions/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821211049/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/08/21/odisha-crime-branch-to-investigate-srimad-sarathi-productions/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=21 August 2015}}</ref>

===Protests against other gurus===
Following the arrest of Sarathi Baba, people in Odisha began protesting against other alleged fraud spiritual leaders. This forced many gurus to go underground and forced authorities to start investigations against them.<ref name=HT-underground>{{cite news|title=Odisha godmen go underground to escape media spotlight|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/odisha-godmen-go-underground-to-escape-media-spotlight/story-eaHPUMfS0NgEnTFAFMvf1H.html|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 September 2015}}</ref> On 30 August 2015, protesters vandalised an ashram belonging to Sura Baba on the outskirts of [[Bhubaneswar]], and set fire on several vehicles in the compound.<ref name=New-Fire>{{cite news|title=Mob Ransacks Trahi Achyuta Ashram in Bhubaneswar, Sets Vehicles Afire|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Mob-Ransacks-Trahi-Achyuta-Ashram-in-Bhubaneswar-Sets-Vehicles-Afire/2015/08/31/article3002375.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831182153/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/Mob-Ransacks-Trahi-Achyuta-Ashram-in-Bhubaneswar-Sets-Vehicles-Afire/2015/08/31/article3002375.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 August 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=31 August 2015}}</ref> On 31 August, Sura Baba and his two sons were arrested from their ashram.<ref name=IT-SuraArrest>{{cite news|title=Self-styled godman Sura baba arrested after clash in Odisha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/self-styled-godman-sura-baba-arrested-after-clash-in-odisha-260556-2015-08-31|access-date=19 October 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=1 September 2015}}</ref> On 5 September 2015, forest officials evicted a godman, Bana Baba, from his ashram Darshanibanta near [[Konark]]. His ashram was encroaching {{convert|19.6|acres}} of protected forest under the [[Balukhand-Konark Wildlife Sanctuary]].<ref name=TT-BabaBana>{{cite news|title=Bana baba lands in trouble|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150906/jsp/odisha/story_41031.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912232906/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150906/jsp/odisha/story_41031.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2015|accessdate=19 October 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

===Trial===
On 17 December 2015, the Crime Branch of Odisha Police formally filed charge-sheets against Sarathi, his son and four others.<ref name=Chargesheets>{{cite news|title=Odisha CB files chargesheets against Sarathi Baba in two cases|url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/12/17/odisha-cb-files-chargesheets-against-sarathi-baba-in-two-cases/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128174640/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/12/17/odisha-cb-files-chargesheets-against-sarathi-baba-in-two-cases/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 January 2016|accessdate=13 January 2016|work=Odisha Sun Times|date=17 December 2015}}</ref> On 11 January 2016, Sarathi was presented at the sub-divisional judicial magistrate (SDJM) court after a long absence from public sight. A mob of devotees gathered at the premises to get a glimpse of him. Several devotees, mostly women, threw petals on him and attempted to garland him. But, they were held back by the police. Recently Saarthi has got bail.<ref name=ArrestGlimpse>{{cite news|title=Devotees throng court to have a glimpse of arrested godman|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/devotees-throng-court-to-have-a-glimpse-of-arrested-godman/article8094048.ece|accessdate=23 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 January 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baba, Sarathi}}
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sophist

2026-03-08T11:31:20Z

Kkasthana: small edit

{{Short description|Teachers of 5th century BC Greece}}
{{About|the intellectual phenomenon of the 5th century BC|the movement of the 2nd and 3rd century AD|Second Sophistic|the work by Plato|Sophist (dialogue){{!}}''Sophist'' (dialogue)}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Sophism|Sufism|Sophiology}}

A '''sophist''' ({{langx|el|σοφιστής|sophistēs}}) was a professional travelling teacher in [[ancient Greece]] in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. Sophists specialized in one or more subject areas, such as [[Ancient Greek philosophy|philosophy]], [[rhetoric]], [[Music of ancient Greece|music]], [[athletics (physical culture)|athletics]], [[Greek mathematics|mathematics]], and [[arete (moral virtue)|''arete'']]: "[[virtue]]" or "excellence". The sophists sold their tutoring expertise predominantly to young statesmen and [[nobility]]. Certain sophists are regarded as philosophers in their own right.<ref>Grayling, A. C. (2019). ''The History of Philosophy''. Penguin Press. p. 57.</ref> The first credited sophist, [[Protagoras]], argued that "man is the measure of all things",<ref name=Versenyi/> and he controversially would strive to "make the weaker argument the stronger".<ref>{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=C. C. W. |title=sophists |date=2015-07-30 |work=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics |url=https://classics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-5994 |access-date=2025-06-26 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5994 |isbn=978-0-19-938113-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The arts of the sophists were known as '''sophistry''' and gained a negative reputation as arbitrary, inauthentic, or deceptive styles of reasoning, beginning with the notable philosophers of [[Classical Athens]] who criticized sophists for valuing artistic speech or cleverness in debate over a genuine pursuit of truth and knowledge.<ref>Grayling, 2019, p. 57.</ref> Thus, in modern usage, ''sophism'', ''sophist'', and ''sophistry'' are used disparagingly. Sophistry, or a sophism, is a [[fallacy|fallacious]] argument, especially one used deliberately to deceive.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sophism |encyclopedia=Dictionary.com |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sophism}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sophism |encyclopedia=Merriam-Webster |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sophism}}</ref> Today, a sophist is a person who reasons with clever but deceptive or [[intellectually dishonest]] arguments.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sophists |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/sophists/}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2020 |title=The Sophists |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sophists/}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[Greek language|Greek]] word {{langx|el|σοφός|sophos|a wise man|label=none}} is related to the [[noun]] {{langx|el|σοφία|[[Sophia (wisdom)|sophia]]|wisdom|label=none}}. Since the times of [[Homer]], it commonly referred to an expert in his profession or craft. [[Chariot (carriage)|Charioteer]]s, sculptors, or military experts could be referred to as {{Transliteration|el|sophoi}} in their occupations. The word has gradually come to connote general wisdom and especially wisdom in human affairs such as politics, ethics, and household management. This was the meaning ascribed to the Greek [[Seven Sages of Greece|Seven Sages]] of the 7th and 6th centuries BC (such as [[Solon]] and [[Thales]]), and it was the meaning that appears in the histories of [[Herodotus]].

The word {{lang|el|σοφός}} gives rise to the [[verb]] {{langx|el|σοφίζω|sophizo|to instruct, make learned|label=none}}, the [[passive voice]] of which means "to become or be wise", or "to be clever or skilled". From the verb is derived the noun {{langx|el|σοφιστής|sophistes|label=none}}, which originally meant "a master of one's craft" and later "a prudent man" or "wise man".<ref>''A Lexicon Abridged from Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, s.v.v. σοφίζω and σοφιστής.</ref> The word for "sophist" in various languages comes from {{Transliteration|el|sophistes}}.

The word "sophist" could be combined with other Greek words to form [[Compound (linguistics)|compounds]]. Examples include ''meteorosophist'', which roughly translates to "expert in celestial phenomena"; ''[[gymnosophist]]'' (or "naked sophist", a word used to refer to Indian philosophers), ''deipnosophist'' or "dinner sophist" (as in the title of [[Athenaeus]]'s {{Transliteration|el|[[Deipnosophistae]]}}), and ''[[iatrosophist]]'', a type of physician in the later Roman period.

==History==
In the second half of the 5th century BC, particularly in [[Athens]], "sophist" came to denote a class of mostly itinerant intellectuals who taught courses in various subjects, speculated about the nature of language and culture, and employed [[rhetoric]] to achieve their purposes, generally to persuade or convince others. Nicholas Denyer observes that the Sophists "did ... have one important thing in common: whatever else they did or did not claim to know, they characteristically had a great understanding of what words would entertain or impress or persuade an audience."<ref name=Plato2008>Denyer, N., ''[https://archive.org/details/cam-classics/Nicholas%20Denyer%20-%20Plato.%20Protagoras%20%28Cambridge%20Greek%20and%20Latin%20Classics%29%20%282008%29/page/1/mode/2up Plato, Protagoras: Introduction]'', p. 1, Cambridge University Press, 2008</ref> Sophists went to Athens to teach because the city was flourishing at the time. It was good employment for those good at debate, which was a speciality of the first sophists, and they received the fame and fortune they were seeking. [[Protagoras]] is generally regarded as the first of these professional sophists. Others include [[Gorgias]], [[Prodicus]], [[Hippias]], [[Thrasymachus]], [[Lycophron (sophist)|Lycophron]], [[Callicles]], [[Antiphon (person)|Antiphon]], and [[Cratylus]]. A few sophists claimed that they could find the answers to all questions. Most of these sophists are known today primarily through the writings of their opponents (particularly [[Plato]] and [[Aristotle]]), which makes it difficult to assemble an unbiased view of their practices and teachings. In some cases, such as Gorgias, original rhetorical works are extant, allowing the author to be judged on his own terms, but in most cases, knowledge about what individual sophists wrote or said comes from fragmentary quotations that lack context and are usually hostile.

The Greeks were "experimenting with a new form of government, democracy" (W. Keith, 5). Therefore, they were navigating how to make decisions without a higher authority. They needed to create laws based on demand and the popular vote of the people. In the fifth century BC there was no mass media, printing presses, or even many texts. Political information sharing mostly relied on speech. This meant that "the Athenians needed a strategy for effectively talking to other people in juries, in forums, and in the senate" (W. Keith, 5). This is when the sophist began to come about. Originally known as Sicilians, they began to teach Athenians how to speak in a persuasive manner in order to work with the courts and senate. It is not really known how these Sicilians, who came to be Sophists, initially developed an interest in teaching others how to speak persuasively. However, interest in receiving training from the Sophists increased.<ref>Keith & Lundberg, ''The Origins of Rhetoric''</ref>

Sophists could be described both as teachers and [[philosophers]], having travelled about in Greece teaching their students various life skills, particularly rhetoric and public speaking. These were useful qualities of the time, during which persuasive ability had a large influence on one's political power and economic wealth. Athens became the center of the sophists' activity, due to the city's freedom of speech for non-slave citizens and its wealth of resources. The sophists as a group had no set teachings, and they lectured on subjects that were as diverse as [[semantics]] and [[rhetoric]], to [[ontology]], and [[epistemology]]. Most sophists claimed to teach {{lang|grc-Latn|arete}} ("excellence" or "virtue") in the management and administration of not only one's affairs, but the city's as well. Before the 5th century BC, it was believed that aristocratic birth qualified a person for arete and politics. However, Protagoras, who is regarded as the first sophist, argued that arete was the result of training rather than birth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iep.utm.edu/sophists/|title = The Sophists (Ancient Greek)|work=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|last=Duke|first=George|access-date=December 23, 2025}}</ref>

==Major figures==
Most of what is known about sophists comes from commentaries by others. In some cases, such as Gorgias, some of his works survive, allowing the author to be judged on his own terms. In one case, the important sophist text ''[[Dissoi logoi]]'' survived, but knowledge of its author has been lost. However, most knowledge of sophistic thought comes from fragmentary quotations that lack context. [[Aristotle]] wrote ''[[Sophistical Refutations]]'' which references sophists and criticizes some common deceptive or misleading styles of argumentation, but he does not refer to individual sophists there in any detail, as Plato does.<ref>Grayling, 2019, pp. 55-57.</ref>

===Protagoras===
{{main|Protagoras}}
Protagoras was one of the best-known and most successful sophists of his era; however, some later philosophers, such as [[Sextus Empiricus]]<ref>''Outlines of Pyrrhonism'', Book I, Chapter 32.</ref> treat him as a founder of a philosophy rather than as a sophist. Protagoras taught his students the necessary skills and knowledge for a successful life, particularly in politics. He trained his pupils to argue from both points of view because he believed that truth could not be limited to just one side of the argument. Protagoras wrote about a variety of subjects and advanced several philosophical ideas, particularly in [[epistemology]]. Some fragments of his works have survived. He is the author of the famous saying, "Man is the measure of all things", which is the opening sentence of a work called ''Truth''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vaulker|first=Aashish|title=Markets and measurements in nineteenth-century Britain|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=218–228}}</ref>

===Xeniades===
{{main|Xeniades}}
Xeniades was a skeptical philosopher from [[Ancient Corinth|Corinth]], probably a follower of the pre-Socratic [[Xenophanes]]. There may have been two such persons, as he is referenced by [[Democritus]] c. 400 BC, though he was also supposedly the purchaser of [[Diogenes the Cynic]] c. 350 BC, when he was captured by [[pirate]]s and sold as a [[Slavery in ancient Greece|slave]]. Xeniades was supposed to have been the man who persuaded [[Monimus]] to become a follower of Diogenes, and was the source of his skeptical doctrines.<ref>Diogenes Laërtius, vi. 82</ref> The little that is known of him is derived from [[Sextus Empiricus]], who represents him as holding the most [[philosophical skepticism|ultrasceptical]] opinions, and maintaining that all notions are false, and that there is absolutely nothing true in the [[universe]].<ref>Sextus Empiricus, ''Adversus Mathematicos'' vii. 388, 399</ref> He more than once couples him with [[Xenophanes]].<ref>Sextus Empiricus, ''Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis'' ii. 18,; ''Adversus Mathematicos'' vii. 48</ref>

===Gorgias===
{{main|Gorgias}}
Gorgias was a well-known sophist whose writings showcased his ability to make counter-intuitive and unpopular positions appear stronger. Gorgias authored a lost work known as ''[[On the Non-Existent]]'', which argues that nothing exists. In it, he attempts to persuade his readers that thought and existence are different.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gaines|first=Robert N.|title=Philosophy & Rhetoric|year=1997|publisher=Penn State University Press|location=Pennsylvania|pages=1–12}}</ref> He also wrote ''Encomium of Helen'' in which he presents all of the possible reasons for which [[Helen of Troy|Helen]] could be blamed for causing the [[Trojan War]] and refutes each one of them.

===Lycophron===
{{main|Lycophron (sophist)}}
Lycophron is mentioned as a sophist by Aristotle, and was probably among the students of [[Gorgias]].<ref name="Menake">Quarles (2004), pp. 135–136</ref> He rejected the supposed value of an [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic birth]],<ref name="Menake"/> claiming that "Now the nobility of good birth is obscure, and its grandeur a matter of words."<ref name="Menake"/> meaning that there is no factual difference between those well-born and those low-born; only words and opinion assign value to these different circumstances of birth.<ref name="Diels">Diels, Dent Sprague (2001), pp. 68–69</ref> This statement may indicate that Lycophron shared the beliefs of [[Antiphon (orator)|Antiphon]], that (regardless of their ancestry) both [[Greeks]] and [[barbarian]]s are born with the same capacities: An [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] belief that was a minority view in the 5th century BC.<ref name="Menake"/><ref>quoted in Mario Untersteiner, The Sophists, tr. [[Kathleen Freeman (classicist)|Kathleen Freeman]] (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), p. 252</ref> He is also known for his statement (reproduced by Aristotle, in the latter's ''Politics'', 1280b10), that "[[law]] is only a convention, a surety to another of justice".,<ref name="Mulgan">Mulgan (1979), pp. 121–128</ref> also translated as "a guarantor of men's rights against one another". He, thus, believed that law is a matter of agreement, a [[Convention (norm)|social convention]] and not a natural or universal standard (there is no evidence that Lycophron rejected the idea that law is a universal standard – indeed his view appears far more universalist than that of Aristotle, in that Lycophron proposes a single standard, what would now be called the non aggression principle, in relation to all states). In this respect his views on law are similar to those of [[Protagoras]].<ref name="Menake"/><ref name="Menake2">Quarles (2004), pp. 121–122</ref> This means that he treats law as a mere means, in the context of a (perhaps primitive) [[social contract]] theory, without considering it as something special, in contradistinction to, e.g., [[Plato]] but similar to both [[Thrasymachus]] and [[Callicles]], albeit that their theories have – as far as can be ascertained from the information available about them – more specific characteristics.<ref name="Mulgan"/>


==Criticism==
[[File:Socrates in a basket.jpg| thumb|300px|Socrates was lampooned by Aristophanes in ''The Clouds'' as a pedantic wordsmith who lived in a basket. Later philosophers such as Plato and [[Xenophon]] sought to distinguish Socrates' ethical teachings from this comic portrayal of a sophist.]]
Many sophists taught their skills for a price. Due to the importance of such skills in the litigious social life of Athens, practitioners often commanded very high fees. The sophists' practice of questioning the existence and roles of traditional deities and investigating the nature of the heavens and the earth prompted a popular reaction against them. As there was a popular view of [[Socrates]] as a sophist, he was among the targets (which prompted a vigorous condemnation from his followers, including [[Plato]] and [[Xenophon]]). For example, in the comic play ''[[The Clouds]]'', [[Aristophanes]] criticizes the sophists as hairsplitting wordsmiths, and makes Socrates their representative.<ref>Aristophanes' "clouds"; Aeschines 1.173; Diels & Kranz, "Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker", 80 A 21</ref> Such criticism, coupled with the wealth garnered by many sophist practitioners, eventually led to popular resentment against sophists and the ideas and writings associated with sophism.

===Aristophanes===
The comic playwright [[Aristophanes]], a contemporary of the sophists, criticized the sophists as hairsplitting wordsmiths. Aristophanes, however, made no distinction between sophists and philosophers, and showed either of them as willing to argue any position for the right fee. In Aristophanes's comedic play ''[[The Clouds]]'', Strepsiades seeks the help of Socrates (a parody of the actual philosopher) in an effort to avoid paying his debts. In the play, Socrates promises to teach Strepsiades' son to argue his way out of paying his debts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nichols|first=Mary P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKCWsxcChlQC&q=Socrates+promises+to+teach+Strepsiades%27+son+to+argue+his+way+out+of+paying+his+debts&pg=PA9|title=Socrates and the Political Community: An Ancient Debate|date=1987-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-395-4|language=en}}</ref>

===Socrates===
An ongoing debate is centered on the difference between the sophists, who charged for their services, and [[Socrates]], who did not.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blank|first=David L.|date=1985-01-01|title=Socratics versus Sophists on Payment for Teaching|journal=Classical Antiquity|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–49|doi=10.2307/25010822|jstor=25010822}}</ref> Instead of giving instruction Socrates professed a self-effacing and questioning posture, exemplified by what is known as the [[Socratic method]] (although [[Diogenes Laërtius]] wrote that Protagoras, a sophist, invented this method<ref>[[Susan Jarratt|Jarratt, Susan C.]] ''Rereading the Sophists: Classical Rhetoric Refigured''. Carbondale and Edwardsville: [[Southern Illinois University Press]], 1991, p. 83</ref><ref>Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ''The Older Sophists'', Hackett Publishing Company ({{ISBN|0-87220-556-8}}), p. 5</ref>). Socrates' attitude towards the sophists was not entirely oppositional. In one dialogue, Socrates even stated that the sophists were better educators than he was,<ref>[[W. K. C. Guthrie|Guthrie, W. K. C.]] Vol. 3 of ''History of Greek Philosophy''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1969, p. 399</ref> which he validated by sending one of his students to study under a sophist.<ref name="a">[[W. K. C. Guthrie|Guthrie, W. K. C.]] Vol. 3 of ''History of Greek Philosophy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969, p. 401</ref> [[W. K. C. Guthrie]] classified Socrates as a sophist in his ''History of Greek Philosophy''.<ref name="a" />

[[File:Isocrates pushkin.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Isocrates, one of the later sophists, was critical of the education practices of his predecessors]]

=== Isocrates ===
One of the few speeches that have survived from ancient Greece is [[Isocrates]]' ''[[Against the Sophists]]''. The speech offers scathing criticisms against sophist teachers and their failures.

While a sophist himself, Isocrates sought to distinguish his school's pedagogical focus from other sophistic teachings. In particular, Isocrates wanted to establish an institution that would educate Athenian students in a manner that would promote the success of Athenian democracy. By developing a school in Athens around 392 BC, approximately five years after Plato opened his [[Platonic Academy]], Isocrates gave sophism more credibility in society.

===Plato===
As only small portions of the sophists' writings have survived, they are mainly known through the works of [[Plato]]. Plato's dialogues present a generally hostile view on the sophists' thought, which is largely responsible for the modern view of the sophist as an avaricious instructor that teaches deception.

Before Plato, the word "sophist" could be used as either a respectful or contemptuous title. It was in Plato's dialogue, [[Sophist (dialogue)|''Sophist'']], that the first record of an attempt to answer the question "what is a sophist?" is made. Plato described sophists as paid hunters after the young and wealthy, as merchants of knowledge, as athletes in a contest of words, and purgers of souls. From Plato's assessment of sophists it could be concluded that sophists do not offer true knowledge, but only an opinion of things. Plato describes them as shadows of the true, saying, "the art of contradiction making, descended from an insincere kind of conceited mimicry, of the semblance-making breed, derived from image making, distinguished as portion, not divine but human, of production, that presents, a shadow play of words—such are the blood and the lineage which can, with perfect truth, be assigned to the authentic sophist". Plato sought to distinguish sophists from philosophers, arguing that a sophist was a person who made his living through deception, whereas a philosopher was a lover of wisdom who sought the truth. To give the philosophers greater credence, Plato gave the sophists a negative connotation.<ref>Shiappa, Edward. "Protagoras and Logos" (University of South Carolina Press, 1991) 5</ref>

[[Plato]] depicts Socrates as refuting sophists in several dialogues. These texts often depict the sophists in an unflattering light, and it is unclear how accurate or fair Plato's representation of them may be; however, Protagoras and Prodicus are portrayed in a largely positive light in ''[[Protagoras (dialogue)|Protagoras]]''. Protagoras argued that "man is the measure of all things", meaning man decides for himself what he is going to believe.<ref name=Versenyi>{{Cite journal|last=Versenyi|first=Laszlo|date=1962-01-01|title=Protagoras' Man-Measure Fragment|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=83|issue=2|pages=178–184|doi=10.2307/292215|jstor=292215}}</ref> The works of Plato and Aristotle have had much influence on the modern view of the "sophist" as a greedy instructor who uses rhetorical sleight-of-hand and ambiguities of language in order to deceive, or to support fallacious reasoning. In this view, the sophist is not concerned with [[truth]] and [[justice]], but instead seeks [[Political power|power]].

Some scholars, such as Ugo Zilioli<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2265.2009.00484_1.x | volume=50 | issue=3 | title=Protagoras and the Challenge of Relativism: Plato's Subtlest Enemy |first=Ugo |last=Zilioli | journal=The Heythrop Journal | pages=509–510| year=2009 | editor1-last=Waterfield | editor1-first=Robin | doi-access=free }}</ref> argue that the sophists held a [[Relativism|relativistic]] view on [[cognition]] and [[knowledge]]. However, this may involve the Greek word "[[doxa]]", which means "culturally shared belief" rather than "individual opinion". The sophists' philosophy contains criticisms of [[religion]], [[law]], and [[ethics]]. Although many sophists were apparently as religious as their contemporaries, some held [[atheism|atheistic]] or [[Agnosticism|agnostic]] views (for example, [[Protagoras]] and [[Diagoras of Melos]]).

==Influence==
Few writings from and about the first sophists survive. The early sophists charged money in exchange for education and providing wisdom, and so were typically employed by wealthy people. This practice resulted in the condemnations made by [[Plato]] through [[Socrates]] in his dialogues, as well as by [[Xenophon]] in his ''[[Memorabilia (Xenophon)|Memorabilia]]'' and, somewhat controversially, by [[Aristotle]]. As a paid tutor to [[Alexander the Great]], Aristotle could be accused of being a sophist. Aristotle did not actually accept payment from [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip]], Alexander's father, but requested that Philip reconstruct Aristotle's home town of [[Stageira]] as payment, which Philip had destroyed in a previous campaign, terms which Philip accepted.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} [[James A. Herrick]] wrote: "In ''[[De Oratore]]'', [[Cicero]] blames Plato for separating wisdom and eloquence in the philosopher's famous attack on the sophists in ''[[Gorgias (dialogue)|Gorgias]]''."<ref>{{cite book|last=Herrick|first=James|author-link=James A. Herrick|title=The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction|year=2005|publisher=Allyn and Bacon|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-205-41492-5|page=103}}</ref> Through works such as these, sophists were portrayed as "[[wikt:specious|specious]]" or "deceptive", hence the [[wikt:sophist|modern meaning]] of the term.

===Democracy===
The sophists' rhetorical techniques were useful for any young nobleman seeking public office. The societal roles the sophists filled had important ramifications for the Athenian political system. The historical context provides evidence for their considerable influence, as Athens became more and more democratic during the period in which the sophists were most active.<ref>Blackwell, Christopher. [http://www.stoa.org/projects/demos/home?greekEncoding=UnicodeC "Demos: Classical Athenian Democracy"]. 28 February 2003. The Stoa: a Consortium for Scholarly Publication in the Humanities. 25 April 2007.</ref>

Even though Athens was already a flourishing democracy before their arrival, the cultural and psychological contributions of the sophists played an important role in the growth of Athenian democracy. Sophists contributed to the new democracy in part by espousing expertise in public deliberation, the foundation of decision-making, which allowed—and perhaps required—a tolerance of the beliefs of others. This liberal attitude would naturally have made its way into the Athenian assembly as sophists began acquiring increasingly high-powered clients.<ref>Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ''The Older Sophists'', Hacker Publishing Company ({{ISBN|0-87220-556-8}}), p. 32</ref> Continuous rhetorical training gave the citizens of Athens "the ability to create accounts of communal possibilities through persuasive speech".<ref>[[Susan Jarratt|Jarratt, Susan C.]] ''Rereading the Sophists: Classical Rhetoric Refigured''. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991, p. 98</ref> This was important for the democracy, as it gave disparate and sometimes superficially unattractive views a chance to be heard in the Athenian assembly.

In addition, sophists had a great impact on the early development of [[law]], as the sophists were the first lawyers in the world. Their status as lawyers was a result of their highly developed skills in argument.<ref>Martin, Richard. "Seven Sages as Performers of Wisdom". ''[[Cultural Poetics in Archaic Greece]]''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. 108–130.</ref>

===Education===
{{Rhetoric}}

====Athens====
The sophists were the first formal teachers of the art of speaking and writing in the Western world. Their influence on education in general, and medical education in particular, has been described by Seamus Mac Suibhne.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mac Suibhne | first1 = Seamus | date = Jan 2010 | title = Sophists, sophistry, and modern medical education | journal = Medical Teacher | volume = 32 | issue = 1| pages = 71–75 | pmid = 20095778 | doi=10.3109/01421590903386799| s2cid = 36624580 }}</ref> The sophists "offer quite a different epistemic field from that mapped by Aristotle", according to scholar [[Susan Jarratt]], writer of ''Rereading the Sophists: Classical Rhetoric Refigured''.

For the sophists, the science of eloquence became a method to earn money. In order to teach their students the art of persuasion and demonstrate their thoughts, they focused on two techniques: [[dialectic]]s and [[rhetoric]]. The sophists taught their students two main techniques: the usage of sophisms and contradictions. These means distinguished the speeches of the sophists from those of other speakers. Contradictions (''antitheseis''<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Hegel's Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis Model |pages=978 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_200183 |last1=Schnitker |first1=Sarah A. |last2=Emmons |first2=Robert A. |isbn=978-1-4020-8264-1 }}</ref>) were important to the Sophists because they believed that a good rhetorician should be able to defend both his own opinion and the exact opposite one. In this way, the ability to find clear, convincing arguments for any thesis was developed. For the sophists, the primary purpose was to win the dispute in order to prove their excellence in word usage. They were convinced that there was no verity, but there were different opinions, equal in importance, and the "verity" was the only one that would be more convincingly demonstrated by the rhetorician.

Sophists were not limited in their speeches to only topics in which they were aware. For them, there were no topics they could not dispute, because their skill reached such a level that they were able to talk about completely unknown things to them and still impress upon listeners and the opponent. The main purpose was to pick an approach to the audience, to please it and to adapt the speech to it. Unlike [[Plato]]'s approach, the Sophist rhetoricians did not focus on identifying the truth, but the most important thing for them was to prove their case.

The first sophist whose speeches are a perfect example of a sophisticated approach is Gorgias. One of his most famous speeches is the "Praise of Helen", which has made a significant contribution to rhetorical art. In this speech, Gorgias aims to make something almost impossible – to justify Helen, about whom the people have already had a negative opinion. By methods of double oppositions, stringing of repetitive positive qualities and insightful consistent arguments, Gorgias gradually purifies the poor reputation of a woman. Later, [[Aristotle]] described the means used in Gorgias' speech as "Gorgias figures". All of these figures create the most accessible path for the audience to the argument offered, varying depending on the type of speech and audience.

====Rome====
The classical tradition of [[rhetoric]] and composition refers more to philosophers such as Aristotle, Cicero, and [[Quintilian]] than to the sophists. Owing largely to the influence of Plato and Aristotle, [[philosophy]] came to be regarded as distinct from sophistry, the latter being regarded as specious and rhetorical, a practical discipline. Thus, by the time of the [[Roman Empire]], a sophist was simply a teacher of rhetoric and a popular public speaker. For instance, [[Libanius]], [[Himerius]], [[Aelius Aristides]], and [[Marcus Cornelius Fronto|Fronto]] were sophists in this sense.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} However, despite the opposition from philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, it is clear that sophists had a vast influence on a number of spheres, including the growth of knowledge and on ethical-political theory. Their teachings had a huge influence on thought in the 5th century BC.<ref>Grayling, 2019, p. 57.</ref> The sophists focused on the rational examination of human affairs and the betterment and success of human life. They argued that gods could not be the explanation of human action.

From the late 1st century CE the [[Second Sophistic]], a philosophical and rhetorical movement, was the chief expression of intellectual life. The term "Second Sophistic" comes from [[Philostratus]], who, rejecting the term "New Sophistic", traced the beginnings of the movement to the orator Aeschines in the 4th century BC. But its earliest representative was really [[Nicetes of Smyrna]], in the late 1st century CE. Unlike the original Sophistic movement of the 5th century BC, the Second Sophistic was little concerned with [[politics]]. But it was, to a large degree, to meet the everyday needs and respond to the practical problems of [[Greco-Roman]] society. It came to dominate higher education and left its mark on many forms of literature.{{Citation needed|date=April 2016}} [[Lucian]], himself a writer of the Second Sophistic, even calls [[Jesus]] "that crucified sophist".<ref>Lucian, ''Peregrinus'' 13 (τὸν δὲ ἀνεσκολοπισμένον ἐκεῖνον σοφιστὴν αὐτὸν), cited by Guthrie p. 34.</ref>

During the Second Sophistic, the Greek discipline of rhetoric heavily influenced Roman education. During this time, Latin rhetorical studies were banned due to the precedent of Greek rhetorical studies. In addition, Greek history was preferred for educating the Roman elites above that of their native Roman history.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|jstor = 642252|title = Cicero at School|last = Clarke|first = M. L.|date = April 1968|journal = Greece & Rome |series=Second Series|doi = 10.1017/s001738350001679x|pages = 18–22|publisher = Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association|volume = 15|issue = 1| s2cid=162158134 }}</ref>

Many rhetoricians during this period were instructed by specialists in Greek rhetorical studies as part of their standard education. Cicero, a prominent rhetorician during this period in Roman history, is one such example of the influence of the Second Sophistic on Roman education. His early life coincided with the suppression of Latin rhetoric in Roman education under the edicts of [[Marcus Licinius Crassus|Crassus]]. Cicero was instructed in Greek rhetoric throughout his youth, as well as in other subjects of the Roman rubric under Archias. Cicero benefited in his early education from favorable ties to Crassus.<ref name=":0" /> In his writings, Cicero is said to have shown a "synthesis that he achieved between Greek and Roman culture" summed up in his work ''[[De Oratore]]. ''Despite his oratorical skill, Cicero pressed for a more liberal education in Roman instruction which focused more on the broad sciences, including Roman history. He entitled this set of sciences as ''politior humanitas'' (2.72). Regardless of his efforts toward this end, Greek history was still preferred by the majority of aristocratic Romans during this time.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 642792|title = Roman Education in the Late Republic and Early Empire|last = Eyre|first = J.J.|date = March 1963|journal = Greece & Rome, Second Edition|doi = 10.1017/s0017383500012869|pages = 47–59|publisher = Cambridge University Press|volume = 10|issue = 1| s2cid=162790971 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* {{Annotated link |Apologetics}}
* {{Annotated link |Appeal to nature}}
* {{Annotated link |Corporate jargon}}
* {{Annotated link |Casuistry}}
* {{Annotated link |Confidence trick}}
* {{Annotated link |Demagogue}}
* {{Annotated link |Fallacy}}
* {{Annotated link |Pseudophilosophy}}
* {{Annotated link |Manipulation (psychology)}}
* {{Annotated link |School of Names}}
* {{Annotated link |Covert hypnosis|Sleight of mouth}}
* {{Annotated link |Sophist (dialogue)|''Sophist'' (dialogue)}}
* {{Annotated link |Sophistic works of Antiphon}}
* {{Annotated link |Sophistication}}
{{Div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Blackwell, Christopher. [http://www.stoa.org/projects/demos/home?greekEncoding=UnicodeC Demos: Classical Athenian Democracy]. 28 February 2003. The Stoa: a Consortium for Scholarly Publication in the Humanities. 25 April 2007.
* Clarke, M.L. "Cicero at School". ''Greece & Rome'', Second Series, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Apr., 1968), pp. 18–22; Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association; {{JSTOR|642252}}
* Eyre, J.J. "Roman Education in the Late Republic and Early Empire". ''Greece & Rome'',Second Series, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Mar., 1963), pp. 47–59, Published by: Cambridge University Press; {{JSTOR|642792}}
* [[W. K. C. Guthrie|Guthrie, W. K. C.]] Vol. 3 of ''History of Greek Philosophy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969
* [[Susan Jarratt|Jarratt, Susan C.]] ''Rereading the Sophists: Classical Rhetoric Refigured''. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991.
* Kerferd, G. B., ''The Sophistic Movement'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1981 ({{ISBN|0-521-28357-4}}).
* {{cite journal |last1= Mac Suibhne |first1= Seamus |date= Jan 2010 |title= Sophists, sophistry, and modern medical education |journal= Medical Teacher |volume= 32 |issue= 1 |pages= 71–75 |pmid= 20095778 |doi= 10.3109/01421590903386799|s2cid= 36624580 }}
* [[Stanley Rosen|Rosen, Stanley]], ''Plato's 'Sophist', The Drama of Original and Image'', Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1983.
* Sprague, Rosamond Kent, ''The Older Sophists'', Hackett Publishing Company ({{ISBN|0-87220-556-8}}).
* Herrick, James A. The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction. Boston: Allyn and Beacon, 2005. Print
* McKay, Brett, and Kate McKay. "Classical Rhetoric 101: A Brief History." The Art of Manliness RSS. The Art of Manliness, 30 Nov. 2010. Web.

==Further reading==
* Corey, D. 2002. "The Case against Teaching Virtue for Pay: Socrates and the Sophists." ''History of Political Thought'' 23:189–210.
* Dillon, J., and T. Gergel. 2003. ''The Greek Sophists''. London: Penguin.
* Gibert, J. 2002. "The Sophists." In ''The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy''. Edited by C. Shields, 27–50. Oxford: Blackwell.
* Montiglio, S. 2000. "Wandering Philosophers in Classical Greece." ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 120:86–105.
* Robinson, E. 2007. "The Sophists and Democracy beyond Athens." ''Rhetorica'' 25:109–122.

==External links==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Sophists |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|sophist}}
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/sophist.html Plato's Dialogue: Sophist]
* {{cite IEP |url-id=sophists |title=The Sophists}}
* {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Sophists}}

{{Sophists}}
{{Philosophy topics}}
{{Greek schools of philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sophists| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek educators]]
[[Category:Presocratic philosophy]]

Barak 8

2026-03-07T22:16:50Z

Kkasthana: clean up

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
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* 0.5 km-150 km<ref name="1st JTC mode MRSAM demo, DefenseUpdate"/> (2-stage rocket) version: ''Barak ER''
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[[Active radar homing]]<ref name="IAI PDF - Barak 8"/>
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| transport =
}}

'''Barak 8''' ({{langx|he|בָּרָק}}, lit. "Lightning"), also known as '''LR-SAM''' or '''MR-SAM''',<ref>{{Cite web|title = Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (LRSAM)|url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/lr-sam.htm|website = www.globalsecurity.org|access-date = 16 January 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151122061754/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/lr-sam.htm|archive-date = 22 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Indo-Israeli LR Sam Test Fired Aboard Indian Warship|url = http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/international/asia-pacific/2015/12/30/indo-israeli-lr-sam-test-fired-aboard-indian-warship/78073524/|website = Defense News| date=30 December 2015 |access-date = 16 January 2016|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160811160911/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-4825492%2C00.html|archive-date = 11 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.jns.org/news-briefs/2017/2/23/indias-modi-approves-25-billion-missile-deal-with-israel|title=India's Modi approves $2.5 billion missile deal with Israel|newspaper=JNS.org|access-date=24 February 2017|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224133617/http://www.jns.org/news-briefs/2017/2/23/indias-modi-approves-25-billion-missile-deal-with-israel|archive-date=24 February 2017}}</ref> is an Indian-Israeli jointly developed [[surface-to-air missile]] (SAM) system, designed to defend against any type of airborne threat including aircraft, helicopters, [[anti-ship missile]]s, and [[unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]] as well as [[ballistic missile]]s,<ref name="Next-Gen: Barak-8">[http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-israel-introducing-mr-sam-03461/ Next-Gen: Barak-8] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223205006/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-israel-introducing-mr-sam-03461/ |date=23 February 2010 }}, defenseindustrydaily.com, Accessed 25 November 2014</ref> [[cruise missile]]s and combat jets.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/navy-successfully-test-fires-barak-8-long-range-missile-from-ins-kolkata/|title=Indian Navy successfully test fires Barak-8 long range missile from INS Kolkata|agency=The Indian Express|ref=Indianexpress|access-date=30 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101190413/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/navy-successfully-test-fires-barak-8-long-range-missile-from-ins-kolkata/|archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> Both maritime and land-based variants of the system exist.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bourne|first1=Jason|title=The Barak Connection- India and Israel|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/the-barak-connection--india-and-israel/15774020.shtml|access-date=16 November 2014|publisher=merinews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035431/http://www.merinews.com/article/the-barak-connection--india-and-israel/15774020.shtml|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

Barak 8 was jointly developed by India's [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research & Development Organisation]] (DRDO) and [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI). It is produced by Israel's Directorate of Research and Development (DDR&D), [[Elta Systems]], [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]] and India's [[Bharat Dynamics Limited|Bharat Dynamics limited]] (BDL), [[Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems]] (KRAS) and [[Tata Advanced Systems]] (TASL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/indiaisrael-codeveloped-mrsam-missile-successfully-testfired-1467289609-1|title=India-Israel co-developed Barak-8 missile successfully test-fired|date=30 June 2016|website=Jagranjosh.com|access-date=24 September 2019}}</ref>

==Background==
Barak 8 is loosely based on the original [[Barak 1]] missile and is expected to feature a more advanced seeker, alongside range extensions that will move it closer to medium range naval systems like the [[RIM-162 ESSM]] or even the [[SM-2 Standard]]. Israel successfully tested the improved Barak II missile on 30 July 2009. The radar system provides 360 degree coverage and the missiles can take down an incoming missile as close as 500 meters away from the ship. Each Barak system (missile container, radar, computers and installation) costs about $24 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Israel tie up on next-gen Barak missiles in 2000 |author=Shiv Aroor |publisher=ExpressIndia.com |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=62510 |date=7 February 2006 |access-date=30 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510052719/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=62510 |archive-date=10 May 2008 }}</ref> Parallel to the Barak-8, IAI has completed development and is manufacturing the Barak MX system that broadens the Barak into a multi-layered air defense system employing unified smart launchers carrying Short, Medium, and Extended-Range interceptors. The Smart Launcher supports flexible deployment architecture for land and naval applications. Unlike the Barak-8 system, the interceptors, and sensors were developed exclusively by IAI to meet specific requirements from domestic and foreign customers.<ref name="Barak MX System">{{cite web |title=Barak MX System |url=https://www.iai.co.il/p/barak-mx-system/ |website=IAI}}</ref>

== Development ==
The joint development of the LR-SAM missile (then named Barak-II) began in 2006 with an investment of {{INRConvert|2500|c|lk=on|year=2006}}. The missile is meant to be deployed on [[Kolkata-class destroyer|Project 15A destroyers]] which would enter service from 2012 onwards. The missile could be delivered to the [[Indian Armed Forces]] by 2013.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=28 May 2010 |title=Indo-Israeli missile successfully test-fired: DRDO chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/indo-israeli-missile-successfully-test-fired-drdo-chief-75353-2010-05-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606003426/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/indo-israeli-missile-successfully-test-fired-drdo-chief-75353-2010-05-27 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

As reported in late May 2010, another contract, worth {{INRConvert|10000|c|lk=off|year=2009}}, was signed that year for the development of another variant – Medium Range SAM (MR-SAM) for the [[Indian Air Force]] to replace their in-service [[S-125 Neva/Pechora|Pechora missiles]]. Another variant planned was 100-km range theatre defence version called the Extended Range SAM for the [[Visakhapatnam-class destroyer|Project 15B destroyers]].<ref name=":16" />

As per a report on 1 July 2010, replying to a query on the Indo-Israeli joint venture to develop a medium range surface-to-air missile, [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] chief V. K. Saraswat told ''[[The Economic Times]]'', "More than 70 per cent of the content in the missile being developed with Israel would be indigenous."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2010 |title=Missile defence system to be test fired in August: DRDO chief |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/missile-defence-system-to-be-test-fired-in-august-drdo-chief/articleshow/6115479.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811214042/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6115479.cms |archive-date=11 August 2010 |access-date=17 January 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> As the ''[[Times of Israel]]'' reported in 2017, the development of the missile is taking place in India, including the development of the homing system.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=India's Modi approves NIS 9.4 billion missile deal with Israel |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/indias-modi-approves-nis-9-4-billion-missile-deal-with-israel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224024405/http://www.timesofisrael.com/indias-modi-approves-nis-9-4-billion-missile-deal-with-israel/ |archive-date=24 February 2017 |access-date=24 February 2017 |newspaper=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref> Some components and Inflight subsystems are manufactured by [[Tata Advanced Systems|TASL]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tata Advanced Systems |url=https://www.tataadvancedsystems.com/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Tata Advanced Systems |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 October 2024, Bharat Electronics and Israel Aerospace Industries announced the formation of joint venture '''BEL IAI AeroSystems'''. It will serve as the exclusive point of contact for technical and maintenance related life cycle support of MR-SAM in [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grevatt |first=Jon |date=1 October 2024 |title=Indian, Israeli companies set up firm to support MRSAM |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/industry/indian-israeli-companies-set-up-firm-to-support-mrsam |access-date=3 October 2024 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref>

==Design (LR-SAM) ==
{{Redirect|LRSAM|the protein|LRSAM1}}
[[File:Barak 8 launcher.jpg|thumb|Barak 8 launcher module]]

The Barak 8 has a length of about 4.5 meters, a diameter of 0.225 meters at missile body, and 0.54 meters at the booster stage, a wingspan of 0.94 meters and weighs 275 kg including a 60 kg warhead which detonates at proximity. The missile has maximum speed of Mach 2<ref name="flightglobal.com"/> with a maximum operational range of 70 km,<ref name="IndianExpress"/><ref name="NDTVBarak8">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/barak-8-missile-to-be-test-fired-this-month-1202954|title=Barak 8 Missile to Be Test-Fired This Month|date=2 August 2015|agency=NDTV|access-date=30 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072656/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/barak-8-missile-to-be-test-fired-this-month-1202954|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="IHSJanesBarak8">{{cite news|url=http://www.janes.com/article/48810/indian-navy-to-start-fitting-barak-8-naval-sam-by-end-of-year|title=Indian Navy to start fitting Barak-8 naval SAM by end of year|date=8 February 2015|agency=IHS Janes|access-date=30 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806105535/http://www.janes.com/article/48810/indian-navy-to-start-fitting-barak-8-naval-sam-by-end-of-year|archive-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> which was later increased to ~90 km,<ref name=IHSJanesBarak82015>{{cite news|title=India commissions second Kolkata-class destroyer|url=http://www.janes.com/article/54950/india-commissions-second-kolkata-class-destroyer|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|publisher=Jane's Information Group|date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123044942/http://www.janes.com/article/54950/india-commissions-second-kolkata-class-destroyer|archive-date=23 January 2016}}</ref> which was later further increased to 100 km.<ref name="The Telegraph">[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151128/jsp/nation/story_55591.jsp#.VoO8K0vraSE Israel ship missile test for India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104040421/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151128/jsp/nation/story_55591.jsp |date=4 November 2016 }}, The Telegraph, 28 November 2015</ref><ref name="The Times of India">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gen-Next-missile-defence-shield-built-by-Israel-and-India-clears-first-hurdle/articleshow/49955127.cms Gen Next missile defence shield built by Israel and India clears first hurdle], The Times of India, 28 November 2015</ref> Barak 8 features a dual pulse rocket motor as well as [[thrust vector control]],<ref name="IAI enroute to Barak-8ER"/> and possesses high degrees of maneuverability at target interception range. A second motor is fired during the terminal phase, at which stage the [[active radar seeker]] is activated to home in on to the enemy track. Barak 8 has been designed to counter a wide variety of airborne threats, such as anti-ship missiles, aircraft, UAVs drones and supersonic missiles.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.iai.co.il/2013/34408-36713-en/IAI.aspx|title =Naval Barak-8|url-status =live|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150427133217/http://www.iai.co.il/2013/34408-36713-en/IAI.aspx|archive-date =27 April 2015}}</ref> When coupled with a modern air-defence system and multi-function surveillance track and guidance radars, such as the [[EL/M-2248 MF-STAR]] [[Active electronically scanned array|AESA]] on board [[Kolkata-class destroyer|''Kolkata''-class destroyer]]s, Barak 8 enables the capability to simultaneously engage multiple targets during saturation attacks.<ref name="IAI PDF - Barak 8">[http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/FILES/2/35042.pdf IAI PDF - Barak 8] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706174836/http://www.iai.co.il/sip_storage/FILES/2/35042.pdf |date=6 July 2015 }}, iai.co.il</ref> The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=ANI |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126170231/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Israel Aerospace Industries]] describe Barak 8 as "an advanced, long-range missile defense and air defense system" with its main features being:<ref name="IAI PDF - Barak 8"/><ref>[http://www.iai.co.il/34408-36713-en/BusinessAreas_NavalSystems_NavalBarak8.aspx IAI - Naval Barak 8] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207202525/http://www.iai.co.il/34408-36713-en/BusinessAreas_NavalSystems_NavalBarak8.aspx |date=7 February 2012 }} [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]</ref>
* Long Range
* Two way data link ([[GPS]] [[S band]])
* Active Radar Seeker Missile
* 360-degree coverage
* Smokeless propulsion
* Thrust vector control
* Dual pulse propulsion
* Vertical Launch
* Multiple Simultaneous Engagements
* Point defence [[anti-ballistic missile]]<ref name="Next-Gen: Barak-8"/>

=== Structure ===
A land-based Firing Unit (FU) or a Battery consists of 1 Combat Management System (CMS), 1 Mobile Power System (MPS), 1 Advanced Long Range Radar, 1 Radar Power System (RPS), 3 Mobile Launcher Systems (MLS), 3 Reloader Vehicles (RV), Field Service Vehicle (FSV) and missiles.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |title=DRDO hands over air defence missile (MRSAM) System to Indian Air Force in presence of Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh at Jaisalmer, Rajasthan |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1753559 |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=MR-SAM: Boosting Efficacy of India's Air Defence |url=https://chanakyaforum.com/mr-sam-boosting-efficacy-of-indias-air-defence/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Chanakya Forum |language=en-US}}</ref> Each launcher will have eight such missiles in two stacks and are launched in a canister configuration. As for ship-based launchers, the missiles are similarly stored in a 2×4 [[vertical launching system]] (VLS) modules.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |title=Israel Aerospace gets $630m missile defense deal for Indian Navy |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-aerospace-gets-630m-missile-defense-deal-for-indian-navy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521143031/http://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-aerospace-gets-630m-missile-defense-deal-for-indian-navy/ |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |work=The Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Variants ==
* '''Medium Range-Surface to Air Missile (MR-SAM)''': The land-based configuration of the missile used by the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[Indian Army]]. It consists of a command and control system, tracking radar, missile and mobile launcher systems. The system is also fitted with an advanced radio frequency (RF) Seeker. It has a range of 70 km according to the manufacturer IAI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BARAK LR (LRAD) |url=https://www.iai.co.il/p/barak-lrad |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=www.iai.co.il}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=3 February 2017 |title=BARAK Missile System |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1481713 |access-date=16 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Long Range-Surface to Air Missile (LR-SAM)''': The ship launched version used by the [[Indian Navy]] with an enhanced range of 100 km capable of engaging targets like [[missiles]], [[fighter aircraft]], [[maritime patrol aircraft]] (MPA), [[helicopter]] and [[sea-skimming missile]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2019 |title=India display new MRSAM surface-to-air missile system |url=https://militaryleak.com/2019/01/27/india-display-new-mrsam-surface-to-air-missile-system/?amp=1 |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=MilitaryLeak|language=en-US}}</ref> The LRSAM system includes multiple systems like advanced phased-array radars ([[MF-STAR]]), command and control systems, launchers (2×4 configuration), and missiles with advanced radio-frequency (RF) seekers.<ref name=":10" />
* '''Barak-8ER''': An ER (extended range) variant of the Barak 8 is under development, which will see the missiles maximum range increased to 150 km. Designed to engage multiple beyond visual range threats, the low launch signature Barak-8ER is understood to retain the same autopilot/inertial navigation system and active radar seeker guidance as the Barak-8, although some modifications to the software and to the missile control surfaces are likely. The booster increases the length of the missile at launch from its current 4.5 m to nearly 6 m, although the length in flight after the booster has been jettisoned may be slightly less than the base Barak-8 missile, if a [[Thrust vector control|TVC]] is not present. The missile diameter and fin spans are thought to be the same as the base Barak-8. The booster weight is currently unknown, although the missile's weight after the booster has been jettisoned is the same as that for the current Barak-8 configuration. Levy said that initial operational capability (IOC) for Barak-8ER will first be declared for the naval variant, followed by IOC for the land variant. He declined to comment on a launch customer for Barak-8ER, but noted "existing Barak-8 customers will be interested in this configuration because it offers additional capability to their current system".<ref name="IAI enroute to Barak-8ER">{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/article/53532/iai-en-route-to-extended-range-barak-8er |title=IAI en route to extended range Barak-8ER - IHS Jane's 360 |date=10 August 2015 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808031154/http://www.janes.com/article/53532/iai-en-route-to-extended-range-barak-8er|archive-date=8 August 2016}}</ref>

=== Barak MX ===
[[Israel Aerospace Industries]] manufactures the BARAK MX as the cornerstone of its Integrated Air and Missile Defence Portfolio.

The BARAK MX is a "fully network-centric solution", and according to the company, features an open system architecture and modular design, seamlessly integrating various sensors, battle management, and interceptors into a unified system. The connectivity of BARAK MX allows for the expansion of defended areas by interconnecting multiple units, enabling fire units to rely on each other's assets to engage targets beyond the individual reach of each unit. It also enables the integration of Ground-Based Air Defences (GBAD) and Naval Air Defences under a joint multi-layered network, enhancing them and denying enemy access or missile attacks.

The BARAK MX's different interceptors share the same components and can engage threats from

Unlike air-to-air missiles converted to surface-to-air use, the BARAK MX interceptors were originally designed as surface-to-air missiles with an optimal size and diameter, which is larger than the airborne restricted air-to-air missiles.

