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Y. Vijaya

2026-05-08T17:50:16Z

Kishore121:

{{short description|Indian actress and classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Y. Vijaya
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|2|08}}
| birth_place = [[Kurnool]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actress
* dancer
}}
| yearsactive = 1965–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Amalanathan|1985}}
| partner =
| children = 1
| website =
| awards =
}}
'''Yenigandla Vijaya''' is an Indian actress and classical dancer. She has appeared in more than 1000 films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Y Vijaya |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/y-vijaya |work=Movie Buff}}</ref>

==Film career==

Y. Vijaya, a celebrated Indian actress, is renowned for her remarkable contributions to the Telugu and Tamil film industries.She embarked on her acting career at a young age and went on to become a prominent figure in South Indian cinema. She displayed a passion for the performing arts from an early age, which led her to the world of cinema.

She used to learn dance under [[Vempati China Satyam]] in Madras. Once, the producers of the film ''[[Nindu Hrudayalu]]'' visited their dance institute and roped her in for a beggar character who also knows dance. That was her first opportunity in films.

She effortlessly transitioned between various genres, including drama, romance, and family-oriented films. Vijaya gained significant popularity in the Telugu film industry, where she became a sought-after actress. While her Telugu film career was flourishing, Vijaya also enjoyed immense success in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Y. Vijaya |url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/y-vijaya |access-date=2023-09-14 |work=Filmy Focus}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Vijaya married Amalanathan on 27 January 1985. He used to work as a correspondent in a college. After retiring, he entered into business. Vijaya lives in Mahalingapuram, [[Chennai]] with her family. She has a daughter Anushya who got married in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Y Vijaya Daughter Wedding Reception
|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/photos/tamil-events/actress-y-vijaya-daughter-wedding-reception-41872.html |access-date=2013-01-29 |work=Filmibeat}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=August 2021}}

=== Telugu ===
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Nindu Hrudayalu]]'' (1969)
* ''Thalli Thandrulu'' (1970)
* ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Vichitra Bandham]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Sri Krishnanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Dabbuki Lokam Dasoham]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Ganga Manga]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Number One (1973 film)|Number One]]'' (1973)
* ''Chairman Chalamayya'' (1974)
* ''[[Mangammagari Manavadu]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Pralaya Simham]]'' (1984) as Sheela
* ''[[Bangaru Kapuram]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Kapuram (1984) |url=https://indiancine.ma/YKF/info |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1984) as Sundari
* ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Anveshana]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Vijetha (1985 film)|Vijetha]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Preminchu Pelladu]]'' (1985)
* ''Aalaapana'' (1985)
* ''[[Maa Pallelo Gopaludu]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Pratighatana]]'' (1985)
* ''Naga Devatha'' (1986)
* ''[[Repati Pourulu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Magadheerudu]]'' (1986)
* ''Poojaku Panikiraani Puvvu'' (1986)
* ''[[Ladies Tailor (1986 film)|Ladies Tailor]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Vetagallu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zg1MK_KjW50 |title=VETAGALLU {{!}} { EXCLUSIVE } TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} BHANUCHANDER {{!}} GIRI BABU {{!}}OORVAASI {{!}} INDIAN MOVIE CAFE |language=en |access-date=2024-04-29 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> (1986) as Rajeshwari Devi
* ''[[Swati Mutyam]]'' (1986)
* ''Vivaha Bandham'' (1986)
* ''Mama Kodallu Saval'' (1986)
* ''Chadastapu Mogudu'' (1986)
* ''Mannemlo Monagadu'' (1986)
* ''[[Muddula Krishnayya]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kaliyuga Pandavulu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Chanakya Shapatham]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=ETV |title=ETV Watch Chanakya Sapatham Scene|url=https://www.etvwin.com/telugu-movies/chanakya-sapatham/srilakshmi-and-suthivelu-comedy-scene-1 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=ETVWin |language=en}}</ref> (1986) as Sasi's sister-in-law
* ''[[Agni Putrudu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Allari Krishnaiah]]'' (1987)
* ''Manavadostunnadu'' (1987)
* ''Gouthami'' (1987)
* ''Punnami Chandruudu'' (1987)
* ''[[Sankeertana]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Thene Manasulu (1987 film)|Thene Manasulu]]'' (1987) as Sarojini Devi
* ''[[Bhale Mogudu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Makutamleni Maharaju]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Sri Kanaka Mahalakshmi Recording Dance Troupe]]'' (1987)
* ''Ummadi Mogudu'' (1987)
* ''[[Krishna Leela (1987 film)|Krishna Leela]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Manmadha Leela Kamaraju Gola]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Mandaladeesudu]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Yamudiki Mogudu (1988 film)|Yamudiki Mogudu]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Brahma Putrudu]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Murali Krishnudu]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Donga Pelli]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Chuttalabbayi]]''(1988)
* ''[[Donga Kollu]]'' (1988)
* ''O Bharya Katha''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Telugu News, Movies, Celebrities, Images & Videos {{!}} V CINEMA |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/o-bharya-katha-1988 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=www.vcinema.com |language=en}}</ref> (1988) as Krishnaveni
* ''[[Bazaar Rowdy]]'' (1988)
* ''Collector Vijaya'' (1988)
* ''Aanimuthyam'' (1988)
* ''[[Station Master (1988 film)|Station Master]]'' (1988)
* ''[[August 15 Raatri]]'' (1988)
* ''Chilipi Dampathulu'' (1988)
* ''[[Chalaki Mogudu Chadastapu Pellam]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Goonda Rajyam]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1989 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]'' (1989)
* ''Soggaadi Kaapuram''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://watch.plex.tv/movie/soggadi-kapuram |title=Soggadi Kapuram |language=en |access-date=2024-09-25 |via=watch.plex.tv}}</ref> (1989) as Rattamma
* ''[[Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha]]'' (1989)
* ''Dorikithe Dongalu'' (1989)
* ''[[Vijay (1989 film)|Vijay]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Pinni]]'' (1989)
* ''Paila Pachessu'' (1989)
* ''Vintha Dongalu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinta Dongalu |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/vinta-dongalu/cast/2000145213/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> (1989) as Seelavathi
* ''Chennapatnam Chinnollu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennapatnam Chinnollu movie cast |url=https://www.vcinema.com/movie/chennapatnam-chinnollu-1989}}</ref> (1989) as Costumes supplier for movies
* ''[[Attintlo Adde Mogudu]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Master Kapuram]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Kodama Simham]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Nagastram]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Dagudumuthala Dampathyam]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Iddaru Pellala Muddula Police]]''(1991)
* ''[[Talli Tandrulu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Prema Thapassu]]'' (1991)
* ''Madhura Nagarilo'' (1991)
* ''[[Attintlo Adde Mogudu]]'' (1991)
* ''Naa Ille Naa Swargam'' (1991)
* ''[[Minor Raja]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Ashwini (film)|Ashwini]]'' (1991)
* ''Police Encounter'' (1991)
* ''Viyyala Vari Vindhu'' (1991)
* ''Mugguru Attala Muddula Alludu'' (1991)
* ''[[Edurinti Mogudu Pakkinti Pellam]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Shanti Kranti]]'' (1991)
* ''[[April 1 Vidudala]]'' (1991)
* ''Golmaal Govindam'' (1992)
* ''[[Subba Rayudi Pelli]]'' (1992)
* ''Pellam Chatu Mogudu'' (1992)
* ''Jagannatham & Sons'' (1992)
* ''Pelli Neeku Shobhanam Naaku'' (1992)
* ''Joker Mama Super Alludu'' (1992)
* ''Pellam Chepithe Vinali'' (1992)
* ''Srimaan Brahmachari'' (1992)
* ''Gowramma'' (1992)
* ''Chilara Mogudu Allari Koduku'' (1992)
* ''Pachani Samsaram'' (1992)
* ''Mogudu Pellala Dongata'' (1992)
* ''[[Kannayya Kittayya]]'' (1993)
* ''[[One by Two (1993 film)|One By Two]]'' (1993)
* ''Kokkoro Ko'' (1993)
* ''Pellama Majaka'' (1993)
* ''Donga Alludu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dongalludu|url=https://indiancine.ma/AHSR/info|access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.thecinebay.com}}</ref> (1993)
* ''[[Nippu Ravva]]'' (1993)
* ''Kaliyugam'' (1993)
* ''[[Matru Devo Bhava]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Chittemma Mogudu]]'' (1993)
* ''Jeevitham Oka Cinema'' (1993)
* ''Rowdy Gari Teacher'' (1993)
* ''[[Chirunavvula Varamistava]]'' (1993)
* ''Radha Sarathi'' (1993)
* ''[[Kurradhi Kurradu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurradi Kurradu (1994) Telugu Movie Review, Rating - Harish |url=https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/9086?ed=Tolly |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=www.thecinebay.com |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410084229/https://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/9086?ed=Tolly |url-status=dead }}</ref> (1994) as Gaddar Gangamma
* ''[[Gandeevam]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Number One]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Bangaru Kutumbam]]'' (1994)
* ''Atha Kodallu'' (1994)
* ''[[Brahmachari Mogudu]]'' (1994)
* ''Sundara Vadana Subbulakshmi Moguda'' (1994)
* ''[[Top Hero]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Lucky Chance]]'' (1994)
* ''Namaste Anna'' (1994)
* ''[[Kishkindha Kanda (film)|Kishkindha Kanda]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Ammoru]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Chinnabbulu]]'' (1995)
* ''Ammaleni Puttillu'' (1995)
* ''[[Rambantu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Sisindri]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Vaddu Bava Thappu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Gulabi (1995 film)|Gulabi]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Lingababu Love Story]]''(1995)
* ''Maya Bazaar'' (1995)
* ''[[Mummy Mee Aayanochadu]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Pellala Rajyam]]'' (1996)
* ''Amma Durgamma'' (1996)
* ''[[Pelli (film)|Pelli]]'' (1997)
* ''Osi Naa Maradala'' (1997)
* ''Abbai Gari Pelli'' (1997)
* ''[[Egire Paavurama]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Aahwanam]]'' (1997)
* ''Priyamaina Srivaru'' (1997)
* ''[[Anaganaga Oka Roju]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Suswagatham]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Subhakankshalu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pandaga]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Gillikajjalu]]'' (1998)
* ''Andaru Hero Le'' (1998)
* ''Arundathi'' (1999)
* ''Vichitram'' (1999)
* ''[[Raja (1999 Indian film)|Raja]]'' (1999)
* ''Veedu Samanyudu Kadhu'' (1999)
* ''[[Nuvvu Vastavani]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Manasichanu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Sakutumba Saparivaara Sametam]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Navvuthu Bathakalira]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Railway Coolie]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Budget Padmanabham]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Adhipathi]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Jackpot (2001 Indian film)|Jackpot]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Youth (2005 film)|Youth]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' (2005)
* ''True Friends'' (2018)
* ''[[F2 - Fun and Frustration]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna BA. BL]]'' (2019)
* ''[[F3 (film)|F3]]'' (2021)
{{colend}}

=== Tamil ===
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Vani Rani (film)|Vani Rani]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmatha Leelai]]'' (1976) as Bhargavi
* ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]'' (1976)
* ''Asai 60 Naal'' (1976)
* ''Pennai Solli Kuttramillai'' (1977)
* ''[[Raghupathi Raghavan Rajaram]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Avar Enakke Sontham]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Aarupushpangal]]'' (1977)
* ''Balaparichai'' (1977)
* ''[[Navarathinam]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Chakravarthy (1977 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' (1977)
* ''Aval Oru Athisayam'' (1978)
* ''[[Mudi Sooda Mannan]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Punniya Boomi]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Shri Kanchi Kamakshi]]'' (1978)
* ''Ival Oru Seethai'' (1978)
* ''[[Bairavi]]'' (1978)
* ''Ithu Eppadi Irukku'' (1978)
* ''[[Chakkalathi]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Rusi Kanda Poonai]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Engamma Maharani]]'' (1981)
* ''Pattam Parakkattum'' (1981)
* ''[[Kilinjalgal]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Thillu Mullu]]'' (1981)
* ''Meendum Santhippom'' (1981)
* ''[[Thanikattu Raja]]'' (1982)
* ''Marumagale Vazhga'' (1982)
* ''[[Nadodi Raja]]'' (1982)
* ''Kadhalithu Par'' (1982)
* ''[[Mann Vasanai]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Nallavanuku Nallavan]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Sanga Natham]]'' (1984)
* ''Aathora Aatha'' (1984)
* ''Antha Uravukku Satchi'' (1984)
* ''Nyayam Ketkiren'' (1984)
* ''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Unnai Naan Santhithen]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Poovilangu]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Nooravathu Naal]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Nilavu Suduvathillai]]'' (1984)
* ''Ingeyum Oru Gangai'' (1984)
* ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayoori]]'' (1985)
* ''Police Police'' (1985)
* ''[[Mangamma Sapatham (1985 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Kalyana Agathigal]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Neethiyin Marupakkam]]'' (1985)
* ''Anbin Mugavari'' (1985)
* ''[[Kaakki Sattai]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Karimedu Karuvayan]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Muthal Vasantham]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Sippikkul Muthu]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Mythili Ennai Kaathali]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Marumagal (1986 film)|Marumagal]]'' (1986)
* ''[[December Pookal]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Sarvam Sakthimayam]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Jaathi Pookkal]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Koottu Puzhukkal]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Jaathi Pookkal]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Aval Mella Sirithal]]'' (1988)
* ''[[En Thangai Kalyani]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Raththa Dhanam]]'' (1988)
* ''Thanga Kalasam'' (1988)
* ''[[Enga Ooru Kavalkaran]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' (1989)
* ''Thendral Puyalnadhu'' (1989)
* ''[[Paandi Nattu Thangam]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Aadi Velli (film)|Aadi Velli]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Periya Veetu Pannakkaran]]'' (1990)
* ''Pattanamthan Pogalamadi'' (1990)
* ''[[Manaivi Oru Manickam]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Mounam Sammadham]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Naanum Indha Ooruthan]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Shanti Enathu Shanti]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Pondatti Pondattithan]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Nattukku Oru Nallavan]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Rendu Pondatti Kaavalkaaran]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Nadodi Pattukkaran]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Vaaname Ellai]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Hero (1994 film)|Hero]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Pattukottai Periyappa]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Pudhiya Mannargal]]'' (1994)
* ''[[En Aasai Thangachi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Subash (film)|Subash]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Rajakali Amman]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Kann Thirandhu Paaramma]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Priyamana Thozhi]]'' (2003)
* ''Galatta Family'' (2025)
{{colend}}

===Malayalam===
* ''[[Madaalasa]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Poomadhathe Pennu]] Police Annamma'' (1984)
* ''[[Uyarum Njan Nadake]]'' (1985)...Vasumathi Amma
* ''[[Abhayam Thedi]]'' (1986)...Tessy
* ''[[Vasudha]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Indraprastham]]'' (1996) ... Susanna John
* ''Devadasi'' (1999)

===Kannada===
* ''[[Lakshmi Nivasa]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Shanti Kranti]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Shivanaga]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Simhada Mari]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Preethsod Thappa]]'' (1998)

===Hindi===
* bulandi
* ''[[Nattukku Oru Nallavan|Shanti Kranti]]'' (1991)

==Television==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Language
|-
| 1995 || ''Santiniketan'' || || [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|Telugu
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Chinna Papa Periya Papa]]'' || || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|-
| 2004–2006||[[Kalki (TV series)|''Kalki'']]||Vyjayanthi||[[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2005||''Comedy Dot Com''|||| Vissa
|Telugu
|-
|2005–2008||[[Aarthi (TV series)|''Aarthy'']]||Parvathy||[[Raj TV]]
|Tamil
|-
|2008–2013
|''[[Mogali Rekulu]]''
|Mahalaksmi
|[[Gemini TV]]
|Telugu
|-
| 2008 ||''Simran Thirai''|||| [[Jaya TV]]
|Tamil
|-
|2010||[[Abirami (TV series)|''Abirami'']]||||[[Kalaignar TV]]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|-
|2015–2016||''Sindubad''||Pattu Maami|| [[Zee Tamizh]]
|-
|2018||''Agni Sakshi''|||| [[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|-
|2018||''Bangaru Gajulu''|||| [[Zee Telugu]]
|-
|2018–2019||[[Minnale (TV series)|''Minnale'']]|| ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Tamil
|-
|2023||''Yeda Loyallo Indra Dhanassu''|| ||[[Star Maa]]|| Telugu
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm0944712}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijaya, Y.}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Kurnool]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa]]

People's Publishing House (India)

2026-05-04T01:57:15Z

Kishore121: Done

{{Short description|Indian publisher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = People's Publishing House
| image = PPH Connaught Place Showroom.jpg
| status = Active
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1942}}
| founder = {{ubl|[[Communist Party of India]]}}
| country = India
| headquarters = 5E, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi – 110055, India.
| keypeople = Sudhakar Reddy Bhalchandra Kango Narayana Kankanala [[Atul Kumar Anjan]]
| publications = [[Book]]s
| topics = History, Politics, Marxism, Literature, Children's Literature, philosophy
| genre =

| url = [https://www.pphbooks.net/ www.pphbooks.net]
}}

'''People's Publishing House (PPH)''' is an Indian publisher. It is headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. PPH publishes books on topics including politics, history, art and culture, novels, children's literature, autobiographies, but primarily caters to Marxist and progressive literature. PPH was officially established in 1942, when the British Indian government legalised the Communist Party of India.<ref name="Sandhurst" /> PPH was incorporated as a trust in 1947. The current publishers of PPH are Sudhakar Survaram Reddy, Bhalchandra Khanderao Kango, Narayana Kankanala and [[Atul Kumar Anjan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Corporate Affairs Filings of PPH, ZaubaCorp |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/PEOPLES-PUBLISHING-HOUSE-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U74899DL1947PTC002547 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref>

[[File:PPH Headquarters RANI JHANSI ROAD Terrace.jpg|thumb|alt=PPH Headquarters, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi|PPH Headquarters, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi]]
Presently, apart from its headquarters at Rani Jhansi Road and in New Delhi, PPH has three other branches in Delhi. They are in [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] Showroom, and at CPI Headquarters at Ajoy Bhawan. Outside Delhi, PPH has branch offices in [[Lucknow]] and [[Ranchi]] as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=People's Publishing House, Contact Us |url=https://pphbooks.net/contact_us.php/osCsid/mrj6k73j14cs9v3ccp4ui921o4 |website=PPH |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> There is also a People's Book House, operating in [[Patna]].<ref>{{cite web |title=People's Book House Patna, Corporate Filing with Ministry of Corporate Affairs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/peoples-book-house-private-limited/U22120BR1986PTC002450 |website=Economic Times |publisher=Times of India Group |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> In [[Maharashtra]], PPH was renamed as '''Lok Vangmay Griha (House of People's Literature in Marathi)''', which is located at [[Bhupesh Gupta]] Bhavan, Leningrad Chowk, Mumbai. Apart from its own Printing Press at Prabhadevi, [[Mumbai]], it also operates a book shop, People's Book House, at Horniman Circle of Mumbai city.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Mumbai's Leftist bookshop and printing press are keeping the red flag fluttering |url=http://scroll.in/article/805336/how-mumbais-leftist-bookshop-and-printing-press-are-keeping-the-red-flag-fluttering |website=Scroll India|date=19 March 2016 }}</ref> In [[Rajasthan]], there exists a '''Rajasthan People's Publishing House (RPPH)''', which is a separate entity closely linked with [[Communist Party of India]]. Narendra Acharya who is on the board of directors of RPPH is State Secretary of the Communist Party of India's Rajasthan State Council.<ref>{{cite web |title=CPI filings with Election Commission of India, Page 7 |url=https://sec.rajasthan.gov.in/cm/upload/44890001.pdf |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=ECI |access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> RPPH was established in 1978, and is located at Chameliwala Market in state capital [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RPPH, Corporate filings with Ministry of Corporate Affairs. |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/RAJASTHAN-PEOPLE-S-PUBLISHING-HOUSE-PVT-LTD/U22122RJ1978PTC001788 |website=Zaubacorp |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

The PPH occasionally publish works by foreign Marxist authors, with special copyright arrangements with the original publishing houses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dutt |first1=R. Palme |title=India Today and Tomorrow |date=1955 |publisher=Lawrence and Wishart London |location=New Age Printing Press (PPH) Delhi India |page=6 |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/dutt/1955/india-today-tomorrow.pdf |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thi Binh |first1=Nguyen |title=Family, Friends and Country |date=August 2014 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=5E, Rani Jhansi Road, New Delhi |url=https://pphbooks.net/product_info.php/cPath/59/products_id/534/osCsid/dmdg12u2krohtfelehd6p7ffc3 |access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref> In the 1980's, PPH and RPPH had jointly published Soviet books in Hindi, with [[Raduga Publishers]] Moscow. These books were printed in the Soviet Union, but carried the names and logo of these three publishing houses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tolstoy |first1=Lev |title=Yuddh Aur Shanti (War and Peace, Hindi). Title Page, Publishers name. |date=1987 |publisher=Raduga Publishers Moscow, People's Publishing House Delhi, Rajasthan People's Publishing House Jaipur |url=https://archive.org/details/20221104_20221104_1218/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=5 April 2024}}</ref> PPH was a major importer and distributor of Soviet books in India between 1943 and 1995.<ref name="internationalliterature" /><ref name="New" /><ref name="Bourgeois" /><ref name="MK" />

== History ==
Although the Communist Party of India (CPI) was established as a political party in October 1920, it was constantly suppressed by the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] and had to work as an underground movement.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karat |first1=Brinda |title=100 Years of the Communist Party |date=2019 |publisher=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |pages=5, 13, 29 |url=http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015q47rr96x |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref> In June 1941, [[Adolf Hitler]] [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked the USSR]] and CPI changed its strategy in viewing World War II not as an "imperialistic war" but as a "people's war against fascism". It also decided to support the Allied powers so as to defeat [[Nazi Germany]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adhikari |first1=G. |title=From Peace Front to People's War |date=1944 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4 |page=347 |edition=II |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.237120/page/347/mode/1up |access-date=11 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sundarayaa |first1=P |title=Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946–1951. Part One: Historical Setting |journal=Social Scientist |date=February 1973 |volume=1 |issue=7 |page=15 |doi=10.2307/3516269 |jstor=3516269 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516269 |access-date=11 April 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karat |first1=Brinda |title=100 Years of the Communist Party |date=2019 |publisher=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |page=42 |url=http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp015q47rr96x |access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref> In July 1942, the British rulers of India legalised the [[Communist Party of India]] in return for its support to the British war effort. With this, CPI was also permitted to import books from the USSR and to publish its own party literature. Thus, People's Publishing House (PPH) started as a publishing and book distributing arm of the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1942.<ref name="Sandhurst">{{cite book |last1=Dubey |first1=Radhe |title=Kahani Ek Naye Mazmoon Ki (Story of a New Idea. Hindi) |date=2006 |publisher=Lok Prakashan Griha |location=B-131, Sadatpur, Po. Gokalpuri, Delhi – 110094 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Red Letter Days |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/0XcgoiNzBKeBUFlELcSrtL/Red-letter-days.html |access-date=22 March 2024 |website=Live Mint (Hindustan Times) |date=19 November 2010 |publisher=Hindustan Times Group}}</ref> It was officially incorporated as a private limited company on 12 March 1947.<ref name="PPH">{{cite web |title=People's Publishing House, About Us |url=https://pphbooks.net/about.php/osCsid/avreagq33950os0bhocj2vqgn3 |website=PPH |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