The BARAK MX's family of interceptors are:
* '''BARAK MR''': 35 km-ranged version using a single-pulse rocket motor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BARAK MR (MRAD) Short-Medium Range Robust Interceptor |url=https://www.iai.co.il/p/barak-mrad |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=[[Israel Aerospace Industries]]}}</ref>
* '''BARAK LR''' ('''LRAD'''): 70 km-ranged version using a [[Pulsed rocket motor|dual-pulse rocket motor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BARAK LR (LRAD) Long Range Robust Interceptor |url=https://www.iai.co.il/p/barak-lrad |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=[[Israel Aerospace Industries]]}}</ref>
* '''BARAK ER''': 150 km-ranged version with a [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] in addition to the existing dual-pulse motor. With enhanced [[Anti-ballistic missile|anti-tactical ballistic missiles]] capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BARAK ER Extended Range Interceptor |url=https://www.iai.co.il/p/barak-er |access-date=25 December 2024 |website=[[Israel Aerospace Industries]]}}</ref>

==Flight tests==
* On 14 May 2010, the LR-SAM (also called "Barak-II" during that time) was successfully test fired in Israel at an [[electronic target]] and met its initial objectives. The second test of the missile was planned to be held in India sometime later that same year.<ref name=":16" />
* On 10 November 2014, the Barak 8 was successfully test fired in Israel with all integrated operational components for both marine and land systems. "The current test validated all components of the weapon system to the satisfaction of the customer representatives". It was the first involving a full operational scenario.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.armyrecognition.com/november_2014_global_defense_security_news_uk/successful_comprehensive_trial_for_iais_barak-8_defense_missile_system_.html |title= Successful comprehensive trial for IAI's Barak-8 defense missile system |website= Army recognition |date= 11 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114022235/http://www.armyrecognition.com/november_2014_global_defense_security_news_uk/successful_comprehensive_trial_for_iais_barak-8_defense_missile_system_.html |archive-date=14 November 2014 }}</ref> The scenario began with launching the target. After being detected by the system's radar, the weapon system calculated the optimal interception point, launched the Barak 8 missile into its operational trajectory that acquired the target, and successfully intercepted it. All the weapon system's components met the test's goals successfully.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2014/israel-aerospace-industries-iai-successfully-tested-the-barak-8-air-a-missile-defense-system |title=Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) Successfully Tested the Barak-8 Air & Missile Defense System |website=www.navyrecognition.com|date=13 November 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022831/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/november-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/2169-israel-aerospace-industries-iai-successfully-tested-the-barak-8-air-a-missile-defense-system.html |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref>
* On 26 November 2015, a successful test was conducted against a fast-moving jet-powered drone by the Israeli Sa'ar 5-class corvette {{INS|Lahav}}. This was also the first test done from a naval ship, and also confirmed the range extension from the previous 70 km to ~100 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/israel-tests-barak-8-missile-co-developed-with-india/|title=Israel tests Barak-8 missile co-developed with India|date=27 November 2015|access-date=30 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404025643/http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/israel-tests-barak-8-missile-co-developed-with-india/|archive-date=4 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Telegraph"/>
* On 29 and 30 December 2015, the Indian Navy' successfully test-fired Barak 8 LRSAM from {{INS|Kolkata}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Indian Navy test-fires surface-to-air missile developed with Israel|url = http://www.mid-day.com/articles/indian-navy-test-fires-surface-to-air-missile-developed-with-israel/16815191|website = mid-day| date=29 December 2015 |access-date = 29 December 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080236/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/indian-navy-test-fires-surface-to-air-missile-developed-with-israel/16815191|archive-date = 4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title = Indian Navy test-fires missile developed with Israel| newspaper=Business Standard India | date=29 December 2015 |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-navy-test-fires-missile-developed-with-israel-115122900967_1.html|access-date = 29 December 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151231220739/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-navy-test-fires-missile-developed-with-israel-115122900967_1.html|archive-date = 31 December 2015}}</ref> Two missiles were fired at high speed targets, during naval exercises undertaken in the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy successfully test fires surface-to-air missile Barak-8 |url=http://www.brahmand.com/news/Indian-Navy-successfully-test-fires-surfacetoair-missile-Barak8/14524/1/10.html |website=www.brahmand.com |access-date=30 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108204419/http://brahmand.com/news/Indian-Navy-successfully-test-fires-surfacetoair-missile-Barak8/14524/1/10.html |archive-date=8 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Proud Moment. Indian Navy Tests The Most Formidable Missile In Its Arsenal|url = http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/proud-moment-indian-navy-tests-the-most-formidable-missile-in-its-arsenal-248917.html|website = indiatimes.com| date=30 December 2015 |access-date = 30 December 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151230233030/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/proud-moment-indian-navy-tests-the-most-formidable-missile-in-its-arsenal-248917.html|archive-date = 30 December 2015}}</ref>
[[File:INS Kolkata firing a Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile.png|thumb|{{INS|Kolkata}} firing a Barak 8 LRSAM]]
* On 30 June 2016, India test-fired a land based version of the Barak 8 surface-to-air missile for the first time from the [[Integrated Test Range]] (ITR) in [[Chandipur, Odisha]], successfully hitting the target pilotless target aircraft (PTA) at 8:15 AM IST.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/barak-8-missile-test-fired-from-chandipur-153434/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160724182809/http://odishatv.in/odisha/body-slider/barak-8-missile-test-fired-from-chandipur-153434/|title=Barak-8 missile test-fired from Chandipur|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> the missile was again test fired for second time around noon where it again successfully hit a pilotless target aircraft over the Bay of Bengal. The test-firing of the missile was jointly carried out by Indian defence personnel, DRDO and IAI.<ref name="successful test">{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/indias-newly-developed-surface-to-air-missile-successfully-test-launched-off-odisha-coast_1901785.html|title=India's newly developed surface-to-air missile 'Barak- 8' successfully test-fired off Odisha coast|date=30 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701142620/http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/indias-newly-developed-surface-to-air-missile-successfully-test-launched-off-odisha-coast_1901785.html|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://defense-update.com/20160630_successful-tests-for-indo-israeli-land-based-air-defense-system.html|title=Successful Tests for Indo-Israeli Land-Based Air Defense System |last=Eshel|first=Tamir|website=Defense Update|date=30 June 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701135243/http://defense-update.com/20160630_successful-tests-for-indo-israeli-land-based-air-defense-system.html|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-iais-barak-8-undergoes-successful-indian-trials-1001136601|title=Israel Aerospace Barak 8 undergoes successful Indian trials|website=Globes|date=30 June 2016 |access-date=30 June 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701130707/http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-iais-barak-8-undergoes-successful-indian-trials-1001136601|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pragativadi.com/site/details?nid=828|title=India Test Fires Barack-8 Missile, An Indo-Israel Project|website=Pragativadi|access-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701140740/http://www.pragativadi.com/site/details?nid=828|archive-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>
* On 1 July 2016, the MR-SAM (land-based version) was tested for the third time from the ITR at Chandipur in India, at 10:26 AM IST and the missile successfully hit a pilotless target aircraft, proving its reliability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2016/07/india-successfully-test-fires-surface.html?m=1|title=MR SAM hits target successfully for the second time in two days proving its reliability.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820212950/http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2016/07/india-successfully-test-fires-surface.html?m=1|archive-date=20 August 2016}}</ref>
* On 20 and 21 September 2016, India successfully test fired the LRSAM for the first time against two pilotless target aircraft (PTA). The long range missile was launched from a mobile launcher at the ITR in Chandipur at around 10:10 and 14:25 IST on both the days respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2016 |title=India successfully test fires surface-to-air missile Barak-8 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200916/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-barak-8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921055954/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/200916/india-successfully-test-fires-medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-barak-8.html |archive-date=21 September 2016 |access-date=20 September 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2016 |title=DRDO Newsletter October 2016 |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/Oct_16.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250604082049/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/Oct_16.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2025 |access-date=4 June 2025 |work=drdo.gov.in}}</ref>
* On 25 December 2016, Azerbaijan successfully tested the missile.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/azerbaijan-successfully-test-fires-israeli-produced-barak-8-missile-system/2016/12/26/|title=Azerbaijan Successfully Test-fires Israeli-Produced Barak-8 Missile System|last=Julian|first=Hana Levi|date=26 December 2016|newspaper=The Jewish Press|language=en-US|access-date=24 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202085112/http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/azerbaijan-successfully-test-fires-israeli-produced-barak-8-missile-system/2016/12/26/|archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref>
* On 10 February 2017, Israel Aerospace Industries test fired the missile at sea to verify its capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2017/02/10/IAIs-Barak-8-test-fired-at-sea/5551486755284/|title=IAI's Barak-8 test-fired at sea|newspaper=UPI|access-date=12 February 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211211144/http://www.upi.com/Defense-News/2017/02/10/IAIs-Barak-8-test-fired-at-sea/5551486755284/|archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defenseworld.net/news/18452/Israel_Test_Fires_Barak_8_Missile|title=Israel Test Fires Barak-8 Missile|website=www.defenseworld.net|access-date=12 February 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211124648/http://www.defenseworld.net/news/18452/Israel_Test_Fires_Barak_8_Missile|archive-date=11 February 2017}}</ref>
* On 16 May 2017, the Indian Navy successfully test fired the MRSAM variant from {{INS|Kochi}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/18/indian-navy-successfully-test-fires-mrsam-from-ins-kochi-1606000.html|title=Indian Navy successfully test fires MRSAM from INS Kochi|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221702/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/18/indian-navy-successfully-test-fires-mrsam-from-ins-kochi-1606000.html|archive-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/navy-successfully-test-fires-mr-sam-from-ins-kochi-2437570.html|title=Navy successfully test fires MR-SAM from INS Kochi|work=www.oneindia.com|access-date=17 May 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517151956/http://www.oneindia.com/india/navy-successfully-test-fires-mr-sam-from-ins-kochi-2437570.html|archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref> According to a report, the course of the test was described as, "launch and engagement of the target, MFSTAR radar aboard the Indian naval ship identified the airborne threat and tracked it over its flying course, data was sent to the command center of the weapon system which launched the intercepting missile into orbit, having been successfully launched, the missile navigated itself to the target during flight it engaged the target, aligned its course, hit it and destroyed it, successfully demonstrating all the goals assigned to each component".<ref name=":10" />
* On 29 November 2017, the Indian Navy test fired again the MRSAM from INS ''Kochi''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://citytoday.news/indian-navy-conducts-successful-mrsam-firing-from-ins-kochi/|title=Indian Navy conducts successful MRSAM firing from INS Kochi - Mysuru Today|date=29 November 2017|work=Mysuru Today|access-date=29 November 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=31 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831060231/https://citytoday.news/indian-navy-conducts-successful-mrsam-firing-from-ins-kochi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:INS Kochi test fires a Medium Range Surface to Air Missile, 2019 (1).jpg|thumb|{{INS|Kochi}} firing a Barak-8 MRSAM variant]]
* On 25 January 2019, the Indian Navy test fired the LRSAM from {{INS|Chennai}} against an incoming aerial target flying at a low altitude.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/International/India-successfully-tests-Barak-8-long-range-surface-to-air-missile-578631|title=India successfully tests Barak 8 long-range surface-to-air missile - International news - Jerusalem Post|website=www.jpost.com|date=25 January 2019 |access-date=25 January 2019}}</ref>
* On 15 May 2019, the MRSAM variant was first operated in their full Joint Taskforce Coordinating (JTC) mode by the Indian Navy via their two {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|1}}: INS ''Kochi'' and INS ''Chennai''. The JTC mode implements the Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) of the Barak-8 MRSAM system. Both ships launched the missiles but only one was doing the actual engagement role. The demonstration was done on India's western seaboard.<ref name="1st JTC mode MRSAM demo, DefenseUpdate">{{cite news|url=https://defense-update.com/20190517_indian-navy-demonstrates-mrsam-cooperative-engagement-capability.html|title=Indian Navy Demonstrates 'MRSAM 'Cooperative Engagement' Capability |website=defense-update.com |date=17 May 2019}}</ref>
* On 23 November 2020, the missile was successfully tested by India from ITR at Chandipur when a [[Meggitt Banshee|Banshee]] unmanned air vehicle (UAV) was hit mid-air. The entire mission trajectory from the launch to plunging into the sea was monitored by various radars and electro-optico instruments.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 December 2020 |title=India successfully test-fires surface-to air missile off Odisha coast |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-successfully-test-fires-surface-to-air-missile-off-odisha-coast-120122300912_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
* On 22 March 2021, Israel Aerospace Industries successfully test fired the BARAK MX's ER (extended range) interceptor with 150 km range and 30 km altitude.
* On 27 March 2022, [[DRDO]] conducted two successful flight tests of the Indian Army version of MRSAM at Integrated Test Range, Chandipur off the coast of Odisha. The first launch was to intercept a medium altitude long range target and second launch was for proving the capability of a low altitude short range target.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1810241|title=DRDO successfully flight tests Indian Army version of Medium Range Surface to Air Missile off Odisha coast|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=27 March 2022}}</ref>
* On 30 March 2022, DRDO again conducted two successful flight tests of the Indian Army version of MRSAM at ITR, Chandipur off the coast of Odisha within three days. The launches were carried out establishing the accuracy and reliability of the weapon system against targets covering the sea skimming and high-altitude functionality within the envelope. With the conclusion of flight trials for different ranges and scenarios, the system has completed its development trials.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1811377 |title=Army variant of Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile system completes development trials|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2022 |title=Army successfully testfires MRSAM air defence missile, scores direct hit at target |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-successfully-testfires-mrsam-air-defence-missile-scores-direct-hit-at-target/articleshow/90473147.cms |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2022 |title=India tests medium-range surface-to-air missile, destroys target in direct hit |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-tests-medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-destroys-target-in-direct-hit-101648366434983-amp.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* In November 2022 the first successful test of the BARAK MX from an Israeli Sa'ar 6-class corvette was made.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth J. |title=Watch Israel test its anti-missile Barak weapon at sea |url= https://www.defensenews.com/training-sim/2022/12/01/watch-israel-test-its-anti-missile-barak-weapon-at-sea/ |date=December 2022 | work =Defense News |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>
* On 3 and 4 April 2025, DRDO and the Indian Army conducted four successful flight tests of the Army version of MRSAM from Dr. APJ [[Abdul Kalam Island]], [[Odisha]]. The operational trials targeted high-speed aerial threats, with the missiles achieving direct hits at long-range, short-range, high altitude, and low altitude, proving the system's operational capability. The tests were conducted under operational conditions, with performance validated through data from radars and electro-optical tracking systems. These trials demonstrated the capabilities of both [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern]] and [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Commands]] and set the stage for the deployment of the weapon systems in two regiments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2025 |title=DRDO & Indian Army conduct four successful flight-tests of Army version of Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118918 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404132833/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118918 |archive-date=4 April 2025 |access-date=4 April 2025 |work=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
* On 24 April 2025, {{INS|Surat|D69|6}} conducted a missile test of [[MRSAM]] which intercepted a [[sea-skimming]] target in the [[Arabian Sea]] through precision cooperative engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=Video: Navy warship conducts missile test in Arabian Sea |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/video-indian-navy-warship-conducts-destroyer-ins-surat-missile-test-in-arabian-sea-2713976-2025-04-24 |access-date=24 April 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Deployment (India) ==
=== Orders ===
* 2006: Development contract and order, worth {{INRConvert|2500|c|lk=on|year=2006}}, for LR-SAM (then, Barak-II) for [[Indian Navy]]'s ''Kolkata''-class destroyer.<ref name=":16" />
* February 2009: Israel signed a $1.1 billion or {{INRConvert|10000|c|lk=off|year=2009}} contract to supply an upgraded tactical Barak 8 air defence system to India for the MR-SAM system with deliveries expected by 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2009 |title=India buys upgraded Israeli air defences for $1.1 bn |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-buys-upgraded-israeli-air-defences-for-1-1-bn/articleshow/5212849.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2009 |title=India buys upgraded Israeli air defences for $1.1bn |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-43809220091109 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307020658/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-43809220091109 |archive-date=7 March 2010 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The order included purchase of 18 firing units (9 squadrons) of MRSAMs for the [[Indian Air Force]] along with 450 missiles. The deal also included the developmental cost for the weapon system.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=23 February 2017 |title=PM Modi clears air defence missile deal with Israel for Rs 17,000 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/pm-modi-air-defence-missile-deal-with-israel-indian-army-drdo-962155-2017-02-22 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM), India |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-mrsam/ |access-date=2 November 2024 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
* February 2017: The [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] chaired by [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], cleared a deal to acquire MR-SAM system for the [[Indian Army]] worth around {{INRConvert|17000|c|year=2017}}. Deployment of the system was expected by 2023. The order included the purchase of five regiments (8 firing units each) with 40 firing units and 200 missiles for {{INRConvert|17000|c|lk=off|year=2017}}.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=India signs MRSAM deal |url=http://www.janes.com/article/69434/india-signs-mrsam-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101222/http://www.janes.com/article/69434/india-signs-mrsam-deal |archive-date=19 April 2017 |access-date=18 April 2017 |website=Jane's }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Boost to Army's air power; to get medium range missile by 2020 - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-to-armys-air-power-to-get-medium-range-missile-by-2020/articleshow/60244300.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827221431/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/more-akash-systems-for-army/article18620841.ece |archive-date=27 August 2017 |access-date=27 August 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> The order worth $1.6 billion was placed by the Indian Army in April 2017. This marked the largest single purchase in IAI history. The order also included missiles for the Navy's [[INS Vikrant (2013)|INS ''Vikrant'']].<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |author=ToI Staff |title=Israel signs air defense contracts with India worth almost $2 billion |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-signs-air-defense-contracts-with-india-worth-almost-2-billion/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Times of Israel |language=en-US}}</ref>
* On 21 May 2017, IAI received an order of $630 million from the Indian Navy to equip four ships of the {{sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer|1}} with the LR-SAM system. The order was executed along with BEL. The missile was already operational with the Indian Air Force and Navy.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Abhinav |date=21 May 2017 |title=Israel Aerospace Industries gets USD 630 million deal for Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-israel-aerospace-industries-gets-usd-630-million-deal-for-indian-navy-382532 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2017 |title=Israel Aerospace Industries gets $630 mn deal for Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/israel-aerospace-industries-gets-630-mn-deal-for-indian-navy-930148-2017-05-21 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* On 5 September 2018, [[Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited|MDL]] and [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers|GRSE]] awarded [[Bharat Electronics]] with a {{INRConvert|9200|c|lk=off|year=2018}} contract to supply seven Barak-8 LR-SAM air defence systems for the {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1||2019}}s. In October 2018, Bharat Electronics signed a $777 million deal with Israel Aerospace Industries to help fulfil the Barak-8 order.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2018 |title=BEL Order Book Crosses 50,000 Crore landmark |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1545019 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name="iai-bel-order2">{{cite news |last1=Dominguez |first1=Gabriel |date=24 October 2018 |title=IAI wins USD777 million contract to supply additional Barak-8 LRSAM systems for Indian Navy |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84016/iai-wins-usd777-million-contract-to-supply-additional-barak-8-lrsam-systems-for-indian-navy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024175410/https://www.janes.com/article/84016/iai-wins-usd777-million-contract-to-supply-additional-barak-8-lrsam-systems-for-indian-navy/ |archive-date=24 October 2018 |work=Jane's Defence Weekly}}</ref>
* In January 2019, the Indian Navy and [[Cochin Shipyard]] and IAI struck a {{INRConvert|6800|c|lk=off|year=2019}} deal to deliver LR-SAM for {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}} and provide maintenance and other services for various MSRAM sub-systems.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":2" />
* In July 2019, the Rafael Advanced Defense Systems awarded a $100 million contract to Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems (KRAS) for the production of 1,000 MR-SAM missile kits for the Indian Army and Air Force orders.<ref name="1000barak">{{cite web |title=Kalyani Rafael gets $100-million order for BARAK-8 missile kits |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2019/07/11/kalyani-rafael-gets-100-million-order-barak-8-missiles-kits.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=KRAS receives $100 M Order from RAFAEL to supply Barak-8/ MRSAM missile kits for the Indian Army and Air Force |url=https://www.rafael.co.il/press/kras-receives-100-m-order-from-rafael-to-supply-barak-8-mrsam-missile-kits-for-the-indian-army-and-air-force/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=www.rafael.co.il}}</ref> KRAS announced that it had begun delivery of the first batch of MR-SAM missile kits to BDL on 16 March 2021.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Chaliawala |first=Nehal |title=Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems rolls out the first batch of indigenous missiles for Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/kalyani-rafael-advanced-systems-rolls-out-the-first-batch-of-indigenous-missiles-for-indian-army/articleshow/81534091.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2021 |title=KRAS making advanced defence systems |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kras-making-advanced-defence-systems |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
* On 16 January 2025, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Indian Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) signed a contract with BDL for the supply of over 70 MRSAM missiles for the Indian Navy at a cost of around {{INRConvert|2960|c|lk=off|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2025 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks Rs 2,960 crore contract with BDL for Medium-Range Surface-to-Air Missiles for Indian Navy |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2093286 |access-date=6 January 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=First Medium Range Missile Regiment Of Army Raised In Eastern Command |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/first-medium-range-missile-regiment-of-army-raised-in-eastern-command-3808711 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
* The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), chaired by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], cleared the procurement of over 700 MRSAM missiles<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-22 |title=From MR-SAM to Astra-2: Big Missile Decisions Expected at Dec 26 DAC Meet: EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/from-mr-sam-to-astra-2-big-missile-decisions-expected-at-dec-26-dac-meet-article-153332728 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> at a cost of {{INRConvert|30000|c|lk=off|year=2025}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-30 |title=DAC approvs Rs 1,600-cr lease of 2 more 'Predator' drones |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dac-approvs-rs-1600-cr-lease-of-2-more-predator-drones/articleshow/126241732.cms |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Production ===
For the missiles meant for the [[Indian Armed Forces]], [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] (BDL) is the lead integrator of the missile. Components of the missile is manufactured by [[Kalyani Rafael Advanced Systems]] (KRAS), a joint venture between the [[Kalyani Group]] and Rafael, at Kalyani Rafael's plant in [[Hyderabad]], Telangana before being sent to Bharat Dynamics Limited for further integration.<ref name="1000barak" /><ref name=":4" /> The Combat Management System is for the system is designed and manufactured by [[Tata Advanced Systems]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> With a $100 million investment, BDL built a new production facility in Hyderabad to produce MRSAM and LRSAM missiles. The factory manufacture 100 missiles annually. Rafael, [[ELTA Systems|Elta]], [[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]], [[Bharat Electronics|Bharath Electronics]] (BEL), and other private companies are among the other contractors working on the MRSAM.<ref name=":3" />

=== Deployment ===
By December 2015, the Indian Navy has already deployed the missiles on ''Kolkata''-class destroyer and ''Visakhapatnam''-class destroyers.<ref name=":0" />

On 9 September 2021, the first Firing Unit was delivered to the Indian Air Force following which, the first MRSAM Squadron was operationalised at [[Jaisalmer Airport|Jaisalmer Air Force Station]] in the presence of Indian Defence Minister [[Rajnath Singh]].<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Srinjoy |date=8 September 2021 |title=First Medium Range Surface to Air Missile developed jointly by IAI & DRDO to be handed over to IAF tomorrow |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/first-medium-range-surface-to-air-missile-developed-jointly-by-iai-drdo-to-be-handed-over-to-iaf-tomorrow/809492 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Times Now News |language=en}}</ref> It was reported that IAF had plans to acquire 9 squadrons of MRSAM with 24 firing units (or batteries) and a total of 2,000 missiles.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=India deploys MRSAM near northwestern borders with Pakistan |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-deploys-mrsam-near-northwestern-borders-with-pakistan |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":15" />

In February 2023, the first MRSAM regiment of the Indian Army was raised under the aegis of [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]] under the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]. The MRSAM Weapon System was operationally named as Abhra Weapon System.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2025 |title=Defence ministry inks Rs 2,960 crore deal for additional MR-SAM missiles for warships |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/defence-ministry-inks-rs-2960-crore-deal-for-additional-mr-sam-missiles-for-warships/articleshow/117301778.cms |access-date=16 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In October 2023, it was reported that another MRSAM squadron was deployed at [[Adampur Air Force Station]]. Previously, in 2021, an [[S-400]] squadron was also deployed at the same base.<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force's indigenous MRSAM Air Defence System deployed at Western Front to thwart enemies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/indian-air-forces-indigenous-mrsam-air-defence-system-deployed-at-western-front-to-thwart-enemies/videoshow/104241205.cms |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The army variant of MRSAM was featured in the [[Republic Day Parade]] in 2024. The LBMFSTAR ([[EL/M-2084]]) radar and launchers of the variant are mounted on [[Tata LPTA|Tata LPTA 3138]] [[Eight-wheel drive|8x8]] HMV.<ref name="X-270324">{{cite twitter |number=1746461514608062630 |user=AdithyaKM_ |title=Indian Army MRSAM system on Tata LPTA 3138 8x8 HMV: LBMFSTAR (EL/M-2084) radar & launchers |date=14 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2025}}</ref>

== Service history ==
''[[Middle East Eye]]'' quoted an unnamed official from an unnamed country stating that a Barak 8 operated by the [[Azerbaijani Armed Forces]] intercepted an [[9K720 Iskander|Iskander]] missile shot by Armenia towards [[Baku]] towards the end of the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war]], adding that the firing of the Iskander convinced the Azerbaijan government to accept a ceasefire.<ref name="iskander">{{Cite web|date=2 March 2021|title=Israeli Defense System Shot Down Russian Missile in Karabakh War – Reports|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/03/02/israeli-defense-system-shot-down-russian-missile-in-karabakh-war-reports-a73116|access-date=4 March 2021|website=The Moscow Times|language=en}}</ref> Whether Armenia used any Iskanders during the war is disputed: there were reports on social media of Armenia using the Iskander, but the [[Russian Defense Ministry]] said Armenia didn't fire any Iskanders, and Azerbaijan stated it didn't detect any Iskander launches during the war.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia Shows Off Footage Of Iskander Missile Hitting A Hospital In Highlight Reel Meant To Defend The Weapon's Effectiveness|author=Sebastian Roblin|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sebastienroblin/2021/03/01/moscow-assures-world-its-iskander-missile-can-precisely-hit-a-hospital/?sh=5b7cba3187c5|date=21 March 2021}}</ref>

On 2 July 2022, BARAK MX missiles launched from the [[Sa'ar 5]]-class corvette [[INS Eilat (501)|INS ''Eilat'']] shot down two reconnaissance [[UAV]]s operated by [[Hezbollah]] over the Israeli off-shore [[Karish gas field]] in the Mediterranean sea.<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-says-it-shot-down-3-hezbollah-drones-heading-for-karish-gas-field/ IDF shoots down 3 Hezbollah drones heading for Karish gas field]</ref>

During the [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict]], Indian media reported that the MRSAM system intercepted Pakistani [[Fatah (multiple rocket launcher)|Fatah-2]] rockets over [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]], Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=Barak 8: India's air defence system that intercepted Pakistan's Fatah-II missile |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/barak-8-missiles-india-air-defence-system-pakistan-fatah-ii-missile-13887289.html |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2025 |title=India Neutralises Pakistan's Fatah-II Missile: What Is It Capable Of, How Does It Compare With Islamabad's Other Missiles? |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/world/india-neutralises-pakistans-fatahii-missile-over-hisar-what-is-it-capable-of-how-does-it-compare-with-islamabads-other-missiles-10236351 |access-date=13 May 2025 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2025 |title=DRDO pushes for hypersonic edge against evolving air threats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/drdo-pushes-for-hypersonic-edge-against-evolving-air-threats/article69861313.ece |access-date=28 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:Barak 8 operators 2025.png|thumb|400px|Map with Barak 8 operators in blue{{legend|#00A2E8|Current operators}}{{legend|Purple|Future Users}}]]

===Current operators===
* {{AZE}}: Azerbaijan bought 12 Barak 8 missile systems along with 75 missiles.<ref name="az">{{cite web |url=http://news.az/articles/politics/57003 |title= List of ammunition purchased by Azerbaijan made public |website=news.az |date=27 March 2012 |access-date=28 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120330062654/http://www.news.az/articles/politics/57003 |archive-date=30 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.armyrecognition.com/december_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/azerbaijan_has_successfully_test-fired_israeli-made_barak-8_long-range_surface-to-air_missile_12812163.html |title=Azerbaijan has successfully test-fired Israeli-made Barak-8 long-range surface-to-air missile | work =Army Recognition |date=28 December 2016 |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230224819/http://www.armyrecognition.com/december_2016_global_defense_security_news_industry/azerbaijan_has_successfully_test-fired_israeli-made_barak-8_long-range_surface-to-air_missile_12812163.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 July 2021|title=Israeli IAI sold 12 Barak-8 SAM Systems And 75 Missiles to Azerbaijan|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2021/07/10/israeli-iai-sold-12-barak-8-sam-systems-to-azerbaijan/|access-date= 11 July 2021 |website= Global Defense Corp}}</ref>
* {{CYP}}: Barak MX air defense missile system.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kambas |first1=Michele |title=Cyprus takes delivery of Israeli air defence system, report says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/cyprus-takes-delivery-israeli-air-defence-system-report-says-2024-12-05/ |access-date=27 December 2024 |work=Reuters |date=5 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Σε υπηρεσία το BARAK MX στην Κύπρο | website=Δούρειος Ίππος | date=4 December 2024 | url=https://doureios.com/se-ypiresia-to-barak-mx-stin-kypro/ | ref={{sfnref|Δούρειος Ίππος|2024}} | access-date=9 December 2024}}</ref>
* {{COL}}: Barak MX air defense missile system , Acquired in 2022 and received the first battery in December 2025. The remaining three will be delivered in 2026
* {{IND}}:
** {{Army|India}}: 5 regiments on order
*** Abhra regiment, [[XXXIII Corps (India)|XXXIII Corps]]
** {{Air force|India}}: 9 squadrons on order<ref name=":14" />
*** MRSAM squadron, 41 Wing, [[Jaisalmer Airport|Jaisalmer AFS]]
*** MRSAM squadron, 8 Wing, [[Adampur Airport|Adampur AFS]]
** {{Naval|IND}}
*** {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}
*** {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|1}}
*** {{sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer|1}}
*** {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1|5=2019}}
* {{ISR}}: Israel Aerospace Industries' BARAK MX is operational and Combat-Proven with both the Israeli Air Force and Israeli Navy, formally unveiled during operation "Rising Lion". It is the first Multi-Domain Air and Missile Defence System in Israel to be deployed in both Naval and Ground-Based configurations.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Israeli Navy to begin installing Barak 8 on Sa'ar 4.5 corvettes |url=http://www.janes.com/article/57950/israeli-navy-to-begin-installing-barak-8-on-sa-ar-4-5-corvettes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213151049/http://www.janes.com/article/57950/israeli-navy-to-begin-installing-barak-8-on-sa-ar-4-5-corvettes |archive-date=13 February 2016 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=Jane's }}</ref>
* {{MAR}}: $500 million contract for Barak MX air defense missile systems signed in February 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saballa |first1=Joe |title=Israel, Morocco Sign $500 Million Air Defense Deal |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2022/02/15/israel-morocco-missile-deal/ |website=The Defense Post |access-date=27 December 2024 |date=15 February 2022}}</ref> First deliveries of the systems reported to have happened in mid-2023.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Aamari |first1=Oussama |title=Morocco Receives First Shipments of Israel's Barak MX Defense System |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2023/08/357017/morocco-receives-first-shipments-of-israels-barak-mx-defense-system |website=Morocco World News |access-date=27 December 2024 |date=11 August 2023}}</ref>

===Future operators===
* {{GRE}}: Contract signed between IAI and Hellenic private companies for the construction of the anti-missile defense network "Hellenic Lightning Shield" using the Barak MX<ref>{{cite web |last1=Νικήτας |first1=Γιάννης |title=Νέα Αντιαεροπορικά Συστήματα: Και το όνομα αυτού Hellenic Lightning Shield-Ισραηλινής προέλευσης ο νέος Αντιαεροπορικός «θόλος» |url=https://defencereview.gr/nea-antiaeroporika-systimata-kai-to-o/ |website=Defense Review |access-date=28 December 2024 |date=27 December 2024}}</ref>
* {{NLD}}: Acquisition announced of Barak-ER for use aboard [[Multifunctional Support Ship]]s of the [[Koninklijke Marine]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ruitenberg |first1=Rudy |title=Dutch Navy to buy armed sidekick ships for its air-defense frigates |url=https://www.defensenews.com/global/europe/2024/09/25/dutch-navy-to-buy-armed-sidekick-ships-for-its-air-defense-frigates/ |website=Defense News |access-date=27 December 2024 |date=25 September 2024}}</ref>
* {{SVK}}: €560 million deal signed for Barak MX.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Frantzman |first1=Seth J. |title=Israel signs $583 million deal to sell Barak air defense to Slovakia |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2024/12/israel-signs-583-million-deal-to-sell-barak-air-defense-to-slovakia/ |website=Breaking Defense |access-date=27 December 2024 |date=24 December 2024}}</ref>
* {{THA}}: US$107 million contract signed by the [[Royal Thai Air Force]] for the acquisition of a BARAK MX battery to strengthen the country's [[Integrated Air and Missile Defense]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= Sato |first= Daisuke |date=1 December 2025 |title= Thailand buys Israel's BARAK MX air defense system |url= https://defence-blog.com/thailand-buys-israels-barak-mx-air-defense-system/ |work=Defence Blog}}</ref>

===Potential operators===
* {{POL}}<ref name="flightglobal.com"/>
* {{KSA}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/saudi-arabia-considering-israeli-made-missile-defense-systems/amp/?__twitter_impression=true |access-date=14 September 2021 |title=Saudi Arabia Considering Israeli-Made Missile Defense Systems |work=Breaking defense |date=14 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915031552/https://breakingdefense.com/2021/09/saudi-arabia-considering-israeli-made-missile-defense-systems/amp/?__twitter_impression=true |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{UAE}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2022/01/amid-attacks-uae-quietly-asks-israel-about-defense-systems-sources/|access-date=27 January 2022 |title=Amid attacks, UAE quietly asks Israel about defense systems: Sources|work= Breaking defense |date=25 January 2022 }}</ref>
* {{VNM}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2022-08-18/ty-article/.premium/vietnam-eyes-purchase-of-israeli-air-defense-system/00000182-b1d5-d5c6-a59f-b9dfb5f90000|title=Vietnam Eyes Purchase of Israeli Air-defense System|newspaper=Haaretz |access-date=19 August 2022 |url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220819083832/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2022-08-18/ty-article/.premium/vietnam-eyes-purchase-of-israeli-air-defense-system/00000182-b1d5-d5c6-a59f-b9dfb5f90000 |archive-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>


==See also==
{{Portal|Israel|India|Rocketry}}
* {{Lwc|Akash (missile)|Akash}}
* {{Lwc|Akash-NG}}
* {{Lwc|Aster (missile family)|Aster}}
* {{Lwc|Barak 1}}
* {{Lwc|Bavar-373}}
* {{Lwc|CAMM (missile family)|CAMM}}
* {{Lwc|Hisar (missile family)|HİSAR}}
* {{Lwc|HQ-9}}
* {{Lwc|Khordad 15 (air defense system)|Khordad 15}}
* {{Lwc|MIM-104 Patriot}}
* {{Lwc|Project Kusha}}
* {{Lwc|Anant Shastra}}
* {{Lwc|Raad (air defense system)|Ra'ad}}
* {{Lwc|RIM-174 Standard ERAM}}
* {{Lwc|RIM-66 Standard}}
* {{Lwc|RIM-67 Standard}}
* {{Lwc|Sayyad (missile)#Sayyad-4|Sayyad-4}}
* {{Lwc|Tor missile system}}
* {{Lwc|VL-SRSAM}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Barak 8 missiles}}
* [http://www.iai.co.il/2013/34408-36713-en/IAI.aspx Barak 8 on the IAI website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101207062215/http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Naval-Weapon-Systems/Barak-1-Barak-2-Barak-8-Barak-8-ER-Israel.html Jane's Naval Weapons: Barak 1/2/8]
* ''Defense Industry Daily'': [http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-israel-introducing-mr-sam-03461/ India & Israel Introducing MR-SAM]
* ''Defense Update'': [http://defense-update.com/products/b/barak8.htm Barak-8 MR-SAM program] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828102423/http://www.defense-update.com/products/b/barak8.htm |date=28 August 2017 }})
* ''The Indian Express'' (12 October 2006): [http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/what-cbi-doesnt-say-trishul-a-drdo-dud-thats-why-barak-deal/14511/ What CBI does not say: Trishul a DRDO dud, that's why Barak deal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100414004845/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Barak.html Barak SAM]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-FrD6SUyVo IAI Barak 8 Video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXJd9JbB6q8 Israel First Interception Test - Video]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34nLyetrZ0Q Indian Navy Barak 8 Test - Video 1]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1tUPcQ251g Indian Navy Barak 8 Test - Video 2]

{{IAI aircraft}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barak Sam}}
[[Category:21st-century surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Anti-ballistic missiles of India]]
[[Category:India–Israel relations]]
[[Category:Israel Aerospace Industries missiles]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2010s]]
[[Category:MLM products]]
[[Category:Naval surface-to-air missiles]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of India]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of Israel]]

Battle of the Sittang Bend

2026-03-06T13:02:40Z

Kkasthana: Made Basic Pg Basic Info

{{Short description|Part of Burma Campaign during World War 2}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=Battle of the Sittang Bend
| image= The British Army in Burma 1945 SE4468.jpg
| image_size = 300
|caption=[[BL 5.5-inch Medium Gun|5.5-inch guns]] of the [[Royal Artillery]] firing on Japanese troops attempting to break out of the Sittang Bend in early August 1945
|partof=the [[Burma campaign]], [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asian]] and [[Pacific War|Pacific Theaters]] of [[World War II]]
|date=2 July – 7 August 1945
|place=[[Pegu Yoma]], [[Sittang River]], [[Burma]]
|coordinates ={{coord|18|14|N|96|34|E|source:wikidata|display=title,inline}}
|result=[[United Kingdom|British]] victory<ref>Shaw p 185</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>Allen pp 524–525</ref>
|combatant1={{flagicon|British Empire}} [[United Kingdom]]
* {{flagicon|India|British}} [[British Raj|India]]
* {{flagicon|Burma|1937}} [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
{{flagicon|Nepal|old}} [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]
|combatant2={{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
|commander1= {{flagicon|UK}} [[Montagu Stopford]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[Frank Messervy]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[Francis Tuker]] (acting)
|commander2={{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Heitarō Kimura]] {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Shōzō Sakurai]] {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Masaki Honda]]
|strength1= {{flagicon|UK}} [[Twelfth Army (United Kingdom)|12th Army]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]]
{{flagicon|UK}} [[Force 136]]
|strength2={{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Burma Area Army]] (remnants)
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Twenty-Eighth Army (Japan)|28th Army]]
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Thirty-Third Army (Japan)|33rd Army]]
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Fifteenth Army (Japan)|15th Army]]
|casualties1=Total: 2,000
* 95 killed, 322 wounded & 1,600 non-combat<ref name=autogenerated>{{cite book|title=China-Burma-India theater, Volume 3|publisher=Historical Division, Dept. of the Army, 1959|location=University of Minnesota|page=329}}</ref>
|casualties2=Total: 14,000
* 8,500 killed, 740 captured & over 5,000 non-combat<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref name=autogenerated3>Slim pp. 600–04</ref>
|campaignbox={{Campaignbox Burma}}
}}

The '''Battle of the Sittang Bend''' and the '''Japanese Breakout across Pegu Yomas''' were linked Japanese military operations during the [[Burma Campaign]], which took place nearly at the end of [[World War II]]. Surviving elements of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] who had been driven into the [[Pegu Yoma]] attempted to break out eastwards in order to join other Japanese troops retreating from the British forces. The break-out was the objective of the Japanese [[Twenty-Eighth Army (Japan)|Twenty-Eighth Army]] with support at first from the [[Thirty-Third Army (Japan)|Thirty-Third Army]] and later the [[Fifteenth Army (Japan)|Fifteenth Army]]. As a preliminary, the Japanese Thirty-Third Army attacked Allied positions in the Sittang Bend, near the mouth of the river, to distract the Allies. The British had been alerted to the break-out attempt and it ended calamitously for the Japanese, who suffered many losses, with some formations being wiped out.

There were around 14,000 Japanese casualties, with well over half being killed, while British forces suffered only 95 killed and 322 wounded.<ref name=autogenerated3/> The break-out attempt and the ensuing battle became the last significant land battle of the Western powers in the Second World War.<ref name="Tucker60">Tucker p 60</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book |last=Saunders |first=Hilary St. George |title=Royal Air Force 1939–1945 |volume=III |year=1954 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |pages=362–63}}</ref>

==Background==
By early 1944, the British forces in [[India]] had been reinforced and had expanded their supply infrastructure, which made it possible for them to contemplate an attack into Burma. The Japanese attempted to forestall them by an invasion of India ([[Operation U-Go]]), which led to a great Japanese defeat and other setbacks in Northern Burma.<ref>Slim, p. 368</ref> Following a further defeat at the hands of [[William Slim]] and the [[Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)|Fourteenth Army]] at [[Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay|Meiktila and Mandalay]], the Japanese were further handicapped in their defence of Burma.<ref>Allen, pp. 479–480</ref>

By this time the [[Burmese National Army]] under [[Aung San]] had switched sides (becoming the Burma Patriotic Army) and was hunting down Japanese patrols and foraging parties.<ref name=autogenerated0>Farquharson pp 298–300</ref>

During April, the British and Indian [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]] advanced {{convert|300|mi|km}} from Central Burma down the valley of the [[Sittaung River|Sittang River]]. Japanese rearguards prevented them advancing all the way to [[Yangon|Rangoon]], the capital and main port of Burma but on 2 May, Rangoon fell to an Allied amphibious landing ([[Operation Dracula]]). On 6 May, the leading troops of [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Division]], leading the IV Corps advance, linked up with the troops who had carried out ''Dracula'' at [[Hlegu]] {{convert|28|mi|km}} north east of Rangoon.

After the fall of Rangoon, the Fourteenth Army HQ under Slim moved to [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] to plan operations to recapture [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and Singapore. A new [[British Twelfth Army|Twelfth Army]] headquarters under Lieutenant-General [[Montagu Stopford]] was formed from [[XXXIII Corps (British India)|XXXIII Corps]] HQ. It took over IV Corps in the Sittang valley and directly commanded some divisions in the Irrawaddy valley.<ref>Allen, p 480</ref>

The Japanese [[Twenty-Eighth Army (Japan)|Twenty-Eighth Army]] under Lieutenant General [[Shōzō Sakurai]], after retreating from [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] and the [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy valley]], had reached the [[Pegu Yomas]], a range of low mountains, hills and uplands between the Irrawaddy and the Sittang River in central Burma.<ref name="Seekins-357">Seekins, Donald M. (2006) ''Historical dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)'' Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zY5F88wiDYYC&pg=PA357 p 357], {{ISBN|0-8108-5476-7}}</ref> They were joined by Major General Hideji Matsui's 105th Independent Mixed Brigade, also known as "Kani" Force (men of anti-aircraft batteries, airfield construction battalions, naval anchorage units and NCO schools) which had faced IV Corps.<ref name=autogenerated/>

The Japanese trapped in the Pegu Yomas prepared a break-out operation to rejoin the [[Japanese Burma Area Army|Burma Area Army]] and escape into Thailand with them. The Sittang was unfordable and was therefore a significant military barrier, as it had been in 1942 during the first [[Battle of Sittang Bridge|Burma campaign]].<ref>Slim 1956, p. 18.</ref> General [[Heitarō Kimura]], the commander of Burma Area Army, ordered the Thirty-Third Army to cover this break-out by a diversionary offensive across the Sittang, although the entire army could muster the strength of barely a brigade. In support, the Fifteenth Army were to co-ordinate their efforts with the Twenty-eighth Army, if the operation was failing to meet its objective.<ref name=autogenerated0/>

==Operation==
[[File:Pegu Breakout 1945.jpg|thumb|Map of the Japanese break-out at Pegu]]

British intelligence were aware of the intended break-out but had no detailed information, so Stopford ordered General [[Frank Messervy]] the IV Corps commander to spread the corps over more than a hundred miles of front to block their way. On 2 July 1945 a [[Gurkha]] patrol ambushed and wiped out a small Japanese force and captured a dispatch bag containing the complete operational plan for the Japanese break-out.<ref name=autogenerated0/> The intelligence was quickly distributed among the British forces, which had two weeks to prepare.<ref name=autogenerated2/> One of the intended Japanese routes of march lay directly across the 17th Indian Division headquarters at Penwegon and Messervy reinforced this critical sector with [[64th Indian Infantry Brigade|64th Indian Brigade]] from the [[19th Infantry Division (India)|19th Indian Division]].

The Japanese planned to advance to the Sittang in three columns, under strict rules of engagement forbidding use of firearms in favour of the bayonet and forbidding any radio communication, once they had crossed the Sittang on rafts mostly made of bamboo.<ref name=autogenerated3/> Sakurai underestimated the British strength arrayed against him but believed he could get over half his force across in fighting shape.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

===1st Battle===
The Japanese Thirty-third Army attacked the Sittang Bend on 3 July 1945, attempting to assist the break-out. The attack was mistimed, taking place a week before the Twenty-eighth Army made its advance to the river.<ref name=autogenerated1/> The Japanese were allowed to advance, unaware that their plans were known to the British, until many of their troops were in exposed positions and then a barrage of shell fire and bombing started.<ref name=autogenerated3/> Artillery bombarded the Japanese attack; [[Royal Artillery]] [[Artillery observer|forward observation officers]] (FOOs) continually monitored Japanese movements and gave the signal to fire.<ref name=autogenerated/>

[[Royal Air Force]] [[Close air support|cab rank]] patrols under the direction of visual control posts, called upon squadrons of [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]] and [[Republic P-47 Thunderbolt|Thunderbolts]] on Japanese targets. The destruction on 4 July of three [[Type 91 10 cm howitzer|105 mm]] guns by the Thunderbolts of [[No. 42 Squadron RAF|No. 42 Squadron]] was an example of air power success.<ref name=autogenerated2/>

By 7 July, Kimura ordered Thirty-third Army, having suffered casualties, to halt operations and pulled them back hoping it would be enough to enable the Twenty-eighth army to break-out. The British knew of this anyway and switched their attention to that sector.<ref name=autogenerated/>

===Battle of the Breakout===
On 15 July the Twenty-Eighth Army, despite the mistiming of the Thirty-third Army's attack, began their break-out attempt, unaware that the British knew of their plans.<ref name=autogenerated3/> The [[monsoon]] had begun and the British created two killing fields, the first for artillery (targeting twelve Japanese crossing points along the highway) and the second using aircraft (which were able to fly even in poor weather conditions) to attack those who managed to cross the road, especially between the Sittang and the Salween rivers.<ref name=autogenerated/> FOOs were used in [[Air observation post|the air]] and the ground. Tanks and infantry motorised and on foot, covered the gaps between the positions despite the monsoon. The Allied Patriotic Burma Forces would deal with any survivors on the east bank of the Sittang.<ref name=autogenerated3/><ref name=autogenerated0/>

As such, the Japanese [[55th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|55th Division]] ran straight into the 19th Indian Division strong point at [[Penwegon]]; tanks and infantry repelled every attack inflicting huge losses.<ref name=autogenerated3/> British forward observation officers on the far side of the Sittang, continued to call down artillery fire on the Japanese as the survivors attempted to reform and move south; casualties were appalling and it was in reality a one-sided battle.<ref name=autogenerated1/> The RAF had also attacked troop concentrations and river craft of all kinds; [[No. 273 Squadron RAF|273 Squadron]] and [[No. 607 Squadron RAF|607 Squadron]] had killed about 500 Japanese in the village of [[Hpa-An]], when British and Burmese troops came in to take control.<ref name=autogenerated2/> The 600 men of the Japanese 13th Naval Guard Force broke out separate from the main body, due to confusion and ambushes and only a handful survived.<ref name=autogenerated0/>

On 21 July the Japanese began the last and most desperate attempt to cross the Sittang with the remaining 10,000 troops, many of whom were sick. The [[IJA 54th Division|54th Division]] having suffered heavily from [[cholera]] and [[dysentery]], stepped off from the Pegu Yomas and crossed the flooded paddy fields to the Sittang.<ref name=autogenerated/> Every available Allied tank, gun, mortar and machine gun was at once thrown in against them and despite low clouds and heavy rains, every squadron which was able to sortie.<ref name=autogenerated3/> The Thunderbolt could carry three {{convert|500|lb|kg|adj=on}} bombs and the Spitfire a {{convert|500|lb|kg|adj=on}} bomb and these played havoc among concentrations of moving Japanese troops. Many incidents occurred where RAF ground observers exposed themselves to [[friendly fire]]. A visual Controller, Flight Lieutenant J. Taylor and a corporal, were able to direct around seventeen aircraft at a time on to targets only {{convert|250|yd|m}} from their post – both were wounded by bomb-splinters from RAF fighter-bombers.<ref name=autogenerated2/> With British guns, in particular the devastation caused by the [[BL 5.5-inch Medium Gun|5.5-inch]], [[BL 4.5-inch Medium Field Gun|4.5-inch]] and the [[Ordnance QF 25-pounder|25-pounders]] already shelling the routes, the Japanese were slaughtered and this would last until the end of July.<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref name=autogenerated3/>
<gallery class="left" widths="275px" heights="225px">
File:Burma - 14th Army- the Battle of the Sittang Bend. Men of the Queen's Own (royal West Kent) Regiment Making an Armed patrol Art.IWMARTLD5617.jpg|[[Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment|Royal West Kents]] making an armed patrol deep in flooded paddy fields during the battle. Painting by [[Leslie Cole (artist)|Leslie Cole]]
File:The War in the Far East- the Burma Campaign 1941-1945 CF660.jpg|A [[Supermarine Spitfire]] Mark VIII of No 607 Squadron is prepared by an RAF crew during monsoon conditions at [[Mingaladon]] for a sortie against the Japanese break-out attempt at Sittang
</gallery>

===Last Actions===
On July 28, a last desperate offensive of the Japanese had been brought to a halt. The Japanese Fifteenth Army then stepped in to help the shattered survivors of the 28th Army. The [[Karen people|Karen]] guerrillas were able to ambush hundreds of Japanese soldiers and attack elements from the Fifteenth Army. The Allied liaison organisation [[Force 136]] in [[Operation Character]] used [[Westland Lysander]]s to remove the seriously wounded, prisoners and documents and bring in urgent stores.<ref name=autogenerated0/> They provided targets not only for Spitfires and Thunderbolts but called on the [[Bristol Beaufighter|Beaufighters]] and [[de Havilland Mosquito|Mosquitos]] of the [[RAF Third Tactical Air Force|Tactical Air Force]]. By 29 July, the Fifteenth Army retired, realising that the break-out was a disaster but had succeeded in at least rescuing a number of scattered groups.<ref name=autogenerated3/> By the time the battle had died down only a few Japanese units made it across, having reached the Sittang by 7 August before the whole area was cleared by Allied infantry.<ref name=autogenerated1/>

==Aftermath==
[[File:The British Army in Burma 1945 SE4444.jpg|thumb|350px|Japanese prisoners from the battle are searched, 30 July 1945.]]
The break-out was a dismal failure and sapped Japanese morale further; the ragged elements were continually harassed by Karen guerrillas and the RAF.<ref name=autogenerated/> Messervy and Stopford described the break-out as a heroic effort and stated that most of the 740 prisoners were taken only because they were incapable of further effort, highlighting the tenacity of the Japanese soldier even when starved and disease ridden.<ref>Hearn p viii</ref>

Of the Japanese losses the unit that suffered the lowest percentage of casualties was in the 105th Independent Mixed Brigade, of 4,173 men more than 2,000 got across the Sittang. The 13th Naval Guard Force was annihilated, with only a handful of its original 600 men escaping. A substantial number, at least 70 and perhaps more, deserted while still in the Pegu Yomas. This force suffered the heaviest casualties of any formation in this costly operation. The 54th Division had suffered huge losses, more than 5,000 were lost breaking out across the Sittang. Of the 9,000 men of the 55th division that started the break-out, fewer than 4,000 made it to the [[Tenasserim Hills|Tenasserim]].<ref name=autogenerated1/> Out of 18,000 men directly controlled by Twenty-eighth Army less than 6,000 in total managed to reach the east bank of the Sittang.<ref name=autogenerated3/> The British and Allied forces in addition to having claimed 1,500 being sick to disease throughout the period had suffered no more than 95 men killed and 322 wounded, a small number of these coming from "friendly fire".<ref name=autogenerated/>

The Royal Air Force flew a total of 3,045 sorties and dropped some {{convert|750|LT|t}} of bombs. The loss of so many Japanese troops was largely due to British air power and artillery fire; the soldiers that fought here coined the battle a ''gunners war''.<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref name=autogenerated2/>

With this defeat, the Japanese Burma Area Army was reduced to an ineffective fighting force. With the majority of Burma liberated, word that Japan had surrendered on 15 August only increased the anxiety of the Japanese to get to the Tenasserim hills.<ref name=autogenerated3/> They did not however wish to be immobilised on the eastern bank of the Sittang so another 2,000 more died after the battle had been fought, many in the first days of peace. It was the last big battle on land of World War II involving the Western Allies.<ref name="Tucker60"/>

On 13 September 1945, the remaining units of the once formidable Japanese Burma Area Army surrendered to the British.<ref name=autogenerated1/><ref>Topich & Leitich p 69</ref>

== References ==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Louis|year=1973|title=Sittang: The last battle|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York |isbn=9780356042190}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Louis|year=1984|title=Burma: The Longest War|publisher=Dent|location=London|isbn=0-460-02474-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Roderick|title=Forgotten Voices of the Secret War: An Inside History of Special Operations in the Second World War|year=2009|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780091918514}}
* {{cite book|last=Farquharson|first=Robert H.|title=For Your Tomorrow: Canadians and the Burma Campaign, 1941–1945|year=2004|publisher=Trafford|isbn=9781412015363}}
* {{cite book|last=Frank| first=Richard B.|year=1999|title=Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire |publisher=Random House|location=New York|isbn= 0-679-41424-X }}
* {{cite book|last=Jowett|first=Bernard|year=1999|title=The Japanese Army 1931–45: 1942–45 |volume=II|publisher=Osprey|location=Oxford|isbn=1-84176-354-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Hearn|first=Lafcadio|title=Lafcadio Hearn: Japan's Great Interpreter: A New Anthology of His Writings, 1894–1904|year=1992|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781873410028}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewin|first=Ronald|title=Slim: The Standardbearer: A Biography of Field-Marshal the Viscount Slim|year=1998|publisher=Wordsworth Editions|isbn=9781840222142}}
* {{cite book|last=Madej|first=Victor|year=1981|title=Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937–1945|publisher=Game Publishing Company|location=Allentown, Pa|oclc=8930220}}
* {{cite book|last=Marston|first=Daniel|year=2005|title=The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima|publisher=Osprey|location=Oxford|isbn=1-84176-882-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Randle|first=John|title=Battle Tales from Burma|year=2004|publisher=Casemate|isbn=9781844151127}}
* {{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Antony|title=World War II Day by Day|year=2000|publisher=MBI|isbn=9780760309391}}
* {{cite book|last=Slim|first=William|title=Defeat into Victory|year=2009|publisher=Pan military classics|isbn=9780330509978}}
* {{cite book|last1=Topich|first1=William J.|last2=Leitich|first2=Keith A.|title=The History of Myanmar The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313357251}}
* {{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Shelby|title=Burma: Curse of Independence|year=2001|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=9780745315416}}

==External links==
* [http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/node/2782 JAPANESE BREAKOUT FROM THE PEGU YOMAS TO THE EAST (21/7/1945)]

{{world War II}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sittang Bend}}
[[Category:Burma campaign (1944–1945)]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan]]
[[Category:1945 in India]]
[[Category:1945 in Burma]]
[[Category:Land battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:July 1945 in Asia]]
[[Category:August 1945 in Asia]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]

Dada (1979 film)

2026-03-03T23:23:22Z

Kkasthana: new basic info w/ refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dada
| image = dadamovie.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = Jugal Kishore
| producer = Jugal Kishore
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Bindiya Goswami]] [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Usha Khanna]] '''Lyrics by''' [[Ravindra Jain]] [[Asad Bhopali]] [[Kulwant Jani]] 
[[Gauhar Kanpuri]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =  Jugal Productions Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dada''''' is a 1979 Hindi [[Bollywood]] film directed and produced by Jugal Kishore, starring [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Bindiya Goswami]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web| title = Dada (1979)| publisher = IMDb| url = https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0231416/}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Vinod Mehra]] as Moti / Jeetu
* [[Bindiya Goswami]] as Kamini
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Fazlu
* [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Bihari
* [[Raza Murad]] as Raghu / Jaggu (Double Role)
* [[Jagdeep]] as Jagdeep / Fake Moti
* [[Shashi Puri]] as Basheer
* [[Madhu Malini]] as Bobby
* [[Ramesh Deo]] as Pyarelal
* [[Indrani Mukherjee]] as Mrs. Pyarelal
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Dharamdas
* [[Seema Deo]] as Tara
* [[Pallavi Joshi]] as Munni
* [[Rajendra Nath|Rajendranath]] as Alibhai Motorwala
* [[Mohan Sherry]] as Lawyer / Public Prosecutor
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Usha Khanna]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song
! Singer
|-
| "Dil Ke Tukde Tukde Karke Muskurake Chal Diye" lyrics by Kulwant Jani
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| "Humne Maana Humpe Sajan" lyrics by Mahendra Dehlvi
| [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
|-
| "Hum Sabko Nek Raah" lyrics by Asad Bhopali
| [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
|-
| "Parde Mein Koi Baitha Hai Parda Karke" lyrics by Asad Bhopali
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
|-
| "Gaddi Jandi" lyrics by Ravindra Jain
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]], [[Hemlata (singer)|Hemlata]], [[Dilraj Kaur]]
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Fazlu
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[K. J. Yesudas]] for the song "Dil Ke Tukde Tukde Karke"

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0231416}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Songs_with_lyrics_by_Sahir_Ludhianvi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Usha Khanna]]

Desamante Manushuloyi

2026-03-03T20:23:07Z

Kkasthana: Improved readability and structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Desamante Manushuloyi
| image =
| caption =
| director =[[C. S. Rao]]
| producer =K. M. K. Naidu G. K. Naidu
| writer =
| starring =[[Sobhan Babu]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] Anjali Devi
| music =
| cinematography =[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =Filmkrafts
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1970|01|01}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Desamante Manushuloyi''''' is a 1970 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Political film|political]] [[social problem]] film. The film was directed by [[C. S. Rao]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0261644/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm Desamante Manushuloi (1970) - Full Cast & Crew - IMDb]</ref><ref>[https://www.knowyourfilms.com/film.php?ID=19133 Desamante Manushuloi – KnowYourFilms]</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2020}} It received the 1970 [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]].

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] - 1970<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=18th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. S. Rao]]

{{1970s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Angad Pratap

2026-03-03T13:59:22Z

Kkasthana: Made Some Entry W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian test pilot and astronaut-designate (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox astronaut
| name = Angad Pratap
| image = Group Captain Angad Pratap.jpg
| caption = Pratap, being felicitated by [[Prime Minister of India|Indian prime minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] in 2024
| type = [[List of Indian astronauts|ISRO astronaut]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|7|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Prayagraj]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted indent list
| [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]])
| [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]
| [[Air Force Academy (India)|Indian Air Force Academy]]
| [[Indian Institute of Science]] ([[Master of Engineering|M.Tech.]])
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Astronaut]]|[[Test pilot]]}}
| selection = [[List of astronauts by year of selection#2019|1st Gaganyatri Group (2019)]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = India
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| rank = [[Group captain (India)|Group captain]]
| serviceyears = 2004–present
}}
}}

'''Angad Pratap''' (born 17 July 1982) is a [[Group captain (India)|group captain]] and [[test pilot]] with the [[Indian Air Force]] and [[List of Indian astronauts|gaganyatri]] (astronaut) with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). In 2019, he was one of the four men identified to be trained for the ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' mission of the ISRO, part of the [[Indian human spaceflight programme]].