Although the PPH was officially established in 1942, after the CPI was legalised, the underground CPI had already published booklets under the name People's Publishing House since 1921. In 1921 it published a 43-page booklet titled ''Thesis on the organization and Structure of the communist Parties''.<ref name=JNU>{{cite book |title=Thesis on the organization and Structure of the communist Parties, adopted at the 3rd Congress of the Communist International in 1921, Together with the Statutes of the CI |date=1921 |publisher=People's Publishing House |url=http://jnucatalogue.jnu.ac.in:8000/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=249481&query_desc=Provider%3APeople%27s%20Publishing%20House%2C |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> This booklet was also published in the same year in Hindi as well.<ref>{{cite book |title=Communist Party Ke Sanghatan Ke Sindhant |date=1921 |publisher=People's Publishing House |url=http://jnucatalogue.jnu.ac.in:8000/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=249482&query_desc=Provider%3APeople%27s%20Publishing%20House%2C |access-date=12 April 2024 |language=Hindi}}</ref> In 1935, PPH published Frank Verulam's 46-page booklet titled ''Imperialism and the People''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verulam |first1=Frank |title=Imperialism and the People |date=1935 |publisher=People's Publishing House |url=http://jnucatalogue.jnu.ac.in:8000/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=249510&query_desc=Provider%3APeople%27s%20Publishing%20House%2C |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> In 1939, PPH published [[Dona Torr]]'s 31 pages booklet ''From Imperialist War to People's War''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Torr |first1=Dona |title=From Imperialist War to People's War |date=1939 |publisher=People's Publishing House |url=http://jnucatalogue.jnu.ac.in:8000/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=249528&query_desc=Provider%3APeople%27s%20Publishing%20House%2C |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>

In 1942, CPI rented a three-storey house, Raj Bhuvan, on the Sandhurst Road (now Sardar [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] Marg) in [[Bombay]]. CPI's Party Headquarters (popularly known as PHQ) was established in this building. Several senior leaders of CPI and other workers used to live and work in the PHQ along with their families. People's Publishing House (PPH) and the [[Composing stick|Hand Composing]] section of New Age Printing Press was also housed in the Raj Bhuvan building. The Hand Composing department of New Age Printing Press was located on the ground floor of Raj Bhuvan. Nearby, on Khetwadi Road, another half portion of a building, known as RK Building, and the top storey of another house was also rented by CPI. An English [[Linotype machine]] was established on the Khetwadi Road building, and New Age Printing Press was also housed there. PPH's retail office was established on the third floor of this building.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Urdhvareshe |first1=Prabhakara |title=Khoye Hue Dina (Lost Days. Hindi) |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=9788126002566 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsMMAAAAIAAJ&q="लाइनोटाइप" |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> On the First Floor of the RK Building, Photographer [[Sunil Janah]] used to have a [[Darkroom]].<ref name="Sandhurst" />

[[File:Peoples Publishing House Bombay 1944 Marx Engels Lenin Stalin Series Historical Writings.jpg|thumb|alt=Historical Writings Series, PPH Bombay, 1944 Edition|Historical Writings Series, PPH Bombay, 1944 Edition]]
[[PC Joshi]], then General Secretary of CPI, had started publication of its English mouthpiece ''People's War'' and its Hindi edition ''Lok Yuddh'' (लोक युद्ध) on 2 October 1942, that was published from CPI Headquarters at Raj Bhuvan and printed from New Age Printing Press on Khetwadi Road.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Awasthi |first1=Rekha |title=Pragatiwad Aur Samanantar Sahitya (Progressiveness and Parallel Literature. Hindi.) |date=1978 |publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=New Delhi |page=53 |edition=Ist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_wNAAAAMAAJ&q=%22जन+प्रकाशन+गृह%22}}</ref> After the end of the Second World War, [[B.T. Ranadive]] had decided to change the name of ''People's War'' to ''People's Age''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Urdhvareshe |first1=Prabhakara |title=Khoye Hue Dina (Lost Days. Hindi.) |date=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788126002566 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsMMAAAAIAAJ&q=%22पीपुल्स+एज%22}}</ref> In its formative years, PPH only published Marxist classics; literature belonging to the Second World War; and one or two story books by Soviet writers. The first book came out of the press in November 1942 and it was [[Gangadhar Adhikari]]'s ''From Peace Front to People's War''. The first edition that was published in November 1942 was in booklet form. The second edition, published in June 1944, was an enlarged one. Adhikari was the former General Secretary of CPI, who served this position between 1933 and 1935.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adhikari |first1=G. |title=From Peace Front to People's War |date=June 1944 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=Raj Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4 |edition=II |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.237120/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> In 1942, PPH also published a 46-page booklet by Sharaf Athar Ali titled ''Against Hitler – The Voice of Free Germany''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ali |first1=Sharaf Athar |title=Against Hitler – The Voice of Free Germany |date=1942 |publisher=People's Publishing House |url=http://jnucatalogue.jnu.ac.in:8000/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=247308 |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> PPH also published, in 1943, [[Mikhail Sholokhov]]'s story ''Hate''; Elena Kononenko's story ''Tanya''; and [[Nikolai Tikhonov]]'s ''Tales of Leningrad'' as separate booklets. ''Tanya'' was also translated into [[Gujarati language|Gujrati]] and [[Urdu]]. Its Urdu translation was done by [[Ali Sardar Jafri]]. In 1943, PPH also reprinted ''The Army of the Soviet Union'' by Prof. I Minz. This book was originally published a year before, in 1942, in Moscow.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Minz |first1=Prof. I |title=The Army of the Soviet Union (End Page, Books List) |date=1943 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=190 B, Khetwadi Main Road, Bombay – 4}}</ref>

In April 1943, PPH published a pamphlet titled ''Kisans on the March - For Food and Freedom,'' edited by the communist leader [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] who later became the first chief minister of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Namboodripad |first1=EMS |title=Kisans on the March - For Food and Freedom |date=April 1943 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=190B, Khetwadi Main Road, Bombay 4 |url=https://kisansabha.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7thconference-resolutions.pdf |access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>

From 1943 onwards, PPH started to distribute Soviet books in India.<ref name=internationalliterature>{{cite journal |title=End Page, Distributors list |journal=International Literature |date=1943 |issue=4 |publisher=The State Literary Publishing House |location=Moscow, Soviet Union}}</ref> National Book Agency (NBA), which was based in [[Calcutta]], had started distributing Soviet books in 1945. NBA was established by noted Marxist leader [[Muzaffar Ahmad]] along with his colleagues Rebati Burman and Suren Kar in 1939. NBA is still functioning today from its historic premises 12 A, Bankim Chatterjee Street, Calcutta. Both PPH and NBA were the only distributor of Soviet books in British India.<ref name=New>{{cite journal |title=End Page (Distributors List) |journal=New Times |date=February 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBcCQVOLHp8C&q="People's+Publishing+House" |access-date=4 April 2024 |publisher=Trud Newspaper, Moscow}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Book Agency, About Us |url=https://www.nationalbookagency.com/pages/About-Us/2 |website=NBA |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

In 1944, PPH published [[Otto Wille Kuusinen|Otto Kunsinen]]'s ''Finland Unmasked'', which was a 35-page booklet and available for 6 [[Anna (monetary subunit)|Annas]]; [[Friedrich Engels]]'s ''Ludwig Feurbach''; and [[Vyacheslav Molotov|Molotov's]] ''New Powers of the Soviet Republics''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Books Received |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j74-AAAAIBAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CPeople%E2%80%99s+Publishing+House%E2%80%9D&pg=PA4&article_id=3993,7141564 |access-date=9 April 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=31 May 1944}}</ref> In the same year it also published [[PC Joshi]]'s booklet ''Among Kisan Patriots''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Books Received |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l74-AAAAIBAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CPeople%E2%80%99s+Publishing+House%E2%80%9D&pg=PA4&article_id=3106,7522404 |access-date=9 April 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=8 June 1944}}</ref>

In 1944 PPH started publication of a two volume series of ''Historical Writings of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]]''. It was the first Indian edition of Marx and Engels's works. Volume 1 of this series was published in 1944 and volume 2 was published in 1945.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Karl |title=Historical Writings |date=November 1944 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=Raj Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4 |edition=Ist |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458709/mode/2up |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Engels |title=Historical Writings, Volume II |date=1945 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=Raj Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4 |edition=Ist |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.189732/mode/2up |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> In 1944, PPH also published a 459-page book titled ''The History of the October Revolution'' that was edited by [[Maxim Gorky]], [[Vyacheslav Molotov]], [[Kliment Voroshilov]], [[Sergei Kirov]], [[Andrei Zhdanov]] and [[Joseph Stalin]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of the October Revolution |date=September 1944 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=Raj Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183787/mode/2up |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> Maxim Gorky's reminiscences ''Days with Lenin'' was published by PPH in January 1944.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gorky |first1=Maxim |title=Days with Lenin |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=Raj Bhuvan, Sandhurst Road, Bombay 4 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34416/page/n3/mode/1up |access-date=15 July 2025}}</ref>

Just a few months before [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]], PPH was organised as a trust on 12 March 1947, and it became a rivate limited company.<ref name="PPH" /> In the same year PPH established a branch in [[Lahore]] city, which became a big publishing house in Pakistan after independence. Another branch was established in Lucknow.<ref name="Lucknow">{{cite journal |title=Distributor's List |journal=New Times Journal |date=9 January 1947 |issue=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cdIzmPM2p0C&q="People's+Publishing+House"}}</ref> Another entity was established under the name People's Book House in Rangoon city of [[Burma]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Distributor's List |journal=Soviet Literature |date=January 1947 |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vRGAQAAIAAJ&q="People's+Publishing+House" |access-date=12 April 2024 |publisher=Writer's Union of the USSR}}</ref>

[[File:India Today Rajani Palme Dutt 1947.jpg|thumb|alt=India Today, 1947 Edition|India Today, 1947 Edition]]
In several other cities of India, namely [[Nagpur]], [[Poona]], [[Patna]], [[Trichur]], [[Allahabad]] and [[Calicut]], several People's Book Houses (PBH) were established in 1947 selling Soviet books and magazines. In [[Vijaywada]], a Prajashakti Publishing House was established in 1947.<ref name="Lucknow" /> Prajasakti Book House is a sizable publisher and bookseller of [[Andhra Pradesh|the Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana|the Telangana]] region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prajasakti Book House, Contact Us |url=https://www.psbh.in/contact-us/ |website=PSBH |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref> In 1947 PPH published the first Indian edition of the book ''India Today'' by [[R. Palme Dutt]].

During the late 1940s, all the People's Book Houses, National Book Agency (NBA) and Prajasakti Publishing House had directly served as the branches of PPH. Presently, NBA and Prajasakti are no longer associated with PPH, and are currently associated with [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], which split from the CPI in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communist Party of India (Marxist) – Other Publicstions |url=https://cpim.org/other-publications |website=CPI(M) |date=10 August 2009 |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref>

CPI started a [[Telangana Rebellion]] preceding independence. This movement gained momentum which led to, in 1948, most of the CPI's important leaders going underground to avoid arrest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sundarayya |first1=P. |title=Telangana People's Armed Struggle, 1946–51. Part Three: Pitted against the Indian Army |journal=Social Scientist |date=April 1973 |volume=1 |issue=9 |pages=30, 35, 43 |doi=10.2307/3516496 |jstor=3516496 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516496 |access-date=11 April 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sainath |first1=P. |title=N. Sankaraiah: One Hundred Years a Revolutionary |url=https://thewire.in/politics/n-sankaraiah-one-hundred-years-a-revolutionary |website=The Wire |access-date=11 April 2024 |date=16 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dubey |first1=Radhe |title=Kahani Ek Naye Mazmoon Ki (Story of a New Idea. Hindi) |date=2006 |publisher=Lok Prakashan Griha |location=B-131, Sadatpur, Po. Gokalpuri, New Delhi – 110094 |page=23}}</ref> PPH was not flourishing during this time, but in order to distribute books and other literature in Delhi, two volunteers, Atul Sawani and Madan Bakaya, arrived from Bombay and established a book shop called Delhi Book Centre on Irwin Road (now Baba Kharak Singh Marg) in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dubey |first1=Radhe |title=Kahani Ek Naye Mazmoon Ki (Story of a New Idea. Hindi) |date=2006 |publisher=Lok Prakashan Griha |location=B-131, Sadatpur, Po. Gokalpuri, New Delhi – 110094 |page=31}}</ref> This area was a calm market of Delhi in those days and intellectuals of Delhi often walked through this market to search for books. So for CPI, having a book shop in this area was of important value. But because of Telangana Rebellion, this was done very discretely and in different names to avoid attention of police. In 1950 a Marx House was established by CPI in Connaught Place, which was a meeting place for intellectuals and Soviet books and periodicals were available here for sale. It functioned for a year or two. CPI also opened a third book shop, Minerva Book Stall, in Connaught Place at this time.<ref name="Marx">{{cite book |last1=Gupt |first1=Anand |title=Delhi ki Communist Party ka Itihaas (History of Communist Party of Delhi. Hindi) |date=2007 |publisher=Communist Party of India |location=Urdu Bazar, Jama Masjid, Delhi – 110006 |page=281}}</ref> During this time of the Telangana Rebellion, the offices and Bombay Headquarters of PPH were also raided by the police in search of proscribed literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bombay Police Raid Communist Party HQ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQRFAAAAIBAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CPeople%E2%80%99s+Publishing+House%E2%80%9D&pg=PA1&article_id=5886,6019341 |access-date=9 April 2024 |agency=Press Trust of India |publisher=The Indian Express |date=9 August 1950}}</ref>

In 1951, CPI ended the Telangana Rebellion and the Nehru Government had lifted its sanctions on the party. Just before the General Elections of 1951, CPI headquarters had moved from Bombay to Delhi. It was first established on Keeling Road (now [[Tolstoy Marg]]) in Connaught Place.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dubey |first1=Radhe |title=Kahani Ek Naye Mazmoon Ki (Story of a New Idea. Hindi) |date=2006 |publisher=Lok Prakashan Griha |location=B-131, Sadatpur, Po. Gokalpuri, New Delhi – 110094 |page=28}}</ref> In 1952, it was shifted to a building called Pahwa Mansion on Asaf Ali Road. A nearby building, called Khanna Building, was also rented. Several volunteers from both the newspaper ''Janyug'' (meaning People's Age in Hindi) and PPH were moved from Dev Nagar (Rohtak Road, Delhi) into this Khanna Building and it became the PPH headquarter in Delhi for next couple of years. The New Age Printing Press was accommodated in [[Paharganj]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dubey |first1=Radhe |title=Kahani Ek Naye Mazmoon Ki (Story of a New Idea. Hindi) |date=2006 |publisher=Lok Prakashan Griha |location=B-131, Sadatpur, Po. Gokalpuri, New Delhi – 110094 |page=30}}</ref>

In 1951, a few leaders of CPI had opened a book shop called Progs Books in Connaught Place. It became a meeting point of CPI members from all over the country.<ref name="Marx" />

[[File:Peoples Publishing House Bill 2007.jpg|thumb|alt=PPH bill of 2007, marking an address change of Connaught Place Showroom|PPH bill of 2007, marking an address change of Connaught Place Showroom]]
By 1953, Delhi Book Centre was moved to Paharganj in the same building as New Age Printing Press.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Distributors List |journal=New Times Journal |date=1953 |issue=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BxxaUyP3tQC&q="Delhi+Book+Centre" |publisher=Trud Newspaper, Moscow, USSR}}</ref> In the same year, Connaught Place Showroom of PPH was established by renting half of a shop from the chemist Nath Brothers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dubey |first1=Radhe |title=Kahani Ek Naye Mazmoon Ki (Story of a New Idea. Hindi) |date=2006 |publisher=Lok Prakashan Griha |location=B-131, Sadatpur, Po. Gokalpuri, New Delhi – 110094 |page=35}}</ref> In its heyday, many stalwarts of Indian culture, cinema and literature including [[Ali Sardar Jafri]], [[Kaifi Azmi]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Annu Kapoor]] and others used to visit this showroom and purchase books.<ref name=Bourgeois>{{cite web |title=Bourgeois Pleasure : Delhi's Soviet era bookstore |url=https://thepatriot.in/reports/bourgeois-pleasure-delhis-soviet-era-bookstore-31487 |website=The Patriot |date=22 November 2022 |publisher=United India Periodicals |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Rajani Palme Dutt Portrait at Peoples Publishing House.jpg|thumb|alt=RPD's Portrait at PPH Headquarters, Rani Jhansi Road|RPD's Portrait at PPH Headquarters, Rani Jhansi Road]]
Between 1956<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Ghosh |editor1-first=Ajoy |title=End Page, Address Section |journal=New Age |date=October 1956 |volume=V |issue=10 |publisher=Communist Party of India |location=7/4 Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi}}</ref> and 1958,<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Ranadive |editor1-first=BT |title=End Page, Address Section |journal=New Age |date=October 1958 |volume=VII |issue=10 |publisher=Communist Party of India |location=5, MM Road, New Delhi}}</ref> CPI established a three-storey building for PPH on 5E, M.M. Road of Delhi (now Rani Jhansi Road, Jhandewalan, Delhi). New Age Printing Press was established on the ground floor of this building, from where the newspaper ''Janyug'' and the English newspaper ''New Age'' were printed. People's Publishing House was established on the second floor of this building. This building was named [[R. Palme Dutt]] Bhawan, after the noted British Communist leader who visited India in 1946.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupt |first1=Anand |title=Delhi ki Communist Party ka Itihaas (History of Communist Party of Delhi. Hindi) |date=2007 |publisher=Communist Party of India, Delhi State Council |location=Urdu Bazar, Jama Masjid, Delhi – 110006 |page=70}}</ref> On the second floor stairs of this building hung a photo of R. Palme Dutt that was taken by CPI in 1946 during his India visit. This photograph was there until very recently and might have been moved to CPI headquarters at Ajoy Bhawan in Delhi.

By 1948, PPH was publishing and selling books by the Hindi author [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] all over India, despite the fact that he had resigned from the Communist Party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindi Sammelan President Leaves Communist Party |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8U-AAAAIBAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CPeople%E2%80%99s+Publishing+House%E2%80%9D&pg=PA5&article_id=4915,1039558 |access-date=9 April 2024 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=11 January 1948}}</ref> Hindi author [[Ram Vilas Sharma]] had started his literary career at PPH.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Ram Vilas |title=Apni Dharti Apne Log, Vol 1 |date=1996 |publisher=Kitab ghar Prakashan |isbn=8170163056 |page=167}}</ref> In 1950s, noted Hindi writer [[Nirmal Verma]] and veteran leader of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] Ram Aasre were associated with PPH and had translated Soviet Books for the publishing house.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuprin |first1=Alexander |title=Kuprin Ki Kahaniyan |date=April 1958 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=MM Road, New Delhi |edition=Ist |url=https://archive.org/details/KUPRINKIKAHANIYANHINDI/page/n1/mode/2up |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fadeyev |first1=Alexander |title=Parajay |date=1958 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=M.M. Road, Delhi |edition=Ist}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gorky |first1=Maxim |title=Sahityik Sansmaran (Literary Portraits) |date=May 1958 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=MM Road, New Delhi |url=https://ia601402.us.archive.org/34/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.480209/2015.480209.Sahitiyak-Sansmaran.pdf |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> Verma translated [[Alexander Fadeyev (writer)|Alexander Fadeyev's]] ''Parajay, The Rout'' (पराजय) and the stories of [[Alexander Kuprin]] into Hindi. Aasre translated [[Maxim Gorky]]'s ''Literary Portraits'' (साहित्यिक संस्मरण) into Hindi.

Narottam Nagar translated ''21 Russian Stories'' (21 रूसी कहानियाँ) and [[Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin|Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin's]] ''Stories'' (नेकी और बदी) into Hindi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ikkis Roosi Kahaniyan (21 Russian Stories). Title Page, Translator's Name. |date=December 1956 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=Asaf Ali Road, New Delhi – 1 |edition=Ist}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schedrin |first1=Saltykov |title=Neki Aur Badi tatha Anya Kahaniyan |date=April 1958 |publisher=People's Publishing House |location=MM Road, Delhi 1 |edition=Ist |language=Hindi}}</ref>

In the months leading to the [[collapse of Soviet Union]], there was a period of [[1991 Soviet coup attempt|political instability in USSR]]. During this time, PPH stopped receiving Marxist literature because of [[Perestroika|policy changes in the USSR]]. When Indian readers feared that Russian books were going to disappear forever, they rushed to PPH bookstores to buy entire volumes of Marx and Lenin.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naqvi |first1=Jawed |title=Marx and Lenin Sell Cheap in India, But Readers Scurry for More |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKZjAAAAIBAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CPeople%E2%80%99s+Publishing+House%E2%80%9D&pg=PA6&article_id=834,1030671 |access-date=9 April 2024 |agency=Reuters |publisher=Stabroek News, Georgetown Guyana |date=2 October 1991}}</ref> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russians kept on supplying books to PPH till 1995. PPH continued selling these books until early 2000s from huge stockpiles that it purchased during the Soviet era.<ref name="Bourgeois" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Russian books live on in city bookstore |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-russian-books-live-on-in-city-bookstore-2267204 |website=DNA India |publisher=Zee Media Corporation |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> For importing Soviet Books into India, PPH directly dealt with Soviet Exports Agency for Books and Periodicals – [[Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga]] (MK).<ref name="MK">{{cite journal |title=Distributors of Soviet Books and Periodicals in India |editor1-last=Syomin |editor1-first=G.A. |journal=Books from USSR, Soviet Review |date=26 February 1981 |volume=XVIII |issue=10 |page=41 |url=https://archive.org/details/books-from-ussr-soviet-review-1981/page/41/mode/1up |access-date=8 April 2024 |publisher=N.M. Fedin for the Information Department of the USSR Embassy in India |location=25, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi}}</ref>