== Early life and education ==
Pratap was born in [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Prayagraj Boy To IAF Pilot: Meet Group Captain Angad Prathap|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/who-is-group-captain-angadh-prathap-one-of-the-astronauts-of-gaganyaan-mission-article-108051317|date=27 February 2024|work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> He completed his schooling at Springdales School. He later graduated from the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], and joined the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]].<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Angad Pratap – Biography|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Angad-Pratap|encyclopedia=[[Britannica]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Defence career ==
Pratap was commissioned into the [[fighter aircraft|fighter]] stream of the Indian Air Force on 18 December 2004. {{As of|2025}}, Pratap holds the rank of [[Group captain (India)|group captain]] in the Indian Air Force. He has over 2,900 flying hours of experience, in aircraft such as [[Antonov An-32]], [[Dornier Do 228]], [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21]], [[Mikoyan MiG-29]], and [[Sukhoi Su-30 MKI]]. He initially served as a [[flying instructor]] before qualifying as a [[test pilot]].<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-4-gaganyaan-astronauts-5136912|title=All you need to know about the Gaganyaan astronauts|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gaganyaan astronaut completes mountaineering course|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/gaganyaan-astronaut-completes-56-day-mountaineering-course-in-just-10-days/articleshow/115363174.cms|date=16 November 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He served as a [[flying instructor]] and [[test pilot]] prior to his selection for the human spaceflight programme.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who Are The Four Astronauts Selected For India's Crewed Space Mission Gaganyaan?|url=https://www.news18.com/india/who-are-the-four-astronauts-selected-for-indias-crewed-space-mission-gaganyaan-details-here-8794550.html|work=[[News18]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Astronaut career ==
[[File:Gaganyaan crew at Russia.jpg|thumb|left|Pratap (right) at the [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]]]]

In 2019, Pratap was shortlisted by the Institute of Aerospace Medicine for the ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' programme of the ISRO. He was among four candidates selected for training as a part of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |date=27 February 2024 |title=Gaganyaan: India names astronauts for maiden space flight |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68411095 |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rajwi |first=Tiki |date=27 February 2024 |title=ISRO's Gaganyaan mission: PM Modi announces Indian astronaut designates |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-meets-gaganyaan-astronaut-designates/article67890939.ece |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He trained at the [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]] in Russia from 2020 to 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 March 2021 |title=ISRO's astronaut trainees return after completing training in Russia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-astronauts-complete-russia-training-101613658020316.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> He later underwent mission-specific training at ISRO's Astronaut Training Facility in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |title=Nair, Prathap, Krishnan and Chauhan listed for Gaganyaan mission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nair-prathap-krishnan-and-chauhan-listed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/108022351.cms |access-date=27 February 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

On 27 February 2024, ISRO officially introduced Pratap as a member of the astronaut team for ''Gaganyaan'', India's planned first human spaceflight mission.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM announces Gaganyaan astronauts|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68411095|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 February 2024|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref> {{As of|2025}}, he continued to train as part of the ''Gaganyaan'' crew, with the first crewed mission expected in 2027.<ref>{{cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=6 May 2025 |title=Gaganyaan mission moved to first quarter of 2027 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-slated-for-first-quarter-of-2027-isro-chief-narayanan/article69544954.ece |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=27 February 2024 |title=Gaganyaan: India names astronauts for maiden space flight |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68411095 |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.britannica.com/biography/Angad-Pratap}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratap, Angad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Indian test pilots]]
[[Category:Indian astronauts]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Gaganyaan]]

Let's Meet

2026-03-02T04:36:00Z

Kkasthana: Done

{{short description|2025 Indian Hindi-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Let’s Meet
| image = Let's Meet poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ravinder (Ricky) Sandhu
| screenplay = {{ubl|Ravinder (Ricky) Sandhu|}}
| story = Anil B. Akki
| producer = {{ubl|Pradeep Rangwani|}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Tanuj Virwani]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/became-more-responsible-after-becoming-a-father-but-workwise-i-have-no-boundaries-tanuj-virwani-101737139660466.html | title=Became more responsible after becoming a father but workwise I have no boundaries: Tanuj Virwani | work=Hindustan Times | date=18 January 2025 }}</ref>
* Suman Rana
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anil B. Akki
| editing = Anshul R. Gupta
| music = {{plainlist|
* Prini Siddhant Madhav
* Rohan-Rohan
}}
| studio = UV Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|02|07|}}
| runtime = 103 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| based_on =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Let’s Meet''''' is a 2025 Indian Hindi-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Ricky Sandhu<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/punjabi/lets-meet-poster-out-guddi-laddu-makers-launch-their-upcoming-project-article-117021007 | title=Let's Meet Poster: गुठली लड्डू' के मेकर्स ने अपनी अगली फिल्म 'लेट्स मीट' का पोस्टर किया लॉन्च, ऑनलाइन प्रेम कहानी पर है आधारित | date=5 January 2025 }}</ref> and produced by Pradeep Rangwani under the UV Films banner.<ref>{{cite web |title=Let's Meet - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/lets-meet-official-trailer/videoshow/117479989.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title=लेट्स मीट का पोस्टर आउट, इस दिन रिलीज होगी फिल्म |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/entertainment/news/poster-of--let-s-meet--out-film-will-be-released-on-this-day-2086094}}</ref> The film tells a story crafted by Anil B. Akki, who also served as the creative producer and cinematographer.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title=Let's Meet Motion Poster: 'लेट्स मीट' का मोशन पोस्टर हुआ रिलीज, फिल्म 7 फरवरी को सिनेमाघरों में देगी दस्तक (Watch Video) | 🎥 LatestLY हिन्दी |url=https://hindi.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/bollywood/lets-meet-motion-poster-out-now-film-set-to-release-on-7-feb-2025-2447712.html}}</ref> The screenplay and dialogue are written by Ravinder Sandhu, while the music is composed by Prini Siddhant Madhav, and Rohan-Rohan, featuring lyrics by Naveen Tyagi and songs sung by Jaaved Ali, Nakash Aziz, and Rohan Pradhan.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 January 2025 |title=The Trailer of "Let's Meet" is out! - Latest News, Breaking News, National News, World News, India News, Bollywood News, Business News, Politics News, Sports News, Entertainment News - CineBuster |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/the-trailer-of-lets-meet-is-out/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title=लेट्स मीट का पोस्टर आउट, इस दिन रिलीज होगी फिल्म |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/filmi-duniya/poster-of-let-s-meet-out-film-will-be-released-on-this-day/254913/}}</ref>

==Plot==
Two strangers find an unexpected connection in the digital world. Nikhil, a confident actor who loves attention, meets Priya, a reserved woman stepping out of her comfort zone through an anonymous [[social media]] profile. A random friend request sparks online chats that grow into a deep emotional bond. As their virtual relationship blossoms, they face the challenge of turning it into something real. Can their connection survive outside the digital space?

== Cast ==
{{div col}}
*[[Tanuj Virwani]] as Nikhil
*Suman Rana as Priya
*Supriya Shailja as Nalini
*Litesh M. Pawar as Gopu
*Sristi Maheshwari Vaidyaa as Althea
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
Shot in [[Mumbai]], the film is set to release in theatres on 7 February 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onearabia.me/bollywood/lets-meet-release-date-pradeep-rangwanis-next-hit-screens-on-7th-feb-2025-011-92063.html | title=Let's Meet Release Date Announced: Pradeep Rangwani's Social Media Love Story Hits Theatres on February 7, 2025 | date=7 January 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2025/lets-meet-release-date-pradeep-rangwani-s-next-hit-screens-on-7th-feb-2025-437043.html | title=Lets Meet Release Date: Pradeep Rangwani's Next Hit Screens on 7th Feb 2025 | date=7 January 2025 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/lets-meet/movie-review/117917903.cms]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiaforums.com/article/review-lets-meet-is-a-heartfelt-take-on-love-in-the-digital-era_217822]</ref><ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/lets-meet-movie-review-tanuj-virwani-suman-rana-make-you-fall-in-love-in-the-compelling-romantic-drama-13858923.html]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21419928}}
*[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/lets-meet/ Let's Meet, Bollywood Hungama]

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Nikamma

2026-03-02T04:30:12Z

Kkasthana: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|2022 film directed by Sabbir Khan}}
{{For|the 1983 film alternatively known as Nikamma|Jaane Jaan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nikamma poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sabbir Khan]]
| producer = [[Sony Pictures Networks India|Sony Pictures International Productions]] Sabbir Khan
| writer = Venu Sriram
| screenplay = Sabbir Khan
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on| ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' (2017) by [[Venu Sriram]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Abhimanyu Dassani]]
*[[Shirley Setia]]
*[[Shilpa Shetty]]
}}
| music = '''Score:''' John Stewart Eduri '''Songs:''' [[Amaal Malik]] [[Javed-Mohsin]] [[Vipin Patwa]] Gourov Dasgupta
| cinematography = Hari K. Vedantam
| editing = Manan Ajay Sagar
| studio = [[Sony Pictures Networks India|Sony Pictures International Productions]] Sabbir Khan Films
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]
| runtime = 148 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=NIKAMMA Film Details, Cast, Runtime, etc |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/nikamma/movieshow/70326484.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|06|17}}
| country = India
| budget = {{INR|22}} [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nikamma (2022)- Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=6188 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=20 September 2022}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR| 1.77}} crore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/nikamma/box-office/ |title=Nikamma Box Office |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=17 June 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref>
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Nikamma''''' ({{translation|Useless}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Sabbir Khan]]. It is a remake of the 2017 [[Telugu film]] ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' and stars [[Abhimanyu Dassani]], [[Shirley Setia]] and [[Shilpa Shetty]]. ''Nikamma'' was released theatrically on 17 June 2022 and received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics and the audience.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Nikamma Review: Shilpa Shetty disappoints |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Reviews/994511362/Nikamma-Review-Shilpa-Shetty-disappoints |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=India Herald |language=en |quote=The film 'Nikamma' is getting overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics and audience.}}</ref> The film was also a [[box-office bomb]].

==Plot==
Adi is an unemployed youth with an [[eidetic memory]], having issues with his elder brother Raman as he dotes on Avni, Raman's wife (Adi's sister-in-law) and a [[Regional Transport Office|RTO]] officer. He consequently left home 15 months ago and has since been staying with his paternal uncle. Raman soon summons Adi and tells him to accompany Avni, who is transferred to [[Dhamli]] for two months as Raman is transferred to [[Bangalore]]. Avni compels Adi to do all the household chores, much to his annoyance. Adi tries to appoint a maid for house chores but Avni denies. She tries to pursue Adi to become a [[software engineer]], but to no avail. One day, Adi bumps into Natasha aka Nikki, who instantly proposes to Adi. Adi is taken aback and falls for Nikki. Soon, it is revealed that Nikki is Avni's cousin and comes to live with her. Adi later finds out Nikki's real identity and also that she had been seeing Adi since Avni and Raman's wedding. Avni learns about Adi and Nikki's romance and sends Nikki home. Adi soon gets frustrated and wants to go back with his uncle who comes to visit. However, he learns from the latter that it was Raman's decision to send him away from home and not Avni's, as Raman wanted his brother to become more responsible. Avni made him do all the chores and chopping for cooking to make him realise the essence of hardwork. Moreover, she sent Nikki home as she is planning to send a marriage proposal to her family for Adi. For this, she wanted Adi to take a decent job and even decided to sell her land to buy a house for Adi. She still didn't take a child as she considers Adi as her elder child and wishes to see him settle down first.

On the other hand, Avni earns the enmity of [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Vikramjeet Bisht, who runs a taxi service called ''Super''. He floods the roads with his cabs to expand his business. When the [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation|bus service association]] raises an objection, he sets fire to one of the buses, killing 40 people. Avni takes action against Vikramjeet and seizes his illegal cabs. This enrages Vikramjeet, who goes to the RTO office to kill her. At the same moment, Adi (who has learnt Avni's sacrifices for his sake) thrashes him in public and warns him. Soon, Nikki's father denies Avni's marriage proposal of Adi and Nikki due to Adi's enmity to Vikramjeet. Avni takes Adi to Vikramjeet's house and makes him apologise to Vikramjeet for his actions. But, Adi and Vikramjeet agree to bet on Avni's life without letting anyone know about this. Vikramjeet challenges Adi that he will get Avni killed within six days, and plans various strategies to murder her, only for Adi to intelligently save her each time. Vikramjeet secretly invites Raman in Dhamli to stop Adi from sending Avni to Banglore. The next day, after their second marriage anniversary celebration, Avni goes missing. Meanwhile, Vikramjeet secretly kidnaps and hides Raman in one of his four cabs which Avni seized. Adi rushes to Vikramjeet's house to ask Avni's whereabouts but to his surprise Vikramjeet himself is unaware that Avni's missing. Surprising everyone, Avni arrives in a police uniform along with a police force. It is revealed that Avni is an IPS officer who is assigned a secret mission to collect proof against Vikramjeet for his misdeeds. They had already collected the footage of Vikramjeet killing a retired major which can be used against him in court and as the reason of his suspension from the upcoming MLA election. Soon, the video is spread to the media. Unable to accept his defeat, Vikramjeet shoots himself revealing Raman's kidnapping but doesn't say where he is held captive, since he thinks losing Raman will be Adi and Avni's biggest loss and his biggest victory. Soon, he is taken to the hospital but is shifted to the coma ward. Adi finally figures out Raman's location and saves him with the help of Avni. Adi and Nikki get reunited. During the end credits, the whole family is enjoying and laughing at Adi as Avni again refuses to replace Adi with a maid to do house chores. A mid-credit scene shows Vikramjeet's eyes opening up as the screen cuts to black.

== Cast ==
* [[Abhimanyu Dassani]] as Aditya “Adi” Singh
* [[Shirley Setia]] as Natasha "Nikki"
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] as Avni Raman Singh
* [[Samir Soni]] as Raman Singh
* [[Abhimanyu Singh]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Vikramjeet “Vikram” Bisht
* Naren Kumar as Tipu
* [[Rohit Kumar ( Actor )|Rohit Kumar]] as Omi
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Nagendra Singh
* [[Sudesh Lehri]] as Suresh Trivedi
* [[Vikram Gokhale]] as Yashwanth (Retired Indian Army Major)
* Sammratt Kapoor as Darshi

==Production==
===Development===
''Nikamma'' was announced in June 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sabbir-khans-upcoming-film-nikamma-to-star-abhimanyu-dassani-alongside-dubutante-shriley-setia-2240831.html |website=News 18 |title=Sabbir Khan's Upcoming Film Nikamma to Star Abhimanyu Dassani Alongside Dubutante Shriley Setia |date=22 July 2019 |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/im-ready-to-take-that-plunge-again-says-shilpa-shetty-on-her-comeback-film-nikamma-2254621.html |website=News 18 |title=I'm Ready to Take That Plunge Again, Says Shilpa Shetty on Her Comeback Film Nikamma |date=1 August 2019 |access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> It is a remake of 2017 [[Telugu film]] ''[[Middle Class Abbayi]]'' starring [[Nani (actor)|Nani]].<ref>{{cite web |date=16 May 2022 |title=REVEALED: Abhimanyu Dassani's character in Nikamma has an Ajay Devgn connection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/revealed-abhimanyu-dassanis-character-nikamma-ajay-devgn-connection/ |access-date=16 May 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] kicked off in July 2019, and Shetty joined the sets next month.<ref name=":p1">{{cite web |date=22 July 2019 |title=Abhimanyu Dassani and Shirley Setia to star in 'Nikamma' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/abhimanyu-dassani-shirley-setia-to-star-in-nikamma/articleshow/70325985.cms |access-date=21 August 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The shooting was stopped in March 2020 owing to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], before resuming in October 2020 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapping up]] in first week of November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shilpa-shetty-announces-the-wrap-of-nikamma-a-bitter-sweet-moment-for-me/articleshow/79059443.cms |title=Shilpa Shetty announces the wrap of 'Nikamma': A bitter-sweet moment for me |website=The Times of India |date=5 November 2020 |access-date=5 November 2020}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights were acquired by Netflix and was premiered on Netflix on 14 August 2022.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox Album
| name = Nikamma
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Amaal Malik]], [[Javed-Mohsin]], [[Vipin Patwa]] and Gourov Dasgupta
| released = 3 June 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nikamma/4OJKH7jUmTg_ |title=Nikamma – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=3 June 2022 |publisher=Jio Saavn |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref>
| length = 21:22
| label = [[Sony Music India]] (Nikamma Title Track) [[Zee Music Company]] (All Songs)
| producer = Sabbir Khan
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|mU67AybwSis|Nikamma - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Javed–Mohsin]], [[Vipin Patwa]] and Gourov Dasgupta with lyrics written by Danish Sabri, Shabbir Khan, [[Kumaar]] and [[Sanjay Chhel]].

The song "Nikamma" was recreated by [[Javed–Mohsin]] from the track "Nikamma Kiya Is Dil Ne" for the 2002 film ''[[Kyaa Dil Ne Kahaa]]'' which was sung by [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sanjivani Bhelande]] and written by [[Sanjay Chhel]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nikamma-title-song-out-the-rap-kills-the-vibes-of-the-abhimanyu-dassani-shirley-setia-track-7933148/ |title=Nikamma title song out: Rap kills the party vibe in Abhimanyu Dassani and Shirley Setia's glitzy dance number |work=The Indian Express |date=24 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 21:22
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nikamma
| extra1 = [[Dev Negi]], [[Payal Dev]], Deane Sequeira, Javed-Mohsin
| music1 = [[Javed–Mohsin]]
| lyrics1 = Danish Sabri, [[Sanjay Chhel]]
| length1 = 2:48
| title2 = Tere Bin Kya
| extra2 = Dev Negi, Shruti Rane
| music2 = Gourov Dasgupta
| lyrics2 = [[Kumaar]]
| length2 = 3:20
| title3 = Killer
| extra3 = [[Mika Singh]], Amaal Mallik
| music3 = [[Amaal Mallik]]
| lyrics3 = Kumaar
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Nasha Ishq Ka
| extra4 = [[Stebin Ben]], Neha Karode
| music4 = [[Vipin Patwa]]
| lyrics4 = Kumaar
| length4 = 4:06
| title5 = Ab Meri Baari
| extra5 = Farhad Bhiwandiwala, Javed–Mohsin
| music5 = Javed–Mohsin
| lyrics5 = Sabbir Khan, Danish Sabri
| length5 = 3:00
| title6 = Tere Bin Kya
| note6 = Reprise
| extra6 = [[Shirley Setia]], [[Mame Khan]]
| music6 = Gourov Dasgupta
| lyrics6 = Kumaar
| length6 = 4:02
}}

==Release==
''Nikamma'' was released on 17 June 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/abhimanyu-dassani-shirley-setia-shilpa-shetty-starrer-nikamma-release-june-17-2022/ |title=Abhimanyu Dassani, Shirley Setia and Shilpa Shetty starrer Nikamma to release on June 17, 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Nikamma'' received mostly negative reviews from critics and audience.<ref name=":0" /> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|0|3|6|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikamma {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/nikamma |access-date=5 February 2025 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 0.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "This Abhimanyu Dassani-Shilpa Shetty starrer is a film so moth-balled that it would have been roundly rejected even in the 80s."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=17 June 2022 |title=Nikamma review: Shilpa Shetty's comeback makes you worry about Bollywood's future |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/nikamma-movie-review-shilpa-shetty-abhimanyu-dassani-shirley-setia-star-rating-7975663/ |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''Firstpost'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "It wouldn't be an exaggeration to say that amongst all the genres Hindi Cinema has ever birthed or embraced, the 'Masala film' genre remains the most employed and yet the most misunderstood."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=BN |date=18 June 2022 |title=Nikamma movie review: Abhimanyu Dassani starrer is yet another vapid attempt to revitalize the masala film genre |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nikamma-movie-review-abhimanyu-dassani-starrer-is-yet-another-vapid-attempt-to-revitalize-the-masala-film-genre-10808591.html |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Rachana Dubey of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Overall, the film could have done a lot if the writing was more clearly structured, the editing tighter and the direction a lot more focussed on finer details of the story and characters."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dubey |first=Rachana |date=17 June 2022 |title=Nikamma Movie Review: A confused tale of a wasted lad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/nikamma/movie-review/92276860.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave 1 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Abhimanyu Dassani struggles to rise above the script. Shirely Setia is a fetching presence but she has some way to go before she can be regarded as a finished article."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=17 June 2022 |title=Nikamma Review: No Matter What, Shilpa Shetty's Comeback Film Remains Just That - No Good |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/nikamma-review-no-matter-what-shilpa-shettys-comeback-film-remains-just-that-no-good-3075813 |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Nikamma'' was released in 1250 Screens. It earned only ₹51 Lakh' box office on its opening day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2022 |title=Nikamma Day 1 box office collection: Shilpa Shetty-starrer collects meagre Rs 51 Lakh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/nikamma-day-1-box-office-collection-shilpa-shetty-abhimanyu-dassani-starrer-collects-meagre-rs-51-lakh-1963961-2022-06-18 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2022 |title=Nikamma box office day 1: Shilpa Shetty's film opens at half crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/nikamma-box-office-day-1-shilpa-shetty-s-film-opens-at-half-crore-101655531955256.html |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title|tt10687220|Nikamma}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/nikamma/ Nikamma] at [[Bollywood hungama]]
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Sabbir Khan}}

[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sabbir Khan]]
[[Category:Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
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[[Category:2022 action comedy films]]
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[[Category:Films about memory]]

Nishchay Luthra

2026-02-28T01:13:36Z

Kkasthana: Creating A Details!

{{short description|Indian figure skater (born 1999)}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=June 2017}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=June 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox figure skater
| name = Nishchay Luthra
| image = Nishchay Luthra.jpg
| caption = Luthra with his silver medal at Labour Day Competition 2016 – Florida
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|3|09}}
| country = {{IND}}
| height = 5 ft 8 in
}}

'''Nishchay Luthra''' (born 9 March 1999) is an Indian [[figure skater]]. He has competed in men's singles and pairs. He has won four international medals for [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iceskatingindia.in/medals-won-outside-india.html|title=Welcome To "ICE SKATING ASSOCIATION OF INDIA".|website=www.iceskatingindia.in|access-date=2017-06-17|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914004305/http://www.iceskatingindia.in/medals-won-outside-india.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was a 9-time Indian national gold medalist.

== Personal life ==
Nishchay Luthra was born in [[New Delhi, India]]. Before focusing on figure skating, he played basketball, taekwondo and cricket.{{cn|date=October 2019}} He has a younger sister. Nishchay finished high school at The Indian School in New Delhi.<ref name="teindianscholl">{{Cite web|url=http://theindianschool.in/nishchay-luthra-class-9-secured-the-1st-position-in-the-10th-national-ice-skating-championships-at-shimla-between-2-and-4-january-2014-organised-by-the-ice-skating-association-of-india-new-delhi/|title=Nishchay Luthra, class 9 secured the 1st position in The 10th National Ice Skating Championships at Shimla between 2 and 4 January, 2014 organised by The Ice Skating Association of India, New Delhi.|website=theindianschool.in|access-date=2017-06-17|archive-date=18 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918034645/http://theindianschool.in/nishchay-luthra-class-9-secured-the-1st-position-in-the-10th-national-ice-skating-championships-at-shimla-between-2-and-4-january-2014-organised-by-the-ice-skating-association-of-india-new-delhi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nishchay started as a [roller skater] at the age of 10.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/figureskating/story/_/id/19790070/nishchay-luthra-skating-thin-ice-towards-winter-games|title=Nishchay Luthra skating on thin ice towards Winter Games|work=[[ESPN]]|first=Susan|last=Ninan|date=2 July 2017|access-date=12 June 2022}}</ref> His mother had searched online for a skating coach and found Vasudev Tandi, who taught Nishchay the basic moves and helped him graduate to ice-skating.{{cn|date=October 2019}}

In 2012, Nishchay attended the National India Ice Skating Camp and competed in singles and pairs event, winning in both and represented India in Asian junior championship and secured first place.{{cn|date=October 2019}} He started practicing in iSkate – an indoor ice skating rink in [[Gurgaon]]. In the year 2013, Nishchay placed third at the Asian figure skating championship held in Hong Kong and won 2 Silver medals at the National Ice Skating Championship in singles and pairs events.{{cn|date=October 2019}}

Nishchay represented India at the World Development Trophy 2014 in [[Manila]], Philippines and placed third in the novice category.{{cn|date=October 2019}} In 2015, due to lack of training infrastructure, he moved to the [[United States]] for 6 months. Due to lack of money, he returned to India in December 2015. He won 2 gold medals in the National Indian Ice Skating Championship in 2016.{{cn|date=October 2019}}

Nishchay aimed to represent India at the [[2018 Winter Olympics]] in PyeongChang, South Korea, but was not able to qualify for the qualifying competition, [[2017 World Figure Skating Championships|2017 Worlds]].
{{cn|date=October 2019}}

In 2018 Nishchay moved to [[Dallas, Texas]] to train as a pair skater with the skater Hilary Asher under the coaching of Darlene Cain, Peter Cain, and Daniil Barantsev{{cn|date=October 2019}}. After some months of rigorous training, Asher and Luthra signed up to compete at the Junior Grand Prix and other competitions representing India.{{cn|date=October 2019}}

At the beginning of the competitive season, 2017-18 Luthra broke his right knee in a practice session, which led him to withdraw from the upcoming competitions and made him fly back to his home country. he was diagnosed with a severe lateral meniscus tear on his right knee.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

During the recovery period, he started his own skating academy LIFSA (Luthra international figure skating academy) which aimed to develop figure skating as a sport in India. He was the national coach of season 2017-18 and 2018-19 and has helped many aspiring skaters. Luthra's students have been placed both nationally and internationally.{{cn|date=October 2019}}

== Achievements ==

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Gold
! Silver
! Bronze
|-
| National
| 9
| 3
| 0
|-
| International
| 1
| 1
| 2
|-
|}

International Participations –
* Asian Junior Figure Skating Challenge 2012-13 – Hong Kong
* Asian Junior Figure Skating Challenge 2013-14 – Hong Kong
* ISU World Development Trophy 2014 – Manila, Philippines
* Labour Day Competition 2016 – Florida, USA
National Level Achievements –
* 2011- 7th Ice Skating Nationals, Shimla, India - 1 Gold
* 2012- 8th Ice Skating Nationals, Shimla, India - 2 Gold
* 2013- 9th Ice Skating Nationals, Shimla, India - 2 Silver
* 2014- 10th Ice Skating, Shimla, India - 2 Gold <ref name="teindianscholl" />
* 2015 - 11th Ice Skating Nationals, Gurgaon, India - 2 Gold
* 2016 - 12 Ice Skating Nationals, Gulmarg, India - 2 Gold and 1 Silver

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.figureskating.com.tw/2014AsianOpen/CAT007EN.HTM ''Nishchay Luthra - 2014 Asian Open Figure Skating Trophy Junior Men Winners'']
* [https://www.statsonice.com/skater/Nishchay/Luthra/ ''Nishchay Luthra - Stats on Ice'']

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luthra, Nishchay}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian male single skaters]]
[[Category:Indian male pair skaters]]

Mount Manipur Memorial

2026-02-27T06:26:45Z

Kkasthana: Stub

{{Short description|Memorial site in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India}}
{{See|Mount Manipur#Connection with Manipur}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Mount Manipur Memorial
| alt_name = "Mount Manipur - A Tribute to the Forgotten Patriots"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award : 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
| native_name = {{langx|mni|Manipur Chingjao Ningshing Khubham}}
| native_name_lang = mni
| image = Mount Manipur Memorial.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = An image of the illustration of a building in the Mount Manipur Memorial, with a pair of statues of [[Meitei mythology|Meitei mythological]] dragon lion [[Kanglasha]] ([[Nongshaba]]).{{efn|[[Kanglasha]] ([[Nongshaba]]) is a single individual deity, even though its sculptures are usually created either in dual or quadruple.}}
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| motto = A Tribute to the Forgotten Patriots<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award : 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
| location = [[Mount Manipur]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| nearest_city = [[Port Blair]]
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| area = 45000 sq ft<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Manipur-Based Design Studio Bags Prestigious 'International Muse Design Award 2022' For Mount Manipur Memorial |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/03/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-prestigious-international-muse-design-award-2022-for-mount-manipur-memorial/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2022-09-04 |title=Designer of Mount Manipur Memorial wins Award |url=https://signpostnews.com/designer-of-mount-manipur-memorial-wins-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Signpost News |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Manipur based design studio bags International Muse Design Award 2022 for its 'Mount Manipur' project |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-international-muse-design-award-2022-its-mount-manipur-project-443339-2022-09-04 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>
| elevation =
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| designer = Designers of ''Huidrom Design Studios'':<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award: 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Suresh Huidrom (Principal Designer)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award: 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Nevia Laishram (Lead Architect)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award: 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Ribash Akoijam (3D Visual Architect)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award: 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Galaxy Pungyambam (Civil Engineer)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award: 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* Danny Ahongsangbam (Assistant Architect)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award: 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
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The '''Mount Manipur Memorial''' is a [[memorial]] site in the [[Mount Manipur]] (formerly known as [[Mount Harriet, India|Mount Harriet]]) of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Manipur-Based Design Studio Bags Prestigious 'International Muse Design Award 2022' For Mount Manipur Memorial |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/03/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-prestigious-international-muse-design-award-2022-for-mount-manipur-memorial/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2022-09-04 |title=Designer of Mount Manipur Memorial wins Award |url=https://signpostnews.com/designer-of-mount-manipur-memorial-wins-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Signpost News |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Manipur based design studio bags International Muse Design Award 2022 for its 'Mount Manipur' project |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-international-muse-design-award-2022-its-mount-manipur-project-443339-2022-09-04 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award : 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
Spanning over an area of more than 45000 sq ft, the memorial site is dedicated to the [[Manipuris|Manipuri]] freedom fighters and the martyrs of the [[Anglo-Manipur war]]. In the year 2022, the memorial site won the "International Muse Design Award 2022", through the designs of the ''"Huidrom Design Studios"'' from [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Manipur-Based Design Studio Bags Prestigious 'International Muse Design Award 2022' For Mount Manipur Memorial |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/03/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-prestigious-international-muse-design-award-2022-for-mount-manipur-memorial/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2022-09-04 |title=Designer of Mount Manipur Memorial wins Award |url=https://signpostnews.com/designer-of-mount-manipur-memorial-wins-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Signpost News |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Manipur based design studio bags International Muse Design Award 2022 for its 'Mount Manipur' project |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-international-muse-design-award-2022-its-mount-manipur-project-443339-2022-09-04 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award : 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== History ==
{{See|History of Manipur|History of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|British Raj}}
When the [[Anglo-Manipur War]] ended in the year 1891, 23 [[Manipuris|Manipuri]] warriors were exiled to the British penal colony in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], including [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] [[Kulachandra Singh|Kulachandra Dhwaja Singh]], the Maharajah of [[Manipur]]. At the time of the exile, the [[Cellular Jail]] ([[Cellular Jail|Kalapani]]) was about to be built in the island. So, [[Kulachandra Singh]] and other 22 freedom fighters were imprisoned on the ''Mount Manipur'', in the [[South Andaman]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-17 |title=Mount Harriet in Andaman to be named Mount Manipur in tribute to freedom fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mount-harriet-in-andaman-to-be-named-mount-manipur-in-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-101634462840801.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-17 |title=Assam CM welcomes move to rename Mount Harriet in Andaman as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-cm-welcomes-move-to-rename-mount-harriet-in-andaman-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-16 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Manipur breaks into celebration as Centre renames Andaman's 'Mount Harriet' as 'Mount Manipur' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-breaks-into-celebration-as-centre-renames-andamans-mount-harriet-as-mount-manipur/articleshow/87086747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Harriet to be called Mount Manipur: Amit Shah |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10401/mount-harriet-to-be-called-mount-manipur-amit-shah |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>

Prior to the construction of the ''Mount Manipur Memorial'' site on the [[Mount Manipur]], the [[Government of Manipur]] talked to the government authorities of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] to provide a piece of land to construct the memorial site for the [[Manipuris|Manipuri warriors]]. In the year 2019, the ''A&N'' authorities agreed to provide a piece of land near the [[Cellular Jail]]. However, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the process of the construction got delayed. The [[Manipur Government]] was given help by the [[Central Government of India]] in the construction of the memorial site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Harriet to be called Mount Manipur: Amit Shah |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/10401/mount-harriet-to-be-called-mount-manipur-amit-shah |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-20 |title=Explained: Why a peak in Andaman and Nicobar Islands is now named after Manipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andaman-and-nicobar-islands-mount-harriet-mount-manipur-7581032/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-17 |title=Mount Harriet in Andaman to be named Mount Manipur in tribute to freedom fighters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/mount-harriet-in-andaman-to-be-named-mount-manipur-in-tribute-to-freedom-fighters-101634462840801.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-16 |title=Tribute to Manipuri freedom fighters: Mount Harriet in Kalapani to be renamed as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/tribute-to-manipuri-freedom-fighters-mount-harriet-in-kalapani-to-be-renamed-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-17 |title=Assam CM welcomes move to rename Mount Harriet in Andaman as Mount Manipur |url=http://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-cm-welcomes-move-to-rename-mount-harriet-in-andaman-as-mount-manipur.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |title=Manipur breaks into celebration as Centre renames Andaman's 'Mount Harriet' as 'Mount Manipur' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/manipur-breaks-into-celebration-as-centre-renames-andamans-mount-harriet-as-mount-manipur/articleshow/87086747.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-09-13}}</ref>

== Features ==
{{See|Meitei architecture}}
The Mount Manipur Memorial site displays and houses museum, royal sword monument, galleries, outdoor auditorium, cafeteria and gardens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Manipur-Based Design Studio Bags Prestigious 'International Muse Design Award 2022' For Mount Manipur Memorial |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/03/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-prestigious-international-muse-design-award-2022-for-mount-manipur-memorial/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2022-09-04 |title=Designer of Mount Manipur Memorial wins Award |url=https://signpostnews.com/designer-of-mount-manipur-memorial-wins-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Signpost News |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Manipur based design studio bags International Muse Design Award 2022 for its 'Mount Manipur' project |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-international-muse-design-award-2022-its-mount-manipur-project-443339-2022-09-04 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award : 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
=== Sword monument ===
The "sword monument" in the ''Mount Manipur Memorial'' is a monument to commemorate the sacrifices of the freedom fighters and the martyrs in the [[Anglo-Manipur War]]. It is associated with a gallery specifically dedicated to [[List of Meitei kings|Meitei King]] [[Kulachandra Singh|Kulachandra Dhaja Singh]], the Maharajah of [[Manipur Kingdom]] and 22 [[Manipuris|Manipuri]] freedom fighters, who were exiled to the [[Mount Manipur]] from their homeland [[Manipur]] after the end of the war.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Manipur-Based Design Studio Bags Prestigious 'International Muse Design Award 2022' For Mount Manipur Memorial |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/03/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-prestigious-international-muse-design-award-2022-for-mount-manipur-memorial/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2022-09-04 |title=Designer of Mount Manipur Memorial wins Award |url=https://signpostnews.com/designer-of-mount-manipur-memorial-wins-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Signpost News |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-04 |title=Manipur based design studio bags International Muse Design Award 2022 for its 'Mount Manipur' project |url=http://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-international-muse-design-award-2022-its-mount-manipur-project-443339-2022-09-04 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award : 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
The Mount Manipur Memorial was designed by the [[Manipur]]-based "Huidrom Design Studios" led by designer Suresh Huidrom, Nevia Laishram as ''lead architect'', Ribash Akoijam as 3D ''visual architect'', Galaxy Pungyambam as ''civil engineer'' and Danny Ahongsangbam as ''assistant architect''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huidrom Design Studio wins Muse Design Award : 04th sep22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=30..040922.sep22 |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
It was bestowed the "International Muse Design Award 2022" in the Architectural Concept Design Competition. Afterwards, the memorial site has drawn attention to the global arena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Manipur-Based Design Studio Bags Prestigious 'International Muse Design Award 2022' For Mount Manipur Memorial |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/03/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-prestigious-international-muse-design-award-2022-for-mount-manipur-memorial/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
Posting on the [[Twitter]], the "Huidrom Design Studio" wrote as follows:
<blockquote>
"Huidrom Design Studios is once again excited and honoured to receive the prestigious International Muse Design Award 2022 (Season2) as a GOLD WINNER for the Project Mount Manipur Memorial (Architectural Concept Design Competition). We are so blessed by the opportunity given to us by the Government of Manipur. Our special thanks to honourable CM Manipur for his incredible Vision and Ideas and for believing in us. This project design is indeed an organic design that not only the entire world recognized but also helps us leave footprints in the field of design & architecture today."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Manipur-Based Design Studio Bags Prestigious 'International Muse Design Award 2022' For Mount Manipur Memorial |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2022/09/03/manipur-based-design-studio-bags-prestigious-international-muse-design-award-2022-for-mount-manipur-memorial/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Notably, in the previous year 2021, the same studio won the [[Silver Medal]] in Muse Design Awards 2021 for the project [[Imphal Peace Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2022-09-04 |title=Designer of Mount Manipur Memorial wins Award |url=https://signpostnews.com/designer-of-mount-manipur-memorial-wins-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Signpost News |language=English}}</ref> [[Manipur]]'s Chief Minister [[Nongthombam Biren Singh]] posted on [[Twitter]] showing appreciations and encouragement to the architecture and the interior designing studio that brought global fame to [[Manipur]] and [[India]], as follows:
<blockquote>
"Proud moment for our homegrown Architecture & Interior designing firm Huidrom Design Studio on winning the Silver Medal in Muse Design Awards 2021 for the project ‘Imphal Peace Museum.’ Participants from over 100 countries were competing for the Muse Design Award 2021, New York."<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2022-09-04 |title=Designer of Mount Manipur Memorial wins Award |url=https://signpostnews.com/designer-of-mount-manipur-memorial-wins-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Signpost News |language=English}}</ref>
</blockquote>

== See also ==
* [[Mount Harriet National Park|Mount Manipur National Park (Mount Harriet National Park)]]
* [[Imphal Peace Museum]]
* [[INA War Museum]]
* [[Kakching Garden]]
* [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] - world's only floating national park in Manipur, India
* [[Khonghampat Orchidarium]]
* [[Loktak Folklore Museum]]
* [[Manipur State Museum]]
* [[Manipur Zoological Garden]]
* [[Phumdi]] - Floating biomasses in Manipur, India
* [[Sekta Archaeological Living Museum]]
* [[Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{Citation |title=Mount Manipur Andaman Nicober (Concept Design) | date=27 July 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blGRVP_Mcuk |language=en |access-date=2022-09-13}}
* {{Citation |title= Muse Design Awards |url=https://iaaawards.org/portfolio-item/muse-design-awards/ |language=en |access-date=2022-09-13}}

{{Authority Control}}

[[Category:Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Culture of Manipur]]
[[Category:19th century in the Manipur Kingdom]]
[[Category:Meitei architecture]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:Outdoor sculptures in India]]
[[Category:Public art in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks

2026-02-27T00:30:42Z

Kkasthana: updated page

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

[[File:Lasith Malinga tossing a cricket ball at practice.jpg|thumb|right|210px|alt=Lasith Malinga tossing a cricket ball at practice|[[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka's]] [[Lasith Malinga]] is the only cricketer to have taken three ODI hat-tricks.]]

A [[Hat-trick (cricket)|hat-trick]] in [[cricket]] is when a [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]] takes three [[wicket]]s on consecutive [[delivery (cricket)|deliveries]], [[dismissal (cricket)|dismissing]] three different [[batsman|batsmen]]. It is a relatively rare event in [[One Day International]] (ODI) cricket with only 52 occurrences in over 4800 matches since the first ODI match between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]] on 5 January 1971. The first ODI hat-trick was taken by [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan's]] [[Jalal-ud-Din (cricketer)|Jalal-ud-Din]] against Australia in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sindh]], in September 1982. The most recent player to achieve this feat is [[Dilshan Madushanka]] of [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2025#1st ODI|against Zimbabwe]] in August 2025.

The only bowler to have taken three ODI hat-tricks is [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka's]] [[Lasith Malinga]]. Five other bowlers{{emdash}} Pakistan's [[Wasim Akram]] and [[Saqlain Mushtaq]], Sri Lanka's [[Chaminda Vaas]], New Zealand's [[Trent Boult]] and India's [[Kuldeep Yadav]]{{emdash}}have taken two hat-tricks in the format. Vaas is the first and only bowler to claim a hat-trick on the first three balls of any form of international cricket; he achieved the feat against Bangladesh during the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 World Cup]]. Malinga is the only player to claim four wickets in consecutive balls; he achieved the feat against South Africa in the [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007 World Cup]]. Four players have taken a hat-trick on their ODI debuts: Bangladesh's [[Taijul Islam]] against Zimbabwe in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/dec/01/bangladesh-taijul-islam-first-bowler-hat-trick-odi-debut-zimbabwe|title=Bangladesh's Tailjul Islam first bowler to take hat-trick on ODI debut|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=[[theguardian.com]]|date=1 December 2014|access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> South Africa's [[Kagiso Rabada]] against Bangladesh in 2015,<ref name="Cricinfo">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-south-africa-2015/engine/match/817207.html|title=South Africa tour of Bangladesh, 1st ODI: Bangladesh v South Africa at Dhaka, Jul 10, 2015|work=Cricinfo |publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=10 July 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710210254/http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-south-africa-2015/engine/match/817207.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sri Lanka's [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] against Zimbabwe in 2017,<ref name="Hasaranga">{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-odi-wanidu-hasaranga-becomes-youngest-player-to-take-hat-trick-on-debut-4731672/ |title=Sri Lanka vs Zimbabwe, 2nd ODI: Wanidu Hasaranga becomes youngest player to take hat-trick on debut |date=2 July 2017 |publisher=Indian Express |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=4 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704182622/http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-odi-wanidu-hasaranga-becomes-youngest-player-to-take-hat-trick-on-debut-4731672/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Sri Lanka's [[Shehan Madushanka]] against Bangladesh in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Scott |first=Matthew |title=Shehan Madushanka's debut hat-trick helps Sri Lanka beat Bangladesh, clinch tri-series title |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shehan-madushanka-s-debut-hat-trick-helps-sri-lanka-beat-bangladesh-clinch-tri-series-title/story-ERYNPYQYPACpZf4nBPbVlO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=27 January 2018 |access-date=15 September 2019 |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208072813/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shehan-madushanka-s-debut-hat-trick-helps-sri-lanka-beat-bangladesh-clinch-tri-series-title/story-ERYNPYQYPACpZf4nBPbVlO.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> India's Chetan Sharma was the first cricketer to take a hat-trick in a [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] match. Eleven hat-tricks have been taken in World Cup matches.

Pakistan's Wasim Akram and [[Mohammad Sami]] are the only players to have taken hat-tricks in ODIs and [[List of Test cricket hat-tricks|Tests]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/136977.html|title=Test matches – Hat-tricks|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=10 July 2009|archive-date=21 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321205721/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/136977.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Brett Lee]] (Australia), [[Lasith Malinga]], [[Thisara Perera]], [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (all 3 from Sri Lanka) and [[Kagiso Rabada]] are the only players to have taken hat-tricks in ODIs and [[Twenty20 International|Twenty20 matches]].

==Hat-tricks==
[[File:Sher-e-Bangla_National_Cricket_Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]] is involved in both most number ODI of hat-tricks (5) as well as most number of hat-tricks by debutants (3)]]
'''Key'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
| border="1" style="background:#def;" | W || Hat-trick taken in a World Cup match
|-
| border="1" style="background:#ffc;" | D || Hat-trick taken by a debutant player
|-
| (b) || [[Bowled]]
|-
| (c) || [[Caught]]
|-
| (c & b) || [[Caught|Caught and bowled]]
|-
| (lbw) || [[Leg before wicket]]
|-
| (st) || [[Stumped]]
|-
| {{dagger}} || [[Wicket-keeper]]
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:85%"
|-
|+List of Hat-tricks in One Day Internationals<ref>{{citation|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/263626.html|title=Records/ One Day International/ Hat-tricks|publisher=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=24 October 2018|archive-date=24 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024193503/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wi/content/records/263626.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
! No. !! ODI No. !! Bowler !! For !! Against !! class="unsortable" | Wickets !! Venue !! Date !! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 1. || {{nts|158}}
!scope="row"| [[Jalal-ud-Din (cricketer)|Jalal-ud-Din]]
|| {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|AUS}} ||
*[[Rod Marsh]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Bruce Yardley]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Wasim Bari]])
*[[Geoff Lawson (cricketer)|Geoff Lawson]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Niaz Stadium]], [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1982|9|20}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64193.html|title=1st ODI: Pakistan v Australia at Hyderabad (Sind), Sep 20, 1982|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=26 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626020140/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64193.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2. {{ref label|Span|H|1}}|| {{nts|359}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Bruce|Reid}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|NZ}} ||
*[[Bruce Blair]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Greg Matthews]])
*[[Ervin McSweeney]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Allan Border]])
*[[Stu Gillespie]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1986|1|29}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65403.html|title=13th Match: Australia v New Zealand at Sydney, Jan 29, 1986|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124161844/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65403.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 3. || {{nts|474}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Chetan|Sharma||Chetan Sharma}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|NZ}} ||
*[[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Ian Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Ian Smith]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Ewen Chatfield]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground]], [[Nagpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1987|10|31}} W
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65114.html|title=24th Match: India v New Zealand at Nagpur, Oct 31, 1987|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=5 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705090837/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65114.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 4. || {{nts|570}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Wasim|Akram||Wasim Akram}} (1/2)
|| {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|WIN}} ||
*[[Jeff Dujon]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Malcolm Marshall]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Curtly Ambrose]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1989|10|14}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65847.html|title=2nd Match: Pakistan v West Indies at Shrajah, Oct 14, 1989|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=27 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627022254/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65847.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 5.{{ref label|Last|A|1}} || {{nts|631}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Wasim|Akram||Wasim Akram}} (2/2)
|| {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|AUS}} ||
*[[Merv Hughes]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Carl Rackemann]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Terry Alderman]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1990|5|4}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65825.html|title=Final: Australia v Pakistan at Shrajah, May 4, 1990|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124095500/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65825.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 6. {{ref label|Span|H|1}}|| {{nts|661}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Kapil|Dev||Kapil Dev}}
|| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|SRI}} ||
*[[Roshan Mahanama]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Kiran More]])
*[[Rumesh Ratnayake]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Sanath Jayasuriya]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Sanjay Manjrekar]])
|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1991|1|4}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65684.html|title=Final: India v Sri Lanka at Kolkata, Jan 4, 1991|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924005336/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65684.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 7.{{ref label|Bestone|B|1}} || {{nts|685}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Aaqib|Javed||Aaqib Javed}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|IND}} ||
*[[Ravi Shastri]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Mohammad Azharuddin]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Sachin Tendulkar]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1991|10|25}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65946.html|title=Final: India v Pakistan at Sharjah, Oct 25, 1991|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=10 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810080615/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65946.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 8. {{ref label|Span|H|1}}|| {{nts|896}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Danny|Morrison|Danny Morrison (cricketer)}}
|| {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|IND}} ||
*[[Kapil Dev]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Salil Ankola]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Nayan Mongia]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[McLean Park]], [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|3|25}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64462.html|title=1st ODI: New Zealand v India at Napier, Mar 25, 1994|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=17 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817223146/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64462.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 9.{{ref label|Last|A|2}}|| {{nts|966}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Waqar|Younis||Waqar Younis}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|NZ}} ||
*[[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Chris Pringle]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Richard de Groen]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Buffalo Park]], [[East London, South Africa|East London]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|12|19}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66014.html|title=11th Match: New Zealand v Pakistan at East London, Dec 19, 1994|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124165623/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66014.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 10.{{ref label|Fourinfive|C|1}} || {{nts|1136}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Saqlain|Mushtaq||Saqlain Mushtaq}} (1/2)
|| {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|ZIM}} ||
*[[Grant Flower]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Moin Khan]])
*[[John Rennie (cricketer)|John Rennie]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Moin Khan]])
*[[Andy Whittall]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Saleem Malik]])
|| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Arbab Niaz Stadium]], [[Peshawar]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|11|3}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64529.html|title=3rd ODI: Pakistan v Zimbabwe at Peshawar, Nov 3, 1996|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=7 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807110747/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64529.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 11.{{ref label|Firstw|D|1}} {{ref label|Span|H|1}}|| {{nts|1158}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Eddo|Brandes}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || {{cr|ENG}} ||
*[[Nick Knight (cricketer)|Nick Knight]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Andy Flower]])
*[[John Crawley]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Nasser Hussain]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Andy Flower]])
|| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|1|3}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64536.html|title=3rd ODI: Zimbabwe v England at Harare, Jan 3, 1997|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=16 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916003233/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64536.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 12. || {{nts|1164}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Anthony|Stuart|Anthony Stuart (cricketer)}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|PAK}} ||
*[[Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)|Ijaz Ahmed]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Ian Healy]])
*[[Mohammad Wasim (cricketer)|Mohammad Wasim]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Ian Healy]])
*[[Moin Khan]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]])
|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|1|16}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65552.html|title=12th Match: Australia v Pakistan at Melbourne, Jan 16, 1997|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124165037/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65552.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 13.{{ref label|Last|A|3}} || {{nts|1479}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Saqlain|Mushtaq||Saqlain Mushtaq}} (2/2)
|| {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|ZIM}} ||
*[[Henry Olonga]] ([[Stumpings|st]] {{dagger}}[[Moin Khan]])
*[[Adam Huckle]] ([[Stumpings|st]] {{dagger}}[[Moin Khan]])
*[[Pommie Mbangwa]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[The Oval]], [[London]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|1999|6|11}} W
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65229.html|title=7th Super: Pakistan v Zimbabwe at The Oval, Jun 11, 1999|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=20 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620025359/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65229.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 14.{{ref label|Besttwo|E|1}} || {{nts|1776}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Chaminda|Vaas}} (1/2)
|| {{cr|SRI}} || {{cr|ZIM}} ||
*[[Stuart Carlisle]] ([[Caught|c]][[Suresh Perera]])
*[[Craig Wishart]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Tatenda Taibu]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|12|8}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66329.html|title=1st Match: Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe at Colombo (SSC), Dec 8, 2001|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=13 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713190307/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66329.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 15.{{ref label|Last|A|4}} || {{nts|1808}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Mohammad|Sami||Mohammad Sami}}
|| {{cr|PAK}} || {{cr|WIN}} ||
*[[Ridley Jacobs]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Corey Collymore]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Cameron Cuffy]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|2|15}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64747.html|title=2nd ODI: Pakistan v West Indies at Sharjah, Feb 15, 2002|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=27 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827003457/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64747.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 16.{{ref label|Fourinfive|C|2}}{{ref label|Firstw|D|2}}{{ref label|Firstb|F|1}} || {{nts|1950}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Chaminda|Vaas}} (2/2)
|| {{cr|LKA}} || {{cr|BGD}} ||
*[[Hannan Sarkar]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Mohammad Ashraful]] ([[Caught|c&b]])
*[[Ehsanul Haque]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Mahela Jayawardene]])
|| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Pietermaritzburg Oval]], [[Pietermaritzburg]] || {{nowrap|{{dts|format=dmy|2003|2|14}}W}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65243.html|title=10th Match: Bangladesh v Sri Lanka at Pietermaritzburg, Feb 14, 2003|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124165028/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65243.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 17.{{ref label|Firstw|D|3}} || {{nts|1990}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Brett|Lee}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|KEN}} ||
*[[Kennedy Otieno]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Brijal Patel]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Ricky Ponting]])
*[[David Obuya]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|3|15}} W
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65283.html|title=9th Super: Australia v Kenya at Durban, Mar 18, 2003|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=18 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218210325/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65283.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 18.{{ref label|Last|A|5}} || {{nts|2026}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|James|Anderson|James Anderson (cricketer)}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|PAK}} ||
*[[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Marcus Trescothick]])
*[[Shoaib Akhtar]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Chris Read]])
*[[Mohammad Sami]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[The Oval]], [[London]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2003|6|20}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65030.html|title=2nd Match: England v Pakistan at The Oval, Jun 20, 2003|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124165612/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65030.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 19.{{ref label|Last|A|6}} || {{nts|2164}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Steve|Harmison}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} ||
*[[Mohammad Kaif]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Geraint Jones]])
*[[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Andrew Flintoff]])
*[[Ashish Nehra]] ([[Caught|c&b]])
|| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|9|1}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65032.html|title=1st Match: England v India at Nottingham, Sep 1, 2004|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=14 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714154028/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65032.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 20.{{ref label|Last|A|7}} || {{nts|2243}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Charl|Langeveldt}}
|| {{cr|RSA}} || {{cr|WIN}} ||
*[[Ian Bradshaw]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Daren Powell]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Corey Collymore]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|Barbados}} [[Kensington Oval]], [[Barbados]]|| {{dts|format=dmy|2005|5|11}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/209027.html|title=3rd ODI: West Indies v South Africa at Bridgetown, May 11, 2005|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124160225/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/209027.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 21. || {{nts|2394}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Shahadat|Hossain||Shahadat Hossain}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}} ||
*[[Tafadzwa Mufambisi]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Khaled Mashud]])
*[[Elton Chigumbura]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Tawanda Mupariwa]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Khaled Mashud]])
|| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|8|2}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/zimvbdesh/engine/match/249205.html|title=3rd ODI: Zimbabwe v Bangladesh at Harare, Aug 2, 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124170644/http://www.cricinfo.com/zimvbdesh/engine/match/249205.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 22. || {{nts|2432}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Jerome|Taylor}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|AUS}} ||
*[[Michael Hussey]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Brett Lee]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Brad Hogg]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|18}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/iccct2006/engine/match/249748.html|title=10th Match: Australia v West Indies at Mumbai (BS), Oct 18, 2006|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=24 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924003512/http://www.cricinfo.com/iccct2006/engine/match/249748.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 23. || {{nts|2474}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Shane|Bond}}
|| {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|AUS}} ||
*[[Cameron White]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Craig McMillan]])
*[[Andrew Symonds]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Brendon McCullum]])
*[[Nathan Bracken]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Bellerive Oval]], [[Hobart]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|1|14}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/cbs/engine/match/249228.html|title=2nd Match: Australia v New Zealand at Hobart, Jan 14, 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=14 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090714142958/http://www.cricinfo.com/cbs/engine/match/249228.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 24.{{ref label|Fourinfour|G|1}}{{ref label|Span|H|1}} || {{nts|2556}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} (1/3)
|| {{cr|SRI}} || {{cr|RSA}} ||
*[[Shaun Pollock]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Andrew Hall]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Upul Tharanga]])
*[[Jacques Kallis]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Kumar Sangakkara]])
*[[Makhaya Ntini]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|GUY}} [[Providence Stadium]], [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|3|28}} W
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247482.html|title=26th Match, Super Eights: South Africa v Sri Lanka at Providence, Mar 28, 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=12 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612175251/http://www.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/match/247482.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 25. || {{nts|2833}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Andrew|Flintoff}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|WIN}} ||
*[[Denesh Ramdin]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Ravi Rampaul]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Sulieman Benn]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|Saint Lucia}} [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet Quarter|Gros Islet]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|4|3}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352669.html|title=5th ODI: West Indies v England at Gros Islet, Apr 3, 2009|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=6 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906061323/http://www.cricinfo.com/wiveng2009/engine/match/352669.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 26. || {{nts|2999}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Farveez|Maharoof}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || {{cr|IND}}||
*[[Ravindra Jadeja]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Zaheer Khan]] ([[Caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Kumar Sangakkara]])
|| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|6|22}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/asia2010/engine/current/match/455236.html|title=6th match: 2010 Asia Cup, Jun 22, 2010|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=22 June 2010|archive-date=24 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624013417/http://www.cricinfo.com/asia2010/engine/current/match/455236.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 27.{{ref label|Span|H|1}} || {{nts|3073}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Abdur|Razzak|Abdur Razzak (cricketer)}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}}||
*[[Prosper Utseya]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Naeem Islam]])
*[[Ray Price (cricketer)|Ray Price]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Christopher Mpofu]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|12|03}}
|| <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-zimbabwe-2010/engine/current/match/486522.html| title = Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh, 2nd ODI: Bangladesh v Zimbabwe at Dhaka, Dec 3, 2010| publisher = [[Cricinfo]]| access-date = 3 December 2010| archive-date = 4 December 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101204121941/http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-zimbabwe-2010/engine/current/match/486522.html| url-status = live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 28.{{ref label|Last|A|8}} || {{nts|3112}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Kemar|Roach}}
|| {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|NED}} ||
*[[Pieter Seelaar]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Bernard Loots]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Berend Westdijk]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[New Delhi]]|| {{nowrap|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|2|28}}W}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/match/433569.html|title=ICC Cricket World Cup, 13th Match, Group B: Netherlands v West Indies at Delhi, Feb 28, 2011|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=28 February 2011|access-date=28 February 2011|archive-date=10 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710054052/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/match/433569.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 29.{{ref label|Span|H|2}} || {{nts|3113}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} (2/3)
|| {{cr|SRI}} || {{cr|KEN}}||
*[[Tanmay Mishra]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Peter Ongondo]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Shem Ngoche]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[R Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|3|1}} W
|| <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/current/match/433571.html| title = ICC Cricket World Cup, 14th Match, Group A: Sri Lanka v Kenya at Colombo (RPS), March 1st, 2011| publisher = [[Cricinfo]]| access-date = 1 March 2011| archive-date = 1 March 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110301185013/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/current/match/433571.html| url-status = live}}</ref>
|-
| 30.|| {{nts|3184}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}} (3/3)
|| {{cr|SRI}} || {{cr|AUS}}||
*[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[John Hastings (cricketer)|John Hastings]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Xavier Doherty]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[R Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|8|22}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-australia-2011/engine/current/match/516210.html|title=Australia in Sri Lanka ODI Series in 2011 – 5th ODI at Colombo (RPS), Aug 22, 2011|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=22 August 2011|archive-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926150624/http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-australia-2011/engine/current/match/516210.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 31.|| {{nts|3253}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Dan|Christian}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|SRI}}||
*[[Thisara Perera]] ([[caught|c]] [[Michael Hussey]])
*[[Sachithra Senanayake]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Nuwan Kulasekara]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|3|2}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/commonwealth-bank-series-2012/engine/current/match/518967.html|title=12th Match: Australia v Sri Lanka at Melbourne, Mar 2, 2012|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 March 2012|archive-date=2 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302020906/http://www.espncricinfo.com/commonwealth-bank-series-2012/engine/current/match/518967.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 32.|| {{nts|3275}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Thisara|Perera}}
|| {{cr|SRI}} || {{cr|PAK}}||
*[[Younis Khan]] ([[caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Kumar Sangakkara]])
*[[Shahid Afridi]] ([[caught|c]] [[Dinesh Chandimal]])
*[[Sarfraz Ahmed]] ([[caught|c]] [[Mahela Jayawardene]])
|| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|6|16}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-pakistan-2012/engine/current/match/562442.html|title=4th ODI: Sri Lanka v Pakistan at Colombo (RPS), Jun 6, 2012|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=16 June 2012|archive-date=17 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617161618/http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-pakistan-2012/engine/current/match/562442.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 33.{{ref label|Firstw|D|4}}|| {{nts|3415}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Clint|McKay}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|ENG}}||
*[[Kevin Pietersen]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Jonathan Trott]] ([[caught|c]] [[Aaron Finch]])
*[[Joe Root]] ([[caught|c]] [[Shane Watson]])
|| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Sophia Gardens (cricket ground)|Sophia Gardens]], [[Cardiff]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|9|14}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2013/engine/match/566944.html|title=4th Match: Australia v England at Cardiff, September 14, 2013|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=17 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917081328/http://www.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2013/engine/match/566944.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 34.|| {{nts|3423}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Rubel|Hossain}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|NZ}}||
*[[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Brendon McCullum]] ([[caught|c]] [[Shamsur Rahman (cricketer)|Shamsur Rahman]] (sub))
*[[Jimmy Neesham]] ([[caught|c]] {{dagger}}[[Mushfiqur Rahim]])
|| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|10|29}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-new-zealand-2013-14/engine/match/668953.html|title=New Zealand tour of Bangladesh, 1st ODI: Bangladesh v New Zealand at Dhaka, Oct 29, 2013|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-date=30 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030050828/http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-new-zealand-2013-14/engine/match/668953.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 35.|| {{nts|3518}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Prosper|Utseya}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} || {{cr|RSA}}||
*[[Quinton de Kock]] ([[caught|c]] [[Tendai Chatara]])
*[[Rilee Rossouw]] ([[caught|c]] [[John Nyumbu]])
*[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|8|29}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-triangular-series-2014/engine/match/736447.html|title=Zimbabwe Triangular Series, 3rd Match: Zimbabwe v South Africa at Harare, Aug 29, 2014|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=29 August 2014|archive-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829032810/http://www.espncricinfo.com/zimbabwe-triangular-series-2014/engine/match/736447.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| 36.{{ref label|Span|H|1}}{{ref label|OnDebut|I|1}} || {{nts|3559}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Taijul|Islam}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|ZIM}}||
*[[Tinashe Panyangara]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[John Nyumbu]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Tendai Chatara]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|12|1}} D
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-zimbabwe-2014-15/engine/match/760795.html|title=Zimbabwe tour of Bangladesh, 5th ODI: Bangladesh v Zimbabwe at Dhaka, Dec 1, 2014|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=1 December 2014|archive-date=1 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201052839/http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-zimbabwe-2014-15/engine/match/760795.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 37.{{ref label|Last|A|9}} || {{nts|3600}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Steven|Finn}}
|| {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|AUS}}||
*[[Brad Haddin]] ([[caught|c]] [[Stuart Broad]])
*[[Glenn Maxwell]] ([[caught|c]] [[Joe Root]])
*[[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] ([[caught|c]] [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]])
|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]] || {{nowrap|{{dts|format=dmy|2015|2|14}}W}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/match/656401.html|title=ICC Cricket World Cup, 2nd Match, Pool A: Australia v England at Melbourne, Feb 14, 2015|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=14 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214071706/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/match/656401.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 38.{{ref label|Span|H|3}} || {{nts|3640}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|JP|Duminy|JP Duminy}}
|| {{cr|RSA}} || {{cr|SRI}}||
*[[Angelo Mathews]] ([[caught|c]] [[Faf du Plessis]])
*[[Nuwan Kulasekara]] ([[caught|c]] [[Quinton de Kock]])
*[[Tharindu Kaushal]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || | {{dts|format=dmy|2015|3|18}} W
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/match/656483.html|title=ICC Cricket World Cup, 1st Quarter-Final: South Africa v Sri Lanka at Sydney, Mar 18, 2015|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=18 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318205720/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/engine/match/656483.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| 39.{{ref label|OnDebut|I|2}}|| {{nts|3663}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Kagiso|Rabada|Kagiso Rabada}}
|| {{cr|RSA}} || {{cr|BAN}}||
*[[Tamim Iqbal]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Litton Das]] ([[caught|c]] [[Farhaan Behardien]])
*[[Mahmudullah Riyad]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|7|10}} D
|| <ref name="Cricinfo"/>
|-
| 40.{{ref label|Span|H|4}} || {{nts|3769}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|James|Faulkner|James Faulkner (cricketer)}}
|| {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|SRI}} ||
*[[Kusal Perera]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Angelo Mathews]] ([[caught|c]] [[Moises Henriques]])
*[[Thisara Perera]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2016|8|24}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-australia-2016/engine/match/995459.html|title=Australia tour of Sri Lanka, 2016|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=24 August 2016|archive-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823234659/http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-australia-2016/engine/match/995459.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 41.{{ref label|Span|A|10}} || {{nts|3856}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Taskin|Ahmed}}
|| {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|SRI}} ||
*[[Asela Gunaratne]] ([[caught|c]] [[Soumya Sarkar]])
*[[Suranga Lakmal]] ([[caught|c]] [[Mustafizur Rahman]])
*[[Nuwan Pradeep]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium]], [[Dambulla]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|3|28}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-bangladesh-2016-17/engine/match/1083447.html|title=Bangladesh tour of Sri Lanka, 2nd ODI: Sri Lanka v Bangladesh at Dambulla, Mar 28, 2017|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=27 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327232056/http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-bangladesh-2016-17/engine/match/1083447.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| 42.{{ref label|Last|A|10}}{{ref label|OnDebut|I|3}}|| {{nts|3899}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Wanindu|Hasaranga}}
|| {{cr|SL}} ||{{cr|ZIM}}||
*[[Malcolm Waller]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Donald Tiripano]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Tendai Chatara]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|7|2}} D
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-zimbabwe-2017/engine/match/1104479.html|title=Zimbabwe tour of Sri Lanka, 2nd ODI: Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe at Galle, Jul 2, 2017|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702184253/http://www.espncricinfo.com/sri-lanka-v-zimbabwe-2017/engine/match/1104479.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 43.|| {{nts|3912}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}} (1/2)
|| {{cr|IND}} ||{{cr|AUS}}||
*[[Matthew Wade]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Ashton Agar]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Pat Cummins]] ([[caught|c]] [[MS Dhoni]])
|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|9|21}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17974/scorecard/1119497/India-vs-Australia-2nd-ODI-aus-in-ind-2017-18-2017-18|title=2nd ODI (D/N), Australia tour of India at Kolkata, Sep 21 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 September 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920173051/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/17974/scorecard/1119497/India-vs-Australia-2nd-ODI-aus-in-ind-2017-18-2017-18|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| 44.{{ref label|Last|A|11}}{{ref label|Span|H|4}}{{ref label|OnDebut|I|4}} || {{nts|3967}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Shehan|Madushanka}}
|| {{cr|SL}} || {{cr|BAN}} ||
*[[Mashrafe Mortaza]] ([[caught|c]] [[Kusal Mendis]])
*[[Rubel Hossain]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Mahmudullah]] ([[caught|c]] [[Upul Tharanga]])
|| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Shere Bangla National Stadium|Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|1|27}} D
|| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sri Lanka beat Bangladesh Sri Lanka won by 79 runs - Sri Lanka vs Bangladesh, Bangladesh Tri-Nation Series, Final Match Summary, Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-tri-nation-series-2017-18-1130730/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-final-1130743/live-cricket-score|access-date=2021-07-04|website=ESPNcricinfo|date=27 January 2018 |language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184328/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bangladesh-tri-nation-series-2017-18-1130730/bangladesh-vs-sri-lanka-final-1130743/live-cricket-score|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 45.{{ref label|Span|H|5}} ||{{nts|4050}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Imran|Tahir}}
|| {{cr|RSA}} ||{{cr|ZIM}}||
*[[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] ([[stumped|st]] [[Heinrich Klaasen]])
*[[Peter Moor]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
*[[Brandon Mavuta]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Mangaung Oval]], [[Bloemfontein]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|10|03}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18652/scorecard/1144147/south-africa-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-odi-zim-in-sa-2018-19|title=2nd ODI (D/N), Zimbabwe tour of South Africa at Bloemfontein, Oct 03 2018|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=3 October 2018|archive-date=2 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002234029/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18652/scorecard/1144147/south-africa-vs-zimbabwe-2nd-odi-zim-in-sa-2018-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 46.||{{nts|4066}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Trent |Boult}} (1/2)
|| {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|PAK}} ||
*[[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Babar Azam]] ([[caught|c]] [[Ross Taylor]])
*[[Mohammad Hafeez]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|11|07}}
|| <ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18877/scorecard/1157378/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-1st-odi-nz-in-uae-2018-19|title=1st ODI (D/N), New Zealand tour of United Arab Emirates at Abu Dhabi, Nov 7 2018|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=22 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622213347/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18877/scorecard/1157378/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-1st-odi-nz-in-uae-2018-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
|- style="background:#def;"
| 47.{{ref label|Last|A|1}}||{{nts|4169}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Mohammed|Shami}}
||{{cr|IND}}||{{cr|AFG|2013}} ||
*[[Mohammad Nabi]] ([[caught|c]] [[Hardik Pandya]])
*[[Aftab Alam (Afghan cricketer)|Aftab Alam]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[The Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|The Rose Bowl]], [[Southampton]]||{{dts|format=dmy|2019|06|22}} W
|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/1144510/afghanistan-vs-india-28th-match-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019|title=28th match, ICC Cricket World Cup at Southampton, Jun 22 2019|website=ESPNCricinfo|access-date=22 June 2019|archive-date=21 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621145801/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/scorecard/1144510/afghanistan-vs-india-28th-match-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|- style="background:#def;"
| 48.{{ref label|Last|A|1}}|| {{nts|4178}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Trent|Boult}} (2/2)
||{{cr|NZ}}||{{cr|AUS}} ||
*[[Usman Khawaja]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Mitchell Starc]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Jason Behrendorff]] ([[leg before wicket|lbw]])
|| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Lord's|Lord's Cricket Ground]], [[London]]||{{dts|format=dmy|2019|06|29}} W
|| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs New Zealand 37th match 2019 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-1144415/australia-vs-new-zealand-37th-match-1144519/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-07-04|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191838/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-1144415/australia-vs-new-zealand-37th-match-1144519/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 49.|| {{nts|4222}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}} (2/2)
|| {{cr|IND}} ||{{cr|WIN}}||
*[[Shai Hope]] ([[caught|c]] [[Virat Kohli]])
*[[Jason Holder]] ([[Stumped|st]] [[Rishabh Pant]])
*[[Alzarri Joseph]] ([[caught|c]] [[Kedar Jadhav]])
|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium|ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|12|18}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19309/scorecard/1187022/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-odi-west-indies-in-india-2019-20|title=2nd ODI (D/N), West Indies tour of India at Visakhapatnam, Dec 18 2019|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185144/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19309/scorecard/1187022/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-odi-west-indies-in-india-2019-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 50.|| {{nts|4546}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Wessly|Madhevere}}
|| {{cr|ZIM}} ||{{cr|NED}}||
*[[Colin Ackermann]] ([[Stumped|st]] [[Clive Madande]])
*[[Teja Nidamanuru]] ([[bowled|b]])
*[[Paul van Meekeren]] ([[bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2023|3|23}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/netherlands-in-zimbabwe-2022-23-1362375/zimbabwe-vs-netherlands-2nd-odi-1362380/full-scorecard|title=2nd ODI, Harare, March 23, 2023, Netherlands tour of Zimbabwe, 23 March 2023|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 March 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322194742/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/netherlands-in-zimbabwe-2022-23-1362375/zimbabwe-vs-netherlands-2nd-odi-1362380/live-cricket-score|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 51.{{ref label|Span|H|1}}|| {{nts|4823}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Maheesh|Theekshana}}
|| {{cr|SL}} ||{{cr|NZ}}||
*{{nobr|[[Mitchell Santner]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Chamindu Wickramasinghe]])}}
*[[Nathan Smith (New Zealand cricketer)|Nathan Smith]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Kamindu Mendis]])
*[[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Nuwanidu Fernando]])
|| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Seddon Park]], [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|1|8}}
|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-vs-sri-lanka-2024-25-1443537/new-zealand-vs-sri-lanka-2nd-odi-1443547/full-scorecard|title=New Zealand vs Sri Lanka, 2nd ODI at Hamilton, NZ vs SL, Jan 08 2025 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 52.|| {{nts|4899}}
!scope="row"| {{sortname|Dilshan|Madushanka}}
|| {{cr|SL}} ||{{cr|ZIM}}||
*{{nobr|[[Sikandar Raza]] ([[Bowled|b]])}}
*[[Brad Evans (cricketer)|Brad Evans]] ([[Caught|c]] [[Asitha Fernando]])
*[[Richard Ngarava]] ([[Bowled|b]])
|| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2025|8|29}}|| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-in-zimbabwe-2025-1492818/zimbabwe-vs-sri-lanka-1st-odi-1492821/live-cricket-score}}</ref>
|}