== Soviet literature and India ==
[[File:Peoples Publishing House and Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga.jpg|thumb|alt=PPH Address Label, found on a parcel sent by Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga.|PPH Address Label, found on a parcel sent by Mezhdunarodnaya Kniga.]] On the eve of India's independence in 1946, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had sent [[K.P.S. Menon]], then Indian ambassador to China, to Paris. His task was to meet Soviet Foreign Minister [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] on the outskirts of the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Paris Peace Conference]]. Menon gave Molotov a letter from Nehru, in which he wished to establish diplomatic relations with the USSR.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mohanty |first1=Prof. Arun |title=Saga of India Russia Diplomatic Ties |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/04/21/saga_of_india-russia_diplomatic_ties_12430 |website=Russia Beyond The Headlines RBTH |date=21 April 2011 |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref> In April 1947, a few months before Indian independence, Soviet Union and India formally established diplomatic ties.<ref>{{cite web |title=How India Russia Relations overcame the bitterness of Stalin Years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/history-of-it/story/india-russia-relations-joseph-stalin-jawaharlal-nehru-mahatma-gandhi-s-jaishankar-2481713-2023-12-29 |website=India Today |date=29 December 2023 |publisher=India Today Group |access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>

Many years prior to these formal diplomatic ties, literature had served as the first contact between the two countries. After the [[Communist Party of India]] was legalised by the British in 1942, it started to disseminate Soviet literature through its publishing house PPH. In the same year, the magazine ''Soviet Union News'' started publication in Delhi. Apart from news from USSR (published under a column titled "TASS"), it contained stories by Russian authors and other cultural stories. Its price was 3 Annas and it mentioned a post box in Delhi as its registered address.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Soviet Union News |journal=Soviet Union News |date=January 1943 |volume=2 |issue=1 |publisher=Editor, S.U.N. |location=P.O. Box. No. 166 Delhi |language=English}}</ref> Later, in the year 1947, after the establishment of the Soviet Embassy in India, Representatives of [[TASS]] in India revived the publication of a 1930s era Soviet magazine called ''Soviet Land''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Soviet Land |journal=Soviet Land |date=25 November 1951 |volume=4 |issue=22 |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83-00415R010200020023-0.pdf}}</ref> This magazine resembled ''Soviet Union News''. The only difference was that it was entirely published and printed by TASS instead of USSR.<ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Baratov |editor1-first=Boris |title=Soviet Land |journal=Soviet Land |date=April 1938 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=50 |publisher=United Magazines and Newspapers, USSR |location=4, Kuznetsky Most, Moscow, USSR |language=English}}</ref> It was published in 13 other Indian languages including [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=These Folk Tales Record a Unique Past Between South Asia and Soviet Russia |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/daily-star-books/news/these-folk-tales-record-unique-past-between-south-asia-and-soviet-russia-3244246 |website=Daily Star |date=10 February 2023 |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1980s, PPH had distributed Soviet literature in many small towns of India by participating and organising stalls in local level fairs of these small towns. This had led to widespread reach of Soviet books and periodicals amongst the Indian masses. PPH also used to sell Soviet books by dispatching a specially designed van to these towns. This van acted as a bookshop on wheels.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mehrotra |first1=Palash Krishna |title=Baba Yaga on the Ganges |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/14/opinion/india-soviet-union-books.html |website=The New York Times |publisher=NYT |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref>

== Impact ==
[[File:Odessa to New Delhi High Resolution.jpg|thumb|alt=A Russian Postmark of Odessa Port, dating 18 September 1981, found on PPH Parcel|A Russian Postmark of Odessa Port, dating 18 September 1981, found on PPH Parcel]] A large number of Soviet Books started appearing on the shelves of Indian readers. Many people who grew up in India in the 1970s,1980s up to the 1990s are still nostalgic about these books with their colourful pages full of art and cartoons.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhuyan |first1=Avantika |title=Reviving the Nostalgia around Soviet era Children's Books |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/relationships/raising-parents/reviving-the-nostalgia-around-soviet-era-children-s-books-111632540576601.html |website=Mint Lifestyle |date=25 September 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times Group |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Nilanjana S |title=Why a generation of Indian Writers, Publishers and Booklovers grew up reading Russian Books |url=https://scroll.in/article/777690/why-a-generation-of-indian-writers-publishers-and-booklovers-grew-up-reading-russian-books |website=Scroll India |date=24 December 2015 |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref>

Not only in the field of literature and children's literature, but also heavily subsidised Soviet textbooks in science and technology, had founded their base among the students of the Indian universities, who considered them much cheaper compared to their American or British counterparts. Through the PPH, Soviet Union had supplied these technical text books to Indian students.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soviets Undersell Textbooks in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwJPAAAAIBAJ&dq=%E2%80%9CPeople%E2%80%99s+Publishing+House%E2%80%9D&pg=PA44&article_id=7343,2532156 |access-date=9 April 2024 |agency=United Press International. |publisher=The Blade, Toledo, Ohio. |date=28 November 1963}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1wMk0YaFA94 Interview of PPH Publisher Dr. BN Kango in Hindi]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJf41BedgpA Interview of PPH Connaught Place Bookshop Manager Mr. Rishav Kumar in Hindi (with English Subtitles)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82wwfDV_3II&t=248 A documentary on "Soviet Literature and India", which features interview of PPH Managing Director Mr. Shamim Faizi (in English)]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1942]]
[[Category:Companies based in Delhi]]

Main Nashe Mein Hoon

2026-05-02T19:32:10Z

Kishore121: started new article from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Main Nashe Mein Hoon
| image = Main Nashe Mein Hoon poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Naresh Saigal
| writer = Jagdish Kanwal
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Jagdish Kanwal
* Shivaji Rathore
* Naresh Saigal
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Raj Kapoor]]
* [[Mala Sinha]]
* [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]]
* Mubarak
* [[Leela Chitnis]]
* [[Nazir Hussain]]
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|[[Shankar Jaikishan]]}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Krishan Saigal
}}
| editing = B.S. Glaad
| studio = Varma Pictures<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/main-nashe-mein-hoon-1959|title=Main Nashe Men Hoon (1959) | website=myswar.co|access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>
| distributor = Varma Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=y|1959|1|1}}<ref name="bollywoodhungama1959">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505706 |title=Main Nashe Mein Hoon (1959) | Movie Review, Trailers, Music Videos, Songs, Wallpapers |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1959-01-01 |accessdate=2013-01-12 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810171304/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505706 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime =
}}

'''''Main Nashe Mein Hoon''''' ({{langx|en|I Am Intoxicated}}) is a 1959 Hindi film directed by Naresh Saigal.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Main Nashe Men Hoon (1959) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director |url= https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/main-nashe-men-hoon-2662/cast-crew |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210123084604/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/main-nashe-men-hoon-2662/cast-crew |url-status= live |archive-date= 23 January 2021 |access-date=2023-08-11 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film was the second of only two films (the other being Night Club (1958)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myswar.co/album/night-club-1958|
title=Night Club (1958)|website=myswar.co|access-date=11 August 2023}}</ref>) distributed and produced by Varma Pictures, an affiliate of [[Varma Films]].

The film’s narrative centers around the downward spiraling effects of [[alcoholism]] together with [[Promiscuity|womanizing]] and the mitigating role that familial structures can have on these effects. In the film’s retelling of this [[good and evil]] story, the protagonist in the film, who gets trapped into a sliding descent, is played by lead actor [[Raj Kapoor]], one of the greatest and most influential actors and filmmakers in history of Indian Cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Kapoor and the Golden Age of Indian Cinema |url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2012julsep/kapoor.html |publisher=hcl.harvard.edu |date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118195005/http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2012julsep/kapoor.html |archive-date=18 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-14|title= Raj Kapoor: A lonely childhood and a not-so-regular dad|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/family/raj-kapoor-birth-anniversary-childhood-father-life-facts-5493503/lite/|access-date=2023-07-16|website=[[Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref> The familial structures that attempt to alleviate the falling descent of the protagonist come largely from the person played by lead actress Mala Sinha, who at the time this film was released, was the highest paid actress (along with actress [[Vyjanthimala]]).<ref>{{cite journal| url= https://magtheweekly.com/detail/3357-star-of-the-week-mala-sinha | title= Star of the week: Mala Sinha|date=July 2018| journal= Mag the Weekly|archive-date=29 January 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129145535/http://www.magtheweekly.com/detail/3357-star-of-the-week-mala-sinha| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==

Judge Kundan Lal Khanna and his wife Rajni Khanna are part of a well-to-do household proud of their college-going son, Ram Das Khanna. Also, part of the household is Shanta who is being raised by the Khannas after the untimely death of her parents who were friends of Rajni Khanna. Rajni’s hope is that Shanta will someday make a suitable wife for Ram Das.

As one learns early in the film, Kundan Lal’s father, Dharam Das Khanna, was an alcoholic and womanizer and is serving a life sentence after being accused of two murders. Understandably, Kundan Lal develops a strong dislike for alcoholism and womanizing and wants to make sure that his son Ram Das never follows the path of his grandfather.

Unknown to the Khanna family, Dharam Das is released from prison early for good behavior, and is hired by the family as a servant, where Dharam Das explores ways to amend the suffering he has caused the Khanna family.

When a case involving Rita Bakshi and a friend is bought up in a court where Kundan Lal is the judge, Rita’s friend is sentenced to death by Kundan Lal and a heavy financial penalty in imposed on Rita. The plot progresses showing how a bitter Rita gets Ram Das entangled in a web of alcohol and womanizing to seek her revenge on Kundan Lal and extort as much money as she can from him via his son Ram Lal. As much as Judge Kundan Lal had tried to keep his son from falling into the footsteps of his grandfather, he is clearly failing to do so.

Much of the rest of the film progresses with unraveling whether the stability offered by Shanta and the presence of Dharam Das in the Khanna household can undo the actions of a vengeful Rita on Ram Das and the rest of the family.

==Cast==
The cast of the film is:<ref name="bollywoodhungama1959"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Artist !! Character Name
|-
| [[Raj Kapoor]]|| Ram Das Khanna
|-
| [[Mala Sinha]]||Shanta
|-
| [[Nishi (actress)|Nishi]]||Rita Bakshi
|-
| Mubarak ||Kundan Lal Khanna
|-
| [[Nazir Hussain]]||Dharam Das Khanna
|-
| [[Leela Chitnis]] ||Rajni Khanna
|-
| [[Marutirao Parab|Maruti Rao]]|| Shankar
|-
| Ramesh Kapoor||Diwan
|-
| [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]]||Munshi Totaram
|-
| Keshav Rana||Ram's Friend
|-
| [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]||Dancer (song "Gair Ke Gali Mein Piya")
|}

==Music==
Lyrics were by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]], [[Hasrat Jaipuri]] and [[Mirza Ghalib]]<ref name="smashits1958">{{cite web |url=http://ww.smashits.com/main-nashe-men-hoon/songs-8653.html |title=Main Nashe Men Hoon songs - Main Nashe Men Hoon 1958 Music Album - Main Nashe Men Hoon Movie Soundtrack |publisher=Ww.smashits.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018040811/http://ww.smashits.com/main-nashe-men-hoon/songs-8653.html |archive-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindigeetmala.com/movie/main_nashe_mein_hoon.htm |title=Main Nashe Mein Hoon : Lyrics and video of Songs from the Movie Main Nashe Mein Hoon (1959) |publisher=Hindigeetmala.com |date= |accessdate=2013-01-12 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230042821/https://www.hindigeetmala.net/movie/main_nashe_mein_hoon.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#d1e4fd;"
! Song !! Artists !! Lyricists
|-
| "Main Nashe Mein Hoon" || [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] || [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
| "Lo Khoon Se Khoon Juda Hua" || [[Mohammed Rafi]] || [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| "Hum Hain To Chand Aur Tare" || Mukesh || Hasrat Jaipuri
|-
| "Kisi Nargisi Nazar Ko Dil Denge Hum" || Mukesh || Hasrat Jaipuri
|-
| "Ya Na Thi Hamari Kismat" || [[Usha Mangeshkar]] || [[Mirza Ghalib]]
|-
| "Maine To Nahi Pee" || [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]] || Shailendra
|-
| "Nazar Nazar Se" || Mukesh, Lata Mangeshkar || Shailendra
|-
| "Saajan Sang Kahe" || Lata Mangeshkar || Hasrat Jaipuri
|-
| "Gair Ke Gali Mein Piya" || [[Asha Bhosle]] || Shailendra
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0053035|Main Nashe Mein Hoon}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:1959 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1959 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Godrej Enterprises Group

2026-04-27T12:24:42Z

Kishore121:

{{Short description|Indian multinational conglomerate}}
{{About|the parent company|3=Godrej (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Godrej Enterprises Group
| logo = Godrej Enterprises Group.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founders = {{plainlist|
*[[Ardeshir Godrej]]
*[[Pirojsha Burjorji Godrej]]}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Jamshyd Godrej]] {{small|([[Chairman]] & Managing Director)}} [[Nyrika C. Holkar|Nyrika Holkar]] {{small|(Executive Director)}} Anil Verma {{small|(Executive Director & CEO)}}
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Aerospace]]|[[Aviation]]|[[Defense industry|Defense]]|[[Energy]]|[[Security]]|[[Construction]]|[[Information Technology]]||[[Furniture]]}}
| num_employees = 16,000<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shashidhar |first1=Ajita |last2=John |first2=Nevin |title=Reinventing Godrej: How the Jamshyd Godrej-led group is transitioning as an AI-driven consumer-centric biz |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/reinventing-godrej-how-the-jamshyd-godrej-led-group-is-transitioning-as-an-ai-driven-consumer-centric-biz/119907 |website=Fortune India |date=10 January 2025 |access-date=2025-04-05}}</ref>
| divisions =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1897}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.godrej.com/gstory/change/janfeb/cover.htm |title=Know Your Founders |access-date=2010-02-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029185645/http://www.godrej.com/gstory/change/janfeb/cover.htm |archive-date=29 October 2006 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| homepage = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Godrej Enterprises Group''' is an Indian multinational [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] headquartered in [[Mumbai]]. G&B was founded in 1897 by [[Ardeshir Godrej]] and [[Pirojsha Burjorji Godrej]]. The company is known for developing one of the earliest springless locks and manufacturing refrigerators in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Vasudha |date=1 May 2024 |title=Godrej Group division: Here's a look at 127-year-old history of the company |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/godrej-group-division-here-s-a-look-at-127-year-old-history-of-the-company-124050100439_1.html |website=[[Business Standard India]]}}</ref>

In 2024, the Godrej family restructured its businesses, forming two independent entities: Godrej Enterprises Group and [[Godrej Industries Group]]. [[Jamshyd Godrej]] serves as the Chairperson and Managing Director of GEG, while Nyrika Holkar is the Executive Director.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Shashidhar |first1=Ajita |last2=John |first2=Nevin |date=10 January 2025 |title=Reinventing Godrej: How the Jamshyd Godrej-led group is transitioning as an AI-driven consumer-centric biz |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/reinventing-godrej-how-the-jamshyd-godrej-led-group-is-transitioning-as-an-ai-driven-consumer-centric-biz/119907 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Fortune India}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Chaliawala |first=Nehal |date=28 November 2024 |title=Godrej Enterprises looks for a brand repositioning, adopts new logo |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/godrej-enterprises-looks-for-a-brand-repositioning-adopts-new-logo-11732796472305.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Godrej Split: Decoding the Godrej family tree, who gets what - 127-year-old business splits |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/godrej-split-decoding-the-godrej-family-tree-who-gets-what/127-year-old-business-splits/slideshow/109751048.cms |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

GEG operates in over 60 countries across five continents and has business interests in [[aerospace]], [[Military|defense]], [[energy]], [[security]], and [[Durable good|consumer durables]] through its flagship company, [[Godrej & Boyce]], and its affiliates.<ref name=":1" /> In 2024, the company introduced a new identity with a purple logo while retaining its cursive signature design.<ref name=":2" />

==History==
[[Godrej & Boyce]] (G&B), the flagship company of Godrej Enterprises Group, was founded in 1897 by [[Ardeshir Godrej]] and his brother [[Pirojsha Burjorji Godrej]], who managed the company’s manufacturing operations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-25 |title=Godrej: From locks to rockets |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/from-locks-to-liftoffs |access-date=2025-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Established during the [[Swadeshi movement]], the company grew as part of India's early industrialization efforts.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2011-06-23 |title=Godrej & Boyce products remain iconic |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/godrej-and-boyce-is-100-year-old-indian-companies-22787-2011-06-23 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

In its early years, Godrej & Boyce developed an early version of the springless lock and India’s first fire- and burglar-resistant safe.<ref name=":0" /> Over time, it expanded into various industries, including aerospace, where it has collaborated with the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) for over three decades.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

Under the leadership of Pirojsha’s son, [[Naval Godrej]], the company expanded further with the development of Pirojshanagar, an industrial township in [[Vikhroli]], [[Mumbai]], which now serves as its headquarters.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Godrej family amicably splits 127-year-old conglomerate into two groups |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/godrej-family-amicably-splits-127-year-old-conglomerate-into-two-groups-124050100031_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

=== Restructuring and formation of GEG ===
In April 2024, the Godrej family announced the restructuring of the Godrej Group into two separate entities: Godrej Enterprises Group (GEG) and Godrej Industries Group (GIG). [[Jamshyd Godrej]] became the Chairperson and Managing Director of GEG, while Nyrika Holkar was appointed Executive Director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-02 |title=Realignment of shareholding gives greater focus on businesses: Jamshyd Godrej |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/realignment-of-shareholding-gives-greater-focus-on-businesses-jamshyd-godrej/119351 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> GEG oversees Godrej & Boyce and its various business verticals.<ref name=":1" />

== Business operations ==
Godrej Enterprises Group operates through its flagship company, Godrej & Boyce, along with its affiliated businesses. The group operates in various industries, including aerospace and aviation, defense, energy, security solutions, construction, furniture, and information technology.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" />

'''Appliances''': Godrej entered the home appliances sector in 1958, with the production of refrigerators. Its product range later expanded to include air conditioners, washing machines, and kitchen appliances.<ref name=":3" />

'''Locks & Security Solutions''': The group's operations in security solutions began in 1897, with the manufacturing of locks. It later expanded into residential and commercial security systems.<ref name=":3" />

'''Real Estate''': The company is engaged in real estate development and leasing.

'''Aerospace''': Established in 1985, Godrej Aerospace manufactures components for India's space and defense programs.<ref name=":3" /> The company has supplied high-precision parts for missions such as [[Mars Orbiter Mission|Mangalyaan]] and [[Chandrayaan programme|Chandrayaan]] to the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO). It also develops components for the defense and aviation industries.<ref name=":1" />

'''Furniture''': Godrej began manufacturing furniture in 1923, with the introduction of the Godrej Storewel cupboard. In 2006, [[Godrej Interio]] was established as a dedicated furniture division, providing furniture for residential and commercial use in India.<ref name=":3" />

'''Vending''': The group produces automated vending machines for beverages and food, catering to workplaces and public spaces.

'''Information Technology''': [[Godrej & Boyce|Godrej Infotech]], a subsidiary of Godrej & Boyce, provides IT services, including business process consulting, infrastructure management, and application development. It primarily serves industries such as manufacturing, retail, and distribution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=Godrej split: CCI approves realignment of various entities within Godrej group |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/godrej-split-cci-approves-realignment-of-various-entities-within-godrej-group-433766-2024-06-18 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|Companies}}

[[Category:Godrej Group| ]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1897]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1897]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Family-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

A. Venkatesan

2026-04-26T22:54:56Z

Kishore121:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Venkatesan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[K. Manickam]]
| successor =
}}

'''A. Venkatesan''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055557/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC190.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC190.pdf|access-date= 29 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sholavandan Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a190|access-date= 29 Apr 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://madurai.nic.in/elections/
|access-date=29 Apr 2022
|title=Members of Legislative Assembly Constituency, Madurai District
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123132645/https://madurai.nic.in/elections/
|archive-date=23 Jan 2022
|website=madurai.nic.in
}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Sholavandan Assembly constituency|Sholavandan]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||48.04% || K. Manickam|| [[ADMK]] || 38.32%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesan, A}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Deepak Bhatt

2026-04-21T11:55:25Z

Kishore121: starting new stub with sources

{{For|the American cardiologist|Deepak L. Bhatt}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2016}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Deepak Bhatt {{langx|hi|दीपक भट्ट}}
| image =
| caption = Deepak Bhatt, in Uttarakhand India
| image_size =
| birth_name = Deepak Bhatt
| alias = Deepak Bhatt
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|06|11|df=y}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[Uttarakhand]], Uttarkashi, India
| occupation = [[Vlogging]] Musician
| years_active = 2010–present
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Deepak Bhatt''' ({{langx|hi|दीपक भट्ट}}, born 5 December 1988) is an Indian dhol player, musical producer, and composer. He has been in the Indian music industry for over a decade,{{When|date=March 2024}} having started at a very young age. Deepak, in his professional career, played with various national as well as international artists, and his talent and dedication towards his instrument has brought him a place amongst the Masters of percussion.<ref name="the Masters of percussion">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/ustad-zakir-hussains-masters-of-percussion/article6658489.ece | title=Wah, Ustads | work=The Hindu| date=2014 | accessdate=3 December 2014}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Deepak Bhatt was born in [[Antop Hill]], [[Mumbai]] to Jagdish Bhatt (father,) and Benarasi Bhatt (mother). His father and brothers would play [[dhol]] during festivals and at marriages.<ref name="Performing in Marriages with Father">{{cite web | url=https://urbanasian.com/featured/2016/12/deepak-bhatt-from-the-local-trains-to-bollywood/ | title=Deepak Bhatt – From the Local Trains to Bollywood | publisher=Urban Asian | date=2016 | accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref> He showed talent in the field at an early age, accompanying his father and brother. They played on the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway|local trains of Mumbai]].<ref name="Dhol in Local trains off Mumbai">{{cite web | url=https://bollyspice.com/deepak-bhatt-local-trains-bollywood/ | title=Deepak Bhatt – From the Local Trains to Bollywood | publisher=Bolly Spice | date=2016 | accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Deepak Bhatt in Mumbi Local Trains">{{cite web | url=http://www.cineblitz.in/2016/12/05/deepak-bhatt-from-the-local-trains-to-bollywood/ | title=Deepak Bhatt – From the Local Trains to Bollywood | publisher=Cine Blitz | date=2016 | accessdate=5 December 2016 | archive-date=6 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206170840/http://www.cineblitz.in/2016/12/05/deepak-bhatt-from-the-local-trains-to-bollywood/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Deepak studied until standard 8th in a government school before he began to pursue music as his career. He received formal training to play the dhol, an Indian two-sided [[percussion instrument]], under his guru, [[Taufiq Qureshi]] in 2003.