==By team==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ODI hat-tricks by team
!scope="col" |Team
!scope="col" |Hat-tricks
! No. of bowlers
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|SL}}
| 11 || 8
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|PAK}}
| 8 || 6
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|AUS}}
| 6 || 6
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|BAN}}
| 5 || 5
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|IND}}
| 5 || 4
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|ENG}}
| 4 || 4
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|SAF}}
| 4 || 4
|-
!scope="row" |{{cr|NZL}}
| 4 || 3
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|ZIM}}
| 3 || 3
|-
!scope="row"|{{cr|WIN}}
| 2 || 2
|-
!Total|| 52 || 45
|}

==By bowler==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Bowlers with multiple ODI hat-tricks
! Bowler !! Hat-tricks
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|SRI}} {{sortname|Lasith|Malinga}}
|style="text-align:center" rowspan="1"|3
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|IND}} {{sortname|Kuldeep|Yadav}}
|style="text-align:center" rowspan="5"|2
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|SRI}} {{sortname|Chaminda|Vaas}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|NZ}} {{sortname|Trent|Boult}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|PAK}} {{sortname|Wasim|Akram}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagicon|PAK}} {{sortname|Saqlain|Mushtaq}}
|}

==By type of bowling==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ODI hat-tricks by type of bowling
!scope="col" |Bowling type
!scope="col" |Hat-tricks
!scope="col" |Sub-type
!scope="col" |Hat-tricks
!scope="col" |Bowlers
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Fast bowling]] || rowspan="2" | 40 || Right-arm fast || 31 || [[Jalal-ud-Din (cricketer)|Jalal-ud-Din]], [[Chetan Sharma]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Aaqib Javed]], [[Danny Morrison (cricketer)|Danny Morrison]], [[Waqar Younis]], [[Eddo Brandes]], [[Anthony Stuart (cricketer)|Anthony Stuart]], [[Mohammad Sami]], [[Brett Lee]], [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]], [[Steve Harmison]], [[Charl Langeveldt]], [[Shahadat Hossain]], [[Jerome Taylor]], [[Shane Bond]], [[Lasith Malinga]] (3), [[Andrew Flintoff]], [[Farveez Maharoof]], [[Kemar Roach]], [[Dan Christian]], [[Thisara Perera]], [[Clint McKay]], [[Rubel Hossain]], [[Steven Finn]], [[Kagiso Rabada]], [[Taskin Ahmed]], [[Shehan Madushanka]], [[Mohammed Shami]]
|-
| Left-arm fast || 9 || [[Bruce Reid]], [[Wasim Akram]] (2), [[Chaminda Vaas]] (2), [[James Faulkner (cricketer)|James Faulkner]], [[Trent Boult]] (2), [[Dilshan Madushanka]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Spin bowling]] || rowspan="4" | 12 || [[Off spin]] || 6 || [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] (2), [[Prosper Utseya]], [[JP Duminy]], [[Wessly Madhevere]], [[Maheesh Theekshana]]
|-
| [[Leg spin]] || 2 || [[Wanindu Hasaranga]], [[Imran Tahir]]
|-
| [[Left-arm orthodox spin]] || 2 || [[Abdur Razzak (cricketer)|Abdur Razzak]], [[Taijul Islam]]
|-
| [[Left-arm unorthodox spin]] || 2 || [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (2)
|-
!scope="row"| '''Total''' || '''52''' || || '''52''' ||
|}

==By ground==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Grounds involved in multiple ODI hat-tricks
! Ground !! Hat-tricks
|-
! scope=row| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Sher-e-Bangla National Stadium]], [[Mirpur Thana|Mirpur]]
| rowspan=2| 5
|-
! scope=row| {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
|-
! scope=row| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[R. Premadasa Stadium]], [[Colombo]]
| rowspan=2| 4
|-
! scope=row| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]]
|-
! scope=row| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
|3
|-
! scope=row| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| rowspan=4| 2
|-
! scope=row| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
|-
! scope=row| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[The Oval]], [[London]]
|-
! scope=row| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium|Dambulla Cricket Stadium]], [[Dambulla]]
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Test cricket hat-tricks]]
* [[List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks]]
* [[List of women's international cricket hat-tricks]]

==Notes==
A. {{note label|Last|A|1}}{{note label|Last|A|2}}{{note label|Last|A|3}}{{note label|Last|A|4}}{{note label|Last|A|5}}{{note label|Last|A|6}}{{note label|Last|A|7}}{{note label|Last|A|8}}{{note label|Last|A|9}}{{note label|Last|A|10}}{{note label|Last|A|11}} Last three [[Wicket (dismissal)|wickets]] of the [[Innings#Cricket|innings]]

B. {{note label|Bestone|B|1}} Aaqib Javed ended with [[Bowling analysis|7–37]], then the best [[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|bowling figures]] in an ODI.<ref name="bestbowling">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283204.html|title=ODI Career Best Innings Bowling|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=10 July 2009|archive-date=4 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804132512/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283204.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

C. {{note label|Fourinfive|C|1}}{{note label|Fourinfive|C|2}} Four wickets in five [[Bowling (cricket)|deliveries]]

D. {{note label|Firstw|D|1}}{{note label|Firstw|D|2}}{{note label|Firstw|D|3}}{{note label|Firstw|D|4}} First three wickets of the innings

E. {{note label|Besttwo|E|1}} Vaas took 8–19; this is the only time ({{As of|2021|07|alt=as of 25 July 2021}}) that a bowler has taken eight wickets in an ODI.<ref name="bestbowling"/>

F. {{note label|Firstb|F|1}} First three deliveries of the match

G. {{note label|Fourinfour|G|1}} Four wickets in four deliveries

H. {{note label|Span|H|1}}{{note label|Span|H|2}}{{note label|Span|H|3}}{{note label|Span|H|4}}{{note label|Span|H|5}} Hat-trick spanned two overs

I. {{note label|OnDebut|I|1}}{{note label|OnDebut|I|2}}{{note label|OnDebut|I|3}}{{note label|OnDebut|I|4}} Hat-trick on debut

==References==
;General
* {{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/263626.html|title=One Day Internationals – Hat-tricks|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=22 August 2011|archive-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502015643/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/263626.html|url-status=live}}

;Specific
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Cricket records}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of cricket hat-tricks|One Day International]]
[[Category:One Day International cricket records]]
[[Category:One Day International hat-trick takers|*]]

Robert Downey Jr.

2026-02-26T11:14:15Z

Kkasthana: small fix

{{Short description|American actor (born 1965)}}
{{Redirect|RDJ}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Robert Downey Jr. 2014 Comic-Con.jpg
| alt = Robert Downey Jr. promoting 'Avengers: Age of Ultron' at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con
| caption = Downey in 2014
| birth_name = Robert John Downey Jr.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|4|4}}
| birth_place = New York City, US
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1970–present
| works = [[Robert Downey Jr. filmography|Filmography]]
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|[[Deborah Falconer]]|May 29, 1992|April 26, 2004|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|[[Susan Downey|Susan Levin]]|August 2005}}}}
| partner = [[Sarah Jessica Parker]] (1984–1991)
| children = 3
| father = [[Robert Downey Sr.]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Robert Downey Jr.|Full list]]
| signature = Robert Downey Jr.'s signature.svg
}}

'''Robert John Downey Jr.''' (born April 4, 1965) is an American actor. [[Robert Downey Jr. filmography|His films]] as a leading actor have grossed over $14.3{{nbsp}}billion worldwide, making him one of the [[List of highest-grossing actors|highest-grossing actors of all time]]. Downey was the [[List of highest-paid film actors#Highest annual earnings|highest-paid actor]] in the world annually from 2013 to 2015. Known for his versatility across roles, he is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Robert Downey Jr.|various accolades]], including an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], a [[Daytime Emmy Award]], three [[Golden Globe Awards]], and two [[British Academy Film Awards]].

At age five, Downey made his acting debut in his father [[Robert Downey Sr.]]'s film ''[[Pound (film)|Pound]]'' (1970). He rose to prominence by working with the [[Brat Pack]] for the [[teen film]]s ''[[Weird Science (film)|Weird Science]]'' (1985) and ''[[Less than Zero (film)|Less than Zero]]'' (1987). His portrayal of [[Charlie Chaplin]] in the biopic [[Chaplin (film)|''Chaplin'']] (1992) earned him the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|BAFTA Award for Best Actor]] and an [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Academy Award]] nomination. After spending less than a year at [[California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, Corcoran|a treatment facility]] on drug charges, Downey joined the television series ''[[Ally McBeal]]'' in 2000, earning a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Golden Globe]] for his performance. Dismissed from the show in 2001 following further drug-related arrests, he entered a court-ordered rehabilitation program and has remained [[Sobriety|sober]] since 2003.

After [[Mel Gibson]] paid his insurance bond, Downey made his film comeback with ''[[The Singing Detective (film)|The Singing Detective]]'' (2003). He gained global recognition for starring as [[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Iron Man]] in ten [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] films, from ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' (2008) to ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019). Downey starred as the [[Sherlock Holmes|titular detective]] in ''[[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|Sherlock Holmes]]'' (2009), which earned him a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe]]. His portrayal of bureaucrat [[Lewis Strauss]] in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' (2023) won him the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Academy Award]], [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Golden Globe]], and [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|BAFTA Award]] for Best Supporting Actor. In 2024, he was nominated for a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Primetime Emmy Award]] for the miniseries ''[[The Sympathizer (miniseries)|The Sympathizer]]'' and made his [[Broadway (theatre)|Broadway]] debut in the title role of [[Ayad Akhtar]]'s ''[[McNeal (play)|McNeal]]''.

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Downey one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] in 2008 and ''[[Forbes]]'' featured him on the [[Celebrity 100]] in 2013 and 2014. He has pursued music, releasing the [[jazz-pop]] album ''[[The Futurist (Robert Downey Jr. album)|The Futurist]]'' (2004), which charted on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. Divorced from singer [[Deborah Falconer]], Downey has been married to film producer [[Susan Downey|Susan Levin]] since 2005; they co-founded the production company [[Team Downey]]. Downey has three children: one with Falconer and two with Levin. In 2025, he was named one of the greatest film actors of the 21st century by ''[[The Independent]]''.

==Early life and acting background==
Robert John Downey Jr. was born in [[Manhattan]], New York City, on April 4, 1965.<ref name="j948">{{cite web | first=Kirk | last=McKoy | title=Robert Downey Jr.: Life in pictures | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=April 6, 2015 | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-robert-downey-jr-pictures-photogallery.html | access-date=October 2, 2025}}</ref> His father, [[Robert Downey Sr.]] (né Elias), was a filmmaker with [[History of the Jews in Lithuania|Lithuanian Jewish]] and Irish ancestry.{{sfn|Duchovnay|2012|p=129}}<ref name="ancenstry"/> His mother, Elsie Ann ([[née]] Ford), was an actress who appeared in Downey Sr.'s films and had Scottish, German, and Swiss ancestry.{{sfn|Welsh|Whaley|2012|p=69}}{{sfn|Gates Jr.|2014|p=144}}<ref name="ancenstry">{{multiref|{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2021 |title=Robert Downey Sr, counterculture film-maker who gave his son Robert Jr his first acting role – obituary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/07/08/robert-downey-sr-counterculture-film-maker-gave-son-robert-jr/ |access-date=March 6, 2024 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=July 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715130241/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2021/07/08/robert-downey-sr-counterculture-film-maker-gave-son-robert-jr/ |ref=none |url-status=live }}|{{cite news |last=Diamond |first=Jamie |title=Film: Robert Downey Jr. is Chaplin (on screen) and a child (off) |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DB1039F933A15751C1A964958260 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url-access=limited |date=December 20, 1992 |access-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301180045/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DB1039F933A15751C1A964958260 |archive-date=March 1, 2009 |ref=none |url-status=live }}|{{harvnb|Gates Jr.|2014|p=144}}}}</ref> Downey's sister, Allyson, is two years older than him.<ref name="q577">{{cite web | last=Jones | first=Damian | title=Robert Downey Jr. leads tributes to his father Robert Downey Sr. who has died | website=[[NME]] | date=July 7, 2021 | url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/robert-downey-jr-leads-tributes-to-his-father-robert-downey-sr-who-has-died-2987893 | access-date=October 2, 2025 | archive-date=June 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605084950/https://www.nme.com/news/film/robert-downey-jr-leads-tributes-to-his-father-robert-downey-sr-who-has-died-2987893 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Due to his father's film projects, Downey moved frequently during his childhood, living in places such as [[Woodstock, New York]]; London, England; [[New Mexico]]; California; [[Connecticut]]; and [[Greenwich Village]] in New York City.{{sfn|Falk|2014|pp=9–10}}<ref name=":1"/> From a young age, Downey was exposed to drugs: his father struggled with [[addiction]], and his mother battled alcoholism.{{sfn|Falk|2014|pp=9–10}}<ref name="l977">{{cite web | last=Blackwood | first=Emily | title=All About Robert Downey Jr.'s Late Mom, Elsie Ford | website=[[People (magazine)|People]] | date=June 8, 2024 | url=https://people.com/all-about-robert-downey-jr-late-mom-elsie-ford-8553780 | access-date=October 2, 2025 | archive-date=March 19, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319122859/https://people.com/all-about-robert-downey-jr-late-mom-elsie-ford-8553780 | url-status=live }}</ref> His father introduced him to marijuana at either age six{{sfn|Payne|Gainey|2014|p=100}} or eight;{{sfn|Falk|2014|p=9}} Downey Sr. later expressed regret for doing so.<ref name="toughest">{{cite news |year=2004 |title=Actor's toughest role |url=http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/downey/profile.html |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129152632/http://www.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/downey/profile.html |archive-date=January 29, 2012 |access-date=May 1, 2008 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Downey mentioned that using drugs with his father created an emotional connection between them, explaining that, "When my dad and I used drugs together, it was his way of showing love for me in the only manner he knew."<ref name="Hitting Bottom">{{cite web |last=Gliatto |first=Tom |date=August 19, 1996 |title=Hitting bottom |url=https://people.com/archive/hitting-bottom-vol-46-no-8/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102010030/http://people.com/archive/hitting-bottom-vol-46-no-8/ |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |access-date=January 26, 2011 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|volume=46|issue=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Luchina | last=Fisher | title=Robert Downey Jr. talks about addiction and passing it to his son |url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2014/09/robert-downey-jr-talks-about-addiction-and-passing-them-to-his-son |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211042742/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2014/09/robert-downey-jr-talks-about-addiction-and-passing-them-to-his-son |archive-date=February 11, 2022 |access-date=September 11, 2020 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> During his childhood, he appeared in small roles in his father's films. He made his acting debut at the age of five, portraying a sick puppy in the [[Surreal humour|absurdist comedy]] film [[Pound (film)|''Pound'']] (1970), and at seven, he appeared in the [[Western (genre)|Western]] film ''[[Greaser's Palace]]'' (1972).<ref name="times1992">{{cite news |last=Diamond |first=Jamie |title=Film: Robert Downey Jr. Is Chaplin (on Screen) and a Child (Off) |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DB1039F933A15751C1A964958260 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 20, 1992 |access-date=February 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301180045/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DB1039F933A15751C1A964958260 |archive-date=March 1, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> At ages eleven and twelve, he attended [[Stagedoor Manor]], a summer acting camp in [[upstate New York]].{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=270}}

In school, Downey was a [[hyperactive]] child who "tried to be cool", often teased by the older boys but popular with the girls.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=270}} His parents divorced when he was twelve; afterward, he lived with his mother in a fifth-floor apartment in New York City,{{sfn|Falk|2014|p=16}}{{sfn|Bystedt|1988|p=26}} while his sister stayed with their father, who later took her to a [[boarding school]].{{sfn|Bystedt|1988|p=26}} He attended Lincoln Junior High School for eighth grade and then [[Santa Monica High School]] for ninth and tenth grades, but dropped out in 1982.{{sfn|Falk|2014|pp=16–17}} At age 17, Downey relocated to his home town to pursue acting full-time,<ref name="CNN profile">{{cite web | title=Transcripts: Encore Presentation: Robert Downey Jr.'s Life of Talent and Trouble | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=14 July 2001 | url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/pitn/date/2001-07-14/segment/00 | access-date=2 October 2025}}</ref> working several jobs such as clearing tables at a Central Falls restaurant, working in a shoe store, and performing as "[[Performance art|living art]]" at the nightclub [[Area (nightclub)|Area]] to support himself during auditions.{{sfn|Falk|2014|p=23}}{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=272}} During this period, he also appeared in local theater and [[off-Broadway]] productions.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=3}}

==Career==
===1983–1995: Early work and critical acclaim===
Downey made his stage debut in 1983 with a three-week run in ''Alms for the Middle Class'' at the [[Geva Theatre Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2016 |last=Greenwood |first=Marcia |title=TBT: Robert Downey Jr. makes stage acting debut at Geva |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/lifestyle/entertainment/2016/02/18/tbt-robert-downey-jr-makes-stage-acting-debut-geva/80556338/ |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=[[Democrat and Chronicle]] |archive-date=March 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308061728/https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/lifestyle/entertainment/2016/02/18/tbt-robert-downey-jr-makes-stage-acting-debut-geva/80556338/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He then appeared in the short-lived off-Broadway musical ''American Passion'' at the [[Joyce Theater]], produced by [[Norman Lear]].{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=2}} Downey's first credited film role was in ''[[Baby It's You (film)|Baby It's You]]'' (1983), though most of his scenes were cut.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=273}} In his early film roles, he frequently portrayed misfit characters,{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=87}} and his portrayals of [[punk subculture|punk]]-like figures in several 1980s coming-of-age films led to his occasional association with the [[Brat Pack]].<ref name="CNN profile" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2002575504_downey23.html |title=Downey riding high on the comeback trail |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |first=David |last=Germain |access-date=May 2, 2008 |date=October 23, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629054425/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2002575504_downey23.html |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the [[drama film|drama]] film [[Firstborn (1984 film)|''Firstborn'']] (1984), he played a supporting role as the teenage friend of the protagonist.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=87}} Downey then traveled to Los Angeles to film ''[[Tuff Turf]]'' (1985), in which he played [[James Spader]]'s [[sidekick]] and a punk drummer.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=273}} Later that year, his role as a bully in [[John Hughes (filmmaker)|John Hughes]]'s ''[[Weird Science (film)|Weird Science]]'' (1985) marked his [[breakthrough role|breakthrough]].{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|pp=87, 273}} Downey starred as a radical socialist in the [[Alan Metter]] comedy film ''[[Back to School]]'' (1987).{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=87}}

[[File:Robert Downey Jr.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=A 25-year-old Downey dressed in a dark blazer and colorful shirt, being interviewed with a microphone|Downey at the premiere of ''[[Air America (film)|Air America]]'' in 1990]]

In 1985, Downey joined the new, younger cast of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', securing the audition with help from his ''Weird Science'' co-star and friend [[Anthony Michael Hall]].{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=273}} After a season of poor ratings and criticism of the cast's comedic ability, he and most of the new members were dismissed.<ref name="CNN profile" /><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sheffield |first=Rob |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/lists/saturday-night-live-all-141-cast-members-ranked-20150211/141-robert-downey-jr-20150211 |title=145. Robert Downey Jr. | 'Saturday Night Live': All 145 Cast Members Ranked |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=February 11, 2015 |access-date=March 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219004334/http://www.rollingstone.com/tv/lists/saturday-night-live-all-141-cast-members-ranked-20150211/141-robert-downey-jr-20150211 |archive-date=February 19, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Downey's first [[leading actor|leading role]] came in ''[[The Pick-up Artist (1987 film)|The Pick-up Artist]]'' (1987), which faced criticism for being "sexually irresponsible" because of its portrayal of [[Promiscuity|promiscuous]] sex during a period of heightened [[HIV/AIDS activism|AIDS awareness]].{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=274}}<ref name="c267">{{cite magazine | last=Hirschberg | first=Lynn | title=Robert Downey Jr.'s Weird Science of Acting | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=May 19, 1988 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/robert-downey-jr-s-weird-science-of-acting-179642/ | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=February 13, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213164808/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/robert-downey-jr-s-weird-science-of-acting-179642/ | url-status=live }}</ref> He earned critical acclaim for his role as a drug-addicted rich boy whose life rapidly spirals out of control in the drama film ''[[Less than Zero (film)|Less than Zero]]'' (1987), the film adaptation of [[Bret Easton Ellis]]'s [[Less than Zero (novel)|1985 novel]].{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|pp=3, 274}}<ref name="o479">{{cite interview| last=Downey | time=0:40–0:56|first=Robert Jr.|interviewer=[[Guy Raz]]|title='Less Than Zero' Addicts Reach Middle Age | publisher=[[NPR]] | date=July 31, 2010 | url=https://www.npr.org/2010/07/31/128897924/less-than-zero-addicts-reach-middle-age | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=April 13, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250413094942/https://www.npr.org/2010/07/31/128897924/less-than-zero-addicts-reach-middle-age | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Maslinthanzero">{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE4DA1239F935A35752C1A961948260&sec=&spon= |title=Film: 'Less Than Zero', Young Lives |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Maslin |first=Janet |access-date=May 2, 2008 |date=November 6, 1987 |author-link=Janet Maslin |archive-date=July 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729141559/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/06/movies/film-less-than-zero-young-lives.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Critic [[Roger Ebert]] called his performance "so real, so subtle and so observant that it's scary",<ref name="c487">{{cite web | last=Ebert | first=Roger | author-link=Roger Ebert | title=Less Than Zero movie review & film summary (1987) | publisher=[[Roger Ebert]] | date=November 6, 1987 | url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/less-than-zero-1987 | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=October 2, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002221922/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/less-than-zero-1987 | url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Janet Maslin]], in ''[[The New York Times]]'', deemed it "desperately moving".<ref name="Maslinthanzero"/> Downey said that the role felt like "the [[Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come|ghost of Christmas Future]]" for him, as his drug habit led him to become an "exaggeration of the character" in real life.<ref name="skin deep"/>

Shortly after completing ''Less than Zero'', Downey entered rehab for the first time, beginning a decade-long cycle of interventions and treatment stints that culminated in his 1996 arrest.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2008 |first=Murphy|last=Williams|title=Robert Downey Jr: return of the hero |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3672926/Robert-Downey-Jr-return-of-the-hero.html |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url-access=subscription|archive-date=March 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308055522/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3672926/Robert-Downey-Jr-return-of-the-hero.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |date=August 1, 2000 |first=Steve | last=Garbarino|title=Robert Downey Jr. Speaks From Prison |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2000/08/robert-downey-jr-prison |access-date=March 8, 2024 |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329131535/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2000/08/robert-downey-jr-prison |url-status=live }}</ref> He starred alongside [[Kiefer Sutherland]] and [[Winona Ryder]] in the [[teen drama]] film ''[[1969 (film)|1969]]'' (1988).{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=274}} The film saw mixed reception,<ref name="g470">{{cite web | title=1969 | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=October 6, 2005 | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1969 | access-date=October 3, 2025}}</ref> though his performance garnered good reviews from writers at [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] and ''[[Deseret News]]''.<ref name="o567">{{cite web | title=1969 | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=January 1, 1988 | url=https://variety.com/1987/film/reviews/1969-1117793549/ | access-date=October 3, 2025}}</ref><ref name="h351">{{cite web | last=Hicks | first=Chris | title=Film review: 1969 | website=[[Deseret News]] | date=April 26, 1989 | url=https://www.deseret.com/1989/4/26/20086941/film-review-1969/ | access-date=October 3, 2025}}</ref> Downey went on to star in the films ''[[Chances Are (film)|Chances Are]]'' (1989) with [[Cybill Shepherd]] and [[Ryan O'Neal]], ''[[Air America (film)|Air America]]'' (1990) with [[Mel Gibson]], and ''[[Soapdish]]'' (1991) with [[Sally Field]], [[Kevin Kline]], [[Cathy Moriarty]], and [[Whoopi Goldberg]]; each saw varying critical success.<ref name="k758">{{cite web | title=Chances Are | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=March 10, 1989 | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chances_are | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=September 3, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250903061121/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chances_are | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="a411">{{cite web | title=Air America | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=August 10, 1990 | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/air_america | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=August 14, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814061441/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/air_america | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="z501">{{cite web | title=Soapdish | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=May 31, 1991 | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/soapdish | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=September 5, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905195934/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/soapdish | url-status=live }}</ref> Downey trained extensively to prepare for his portrayal of comic actor and filmmaker [[Charlie Chaplin]] in the biopic [[Chaplin (film)|''Chaplin'']] (1992), learning to play the violin and tennis left-handed, and working with a coach to replicate Chaplin's accent and mannerisms.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=46}} Although the film was a [[box-office bomb]],<ref name="h815">{{cite web | last=Lewis | first=Isobel | title=Richard Attenborough told Robert Downey Jr that Tom Cruise would have played Charlie Chaplin better than him | website=[[The Independent]] | date=October 22, 2020 | url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/films/news/robert-downey-jr-chaplin-charlie-richard-attenborough-tom-cruise-b1223385.html | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=September 25, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250925152147/https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/films/news/robert-downey-jr-chaplin-charlie-richard-attenborough-tom-cruise-b1223385.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Downey's performance received critical acclaim.<ref name="o884">{{multiref|{{cite web | last=Canby | first=Vincent | title=Review/Film; Robert Downey Jr. in Charlie Chaplin life story | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=December 25, 1992 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/25/movies/review-film-robert-downey-jr-in-charlie-chaplin-life-story.html | ref=none | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=December 14, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214025946/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/25/movies/review-film-robert-downey-jr-in-charlie-chaplin-life-story.html | url-status=live }}|{{cite web | last=Ebert | first=Roger | ref=none | title=Chaplin movie review & film summary (1993) | publisher=[[Roger Ebert]] | date=January 8, 1993 | url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/chaplin-1993 | access-date=October 3, 2025 }}|{{cite web | last=Turan | first=Kenneth | title=Movie Reviews: A Reverential 'Chaplin': Send in the Clown: Stately Pace at Odds With Subject's Slapstick Comedy | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=December 25, 1992 | ref=none | url-access=subscription | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-25-ca-2316-story.html | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=February 25, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225140307/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-25-ca-2316-story.html | url-status=live }}}}</ref> It earned him the [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|BAFTA Award for Best Actor]], as well as [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Academy Award]] and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Golden Globe Award]] nominations.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|pp=5, 59}}

{{Quote box|
| quote = Oh come on—that's too much! You're going too far, Robert, {{nbsp}}[...] you're ruining my movie! Forget the dumb dick idea.{{nbsp}}[...] This isn't some slapstick bullshit
| source = — [[Oliver Stone]] recalled shouting at Downey during the filming of ''Natural Born Killers'' (1994)<ref name="y070">{{cite web | last=Thomas | first=Carly | title=Oliver Stone Says Robert Downey Jr. Nearly Ruined 'Natural Born Killers' With 'Slapstick Bullsh**' | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=September 1, 2024 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oliver-stone-robert-downey-jr-nearly-ruined-natural-born-killers-1235988872/ | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=November 22, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122174644/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/oliver-stone-robert-downey-jr-nearly-ruined-natural-born-killers-1235988872/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
| width = 18%
|align= right
}}

In 1993, Downey starred in ''[[Heart and Souls]]'', playing a man possessed by multiple characters—a performance that critic [[Peter Travers]] praised as revealing his "explosive talent for physical comedy".{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=12}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Travers |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Travers |title=Heart and Souls |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/heart-and-souls-96603/ |access-date=April 26, 2022 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=August 13, 1993 |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801134805/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/heart-and-souls-96603/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Only You (1994 film)|''Only You'']] (1994), co-starring [[Marisa Tomei]] and [[Billy Zane]], Downey played Peter Wright, a professional dancer who poses as the soulmate for Tomei's character Faith.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=274}}<ref name="n765">{{cite web | last=McCarthy | first=Todd | title=Only You | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=September 19, 1994 | url=https://variety.com/1994/film/reviews/only-you-2-1200438521/ | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=December 11, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211225030/https://variety.com/1994/film/reviews/only-you-2-1200438521/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Norman Jewison]], the film's director, cast Downey because he reminded him of [[Tony Curtis]]: "charming with great comedic timing".{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=60}} In preparation for his role of reporter Wayne Gale in ''[[Natural Born Killers]]'' (1994), Downey shadowed Australian television shock journalist [[Steve Dunleavy]], which helped him develop an Australian accent.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=76}}<ref name="g444">{{cite web | last=Roberts | first=Sam | title=Steve Dunleavy, brash face of Murdoch journalism, dies at 81 | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=June 25, 2019 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/business/steve-dunleavy-dead.html | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=March 8, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308001026/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/25/business/steve-dunleavy-dead.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The film proved successful at the box office, grossing $110{{nbsp}}million on a $34{{nbsp}}million budget.<ref name="boxofficemojo.com">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 1994 |title=Natural Born Killers (1994) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=naturalbornkillers.htm |access-date=October 3, 2025 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=February 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219014520/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=naturalbornkillers.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=SI>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|date=August 30, 1996|pages=14–15|title=Planet Hollywood}}</ref> Throughout 1995, he took on a string of diverse roles, appearing in the [[historical film|period]] drama [[Restoration (1995 film)|''Restoration'']],<ref name="d677">{{cite web | last=Stack | first=Peter | title=''Restoration'' Has a Split Personality | publisher=[[SFGate]] | date=January 26, 1996 | url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Restoration-Has-a-Split-Personality-2996233.php | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=December 10, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210233541/https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Restoration-Has-a-Split-Personality-2996233.php | url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Richard III (play)|Shakespearean]] adaptation ''[[Richard III (1995 film)|Richard III]]'',{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=276}} and the family ensemble ''[[Home for the Holidays (1995 film)|Home for the Holidays]]''.<ref name="l634">{{cite web | last=Levy | first=Emanuel | title=Home for the Holidays | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=October 30, 1995 | url=https://variety.com/1995/film/reviews/home-for-the-holidays-1200443218/ | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=December 11, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211223034/https://variety.com/1995/film/reviews/home-for-the-holidays-1200443218/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

===1996–2001: Addiction-related setbacks and ''Ally McBeal''===
In early 1996, concerned for Downey's well-being, [[Sean Penn]] and [[Dennis Quaid]] went to his home, took his car keys, and brought him to a rehab facility in [[Tucson]], Arizona, but he checked himself out a few days later.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> In June 1996, he was arrested for possession of [[heroin]], [[cocaine]], [[crack cocaine]], and an unloaded [[.357 Magnum]] handgun while speeding down [[Sunset Boulevard]]. A month later, while under the influence of a controlled substance, he entered a neighbor's home through an unlocked front door and fell asleep on their child's bed.<ref name="carrtimes">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/movies/20carr.html?_r=1&ref=movies&pagewanted=all&oref=slogin |title=Been Up, Been Down. Now? Super. |work=[[The New York Times]] |last=Carr |first=David |access-date=May 1, 2008 |date=April 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525000357/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/movies/20carr.html?_r=1&ref=movies&pagewanted=all&oref=slogin |archive-date=May 25, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1731600-2,00.html |title=Robert Downey Jr.: Back from the brink |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |last=Winters Keegan |first=Rebecca |access-date=May 1, 2008 |date=April 16, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118135333/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1731600-2,00.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="y713">{{cite web | last=Kirby | first=Brandon | title=From Robert Downey Jr.'s Sleepover to Mel Gibson's Almost DUI, 9 of Malibu's Most Notorious Scandals | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=13 June 2014 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/malibus-notorious-scandals-robert-downey-710643/ | access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref> The family declined to press trespassing charges.<ref name=":1"/> The [[911 (emergency telephone number)|911]] call made by the neighbor was later circulated online and became known as the "Goldilocks incident".<ref name="g625">{{cite web | last=Smith | first=David | title=The star who came back from the depths: Robert Downey Jr | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=August 23, 2008 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/aug/24/robertdowneyjr.usa | access-date=October 3, 2025}}</ref> In September 1996, he pleaded [[no contest]]; two months later, following a period in court-ordered rehab, he was sentenced to another six months of live-in rehabilitation, three years' probation, and compulsory drug testing.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="j474">{{cite web | title=Downey's Sentence Goes the Max | website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=20 March 1998 | url=https://time.com/archive/6918538/downeys-sentence-goes-the-max/ | access-date=20 December 2025}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 125
| header =
| image1 = Actor Robert Downey Jr. photographed by the California Department of Corrections.jpg
| alt1 = Mugshot of a 34-year-old Downey smiling slightly, holding a placard with his identification details
| caption1 = Mugshot from his arrest in August 1999
| image2 = Rdowneymug2.jpg
| alt2 = Mugshot of Downey, wearing a green shirt, looking directly at the camera with a slight smile
| caption2 = Mugshot from his arrest in April 2001
}}

Downey starred in ''[[Two Girls and a Guy]]'' (1997), portraying a duplicitous man who convinces each of two women that she is his only love.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=12}} After missing a court-ordered drug test in 1997, he spent six months in [[Los Angeles County Jail]].<ref name="y509">{{cite web | last=Welkos | first=Robert W. | title=Actor Robert Downey Jr. Given 6-Month Jail Term | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=December 9, 1997 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-dec-09-me-62196-story.html | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=July 14, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224120/http://articles.latimes.com/1997/dec/09/local/me-62196 | url-status=live }}</ref> In January 1998, he was briefly released from jail to film ''[[U.S. Marshals (film)|U.S. Marshals]]''.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=278}} Upon his full release, he entered a court-mandated 120-day rehab program and then starred in ''[[Black and White (1999 drama film)|Black and White]]'' (1999), playing Terry Donager, the gay husband of a documentary filmmaker.<ref name=":1" />{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=36}} That year, after maintaining sobriety during the filming of ''[[Wonder Boys]]'' (2000), Downey relapsed. At the time, he was facing financial difficulties and had lost his house in Malibu.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Later that year, after missing another court-ordered drug test, he was arrested again. Despite his lawyer [[Robert Shapiro (lawyer)|Robert Shapiro]] assembling the same legal team that had successfully defended [[O. J. Simpson]] in [[Murder trial of O. J. Simpson|his criminal trial]], Downey was sentenced to a three-year prison term at the [[California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, Corcoran|California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison]] in [[Corcoran, California|Corcoran]].<ref name="f774">{{cite web | title=Addicted Downey Jnr jailed | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=August 6, 1999 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/413283.stm | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=March 30, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330114926/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/413283.stm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="j950">{{cite web | title=Downey gets 3 yr. prison term for parole violations | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=August 6, 1999 | url=https://variety.com/1999/film/news/downey-gets-3-yr-prison-term-for-parole-violations-1117750121/ | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=March 4, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304022853/https://variety.com/1999/film/news/downey-gets-3-yr-prison-term-for-parole-violations-1117750121/ | url-status=live }}</ref> At the time of his arrest, all of Downey's film projects had been completed and were nearing release. He had also been hired to voice the devil in the [[NBC]] animated series ''[[God, the Devil and Bob]]'', but was dismissed after failing to attend rehearsals.<ref name="j950"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/375887.stm |title=Downey Jr back in jail |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=August 8, 2008 |date=July 23, 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021108122740/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/375887.stm |archive-date=November 8, 2002 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After spending nearly a year in the Corcoran prison, Downey was unexpectedly released in 2000 on the condition of posting a $5,000 bail, when a judge ruled that his cumulative time in incarceration facilities—from his initial 1996 arrests—qualified him for early release.<ref name="toughest"/> A week after his release, he joined the cast of the television series ''[[Ally McBeal]]'' as a new love interest.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/875828.stm |title=Downey Jr lands McBeal role |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=May 1, 2008 |date=August 11, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330113511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/875828.stm |archive-date=March 30, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> For his performance, he was nominated for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series]] and won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries, or Television Film]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2001-10-07-0110070407-story.html|title=A look at top contests in a more somber Emmys|last=Johnson|first=Steve|date=October 7, 2001|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=November 17, 2023|archive-date=November 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117183217/https://www.chicagotribune.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="k650">{{cite magazine | title=Cillian Murphy's 2024 Golden Globes speech censored | magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | first=Wesley | last=Stenzel | date=January 7, 2024 | url=https://ew.com/cillian-murphy-golden-globes-2024-speech-censored-8423391 | access-date=October 3, 2025 | archive-date=April 16, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416163654/https://ew.com/cillian-murphy-golden-globes-2024-speech-censored-8423391 | url-status=live }}</ref> In retrospect, Downey described his performance as overrated, deeming it his "lowest point in terms of addictions".<ref name="skin deep"/> Before the end of [[Ally McBeal season 4|his first season]] on ''Ally McBeal'', Downey was arrested on [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving]] in 2000, after police responded to an anonymous 911 call and searched his room at [[Merv Griffin]]'s Hotel and Givenchy Spa in [[Palm Springs, California]]. He was found under the influence of a controlled substance and in possession of cocaine and [[valium]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E0D6113BF934A25754C0A9679C8B63 |title=Boldface Names |last=Baron |first=James |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 1, 2008 |date=July 17, 2001 |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123202900/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/17/nyregion/boldface-names-279722.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2001/04/24/robert-downey-jr-arrested-la/|title=Robert Downey Jr. arrested in L.A.|last=Angulo|first=Sandra P.|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=October 2, 2019|date=April 24, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020140606/https://ew.com/article/2001/04/24/robert-downey-jr-arrested-la/|archive-date=October 20, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite facing a prison sentence of up to four years and eight months if convicted, Downey committed to appear in at least eight more episodes of ''Ally McBeal''.<ref name="d120">{{cite web | title=Downey Jr signs McBeal deal | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=February 15, 2001 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1171634.stm | access-date=October 4, 2025 | archive-date=March 30, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330120605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1171634.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2001, while on parole, Downey was found wandering barefoot in [[Culver City]] by a Los Angeles police officer. He was arrested on suspicion of being under the influence of drugs but was released a few hours later, even though tests confirmed the presence of cocaine in his system.<ref name="n767">{{cite web | title=The Woes Of Robert Downey Jr. | publisher=[[CBS News]] | date=April 24, 2001 | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-woes-of-robert-downey-jr/ | access-date=October 4, 2025 | archive-date=January 29, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129201732/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-woes-of-robert-downey-jr/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wired drug">{{cite news |url=https://www.wired.com/entertainment/hollywood/news/2001/05/44194 |title=Robert Downey Jr.'s Drug 'Deal' |agency=[[Reuters]] |work=[[Wired (website)|Wired]] |access-date=May 11, 2008 |date=May 31, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110195743/http://www.wired.com/entertainment/hollywood/news/2001/05/44194 |archive-date=January 10, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After the arrest, the producers of ''Ally McBeal'' ordered last-minute rewrites and reshoots before dismissing him from the series, despite his character having boosted the show's ratings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/18/business/this-season-to-be-last-for-ally-mcbeal.html |title=This Season to Be Last for 'Ally McBeal' |last=Carter |first=Bill |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=September 9, 2010 |date=April 18, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525000609/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/18/business/this-season-to-be-last-for-ally-mcbeal.html |archive-date=May 25, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2001, Downey pleaded no contest to the Palm Springs charges, avoiding jail time. Instead, he was ordered into drug rehabilitation and sentenced to three years of probation under [[2000 California Proposition 36|California Proposition 36]], which had been enacted to direct nonviolent drug offenders toward treatment rather than prison.<ref name="toughest" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://transcripts.cnn.com/show/se/date/2001-07-16/segment/03 |title=Robert Downey Jr. to Enter Plea Agreement on Drug Charges |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=May 11, 2008 |date=July 16, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110111727/http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0107/16/se.03.html |archive-date=January 10, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> He spent a year in Wavelengths International, a court-mandated rehabilitation facility. By this time Downey was homeless, considered too great an insurance risk to be employable, and facing bankruptcy.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>

In December 2000, Downey's stepmother, Rosemary, told author Alex Tresnlowski of [[People (magazine)|''People'']] that Downey had been diagnosed with [[bipolar disorder]] "a few years ago", adding that this was "the reason he has a hard time staying sober. What hasn't been tried is medication and intensive psychotherapy".<ref name="BadToWorse">{{cite web|url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-bad-to-worse-vol-54-no-26/|title=Bad to Worse|last=Tresnlowski|first=Alex|work=People|date=December 18, 2000|access-date=October 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808221202/https://people.com/archive/cover-story-bad-to-worse-vol-54-no-26/|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Los Angeles psychiatrist Manijeh Nikakhtar said she had received a letter from Downey in 1999 during his incarceration at Corcoran II, asking for advice regarding his condition. She stated that "no one had done a complete [psychiatric] evaluation [on him]{{nbsp}}[...] I asked him flat out if he thought he was bipolar, and he said, 'Oh yeah. There are times I spend a lot of money and I'm hyperactive, and there are other times I’m down.'"<ref name="BadToWorse"/>

=== 2001–2007: Recovery and comeback ===
{{Quote box|
| quote = I said, 'You know what? I don't think I can continue doing this.' And I reached out for help, and I ran with it. You can reach out for help in kind of a half-assed way and you'll get it and you won't take advantage of it. It's not that difficult to overcome these seemingly ghastly problems {{nbsp}}[...] what's hard is to decide to do it.
| source = — Downey speaking to [[Oprah Winfrey]] in November 2004{{sfn|Darowski|2015|p=145}}
| width = 30%
|align = right
}}
After five years of substance abuse, arrests, and relapse, Downey began working toward a full recovery in 2001.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=125}}<ref name="t720">{{cite web | title=Life After Rehab | first=Charlotte | last=Duck | website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] | date=October 14, 2009 | url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/celebrities-after-rehab | access-date=October 4, 2025 | archive-date=September 19, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919061054/https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/gallery/celebrities-after-rehab | url-status=live }}</ref> His first acting job after rehabilitation came in August, when he appeared lip-syncing in the music video for [[Elton John]]'s single "[[I Want Love]]", directed by [[Sam Taylor-Wood]]. Two years later, he returned to film with ''[[The Singing Detective (film)|The Singing Detective]]'' (2003), directed by his ''Back to School'' co-star [[Keith Gordon]], after Mel Gibson paid his insurance bond, allowing him to be cast.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|pp=4, 280}}<ref name="z815">{{cite web | first=Julie | last=Makinen | title=Mel Gibson gets a boost from Robert Downey Jr. | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=October 15, 2011 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/24-frames/story/2011-10-15/mel-gibson-gets-a-boost-from-robert-downey-jr | access-date=October 4, 2025}}</ref> He played Dan Dark, a paralyzed, suffering pulp novelist who hallucinates and drifts between reality and fantasy.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=12}} Although the film received mixed reviews, Downey regarded it as a personal achievement.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=12}}<ref name="j932">{{cite web | last=Scott | first=A. O. | title=Film Review; A Pulp Novelist's Dreams Invade a Distressing Reality | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=October 24, 2003 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/24/movies/film-review-a-pulp-novelist-s-dreams-invade-a-distressing-reality.html | access-date=October 4, 2025 | archive-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113234218/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/24/movies/film-review-a-pulp-novelist-s-dreams-invade-a-distressing-reality.html | url-status=live }}</ref> For ''[[Gothika]]'' (2003), producer [[Joel Silver]] withheld 40{{nbsp}}percent of Downey's salary until production was completed as protection against potential issues related to his addiction.<ref name="v527">{{cite web | last=Gonzalez | first=Umberto | title=Ben Affleck Could Lose His ''Batman'' Role Due to Post-Rehab Insurance Costs, Experts Say | website=[[TheWrap]] | date=August 28, 2018 | url=https://www.thewrap.com/ben-affleck-batman-insurance-costs/ | access-date=January 12, 2026}}</ref><ref name="r227">{{cite web | last=Lowman | first=Rob | title=Unlikely Trio Bring to Life Sherlock Holmes Sequel | website=[[Lakeland Ledger]] | date=December 14, 2011 | url=https://www.theledger.com/story/news/2011/12/14/unlikely-trio-bring-to-life-sherlock-holmes-sequel/26464319007/ | access-date=January 12, 2026}}</ref>

Silver secured Downey the lead role in [[Shane Black]]'s directorial debut, the comedy thriller ''[[Kiss Kiss Bang Bang]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/lethal-weapon-wunderkind-party-boy-892186|title='Lethal Weapon' Wunderkind (and Former Party Boy) Shane Black Is Back ... and Still Looking for Action|access-date=May 13, 2016|last=Svetkey|first=Benjamin|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108152533/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/lethal-weapon-wunderkind-party-boy-892186|archive-date=January 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Downey received positive reviews for his performance: [[Mike Russell (author)|Mike Russell]], writing in ''[[The Oregonian]]'', called it "one of [his] most enjoyable performances",<ref name="oregonlive">{{cite web |title= Don't miss the 'Kiss' |date=October 20, 2005 |work=[[The Oregonian]] |url= http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/entertainment/1131575115286180.xml&coll=7 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061110051907/http://www.oregonlive.com/movies/oregonian/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fentertainment%2F1131575115286180.xml&coll=7 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 10, 2006 |access-date=January 27, 2006 |last=Russell |first=Mike |author-link= Mike Russell (author)}}</ref> and a writer for ''[[The Age]]'' deemed it a "terrific comic performance".<ref name="n413">{{cite web | last=Hawker | first=Philippa | title=Kiss Kiss Bang Bang | website=[[The Age]] | date=November 9, 2005 | url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/kiss-kiss-bang-bang-20051110-ge17ka.html | access-date=October 4, 2025 | archive-date=December 18, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218144600/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/kiss-kiss-bang-bang-20051110-ge17ka.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Downey appeared in a range of leading and supporting roles, gaining particular recognition for his performances in several semi-independent films. In ''[[Good Night, and Good Luck]]'' (2005), he portrayed a [[CBS]] journalist and editor secretly married to a coworker, a relationship concealed due to the network's policy prohibiting employees from marrying one another.<ref name="z597">{{cite web | last=Niccum | first=Jon | title='Good Night' a dramatic retelling of journalistic war | website=[[Lawrence Journal-World]] | date=December 23, 2005 | url=https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2005/dec/23/good_night_dramatic_retelling_journalistic_war/ | access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> His role as a drug addict in [[Richard Linklater]]'s [[dystopian]], [[Rotoscoping|rotoscoped]] film ''[[A Scanner Darkly (film)|A Scanner Darkly]]'' (2006) was praised;<ref name="b206">{{cite web | last=Levine | first=Robert | title=A long way from Disney | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=July 7, 2006 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-07-et-rotoscope7-story.html | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=June 19, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619044605/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jul-07-et-rotoscope7-story.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Travers called his performance "the film's flashiest and most ferociously entertaining",<ref name="v191">{{cite magazine | last=Travers | first=Peter | author-link=Peter Travers | title=''A Scanner Darkly'' | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=June 23, 2006 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/a-scanner-darkly-114448/ | access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> and critic [[J. Hoberman]] regarded it as "the performance to beat" that year.<ref name="hoberman">{{Cite news |last=Hoberman |first=J. |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Brain Candy |work=[[The Village Voice]] |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2006/06/27/brain-candy/ |url-status=dead |access-date=July 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509155029/https://www.villagevoice.com/2006/06/27/brain-candy/ |archive-date=May 9, 2018 }}</ref> Downey's character in [[Steven Shainberg]]'s fictional biographical drama [[Fur (film)|''Fur'']] (2006) was a composite representing the two most significant influences on [[Diane Arbus]]'s professional life, [[Lisette Model]] and [[Marvin Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/10/AR2006111000293_pf.html |title=A ''Fur''-Fetched Portrait of Arbus? Precisely! Says the Filmmaker |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |last=Frey |first=Jennifer |date=November 12, 2006 |access-date=May 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111131919/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/10/AR2006111000293_pf.html |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Fur'' was poorly received by critics,<ref name="k638">{{cite web | title=Fur: ''An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus'' | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=November 10, 2006 | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fur | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=August 6, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806041441/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fur | url-status=live }}</ref> but they lauded Downey's performance.<ref name="g127">{{cite web | last=Turan | first=Kenneth | title='Fur' flies fancifully | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=November 10, 2006 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-10-et-fur10-story.html | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=October 3, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003183321/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-nov-10-et-fur10-story.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="c097">{{cite web | title=Kidman, Downey cough up a 'Fur'-ball | first=Kirk | last=Honeycutt | work=[[Reuters]] | date=August 9, 2007 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/review-film-fur-dc/kidman-downey-cough-up-a-fur-ball-idUSN1116644620061110/ | access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref>

In 2005, Downey voiced the character of Patrick Pewterschmidt for an episode of ''[[Family Guy]]'' titled "[[The Fat Guy Strangler]]".{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=292}}<ref name="t411">{{cite web | title=The 50 Best 'Family Guy' Episodes | first=Matt|last=Barone | website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] | date=June 25, 2012 | url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/matt-barone/the-50-best-family-guy-episodes | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=May 21, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521185927/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/matt-barone/the-50-best-family-guy-episodes | url-status=live }}</ref> That year, Downey signed a deal with [[HarperCollins]] to publish a memoir, which he described as a candid account of his life and career. In 2008, he returned his advance and canceled the project without explanation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25801610 |title=Robert Downey Jr. postpones memoir |publisher=[[NBC News]]|last=Italie |first=Hillel |date=July 30, 2008 |access-date=January 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000959/http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/25801610/ns/today-books/ |archive-date=September 26, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, he appeared in [[David Fincher]]'s mystery thriller ''[[Zodiac (film)|Zodiac]]'', based on true events, portraying ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' journalist [[Paul Avery]], who covered the [[Zodiac Killer]] case.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=282}}<ref>{{cite web|first=Paul|last=Harris|title=So Who Was the Zodiac Killer?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/apr/15/usa.world|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=September 2, 2014|date=April 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710095041/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2007/apr/15/usa.world|archive-date=July 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Downey's performance was critically acclaimed;<ref name="i166">{{cite web | title=Day two at Cannes brings 'Zodiac,' with Jake Gyllenhaal and Robert Downey Jr. | website=[[The New York Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=May 17, 2007 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/17/arts/17iht-0518canneszodiac.5755547.html | access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> a ''[[The Tuscaloosa News|Tuscaloosa News]]'' writer deemed it one of his best,<ref name="s376">{{cite web | last=Sawaya | first=George | title=Zodiac's Less Exciting Than Reading Your Horoscope | website=[[Tuscaloosa News]] | date=March 9, 2007 | url=https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2007/03/09/zodiacs-less-exciting-than-reading-your-horoscope/27782524007/ | access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref> and critic [[Manohla Dargis]] remarked that he was at the "top of [his] performance game".<ref name="c371">{{cite web | last=Dargis | first=Manohla | title=Zodiac | website=[[The New York Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=March 2, 2007 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/02/movies/02zodi.html | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=January 1, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101143158/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/02/movies/02zodi.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

===2008–2019: Commercial success and stardom as Iron Man===
[[File:Robert Downey Jr-2008 cropped.JPG|thumb|upright|left|alt=Downey smiling warmly, dressed in a plaid suit jacket with a white shirt and a black tie.|Downey at an event for ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'' in 2008]]

In 2006, Downey was cast as the [[Iron Man|titular character]] in ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'', a [[superhero film]].<ref name="n162">{{cite web | first1=Ben | last1=Fritz | first2=Michael |last2=Fleming | title=''Iron'' hot for Downey | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=September 29, 2006 | url=https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/iron-hot-for-downey-2-1117950941/ | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=February 15, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215034603/https://variety.com/2006/film/markets-festivals/iron-hot-for-downey-2-1117950941/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=56}} Director [[Jon Favreau]] explained that although Downey was not the most obvious choice, "he understood what makes the character tick. He found a lot of his own life experience in '[[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark]]'."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.list.co.uk/article/8139-robert-downey-jrs-heroic-comeback/ |title=Robert Downey Jr.'s heroic comeback |access-date=May 2, 2008 |last=O'Loughlin |first=Lucy |date=May 2, 2008 |work=[[The List (magazine)|The List]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505064610/http://www.list.co.uk/article/8139-robert-downey-jrs-heroic-comeback/ |archive-date=May 5, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Favreau strongly advocated for Downey's casting, believing he could elevate the film's quality and generate widespread audience interest, much like [[Johnny Depp]] had done for the ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|Pirates of the Caribbean]]'' series.<ref name="carrtimes"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/04/28/DD5C107O20.DTL&type=movie |title=Indie cred gave 'Iron Man' filmmaker his shot |access-date=May 2, 2008 |last=Hartlaub |first=Peter |date=May 5, 2008 |publisher=[[SFGate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321083121/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F04%2F28%2FDD5C107O20.DTL&type=movie |archive-date=March 21, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/30/AR2008043003729_pf.html |title=Nerve of Steel |access-date=May 2, 2008 |last=Anderson |first=John |date=May 1, 2008 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111131928/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/30/AR2008043003729_pf.html |archive-date=November 11, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Downey gained more than twenty{{nbsp}}pounds (nine{{nbsp}}kilograms) of muscle over five months to achieve the physicality required for the part.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/movies/361415_downey02.html |title=Robert Downey Jr. has reforged his career in 'Iron Man' |access-date=May 1, 2008 |last=Masuda |first=Sylvia |date=May 2, 2008 |work=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116091610/https://www.seattlepi.com/ae/movies/article/Robert-Downey-Jr-has-reforged-his-career-in-1272139.php |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Iron Man'' was released on May 2, 2008, in the US.{{sfn|Hennig-Thurau|Houston|2018|p=694}} It became the [[2008 in film#Highest-grossing films|eighth-highest-grossing film of 2008]], earning more than $585{{nbsp}}million worldwide against a production budget of $130{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="carrtimes"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2008/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1|title=2008 Worldwide Box Office|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=March 7, 2020|archive-date=August 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820161741/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2008/?ref_=bo_cso_table_1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="w986">{{cite web | last=McClintock | first=Pamela | title=Box Office Report: ''Iron Man 3'' Opens No. 2 All Time With $175.3 Mil for $680.1 Mil Worldwide | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=May 5, 2013 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/box-office-report-iron-man-452194/ | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=March 22, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322080217/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/box-office-report-iron-man-452194/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In ''Iron Man'', Downey portrayed Tony Stark, a wealthy industrialist who is kidnapped and forced to build a deadly missile, only to instead construct [[Iron Man's armor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|a suit of armor]] that transforms him into the superhero Iron Man.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|pp=174–183}} Both the film and Downey's performance were acclaimed by critics,<ref name="w232">{{cite web | title=Iron Man | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=May 2, 2008 | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/iron_man | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=September 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910082352/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/iron_man/ | url-status=live }}</ref> many of whom considered his portrayal the standout element of ''Iron Man'' and credited it with catapulting him to global stardom.<ref name="c393">{{cite web | last=Kit | first=Zorianna | title=''Iron Man 3'' goes back to basics in a quest to save the U.S. | agency=[[Reuters]] | date=April 23, 2013 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/lifestyle/iron-man-3-goes-back-to-basics-in-a-quest-to-save-the-us-idUSDEE93M0CN/ | access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name="o931">{{cite web | title=''Iron Man 3'' goes back to basics in a quest to save the U.S. | website=[[The Denver Post]] | date=April 23, 2013 | url=https://www.denverpost.com/2013/04/23/iron-man-3-goes-back-to-basics-in-a-quest-to-save-the-u-s/ | access-date=October 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name="q327">{{cite web | last=Alexander | first=Bryan | title=Robert Downey Jr. is avenging alone in ''Iron Man 3'' | website=[[USA Today]] | date=May 1, 2013 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/05/01/robert-downey-jr-iron-man-3/2023293/ | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=May 2, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502201545/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/05/01/robert-downey-jr-iron-man-3/2023293/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Ebert wrote that "it's Robert Downey Jr. who powers the lift-off separating this from most other superhero movies",<ref name="b171">{{cite web | last=Riesman | first=Abraham | title=What Will Marvel Be Without Robert Downey Jr.? | website=[[Vulture (magazine)|Vulture]] | date=May 7, 2019 | url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/05/robert-downey-jr-what-will-marvel-be-without-him.html | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=November 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112044658/https://www.vulture.com/2019/05/robert-downey-jr-what-will-marvel-be-without-him.html | url-status=live }}</ref> and, in a retrospective ''Variety'' article, Zack Sharf credited Downey's charisma with making ''Iron Man'' both a critical and commercial success.<ref name="y159">{{cite web | last=Sharf | first=Zack | title=Former Marvel Studios Boss Says Board 'Thought I Was Crazy' for Casting 'Addict' Robert Downey Jr. as Iron Man Over Timothy Olyphant | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=June 5, 2023 | url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/marvel-president-fought-board-cast-robert-downey-jr-iron-man-1235633505/ | access-date=October 5, 2025 | archive-date=January 9, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109024256/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/marvel-president-fought-board-cast-robert-downey-jr-iron-man-1235633505/ | url-status=live }}</ref> By October 2008, Downey had signed on to reprise his role in two sequels to ''Iron Man'' and in ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012), the latter of which featured the [[Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|superhero team that Stark joins]], based on Marvel's [[Avengers (comics)|comic book series of the same name]].<ref name="twosequels">{{cite news |first=Marc |last=Graser |title=Downey Jr. extends Marvel deal, Actor to star in 'Avengers,' 'Iron Man 3' |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/downey-jr-extends-marvel-deal-1117994793/ |access-date=October 28, 2008 |date=October 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101031720/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117994793.html?categoryid=10&cs=1 |archive-date=November 1, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> He first reprised the role with a brief appearance as Stark in the film ''[[The Incredible Hulk (film)|The Incredible Hulk]]'' (2008), as part of [[Marvel Studios]]' initiative to depict the same [[Marvel Cinematic Universe|Marvel Universe]] on film by providing continuity among the films.<ref>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Carroll |title=William Hurt says new Hulk is more heroic, reveals Iron Man crossover scene |publisher=[[MTV News]] |url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1579965/20080115/story.jhtml |access-date=April 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123032855/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1579965/20080115/story.jhtml |archive-date=January 23, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Downey starred in ''[[Tropic Thunder]]'' alongside [[Ben Stiller]] and [[Jack Black]], the former of whom also directed the film.<ref name="q469">{{cite web | last=Thomas | first=Carly | title=Ben Stiller on Why He Doubts ''Tropic Thunder'' Could Get Made Today: 'Edgier Comedy Is Just Harder to Do' | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=November 27, 2024 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ben-stiller-doubts-tropic-thunder-made-today-1236072332/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=April 4, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404095517/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ben-stiller-doubts-tropic-thunder-made-today-1236072332/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The three actors portray exaggerated Hollywood archetypes, Downey playing Kirk Lazarus, a self-absorbed, multi–[[Academy Award|Oscar]]-winning Australian [[method actor]] starring in an overblown [[Vietnam War]] film titled ''Tropic Thunder''.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|pp=205–210; 219}}<ref name="n343">{{cite web | title=''Tropic Thunder'' pushes envelope and then some | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=July 21, 2008 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/08/11/tropic.thunder/index.html | archive-date=January 31, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131211933/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Movies/08/11/tropic.thunder/index.html | url-status=dead| access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> To embody his character, African-American platoon sergeant Lincoln Osiris, Lazarus undergoes a controversial [[Blackface|skin pigmentation]] procedure, requiring Downey to wear dark makeup and a wig.<ref name="j488">{{cite web | last=Ocho | first=Alex | title=Ben Stiller Reflects on Robert Downey Jr.'s Role in ''Tropic Thunder'': 'Edgier Comedy Is Just Harder to Do' | website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] | date=November 28, 2024 | url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/alex-ocho/ben-stiller-robert-downey-jr-role-tropic-thunder-edgier-comedy | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=April 11, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411173635/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/alex-ocho/ben-stiller-robert-downey-jr-role-tropic-thunder-edgier-comedy | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="d116">{{cite web | last=Griffith | first=Janelle | title=Robert Downey Jr. says most of his Black friends supported his blackface in ''Tropic Thunder'' | publisher=[[NBC News]] | date=January 22, 2020 | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/robert-downey-jr-says-most-his-black-friends-supported-his-n1120286 | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=July 3, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250703074552/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/robert-downey-jr-says-most-his-black-friends-supported-his-n1120286 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="e627">{{cite web | last=Patterson | first=John | title=John Patterson explains why racial comedy is a grey area | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=August 22, 2008 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2008/aug/23/comedy.race | access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> Released in August 2008,<ref name="g756">{{cite web | last=McClintock | first=Pamela | title=Studios shuffle 2009 summer sked | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=August 8, 2008 | url=https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/studios-shuffle-2009-summer-sked-1117990240/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=December 5, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205164442/https://variety.com/2008/film/markets-festivals/studios-shuffle-2009-summer-sked-1117990240/ | url-status=live }}</ref> ''Tropic Thunder'' opened atop the American box office and retained the number-one position for three consecutive weeks, eventually grossing $195{{nbsp}}million worldwide on a budget of about $90{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="l210">{{cite web | last=McClintock | first=Pamela | title=''Thunder'' stays on top at box office | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=August 31, 2008 | url=https://variety.com/2008/film/box-office/thunder-stays-on-top-at-box-office-1117991390/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=February 26, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226082034/https://variety.com/2008/film/box-office/thunder-stays-on-top-at-box-office-1117991390/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="k955">{{cite web | title=Tropic Thunder | website=[[Box Office Mojo]] | date=August 13, 2008 | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3782706689/ | access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> For his portrayal of Lazarus, Downey was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="n457">{{cite web | last=Lee | first=Michelle | title=Robert Downey Jr. Pulls the Ultimate Style Flex by Dressing Up Like His Oscar Statuette: 'Oh Happy Day' | website=[[People (magazine)|People]] | date=March 12, 2024 | url=https://people.com/oscars-2024-robert-downey-jr-wears-gold-robe-match-statuette-photo-8608031 | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=March 19, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319122903/https://people.com/oscars-2024-robert-downey-jr-wears-gold-robe-match-statuette-photo-8608031 | url-status=live }}</ref> He then portrayed [[Steve Lopez]] in the biopic ''[[The Soloist]]'' (2009), a ''Los Angeles Times'' columnist who discovers a homeless man playing a violin with virtuoso skill.<ref name="k860">{{cite web | last=Fleming | first=Michael | title=Downey Jr. joins Wright's ''Soloist'' | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=August 28, 2007 | url=https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/downey-jr-joins-wright-s-soloist-1117970945/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=February 21, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221192920/https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/downey-jr-joins-wright-s-soloist-1117970945/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Downey played the [[Sherlock Holmes|titular detective]] in [[Guy Ritchie]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|''Sherlock Holmes'']] (2009).<ref name="n983">{{cite web | last=Steinberg | first=Jacques | title=Robert Downey Jr. to Play Sherlock Holmes | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 11, 2008 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/arts/11arts-ROBERTDOWNEY_BRF.html?ref=arts | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=March 11, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311022341/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/arts/11arts-ROBERTDOWNEY_BRF.html?ref=arts | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' praised the lead performances, describing Downey as "terrific" and commending Ritchie for eliciting "a career-best performance from [[Jude Law|[Jude] Law]]", though it noted that their double act struggled to sustain "an overlong film".<ref name="n239">{{cite web | last=Hayles | first=David | title=Sherlock Holmes, at the Empire, Leicester Square | website=[[The Times]] | date=December 15, 2009 | url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/society/article/sherlock-holmes-at-the-empire-leicester-square-wj5sf0xg3vh | access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> ''Sherlock Holmes'' became the [[2009 in film#Highest-grossing films|eighth-highest-grossing film of 2009]] and won Downey the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]].<ref name="k089">{{cite web | title=2009 Worldwide Box Office | website=[[Box Office Mojo]] | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2009/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=March 8, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308125320/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2009/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="j751">{{cite web | first=James | last=White |title=''Avatar'' Takes Globe Glory | website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]] | date=January 18, 2010 | url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/avatar-takes-globe-glory/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=April 30, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430011313/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/avatar-takes-globe-glory/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Downey reprised his role as Stark in ''[[Iron Man 2]]'', the first of two planned sequels to ''Iron Man''.<ref name="h860">{{cite web | title=Domestic Box Office For 2010 | website=[[Box Office Mojo]] | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/2010/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=April 21, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421234221/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2010&p=.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> Released in May 2010 in the US,<ref name="k148">{{cite web | last=Newby | first=Richard | title=Why ''Iron Man 2'' Is Stronger Than You May Remember | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=May 7, 2020 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/why-iron-man-2-is-stronger-you-may-remember-1293707/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=April 7, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407222124/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/why-iron-man-2-is-stronger-you-may-remember-1293707/ | url-status=live }}</ref> the film grossed over $623 million worldwide, ranking as the [[2010 in film#Highest-grossing films|seventh highest-grossing film of the year]].<ref name="twosequels"/> Set six months after ''Iron Man'',<ref name="d683">{{cite magazine | last=Cornelius | first=Doug | title=10 Things Parents Should Know About Iron Man 2 | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=May 8, 2010 | url=https://www.wired.com/2010/05/10-things-parents-should-know-about-iron-man-2/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=October 8, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008000149/https://www.wired.com/2010/05/10-things-parents-should-know-about-iron-man-2/ | url-status=live }}</ref> the film follows Stark as he rejects government demands to share his technology, while facing the vengeful scientist [[Ivan Vanko]].{{sfn|Ellcessor|Kirkpatrick|Kirkpatrick|2017|p=133}}{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|pp=192; 201}} Ebert called Downey's performance "intriguing" and "unexpected", stating that "he doesn't behave like most superheroes: he lacks the psychic weight and ''[[gravitas]]''".<ref name="c302">{{cite web | first=Roger |last= Ebert |title=''Iron Man'' and Robert Downey Jr.'s quirky performance | publisher=Roger Ebert | date=December 14, 2012 | url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/iron-man-and-robert-downey-jrs-quirky-performance | access-date=October 11, 2025 | archive-date=April 17, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417180444/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/iron-man-and-robert-downey-jrs-quirky-performance | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Robert Downey Jr. - 2019 Disney Legends Awards Ceremony - D23 EXPO 2019 (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=Downey, standing behind a podium at a conference or event, wearing glasses and a gray checkered blazer over a patterned shirt with a pocket square.|upright|Downey speaking at the 2019 [[Disney Legends|Disney Legends Awards]]]]

Downey's other film role of 2010 was in ''[[Due Date]]'', which was filmed across several locations in the US, including [[Georgia (US state)|Georgia]], New Mexico, [[Arizona]], and California.<ref name="q373">{{cite web | title=Downey's ''Due Date'' Begins | website=[[IGN]] | date=October 7, 2009 | url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/10/07/downeys-due-date-begins | access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> In it, he played an architect trying to get from Atlanta to Los Angeles in time for his wife's scheduled [[cesarean section]].<ref name="z473">{{cite web | last=Stevens | first=Dana | title=A review of the road-trip comedy Due Date, with optional spoilers. | website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] | date=November 5, 2010 | url=https://slate.com/culture/2010/11/a-review-of-the-road-trip-comedy-due-date-with-optional-spoilers.html | access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> The film was a box-office success, earning over $211{{nbsp}}million on a budget of $65{{nbsp}}million.<ref name="Budget">{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2010/11/movie-projector-hollywood-looking-for-huge-weekend-as-megamind-due-date-and-colored-girls-open.html |title=Movie projector: Hollywood looking for huge weekend as 'Megamind,' 'Due Date' and 'Colored Girls' open |last=Fritz |first=Ben |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=November 4, 2010 |access-date=November 5, 2010 |archive-date=September 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923105050/https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/entertainmentnewsbuzz/2010/11/movie-projector-hollywood-looking-for-huge-weekend-as-megamind-due-date-and-colored-girls-open.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{cite web| title= ''Due Date'' (2010)| url= http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=duedate.htm| website= [[Box Office Mojo]]| access-date= January 22, 2011| archive-date= May 15, 2019| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190515071052/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=duedate.htm| url-status= live}}</ref> That year, Downey and his wife [[Susan Downey|Susan]] opened their own production company called [[Team Downey]].<ref name="m120">{{cite web | last=Barnard | first=Christopher | title='A New But Not Entirely Different Language': Susan Downey and Robert Downey Jr. on Their First Broadway Production | website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] | date=October 17, 2024 | url=https://www.vogue.com/article/susan-and-robert-downey-jr-broadway-production | access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref> Downey reprised his role as Sherlock Holmes in ''[[Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows]]'' (2011), the sequel to the 2009 film.<ref name="g461">{{cite web | last=Bradshaw | first=Peter | title=Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows – review | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=December 15, 2011 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/dec/15/sherlock-holmes-a-game-of-shadows-bradshaw-review | access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> In ''A Game of Shadows'', he investigates a conspiracy led by his nemesis, [[Professor Moriarty]], and works to prevent an impending world war.<ref name="q207">{{cite web | last=Blaustein | first=David | title=Review: ''Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows'' | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] | date=April 14, 2020 | url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/12/review-sherlock-holmes-a-game-of-shadows | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=June 20, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620231730/https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/entertainment/2011/12/review-sherlock-holmes-a-game-of-shadows | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="d010">{{cite web | last=French | first=Philip | title=''Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows'' – review | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=December 18, 2011 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/dec/18/sherlock-holmes-game-shadows-review | access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> [[Todd McCarthy]] of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' lauded the film's "more mannered shenanigans", whose action-oriented antics "play straight to modern audiences' tastes".<ref name="u330">{{cite web | last=McCarthy | first=Todd | title=Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows: Film Review | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=December 8, 2011 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/sherlock-holmes-a-game-shadows-271523/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=June 4, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604110606/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/sherlock-holmes-a-game-shadows-271523/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Downey reprised the role of Stark in ''The Avengers'' (2012). In the film, the Avengers assemble to stop [[Loki (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Loki]] from conquering Earth using the Tesseract{{NoteTag|The Tesseract in Marvel is a cube-shaped container for the Space Stone, one of the six [[Infinity Stones]]. It holds unlimited energy and can be used to open gateways for instantaneous travel to any point in the universe.<ref name="m945">{{cite web | last=Dockterman | first=Eliana | title=A Brief History of the Tesseract in the Marvel Cinematic Universe | website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=March 8, 2019 | url=https://time.com/5544534/marvel-tesseract/ | access-date=November 30, 2025}}</ref>}} to open a portal for an [[alien invasion]].<ref name="z239">{{cite magazine | last=Dockterman | first=Eliana | title=The Marvel Cinematic Universe Timeline Is Super Confusing. So We Clarified It for You | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 23, 2018 | url=https://time.com/5227935/marvel-cinematic-universe-timeline/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=February 6, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206144653/https://time.com/5227935/marvel-cinematic-universe-timeline/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The film was both a critical and commercial success; grossing over $1.52{{nbsp}}billion, it became the [[List of highest-grossing films|third-highest-grossing film of all time]].<ref name="j177">{{cite web | title=Marvel's the Avengers | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | date=May 4, 2012 | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/marvels_the_avengers | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=May 10, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510145747/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/marvels_the_avengers/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="f084">{{cite web | last=McClintock | first=Pamela | title=Box Office Milestone: ''The Avengers'' Becomes No. 3 Pic of All Time With $1.331 Billion | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=June 2, 2012 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/box-office-milestone-avengers-number-three-332331/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=March 31, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331111109/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/box-office-milestone-avengers-number-three-332331/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="b332">{{cite web | title=''The Avengers'' | website=[[Box Office Mojo]] | date=April 25, 2012 | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0848228/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=January 6, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106134914/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0848228/?ref_=bo_cso_table_10 | url-status=live }}</ref> In ''[[Iron Man 3]]'' (2013), Stark faces threats from a terrorist known as the [[Mandarin (character)|Mandarin]] while dealing with the aftermath of previous events and developing new technology to confront his enemies.<ref>{{Multiref|{{cite web|ref=none|url=http://splashpage.mtv.com/2010/10/20/iron-man-3-villains/|title=''Iron Man 3'' has a release date, but what about a villain?|date=October 20, 2010|access-date=December 24, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105050349/http://splashpage.mtv.com/2010/10/20/iron-man-3-villains/|archive-date=November 5, 2011|publisher=[[MTV News]] |first=Josh |last=Wigler|url-status=dead}}|{{cite web | ref=none | last=Newby | first=Richard | title=How Iron Man's chief villain could return | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=May 18, 2019 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/how-iron-man-villain-mandarin-could-return-1211883/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 }}|{{cite web | last=Seitz | first=Matt Zoller | ref=none | title=Iron Man 3 movie review & film summary (2013) | publisher=[[Roger Ebert]] | date=May 2, 2013 | url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/iron-man-3-2013 | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=August 14, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814022610/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/iron-man-3-2013 | url-status=live }}|{{cite web | ref=none | last=Carson | first=Tom | title=The GQ Movie Review: How Is Iron Man 3 So Good? | website=[[GQ]] | date=May 2, 2013 | url=https://www.gq.com/story/iron-man-3-tom-carson-review | access-date=October 9, 2025 }}|{{cite web | ref=none | last=Serafino | first=Jason | title=Rumored Details On "Iron Man 3" Have Been Revealed | website=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] | date=March 12, 2012 | url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/jason-serafino/rumored-details-on-iron-man-3-have-been-revealed | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=September 14, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914173110/https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/a/jason-serafino/rumored-details-on-iron-man-3-have-been-revealed | url-status=live }}}}</ref> ''Iron Man 3'' grossed $1.215 billion, making it the fifth-highest-grossing film of all time upon release.<ref name="e475">{{cite web | title=Iron Man 3 | website=[[Box Office Mojo]] | date=April 24, 2013 | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt1300854/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=August 3, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803100641/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt1300854/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="d773">{{cite web | last=Levine | first=Nick | title='Iron Man 3' becomes fifth highest-grossing movie ever | website=[[NME]] | date=May 28, 2013 | url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/iron-man-3-becomes-fifth-highest-grossing-movie-e-881454 | access-date=October 9, 2025}}</ref> He then portrayed a Chicago lawyer in ''[[The Judge (2014 film)|The Judge]]'' (2014)—the first production by Team Downey.<ref name="j982">{{cite web | last=Whipp | first=Glenn | title=Screening Series: 'The Judge': How Team Downey found its first movie | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=subscription | date=October 29, 2014 | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-the-judge-screening-series-20141029-story.html | access-date=December 20, 2025}}</ref><ref name="f240">{{cite web | title=Robert Downey Jr. movie ''The Judge'' struck personal chord for director, cast | website=[[CityNews]]| date=October 9, 2014 | url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2014/10/09/robert-downey-jr-movie-the-judge-struck-personal-chord-for-director-cast/ | access-date=December 20, 2025}}</ref> He reprised the role as Tony Stark in ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' (2015), in which Stark creates [[Ultron (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Ultron]] as a flawed global defense [[artificial intelligence]] and then leads the Avengers in their efforts to stop it, ultimately helping to bring [[Vision (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Vision]] to life and defeat Ultron.<ref name="HollywoodReporterReview">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |author-link=Todd McCarthy |date=April 21, 2015 |title=''Avengers: Age of Ultron'': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/avengers-age-ultron-film-review-790246/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422211917/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/avengers-age-ultron/review/790246 |archive-date=April 22, 2015 |access-date=February 20, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref name="VarietyReview">{{Cite web |last=Foundas |first=Scott |date=April 21, 2015 |title=Film Review: ''Avengers: Age of Ultron'' |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/avengers-age-of-ultron-review-1201474856/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422232824/http://variety.com/2015/film/reviews/avengers-age-of-ultron-review-1201474856/ |archive-date=April 22, 2015 |access-date=April 21, 2015 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> ''Age of Ultron'' garnered $1.405 billion in revenue to become the fifth-highest-grossing film in history.<ref name="BOMAllTime">{{Cite web |title=Worldwide Grosses |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103063039/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world |archive-date=November 3, 2010 |access-date=May 10, 2015 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>

In ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' (2016), Stark backs government control of the Avengers, recruits [[Peter Parker (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Spider-Man]], and ends up fighting [[Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Captain America]] and [[Bucky Barnes (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bucky]] after discovering the latter killed his parents.<ref name="h314">{{cite web | last=Giardina | first=Carolyn | title=How ''Captain America: Civil War'' Turned Robert Downey Jr. Back Into a Teen | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=May 10, 2016 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/how-captain-america-civil-war-892387/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=May 12, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512174953/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/how-captain-america-civil-war-892387/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="z239"/> Stark continues mentoring Spider-Man in ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'' (2017),<ref name="b691">{{cite web | last=Child | first=Ben | title=Robert Downey Jr's Iron Man to appear in Spider-Man: Homecoming | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=April 22, 2016 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/22/robert-downey-jr-iron-man-spider-man-homecoming | access-date=January 25, 2026}}</ref> and the two team up in ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' (2018) alongside [[Stephen Strange (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Doctor Strange]] to fight [[Thanos (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thanos]] on [[Titan (Marvel Comics location)|Titan]], where Stark devises a plan to remove the [[Infinity Gauntlet (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Infinity Gauntlet]], survives a brutal stabbing, and witnesses half his allies disintegrate in the [[The Blip|Snap]].<ref name="u210">{{cite web | last=Parker | first=Ryan | title=Robert Downey Jr. Coached Tom Holland Through That Heartbreaking ''Infinity War'' Scene | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=August 1, 2018 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-infinity-war-robert-downey-r-reworked-saddest-scene-1131446/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=June 19, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619201411/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-infinity-war-robert-downey-r-reworked-saddest-scene-1131446/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Downey">{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/robert-downey-jr-joins-spider-885829 |title=Robert Downey Jr. Joins 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' |last=Kit |first=Borys |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=April 21, 2016 |access-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421180921/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/robert-downey-jr-joins-spider-885829 |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="n408">{{cite web | last=Dockterman | first=Eliana | title=A Complete List of Who Lives and Dies in ''Avengers: Infinity War'' | website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=April 27, 2018 | url=https://time.com/5252990/avengers-infinity-war-deaths/ | access-date=January 25, 2026}}</ref> He helps invent time travel to retrieve the Infinity Stones in ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019), ultimately sacrificing his life by snapping his fingers to destroy Thanos and his army, saving the universe.<ref name="RollingStoneTravers">{{Cite magazine |last=Travers |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Travers |date=April 24, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Review: The MCU's Long Goodbye Is an Emotional Wipeout |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/avengers-endgame-movie-review-marvel-825435/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425012610/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/avengers-endgame-movie-review-marvel-825435/ |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2019 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref><ref name="NewYorkTimesScott">{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |author-link=A. O. Scott |date=April 23, 2019 |title=''Avengers: Endgame'' Review: The Real Heroes Were the Friends We Made Along the Way |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/movies/avengers-endgame-review.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425012520/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/movies/avengers-endgame-review.html |archive-date=April 25, 2019 |access-date=April 25, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="NewYorkerBrody">{{Cite magazine |last=Brody |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Brody |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Review: What ''Avengers: Endgame'' Could Have Been |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/review-what-avengers-endgame-could-have-been |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427132859/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/review-what-avengers-endgame-could-have-been |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2019 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> ''Endgame'' became the first [[List of highest-grossing superhero films#Top 50 superhero movies at the worldwide box office|superhero film to gross over $2{{nbsp}}billion worldwide]],<ref name="2Billion">{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=June 12, 2018 |title='Avengers: Infinity War' Soars to $2 Billion at Worldwide Box Office |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/avengers-infinity-war-2-billion-box-office-1202842669/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613122048/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/avengers-infinity-war-2-billion-box-office-1202842669/ |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |access-date=June 12, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> and was the highest-grossing film of all time until it was surpassed by ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' (2009) due to its 2021 re-release in China.<ref>{{cite web | last=Whitten | first=Sarah | title=''Avatar'' Retakes Box Office Crown From ''Avengers: Endgame'' After China Rerelease | publisher=[[CNBC]] | date=March 13, 2021 | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/13/avatar-once-again-highest-grossing-film-of-all-time-at-the-box-office.html | access-date=April 15, 2025 | archive-date=July 24, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724021338/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/13/avatar-once-again-highest-grossing-film-of-all-time-at-the-box-office.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Tartaglione | first=Nancy | title=''Avatar'' Overtakes ''Avengers: Endgame'' As All-Time Highest-Grossing Film Worldwide; Rises To $2.8B Amid China Reissue – Update | website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=March 13, 2021 | url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/avatar-overtakes-avengers-endgame-highest-grossing-film-all-time-worldwide-box-office-china-james-cameron-disney-1234713788/ | access-date=April 15, 2025 | archive-date=March 13, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313180044/https://deadline.com/2021/03/avatar-overtakes-avengers-endgame-highest-grossing-film-all-time-worldwide-box-office-china-james-cameron-disney-1234713788/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2020–present: ''Oppenheimer'' and expansion ===
In 2020, Downey starred in [[Stephen Gaghan]]'s [[Dolittle (film)|''Dolittle'']], portraying the [[Doctor Dolittle|titular 19th-century Welsh veterinarian]] who can communicate with animals.<ref name="p412">{{cite web | last=Kit | first=Borys | title='I Have Some New Ideas': The Scramble Behind Robert Downey Jr.'s ''Dolittle'' Debacle | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=January 31, 2020 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/behind-robert-downey-jrs-dolittle-debacle-1272759/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=June 14, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614025011/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/behind-robert-downey-jrs-dolittle-debacle-1272759/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="n269">{{cite web | last=Rottenberg | first=Josh | title=Robert Downey Jr. could've done anything after Marvel. Why he wanted to make 'Dolittle' | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=January 16, 2020 | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2020-01-16/dolittle-robert-downey-jr-susan-downey | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=October 19, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019085134/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2020-01-16/dolittle-robert-downey-jr-susan-downey | url-status=live }}</ref> The second film produced by Team Downey, it was a box-office disappointment and received largely negative reviews, critics citing its excessive length and lackluster execution.<ref name="x967">{{cite web | last=D'Alessandro | first=Anthony | title=How Sony Built ''Bad Boys For Life'' Into a Success with $101M+ WW & $73M+ U.S.; ''Dolittle'' Poised For $50M+ Loss – Monday Update | website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] | date=January 20, 2020 | url=https://deadline.com/2020/01/bad-boys-for-life-dolittle-1917-weekend-box-office-1202833726/ | access-date=October 9, 2025 | archive-date=January 20, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120213703/https://deadline.com/2020/01/bad-boys-for-life-dolittle-1917-weekend-box-office-1202833726/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, Downey portrayed the antagonistic bureaucrat [[Lewis Strauss]] in [[Christopher Nolan]]'s [[Oppenheimer (film)|''Oppenheimer'']].<ref name="x823">{{cite news | last=Diamond | first=Dan | title=The true, dramatic story of Robert Downey Jr.'s ''Oppenheimer'' villain | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | date=March 9, 2024 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2024/03/09/lewis-strauss-oppenheimer-true-story-robert-downey/ | access-date=October 10, 2025}}</ref><ref name="a574">{{cite web | last=Martin | first=Emily St. | title=Christopher Nolan cast Robert Downey Jr to show MCU fans that he's 'one of our great actors' | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=July 11, 2023 | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-07-10/christopher-nolan-oppenheimer-robert-downey-jr-iron-man-cillian-murphy | access-date=October 10, 2025 | archive-date=December 2, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202104931/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2023-07-10/christopher-nolan-oppenheimer-robert-downey-jr-iron-man-cillian-murphy | url-status=live }}</ref> He accepted a pay cut for the role, earning $4 million instead of his usual $10–20{{nbsp}}million upfront salary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=July 20, 2022 |title=Inside movie stars' salaries: Joaquin Phoenix nabs $20M for ''Joker 2,'' Tom Cruise heads to over $100M and more |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/movie-star-salaries-joaquin-phoenix-joker-2-tom-cruise-1235320046/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720160107/https://variety.com/2022/film/features/movie-star-salaries-joaquin-phoenix-joker-2-tom-cruise-1235320046/ |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |access-date=July 21, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Downey later called ''Oppenheimer'' "the best film" he had appeared in.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2023 |first=George | last=Lewis|title=Robert Downey Jr hails Oppenheimer as his "best film" |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a44569013/robert-downey-jr-oppenheimer-best-film-career/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720113845/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a44569013/robert-downey-jr-oppenheimer-best-film-career/ |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |access-date=July 20, 2023 |publisher=[[Digital Spy]]}}</ref> Both the biopic and his performance received widespread critical acclaim.<ref name="Chang">{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Justin |title='Oppenheimer' doesn't show us Hiroshima and Nagasaki. That's an act of rigor not erasure. |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2023-08-11/oppenheimer-atomic-bomb-hiroshima-nagasaki-christopher-nolan |access-date=August 23, 2023 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription |date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823033158/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2023-08-11/oppenheimer-atomic-bomb-hiroshima-nagasaki-christopher-nolan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Henry |date=July 21, 2023 |title='Oppenheimer' is Robert Downey Jr.'s Best Role in Years |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/a44586992/oppenheimer-review-robert-downey-jr/ |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727233558/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/a44586992/oppenheimer-review-robert-downey-jr/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Sam |date=July 24, 2023 |title=Robert Downey Jr. is at his best in ''Oppenheimer'', which could spark a new chapter for the actor |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/robert-downey-jr-best-oppenheimer-170854603.html |access-date=July 27, 2023 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Entertainment]] |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727150514/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/robert-downey-jr-best-oppenheimer-170854603.html |url-status=live }}</ref> For his role, he won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Golden Globe]],<ref name="e343">{{cite web | last1=Smart | first1=Jack | last2=Juneau | first2=Jen | title=''Oppenheimer''{{'s}} Robert Downey Jr. calls himself 'most improved player' in Golden Globes 2024 acceptance speech | website=[[People (magazine)|People]] | date=January 7, 2024 | url=https://people.com/golden-globes-2024-robert-downey-jr-best-supporting-actor-in-a-movie-8419918 | access-date=October 10, 2025 | archive-date=February 19, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219010655/https://people.com/golden-globes-2024-robert-downey-jr-best-supporting-actor-in-a-movie-8419918 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|BAFTA]],<ref name="c449">{{cite web | last1=Kimble | first1=Lindsay | last2=Richards | first2=Bailey | title=Robert Downey Jr. Jokes About His 'Dwindling Credibility' and Marvel Tenure in Supporting Actor BAFTA Acceptance Speech | website=[[People (magazine)|People]] | date=February 18, 2024 | url=https://people.com/baftas-2024-robert-downey-jr-wins-supporting-actor-speech-8584696 | access-date=October 10, 2025 | archive-date=May 7, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250507121245/https://people.com/baftas-2024-robert-downey-jr-wins-supporting-actor-speech-8584696 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role|Screen Actors Guild]],<ref name="w822">{{cite web | last=Verhoeven | first=Beatrice | title=SAG Awards: Robert Downey Jr. Jokes He'll 'Never Grow Tired' of His Own Voice After Supporting Actor Win | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=February 25, 2024 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sag-awards-2024-robert-downey-jr-best-supporting-actor-oppenheimer-1235834867/ | access-date=October 10, 2025 | archive-date=March 12, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312092533/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/sag-awards-2024-robert-downey-jr-best-supporting-actor-oppenheimer-1235834867/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor|Critics' Choice]],<ref name="h520">{{cite web | last=Rosenbloom | first=Alli | title=Robert Downey Jr. quotes his toughest critics in his Critics Choice Award speech | publisher=[[CNN]] | date=January 15, 2024 | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/14/entertainment/robert-downey-jr-critics-choice-awards | access-date=October 10, 2025}}</ref> and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.<ref name="l214">{{cite magazine | last=Jones | first=CT | title=Robert Downey Jr. Jokingly Thanks His 'Terrible Childhood' for Supporting Actor Oscars Win | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=March 11, 2024 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/robert-downey-jr-oscars-acceptance-speech-1234984822/ | access-date=October 10, 2025 | archive-date=February 9, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209113333/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/robert-downey-jr-oscars-acceptance-speech-1234984822/ | url-status=live }}</ref> That year, Downey hosted the television series ''Downey's Dream Cars'', in which he and his team converted several of his vehicles from gas to electric.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://variety.com/2023/scene/columns/robert-downey-jr-downeys-dream-cars-max-1235647585/|title=Robert Downey Jr.'s 'Dream Cars' Sees 'Iron Man' Star Using Technology to Convert His Cars to Electric — but He's Not Trying to Be Tony Stark|last=Malkin|first=Marc|date=June 22, 2023|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=April 26, 2024|archive-date=July 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707203538/https://variety.com/2023/scene/columns/robert-downey-jr-downeys-dream-cars-max-1235647585/|url-status=live}}</ref> The show won Downey the [[Daytime Emmy Awards#Award categories|Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lifestyle Program]].<ref name="h208">{{cite web | last=Schneider | first=Michael | title=Variety's Awards Circuit Podcast Reveals Its Final Emmy Predictions for Big Wins and Potential Surprises | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=September 12, 2024 | url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/awards/variety-awards-circuit-podcast-emmy-predictions-2024-1236142406/ | access-date=October 18, 2025 | archive-date=May 3, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503100011/https://variety.com/2024/tv/awards/variety-awards-circuit-podcast-emmy-predictions-2024-1236142406/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Downey next starred in a [[The Sympathizer (miniseries)|2024 television adaptation]] of [[Viet Thanh Nguyen]]'s historical satire novel ''[[The Sympathizer]]'' on [[HBO]], portraying five supporting antagonistic roles representing the American establishment.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gardner |first1=Chris |title=Park Chan-wook Praises Robert Downey Jr. for Remembering Every Crew Member on 'Sympathizer' Set: "He Gives Them Each a Pat on the Back" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/robert-downey-jr-the-sympathizer-tv-series-park-chan-wook-1235300947/ |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412192321/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/robert-downey-jr-the-sympathizer-tv-series-park-chan-wook-1235300947/ |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |date=January 16, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> His multi-role performance earned him a Primetime Emmy nomination for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie|Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Lewis |first1=Hilary |last2=Nordyke |first2=Kimberly |title=Emmys 2024: List of Nominees |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/emmys-nominations-2024-nominees-list-1235950616/ |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717161207/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/emmys-nominations-2024-nominees-list-1235950616/ |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |date=July 17, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Downey made his [[Broadway (theatre)|Broadway]] debut in ''[[McNeal (play)|McNeal]]'', from playwright [[Ayad Akhtar]], playing Jacob McNeal, a gifted novelist with a difficult family life and a potentially problematic interest in artificial intelligence. Previews began on September 5, 2024, and opened on September 30 at [[Lincoln Center]]'s [[Vivian Beaumont Theater]], playing through November 24.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/07/theater/robert-downey-jr-ayad-akhtar-broadway.html|title= Robert Downey Jr. to Make Broadway Debut in Ayad Akhtar Play|work= [[The New York Times]]|date= May 7, 2024|accessdate= May 7, 2024|last1= Paulson|first1= Michael|archive-date= May 7, 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240507160511/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/07/theater/robert-downey-jr-ayad-akhtar-broadway.html|url-status= live}}</ref> In July 2024 at [[San Diego Comic-Con]], it was announced that Downey would return to the Marvel Cinematic Universe as [[Doctor Doom (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Victor von Doom / Doctor Doom]] in the upcoming films ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'' (2026) and ''[[Avengers: Secret Wars]]'' (2027).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/robert-downey-jr-doctor-doom-avengers-1235960026/|title=Robert Downey Jr. Back as Doctor Doom for Two 'Avengers' Movies|date=July 27, 2024|first1=Borys|last1=Kit|first2=Aaron|last2=Couch|first3=Ryan|last3=Gajewski|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=July 28, 2024|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728022926/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/robert-downey-jr-doctor-doom-avengers-1235960026/|archive-date=July 28, 2024}}</ref>

==Other ventures==
===Music===
Downey has ventured into music. He has sung on several soundtracks for his films, including ''Chaplin'',<ref name="b685">{{cite web | last=de Vries | first=Hilary | title=Channeling Chaplin: It is the role of Robert Downey Jr.'s career—and he believes the Little Tramp is with him | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | url-access=subscription | date=December 20, 1992 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-20-ca-4268-story.html | access-date=October 11, 2025 | archive-date=June 17, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617030147/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-12-20-ca-4268-story.html | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Too Much Sun]]'',<ref name="b776">{{cite web | title=The record doctor: Robert Downey Jr | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=February 9, 2011 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/observer/omm/story/0,,1439196,00.html | access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref> ''Two Girls and a Guy'',<ref name="b776"/> ''[[Friends & Lovers (1999 film)|Friends and Lovers]]'',<ref name="z432">{{cite web | last=Hopper | first=Alex | title=3 Songs You Didn't Know Robert Downey Jr. Wrote | website=[[American Songwriter]] | date=July 15, 2023 | url=https://americansongwriter.com/3-songs-you-didnt-know-robert-downey-jr-wrote/ | access-date=October 11, 2025 | archive-date=October 15, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015223228/https://americansongwriter.com/3-songs-you-didnt-know-robert-downey-jr-wrote/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[The Singing Detective (film)|The Singing Detective]]''.<ref name="z432"/> On November 23, 2004, he released his only studio album, ''[[The Futurist (Robert Downey Jr. album)|The Futurist]]''.<ref name="v387">{{cite web | last=Henderson | first=Eric | title=Review: Robert Downey Jr., The Futurist | website=[[Slant (magazine)|Slant]] | date=November 23, 2004 | url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/robert-downey-jr-the-futurist/ | access-date=October 11, 2025 | archive-date=June 19, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619070110/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/robert-downey-jr-the-futurist/ | url-status=live }}</ref> A [[jazz-pop]]-infused record,<ref name="m538">{{cite web | last=Hodgkinson | first=Will | title=Robert Downey Jr | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=May 5, 2005 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2005/may/06/3 | access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref><ref name="p179">{{cite web | last=Vries | first=Hilary De | title=Robert Downey Jr.: The Album | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=November 21, 2004 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/21/arts/music/robert-downey-jr-the-album.html | access-date=October 11, 2025 | archive-date=September 20, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920063301/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/21/arts/music/robert-downey-jr-the-album.html | url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Futurist'' was produced by [[Jonathan Elias]] and [[Mark Hudson (musician)|Mark Hudson]]; Downey played the piano on some of the tracks.<ref name="e900">{{cite magazine | title=Actor Downey Jr. Signs With Sony | magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date=September 23, 2004 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/actor-downey-jr-signs-with-sony-66374/ | access-date=October 11, 2025}}</ref> The album debuted at number 121 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart, selling 16,000 copies in its first week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1494336/u2s-latest-takes-1-spot-on-albums-chart.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022144657/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1494336/u2s-latest-takes-1-spot-on-albums-chart.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 22, 2012 |last=D'Angelo |first=Joe |title=U2's Atomic Bomb Explodes Onto Albums Chart, Taking #1 Spot |publisher=[[MTV News]] |date=December 1, 2004 |accessdate=February 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="e358">{{cite web | last=Gallo | first=Phil | title=''Bomb'' bow a blast | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=December 1, 2004 | url=https://variety.com/2004/music/markets-festivals/bomb-bow-a-blast-1117914249/ | access-date=October 11, 2025 | archive-date=September 28, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928163306/https://variety.com/2004/music/markets-festivals/bomb-bow-a-blast-1117914249/ | url-status=live }}</ref> A ''[[USA Today]]'' critic opined that the album could be perceived as "pretentious" or "simply dull" after a while, but "there is a moody musicality to tracks such as 'Man Like Me' and 'Details'".<ref name="USA Today">{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2004-11-22-listen-up_x.htm |title=A solo Stefani is fun, No Doubt about it |work=[[USA Today]] |first=Elysa |last=Gardner |date=November 22, 2004 |access-date=February 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213105905/https://www.usatoday.com/life/music/reviews/2004-11-22-listen-up_x.htm|archive-date=December 13, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>