==Career==

Bhatt gravitated towards the [[dhol]] at a very early stage in his life and ever since, his dedication towards his instrument has brought him a place amongst the Masters of percussion.<ref name="Masters of Percussion">{{cite web | url=http://www.bucknell.edu/news-and-media/2014/april/zakir-hussain-and-masters-of-percussion-april-11-at-weis-center.html | title=Zakir Hussain and Masters of Percussion | publisher=Bucknell University | date=2014 | accessdate=2 April 2014}}</ref>

The notable highlights of Deepak's career are:
His participation in The [[Grammy Award]] winning World Music Album 2009 [[Global Drum Project]] by [[Giovanni Hidalgo]], [[Mickey Hart]], [[Sikiru Adepoju]], and [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]].<ref name="Global Drum Project">{{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-global-drum-project--featuring-zakir-hussain-wins-grammy/421095/ | title='Global Drum Project' featuring Zakir Hussain wins Grammy | work=The Indian Express| date=2009 | accessdate=9 February 2009}}</ref>

Intercontinental Masters of Percussion tour (USA, UK, India), where Bhatt shared the stage with [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] and the other Masters of Percussion<ref name="Master of Percussion in [[Kennedy Center]]">{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/zakir-hussain-and-masters-of-percussion-offer-a-lesson-in-rhythm-at-the-kennedy-center/2014/04/14/575cfb6a-c37e-11e3-9ee7-02c1e10a03f0_story.html | title=Zakir Hussain and Masters of Percussion offer a lesson in rhythm at the Kennedy Center | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=2014 | accessdate=14 April 2014}}</ref>

Part of the 2009 Indian Circus [[A R Rahman]] band in Germany for Primetime Entertainment.

The three continent Masters of Percussion US, UK and India Tour in 2014 has been the highlight of his career sharing the stage with Ustad [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]], [[Steve Smith (musician)|Steve Smith]], [[Niladri Kumar]], [[Selva Ganesh]], [[Dilshad Khan]], Vijay Chavan, [[Rakesh Chaurasia]], [[Sabir Khan (musician)|Sabir Khan]], Abbos Kosimov.<ref name="Master of Percussion in USA">{{cite web | url=https://www.postandcourier.com/features/arts_and_travel/master-of-percussion-brings-art-to-charleston/article_dbfd53c4-9666-5e2a-a161-7bc6e186d766.html | title='Global Drum Project' featuring Zakir Hussain wins Grammy | publisher=Post and Courier | date=2014 | access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref>

== Films and television series ==

Apart from stage shows and tours, '''Deepak Bhatt''' has also played for music scores in the [[Cinema of India|Indian Film]] and [[Television in India|Indian Television Industry]].

* [[Dhoom 2]]
* [[Bhool Bhulaiya]]
* [[Welcome (2007 film)|Welcome]]
* [[Jab We Met]]
* [[Chandni Chowk to China]]
* [[Kites|Kites (film)]]
* [[Life in a Metro]]
* [[Sawariya]]
* [[London Dreams]]
* ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]''
* [[Chillar Party]]
* [[2 States: The Story of My Marriage]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]
* [[Idea Jalsa]]
* [[Waar Parriwar]]
* [[Junoon (2008 TV series)|Junoon (TV series)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Facebook|DeepakBhattOnDhol}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Deepak}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Dhol players]]
[[Category:Instrumental gharanas]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Hindustani composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian drummers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]

Fairs and festivals of Rajasthan

2026-04-18T09:36:22Z

Kishore121:

{{Short description|Events in the Indian state}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2025}}

[[File:Giant wheels at Pushkar, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|right|Giant wheels at Pushkar, Rajasthan]]
'''Fairs of Rajasthan''' are vibrant socio-cultural events held throughout the year across the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], reflecting its rich traditions, religious diversity, and artistic heritage. These fairs, often linked to religious festivals, seasonal cycles, or historical commemorations, serve as important centers for social gathering, trade, and cultural expression.

==Animal Fairs==
In the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], more than 250 cattle fairs are organized every year at both the district and village levels. These fairs hold great significance in terms of art, culture, animal husbandry, and tourism. Lakhs of tourists from India and abroad visit these events to witness folk art and experience rural culture.

At the state-level cattle fairs, municipalities and gram panchayats provide essential facilities such as water, electricity, veterinary care, and vaccination services for cattle rearers. In addition, the government organizes exhibitions and other informative programmes from time to time to enhance awareness and engagement.

Most of the state-level cattle fairs are associated with the names of folk deities and revered historical figures. These fairs are organized under the aegis of the Animal Husbandry Department of Rajasthan.

===Ramdev Animal Fair, Nagaur===
[[File:Pushkar watering hole.jpg|thumb|right|300px|View of an animal fair held in the state]]
According to an early local tradition, the idol of Saint Ramdev in the low-lying lands of [[Mansar, India|Mansar]] village manifested itself miraculously. Devotees built a small temple at the site, and livestock breeders attending the fair offer prayers here for the health of their animals before buying and selling them.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scroll.in|title=In Rajasthan, BJP faces the first serious challenge to its cow politics – from angry farmers|url=https://scroll.in/article/850889/in-rajasthan-bjp-faces-the-first-serious-challenge-to-its-cow-politics-from-angry-farmers|accessdate=8 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117202929/https://scroll.in/article/850889/in-rajasthan-bjp-faces-the-first-serious-challenge-to-its-cow-politics-from-angry-farmers|archive-date=17 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
After India's independence, seeing its growing popularity, the State Department of Animal Husbandry included it among the state-level animal fairs and has been organizing it since February 1958. The fair is held annually from the first to the fifteenth day of the bright half of Magha, about 5 km from Nagaur city in Mansar village. It is regarded as having been conceived by the late Maharaja [[Umaid Singh]] of Marwar. A large number of Nagauri-breed bulls are auctioned here every year.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patrika|title=Year-on-year decline in Nagauri bulls at the animal fair|date=14 February 2016 |url=https://www.patrika.com/news/nagaur/yoy-decline-in-cattle-bull-nagauri-1174908/|publisher= Patrika|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926145003/https://www.patrika.com/news/nagaur/yoy-decline-in-cattle-bull-nagauri-1174908/|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Patrika|title=Why do people come to Nagaur from every corner of the country?|url=https://www.patrika.com/story/nagaur/video-world-famous-ramdev-cattle-fair-start-in-nagaur-2461353.html|publisher= Patrika|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926235306/https://www.patrika.com/story/nagaur/video-world-famous-ramdev-cattle-fair-start-in-nagaur-2461353.html|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mallinath Animal Fair, Tilwara (Balotra)===
This fair is held in honour of the warrior-saint [[Rawal Mallinath]]. It is said that on the auspicious occasion of his accession to the throne in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1431, a grand ceremony was organized, attended by thousands from far and wide. When the celebration ended, the returning participants traded their mounts—camels, horses, and draft bulls—giving rise to this fair. The Animal Husbandry Department took over its organization in 1958. It is held annually from the eleventh day of the Krishna Paksha of Chaitra to the eleventh day of the Shukla Paksha of Chaitra at Tilwara village on the [[Luni River]] in Balotra district's Pachpadra tehsil. Besides Nagauri bulls, large numbers of [[Malani Horse|Malani horses]] and camels are bought and sold here.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patrika|title=Mallinath animal fair inaugurated|url=https://www.patrika.com/story/barmer/mallinath-cattle-open-2227943.html|publisher= Patrika|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926143427/https://www.patrika.com/story/barmer/mallinath-cattle-open-2227943.html|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Baldev Animal Fair, Merta City (Nagaur)===
Held annually from the first to the fifteenth day of the bright half of Chaitra in [[Merta City]], this fair is named after the farmer-leader Baldev Ram Mirdha. It was taken over by the State Animal Husbandry Department in April 1947. Predominantly Nagauri bulls are traded here.<ref>{{cite web|last1=WalkThrough India|title=7 Biggest and Largest Cattle Fairs of India|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/attraction/7-biggest-and-largest-cattle-fairs-of-india/|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100502/https://www.walkthroughindia.com/attraction/7-biggest-and-largest-cattle-fairs-of-india/|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Veer Tejaji Animal Fair, Parbatsar–Didwana–Kuchaman===
Dedicated to the folk deity [[Veer Teja|Tejaji]], this fair takes place on the tenth day of the bright half of Bhadrapada (Teja Dashami). The Department of Animal Husbandry has organized it since 1947. It is the largest revenue-generating animal fair in the state. It was instituted by Maharaja [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh of Jodhpur]] in Vikram Samvat 1791, who built a shrine and installed an idol of Tejaji here. It is renowned for the trade in Nagauri bulls and Bikaneri camels.<ref>{{cite web|last1=India Today|title=Nagaur: Cattle fairs become hubs for illegal animal trafficking|date=13 February 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nagaur-cattle-fairs-illegal-animal-trafficking-nagaur-cattle-fair-960430-2017-02-13|access-date=26 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508104541/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/nagaur-cattle-fairs-illegal-animal-trafficking-nagaur-cattle-fair/1/881484.html|archive-date=8 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Mahashivaratri Animal Fair, Karauli===
One of the state's major animal fairs, this is held every year in the dark half of Phalguna, coinciding with Mahashivaratri. Originating in princely times, it features a large sale of Haryanvi-breed livestock. Besides Rajasthan traders, participants also come from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. About a week after its conclusion, a general goods fair is held at the same site, where local merchants and villagers set up stalls selling essential commodities. During princely rule, jewellery shops also formed part of the fair.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patrika|title=Keep alive the identity of the Shivaratri animal fair|url=https://www.patrika.com/story/karauli/shivaratri-cattle-fair-is-not-lost-identification-2476691.html|publisher= Patrika|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926235428/https://www.patrika.com/story/karauli/shivaratri-cattle-fair-is-not-lost-identification-2476691.html|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Gomati Sagar Animal Fair, Jhalawar===
Held annually from the thirteenth day of the bright half of Vaishakha to the fifth day of the dark half of Jyeshtha in Jhalrapatan town, this fair marks the sanctity of Gomati Sagar. It is the largest and most famous fair in the Hadoti region. The Department of Animal Husbandry has organized it since May 1959.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dainik Bhaskar|title=Animal fair at Gomati Sagar cancelled|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=May 2015 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-OTH-MAT-latest-jhalrapatan-news-034021-1792180-NOR.html|publisher= Bhaskar|accessdate=26 September 2017}}</ref>

===Gogamedi Animal Fair, Hanumangarh===
[[Gogamedi]], one of the five sacred shrines of the folk-deity Goga Ji, lies in [[Nohar]] tehsil of [[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]] district. The animal fair is held every year from the full moon of Shravan to the full moon of Bhadrapada. The Department of Animal Husbandry has been conducting it since August 1959.<ref>{{cite web|last1=NDTV|title=Gogamedi Fair 2017: The Grand Rajasthani Food, Cattle and Handicraft Fair in Honour of Goga Ji Maharaj|url=https://www.ndtv.com/food/gogamedi-fair-2017-the-grand-rajasthani-food-cattle-and-handicraft-fair-in-honour-of-goga-ji-maharaj-1738301|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926100215/https://www.ndtv.com/food/gogamedi-fair-2017-the-grand-rajasthani-food-cattle-and-handicraft-fair-in-honour-of-goga-ji-maharaj-1738301|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Jaswant Exhibition and Animal Fair, Bharatpur===
Organized in memory of Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur]] State, this exhibition and animal fair is held annually from the fifth to the fourteenth day of the bright half of Ashwin. The Department of Animal Husbandry has been in charge since October 1958. It features a significant trade in Haryana-breed bulls.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Raftaar News|title=Meeting held regarding Shri Jaswant Exhibition and Animal Fair|url=http://news.raftaar.in/meeting-cattle-bharatpur-khask-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95/detail/6d967969424e2e95ee33e65d28dbcad7|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926190912/http://news.raftaar.in/meeting-cattle-bharatpur-khask-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95/detail/6d967969424e2e95ee33e65d28dbcad7|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
It is the largest animal fair in terms of revenue.