While promoting ''Tropic Thunder'', Downey and his co-stars [[Ben Stiller]] and [[Jack Black]] were back-up singers for [[Gladys Knight & the Pips|the Pips]] to [[Gladys Knight]] singing "[[Midnight Train to Georgia]]" for the [[American Idol season 7|season 7 finale]] of ''[[American Idol]]'' in 2008.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/to-hell-and-back-with-robert-downey-jr-170229/ |title=To Hell and Back With Robert Downey Jr. |magazine=Rolling Stone |first=Erik |last=Hedegaard |date=August 21, 2008 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |archive-date=December 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201191624/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/to-hell-and-back-with-robert-downey-jr-170229/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gj_BbsOp7wY|title=The Pips: Jack Black, Ben Stiller and Robert Downey Jr.|via=[[YouTube]]|date=May 22, 2008|access-date=October 11, 2025|archive-date=November 30, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130112640/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gj_BbsOp7wY|url-status=live}}</ref> Downey has repeatedly collaborated with the English musician [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]. As well as their 2001 duet of [[The Police (band)|the Police]]'s "[[Every Breath You Take]]" on an episode of ''Ally McBeal'', the two performed "[[Driven to Tears]]" together live at Sting's 60th birthday concert in October 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Couch |first1=Aaron |title=Robert Downey Jr Duets With Sting on 'Driven To Tears': Watch |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/robert-downey-jr-duets-with-sting-on-driven-to-tears-watch-5869735/ |access-date=June 2, 2025 |magazine=[[Billboard Magazine|Billboard]] |date=January 15, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322191135/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/robert-downey-jr-duets-with-sting-on-driven-to-tears-watch-5869735/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> That year, both appeared on [[Jonathan Elias]]'s ''Prayer Cycle 2: Path to Zero'', a [[benefit album]] supporting the anti-nuclear organization [[Global Zero (campaign)|Global Zero]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sting, Robert Downey Jr. Team for 'Prayer Cycle 2' Benefit Album |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/sting-robert-downey-jr-team-for-prayer-cycle-2-benefit-album-473556/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |last=Graff |first=Gary |date=January 20, 2011 |access-date=June 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814221425/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/sting-robert-downey-jr-team-for-prayer-cycle-2-benefit-album-473556/ |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Social activism===
In a 2008 interview by ''The New York Times'', Downey said that his time in prison had shifted his political perspective, explaining: "I have a really interesting political point of view{{nbsp}}[...] [the time in prison] was very, very, very educational for me and has informed my proclivities and politics ever since".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/movies/20carr.html?_r=3&pagewanted=2&8dpc&oref=slogin |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Been Up, Been Down. Now? Super. |first=David |last=Carr |date=April 20, 2008 |access-date=April 10, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209223025/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/movies/20carr.html?_r=3&pagewanted=2&8dpc&oref=slogin |archive-date=December 9, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> When asked about the quote in a 2015 interview promoting ''Avengers: Age of Ultron'', he denied that his previous statement reflected any longstanding beliefs on his part, explaining that he does not identify as either a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], [[Liberalism in the United States|liberal]], or [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Downey Jr full interview: star walks out when asked about past |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALBwaO-rAsE&t=246 |via=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[Channel 4 News]] |date=April 22, 2015 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626185818/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALBwaO-rAsE&t=246 |archive-date=June 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Downey has expressed support for the Democratic Party throughout his career. He donated to [[Barack Obama]]'s [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|2012 presidential campaign]],<ref name="g729">{{cite web | last=Finke | first=Nikki | title=President Obama Talks Gay Marriage At George Clooney's Record $15M Fundraiser | website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] | date=May 11, 2012 | url=https://deadline.com/2012/05/president-obama-en-route-to-george-clooneys-home-for-15m-campaign-fundraiser-269829/ | access-date=October 13, 2025 | archive-date=March 8, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308061728/https://deadline.com/2012/05/president-obama-en-route-to-george-clooneys-home-for-15m-campaign-fundraiser-269829/ | url-status=live }}</ref> and, four years later, appeared in an online video encouraging Americans to vote against [[Donald Trump]] in the then-[[2016 United States presidential election|upcoming presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bradshaw |first=Peter |date=September 22, 2016 |title=Save the Day review: Joss Whedon's anti-Trump celeb pile-up is amusing oddity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/sep/22/save-the-day-review-joss-whedon-anti-trump-video-robert-downey-jr-scarlett-johansson |access-date=January 21, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=November 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129070358/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/sep/22/save-the-day-review-joss-whedon-anti-trump-video-robert-downey-jr-scarlett-johansson |url-status=live }}</ref> He joined fellow ''Avengers'' cast members and Vice Presidential nominee [[Kamala Harris]] for a virtual fundraiser supporting [[Joe Biden]]'s [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|2020 campaign]].<ref name="s689">{{cite web | last=Maddaus | first=Gene | title=''Avengers'' stars encourage fans to vote blue during Biden fundraiser | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=October 21, 2020 | url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/avengers-fundraiser-biden-campaign-1234811460/ | access-date=October 13, 2025 | archive-date=October 21, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021020603/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/avengers-fundraiser-biden-campaign-1234811460/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Downey and his ''Avengers'' castmates once again came together to endorse Harris in [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|her presidential bid]] that year.<ref name="t319">{{cite web | last=Earl | first=William | title=Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Scarlett Johansson and More ''Avengers'' Stars Assemble to Endorse Kamala Harris | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=October 31, 2024 | url=https://variety.com/2024/politics/news/robert-downey-jr-chris-evans-scarlett-johansson-avengers-endorse-kamala-harris-1236191714/ | access-date=October 13, 2025 | archive-date=January 19, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119113722/https://variety.com/2024/politics/news/robert-downey-jr-chris-evans-scarlett-johansson-avengers-endorse-kamala-harris-1236191714/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Downey serves on the board of the [[Anti-Recidivism Coalition]], a nonprofit organization that advocates for [[criminal justice reform]] to reduce incarceration, improve the outcomes of formerly incarcerated individuals, and build healthier communities.<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Hara |first=Mara |date=June 20, 2015 |title=Scott Budnick, Hollywood blockbuster producer, gave it all up to reform prisons |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/20/scott-budnick-hollywood-producer-prison-reform |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919050414/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jun/20/scott-budnick-hollywood-producer-prison-reform |archive-date=September 19, 2016 |access-date=December 13, 2016 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In 2020, he founded the organization Footprint Coalition, which aims to use advanced technologies like robotics and [[nanotechnology]] to help clean up and restore the environment.<ref name="x235">{{cite web | last=Roettgers | first=Janko | title=Robert Downey Jr. Announces Footprint Coalition to Clean Up the World With Advanced Tech | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=June 5, 2019 | url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/robert-downey-jr-footprint-coalition-1203233371/ | access-date=October 13, 2025 | archive-date=March 20, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320044932/https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/robert-downey-jr-footprint-coalition-1203233371/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The coalition supports and promotes environmentally sustainable technologies, including the French insect-farming company [[Ÿnsect]], bio-based plastic alternative manufacturer RWDC, and bamboo toilet paper producer Cloud Paper.<ref name="e668">{{cite web | last=Sousa | first=Agnieszka de | title=Insect Farm Lures Robert Downey Jr. in $224 Million Fundraising | publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] | date=October 6, 2020 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-06/insect-farm-lures-robert-downey-jr-in-224-million-fundraising | access-date=October 14, 2025 | archive-date=February 8, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208162458/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-06/insect-farm-lures-robert-downey-jr-in-224-million-fundraising | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="f992">{{cite web | last=Jarvey | first=Natalie | title=Robert Downey Jr. Launches Venture Fund for Sustainable Technology | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=January 27, 2021 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/robert-downey-jr-launches-venture-fund-for-sustainable-technology-4122402/ | access-date=October 14, 2025 | archive-date=January 27, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127081132/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/robert-downey-jr-launches-venture-fund-for-sustainable-technology-4122402/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Downey co-wrote the book ''Cool Food'' with climate advocate Thomas Kostigen providing guidance on making climate-friendly food choices.<ref name="k999">{{cite web | last=Moreau | first=Jordan | title=Craig's Teams Up With Robert Downey Jr.'s Book ''Cool Food'' for Earth Day | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=April 18, 2024 | url=https://variety.com/2024/biz/news/craigs-robert-downey-jr-1235975000/ | access-date=October 13, 2025 | archive-date=January 4, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104094641/https://variety.com/2024/biz/news/craigs-robert-downey-jr-1235975000/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Avengers Premiere Robert Downey Jr and wife Susan Downey.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Downey and Levin at the premiere of ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' (2015)|alt=Downey and Levin attending a promotional event, standing close together, with the former in the foreground and the latter behind her.]]
Downey started dating actress [[Sarah Jessica Parker]] in 1984 after meeting her on the set of ''Firstborn''.<ref name="w726">{{cite web | last=Bryant | first=Kenzie | title=Sarah Jessica Parker Likens Dating Robert Downey Jr. to Parenting a Teenager | website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | date=October 14, 2016 | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/10/sarah-jessica-parker-robert-downey-jr-dated | access-date=October 13, 2025 | archive-date=October 7, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007033846/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/10/sarah-jessica-parker-robert-downey-jr-dated | url-status=live }}</ref> Their relationship ended in 1991, largely due to Downey's [[Substance dependence|drug addiction]].<ref name="f443">{{cite web | last=Ng | first=Kate | title=Sarah Jessica Parker says she was angry at reaction to Robert Downey Jr relationship | website=[[The Independent]] | date=June 20, 2023 | url=https://www.the-independent.com/life-style/love-sex/sarah-jessica-parker-robert-downey-jr-relationship-b2360769.html | access-date=October 13, 2025}}</ref><ref name="r050">{{cite web | last=Ledbetter | first=Carly | title=Sarah Jessica Parker Says Reunion With This Ex Was 'Not Weird' | website=[[HuffPost]] | date=October 19, 2016 | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sarah-jessica-parker-admits-her-reunion-with-ex-robert-downey-jr-was-surprisingly-not-weird_n_5807a1c4e4b0b994d4c32214 | access-date=October 13, 2025 | archive-date=April 10, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410150700/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sarah-jessica-parker-admits-her-reunion-with-ex-robert-downey-jr-was-surprisingly-not-weird_n_5807a1c4e4b0b994d4c32214 | url-status=live }}</ref> On May 29, 1992, he married singer and actress [[Deborah Falconer]] following a six-week [[courtship]].{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=276}} Falconer gave birth to their only son in September 1993.{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=276}} Downey's repeated stints in rehab and jail placed significant strain on their marriage. Falconer left him in 1996 and filed for divorce in early 2001, citing "[[irreconcilable differences]]".<ref name="i977">{{cite web | title=Downey's Wife Asks for Divorce | publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] | date=January 25, 2001 | url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=110449&page=1 | access-date=October 13, 2025 | archive-date=June 17, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617054425/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=110449&page=1 | url-status=live }}</ref> The divorce was finalized in 2004, and Falconer received custody of their son.<ref name="f020">{{cite web | title=Downey Jr ends 12-year marriage | publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=April 28, 2004 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3666529.stm | access-date=October 13, 2025 | archive-date=January 22, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122170304/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3666529.stm | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2003, Downey met producer [[Susan Downey|Susan Levin]], then the executive vice president of production at [[Silver Pictures]], while filming ''Gothika''.<ref name="z857">{{cite web | last=Beck | first=Lia | title=Robert Downey Jr. and Susan Downey's Relationship Timeline | website=[[People (magazine)|People]] | date=August 29, 2022 | url=https://people.com/movies/robert-downey-jr-susan-downey-relationship-timeline/ | access-date=October 14, 2025}}</ref><ref name="t192">{{cite web | last=Pulver | first=Andrew | title=Robert Downey Jr to open campaign on presidential debate movie | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=July 21, 2015 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/21/robert-downey-jr-susan-downey-presidential-debate-movie | access-date=October 13, 2025}}</ref> Although Levin was initially hesitant about the relationship, the two began dating during production and remained together after filming ended. Downey proposed the night before her thirtieth birthday, and they married on August 27, 2005, in a Jewish ceremony in [[Amagansett, New York]].<ref>{{multiref|{{cite web | ref=none |title=Robert Downey Jr. and Wife Susan: Exclusive Portraits of the Couple in Their Offices | website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | date=October 1, 2014 | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/robert-downey-jr-wife-susan-737039/ | access-date=October 13, 2025}}|{{cite web | ref=none | last=Beck | first=Lia | title=Robert Downey Jr. and Susan Downey's Relationship Timeline | website=[[People (magazine)|People]] | date=August 29, 2022 | url=https://people.com/movies/robert-downey-jr-susan-downey-relationship-timeline/ | access-date=October 14, 2025}}|{{cite web | ref=none | last=Welsh | first=James | title=Robert Downey Jr. marries girlfriend | publisher=[[Digital Spy]] | date=August 28, 2005 | url=https://www.digitalspy.com/showbiz/a23867/robert-downey-jr-marries-girlfriend/ | access-date=October 14, 2025}}|{{cite web | ref=none|last=Logan | first=Elizabeth | title=Robert Downey Jr.'s Family: All About His Wife, Kids, and Parents | publisher=[[NBC News]] | date=March 10, 2024 | url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/robert-downey-jr-family-wife-kids-parents | access-date=October 14, 2025 | archive-date=August 12, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812185944/https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/robert-downey-jr-family-wife-kids-parents | url-status=live }} }}</ref> The couple have two children together, a son born in February 2012 and a daughter born in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/parents/robert-downey-jr-welcomes-son-exton-elias/|title=Robert Downey Jr. Welcomes Son Exton Elias|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=October 2, 2019|archive-date=June 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620062219/https://people.com/parents/robert-downey-jr-welcomes-son-exton-elias/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="c512">{{cite magazine | last=Rhodan | first=Maya | title=Robert Downey Jr. Reveals Name of Baby Daughter | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=November 5, 2014 | url=https://time.com/3558992/robert-downey-jr-new-baby-avri-roel/ | access-date=October 14, 2025 | archive-date=June 23, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623145411/https://time.com/3558992/robert-downey-jr-new-baby-avri-roel/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

According to Downey, he has remained drug-free since July 2003 and credits Levin with helping him overcome his drug and alcohol habits, along with his family, therapy, [[Buddhist meditation|meditation]], [[Twelve-step program|twelve-step recovery programs]], [[yoga]], and the practice of [[Wing Chun]] [[kung fu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/movies/20carr.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&8dpc&oref=slogin |title=With ''Iron Man,'' Robert Downey Jr. winks at his past and looks to transcend it |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 20, 2008 |access-date=September 6, 2008 |first=David |last=Carr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516010350/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/20/movies/20carr.html?_r=2&pagewanted=2&8dpc&oref=slogin |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="skin deep">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/nov/08/features |title=More Than Skin Deep |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 8, 2003 |first=Jon |last=Wilde |access-date=May 2, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828193924/http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1080388,00.html |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2015, he was among 91 individuals pardoned by [[governor of California|California governor]] [[Jerry Brown]] for prior drug offenses.{{NoteTag|The pardon did not erase his criminal record; it restored his eligibility for jury service.<ref name="GOCCCC"/>}}<ref name="GOCCCC">{{cite web |url=https://www.ca.gov/archive/gov39/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/12.24.15_Attested_Pardons.pdf |page=26|title=Pardon: Robert Downey Jr. |publisher=[[Governor of California]]|access-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327203259/https://www.ca.gov/archive/gov39/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/12.24.15_Attested_Pardons.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="j169">{{cite web | last=Bozelko | first=Chandra | title=Robert Downey Jr. got a pardon but he still has a record | url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/Robert-Downey-Jr-got-a-pardon-but-he-still-has-a-6726510.php | access-date=October 15, 2025 | website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date=December 29, 2015 | archive-date=March 8, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308105028/https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/openforum/article/Robert-Downey-Jr-got-a-pardon-but-he-still-has-a-6726510.php | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, Downey described his religious beliefs as "[[Jewish Buddhist]]". Earlier in his life, he had also explored Christianity and the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] movement.<ref name="JewishBuddhist">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/21/arts/music/21devr.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1 |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=Robert Downey Jr.: The album |date=November 21, 2004 |access-date=May 22, 2010 |first=Hilary |last=De Vries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422151731/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/21/arts/music/21devr.html?_r=1&pagewanted=2 |archive-date=April 22, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> After initially adopting a [[vegan]] diet to address concerns about the climate crisis, Downey revealed in 2024 that he had transitioned to a [[pescetarian]] diet after experiencing low levels of [[vitamin B12]], [[calcium]], and [[iron]].<ref name="q844">{{cite web | last=DeAngelis | first=Danielle | title=Robert Downey Jr. Tried and Failed to Go Vegan: 'It Just Doesn't Work for Me' | publisher=[[Yahoo! News]] | date=January 23, 2024 | url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/robert-downey-jr-tried-failed-215011983.html | access-date=October 14, 2025}}</ref>

== Artistry and public image ==
[[File:Robert Downey, Jr. 2012.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Downey wearing glasses, looking sternly forward|Downey at the ''Avengers'' film premiere in London in 2012]]
Downey is known for his versatility when selecting roles and often stars in drama, [[comedy film|comedy]], and [[action film|action]] films.<ref name="c654">{{cite web | last=Jung | first=E. Alex | title=Robert Downey Jr. doesn't want to star in your crappy indie film | website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] | date=May 1, 2015 | url=https://www.vulture.com/2015/05/rdj-doesnt-want-to-star-in-your-indie.html | access-date=October 15, 2025 | archive-date=April 2, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402100702/https://www.vulture.com/2015/05/rdj-doesnt-want-to-star-in-your-indie.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="g547">{{cite web | last1=Mandel | first1=Hannah | last2=Turan | first2=Kevin | title=New Again: Robert Downey Jr. | website=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]] | date=April 9, 2013 | url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/new-again-robert-downey-jr | access-date=October 14, 2025 | archive-date=July 8, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708082650/https://www.interviewmagazine.com/film/new-again-robert-downey-jr | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="b198">{{cite web | last=Delistraty | first=Cody | title=Hollywood's most valuable actor? Robert Downey Jr., of course! | publisher=[[NBC News]] | date=July 24, 2012 | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/hollywoods-most-valuable-actor-robert-downey-jr-course-flna1c7100626 | access-date=October 14, 2025 | archive-date=September 8, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908053834/https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/hollywoods-most-valuable-actor-robert-downey-jr-course-flna1c7100626 | url-status=live }}</ref> He typically plays characters who are intelligent, charismatic, complicated, and often flawed,<ref name="i403">{{cite web | last=Horton | first=Adrian | title=McNeal review – Robert Downey Jr shines in muddled AI-themed play | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=October 1, 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2024/oct/01/mcneal-robert-downey-jr-play-review | access-date=October 14, 2025}}</ref><ref name="a983">{{cite web | title=Robert Downey Jr returns to Marvel as Doctor Doom | website=[[The Guardian]] | date=July 28, 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/article/2024/jul/28/robert-downey-jr-returns-to-marvel-as-doctor-doom | access-date=October 14, 2025}}</ref> with [[Roger Ebert]] observing that his most common screen personas are "irreverent, quirky, self-deprecating, wise-cracking". Critics have noted his ability to fully embody a role, making the character seem real.<ref name="m626">{{cite web | last=Breznican | first=Anthony | title=Robert Downey Jr.'s Third Act: 'Oppenheimer' Is Just the Beginning | website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | date=December 3, 2023 | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/12/robert-downey-jr-cover-story | access-date=October 15, 2025}}</ref>{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=198}} Early in his career, Downey's acting style differed from many of his contemporaries as noted by ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'}}s [[Lynn Hirschberg]], who described it as "not brooding or intolerably self-absorbed" but in "a semiconstant state of amusement".<ref name="c267"/> Analyzing his roles in ''[[Mussolini: The Untold Story|Mussolini]]'' (1985) and ''Less than Zero'' (1987), [[Stephen Schiff]] wrote in ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' that he managed to "shrug and bubble his way past every obstacle".<ref name="r835">{{cite web | last=Schiff | first=Stephen | title=Robert Downey Jr. On the Cusp of Stardom | website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] | date=March 1, 1988 | url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/1988/03/profile-robert-downey-jr | access-date=October 14, 2025 | archive-date=December 6, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206140952/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/1988/03/profile-robert-downey-jr | url-status=live }}</ref>

Downey has described himself as an "incredibly gifted faker" who knows "very little about acting".<ref name="z490">{{cite web | last=Bailey | first=Jason | title='The Perfect Idiot's Profession': When Famous Actors Ridicule Their Craft | website=[[The Atlantic]] | date=January 7, 2013 | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/01/the-perfect-idiots-profession-when-famous-actors-ridicule-their-craft/266847/ | access-date=November 30, 2025}}</ref> His preparation for specific roles has included intensive rehearsal and character immersion, such as spending months training with experts to perfectly mimic Chaplin's movements in ''Chaplin'' (1992),{{sfn|MacDonald|2014|p=46}} and remaining in character off-set to prepare for his portrayal of Kirk Lazarus in ''Tropic Thunder'' (2008).<ref name="e859">{{cite web | last=Sharf | first=Zack | title=Danny McBride Accidentally Heard Robert Downey Jr. Going to Pee While in Character on ''Tropic Thunder'' Set: 'He Was Talking to Himself' | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=April 4, 2024 | url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/robert-downey-jr-peed-tropic-thunder-set-method-actor-1235960407/ | access-date=November 30, 2025}}</ref><ref name="r441">{{cite web | last=Stenzel | first=Wesley | title=Robert Downey Jr. peed in character on 'Tropic Thunder' set, Danny McBride says | website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=April 3, 2024 | url=https://ew.com/danny-mcbride-says-robert-downey-jr-peed-in-character-on-tropic-thunder-set-8624577 | access-date=November 30, 2025}}</ref> In 2010, [[Walter Kirn]], writing for ''Rolling Stone'', stated that Downey "refuses to follow any kind of script, never quite coming into focus, always in thrall to another idea", which the journalist described as the "essence of [Downey's] mind and spirit, and, arguably, of his genius as an actor".<ref name="r655">{{cite magazine | last=Kirn | first=Walter | title=The Tao of Robert Downey, Jr. | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=May 13, 2010 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/the-tao-of-robert-downey-jr-117846/ | access-date=October 15, 2025 | archive-date=May 4, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504214930/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/the-tao-of-robert-downey-jr-117846/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Downey has described his approach to acting as intuitive and improvisational rather than methodical, stating that "the goal is to make a well-written scene seem like it's improvised" and "try to improve things as you go along".<ref name="f335">{{cite web | title=Sherlock Holmes: On set, it was Robert Downey Jr. vs. director Guy Ritchie | website=[[National Post]] | date=December 11, 2011 | url=https://nationalpost.com/entertainment/on-the-set-of-the-latest-sherlock-holmes-it-was-downey-jr-vs-ritchie | access-date=October 15, 2025}}</ref><ref name="k223">{{cite web | last=Radish | first=Christina | title=Robert Downey Jr Sherlock Holmes 2 Interview | website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] | date=December 11, 2011 | url=https://collider.com/robert-downey-jr-interview-sherlock-holmes-2/ | access-date=October 15, 2025 | archive-date=July 14, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224043/http://collider.com/robert-downey-jr-interview-sherlock-holmes-2/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Downey's films as a leading actor have grossed over $14.3{{nbsp}}billion worldwide, making him the fourth-[[List of highest-grossing actors|highest-grossing actor of all time]], according to ''[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars|title=Top 100 Stars in Leading Roles at the Worldwide Box Office|website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|access-date=December 24, 2023|archive-date=November 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125958/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' named Downey [[List of highest-paid film actors#Highest annual earnings|highest-paid actor]] in the world in 2013, 2014, and 2015, with earnings of $75{{nbsp}}million in the first two years and $80{{nbsp}}million in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2013/07/16/robert-downey-jr-tops-forbes-list-of-hollywoods-highest-paid-actors |title=Robert Downey Jr. Tops Forbes' List of Hollywood's Highest-Paid Actors |work=[[Forbes]] |date=July 16, 2013 |access-date=August 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731081424/http://www.forbes.com/sites/dorothypomerantz/2013/07/16/robert-downey-jr-tops-forbes-list-of-hollywoods-highest-paid-actors/ |archive-date=July 31, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="o781">{{cite web | last=Pomerantz | first=Dorothy | title=Hollywood's Highest Paid Actors 2014 | website=[[Forbes]] | date=August 9, 2024 | url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mfl45ekhem/the-highest-paid-actors/ | access-date=October 15, 2025 | archive-date=July 13, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713145233/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/mfl45ekhem/the-highest-paid-actors/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Robehmed|first1=Natalie|title=The World's Highest-Paid Actors 2015: Robert Downey Jr. Leads With $80 Million Haul|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/08/04/the-worlds-highest-paid-actors-2015-robert-downey-jr-leads-with-80-million-haul/|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=August 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813124942/http://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/08/04/the-worlds-highest-paid-actors-2015-robert-downey-jr-leads-with-80-million-haul/|archive-date=August 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The publication has included him in its annual [[Celebrity 100]] list, which ranks the most powerful people in the world, placing him twentieth in 2013 and tenth in 2014.<ref name="h198">{{cite web | last=Antunes | first=Anderson | title=No. 10: Robert Downey Jr. | website=[[Forbes]] | url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/eifl45glel/no-10-robert-downey-jr/ | access-date=October 15, 2025}}</ref><ref name="f177">{{cite web | title=The 2013 Celebrity 100 | website=[[Forbes]] | url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fimi45egge/robert-downey-jr-5/ | access-date=October 15, 2025 | archive-date=October 23, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023015558/http://www.forbes.com/pictures/fimi45egge/robert-downey-jr-5/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine featured him on its list of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]] in 2008.<ref name="t468">{{cite magazine | title=The 2008 ''Time'' 100 | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=May 12, 2008 | url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733752_1734629,00.html | access-date=October 15, 2025|first=Ben|last=Stiller|author-link=Ben Stiller}}</ref> In 2025, ''[[The Independent]]'' named Downey the forty-fourth-greatest film actor of the 21st century.<ref name="e305">{{cite web | title=The 60 greatest film actors of the 21st century (so far) | website=[[The Independent]] | date=January 1, 2025 | url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/films/features/best-actors-list-21st-century-b2672366.html | first=Annabel | last=Nugent | access-date=November 2, 2025}}</ref>

==Acting credits and accolades==
{{Main|Robert Downey Jr. filmography|List of awards and nominations received by Robert Downey Jr.}}
According to [[Rotten Tomatoes]], Downey's most critically acclaimed films include ''[["Sr."]]'', ''[[True Believer (film)|True Believer]]'', ''[[Richard III (1995 film)|Richard III]]'', ''[[Short Cuts]]'', ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'', ''[[Iron Man (2008 film)|Iron Man]]'', ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'', ''[[Good Night, and Good Luck]]'', ''[[Spider-Man: Homecoming]]'', and ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]''.{{NoteTag|This list, as of November 2025, ranks his ten highest-rated films from the top to the bottom.<ref name="rottentomatoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/robert_downey_jr|title=Robert Downey Jr.|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=February 23, 2024|archive-date=January 4, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104025137/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/robert_downey_jr|url-status=live}}</ref>}} His accolades include an [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]], two [[BAFTA Awards]], three [[Golden Globe Awards]], three [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]], and a [[Daytime Emmy Award]], as well as nominations for two [[Primetime Emmy Awards]].<ref name="oppenheimer">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/2024/03/10/supporting-actor-2024-oscars/1b62fa22-df40-11ee-95aa-7384336086f3_story.html|title=Robert Downey Jr. wins his first Oscar for supporting actor role in 'Oppenheimer'|last=Yamat|first=Rio|date=March 10, 2024|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=March 11, 2024}}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=https://californiamuseum.org/inductee/robert-downey-jr/|title=Robert Downey Jr.|publisher=[[California Museum]]|access-date=February 23, 2024|archive-date=February 23, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223155500/https://californiamuseum.org/inductee/robert-downey-jr/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2001/03/13/julia-and-benicio-win-sag-awards/|title=Julia and Benicio win SAG awards|last=Angulo|first=Sandra P.|date=March 13, 2001|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=November 20, 2023|archive-date=April 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420053304/https://ew.com/article/2001/03/13/julia-and-benicio-win-sag-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Studio album===
* ''[[The Futurist (Robert Downey Jr. album)|The Futurist]]'' (2004)

===Soundtrack appearances===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
|+ Soundtrack appearances
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Song
! scope="col" |Soundtrack
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" |1992
|"[[Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)|Smile]]"
|''[[Chaplin (film)|Chaplin]] OST''
|On ''[[The Futurist (Robert Downey Jr. album)|The Futurist]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaplin |url=https://www.soundtrack.net/movie/chaplin/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619065052/https://www.soundtrack.net/movie/chaplin/ |archive-date=19 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=[[Soundtrack.Net]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |1993
|"[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"
|''[[Heart and Souls]] OST''
|With [[B.B. King]]
|<ref name="t017">{{cite web | last=Burr | first=Ty | title=''Heart and Souls'' | website=[[Entertainment Weekly]] | date=August 13, 1993 | url=https://ew.com/article/1993/08/13/heart-and-souls/ | access-date=February 15, 2026}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2|2000
|"[[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]]"
|rowspan=2|''[[Ally McBeal]]: A Very Ally Christmas''
|With [[Vonda Shepard]]
|rowspan=2|<ref name="Vondasss">{{cite web | title=Robert Downey Jr. Sings on 'Ally' Album | publisher=[[ABC (United States)|ABC News]] | date=November 6, 2000 | url=https://abcnews.com/Entertainment/story?id=113720/1000 | access-date=February 15, 2026}}</ref>
|-
|"[[River (Joni Mitchell song)|River]]"
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=3|2001
|"[[Every Breath You Take]]"
|rowspan=3|''Ally McBeal: For Once in My Life featuring Vonda Shepard''
|With [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
|rowspan=3|<ref name="vvvvd">{{cite web | last=Graff | first=Gary | title=Embattled Downey Jr. Makes Dent on Charts | publisher=[[ABC (United States)|ABC News]] | date=May 9, 2001 | url=https://abcnews.com/Entertainment/story?id=105520&page=1 | access-date=February 15, 2026}}</ref>
|-
|"Chances Are"
|With Vonda Shepard
|-
|"Snakes"
|
|-
! scope="row" |2003
|"In My Dreams"
|''[[The Singing Detective (film)|The Singing Detective]] OST''
|
|<ref name="k795">{{cite web | last=Harvey | first=Dennis | title=The Singing Detective | website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=January 19, 2003 | url=https://variety.com/2003/film/reviews/the-singing-detective-1200544014/ | access-date=February 15, 2026}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |2005
|"Broken"
|''[[Kiss Kiss Bang Bang]] OST''
|On ''The Futurist''
|<ref name="i232">{{cite web | last=Schillaci | first=Sophie | title=Robert Downey Jr.'s Son Sings: Listen to His Song 'Buysexual' | website=[[Entertainment Tonight]] | date=June 30, 2014 | url=https://www.etonline.com/music/147943_robert_downey_jr_son_indio_is_a_musician | access-date=February 15, 2026}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Printed sources ==
* {{cite book | last1=Bystedt | first1=Karen | title=The New Breed | publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] | date=1988 | isbn=978-0-8050-0774-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Darowski | first=Joseph J. | title=The Ages of Iron Man | publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] | date=2015 | isbn=978-1-4766-2074-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Duchovnay | first=Gerald | title=Film Voices | publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] | date=2012 | isbn=978-0-7914-8475-3}}
* {{cite book | last1=Ellcessor | first1=Elizabeth | last2=Kirkpatrick | first2=Bill | last3=Kirkpatrick | first3=Milton William | title=Disability Media Studies | publisher=[[NYU Press]] | date=2017 | isbn=978-1-4798-4938-3}}
* {{cite book | last=Falk | first=Ben | title=Robert Downey Jr. | publisher=[[HarperCollins]] | date=2014 | isbn=978-1-910232-12-5}}
* {{cite book | last=Gates Jr. | first=H. L. | title=Finding Your Roots | publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] | date=2014 | isbn=978-1-4696-1801-2}}
* {{cite book | last1=Hennig-Thurau | first1=Thorsten | last2=Houston | first2=Mark B. | title=Entertainment Science | publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] | date=2018 | isbn=978-3-319-89292-4}}
* {{cite book | last=MacDonald | first=Erin E. | title=Robert Downey Jr. from Brat to Icon | publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] | date=2014| isbn=978-0-7864-7549-0}}
* {{cite book | last1=Payne | first1=Brian K. | last2=Gainey | first2=Randy R. | title=Family Violence and Criminal Justice | publisher=[[Routledge]]| date=2014 | isbn=978-1-317-52258-4}}
* {{cite book | last1=Welsh | first1=James M. | last2=Whaley | first2=Donald M. | title=The Oliver Stone Encyclopedia | publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] | date=2012 | isbn=978-0-8108-8353-6}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Robert Downey, Jr.}}
{{Wikiquote|Robert Downey Jr.}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Robert Downey Jr.|Awards for Robert Downey Jr.]]
|list =
{{Academy Award Best Supporting Actor}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAward MaleSupportMotionPicture}}
{{ScreenActorsGuildAward MaleTVComedy 1994-2009}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Actor 1980-1999}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
{{BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards}}
{{Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
{{Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
{{Disney Legends Awards 2010s}}
{{GoldenGlobeBestActorMotionPictureMusicalComedy 2001-2020}}
{{Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor Motion Picture}}
{{GoldenGlobeSupportingActorTV 1990-2009}}
{{Hasty Pudding Man of the Year}}
{{IFTA Award for Best International Actor}}
{{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor}}
{{London Film Critics Circle Award for Actor of the Year}}
{{Maltin Modern Master Award}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Hero}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Fight}}
{{Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
{{People's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor}}
{{San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
{{San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
{{Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor Series Miniseries or Television Film}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Actor}}
{{Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Downey, Robert Jr.}}
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Kashyap (caste)

2026-02-19T21:13:49Z

Kkasthana: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|Indian caste}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}

{{Distinguish|Jhinwar|text=[[Jhinwar]], who are sometimes referred to by a similar name}}{{Infobox name
| name = Kashyap Rajput
| image =
| caption =
| romanisation =
| pronunciation =
| gender =
| masculine =
| feminine =
| meaning =
| motto =
| region = [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[Chandigarh]]
[[Punjab]] [[Haryana]] [[Himachal Pradesh]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu Kashmir]] [[ladakh]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[English language|English]]
| languageorigin =
| origin =
| alternative spelling =
| nickname =
| shortform = [[Mehra]], [[Mehra Rajput]]
| petname =
| variant forms =
| related names = [[Kashyap mehra]], [[Mehra]], [[Mehra Rajput]], [[Rajput]] [[Koshyal]] [[Kanshilya]]
| cognate =
| anglicisation =
| name day =
| derived =
| derivative =
| derivation =
| seealso =
| popularity = [[Kashyapa]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Kashyap Rajput''' or '''Kashyap''' are a [[caste]] in India. They are sometimes called the '''Koshyal''' or '''Kanshilya'''.{{sfnp|Singh|2012|p=200|ps=}}

==History==
''Kashyap'' is originally one of the eight primary [[gotra]]s (clans) of the [[Brahmin]]s, being derived from [[Kashyapa]], the name of a [[rishi]] (hermit) from whom the eponymous gotra Brahmins believe to have descended. The Brahmanical clan system was later emulated by people as an early example of the [[sanskritisation]] process.{{sfnp|Singh|2012|p=199|ps=}} In more recent times, the All-India Kashyap Rajput Mahasabha pressure group was established prior to the [[1941 census of India|1941 census]] of [[British India]] to lobby the census authorities to record the caste as ''Kashyap Rajput'' rather than by any other name.{{sfnp|Maheshwari|1996|pp=109-110|ps=}}

==Kashyap communities==
There were proposals in 2013 that some or all of the communities related to Kashyap in the state{{Which|date=September 2025}} should be reclassified as [[Scheduled Castes]] under India's [[Reservation in India|system of positive discrimination]]; this would have involved declassifying them from the [[Other Backwards Class]] category.{{sfnp|Shah|2013|ps=}} Whether or not this would happen was a significant issue in the campaign for the [[2014 Indian general election]].{{sfnp|Srivastava|2014|ps=}}

They are among 17 OBC communities that were again proposed for Scheduled Caste status by the [[Samajwadi Party]]-controlled [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. However, this proposal, which relates to [[votebank politics]], has been stayed by the courts; the prior attempt had been rejected by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Setback for Akhilesh government as High Court stays their order to include 17 sub-castes in the SC category |date=24 January 2017 |work=The Financial Express |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/setback-for-akhilesh-government-as-high-court-stays-their-order-to-include-17-sub-castes-in-the-sc-category/520325/ |accessdate=2017-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UP govt to include 17 other backward castes in SC list |date=22 December 2016 |agency=PTI |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-govt-to-include-17-other-backward-castes-in-sc-list/story-jQWfybFAcSJTnwj2k4NxqO.html |accessdate=2017-02-04}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Kashyap (surname)]]

== References ==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=The Census Administration Under the Raj and After |first=Shriram |last=Maheshwari |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1996 |isbn=9788170225850 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2RP04HHopkC&pg=PA109}}
*{{citation |title=Political parties eye Lok Sabha polls, bank on boatmen to claim pole position |first=Pankaj |last=Shah |date=6 April 2013 |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Political-parties-eye-Lok-Sabha-polls-bank-on-boatmen-to-claim-pole-position/articleshow/19409283.cms |accessdate=14 April 2014}}
*{{citation |title=Islamization in Modern South Asia: Deobandi Reform and the Gujjar Response |first=David Emmanuel |last=Singh |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61451-246-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upk5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA200}}
*{{citation |title=BJP castes a wider UP net, uses Modi's background to attract OBC votes while seeking blessings by feeding Brahmins |first=Piyush |last=Srivastava |work=India Today |date=25 February 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bjp-leads-in-the-caste-game-in-up-2014-lok-sabha-polls-182555-2014-02-24 |access-date=14 April 2014}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]

Eparchy of Palghat

2026-02-18T06:44:50Z

Kkasthana:

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic eparchy in Kerala, India}}
{{moresources|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
The '''Eparchy of Palghat''' is a [[diocese]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], centred on the city of [[Palakkad]] in the state of [[Kerala]], in South India. It is a [[suffragan]] bishopric of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Archdiocese of Trichur]]. The current bishop is [[Peter Kochupurackal]], who was appointed in 2022.
{{Infobox diocese

| jurisdiction = Eparchy
| name = Palghat
| local =
| image =Palghat_diocese.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country = [[India]]
| territory =
| province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur]]
| metropolitan = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Syro-Malabar Archbishop of Thrissur]]
| archdeaconries =
| deaneries =
| subdivisions =
| coordinates =
| parishes =
| churches = 
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| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| established =
| cathedral =
| cocathedral =
| patron = 
| patron_title = 
| priests =

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
| metro_archbishop = [[Mar Andrews Thazhath]]
| bishop_title =
| bishop = Mar Peter Kochupurackal
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = Mar Jacob Manathodath

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
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|headquarters=}}

==History of Diocese of Palghat (Palakkad)==

[[File:Mar Jacob Manathodath and Mathai Payyappilly Palakkappilly.jpg|thumb|left|Mar Jacob Manathodath, bishop of Palakkad diocese, releasing the biography of Venerable [[Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly|Payyappilly Mar Varghese Kathanar]] during his 82nd death anniversary by handing over a copy of it to his great-nephew Mathai Payyappilly Palakkappilly]]
The Eparchy of Palghat was erected on 20 June 1974, through the Decree "Apostolico Requirente" by [[Pope Paul VI]], bifurcating the eparchy of Trichur and adding into the territory of the new eparchy a few parishes of the eparchy of Tellichery, which were in the district of Palakkad. It was a suffragan of the [[Archdiocese of Ernakulam]]. The eparchy was inaugurated on 8 September 1974. The episcopal ordination of Msgr. Joseph Irimpen and his assumption of office as the first bishop of the eparchy took place on the same day. It is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Trichur. The eparchy covers an area of 4,482 km2. At the time of the inauguration of the Eparchy it had a total of 16 parishes and 8 stations. The number of diocesan priests was 14 and that of the adherents was 20,810. It has now 69,057 adherents, 127 priests incarnated to it and 99 parishes and 45 stations. Bishop Irimpen retired from his office on 6 December 1994 and died on 23 August 1997. Msgr. Joseph Veliyathil served the Eparchy as its Administrator from 6 December 1994 to 1 February 1997. Pope John Paul II nominated Bishop Jacob Manathodath, then the Auxiliary Bishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly as the Bishop of Palghat on 11 November 1996. Bishop Manathodath took canonical possession of the eparchy on 1 February 1997.

The diocese of Palghat was bifurcated and a new diocese, named Ramanathapuram, was erected on 18 January 2010.

==Statistics of the Diocese of Palghat ({{as of|2010|4}})==
Diocese of Palghat - Geographical Area, 4,480 km2 (Palakkad Dt)
* Catholic Families: 12,521
* Catholics: 56,668
* Priests:
** Diocesan 121
** Working 8
* [[Religious (Catholicism)|Religious]] Men 59
* Religious Women 1,051
* Diocesan Seminarians :
** Theologians 15
** Regents 11
** Philosophers 25
** Minor Seminarians 34
* Foranes 8
* Parishes 74
* Stations 43

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.palghatdiocese.org/ Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Palghat]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dplsm.html Catholic-Hierarchy entry]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palghat}}
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1974]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Kerala]]

Buno Ramnath

2026-02-06T01:20:47Z

Kkasthana: new the details w/ infobox

{{short description|18th century Indian logician and scholar}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Buno Ramnath
| image = Busts of Buno Ramnath (Ramnath Tarkasiddhanta) 1.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Bust of Ramnath Tarkasiddhanta
| native_name = Rāmanātha Tarkasid'dhānta (রামনাথ তর্কসিদ্ধান্ত)
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = middle of eighteen century
| birth_place = [[Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Flat list|
*''Tol'' teacher
* Scholar
* Logician
}}
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Sanskrit]]
| education =
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| period =
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| notable_works =
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}}
'''Ramnath Tarkasiddhanta''', popularly known as '''''Buno Ramnath''''', was a prominent logician, scholar and ideal teacher of [[Nabadwip]] in the eighteenth century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sen|first=Simonti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jkaZEUm3nEC&q=buno+ramnath&pg=PA117|title=Travels to Europe: Self and Other in Bengali Travel Narratives, 1870-1910|date=2005|publisher=Orient Blackswan|page=117|isbn=978-81-250-2738-6|language=en}}</ref> He was called ''Buno'' as he had set up his Chatuspathi in a forest area.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Rari|first=Kantichandra Ed|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.512971|title=Nabadwip-mahima Ed. 2 Vol. 1 And 2|page=317|date=1937}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ramnath was born in the middle of the eighteenth century but historians has a doubt about his birthplace. According to Dr. Alok Kumar Chakraborty, he was the son of Abhayaram Tarkabhushan of the Bhattacharya family of [[Dhatrigram]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=বসু|first=প্রধান সম্পাদক, সুবোধচন্দ্র সেনগুপ্ত; সম্পাদক, অঞ্জলি|title=সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান : প্রায় চার সহস্রাধিক জীবনী-সংবলিত আকর গ্রন্থ|url=https://www-lib.tufs.ac.jp/opac/recordID/catalog.bib/BB11124844|access-date=2020-10-03|page=476| website=東京外国語大学附属図書館ＯＰＡＣ}}</ref> Beside that, Joggeshwar Chowdhury said that [[Samudragarh]] is the birthplace of Ramnath.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chowdhuri|first=Jagyeswar|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265321|title=Bardhaman Itihas O Sanskriti Vol. 3|page=322|date=1994}}</ref>

==Career==
After acquiring an outstanding reputation for his erudition, Ramnath set up Chatuspathi in [[Nabadwip]] and taught there.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Ed Shubha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFlEdW9MLCwC&q=buno|title=Education In India Vol# 4|date=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0850-9|location=|pages=125|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=নির্ঘণ্ট:বাংলায় ভ্রমণ -দ্বিতীয় খণ্ড.pdf - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার|url=https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3_-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615082336/https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3_-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1.pdf |archive-date=2020-06-15 |access-date=2020-10-03|website=bn.m.wikisource.org|page=102}}</ref> He was always engrossed in the pursuit of knowledge. As the fame of his erudition spread around, countless students came to his ''tol'' or ''chatuspathi'' to learn from him. Many people including [[Prasanna Chandra Tarkaratna]] used to practice Shatra in his Chatuspathi. Among his students, Krishnananda Vidya-Bachaspati Saraswati Maharaj of Dharmadaha Bahirgachhi became famous for composing a book called ''Antarbyākaraṇa Nāṭya-Pariśiṣṭa'' from the divan of Maharaja Srishchandra.<ref name=":0" /> Even though Ramnath was very poor, he never took any royal grace. When [[Nadia Raj]] came to [[Nabadwip]] and saw his poverty, he asked him if he had any worldly issues. In his reply he said<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rajnarayan Basu|url=http://archive.org/details/bub_man_418e42c8c34e9cd4059f600f65afd3b6|title=Sekal Aar Ekal|date=1874|publisher=Balmiki Jantra|isbn=|location=|pages=9|language=English}}</ref>-
{{blockquote|No, I have no problem. I have a few bighas of land, which produces enough grain, and in front of me you can see this Tamarind tree; My wife cooks a beautiful soup with this leaf, I eat it with great satisfaction.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=নির্ঘণ্ট:Intermediate Bengali Selections.pdf - উইকিসংকলন একটি মুক্ত পাঠাগার|url=https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F:Intermediate_Bengali_Selections.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615082343/https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F:Intermediate_Bengali_Selections.pdf |archive-date=2020-06-15 |access-date=2020-10-03|website=bn.m.wikisource.org|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=hvadmin|date=2020-05-06|title=বুনো রামনাথ- এক শিক্ষকের গল্প|url=https://hinduvoice.in/2020/05/06/বুনো-রামনাথ-এক-শিক্ষকের-গ/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003190240/https://hinduvoice.in/2020/05/06/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%97/|archive-date=2020-10-03|access-date=2020-10-03|website=Hindu Voice|language=bn}}</ref>}}

==Legend==
In the eighteen century, a debate meeting was organised at the divan of [[Nabakrishna Deb|Maharaja Nabakrishna]] in [[Kolkata]] (then Calcutta) for the purpose of a logical victory. Legalist [[Shibnath Vidyabachaspati]] of [[Nabadwip]] and [[Jagannath Tarka Panchanan]] of [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]] were present at the meeting. When no one could argue with the stranger logician in the debate held there, Buno Ramnath appeared there and defeated him through argument and maintained the standard of justice of [[Nabadwip]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bongodorshon|url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/bengali-has-forgotten-buno-ramnath|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Bongodorshon {{!}} বাংলার যা কিছু উৎকৃষ্ট আর ভালো তাকেই সামনে আনছে}}</ref> Being happy when King Nabakrishna wanted to give him a lot of wealth, Ramnath did not touch them and said the ''crow-shit''. Ramnath believed that money is the root of evil.<ref name=":0" />

The identity of Ramnath's poverty can be understood from the common hearsay about his wife. Once the queen of [[Nadia Raj]] came to the [[Nabadwip]] [[ghat]]. When Ramnath's wife was returning from the ghat, the water of her sari sprinkled on the queen. But Ramnath's wife left the place without giving any apology. Being angry Maharani said,
: ''Bhāri tō du'gāchā lāla suto. Tāra ābāra ēto dēmāka. O'i suto chiṛatē katakşana?'' (Means, you only have a red tread on your hand as a sign of married, still how did you get that courage to behave like that. This thread can be tron any time.)

In reply she said-
: ''Ēi lāla sutō yē dina chirē yābē, sē dina Nabadwip andhakāra hayē yābē.'' (The day this red thread will be torn, Nabadwip will be dark from its standard of logician.<ref>{{Cite web|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=দেবাশিস|date=2016-06-06|title=রানিকেও রেয়াত করেননি বুনো রামনাথের স্ত্রী|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/buno-ramnath-s-wife-even-did-not-leave-queen-1.403953|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615080247/https://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/buno-ramnath-s-wife-even-did-not-leave-queen-1.403953|archive-date=2020-06-15|access-date=2020-10-03|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>{{efn|Kantichandra Rari, the author of ''Nabadwip Mahima'', mentions that the legend took place between the wife of [[Nadia Raj|Maharaja]] Ramakrishna and the wife of the then [[Nabadwip]] Pandit Krishnaram Bhattacharya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rari|first=Kanti Chandra|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.512971|title=Nabadwip-mahima Ed. 2 Vol. 1 And 2|date=1937|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=285–286}}</ref>}})

==''Tol'' of Buno Ramnath==
[[File:Buno Ramnath-er Vite.jpg|thumb|Buno Ramnath's ''Tol'' house, where ''Banga Bibudha Janani Sabha'' was set up. And also the Nabadwip Government Sanskrit College]]
In 1886, the main Sanskrit learning center of [[India]] as well as the undivided [[Bengal]] was established at the ''Tol'' house of Buno Ramnath. The ''Banga Bibudha Janani Sabha'' was set up under the chairmanship of Raja Indrachandra Singh of Paikpara and under the editorship of retired Deputy Magistrate Mahendranath Bhattacharya to revive the [[Sanskrit]] practice all over the [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=aajkaal|date=2017-11-28|title=নবদ্বীপ:‌ মৃতপ্রায় টোল ব্যবস্থা|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/toll-system-w4rd|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705131522/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/toll-system-w4rd|archive-date=2020-07-05|access-date=2020-10-03|website=www.aajkaal.in|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=বিমান হাজরা ও দেবাশিস|date=2018-02-19|title=সংস্কৃতে জমে উঠছে আড্ডা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/cultural-program-in-sanskrit-language-at-nabadwip-1.758661|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709044027/https://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/cultural-program-in-sanskrit-language-at-nabadwip-1.758661|archive-date=2019-07-09|access-date=2020-10-03|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> The secretary of [[Banga Bibudha Janani Sabha]], Arun Kumar Chakraborty said-
{{cquote|This is our main objective to revive the practice of [[Sanskrit]] in [[Nabadwip]]. An [[Oriental Studies|Oriental Study]] Center will be set up at the ''Tol'' house of Buno Ramnath. Apart from [[Sanskrit]] practice, [[sociology]], regional history practice, [[Ayurveda]] practice, [[Shastra]] practice can also be included in [[Oriental studies]]. We have appealed to the state and central government for this. This education parliament, which has come to a complete stop for the time being, has been reactivated through various activities.<ref>{{Cite web|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=দেবাশিস|date=2016-06-07|title=রামনাথের ঐতিহ্যেই প্রাণ পাচ্ছে নবদ্বীপের বঙ্গ বিবুধ জননী সভা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/state/new-target-for-re-introducing-sanskrit-in-nabadwip-1.404762|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615122635/https://www.anandabazar.com/state/new-target-for-re-introducing-sanskrit-in-nabadwip-1.404762|archive-date=2020-06-15|access-date=2020-10-03|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref>}}

In 2019, Heritage Commission of [[West Bengal Government]] declared ''Buno Ramnath's Vite'' or ''Tol house of Buno Ramnath'' as the ''heritage place'' of [[Nabadwip]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-07-05|title=WEST BENGAL HERITAGE COMMISSION, Report July 2019|url=https://www.egiyebangla.gov.in/upload/MCLNEWS-190718115408484.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002055457/https://www.egiyebangla.gov.in/upload/MCLNEWS-190718115408484.pdf|archive-date=2020-10-02|access-date=2020-10-04|website=egiyebangla.gov.in|publisher=West Bengal Heritage Commission, Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

==In Literature==
[[Dinabandhu Mitra]] wrote about the ''Tyagi Purus'' (means ''Sacrificial men'') in his book ''Dinabandhu Rachanasangraha'' based on the legend of Ramnath Tarkasiddhanta.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mandol|first=Mrityunjoy|title=Nabadwiper Itibritto|publisher=Nabadwip Sahityo Somaj|year=2013|isbn=|edition=2|volume=I & II (Combined)|location=Nabadwip|pages=413|language=bn}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:18th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Indian logicians]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

List of countries by steel production

2026-02-04T18:57:40Z

Kkasthana: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|None}}
{{For|the company-oriented account|List of steel producers}}
In 2023, total world crude steel production was nearly 1.9 billion [[ton]]s ([[gigatonne|Gt]]). The biggest [[steel]] producing country is currently China, which accounted for 54% of world steel production in 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=World Steel in Figures 2021 |language=en |url=https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:976723ed-74b3-47b4-92f6-81b6a452b86e/World%2520Steel%2520in%2520Figures%25202021.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=2021-07-23 |archive-date=2021-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083325/https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:976723ed-74b3-47b4-92f6-81b6a452b86e/World%20Steel%20in%20Figures%202021.pdf }}</ref> In 2020, despite the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], China became the first country to produce over one billion tons of steel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/chinas-steel-sector-sees-output-growth-in-2020|title=China's steel sector sees output growth in 2020|access-date=2021-03-07|language=en}}</ref> In 2008, 2009, 2015 and 2016 output fell in the majority of steel-producing countries as a result of the global recession. In 2010 and 2017, it started to rise again. Crude steel production contracted in all regions in 2019 except in Asia and the Middle East. India is the 2nd leading producer of iron and steel industries.<ref name="Stat1980-2013">{{cite web |date=Nov 2014 |title=World Steel Production 1980-2013 |url=http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/statistics-archive/production-archive/steel-archive/steel-annually/steel-annually-1980-2013/document/steel%20annually%201980-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420161500/http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/statistics-archive/production-archive/steel-archive/steel-annually/steel-annually-1980-2013/document/steel%20annually%201980-2013.pdf |archive-date=20 April 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |publisher=World Steel Association}}</ref><ref name="Stat1967-1977">{{cite web |date=1978 |title=Handbook of World Steel Statistics |url=http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/statistics-archive/yearbook-archive/A-handbook-of-world-steel-statistics-1978/document/A%20handbook%20of%20world%20steel%20statistics%201978.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513202042/http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/statistics-archive/yearbook-archive/A-handbook-of-world-steel-statistics-1978/document/A%20handbook%20of%20world%20steel%20statistics%201978.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015}}</ref>

==Steel production==
=== 2015–2025 ===
This is a list of countries by steel production from 2015 to 2025, based on data provided by the [[World Steel Association]]. All countries with annual production of crude steel at least 1 million metric tons.<ref name="Stat1967-1977" />{{srn}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers col1left" style="text-align:right

|+ Crude steel production in 2015–2025 (million metric tons)
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! data-sort-type="text" | Country/Region
!2025 <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Annual production steel data |url=https://worldsteel.org/data/annual-production-steel-data/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=worldsteel.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
!2024 <ref name=":5" />
!2023 <ref name=":5" />
!2022 <ref name=":5" />
!2021 <ref name=":5" />
!2020 <ref name=":5" />
!2019 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsteel.org/media-centre/press-releases/2020/Global-crude-steel-output-increases-by-3.4--in-2019.html|title=Global crude steel output increases by 3.4% in 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:391fbe61-488d-46d1-b611-c9a43224f9b8/2019%2520global%2520crude%2520steel%2520production.pdf|title=World Crude Steel Production|date=2020-01-27|website=WorldSteel|access-date=2020-07-05|archive-date=2020-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130161636/https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:391fbe61-488d-46d1-b611-c9a43224f9b8/2019%2520global%2520crude%2520steel%2520production.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!2018 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsteel.org/media-centre/press-releases/2019/Global-crude-steel-output-increases-by-4.6--in-2018.html|title=Global crude steel output increases by 4.6% in 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:dcd93336-2756-486e-aa7f-64f6be8e6b1e/2018%2520global%2520crude%2520steel%2520production.pdf|title=World Crude Steel Production|date=2019-01-25|website=WorldSteel|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-date=2019-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042330/https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:dcd93336-2756-486e-aa7f-64f6be8e6b1e/2018%2520global%2520crude%2520steel%2520production.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!2017 <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:0909050c-1086-4017-95ef-0eb94b1487c2/Steel+production+December+2017.pdf|title=Monthly crude steel production - 2017|date=2018-01-24|publisher=World Steel Assoctiation|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072305/https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:0909050c-1086-4017-95ef-0eb94b1487c2/Steel+production+December+2017.pdf|archive-date=2018-02-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | 2016 <ref name=":0" /><ref name="Stat2016">{{cite web | url=https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:44ae2d3d-62ff-4868-9f60-e17a43e75092/Crude+steel+production_March+2017.pdf | title=Monthly crude steel production | publisher=World Steel Association | date=24 Apr 2017 | access-date=1 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729142036/https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:44ae2d3d-62ff-4868-9f60-e17a43e75092/Crude+steel+production_March+2017.pdf | archive-date=29 July 2017 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | 2015 <ref name="Stat2015">{{cite web | url=https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:37ad1117-fefc-4df3-b84f-6295478ae460/Steel+Statistical+Yearbook+2016.pdf | title=Steel Statistical Yearbook 2016 | publisher=World Steel Association | date=2016 | access-date=28 March 2017 | archive-date=17 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117163112/https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:37ad1117-fefc-4df3-b84f-6295478ae460/Steel+Statistical+Yearbook+2016.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- class="static-row-header "
|'''{{noflag}}World'''
|'''1,849.4'''
|'''1,886.3'''
|'''1,904.1'''
|'''1,889.2'''
|'''1,962.5'''
|'''1,883.3'''
|'''1,874.4'''||'''1,808.4'''||'''1,674.8'''|| '''1,606.3'''|| '''1,620.4'''
|-
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Steel industry in China|China]]
|960.8
|1,005.1
|1,028.9
|1,018.0
|1,035.2
|1,064.8
|995.4|| 920.0||831.7|| 786.9|| 803.8
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Iron and steel industry in India|India]]
|164.9
|149.4
|140.8
|125.3
|118.2
|100.3
|111.4|| 109.3||101.5|| 95.5|| 89.6
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} [[Iron and steel industry in the United States|United States]]
|82.0
|79.5
|81.4
|80.5
|85.8
|72.7
|87.8|| 86.6||81.6|| 78.5|| 78.9
|-
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]
|80.7
|84.0
|87.0
|89.2
|96.3
|83.2
|99.3|| 104.3||104.7|| 104.8|| 105.2
|-
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Metallurgy of Russia|Russia]]
|67.8
|71.0
|76.0
|71.5
|77.0
|71.6
|71.7|| 72.0||71.3|| 70.5|| 71.1
|-
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]]
|61.9
|63.6
|66.7
|65.8
|70.4
|67.1
|71.4|| 72.5||71.1|| 68.6|| 69.7
|-
| {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]
|38.1
|36.9
|33.7
|35.1
|40.4
|35.8
|33.7|| 37.3||37.5|| 33.2|| 31.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]
|34.1
|37.3
|35.4
|36.9
|40.2
|35.7
|39.6|| 42.4||43.6|| 42.1|| 42.7
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
|33.3
|33.9
|32.0
|34.1
|36.1
|31.4
|32.6|| 35.4|| 34.4|| 30.2|| 33.3
|-
| {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]
|31.8
|31.4
|30.7
|30.6
|28.3
|29.0
|25.6|| 24.5||21.8|| 17.9|| 16.1
|-
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam]]
|24.7
|22.0
|19.2
|20.0
|23.0
|19.9
|17.5|| 15.5|| 10.3|| 7.8|| 5.7
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Steel industry in Italy|Italy]]
|20.7
|20.0
|21.1
|21.6
|24.4
|20.4
|23.2|| 24.5|| 24.0|| 23.3|| 22.0
|-
|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]]
|19.0
|18.6
|16.8
|15.6
|14.8
|12.9
|7.8|| 6.2|| 5.2|| 4.8|| 4.9
|-
| {{flag|Taiwan}}
|17.1
|19.2
|19.1
|20.8
|23.2
|21.0
|22.0|| 23.2|| 23.2 || 21.8 || 21.4
|-
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]
|13.5
|13.8
|16.4
|18.4
|18.5
|16.8
|18.4|| 20.2|| 20.0|| 19.0|| 18.3
|-
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
|11.9
|11.9
|11.4
|11.6
|14.2
|11.0
|13.6|| 14.3|| 14.5|| 13.6|| 14.9
|-
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
|11.5
|12.3
|12.2
|12.1
|13.0
|11.0
|12.9|| 13.4|| 13.7|| 12.7|| 12.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]
|10.8
|9.6
|9.9
|9.9
|8.7
|7.8
|8.2|| 5.2|| 4.8<ref name="part">partial data</ref>|| 5.5|| 5.7
|-
| {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]
|10.6
|10.7
|10.4
|9.8
|10.3
|8.2
|7.3|| 7.8|| 6.8|| 5.0|| 5.5
|-
| {{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
|9.8
|10.8
|10.0
|12.1
|13.9
|11.6
|14.4|| 15.4|| 15.5|| 14.6|| 15.0
|-
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]]
|9.0
|9.0
|7.5
|7.2
|6.7
|6.6
|6.8|| 4.1 || 2.8 || 2.8 || 3.8
|-
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]]
|7.6
|7.1
|7.1
|7.5
|7.9
|6.8
|7.4|| 6.9|| 8.1|| 7.4|| 7.7
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Metal production in Ukraine|Ukraine]]
|7.4
|7.6
|6.2
|6.3
|21.4
|20.6
|20.8|| 21.1|| 22.7|| 24.2|| 22.9
|-
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
|7.2
|7.1
|5.9
|7.0
|6.9
|6.1
|7.8
|8.0
|7.7|| 7.7 || 7.2
|-
| {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]]
|7.2
|7.1
|6.4
|7.4
|8.5
|7.9
|9.0|| 10.8|| 10.3|| 8.9|| 9.1
|-
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
|6.5
|6.4
|4.7
|6.1
|6.6
|6.1
|6.7|| 6.8|| 6.8|| 6.9|| 7.0
|-
| {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algeria]]
|5.3
|4.5
|4.4
|4.3
|3.5
|3.0
|2.4|| 2.3|| 0.4|| 4.62|| 4.4
|-
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]
|5.2
|4.7
|5.3
|5.6
|5.8
|5.5
|5.5|| 5.7|| 5.3|| 5.3|| 4.9
|-
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]]
|5.0
|4.9
|5.0
|5.3
|5.5
|4.5
|4.2|| 6.4|| 4.5|| 3.8|| 3.7
|-
| {{flagicon|Bangladesh }} [[Bangladesh]]
|4.5
|4.5
|5.0
|6.0
|5.5
|4.7
|5.1|| 3.8|| 3.5|| —|| —
|-
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]
|4.5
|4.7
|5.0
|4.5
|5.0
|3.9
|6.2
|5.7|| 6.3|| 6.1|| 7.6
|-
| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan]]
|4.3
|4.2
|3.9
|4.2
|4.5
|3.9
|4.1|| 4.0|| 4.4|| 4.2|| 3.6
|-
| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]]
|4.0
|3.9
|4.9
|5.1
|4.9
|3.7
|4.6|| 5.2|| 4.6|| 4.1|| 5.0
|-
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]
|4.0
|4.0
|4.3
|4.4
|4.7
|4.4
|4.7|| 4.7|| 4.7|| 4.62|| 4.4
|-
| {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[United Arab Emirates]]
|3.8
|3.7
|3.8
|3.7
|3.0
|2.7
|3.3|| 3.2|| 3.3|| 3.2|| 3.0
|-
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]]
|3.7
|3.7
|3.8
|3.5
|4.3
|3.5
|3.5|| 4.1|| 4.0|| 4.1|| 4.0
|-
| {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]]
|3.7
|3.9
|4.4
|3.9
|4.9
|3.4
|3.9|| 5.2 || 5.0|| 4.8|| 4.6
|-
|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
|3.6
|4.1
|5.3
|6.0
|5.4
|3.8
|3.3|| 4.7|| 5.0|| 3.6|| 2.9
|-
| {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]]
|3.0
|3.0
|2.8
|3.3
|2.8
|2.0 ||2.0 || 2.0|| 2.0|| 2.0|| 2.0
|-
| {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Oman]]
|3.0
|3.0
|2.9
|2.9
|2.8
|2.5 ||2.0 || 2.0|| 2.0|| 2.0|| 2.0
|-
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]]
|2.5
|2.5
|3.4
|4.3
|4.8
|4.5
|4.4|| 4.9|| 4.6|| 5.3|| 5.3
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
|2.5
|4.0
|5.6
|6.0
|7.2
|7.1
|7.2|| 7.3|| 7.5|| 7.6|| 10.8
|-
|{{noflag}}''Others''<ref name=":2">composition of other countries vary year to year, thus is not comparable</ref>
|2.3
|2.3
|1.4
|0.3
|0.3
|0.3||—|| —||—|| — || —
|-
|{{Flag|Portugal}}
|2.1
|1.9
|2.0
|1.9
|2.0
|2.2
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Luxembourg}}
|1.8
|1.8
|1.9
|1.9
|2.1
|1.9
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
| {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]]
|1.8
|2.3
|2.3
|2.0
|2.5
|2.5
|2.6|| 2.5|| 2.4|| 2.2|| 2.6
|-
|{{Flag|Kenya}}
|1.8
|1.8
|1.4
|0.5
|0.5
|0.4
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Philippines}}
|1.8
|1.8
|1.9
|1.6
|1.6
|0.9
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Qatar}}
|1.7
|1.2
|1.1
|1.1
|1.0
|1.2
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Peru}}
|1.6
|1.6
|1.6
|1.8
|1.2
|0.7
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Morocco}}
|1.5
|1.4
|1.4
|1.6
|1.1
|1.0
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Serbia}}
|1.4
|1.4
|1.5
|1.7
|1.7
|1.5
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Colombia}}
|1.4
|1.3
|1.4
|1.3
|1.3
|1.1
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Greece}}
|1.4
|1.3
|1.2
|1.5
|1.5
|1.4
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|1.2
|1.2
|1.2
|1.2
|1.3
|1.2
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Nigeria}}
|1.2
|1.2
|1.2
|0.7
|0.7
|0.7
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Bahrain}}
|1.2
|1.2
|1.3
|1.2
|1.2
|0.9
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Libya}}
|1.1
|0.9
|0.9
|0.7
|0.7
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Kuwait}}
|1.1
|1.0
|1.0
|0.9
|1.3
|1.3
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
|1.0
|1.0
|1.0
|1.0
|1.1
|0.9
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Romania}}
|0.9
|1.4
|1.6
|2.6
|3.4
|2.8
|3.5
|3.5
|—
|—
|—
|-
|{{Flag|Chile}}
|0.5
|0.8
|1.2
|1.2
|1.3
|1.2
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|}

=== 1980–2015 ===
This is a list of countries by steel production from 1980 to 2015, based on data provided by the [[World Steel Association]]. All countries with annual production of crude steel at least 2 million metric tons.<ref name="Stat1980-2013" /><ref name="Stat1967-1977" />
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers col1left" style="text-align:right"
|+Crude steel production in 1980–2015 (million metric tons)
|- style="background:#ececec;"
! data-sort-type="text" | Country/Region!! data-sort-type="number" | 2015 <ref name="Stat2015" />
! data-sort-type="number" | 2014 <ref name="Stat2014">{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Steel Statistical Yearbook 2015 |url=http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/bookshop/2015/Steel-Statistical-Yearbook-2015/document/Steel%20Statistical%20Yearbook%202015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122235059/http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/bookshop/2015/Steel-Statistical-Yearbook-2015/document/Steel%20Statistical%20Yearbook%202015.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2015 |access-date=22 November 2015 |publisher=World Steel Association}}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | 2013 <ref name="Stat2013">{{cite web |date=23 January 2014 |title=World Steel Statistics data 2013 |url=http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/press-release-downloads/2013/2013-Statistics-Tables/document/2013%20Statistics%20Tables.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211021748/http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/press-release-downloads/2013/2013-Statistics-Tables/document/2013%20Statistics%20Tables.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2014 |access-date=4 February 2014 |publisher=World Steel Association}}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | 2012 <ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2013 |title=World Crude Steel Production - Summary |url=http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/press-release-downloads/2012/2012-statistics-table/document/2012%20statistics%20table.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418001729/http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/press-release-downloads/2012/2012-statistics-table/document/2012%20statistics%20table.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-18 |access-date=2014-07-27}} World Crude Steel Production 2012</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | 2011 <ref>[http://www.worldsteel.org/dms/internetDocumentList/steel-stats/Crude-steel-production-2011/document/Crude%20steel%20production%202011.pdf World Crude Steel Production 2011]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | 2010 <ref>[http://www.worldsteel.org/pictures/newsfiles/2010%20statistics%20tables.pdf World Crude Steel Production 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930075401/http://www.worldsteel.org/pictures/newsfiles/2010%20statistics%20tables.pdf|date=2011-09-30}}</ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | 2000 <ref name="Stat1980-2013" />
! data-sort-type="number" | 1990 <ref name="Stat1980-2013" />
! data-sort-type="number" | 1980 <ref name="Stat1980-2013" />
|-
|'''{{noflag}}World'''|| '''1,620.4''' || '''1,670.1''' || '''1,649.3''' || '''1,552.9''' || '''1,490.1''' || '''1,413.6''' || '''850.1''' || '''770.4''' || '''716.4'''
|-
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Steel industry in China|China]]|| 803.8 || 822.7 || 779.0 || 724.7 || 683.3 || 626.7 || 128.5 || 66.4 || 37.1
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Iron and steel industry in India|India]]|| 89.6 || 87.3 || 81.2 || 77.3 || 72.2 || 68.3 || 26.9 || 15.0 || 9.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]|| 105.2 || 110.7 || 110.6 || 107.2 || 107.6 || 109.6 || 106.4 || 110.3 || 111.4
|-
| {{flagicon|United States}} [[Iron and steel industry in the United States|United States]]|| 78.9 || 88.2 || 87.0 || 88.6 || 86.2 || 80.6 || 101.8 || 89.7 || 101.4
|-
| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Metallurgy of Russia|Russia]] || 71.1 || 71.5 || 69.4 || 70.6 || 68.7 || 66.9 || 59.1 || 89.6<ref name="ussr">Was part of {{flagicon|USSR}} [[USSR]] until 1992</ref> || —
|-
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]] || 69.7 || 71.5 || 66.0 || 69.3 || 68.5 || 58.5 || 43.1 || 23.1 || 8.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] || 42.7 || 42.9 || 42.6 || 42.7 || 44.3 || 43.8 || 46.4 || 44.0 || 51.1
|-
| {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]] || 31.5 || 34.0 || 34.7 || 35.9 || 34.1 || 29.0 || 14.3 || 9.4 || 2.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]|| 33.3 || 33.9 || 34.2 || 34.7 || 35.2 || 32.8 || 27.9 || 20.6 || 15.3
|-
| {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Iran]]|| 16.1 || 16.3 || 15.4 || 14.5 || 13.0 || 12.0 || 6.6 || 1.4 || 0.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Metal production in Ukraine|Ukraine]]|| 22.9 || 27.2 || 32.8 || 32.9 || 35.3 || 33.6 || 31.8 || 54.6<ref name="ussr" /> || 52.3<ref name="ussr" />
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Steel industry in Italy|Italy]]|| 22.0 || 23.7 || 24.1 || 27.2 || 28.7 || 25.8 || 26.8 || 25.5 || 26.5
|-
| {{flag|Taiwan}}|| 21.4 || 23.1 || 22.3 || 20.7 || 20.2 || 19.8 || —|| —|| —
|-
|{{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]]|| 4.9 || 4.4 || 2.6 || 2.3 || 3.6 || 3.6 || 2.9 || 2.8 || 0.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]|| 18.3 || 19.0 || 18.2 || 18.1 || 18.1 || 17.0 || 15.6 || 8.7 || 7.1
|-
| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]|| 12.5 || 12.7 || 12.4 || 13.5 || 13.1 || 13.0 || 16.6 || 12.3 || 15.9
|-
| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]|| 14.9 || 14.3 || 13.7 || 13.6 || 15.6 || 16.3 || 15.8 || 12.9 || 12.8
|-
| {{flagicon|France}} [[France]]|| 15.0 || 16.1 || 15.7 || 15.6 || 15.8 || 15.4 || 21.0 || 19.0 || 23.1
|-
| {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]|| 5.5 || 6.5 || 6.8 || 6.6 || 6.5 || 6.7 || 2.8 || 2.2 || 1.0
|-
| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]|| 5.7 || 6.3 || 5.4 || 5.2 || 5.3 || 5.0 || 3.0 || 1.8 || 0.1
|-
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]]|| 3.8 || 4.3 || 4.7 || 5.6 || 5.9 || 4.1 || 3.7 || 1.1 || 0.2
|-
| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam]]|| 5.7 || 5.9 || 5.6 || 5.3 || 4.9 || 2.7 || 0.3 || 0.1 || 0.1
|-
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]]|| 7.7 || 7.9 || 7.9 || 7.4 || 7.5 || 7.2 || 5.7 || 4.3 || 4.6
|-
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]|| 7.2 || 7.3 || 7.1 || 7.4 || 8.1 || 8.1 || 11.6 || 11.5 || 12.3
|-
| {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]]|| 9.1 || 8.6 || 8.0 || 8.4 || 8.8 || 8.0 || 10.5 || 13.6 || 19.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]|| 7.0 || 7.0 || 6.7 || 6.9 || 6.9 || 6.7 || 5.7 || 5.4 || 5.3
|-
| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]]|| 3.7 || 4.1 || 3.6 || 3.3|| 4.2 || 3.7 || 2.1 || 0.7 || 0.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia]]|| 4.9 || 4.6 || 4.7 || 4.9 || 6.4 || 7.3 || 7.1 || 6.6 || 7.6
|-
| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]|| 7.6 || 6.6 || 7.2 || 7.1 || 6.7 || 8.5 || 8.5 || 8.7 || 9.1
|-
| {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algeria]]|| 4.4 || 4.5 || 4.4 || 4.3 || 4.9 || 4.8 || 5.2 || 4.5 || 4.2
|-
| {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan]]|| 3.6 || 3.7 || 3.3 || 3.9 || 4.7 || 4.3 || 4.7 || 7.4<ref name="ussr" />|| —
|-
|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]|| 2.9 || 2.4 || 1.9 || 1.6 || 1.6 || 1.4 || 1.0 || 0.8 || —
|-
| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]]|| 4.4 || 4.5 || 4.4 || 4.3 || 4.9 || 4.8 || 5.2 || 4.5 || 4.2
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]|| 10.8 || 12.1 || 11.9 || 9.6 || 9.5 || 9.7 || 15.2 || 17.8 || 11.3
|-
| {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]]|| 4.6 || 4.7 || 4.5 || 4.4 || 4.2 || 4.6 || 3.7 || 5.1<ref name="czech">Was part of {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovakia]] until 1993</ref>|| —
|-
| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]]|| 5.0 || 5.5 || 5.2 || 5.0 || 5.7 || 5.1 || 4.5 || 3.6 || 2.7
|-
| {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}} [[United Arab Emirates]]|| 3.0 || 2.4 || 2.9||2.4 ||2.0 ||0.5 || 0.1 || — || —
|-
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]]|| 4.0 || 3.8 || 3.5 || 3.8 || 4.0 || 4.0 || 4.1 || 2.9 || 2.5
|-
| {{flagicon|Oman}} [[Oman]]|| 2.0 || 2.1 || 2.1 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 1.1 || 0.8 || 0.7
|-
| {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]]|| 2.0 || 2.1 || 2.1 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 1.5 || 1.1 || 0.8 || 0.7
|-
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic]]|| 5.3 || 5.4 || 5.2 || 5.1 || 5.6 || 5.2 || 6.2 || 9.7<ref name="czech" />|| —
|-
| {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]]|| 2.6 || 2.5 ||2.2 || 2.7 || 2.6 || 2.5 || 1.5 || 1.5<ref name="ussr" /> || —
|-
| {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea]]|| 1.25 || 1.25 || 1.25 || 1.28 || 1.3 || 1.3 || 1.5 || 7.0 || 5.8
|-
| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]|| 1.68 || 1.15 || 0.88 || 1.54 || 1.75 || 1.68 || 1.87 || 2.96 || 3.76
|-
| {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]]|| 0.54 || 0.61 || 0.52 || 0.63 || 0.84 || 0.74 || 2.02 || 2.18 || 2.57
|-
|{{noflag}}''Others''<ref name=":2" />|| — || 28.4 || 29.5 || 29.9 || 29.5 || 23.3 || — || — || —
|}

== Exports and imports ==
This is a list of the top (net) steel exporters and imports in 2023, in millions of tonnes. The net exports is the amount of exports minus the amount of imports, while the net imports is the amount of imports minus the amount of exports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Steel in Figures 2025 |url=https://worldsteel.org/wp-content/uploads/World-Steel-in-Figures-2024.pdf |access-date=2025-09-18}}</ref>
{{srn}}{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers col1left" style="text-align:right"
!Country
!Exports
!Net exports
!Imports
!Net imports
|-
|{{Flag|China}}
|94.3
|83.2
|11.0
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Japan}}
|32.2
|26.3
|–
|–
|-
|{{Flag|South Korea}}
|27.0
|12.0
|15.0
|–
|-
|{{Flag|European Union}}<ref name="ir">excluding intra-regional trade</ref>
|26.0
|–
|39.2
|22.0
|-
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|22.5
|3.8
|18.7
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Italy}}
|16.1
|–
|18.7
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Belgium}}
|14.6
|3.0
|11.6
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Russia}}
|13.9
|12.7
|–
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|12.7
|–
|18.0
|5.2
|-
|{{Flag|Brazil}}
|12.3
|7.3
|–
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Iran}}
|11.9
|10.2
|–
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Netherlands}}
|11.8
|2.8
|9.0
|–
|-
|{{Flag|France}}
|9.9
|–
|11.8
|–
|-
|{{Flag|India}}
|9.9
|–
|9.8
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Indonesia}}
|9.6
|–
|12.4
|2.8
|-
|{{Flag|Taiwan}}
|9.5
|2.0
|7.5
|–
|-
|{{Flag|United States}}
|8.9
|–
|26.4
|17.6
|-
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}
|8.6
|–
|14.0
|5.4
|-
|{{Flag|Spain}}
|7.8
|–
|10.2
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Malaysia}}
|7.6
|–
|7.1
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Oman}}
|–
|3.8
|–
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Austria}}
|–
|3.6
|–
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Ukraine}}
|–
|2.2
|–
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Slovakia}}
|–
|1.5
|–
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Luxembourg}}
|–
|1.5
|–
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Mexico}}
|–
|–
|17.5
|14.4
|-
|{{Flag|Thailand}}
|–
|–
|13.7
|12.0
|-
|{{Flag|Poland}}
|–
|–
|11.6
|6.5
|-
|{{Flag|Canada}}
|–
|–
|8.6
|–
|-
|{{Flag|Egypt}}
|–
|–
|–
|15.2
|-
|{{Flag|Philippines}}
|–
|–
|–
|6.9
|-
|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|–
|–
|–
|4.5
|-
|{{Flag|Iraq}}
|–
|–
|–
|4.4
|-
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|–
|–
|–
|3.4
|-
|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}
|–
|–
|–
|2.7
|-
|{{Flag|Singapore}}
|–
|–
|–
|2.7
|}

== World steel production trend ==
Development of the worldwide production of steel in millions of tons.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+World production in millions of tons<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=A Handbook of World Steel Statistics |url=https://worldsteel.org/wp-content/uploads/A-handbook-of-world-steel-statistics-1978-2.pdf |website=International Iron and Steel Institute}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2012-02-12 |title=World Steel Association - Statistics archive |url=http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/statistics-archive.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212212408/http://www.worldsteel.org/statistics/statistics-archive.html |archive-date=2012-02-12 |access-date=2024-08-08}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1900–1925
! rowspan="28" |
! colspan="2" |1925–1950
! rowspan="28" |
! colspan="2" |1950–1975
! rowspan="28" |
! colspan="2" |1975–2000
! rowspan="28" |
! colspan="2" |2000–2023
|-
!Year
!Prod.
!Year
!Prod.
!Year
!Prod.
!Year
!Prod.
!Year
!Prod.
|-
|1900
|28.3
|1925
|90.4
|1950
|191.6
|1975
|643.0
|2000
|850.1
|-
|1901
|31.0
|1926
|93.4
|1951
|211.1
|1976
|675.5
|2001
|851.1
|-
|1902
|34.5
|1927
|101.8
|1952
|211.6
|1977
|675.6
|2002
|904.2
|-
|1903
|36.1
|1928
|110.0
|1953
|234.8
|1978
|717.2
|2003
|969.9
|-
|1904
|36.3
|1929
|120.8
|1954
|223.8
|1979
|746.4
|2004
|1,071.4
|-
|1905
|44.9
|1930
|95.1
|1955
|270.0
|1980
|716.4
|2005
|1,144.0
|-
|1906
|51.2
|1931
|69.6
|1956
|283.5
|1981
|707.0
|2006
|1,247.1
|-
|1907
|53.0
|1932
|50.7
|1957
|292.5
|1982
|645.0
|2007
|1,351.3
|-
|1908
|41.4
|1933
|68.0
|1958
|274.3
|1983
|663.4
|2008
|1,326.5
|-
|1909
|54.2
|1934
|82.4
|1959
|305.7
|1984
|710.3
|2009
|1,219.7
|-
|1910
|60.3
|1935
|99.5
|1960
|346.4
|1985
|718.9
|2010
|1,413.6
|-
|1911
|60.5
|1936
|124.3
|1961
|351.3
|1986
|714.0
|2011
|1,490.1
|-
|1912
|72.8
|1937
|135.7
|1962
|360.1
|1987
|735.5
|2012
|1,552.9
|-
|1913
|76.4
|1938
|110.0
|1963
|387.1
|1988
|780.1
|2013
|1,649.3
|-
|1914
|60.4
|1939
|137.1
|1964
|433.4
|1989
|786.0
|2014
|1,670.1
|-
|1915
|66.6
|1940
|140.6
|1965
|454.0
|1990
|770.4
|2015
|1,620.4
|-
|1916
|78.2
|1941
|153.8
|1966
|472.7
|1991
|733.6
|2016
|1,606.3
|-
|1917
|82.0
|1942
|151.4
|1967
|497.2
|1992
|719.7
|2017
|1,674.8
|-
|1918
|77.2
|1943
|159.6
|1968
|529.8
|1993
|727.5
|2018
|1,808.4
|-
|1919
|58.5
|1944
|151.2
|1969
|574.6
|1994
|725.1
|2019
|1,869.9
|-
|1920
|72.5
|1945
|113.1
|1970
|595.4
|1995
|752.3
|2020
|1,883.3
|-
|1921
|45.2
|1946
|111.6
|1971
|582.6
|1996
|750.1
|2021
|1,962.5
|-
|1922
|68.8
|1947
|136.0
|1972
|630.7
|1997
|799.0
|2022
|1,889.2
|-
|1923
|78.3
|1948
|155.3
|1973
|697.5
|1998
|777.3
|2023
|1,904.1
|-
|1924
|78.5
|1949
|160.0
|1974
|703.8
|1999
|789.3
|2024
|1,886.3
|-
|1925
|90.4
|1950
|191.6
|1975
|643.0
|2000
|850.1
| colspan="2" |–
|}
==See also==
* [[Steel industry]]
* [[Global steel industry trends]]
* [[List of steel producers]]
* [[List of countries by iron ore production]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.worldsteel.org World Steel Association]
* [https://www.steel.org American Iron and Steel Institute]

{{Iron and steel production}}
{{Industry country lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Steel Production By Country}}
[[Category:Steel industry by country]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by production]]

Indian Chess Championship

2026-01-09T22:13:49Z

Kkasthana: updated page after review and improved wording

{{Short description|Annual national chess championship of India}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Chess Championship in Open and Women categories
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = P Iniyan at 2017 Andorra open.jpg
| alt1a = P. Iniyan
| photo1b = P. V. Nandhidhaa with her Chess tournament trophies.jpg
| alt1b = P. V. Nandhidhaa
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 230
| border = 0
| color = #FFFFFF
| foot_montage =
}}
| caption = The 2025 recipients: [[P. Iniyan]] and [[P. V. Nandhidhaa]]
| awarded_for = Best National Chess player
| sponsor = [[All India Chess Federation]]
| firstawarded = 1955 (Open), 1974 (Women)
| lastawarded = 2025
| reward = {{ubl|Winner's trophy|{{INR|7,00,000}}}}
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = {{ubl|[[P. Iniyan]] in ''Open''|[[P. V. Nandhidhaa]] in ''Women''}}
| most_wins = [[Manuel Aaron]] (9) in ''Open'', [[Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi]] (6) in ''Women''
| award1_type = First winner
| award1_winner = [[Ramchandra Sapre]] in ''Open'', [[Vasanti Khadilkar]] in ''Women''
}}
The '''National Premier Chess Championship''' is the annual national [[chess]] championship of India. It was established in 1955 by the Andhra State Chess Association as a biannual event, but since 1971 it has been played yearly.

The first edition was held in [[Eluru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] from 15 May to 28 May 1955 and was jointly won by [[Ramchandra Sapre]] and Dharbha Venkayya with 9/12 points.<ref>''[[The Hindu]]'', June 6, 1955 </ref> Earlier, G. S. Dikshit of [[Pithapuram]] won the Andhra and Madras State Championships for three consecutive years, 1952–54.<ref>''[[British Chess Magazine]]'', July 1955, p. 213</ref> [[Manuel Aaron]] from the state of [[Tamilnadu]] won the Men's National title for a record 9 times, followed by [[Praveen Thipsay]] who won the title for 7 times. [[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]] had won a record six consecutive National titles from 2003 to 2008. Indian Chess legend [[Viswanathan Anand]] won the Nationals title for three consecutive times in 1986, 1987 and 1988. [[P. Iniyan]] is the reigning Nationals Men Champion in 2025.

In 1977, [[Rohini Khadilkar]] became the first female player to compete in that championship. Some players objected to her being in the tournament because she was female. Her father wrote to the [[FIDE|World Chess Federation]] president, [[Max Euwe]], and Euwe ruled that female players could not be barred from open chess events.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Gender trenders: How India's women chess pioneers fought a patriarchal system and won | url=https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/30265331/gender-trenders-queens-gambit-how-india-women-chess-pioneers-fought-patriarchal-system-won | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118095131/https://www.espn.com/chess/story/_/id/30265331/gender-trenders-queens-gambit-how-india-women-chess-pioneers-fought-patriarchal-system-won | archive-date=2020-11-18 | access-date=2026-01-09}}</ref>

The separate women's championship commenced in 1974. The first ten editions were dominated by the Khadilkar sisters [[Vasanti Khadilkar|Vasanti]], [[Jayshree Khadilkar|Jayshree]] and [[Rohini Khadilkar|Rohini]]. Rohini is the youngest and won the championship five times, Jayshree won four titles, and the eldest, Vasanti, won the championship in the inaugural year. [[Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi]] won the title for a record 6 times, followed by [[Rohini Khadilkar]] and [[Padmini Rout]] who have each won the National Women title for a record 5 times. [[P. V. Nandhidhaa]] is the reigning Nationals Women Champion in 2025.<ref>https://www.chessbase.in/news/Indian-Oil-51st-National-Women-Chess-Championship-2025-Round-11-report</ref>

As on 2025, the Nationals title winner receives INR 7,00,000 Cash prize followed by INR 5,50,000 and INR 4,50,000 for second and third positions respectively. Championship winners from both men and women events are selected for the [[Chess World Cup 2027]] and [[Women's Chess World Cup 2027]] respectively.

==Winners- Men Champion==

:{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Edition !! Year !! City !! Men's winner
|-
| 1 || 1955 || [[Eluru]] || {{sort|Sapre, R.B.|[[Ramchandra Sapre]]}} {{sort|Venkayya, D.|[[Dharbha Venkayya]]}}
|-
| 2 || 1957 || [[Pune]] || {{sort|Gupta, Ramdas|[[Ramdas Gupta]]}}
|-
| 3 || 1959 || [[Delhi]] || {{sort|Aaron, Manuel|[[Manuel Aaron]]}}
|-
| 4 || 1961 || [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] || {{sort|Aaron, Manuel|[[Manuel Aaron]]}}
|-
| 5 || 1963 || [[Bombay]] || {{sort|Ali, Farooq|[[Farooq Ali]]}}
|-
| 6 || 1966 || [[Madras]] || {{sort|Madon, Rusi|[[Rusi Madon]]}}
|-
| 7 || 1967 || [[Pune]] || {{sort|Nasir Ali, Syed|[[Syed Nasir Ali]]}}
|-
| 8 || 1969 || [[Bangalore]] || {{sort|Aaron, Manuel|[[Manuel Aaron]]}}
|-
| 9 || 1971 || [[Bikaner]] || {{sort|Aaron, Manuel|[[Manuel Aaron]]}}
|-
| 10 || 1972 || [[Shimla|Simla]] || {{sort|Aaron, Manuel|[[Manuel Aaron]]}}
|-
| 11 || 1973 || [[Ahmedabad]] || {{sort|Aaron, Manuel|[[Manuel Aaron]]}}
|-
| 12 || 1975 || [[Rourkela]] || {{sort|Aaron, Manuel|[[Manuel Aaron]]}}
|-
| 13 || 1976 || [[Patna]] || {{sort|Sekhar, Ravi|[[Raja Ravi Sekhar]]}}
|-
| 14 || 1976 || [[Calcutta]] || {{sort|Aaron, Manuel|[[Manuel Aaron]]}}
|-
| 15 || 1978 || [[Cochin]] || {{sort|Khan, Rafiq|[[Rafiq Khan]]}}
|-
| 16 || 1979 || [[Tiruchi]] || {{sort|Parameswaran, T. N.|[[T. N. Parameswaran]]}}
|-
| 17 || 1979 || [[Vijayawada]] || {{sort|Sekhar, Ravi|[[Raja Ravi Sekhar]]}}
|-
| 18 || 1981 || [[New Delhi]] || {{sort|Aaron, Manuel|[[Manuel Aaron]]}}
|-
| 19 || 1982 || [[Kanpur]] || {{sort|Thipsay, Praveen|[[Praveen Thipsay]]}}
|-
| 20 || 1983 || [[Agartala]] || {{sort|Barua, Dibyendu|[[Dibyendu Barua]]}}
|-
| 21 || 1984 || [[Ahmedabad]] || {{sort|Thipsay, Praveen|[[Praveen Thipsay]]}}
|-
| 22 || 1985 || [[Tenali]] || {{sort|Thipsay, Praveen|[[Praveen Thipsay]]}}
|-
| 23 || 1986 || [[Bombay]] || {{sort|Anand, Viswanathan|[[Viswanathan Anand]]}}
|-
| 24 || 1987 || [[Tumkur]] || {{sort|Anand, Viswanathan|[[Viswanathan Anand]]}}
|-
| 25 || 1988 || [[Neyveli]] || {{sort|Anand, Viswanathan|[[Viswanathan Anand]]}}
|-
| 26 || 1989 || [[Bikaner]] || {{sort|Thipsay, Praveen|[[Praveen Thipsay]]}}
|-
| 27 || 1990 || [[Kozhikode]] || {{sort|Prasad, Devaki V.|[[Devaki Prasad|D. V. Prasad]]}}
|-
| 28 || 1991 || [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] || {{sort|Prasad, Devaki V.|[[Devaki Prasad|D. V. Prasad]]}}
|-
| 29 || 1992 || [[Patna]] || {{sort|Thipsay, Praveen|[[Praveen Thipsay]]}}
|-
| 30 || 1993 || [[Pune]] || {{sort|Thipsay, Praveen|[[Praveen Thipsay]]}}
|-
| 31 || 1994 || [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] || {{sort|Thipsay, Praveen|[[Praveen Thipsay]]}}
|-
| 32 || 1995 || [[Madras]] || {{sort|Konguvel, Ponnuswamy|[[Ponnuswamy Konguvel]]}}
|-
| 33 || 1996 || [[Kanhangad]] || {{sort|Parameswaran, T. N.|[[T. N. Parameswaran]]}}
|-
| 34 || 1997 || [[Bhilai]] || {{sort|Kunte, Abhijit|[[Abhijit Kunte]]}}
|-
| 35 || 1998 || [[Muzaffarpur]] || {{sort|Barua, Dibyendu|[[Dibyendu Barua]]}}
|-
| 36 || 1999 || [[Nagpur]] || {{sort|Sasikiran, Krishnan|[[Krishnan Sasikiran]]}}
|-
| 37 || 2000 || [[Mumbai]] || {{sort|Kunte, Abhijit|[[Abhijit Kunte]]}}
|-
| 38 || 2001 || [[Delhi]] || {{sort|Barua, Dibyendu|[[Dibyendu Barua]]}}
|-
| 39 || 2002 || [[Nagpur]] || {{sort|Sasikiran, Krishnan|[[Krishnan Sasikiran]]}}
|-
| 40 || 2003 || [[Mumbai]] || {{sort|Sasikiran, Krishnan|[[Krishnan Sasikiran]]}}
|-
| 41 || 2003 || [[Kozhikode]] || {{sort|Ganguly, Surya|[[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]]}}
|-
| 42 || 2004 || [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{sort|Ganguly, Surya|[[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]]}}
|-
| 43 || 2006 || [[Visakhapatnam]] || {{sort|Ganguly, Surya|[[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]]}}
|-
| 44 || 2007 ||[[Atul, Gujarat|Atul]]|| {{sort|Ganguly, Surya|[[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]]}}
|-
| 45 || 2008 || [[Chennai]] || {{sort|Ganguly, Surya|[[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]]}}
|-
| 46 || 2008 || [[Mangalore]] || {{sort|Ganguly, Surya|[[Surya Shekhar Ganguly]]}}<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/top-stories/Ganguly-wins-sixth-successive-National-A-chess-title/articleshow/3913493.cms Ganguly wins sixth successive National 'A' chess title] The Times of India</ref><ref>[https://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=17934&t=0 46th National A Chess Championship, India. Tournament report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208085052/https://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=17934&t=0 |date=2024-12-08 }} FIDE</ref>
|-
| 47 || 2009 || [[New Delhi]] || {{sort|Adhiban, Baskaran|[[Baskaran Adhiban]]}}
|-
| 48 || 2010 || [[New Delhi]] || {{sort|Negi, Parimarjan|[[Parimarjan Negi]]}}
|-
| 49 || 2011 || [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] || {{sort|Gupta, Abhijeet|[[Abhijeet Gupta]]}}
|-
| 50 || 2012 || [[Kolkata]] || {{sort|Akash, G|[[G. Akash]]}}
|-
| 51 || 2013 || [[Jalgaon]] || {{sort|Sasikiran, Krishnan|[[Krishnan Sasikiran]]}}
|-
| 52 || 2014 || [[Kottayam]] || {{sort|Sethuraman, S. P.|[[S. P. Sethuraman]]}}
|-
| 53 || 2015 || [[Tiruvarur]] || {{sort|Murali, Karthikeyan|[[Karthikeyan Murali]]}}
|-
| 54 || 2016 || [[Lucknow]] || {{sort|Murali, Karthikeyan|[[Karthikeyan Murali ]]}}
|-
| 55 || 2017 || [[Patna]] || {{sort|Lalith, Babu|[[Babu M.R. Lalith]]}}
|-
| 56 || 2018 || [[Jammu]] || {{sort|Chithambaram, Aravindh|[[Aravindh Chithambaram]]}}
|-
| 57 || 2019 || [[Majitar]] || {{sort|Chithambaram, Aravindh |[[Aravindh Chithambaram]]}}
|-
| 58 || 2022 || [[Kanpur]] || {{sort|Erigaisi, Arjun|[[Arjun Erigaisi]]}}
|-
| 59 || 2022-23 || [[New Delhi]] || {{sort|Venkataraman, Karthik|[[Karthik Venkataraman]]}}
|-
| 60 || 2023 || [[Pune]] || {{sort|Sethuraman, S. P.|[[S. P. Sethuraman]]}}
|-
| 61 || 2024 || [[Gurgaon]] || {{sort|Venkataraman, Karthik|[[Karthik Venkataraman]]}}
|-
| 62 || 2025 || [[Guntur]] || {{sort|Iniyan, P.|[[P. Iniyan]]}}
|}

==Winners- Women Champions==

:{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Edition !! Year !! City !! Women's winner
|-
| 1 || 1974 || [[Bangalore]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Vasanti|[[Vasanti Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 2 || 1975 || [[Calcutta]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Jayshree|[[Jayshree Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 3 || 1976 || [[Kottayam]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Rohini|[[Rohini Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 4 || 1977 || [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Rohini|[[Rohini Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 5 || 1979 || [[Chennai]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Rohini|[[Rohini Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 6 || 1979 || [[Sangli]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Jayshree|[[Jayshree Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 7 || 1981 || [[New Delhi]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Rohini|[[Rohini Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 8 || 1982 || [[Rajnandgaon]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Jayshree|[[Jayshree Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 9 || 1983 || [[Bikaner]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Jayshree|[[Jayshree Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 10 || 1983 || [[Kottayam]] || {{sort|Khadilkar, Rohini|[[Rohini Khadilkar]]}}
|-
| 11 || 1985 || [[Nagpur]] || {{sort|Sathe, Bhagyashree|[[Bhagyashree Sathe]]}}
|-
| 12 || 1986 || [[Jalandhar]] || {{sort|Sathe, Bhagyashree|[[Bhagyashree Sathe]]}}
|-
| 13 || 1987 || [[Calcutta]] || {{sort|Reddy, Saritha|[[Murali Reddy Saritha|Saritha Reddy]]}}
|-
| 14 || 1988 || [[Kurukshetra]] || {{sort|Sathe, Bhagyashree|[[Bhagyashree Sathe]]}}
|-
| 15 || 1989 || [[Durg]] || {{sort|Abhyankar, Anupama|[[Anupama Abhyankar]]}}
|-
| 16 || 1990 || [[Vijaywada]] || {{sort|Abhyankar, Anupama|[[Anupama Abhyankar]]}}
|-
| 17 || 1991 || [[Kozhikode]] || {{sort|Thipsay, Bhagyashree|[[Bhagyashree Thipsay]]}}
|-
| 18 || 1991 || [[Mumbai]] || {{sort|Gokhale, Anupama|[[Anupama Gokhale]]}}
|-
| 19 || 1993 || [[Kozhikode]] || {{sort|Gokhale, Anupama|[[Anupama Gokhale]]}}
|-
| 20 || 1994 || [[Bangalore]] || {{sort|Thipsay, Bhagyashree|[[Bhagyashree Thipsay]]}}
|-
| 21 || 1995 || [[Chennai]] || {{sort|Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman|[[Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi]]}}
|-
| 22 || 1996 || [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] || {{sort|Kunte, Mrunalini|[[Mrunalini Kunte]]}}
|-
| 23 || 1997 || [[Calcutta]] || {{sort|Gokhale, Anupama|[[Anupama Gokhale]]}}
|-
| 24 || 1998 || [[Mumbai]] || {{sort|Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman|[[Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi]]}}
|-
| 25 || 1999 || [[Kozhikode]] || {{sort|Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman|[[Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi]]}}
|-
| 26 || 2000 || [[Mumbai]] || {{sort|Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman|[[Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi]]}}
|-
| 27 || 2001 || [[New Delhi]] || {{sort|Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman|[[Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi]]}}
|-
| 28 || 2002 || [[Lucknow]] || {{sort|Vijayalakshmi, Subbaraman|[[Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi]]}}
|-
| 29 || 2003 || [[Mumbai]] || {{sort|Ramaswamy, Arthie|[[Aarthie Ramaswamy]]}}
|-
| 30 || 2003 || [[Kozhikode]] || {{sort|Koneru, Humpy|[[Humpy Koneru]]}}
|-
| 31 || 2005 || [[Bangalore]] || {{sort|Mohota, Nisha|[[Nisha Mohota]]}}
|-
| 32 || 2006 || [[Vizag]] || {{sort|Ghate, Swati|[[Swati Ghate]]}}
|-
| 33 || 2006 || [[Chennai]] || {{sort|Sachdev, Tania|[[Tania Sachdev]]}}
|-
| 34 || 2007 || [[Pune]] || {{sort|Sachdev, Tania|[[Tania Sachdev]]}}
|-
| 35 || 2008 || [[New Delhi]] || {{sort|Kruttika Nadig}}
|-
| 36 || 2009 || [[Chennai]] || {{sort|Dronavalli, Harika|[[Harika Dronavalli]]}}
|-
| 37 || 2010 || [[Bhubaneswar]] || {{sort|Soumya Swaminathan|[[Soumya Swaminathan (chess player)|Soumya Swaminathan]]}}
|-
| 38 || 2011 || [[Chennai]] || {{sort|Mary Ann Gomes}}
|-
| 39 || 2012 || [[Jalgaon]] || {{sort|Mary Ann Gomes}}
|-
| 40 || 2013 || [[Kolkata]] || {{sort|Mary Ann Gomes}}
|-
| 41 || 2014 || [[Sangli]] || {{sort|Rout, Padmini|[[Padmini Rout]]}}
|-
| 42 || 2015 || [[Kolkata]] || {{sort|Rout, Padmini|[[Padmini Rout]]}}
|-
| 43 || 2016 || [[New Delhi]] || {{sort|Rout, Padmini|[[Padmini Rout]]}}
|-
| 44 || 2017 || [[Surat]]|| {{sort|Rout, Padmini|[[Padmini Rout]]}}
|-
| 45 || 2018 || [[Jaipur]] || {{sort|Kulkarni, Bhakti|[[Bhakti Kulkarni]]}}
|-
| 46 || 2019 || [[Karaikudi]] || {{sort|Kulkarni, Bhakti|[[Bhakti Kulkarni]]}}
|-
| 47 || 2022 || [[Bhubaneswar]] || {{sort|Deshmukh, Divya|[[Divya Deshmukh]]}}
|-
| 48 || 2022-23 || [[Kolhapur]] || {{sort|Deshmukh, Divya|[[Divya Deshmukh]]}}
|-
| 49 || 2023 || [[New Delhi]]||{{sort|Rout, Padmini|[[Padmini Rout]]}}
|-
| 50 || 2024 || [[Karaikudi]]||{{sort|P. V. Nandhidhaa|[[P. V. Nandhidhaa]]}}
|-
| 51 || 2025 || [[Durgapur]]||{{sort|P. V. Nandhidhaa|[[P. V. Nandhidhaa]]}}
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">

File:NATIONAL WOMEN CHESS CHAMPIONS.jpg|Multiple National Women Chess Championship winners over the years, clicked during the closing ceremony of the 50th National Women Chess Championship- 2024. Left to Right- [[Nisha Mohota]], [[Swati Ghate]], [[Padmini Rout]], [[P. V. Nandhidhaa]], [[Mary Ann Gomes]] and [[Bhakti Kulkarni]]

</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [http://www.ajedrezdeataque.com/05%20Palmares/Campeonatos/Nacionales/Asia/La_India.htm List of winners 1955-2006]
* [http://www.sportsbharti.com/Chess/Chess-National%20A%20Championship(wm).htm List of women's winners 1974-2006]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* D.K. Bharadwaj (2003), A big boom in the brain game; [http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fmay2003/f130520031.html A history of chess in India]
* The Hindu news [https://web.archive.org/web/20040117075839/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/21/stories/2003122103051600.htm 41st edition]
* The Hindu news {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20050112162548/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/007200412181801.htm 42nd edition]}}
* Chessbase report of the [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3059 43rd edition]
* Chessbase report of the [http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3590 44th edition]
* TWIC news [https://theweekinchess.com/html/twic680.html#8 34th Women's edition]
* The Hindu Dated June 6, 1952 (Article Chess Notes G. S. Dikshit, State Champion by T. A. Krishnamachariar)
* The Hindu Dated June 6, 1952 Picture of Mr. G. S. Dikshit Madras State Chess Championship
* The Hindu Dated June 29, 1952 The Madras State Tournament by T. A. Krishnamachariar
* The Hindu Dated July 27, 1952 Chess Notes Facts and Figures By T. A Krishnamachariar
* The Hindu Dated July 1953 ... Three In a Row for South Indian Star by V. K. Raman Menon (date unknown.. month and year known)
* The Hindu Dated January 9, 1956 Chess. Andhra State Tourney Dixit Wins Title Again (from our correspondent) Kakinada
* The Hindu January 29, 1956 Chess Notes The Andhra State Championship By T. A Krishnamachariar

{{Chess national championships}}

[[Category:Chess national championships]]
[[Category:Women's chess national championships]]
[[Category:Chess in India|Championship]]
[[Category:1955 in chess]]
[[Category:1974 in chess]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in India]]

Baltal Thajwas Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-01-08T15:08:06Z

Kkasthana: Made A Article More To Come

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Baltal Thajwas Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = Jammu and Kashmir, India
| area = 203 km²
| established = 1987
}}

'''Baltal Thajwas Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the [[Ganderbal district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. Situated in the [[Zanskar range]] near [[Sonamarg]], the sanctuary spans approximately 210 km² and ranges in altitude from 3,015 to 5,466 meters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltal Thajwas Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/08/baltal-thajwas-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Learn UPSC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Thajwas (Thajiwas) (Baltal) Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/thajwas-thajiwas-baltal-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raina |first=Irfan |date=2023-11-02 |title=MoEFCC designates Thajiwas in Sonamarg among 3 eco-fragile zones |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/moefcc-designates-thajiwas-in-sonamarg-among-3-eco-fragile-zones/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

The terrain features rugged cliffs, alpine meadows, and the prominent Thajwas Glacier. The sanctuary forms a wildlife corridor connecting with [[Dachigam National Park]] and [[Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary]]. It supports endangered fauna, the [[Himalayan Musk Deer]], [[Snow Leopard]], and [[Himalayan brown bear|Himalayan Brown Bear]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Official Website of the Department of Wildlife Protection J&K |url=https://jkwildlife.com/wild/files/Thajwas.asp |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=jkwildlife.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Just about 1,000 left, race on to save endangered Himalayan brown bear |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/just-about-1-000-left-race-on-to-save-endangered-himalayan-brown-bear-643940/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|34|13|N|75|23|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:20000|display=title}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Rushyendramani

2026-01-08T00:33:53Z

Kkasthana: correct details also and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|Indian actress, singer, and dancer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rushyendramani
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rudravathi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1917|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2002|8|17|1917|1|1}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| years active = 1935; 1942-1986
| spouse = Javvadi RamaKrishna Rao (m.1939-1998)
| relatives = [[Bhavani (actress)|Bhavani]] (granddaughter)
}}
'''Rushyendramani''' (1 January 1917 – 17 August 2002) was an Indian film actress, [[playback singer]], and dancer from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>Rushyendramani, Nata Ratnalu, Mikkilineni Radhakrishna Murthy, Second edition, 2002, Sitaratnam Granthamala, Vijayawada, pp: 393-4.</ref> She had more than 150 films in Telugu, Tamil, [[Kannada]], Malayalam and [[Hindi]] films from 1935 to 1986. Her notable films include ''[[Sri Seeta Rama Jananam|Sri Seetarama Jananam]]'' (1944), ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]'' (1951), ''[[Vipra Narayana]]'' (1954), ''[[Chintamani (1956 film)|Chintamani]]'' (1956). Her last film was ''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]'' (1986).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2002 |title=News Today: First Generation Actress Rushyendra Mani is no more |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news226.html |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
She was born in [[Vijayawada]] on 1 January 1917. A trained singer in both the Indian classical music traditions and a trained [[Kuchipudi]] and [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, she started her career on stage at the age of seven. She donned the mantle of Krishna and Prahalada by the age of 10. Later she joined Lakshmi Vilasa Nataka Sabha of Kommuri Pattabhi Ramayya. She was trained under Kapilavai Ramanatha Sastry, Puvvula Ramatilakam and acted in the dramas ''Chintamani'' and ''Savitri''.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

==Film career==
She moved to the silver screen and acted as Satyabhama in ''Srikrishna Tulabaram'', produced by Rajarao Naidu in 1935. It was a commercial failure, but she won acclaim for her singing and acting prowess. She joined the Rajarajeswari Natya Mandali of [[Kadaru Nagabhushanam]] and [[P. Kannamba]] and extensively toured entire Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, parts of Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. She earned accolades for her portrayal of Prabhavati in ''Rangoon Rowdi'' and Narada in ''Savitri''. Her popularity and acting prowess crowned her as the "Rayalaseema Rani".

Married to Javvadi Ramakrishna Rao Naidu in 1939, an accomplished musician and composer who scored music to many stage plays, she accompanied him to Madras. Ramakrishna Rao worked as music director in the Tamil film ''Mathru Bhoomi''. As with many actresses of that era, she was a great singer too.<ref>http://www.oldtelugusongs.com/newsongs/vintage/Chenchulakshmi_1941-Rishyendramani-AtiBhagyasaliNari-Samudrala Sr_RChinnaiah&CRSubbaraman.mp3</ref>

Her first film was ''Sri Krishna Tulabharam'' (1935), where she played the role of Satyabhama. She acted in ''Patni'' (1942) as [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]] based on the Tamil epic ''[[Shilappadikaram]]''. The Kovalan character was played by [[K. S. Prakash Rao]]. With the success of this film, she reached the pinnacle in the film world. She acted as Adilaxmi in ''Chenchu Lakshmi'', which was also successful. She was in ''Seeta Rama Jananam'' in 1944, followed by ''Malliswari'', ''Vipra Narayana'', ''Maya Bazar'', ''Jagadeka Veeruni Katha'', ''[[Aggi Ramudu]]'', ''Sri Krishna Satya'' and ''Panduranga Mahatyam'', and portrayed a variety of characters.

She has done heroic roles in several Telugu films. In 1962, she starred in a leading role in the [[Malayalam]] swashbuckler film ''[[Palattu Koman]]'', directed by [[Kunchacko]]. She was credited as Sree Ramani in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/06/stories/2009070651010300.htm |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Kochi / Columns : Old is Gold |website=The Hindu |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107180739/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/07/06/stories/2009070651010300.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

With over 150 films in all the major South Indian languages and Hindi, she was awarded the title of "Madhura Gaana Saraswati" by the Raja of Karvetinagaram for her singing skills. She also acted with her granddaughter Bhavani in the 1974 Kannada film ''[[Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu]]'', where Bhavani won the best actress award and Rushyendrami won the award for the best supporting actress.

==Personal life==
She died on 17 August 2002 at Chennai.<ref name=":0" /> She was survived by two daughters and one son, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

==Filmography==
{{Colbegin}}
# ''[[Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1935 film)|Srikrishna Tulabhaaram]]'' (1935)
# ''[[Patni (1942 film)|Patni]]'' (1942) as Kannagi
# ''[[Seeta Rama Jananam]]'' (1942) (actress and playback singer)
# [[Chenchu Lakshmi (1943 film)|''Chenchu Lakshmi'']] (1943) (actress and playback singer)
# ''Dharmangada'' (1949)
# ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]'' (1951) as Nagamma
# ''[[Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam]]'' (1954)
# ''[[Chandraharam]]'' (1954) Telugu/Tamil
# ''[[Vipranarayana]]'' (1954)
# ''[[Aggi Ramudu]]'' (1954)
# ''[[Mangalyam (1954 film)|Mangalyam]]'' (1954) (Tamil)
# ''[[Guna Sundari]]'' (1955)
# ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955) as Gopalam's wife
# ''[[Maya Bazaar]]'' (1957) as Subhadra (actress and playback singer)
# ''[[Maya Bazaar]]'' (1957) as Subhadra (actress and playback singer)
# ''[[Panduranga Mahatyam (film)|Panduranga Mahatyam]]'' (1957) as Laxmi
# ''[[Bommala Pelli]]'' (1958) Telugu/Tamil
# ''[[Chenchu Lakshmi (1958 film)|Chenchu Lakshmi]]'' (1958)
# ''[[Abalai Anjugam]]'' (1959)
# ''Deepavali'' (1960) as Devas mother Aditi
# ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]'' (1960) as Dhaaranidevi
# ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]]'' (1961) as Maharani
# ''[[Gulebakavali Katha]]'' (1962)
# ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'' (1962)
# ''[[Vikramaadhithan]]'' (1962)
# ''[[Palattu Koman]]'' (1962; credited as Sree Ramani)
# ''[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' (1963) as Wife of Gaya
# ''[[Chitor Rani Padmini]]'' (1963)
# ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Enga Veetu Pillai]]''(1965)
# ''[[Navarathri (1966 film)|Navarathri]]'' (1966) as Brothel house Head
# ''[[Pidugu Ramudu]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Sri Krishnavataram]]'' (1967/I)
# ''[[Mattilo Manikyam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mattilo Manikyam (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ONG |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1971) as Lalitha's grandmother
# ''[[Bhootayyana Maga Ayyu]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Srimadvirat Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitra]]'' (1984)
# ''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]'' (1986)<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&q=Rushyendramani+chintamani&pg=PA1994-IA580 |chapter=Chintamani |editor-first1=Ashish |editor-last1=Rajadhyaksha |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last2=Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=18 June 1999 |isbn=978-1579581466 |accessdate=20 July 2016}}</ref>
{{Colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0750781}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rushyendramani}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Women artists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Artists from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu theatre]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Jhalda

2025-12-31T11:57:33Z

Kkasthana: reworked article for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhalda
| other_name = Jhalida
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Shilphore_Hillock,_Jhalda.jpeg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Shilphore Hillock, Jhalda
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.37|N|85.97|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia District|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Jhalda Municipality
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 3.85
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 293
| population_total = 19544
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census2011/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723202
| area_code = +91 3254
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = WB 56
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.jhaldamunicipality.com/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Santali, Kurmali, [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Baghmundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmundi]], [[Joypur, Purulia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Joypur]]
| module ={{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=340| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23.316|86.050}}| float=center|caption=Places in Jhalda subdivision in Purulia district. Key: M: municipality, C: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, X: craft centre, T: tourist centre, △: hills Owing to space constraints in the small map, the locations in the larger map on click through may vary slightly.
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|23|42|N|85|59|54|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= [[Chekya]]| numbered1=C| mark-title1= [[Chekya]] (Census Town)|label-color1= #800000 |label-sizeD=11| mark-sizeD=14|shapeD=l-circle|shape-colorD=#A40000|shape-outlineD=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|21|10|N|86|3|23|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=[[Begunkodor]]| numbered2=C| mark-title2= [[Begunkodor]] (Census Town)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|25|52|N|86|8|57|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3=[[Jaypur, Purulia|Jaypur]]| numbered3=C| mark-title3= [[Jaypur, Purulia]] (Census Town)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|22|12|N|85|58|12|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Jhalda| numbered4=M| mark-title4= Jhalda (M) |shape-color4=black|label-color4=black|label-size4=14
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|25|16|N|86|12|28|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5=[[Agharpur]]| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Agharpur]] (R) |shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|30|19|N|86|4|34|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=[[Ananda Nagar, Purulia|Ananda Nagar]]| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Ananda Nagar, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|11|50|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=[[Baghmundi]]| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Baghmundi]] (R) |shape-color7=#C42222|ldy7=6
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|37|N|85|53|46|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=[[Jargo, Purulia|Jargo]]| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jargo, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|24|47|N|86|4|46|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=[[Jiudaru]]| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Jiudaru]] (R) |shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|24|22|N|86|4|12|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=[[Kotshila]]| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Kotshila]] (R) |shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|21|20|N|85|57|11|E}} | label-pos11=bottom|label11=[[Masina, Purulia|Masina]]| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Masina, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|11|2|N|86|3|50|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Patardi| numbered12=R| mark-title12= Patardi (R)|shape-color12=#C42222|ldy12=2
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|22|45|N|85|53|26|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=[[Tulin, Purulia|Tulin]]| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Tulin, Purulia|Tulin]] (R) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|11|44|N|85|53|37|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= [[Suisa]]| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Suisa]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|12|30|N|86|1|53|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=[[Charida]]| numbered15=X| mark-title15= [[Charida]] (X)| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|34|N|86|7|49|E}} | label-pos16=right|ldy16=-5 |label16= Ajodhya Hill top | numbered16=T|shape-color16=green| mark-title16= Ajodhya Hills (T)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|44|N|86|5|29|E}} | shape17=l-square| label-pos17=bottom |label17= [[Purulia Pumped Storage Power Station|Purulia]]| numbered17=T|shape-color17=green| mark-title17= [[Purulia Pumped Storage Power Station]]|ldy17=0|ldx17=6
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|25|N|86|5|5|E}} | label-pos18=top |label18= Bamni Falls | numbered18=T|shape-color18=green| mark-title18= Ajodhya Hills (T)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|19|3|N|86|3|17|E}} | shape19=l-square|label-pos19=right |label19= [[Murguma Dam]] | numbered19=T|shape-color19=green| mark-title19= [[Murguma Dam]]
|mark-coord20={{coord|23.32|85.885}}| label20= Subarnarekha River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=9| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|23.2708989|85.9921269}}|shape21=l-triangle|label21= Chamtuburu| label-color21 = #C42222| label-pos21=left| mark-title21 =Chamtuburu Pahar hill|numbered21=△|mark-description21={{cvt|720|m}}|ldy21=2
|mark-coord22={{coord|23.2894|N|86.0506|E}}| label22= Ajodhya^Hills| label-color22 = #C42222 | label-angle22=0| label-pos22=bottom| label-size22=14| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|08|37.3|N|86|07|42.8|E}}|shape23=l-triangle|label23= [[Gorgaburu]]| label-color23 = #C42222| label-pos23=left| mark-title23 =Gorgaburu hill|numbered23=△|mark-description23={{cvt|677|m}}|ldy23=2
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|14|37.7|N|86|08|18.0|E}}|shape24=l-triangle|label24= Chandni Hill|label-color24 = #C42222| label-pos24=right| mark-title24 =Chandni Pahar hill|numbered24=△|mark-description24={{cvt|620|m}}|ldy24=2
|arc-coordA={{coord|23.45|85.86}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43}}
}}

'''Jhalda''' is a town and a municipality in [[Purulia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Jhalda subdivision]].

==Geography==

===Location===
[[File:Jhalda town in Purulia district 04.jpg|left|thumb|Jhalda bazar]]
Jhalda is located at {{Coord|23.37|N|85.97|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Jhalida.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Jhalda]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|293|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Puruliya'', Jhalda municipality covered an area of {{cvt| 3.85|km2}}.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Puruliya, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Page 1073 Statement I: Status and Growth History | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 30 January 2020}}</ref>

===Area overview===
[[File:Bansa Hills in Jhalda town, Purulia 03.jpg|left|thumb|Bansa Hills at Jhalda]]
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills. [[Jhalda subdivision]], shown in the map alongside, is located in the western part of the district, bordering [[Jharkhand]]. The [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] flows along a short stretch of its western border. It is an overwhelmingly rural subdivision with 91.02% of the population living in the rural areas and 8.98% living in the urban areas. There are three census towns in the subdivision. The map alongside shows some of the tourist attractions in the [[Ajodhya Hills]]. The area is home to Purulia [[Chhau dance]] with spectacular masks made at [[Charida]]. The remnants of old temples and deities are found in the subdivision also, as in other parts of the district.<ref>{{cite book|first=John Wardle|last=Houlton|author-link=John Wardle Houlton|title=Bihar, the Heart of India|year=1949|page=170|publisher=Orient Longmans Ltd|publication-place=Bombay}}</ref><ref name=census2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/purulia| title = Purulia| work = Department of Tourism| publisher = Government of West Bengal| access-date = 1 February 2020| archive-date = 13 June 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210613193601/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/purulia| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/indian-performing-arts/chhau-dance-of-purulia/| title = Chhau dance of Purulia| publisher = Itsavpedia |access-date = 1 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1914_PART_A_DCHB_PURULIYA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook: Puruliya – Series 20, Part Xii A, Census of India 2011| work= Page 102: Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importance and Places of Tourist Interest of the District |publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://rangandatta.wordpress.com/2018/04/25/deuli-harup-and-suisa-crumbling-temples-scattered-statues-and-single-room-museum-purulia-district/#more-32881| title = Deuli, Harup and Suisa, Crumbling Temples, Scattered Statues and Single Room Museum| publisher = Rangan Dutta/ Wordpress |access-date = 21 January 2020}}</ref>

==Police station==
Jhalda police station has jurisdiction over a part of Jhalda municipal town, [[Jhalda I]] CD block and part of [[Jhalda II]] CD block. The area covered is {{cvt|290|km2}} and a population served of 157,064 people. It has {{cvt|48.7|km}} of inter-state border with Silli PS in Ranchi district and Kashmar and Jaridih police stations in Bokaro district of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 October 2016 |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://puruliapolice.org/ps/jhalda-ps/ |title = Jhalda PS | publisher= Purulia District Police | access-date = 5 October 2016}}</ref>

==Demographic Data==
The Jhalda Municipality has a population of 19,544 of which 10,050 are males while 9,494 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref name=census2011/>

The population of children aged 0-6 is 2474 which is 12.66% of total population of Jhalda (M). In Jhalda Municipality, the female sex ratio is 945 against state average of 950. Moreover the child sex ratio in Jhalda is around 982 compared to West Bengal state average of 956. literacy rate of Jhalda city is 76.78% higher than the state average of 76.26%. In Jhalda, male literacy is around 85.49% while the female literacy rate is 67.50%.<ref name=census2011/>

Jhalda Municipality has total administration over 3,676 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Municipality limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

==Industrial History of Jhalda==
Jhalda occupied an important place in the industrial history of the world. [[Shellac]] in various shapes and models was exported to England, Germany and the USA. But the closure of the shellac factories dealt a heavy blow to the economy of the municipal centre; other trades like bidis and cutlery have also dwindled over time.

==Tourism==
It is a small town surrounded by small hillocks. The main hills of the area are Shikra, Bansa, Kopla, Silphoir, Dungri etc. The places of interest of the area are Norahara, [[Murguma Dam]], Dimu Dam, Kanrior, etc. Jhalda is adjacent to the state of [[Jharkhand]] being {{cvt|9|km}} from Muri. [[Jhalda Station]] is the main railway station in the region. The village of Kotogara is on the other side of the mountains at Jhalda. Kotogara village is in Jharkhand. One of the main areas visited locally is the Ajodhya Hills about {{cvt|35|km}} from Jhalda which situated in Baghmundi.

==Transport==
[[Jhalda railway station]] is situated on the [[Asansol-Gaya section|Gomoh-Muri line]]. This town is also well connected with district headquarters Purulia and [[Ranchi]] by bus services. Toto and rickshaw is also available here for more comfort to travel.

==Healthcare==
Jhalda Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Jhalda I CD block.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=23.360+85.980+(Jhalda)&spn=4,0.5&t=k&hl=en Jhalda on Google Maps ]
* [http://wikimapia.org/775041/ Jhalda on Wikimapia Maps ]

{{Purulia District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Purulia topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Purulia district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Kochi Blue Spikers

2025-12-24T18:10:28Z

Kkasthana: Added stub.

{{Short description|Indian volleyball team}}
{{Infobox volleyball club
| clubname = Kochi Blue Spikers
| colour1 = white
| colour2 = #1FC3F3
| short name =
| nickname =
| image = [[File:Kochi_Blue_Spikers_Gold_Logo.png|300px]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|2018}}
| dissolved =
| ground =
| capacity =
| owner = Thomas Muthoot
| mgrtitle =
| manager = M. H. Kumara
| captain = Karthik A.
| league = [[Prime Volleyball League]]
| season = [[2022 Prime Volleyball League|2022]]
| position = 7th place
| website =
| pattern_b1 = _navyshoulders
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_s1 =
| leftarm1 = 00061a
| body1 = 001a66
| rightarm1 = 00061a
| shorts1 = 00061a
| current =
}}

'''Kochi Blue Spikers''', commonly known as '''KBS''', is a men's [[volleyball]] team from [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]] playing in the [[Prime Volleyball League]] in India.<ref name="KBS Preview NIE" /> The team was founded in 2018 and owned by [[Muthoot Pappachan Group]]. The team had participated in the only season of the dissolved [[Pro Volleyball League]] in 2019 before it switched to Prime Volleyball League in 2021.<ref name="KBS Pro VL" />

==Honors==
* '''[[Pro Volleyball League]]'''
:: '''Third Place:''' [[2019 Pro Volleyball League|2019]]

==History==
===2019 season===
In mid-2018, [[Volleyball Federation of India]] along with [[Baseline Ventures]], India invited bids for franchisees based in Indian cities for [[Pro Volleyball League]]. The league was given the go-ahead by [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|FIVB]]. Thomas Muthoot of the [[Muthoot Pappachan Group]] won the bid for the [[Kochi]] franchisee in the [[Pro Volleyball League]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/pro-volleyball-league-to-start-with-6-teams/articleshow/66819803.cms|title=Pro Volleyball League to start with 6 teams|access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref>

Blue Spikers picked [[India men's national volleyball team|India]]
international Prabagaran as their icon player for 1.20 million rupees. They also secured the services of [[India men's national volleyball team|India]] [[Captain (sports)|Captain]], [[Mohan Ukkrapandian]]. [[United States men's national volleyball team|USA]]
international [[David Lee (volleyball)|David Lee]], who has won both the [[Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Gold medal]] and the [[2015 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup|World cup]] was their foreign pick. Lee expressed his thrill to join Kochi and expected that the league will do a world of good to the players and its fans.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/151218/prabagaran-to-smash-for-kochi-blue-spikers.html|title=Prabagaran to smash for Kochi blue spikers|access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Kochi_Blue_Spikers_official_logo.png|thumb|right|Logo used from 2018 to 2022]]
==Team==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center;"
! colspan=6 | Team roster 2024<ref name="KBS Prime VL" />
|-
!style=" text-align:center;"|No.
!style=" text-align:center; width:16em"|Name
!style=" text-align:center; width:9em"|Position
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Jithin Neelathazha || Setter
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Lad Om Vasanth || Setter
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Ayush Pandey || Libero
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Ratheesh C K || Libero
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Abhinav BS || Blocker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|Brazil}}Athos Costa || Blocker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Digvijay Singh || Blocker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Sachin K || Blocker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Aman Kumar || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Erin Varghese || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}George Antony || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|Poland}}Jan Krol || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Jibin Sebastian || Attacker
|-
| || align=left|{{flagicon|India}}Vishal Krishna || Attacker
|}

==Administration and support staff==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; width:55%;"
|-
! style=" text-align:center;"| Position
! style=" text-align:center;"| Name
|-
|Owner|| {{flagicon|IND}} M Liga Sports
|-
|Head coach|| {{flagicon|IND}} Vulicevic Dejan<ref name="KBS Coach SS" />
|-
|Assistant coach|| {{flagicon|IND}} Boby Xavier
|-
|}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="KBS Preview NIE">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Kochi Blue Spikers are ready to shine! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/feb/02/kochi-blue-spikersare-ready-to-shine-2414087.html |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="KBS Pro VL">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Kochi Blue Spikers {{!}} Pro Volleyball League Team |url=http://provolleyball.in/Team/kochi-blue-spikers |access-date= |publisher=www.provolleyball.in }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name="KBS Prime VL">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Kochi Blue Spikers {{!}} Prime Volleyball League Team |url=https://primevolleyballleague.com/kochi-blue-spikers/ |access-date= |publisher=www.primevolleyballleague.com}}</ref>



<ref name="KBS Coach SS">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Kochi's setters good for the PVL format, says coach Kumara |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/volleyball/pvl-ms-kumara-chennai-spartans-kochi-blue-spikers-covid-bio-bubble-sports-news/article38304527.ece |access-date=21 January 2022 |publisher=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>

</references>

{{Prime Volleyball League}}
{{Kerala Sports}}
[[Category:Prime Volleyball League teams]]
[[Category:Men's volleyball teams]]
[[Category:Volleyball clubs in India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kerala]]
[[Category:Muthoot Group]]

2023–24 Inter Kashi season

2025-11-25T09:27:58Z

Kkasthana: Made A Pg Added Tags

{{Short description|2023–24 season of Inter Kashi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Inter Kashi]]
| season = 2023–24
| owner = RDB Group of Companies
| manager = Carlos Santamarina
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| stadium = Various
| league = [[2023–24 I-League|I-League]]
| league result = 4th
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = Group stage
| largest win = '''5–0''' v [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]], 8 January 2024 ([[#Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]])
| largest loss = '''4–0''' v [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]], (Away) 28 November 2023 ([[#Matches|I-League]])
| league topscorer = [[Mario Barco]] (12)
| season topscorer = Mario Barco (14)
| average attendance = 524
| highest attendance = 2,687 (v. [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]], 21 November 2023)
| lowest attendance = 123 (v. [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]], 9 February 2024)
| pattern_la1 = _blackshoulders
| pattern_b1 = _blackshoulders
| pattern_ra1 = _blackshoulders
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FA5628
| body1 = FA5628
| rightarm1 = FA5628
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = 000000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _blackstripes3
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = 0006B1
| body2 = 0006B1
| rightarm2 = 0006B1
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = 0006B1
| prevseason =
| nextseason = [[2024–25 Inter Kashi season|2024–25]]
}}

The '''2023–24 season''' was the first season of [[Inter Kashi]] in existence. The club participated in the [[I-League]], the second level of [[Indian football league system#Men's|Indian football]].

In May 2023, the [[All India Football Federation]], the governing body of [[football in India]], announced they would accept bids for new clubs to join [[2023–24 I-League]] season onwards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards |title=AIFF invites bids for new clubs to join Hero I-League 2023-24 season onwards |date=5 May 2023 |publisher=The AIFF |access-date=29 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620130132/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-invites-bids-for-new-clubs-to-join-hero-i-league-2023-24-season-onwards |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 June 2023, it was announced that agreement for the [[Varanasi]] franchise had been reached between Kolkata-based RDB Group of Companies and European clubs [[Atlético Madrid]] and [[Inter Club d'Escaldes|Inter Escaldes]]. [[FC Andorra]] had an association with Inter Escaldes, but did not have any direct role with Inter Kashi. The moniker of "Inter" was added because of the tie-up with Inter Escaldes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IndianFootball/comments/14t54mi/inter_kashi_ama_hello_reddit_we_are_inter_kashi/ |title=Inter Kashi AMA |date=7 July 2023 |publisher=Reddit |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707115641/https://www.reddit.com/r/IndianFootball/comments/14t54mi/inter_kashi_ama_hello_reddit_we_are_inter_kashi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Current staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="1" style="background:#FA5628; color:#000000; text-align:center;" | Position
!colspan="1" style="background:#000000; color:#FA5628; text-align:center;" |Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Carlos Santamarina<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-29 |title=Atletico Madrid returns to Indian league football with Inter Kashi; former JFC gaffer Santamarina to be head coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/atletico-madrid-indian-football-return-i-league-side-atk-inter-kashi-carlos-santamarina-head-coach/article67023762.ece |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Assistant coaches
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Javier Broch
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arata Izumi]]
|-
|Fitness coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Dani Lorenzo
|}

== Players ==
=== First-team squad ===
{{Updated|1 January 2024}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Shubham Dhas}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Bijoy Varghese]]|other=on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Klusner Pereira}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=[[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Keisam Angelo Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=Jordan Lamela}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Phijam Vikash Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Mario Barco]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=Julen Pérez}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ishan Dey}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sandip Mandi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Edmund Lalrindika]]|other=on loan from [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Tejas Krishna|other=on loan from [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kojam Beyong}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=CPV|pos=FW|name=[[Gianni dos Santos]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Jackichand Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=Fran Gómez|other=on loan from [[Atlético Madrid B]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Sumeet Passi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Deepak Devrani]]|other=on loan from [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Anil Chawan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sehnaj Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Muhammad Ajsal|other=on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Asif Khan}}
{{Fs player|no=39|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Lalruatthara]]}}
{{Fs player|no=43|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Nikhil Deka}}
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Tomba Singh Haobam|Haobam Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Gyamar Nikum]]|other=on loan from [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sanson Pereira]]|other=on loan from [[FC Goa|Goa]]}}
{{Fs end}}

== Transfers ==
=== Transfers in ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:120px;"| Date
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:50px;"| Position
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:50px;"| Nationality
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:150px;"| Name
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:200px;"| From
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:110px;"| Fee
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:25px;"| Ref.
|-
|1 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ENG}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Hartlepool United F.C.|Hartlepool United]]
| None
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/InterKashi/status/1686343014430715904 |title=We have kept you waiting long enough presenting our FIRST SIGNING — @PeterHartley88! |date=1 August 2023 |publisher=Inter Kashi Twitter |access-date=1 August 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Klusner Pereira
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dempo SC]]
| None
|-
|4 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Sehnaj Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| None
|
|-
|28 August 2023
|FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"|Ishan Dey
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi]]
|None
|
|-
|1 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Sumeet Passi]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| None
|
|-
|5 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Jordan Lamela
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[CA Antoniano|Antoniano]]
| None
|
|-
|8 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Mario Barco]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Numancia|Numancia]]
| None
|
|-
|9 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Anil Chawan]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| None
|
|-
|11 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Sharon Padattil
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| None
|
|-
|12 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| None
|
|-
|13 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Jackichand Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| None
|
|-
|15 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Asif Khan
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| None
|
|-
|16 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Kojam Beyong
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| None
|
|-
|16 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Sandip Mandi
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| None
|
|-
|16 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Haobam Singh]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
| None
|
|-
|16 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Keisam Angelo Singh
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]
| None
|
|-
|16 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Phijam Vikash Singh
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC ]]
| None
|
|-
|20 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Julen Pérez
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[UD Las Palmas Atlético|Las Palmas B]]
| None
|
|-
|11 October 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Lalruatthara]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| None
| <ref>{{Cite tweet |user=InterKashi |number=1712082987549131124 |title=#WelcomeLalruatthara }}</ref>
|-
|13 October 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| GK
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Nikhil Deka
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| None
|
|-
|1 January 2024
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CPV}} {{flagicon|NED}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gianni dos Santos]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Atlético Ottawa]]
| None
|
|-
|26 March 2024
|style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC]]
| Undisclosed Transfer Fee
| <ref>https://90ndstoppage.com/2024/03/24/inter-kashi-make-edmund-lalrindikas-deal-permanent-2/</ref>
|}

=== Loans in ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:120px;"| Date from
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:50px;"| Position
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:50px;"| Nationality
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:150px;"| Name
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:200px;"| From
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:110px;"| Date until
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:25px;"| Ref.
|-
| 17 August 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Muhammad Ajsal
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|31 May 2024
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-17 |title=Muhammad Ajsal to join Inter Kashi on loan |url=https://keralablastersfc.in/muhammad-ajsal-to-join-inter-kashi-on-loan/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Kerala Blasters FC |language=en-US |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821080337/https://keralablastersfc.in/muhammad-ajsal-to-join-inter-kashi-on-loan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| FW
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
| 3 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Gyamar Nikum]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
| 15 September 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Bijoy Varghese]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
| 14 October 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Deepak Devrani]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
| 14 October 2023
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Tejas Krishna
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
| 4 January 2024
| style="text-align:center;"| MF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| style="text-align:left;"| Fran Gómez
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Atlético Madrid B]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
| 14 January 2024
| style="text-align:center;"| DF
| style="text-align:center;"| {{flagicon|IND}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Sanson Pereira]]
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|31 May 2024
|
|-
|}

=== Transfers Out ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; "
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:120px;"| Date
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:50px;"| Position
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:50px;"| Nationality
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:150px;"| Name
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:200px;"| To
! style="background:#FDB913; color:#231F20; width:200px;"| Ref.
|-
|19 January 2024
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
|Klusner Pereira
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[SC de Goa]]
|
|}

== Pre-season ==
{{legend inline|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend inline|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend inline|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend inline|#FFFFFF|Fixtures|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = {{Start date|2023|09|18|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]]
| score = 2–2
| report =
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| stadium =
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = {{Start date|2023|09|22|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 4–1
| report =
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{goal|?}}
| location = [[Margao]]
| stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm =
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = {{Start date|2023|10|04|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
| score = 0–0
| report =
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Panjim]]
| stadium = Dempo Academy Ground
| attendance =
| result = D
| motm =
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = {{Start date|2023|10|14|df=y}}
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Pax of Nagoa SC]]
| score = 2–6
| report =
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
* [[Mario Barco|Barco]] {{goal|??||??||??}}
* [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{goal|??}}
* [[Ishan Dey|Dey]] {{goal|??}}
| location = [[Verna, Goa|Verna]]
| stadium = Nagoa Football Ground
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm =
| referee =
}}

== Competitions ==
=== I-League ===
{{Main|2023–24 I-League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2023–24 I-League|showteam=IKA}}

==== Matches ====
{{legend inline|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend inline|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend inline|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend inline|#FFFFFF|Fixtures|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

'''Note''': I-League announced the fixtures for the 2023–24 season on 6 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://i-league.org/aiff-announces-fixtures-for-i-league-iwl/feed/ | title=Comments on: AIFF announces fixtures for I-League, IWL }}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2023|10|28|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| score = 2–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21852
| team2 = Inter Kashi
| goals1 =
*[[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] {{goal|8}}
*[[Noufal PN]] {{goal|54}}
| goals2 =
* [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{goal|29}}
* Asif {{goal|90+2}}
| location = [[Kozhikode]]
| stadium = [[Kozhikode Corporation EMS Stadium|EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = 19,764
| result = D
| motm = [[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] (Gokulam Kerala)
| referee = Mrutyunjay Amatya ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|03|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| score = 4–1
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21858
| team2 = Inter Kashi
| goals1 =
* [[Rosenberg Gabriel]] {{goal|38}}
* [[Pawan Kumar (footballer, born 1995)|Pawan Kumar]] {{goal|56}}
* [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]] {{goal|77}}
* [[R Lalbiakliana]] {{goal|85}}
| goals2 =
* [[Mario Barco]] {{goal|90+3}}
| location = [[Hyderabad]]
| stadium = [[Deccan Arena]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm = [[Rosenberg Gabriel]] (Sreenidi Deccan)
| referee = K. Ramdasan ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|06|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|14:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
| score = 2–4
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21863
| team2 = Inter Kashi
| goals1 = * [[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]] {{goal|14}}
* Imanol Arana {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 = * Jordan Lamela {{goal|52}}
* [[Mario Barco]] {{goal|56||84}}
* [[Haobam Singh]] {{goal|90+5}}
| location = [[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]]
| stadium = Namdhari Stadium
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Mario Barco]] (Inter Kashi)
| referee = Akashkumar Mehta ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|17|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21876
| team2 = Inter Kashi
| goals1 = *Ricardo Dichiara {{goal|38}}
| goals2 = * [[Jackichand Singh]] {{goal|52}}
* [[Gyamar Nikum]] {{goal|87}}
| location = [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]]
| stadium = [[Tilak Maidan]]
| attendance =
| result = W
| motm = [[Gyamar Nikum]] (Inter Kashi)
| referee = Lakshay ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 5
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|21|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|14:00|5:30}}
| team1 = Inter Kashi
| score = 0–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21881
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = *[[Eddie Hernández]] {{goal|44}}
*[[Wahengbam Angousana]] {{goal|50}}
| location = [[Lucknow]]
| stadium = [[Ekana Football Stadium]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm = [[Wahengbam Angousana]] (Mohammedan)
| referee = Tejas Nagvenkar ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{Start date|2023|11|28|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|14:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| score = 4–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21891
| team2 = Inter Kashi
| goals1 = *Mohammad Inam Wani {{goal|30}}
*Carlos Lomba {{goal|66}}
*[[Gnohere Krizo]] {{goal|83}}
*Mohamad Maksoud {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Srinagar]]
| stadium = [[TRC Turf Ground]]
| attendance =
| result = L
| motm = Mohammad Inam (Real Kashmir)
| referee = Anand Rana ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 7
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|1|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|score = 1–3
|team2 = Inter Kashi
|goals1 = *[[Sushil Meitei|Meitei]] {{goal|63}}
|goals2 =
*Lamela {{goal|28||45+5}}
*[[Jackichand Singh|J. Singh]] {{goal|90+4}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance =
|motm = Jordan Lamela (Inter Kashi)
|referee = Kynsanphar Lyngdoh Nongum ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21894
|result = W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 8
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|6|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|score = 2–2
|team2 = Inter Kashi
|goals1 =
*Denzell {{goal|40|pen.}}
*[[Sandip Mandi|Mandi]] {{goal|51|o.g.}}
|goals2 =
*[[Sumeet Passi|Passi]] {{goal|4}}
*[[Gyamar Nikum|Nikum]] {{goal|24}}
|stadium = Deccan Arena
|location = [[Hyderabad]]
|attendance =
|motm = [[Richard Gadze]] (Rajasthan)
|referee = Mrutyunjay Amatya ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21900
|result = D
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 9
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|10|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|score = 3–0
|team2 = Inter Kashi
|goals1 = *Danish Aribam {{goal|9}}
*Deepak Singh {{goal|22}}
*[[Abraham Okyere]] {{goal|76}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance =
|motm = Danish Aribam (TRAU)
|referee = Lalit Singh Rawat ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21907
|result = L
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 10
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|15|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|14:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Inter Kashi
|score = 2–0
|team2 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|goals1 =
*Md. Asif {{goal|14}}
*Lamela {{goal|36}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance =
|motm = Jordan Lamela (Inter Kashi)
|referee = Dipu Roy ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21911
|result = W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 11
|date = {{Start date|2023|12|21|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|score = 1–1
|team2 = Inter Kashi
|goals1 = Md. Asif {{goal|43}}
|goals2 = [[K Lalhmangaihkima|Lalhmangaihkima]] {{goal|88}}
|stadium = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|location = [[Aizawl]]
|attendance =
|motm = [[Nora Fernandes]] (Aizawl)
|referee = Mithun Kumar ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=21918
|result = D
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 12
|date = {{Start date|2024|2|3|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|score = 0–1
|team2 = Inter Kashi
|goals1 =
|goals2 = [[Gianni dos Santos]] {{goal|24}}
|stadium = SSA Stadium
|location = [[Shillong]]
|attendance = 5,812
|motm = [[Gianni dos Santos]] (Inter Kashi)
|referee = Jehrul Islam
|report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-steal-a-win-in-shillong
|result = W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 13
|date = {{Start date|2024|2|9|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Inter Kashi
|score = 2–4
|team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 = *Phijam Vikash Singh {{goal|23}}
* [[Mario Barco]] {{goal|86}}
| goals2 = *[[Álex Sánchez (footballer, born 1989)|Álex Sánchez]] {{goal|30}}
*Abhijith Kurungodan {{goal|39}}
*[[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]] {{goal|74||90+3}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|attendance = 123
|motm = [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]] (Gokulam Kerala)
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]]
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=26839 Report]
|result = L
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 14
|date = {{Start date|2024|2|14|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Inter Kashi
|score = 1–1
|team2 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
|goals1 = [[Muhammad Ajsal]]{{goal|56}}
|goals2 = [[Emmanuel Essien (footballer)|Emmanuel Essien]]{{goal|52}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance = 259
|motm = Muhammad Ajsal (Inter Kashi)
|referee = K. Lyngdoh Nongum
|report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-churchill-brothers-split-points-in-kalyani
|result = D
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 15
|date = {{Start date|2024|2|18|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Inter Kashi
|score = 4–1
|team2 = [[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|goals1 = * [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{goal|3}}
* [[Deepak Devrani]] {{goal|15}}
* [[Mario Barco]] {{goal|52}}
* [[Tomba Singh Haobam|Haobam Singh]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2 = Stephen {{goal|36}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance = 127
|motm = [[Gyamar Nikum]] (Inter Kashi)
|referee = Lalit Singh Rawat
|report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-leave-namdhari-fc-stranded-in-kalyani
|result = W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 16
|date = {{Start date|2024|2|24|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Inter Kashi
|score = 1–1
|team2 = [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
|goals1 = [[Mario Barco]] {{goal|77}}
|goals2 = [[Henry Kisekka]] {{goal|90+6}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance = 447
|motm = [[Mohammad Inam]] (Real Kashmir)
|referee = Ashish Tiwari
|report = https://i-league.org/henry-kisekka-rescues-real-kashmir-fc-with-an-add-on-time-strike
|result = D
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 17
|date = {{Start date|2024|2|27|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Inter Kashi
|score = 3–1
|team2 = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|goals1 = * [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{goal|45+3}}
* Md. Asif {{goal|67}}
* [[Mario Barco]] {{goal|73}}
|goals2 = *Lourembam David Singh {{goal|53}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance = 187
|motm = [[Edmund Lalrindika]] (Inter Kashi)
|referee = Williams Joy Koshy
|report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-pick-three-points-against-neroca-fc
|result = W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 18
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|2|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|16:30|5:30}}
|team1 = Inter Kashi
|score = 1–1
|team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|goals1 = [[Mario Barco]] {{goal|40}}
|goals2 = Lalchungnunga Chhangte {{goal|28}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance =
|motm =
|referee =
|report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-rajasthan-united-share-points
|result = D
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 19
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|8|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Inter Kashi
|score = 6–3
|team2 = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|goals1 = *[[Gyamar Nikum|Nikum]] {{goal|12}}
*[[Muhammad Ajsal|Ajsal]] {{goal|26||55}}
*Lamela {{goal|78}}
*Mohammed Asif {{goal|90}}
*[[Gianni dos Santos]] {{goal|90+8}}
|goals2 = *[[Sardor Jakhonov]] {{goal|43|pen.}}
*[[Issahak Nuhu Seidu]]{{goal|63||85}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance = 752
|motm = [[Muhammad Ajsal]] (Inter Kashi)
|referee = Jatinder Singh
|report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-prove-too-good-for-trau-fc
|result = W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible

|round = 20
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|13|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|15:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Delhi FC|Delhi]]
|score = 0–2
|team2 = Inter Kashi
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
*[[Tomba Singh Haobam|Haobam]] {{goal|76}}
*[[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Hartley]] {{goal|79}}
|stadium = Namdhari Stadium
|location = [[Bhaini Ala]]
|attendance =
|motm = [[Peter Hartley (footballer)|Peter Hartley]] (Delhi)
|referee = Surojit Das
|report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-two-good-for-delhi-fc
|result = W
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 21
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|18|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Inter Kashi
| score = 5–4
| report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-beat-aizawl-to-register-third-consecutive-win
| team2 = [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
| goals1 =
* [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{goal|3}}
* [[Gyamar Nikum|Nikum]] {{goal|14}}
* Jordan Garrido {{goal|33}}
* [[Mario Barco|Barco]] {{goal|86||89}}
| goals2 =
* [[Sumeet Passi|Passi]] {{goal|29|o.g.}}
* Lalrinzuala Lalbiaknia {{goal|44||61}}
* Lalbiakdika Vanlalvunga {{goal|83}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 325
| result = W
| motm = [[Mario Barco]] (Inter Kashi)
| referee = Ajay Krishnan
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|round = 22
|date = {{Start date|2024|3|22|df=y}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
|team1 = Inter Kashi
|score = 2–1
|team2 = [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|goals1 =
* [[Mario Barco|Barco]] {{goal|32}}
* Tejas Krishna {{goal|45}}
|goals2 = [[Renan Paulino|Paulino]] {{goal|55|pen.}}
|stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
|location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|attendance = 232
|motm = [[Arindam Bhattacharya (footballer)|Arindam Bhattacharya]] (Inter Kashi)
|referee = Pratik Mondal
|report = https://i-league.org/inter-kashi-continue-to-rise-in-the-i-league-table
|result = W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
| round = 23
| date = {{Start date|2024|03|30|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|18:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/mohammedan-sporting-a-victory-away-from-title-after-drawing-with-inter-kashi
| team2 = Inter Kashi
| goals1 = [[Alexis Gómez (footballer)|Gómez]] {{goal|8}}
| goals2 = [[Mario Barco|Barco]] {{goal|83}}
| location = [[Naihati]]
| stadium = [[Bankimanjali Stadium|Naihati Stadium]]
| attendance = 2,000
| result = D
| motm = [[Mario Barco]] (Inter Kashi)
| referee = Jehrul Islam
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
| round = 24
| date = {{Start date|2024|04|08|df=y}}
| time = {{UTZ|19:00|5:30}}
| team1 = Inter Kashi
| score = 1–1
| report = https://i-league.org/ten-man-inter-kashi-hold-sreenidi-deccan-to-wrap-up-the-season
| team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| goals1 = [[Julen Pérez|Pérez]] {{goal|87|pen.}}
| goals2 = [[David Castañeda (footballer)|Castañeda]] {{goal|41}}
| location = [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
| stadium = [[Kalyani Stadium]]
| attendance = 455
| result = D
| motm = [[Julen Pérez]] (Inter Kashi)
| referee = Dipu Roy
}}

=== Indian Super Cup ===
{{Main|2024 Indian Super Cup}}

Inter Kashi entered the competition in the play-off round. Inter Kashi defeated [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] in the qualification round by 5–0 on 8 January,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kalinga-super-cup-group-stage-draw-teams-format-schedule-indian-super-league-i-league/article67650441.ece | title=Kalinga Super Cup 2023-24 group stage draw announced: Odisha FC and Bengaluru FC clubbed in same group | date=18 December 2023 }}</ref> the fixtures were announced on 18 December 2023.

{{:2024 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group D|showteam=IKA}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2024 Indian Super Cup#Qualifier|2024 Indian Super Cup qualifier]]
|date = {{start date|df=y|2024|1|8}}
|time = {{UTZ|14:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Inter Kashi]]
|score = 5–0
|team2 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|goals1 =
* [[Mario Barco|Barco]] {{goal|10||75}}
* [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{goal|58}}
* [[Haobam Tomba Singh|Haobam]] {{goal|87}}
* Ajsal {{goal|88}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance =
|motm = Mario Barco (Inter Kashi)
|referee = [[Pranjal Banerjee]] ([[All India Football Federation|India]])
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26067
|result = W
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2024 Indian Super Cup group stage#Group D|2024 Indian Super Cup GS]]
|date = {{start date|df=y|2024|1|8}}
|time = {{UTZ|14:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score = 2–1
|team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
|goals1 =
* [[Noah Sadaoui|Noah]] {{goal|58}}
* [[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Martínez]] {{goal|66}}
|goals2 = * [[Gyamar Nikum|Nikum]] {{goal|78}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance =
|motm = Noah Sadaoui (Goa)
|referee =
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26452
|result = L
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2024 Indian Super Cup group stage#Group D|2024 Indian Super Cup GS]]
|date = {{start date|df=y|2024|1|17}}
|time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|score = 3–0
|team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
|goals1 =
*[[Lalthathanga Khawlhring|Lalthathanga]] {{goal|45+2}}
*[[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|60}}
*[[Isak Vanlalruatfela|Vanlalruatfela]] {{goal|80}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance =
|motm = Diego Maurício (Odisha)
|referee =
|report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26453
|result = L
}}

{{footballbox collapsible
|format = 1
|round = [[2024 Indian Super Cup group stage#Group D|2024 Indian Super Cup GS]]
|date = {{start date|df=y|2024|1|22}}
|time = {{UTZ|14:00|5:30}}
|team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score = 1–1
|team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
|goals1 = [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi]] {{goal|58|pen.}}
|goals2 = [[Edmund Lalrindika|Lalrindika]] {{goal|15}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance =
|motm = [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] (Bengaluru)
|referee =
|report = https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/kalinga-super-cup-results-inter-kashi-1-1-bengaluru-draw-inconsequential-match/article67765445.ece
|result = D
}}

==Statistics==
===Goalscorers===
{{Updated|02 March 2024}}
''The list is sorted by shirt number when total goals are equal.''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! width=10 | {{Abbr| Rnk | Ranking }}
! width=10 | {{Abbr| Pos | Position }}
! width=10 | {{Abbr| No. | Squad Number }}
! width=180 | Player
! width=100 | I League
! width=50 | Super Cup
! width=50 | Total
|-
|rowspan="1"|1
|| FW|| 9 || align=left | {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]] || 9 || 2 || '''11'''
|-
|rowspan="3"|2
|| MF|| 7 || align=left | {{flagicon|ESP}} Jordan Lamela || 5 || 0 ||'''5'''
|-
|| FW|| 17 || align=left | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]] || 3 || 2 ||'''5'''
|-
|| DF|| 36 || align=left | {{flagicon|IND}} Asif Khan || 5 || 0 ||'''5'''
|-
|rowspan="1"|5
|| MF|| 77 || align=left | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gyamar Nikum]] || 3 || 1 ||'''4'''
|-
|rowspan="2"|6
|| FW|| 33 || align=left | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Ajsal]] || 2 || 1 ||'''3'''
|-
|| MF|| 44 || align=left | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Haobam Singh]]|| 2 || 1 ||'''3'''
|-
|rowspan="2"|8
|| FW|| 21 || align=left | {{flagicon|CPV}} [[Gianni dos Santos]] || 2 || 0 ||'''2'''
|-
|| MF|| 22 || align=left | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jackichand Singh]] || 2 || 0 ||'''2'''
|-
|rowspan="3"|10
|| MF|| 8 || align=left | {{flagicon|IND}} Phijam Vikash Singh|| 1 || 0 ||'''1'''
|-
|| FW|| 25 || align=left | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumeet Passi]] || 1 || 0 ||'''1'''
|-
|| DF|| 26 || align=left | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Devrani]]|| 1 || 0 ||'''1'''
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
!36
!7
!43
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Inter Kashi FC}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Inter Kashi seasons]]
[[Category:2023–24 I-League by team|Inter Kashi]]

Sankarshan Thakur

2025-11-25T07:22:49Z

Kkasthana: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian print journalist (1962–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
'''Sankarshan Thakur''' (1962 – 8 September 2025) was an Indian print journalist.<ref name="Preetam_2012">{{Cite web
|last=Preetam
|first=Anuradha
|title=Like father, like son
|url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/like-father-like-son/96/33955/
|website=The Sunday Indian
|publisher=
|date=8 September 2025
|access-date=6 November 2025
|language=en
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604173303/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/Like-father-like-son/96/33955/
|archive-date=4 June 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111229/jsp/frontpage/story_14938986.jsp#.UxIlvuOSzpw |title=Everybody fights over nobody's bill |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118034614/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111229/jsp/frontpage/story_14938986.jsp |archive-date=2012-01-18}} </ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nitish-is-keeping-his-options-open-at-this-stage-sankarshan-thakur/379630-3.html |title=Nitish is keeping his options open at this stage: Sankarshan Thakur |website=ibnlive.in.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305223207/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nitish-is-keeping-his-options-open-at-this-stage-sankarshan-thakur/379630-3.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Thakur served as the Editor of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2023/oct/01/sankarshan-thakur-is-telegraphs-new-editor/0c2dbd0a5a44d52c7f66b2ca538d71d7|title=Sankarshan Thakur is Telegraphs new editor|website=rediff.com|date=1 October 2023|accessdate=5 May 2024}}</ref>

==Background==
Thakur was born in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] in 1962. His work was deeply inspired by [[M.J. Akbar]], under whom Thakur apprenticed as a journalist for many years. Thakur was the Executive Editor of [[Tehelka]] weekly, which he helped launch in early 2004. He returned to [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]], where he started his journalistic career in 1985, as the newspaper's Roving Editor. He was earlier Associate Editor of [[The Indian Express]]. Thakur covered [[Bihar]] and [[Kashmir]] extensively. Some of his most memorable stories came off the [[Kargil War|Kargil]] warfront in the summer of 1999. He won the ''Prem Bhatia award'' for excellence in political journalism in 2001. In 2003, he won the [[Appan Menon]] Fellowship to work on a book on Kashmir which is in the making.<ref>{{cite news |title=Appan Menon award |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/18/stories/2003091804011200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031027134512/http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/18/stories/2003091804011200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 27, 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date= Sep 18, 2003 }}</ref> He died on 8 September 2025, at the age of 63.<ref name="TheFederal_2025">{{Cite web
|author= 
|title=Sankarshan Thakur, Editor of The Telegraph, passes away
|url=https://thefederal.com/category/news/journalist-sankarshan-thakur-passes-away-205637
|website=The Federal
|publisher=
|date=8 September 2025
|access-date=6 November 2025
|language=en
}}</ref>

==Publications==
*Thakur authored a book based on life of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] titled as ''The Making of Laloo Yadav, The Unmaking of Bihar'' ({{ISBN|978-8172234003}}); the book was recently updated and reprinted by Picador India under the title "Subaltern Sahib: Bihar and the Making of Laloo Yadav".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140314024642/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-godmothers-of-bihar/article1-617030.aspx The godmothers of Bihar]</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20000619-book-review-of-the-making-of-laloo-yadav-777735-2000-06-18 Hell's Angel]</ref>
*Thakur also authored a biography of [[Nitish Kumar]] titled ''Single Man: The Life And Times of Nitish Kumar of [[Bihar]]''.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-when-nitish-cancelled-the-modi-dinner/20140228.htm When Nitish Kumar cancelled the Modi dinner]</ref><ref>[http://books.rediff.com/book/single-man---the-life-and-times-of-nitish-kumar-of-bihar/9789350297773?sc_cid=rediff_picks Single Man : The Life And Times Of Nitish Kumar Of Bihar]</ref><ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9Dpzj5IuYYZlLFOI8etImO/Nitish-Kumar-Bihars-renaissance-man.html Nitish Kumar: Bihar’s renaissance man]</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-nitish-sees-modi-as-a-man-who-imperils-inclusive-and-secular-india/20140221.htm 'Nitish Kumar sees Narendra Modi as a man who imperils inclusive and secular India']</ref>
*In November 2015, Thakur's book ''The Brothers Bihari'' featuring a dual biography of Laloo Yadav and Nitish Kumar was released.<ref name="IE November 2015">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-brothers-bihari-a-book-that-charts-journeys-of-nitish-kumar-and-lalu-prasad/ |title=The Brothers Bihari: A book that charts journeys of Nitish Kumar and Lalu Prasad |publisher=Indian Express |date=29 November 2015 |accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sankarshanthakur.com/ Official website]
* [https://sankarshanthakur.com/2012/12/02/who-killed-haren-pandya/ Who Killed Haren Pandya?]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Sankarshan}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Writers from Patna]]

{{India-journalist-stub}}

Juna Mahal

2025-11-24T20:01:40Z

Kkasthana: Added new info

{{Short description|Palace Complex in Dungarpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Juna Mahal
| location = [[Dungarpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| type =
| built = 13th century
| owner = [[Harshvardhan Singh Dungarpur|Harshvardhan Singh]]
| image = Juna Mahal Dungarpur 2024. 57.jpg
| caption = Juna Mahal Dungarpur 2024
}}
'''Juna Mahal,''' also known as the '''Old Palace''' or '''Garh Palace''',<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Tillotson |first=G. H. R. (Giles Henry Rupert) |url=https://archive.org/details/rajputpalacesdev0000till |title=The Rajput palaces : the development of an architectural style, 1450-1750 |date=1987 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-300-03738-8 |pages=150–152}}</ref> is a palace complex situated in the city of [[Dungarpur]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is situated at the foothills of the Dhanmata Hill.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2020-05-05 |title=The Juna Mahal at Dungarpur |url=https://trottingon.com/2020/05/05/the-juna-mahal-at-dungarpur/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Trotting on |language=en-US}}</ref> The property is still owned by the former royal family of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sethi |first=Sunil |url=https://archive.org/details/indianinteriorsm0000unse |title=Indian Interiors (Midsize) |last2=von Schaewen |first2=Deidi |publisher=Taschen |others=Internet Archive |year=1999 |isbn=978-3-8228-2392-7 |pages=156–160}}</ref>
== History ==
The first palace on the site was built in the late 13th century.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Sanjukta Das |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDGIpkJ9BgwC |title=Narratives from the Margins: Aspects of Adivasi History in India |last2=Basu |first2=Raj Sekhar |date=2012 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-10-8 |pages=128–131 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Juna Mahal |url=https://www.wmf.org/project/juna-mahal |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=World Monuments Fund |language=en}}</ref> It was expanded over the centuries by successive Maharawals of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]], with additional rooms, wings, floors, courtyards, and fortifications, until it became a seven-story complex.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tourism |first=Rajasthan |title=Dungarpur Tourism: Tourist Places in Dungarpur - Rajasthan Tourism |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/dungarpur.html |website=Rajasthan Tourism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leisure |first=Artisans of |date=2015-08-25 |title=Juna Mahal - Decorative Art in Rajasthan - Luxury India tours |url=https://www.artisansofleisure.com/luxury-travel-blog/2015/08/juna-mahal-incredible-frescoes-in-a-former-palace-outside-udaipur-india/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=Artisans of Leisure |language=en}}</ref> It is built on a high platform constructed from pareva stone.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=RajRAS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bdbHDwAAQBAJ |title=Art Architecture & Culture of Rajasthan |date=2018-03-02 |publisher=RajRAS |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref> Its rugged exterior gives it the appearance of a [[citadel]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The structure features fortified walls, watchtowers, and narrow corridors and doorways, all of which were designed to delay the enemy for as long as possible.<ref name=":2" /> A shrine is built into one of its walls in memory of the two wives whose husband, Dungaria, was killed by Maharawal Vir Singh.<ref name=":8" /> When the wives intended to curse him, Vir Singh, to protect himself and his descendants from the curse, agreed to name the town he was founding after their husband and had the shrine constructed in their honor, as they had committed [[Sati (practice)|sati]].<ref name=":8" />

Over the course of several centuries, its walls were richly painted with [[Mural|murals]]; however, the earliest of these are unsigned.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Lyons |first=Tryna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cKnGJGOEQukC |title=The Artists of Nathadwara: The Practice of Painting in Rajasthan |date=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34417-5 |pages=40–45 |language=en}}</ref> During the reign of Maharawal [[Udai Singh II of Dungarpur|Udai Singh II]], several artistic works were undertaken at Juna Mahal.<ref name=":4" /> From 1864 to 1875, an artist named Devji painted murals on its walls.<ref name=":4" /> Later, from 1883 to 1886, the Nathu and Chhagan brothers from Udaipur were commissioned to repair and refurbish several areas of the palace.<ref name=":4" /> Their work included the restoration of the ''Am Khas'', a reception room, and the refurbishment of the Devji cut-glass inlay in the ''Shish ka Kamara'', or glass room.<ref name=":4" /> Their work was part of the preparations for the second marriage of Udai Singh's son, Khuman Singh, which occurred in 1886.<ref name=":4" /> In later years, [[Udai Singh II of Dungarpur|Udai]]'s great-grandson, Maharawal [[Laxman Singh]], invited two groups of artists from [[Nathdwara]] to work at Juna Mahal and decorate it.<ref name=":4" /> In 1939, [[Laxman Singh]] called upon an artist named Kanhaiyalal from the [[Shrinathji Temple]] in [[Nathdwara]] to work at Juna Mahal.<ref name=":4" /> Kanhaiyalal traveled to [[Dungarpur]] accompanied by another artist, Kajorimal.<ref name=":4" /> During his time there, Kanhaiyalal primarily worked on the ground floor, including the Durbar Hall, Am Khas, and Shish ka Kamara, where he touched up and repaired damaged paintings.<ref name=":4" /> In certain cases, he replaced the original [[Mural|murals]] with his own compositions.<ref name=":4" /> The artwork at Juna Mahal is better preserved than that of any other palace in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/rajasthan0000unse/ |title=Rajasthan |date=1996 |location=New York |publisher=Knopf, Distributed by Random House |via=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-679-76591-2 |pages=266}}</ref>

It was used until the mid-20th century, when the then Maharawal moved his residence from there to [[Udai Bilas Palace]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> It was included in the [[2014 World Monuments Watch]] to highlight its historical and artistic significance and raise public awareness.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />
== Structures within the complex ==
=== Am Khas ===
Udai Singh II added Am Khas, a large audience hall, to the structure.<ref name=":5" /> It served dual purposes: as the Diwan-i-Khas for receiving courtiers and state guests, and as the Diwan-i-Am, where members of the general public could present their grievances.<ref name=":5" /> The hall is very conservative in style, with its ceiling supported by columns.<ref name=":5" /> Adjacent to it is a Hingrat, a small personal chamber, whose surfaces are entirely covered in glass inlay work.<ref name=":5" /> Adjacent to it is a Hingrat, a small personal chamber, with surfaces entirely covered in glass inlay work.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> It also incorporates portraits of the Maharawals of Dungarpur, which are surrounded by floral and animal motifs.<ref name=":6" /> The floor is laid with mirrored and painted tiles.<ref name=":6" />
=== Chini Gokhada ===
Chini Gokhada, also known as the Chinese balcony, is decorated with 144 Staffordshire Blue Willow Pattern plates embedded in the four walls.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/oapen-20.500.12657-77027 |title=Global Goods and the Country House - Comparative perspectives, 1650-1800 |date=2023 |pages=323–324 |language=English}}</ref> It is complemented by additional murals and mirror work.<ref name=":7" /> One of the painted plate in it shows a miniature of the Maharawal of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]] sitting in a garden and receiving visitors.<ref name=":7" /> It was used as a private durbar hall in the late nineteenth century, overlooking Kothar Chowk, a storage area, where the public was invited and spectacles were held.<ref name=":7" />
== In popular culture ==
In 2008, [[Karen Knorr]] traveled to [[Rajasthan]], where she captured a series of photographs depicting Indian interiors with animals from Indian folklore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Green |first=Penelope |year=2011 |title=Karen Knorr's Photography Offers an Ironic Sense of Place |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/garden/karen-knorrs-photography-offers-an-ironic-sense-of-place-qa.html |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> She also visited [[Dungarpur]], where she photographed several images at Juna Mahal, which are part of her work titled India Song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Song {{!}} Karen Knorr |url=https://karenknorr.com/photography/india-song/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=karenknorr.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Knorr |first=Karen |url=https://archive.org/details/karenknorrindias0000knor/ |title=Karen Knorr : India song |date=2014 |publisher=Milano, Italy : Skira Editore S.p.A. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-88-572-2235-6 |pages=11–12}}</ref>
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Haveli Dungarpur.jpg|View of the Juna Mahal
File:Juna Mahal Dungarpur 4.jpg|View of the Juna Mahal
File:Juna Mahal Dungarpur 2024 24.jpg|View of the Juna Mahal
File:Juna Mahal Dungarpur 28.jpg|View of the Juna Mahal
File:Juna Mahal Dungarpur 0 48.jpg|View of the Juna Mahal
File:Wandmalerei in Juna Mahal.jpg|Painting on a wall of the Juna Mahal
File:Juna Mahal Dungarpur 2024. 9.jpg|Painting on a wall of the Juna Mahal
File:Juna Mahal Dungarpur 16.jpg|View of the Juna Mahal
File:Juna Mahal Dungarpur 0 33.jpg|View of the Juna Mahal
|thumb|Interior
</gallery>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|23.8282|73.7159|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahal, Juna}}
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Palaces in India]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Houses completed in the 13th century]]

Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director – Songs

2025-11-20T22:39:03Z

Kkasthana: added basic entry w/ refs...

{{Short description|Annual Indian film award}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
The '''[[Kerala State Film Award]] for Best Music Director''' winners:

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!width="25"|'''[[wikt:superlative|Superlative]]'''
!colspan="2" width="100"|'''Best Direction'''
|-style="height:2.5em;"
|width="250"|Most awards
|width="150"|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|9 awards
|-style="height:2.5em;"
|Second most awards
|[[G. Devarajan|Devarajan]] &
[[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
|4 awards
|}

==Winners==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
| style="background:#fffacd; width:30px;"|{{dagger}}||Indicates a joint award for that year
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Image
! Music director
! Film
|-
|1969
|[[File:GDevarajan.jpg|100px]]
|[[G. Devarajan|Devarajan]]
|''[[Kumara Sambhavam]]'', ''[[Kadalpalam]]''
|-
|1970
|[[File:GDevarajan.jpg|100px]]
|[[G. Devarajan|Devarajan]]
|''[[Thriveni]]''
|-
|1971
|[[File:V. Dakshinamoorthy.jpg|100px]]
|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
|''[[Vilakku Vangiya Veena]]'', ''[[Marunnattil Oru Malayali|Marunattiloru Malayali]]'' & ''[[Muthassi (film)|Muthassi]]''
|-
|1972
|[[File:GDevarajan.jpg|100px]]
|[[G. Devarajan|Devarajan]]
|''[[Chembarathi]]'', ''[[Maram (film)|Maram]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1973 {{dagger}}
| style="background: #FFFACD" |[[File:K.raghavan.JPG|100px]] 
|[[K. Raghavan]]
|''[[Nirmalyam]]'' (Songs)
|-
| style="background: #FFFACD" |[[File:No image.svg]] 
| [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
|''[[Nirmalyam]]'' (Background music)
|-
|1974
|[[File:Msviswanathan.JPG|100px]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|''[[Chandrakantham]]'', ''[[Jeevikkan Marannupoya Sthree]]''
|-
|1975
|
|[[Bhaskar Chandavarkar]]
|''[[Swapnadanam]]''
|-
|1976
|
|[[A. T. Ummer]]
|''Aalinganam''
|-
|1977
|[[File:K.raghavan.JPG|100px]]
|[[K. Raghavan]]
|[[Poojakkedukkatha Pookkal]]
|-
|1978
|
|[[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
|''[[Bandhanam]]''
|-
|1979
|
|[[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
|[[Edavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha]], ''[[Oolkatal|Ulkkadal]]''
|-
|1980
|[[File:JerryAmaldev.jpg|100px]]
|[[Jerry Amaldev]]
|''[[Manjil Virinja Pookkal]]''
|-
|1981
|
|[[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
|Different Films {{which|date=January 2024}}
|-
|1982
|[[File:Johnson (composer).jpg|100px]]
|[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
|''[[Ormakkayi]]''
|-
|1983
|
|[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|''[[Aaroodam]]''
|-
|1984
|
|[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|''[[Kanamarayathu]]''
|-
|1985
|[[File:GDevarajan.jpg|100px]]
|[[G. Devarajan|Devarajan]]
|''[[Chidambaram (film)|Chidambaram]]''
|-
|1986
|
|[[Bombay Ravi]]
|''[[Nakhakshathangal]]''
|-
|1987
|
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|''[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]''
|-
|1988
|
|[[G. Aravindan]]
|''[[Ore Thooval Pakshikal]]''
|-
|1989
|[[File:Johnson (composer).jpg|100px]]
|[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
|''[[Mazhavilkavadi]]'', ''[[Vadakkunokkiyantram]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 1990 {{dagger}}
| style="background: #FFFACD" |[[File:Perumbavoor G Raveendranath.jpg|100px]]
|[[Perumbavoor G. Raveendranath]]
|''[[Innale]]''
|-
| style="background: #FFFACD" |[[File:JerryAmaldev.jpg|100px]]
|[[Jerry Amaldev]]
|''[[Aparahnam]]''
|-
|1991
|
|[[Raveendran]]
|''[[Bharatham]]''
|-
|1992
|
|[[Bombay Ravi]]
|''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''
|-
|1993
|
|[[S. P. Venkatesh]]
|''[[Paithrukam]]'', ''[[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]]''
|-
|1994
|
|[[Berny-Ignatious]]
|''[[Thenmavin Kombath]]''
|-
|1995
|[[File:Ilaiyaraaja BHung.jpg|100px]]
|[[Illayaraja]]
|''[[Kala Pani (1996 film)|Kalapani]]''
|-
|1996
|[[File:VidyaSagar.jpg|100px]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|''[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]''
|-
|1997
|[[File:Kaithapram.jpg|100px]]
|[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]
|''[[Karunyam]]''
|-
|1998
|[[File:VidyaSagar.jpg|100px]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|''[[Pranayavarnangal]]''
|-
|1999
|[[File:Johnson (composer).jpg|100px]]
|[[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
|''[[Angene Oru Avadhikkalathu]]''
|-
|2000
|[[File:VidyaSagar.jpg|100px]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|''[[Devadoothan]]''
|-
|2001
|
|[[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
|''[[Achaneyanenikkishtam]]''
|-
|2002
|
|[[Raveendran]]
|''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''
|-
|2003
|[[File:M-Jayachandran.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|''[[Gaurisankaram]]''
|-
|2004
|[[File:M-Jayachandran.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'', ''[[Kathavasheshan]]''
|-
|2005
|
|[[M. G. Radhakrishnan]]
|''[[Ananthabadram]]''
|-
|2006
|[[File:Ramesh Narayan.jpg|100px]]
|[[Ramesh Narayan]]
|''[[Rathri Mazha]]''
|-
|2007
|[[File:M-Jayachandran.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|''[[Nivedyam (2007 film)|Nivedyam]]''
|-
|2008
|[[File:M-Jayachandran.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|''[[Madambi]]''
|-
|2009
|
|[[Mohan Sithara]]
|''[[Sufi Paranja Katha]]''
|-
|2010
|[[File:M-Jayachandran.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|''[[Karayilekku Oru Kadal Dooram]]''
|-
|2011
|[[File:Music Director Sharreth.jpg|100px]]
|[[Sharreth]]
|''[[Ivan Megharoopan]]''
|-
|2012
|[[File:M-Jayachandran.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|''[[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]]''
|-
|2013
|
|[[Ouseppachan]]
|''[[Nadan]]''
|-
|2014
|[[File:Ramesh Narayan.jpg|100px]]
|[[Ramesh Narayan]]
|''White Boys''
|-
|2015
|[[File:Ramesh Narayan.jpg|100px]]
|[[Ramesh Narayan]]
| ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'', ''[[Edavapathy]]''
|-
|2016
|[[File:M-Jayachandran.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|''[[Kambhoji (film)|Kambhoji]]''
|-
|2017
|[[File:Arjunan master.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. K. Arjunan]]
| ''[[Bhayanakam]]''
|-
|2018
|[[File:Vishal Bhardwaj 2017.jpg|100px]]
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| ''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''
|-
|2019
|
|[[Sushin Shyam]]
|''[[Kumbalangi Nights]]''
|-
|2020
|[[File:M-Jayachandran.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|''[[Sufiyum Sujatayum]]''
|-
|2021
|[[File:Hesham Abdul in his studio.jpg|frameless|132x132px]]
|[[Hesham Abdul Wahab]]
|[[Hridayam]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=ETimes |date=May 27, 2022 |title=52nd Kerala State Film Awards: Hesham Abdul Wahab bags the best music director award for 'Hridayam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/52nd-kerala-state-film-awards-hesham-abdul-wahab-bags-the-best-music-director-award-for-hridayam/articleshow/91838870.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[File:M-Jayachandran.jpg|100px]]
|[[M. Jayachandran]]
|[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]] [[Ayisha (film)|Ayisha]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=53rd Kerala State Film Awards: Kerala State Film Awards Declaration|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/07/21/kerala-state-film-awards-announcement-malayalam-movies.html/|access-date=2023-07-21|work=[[Malayala Manorama|Manorama]]}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[File:Justin Varghese Indian music composer, music producer, sound engineer, Kerala State film awards, music director photographer Gokul Maliyakal.jpg|100px]]
|[[Justin Varghese]]
|[[Chaaver]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=K. |first1=Janani |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Prithviraj, Urvashi, Beena R Chandran win top acting honours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kerala-state-film-award-prithviraj-sukumaran-urvashi-beena-r-chandran-win-top-acting-honours-2583054-2024-08-16 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|
|[[Sushin Shyam]]
|[[Bougainvillea (film)|Bougainvillea]]<ref>https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/11/03/kerala-state-film-awards-2024-winners-list.html</ref>
|}

===Special Jury Award and Special Jury Mention In This Category===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%" class="unsortable" |Image
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Award
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Film(s)
|-
|1985
|
|Anand Sankar
|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|[[Purooruvase|Pururavas]]
|-
|1987
|
|[[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|''[[Swathi Thirunal (film)]]''
|-
|[[44th Kerala State Film Awards|2013]]
|
|[[Afzal Yusuf]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]
|''[[God for Sale]], [[Immanuel (film)]]''
|-
|[[45th Kerala State Film Awards|2014]]
|
|Yakzan Gary Pereira
|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]
|''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]''
|-
|[[45th Kerala State Film Awards|2014]]
|
|[[Neha Nair]]
|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]
|''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]''
|-
|[[50th Kerala State Film Awards|2019]]
|[[File:V. Dakshinamoorthy.jpg|100px]]
|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] (posthumously)
|[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention|Special Mention]]
|''[[Shyamaragam]]''
|}

==Most Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Music director !! No. of wins
|-
| [[M. Jayachandran]] || 9
|-
| [[Devarajan]] [[M.B. Sreenivasan]] || 4
|-
| [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] [[Ramesh Narayan]]
|| 3
|-
| [[Ouseppachan]] [[M.G. Radhakrishnan]] [[Bombay Ravi]] [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] [[K. Raghavan]] [[Jerry Amaldev]] [[Raveendran]] [[Sushin Shyam]]|| 2
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120722074426/http://www.keralafilm.com/statefilm.htm Official website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm PRD, Govt. of Kerala: Awardees List]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110714024057/http://www.malayalamcinema.com/News-6/STATE+FILM+AWARDS++1969++2005.html?newsid=19&linkid=6 Malayalam Cinema]

{{Kerala State film Award}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director - Songs}}
[[Category:Kerala State Film Awards]]