===Chandrabhaga Animal Fair, Jhalawar===
Every year from the eleventh day of the bright half of Kartika to the fifth day of the dark half of Margashirsha in [[Jhalrapatan]], this fair features large-scale trading of Malvi-breed bulls. It has been organized by the Animal Husbandry Department since November 1958.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patrika|title=Chandrabhaga fair inaugurated in Jhalrapatan|url=https://www.patrika.com/story/jhalawar/chandrabhaga-kartik-fair-2016-opening-in-jhalrapatan-2370857.html|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926145007/https://www.patrika.com/story/jhalawar/chandrabhaga-kartik-fair-2016-opening-in-jhalrapatan-2370857.html|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Activities – Animal Husbandry Rajasthan|url=http://animalhusbandry.rajasthan.gov.in/activities.aspx|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926143321/http://animalhusbandry.rajasthan.gov.in/activities.aspx|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Pushkar Animal Fair, Ajmer===
{{Main|Pushkar Fair}}
[[File:Inde pushkar foire.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Pushkar Fair, 2006]]
[[Pushkar]], a famous Hindu pilgrimage about 11 km from Ajmer, hosts its fair on Kartika Purnima, attracting thousands of domestic and international visitors who bathe in [[Pushkar Lake]] to purify themselves. Pilgrims and tourists visit the Rang Ji and other temples for spiritual merit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/gallery/colorful-pushkar-fair-begins-in-ajmer-2-4472.html|title=Colorful Pushkar Fair begins|date=23 November 2012 |access-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825101832/http://aajtak.intoday.in/gallery/colorful-pushkar-fair-begins-in-ajmer-2-4472.html|archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151127/jsp/bihar/story\_55367.jsp|title=Through foreign eyes, Sonepur fares better; visitors say Bihar's fair mirrors real India more than Pushkar's|access-date=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825102702/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1151127/jsp/bihar/story\_55367.jsp|archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The state administration accords special importance to this fair: local authorities handle logistics, while the Arts, Culture & Tourism Department organizes cultural events. An animal fair runs alongside, with competitions for best livestock breeds and awards for outstanding animals. The camel fair during Kartika has given Pushkar worldwide renown, drawing a rich confluence of cultures—from foreign tourists to tribal and rural breeders from across Rajasthan and neighbouring regions. The vast sandy grounds are filled with row upon row of stalls, food vendors, circuses, rides, and of course innumerable camels, reflecting its evolution into a grand animal market.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Patrika|title=Pushkar Fair to get high-tech surveillance this year|date=20 September 2017 |url=https://www.patrika.com/ajmer-news/pushkar-fair-will-be-high-tech-this-year-cctv-cameras-watch-tourists-1829641/|accessdate=26 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170926142929/https://www.patrika.com/ajmer-news/pushkar-fair-will-be-high-tech-this-year-cctv-cameras-watch-tourists-1829641/|archive-date=26 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Kapil Muni Camel Fair Kolayat, Bikaner ===
The Kolayat Fair is held annually in the town of [[Kolayat]], located about 50 km from Bikaner. It is organized in the Hindu month of Kartik, particularly on the full moon day (Kartik Purnima), and coincides with a large cattle fair, especially for camels. Pilgrims come to bathe in the holy [[Kolayat Lake]], which is believed to have been blessed by the sage [[Kapila|Kapil Muni]]. The Kolayat Fair is both religious and commercial in nature. While many devotees participate in rituals and offer deep-daan (lamp offerings) at the ghats of the lake, livestock breeders from Rajasthan and nearby states gather to buy and sell camels, horses, and other cattle. The Rajasthan Animal Husbandry Department supports the event with veterinary care and vaccination services, and organizes livestock competitions. The fairgrounds also feature folk music, cultural performances, rural handicrafts, and exhibitions, making it an attraction for domestic and international tourists alike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-26 |title=You cannot miss these 6 festivals that are attracting tourists to Rajasthan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/story/rajasthan-desert-carnival-travel-lifetr-1070769-2017-10-26 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskar |first=Dainik |title=Kolayat fair |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bikaner/news/animal-fair-held-in-kolayat-winners-of-camel-breed-makeup-and-dance-competition-were-awarded-133971820.html}}</ref>

== Religious Fairs==

Rajasthan hosts numerous religious fairs celebrated with devotion and festivity by diverse communities. These fairs center around local deities, saints, and seasonal observances, combining religious rituals with folk traditions and cultural displays.

=== Baba Ramdev Fair, Ramdevra ===
[[File:Devotees during the two month long carnival at Ramdevra.jpg|thumb|right|Devotees during the two month long carnival at Ramdevra]]
Held at Ramdevra village in [[Jaisalmer district]], this fair commemorates the 14th-century saint Baba Ramdev, revered by both Hindus and Muslims. It takes place during Bhadrapada (August–September), drawing lakhs of pilgrims who visit the samadhi (tomb) of Baba Ramdev, sing devotional bhajans, and undertake foot pilgrimages (padyatra) from Gujarat, Haryana, and Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramdevra Temple |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/jaisalmer.html |publisher=Rajasthan Tourism |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramdevra fair begins in Rajasthan's Jaisalmer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajasthan/ramdevra-fair-begins-in-rajasthans-jaisalmer-3177835 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

=== Beneshwar Fair ===
Held at the confluence of the Mahi, Jakham, and Som rivers in [[Dungarpur district]], the Beneshwar Fair is a major tribal festival in honor of Lord Shiva as Baneshwar Mahadev. It is organized on Magha Shukla Ekadashi (January–February) and attended primarily by the Bhil tribe, who perform holy dips, devotional rituals, and enjoy tribal dances and music.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baneshwar Fair in Dungarpur |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/rajasthan-tourism/english/pdf/press-release-pdf/52.pdf |publisher=Rajasthan Tourism |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-31 |title=Rajasthan to host Baneshwar Fair in February |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/travel-tourism/rajasthan-to-host-baneshwar-fair-in-february/530944/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gautam Rishi Fair ===
The Gautam Rishi Fair (Gautam Ji Mela) is held each year on April 13 at Chautila Hill near Sheoganj in [[Sirohi district]], dedicated to the Meena tribal deity Gautam Rishi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gautam Ji Fair |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Gautam-Ji-Fair-39493.htm |publisher=India9 |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref> Devotees begin by digging a pit in the dry bed of the Sukhdi River; on the fair's opening day, water is believed to miraculously emerge—symbolically the Ganga—and remain until the mela concludes.<ref>{{cite news |title=सिरोही के चोटिला में गौतम ऋषि मेला शुरू |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sirohi/news/gautam-rishi-fair-started-in-chotila-of-sirohi-134837671.html |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |date=14 April 2024 |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref> Over three days, the fair features tribal music and devotional singing, communal feasting, and a modest livestock market, drawing tens of thousands of participants from Rajasthan and Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web |title=All Famous in Sirohi |url=https://pinkcity2india.com/raj/sirohi/html/all_famous_sirohi.html |publisher=Pinkcity2india |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Khatu Shyamji Lakhi Fair ===

[[File:Shyam Kund, Khatu Shyam, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|right|Shyam Kund, Khatu Shyam, Rajasthan]]
The Khatu Shyamji Fair is held every Phalgun (February–March) at Khatu in [[Sikar district]], where the temple of Shyam Baba (Barbarika, grandson of Bhima) stands. Lakhs of devotees attend the five-day mela for darshan, night-long [[bhajan]] sessions, and processions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khatu Shyamji Mandir |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/khatu-shyam-temple.html |publisher=Rajasthan Tourism |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-21 |title=Khatu Shyam Fair 2025: New Traffic Route Announced |url=https://www.patrika.com/en/special-news/khatu-shyam-fair-2025-new-traffic-route-announced-19413645 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Patrika News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Phooldol Mela, Shahpura ===
The Phooldol Mela is the principal annual festival of the Ramsnehi [[Sampradaya]], held at the Ramdwara in Shahpura (Bhilwara district) for five days immediately following Holi (Phalgun Shukla Ekadashi). Devotees from across Rajasthan and Gujarat create elaborate flower swings (phool dol), install a murti of Nirgun Ram in a floral palki, and ceremonially swing it while singing devotional hymns in the vernacular. The festival commemorates Swami Ramcharan Ji Maharaj's establishment of the sect's Shahpura center in the late 18th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=260th Phool Dol Festival of Shri Ramsnehi Sect |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bhilwara/shahpura/news/260th-phool-dol-festival-of-shri-ramsnehi-sect-134658108.html |date=March 2025 |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref>
Throughout the mela, Ramsnehi saints in their characteristic pink robes lead daily ''satsangs'' (spiritual discourses) and *aartis*, while congregants offer dates, roasted chickpeas, and colored water as ''prasad''. A communal feast ''(langar)'' is served each afternoon, emphasizing the sect's ideals of equality and service.
Local authorities provide water, electricity, and basic medical camps, while the Ramdwara Trust arranges temporary lodging for pilgrims. In recent years, the mela has attracted photographers and travel writers, spotlighting Ramsnehi devotional art and community harmony.<ref>{{cite web |title=फूलडोल मेला शाहपुरा शुरू |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bhilwara/shahpura/news/fuldol-festival-of-shri-ramsnehi-sect-started-in-shahpura-134664627.html |date=March 2025 |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=अंतरराष्ट्रीय रामस्नेही संप्रदाय का फूलडोल महोत्सव मेला 20 से शुरू, जाने पूरा शेड्यूल और डिटेल्स |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/dharm/phooldol-mahotsav-fair-starts-from-20th-know-complete-schedule-and-details-8159231.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Kaila Devi Fair ===
The Kaila Devi Fair takes place in Chaitra (March–April) at Kaila village in Karauli district. Devotees perform dandvat (prostration) pilgrimages to the temple of Kaila Devi, a form of Durga, followed by ritual bathing in the Kalisil River, folk singing, and camping.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaila Devi Temple |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/karauli.html |publisher=Rajasthan Tourism |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kailadevi Mela 2025: करौली में 27 मार्च से शुरू हो रहा कैलादेवी मेला, इस बार बस मिलने में नहीं होगी कोई परेशानी! |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/kailadevi-fair-is-starting-from-27th-march-in-karauli-rajasthan-roadways-will-run-350-buses-from-24th-march-7967539 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Karni Mata Fair ===

[[File:Karni Mata Temple Deshnoke.jpg|thumb|right|Karni Mata Temple Deshnoke]]
Organized twice a year during Navratri at Deshnok near Bikaner, this fair honors Karni Mata, whose temple is famous for thousands of sacred rats ''(kabas)''. Pilgrims offer prasad and seek blessings, creating a festive market around the temple.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karni Mata Temple |url=https://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/bikaner.html |publisher=Rajasthan Tourism |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref>

=== Sheetla Mata Fair ===
Held in Chaitra (March–April) at Seel-Ki-Doongri near Chaksu in Jaipur district, the Sheetla Mata Fair celebrates the goddess of healing. Devotees offer *basi roti* (stale food) and prayers for protection from diseases, accompanied by folk music and trade stalls.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sheetla Mata Fair |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/fairsfestivals/sheetla-mata-fair.html |publisher=Tour My India |accessdate=11 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheetla Mata, Sheetla Mata Fair, Sheetla Mata Festival |url=https://www.rajasthanexplored.com/rajasthan-festivals/sheetala-mata-fair.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=www.rajasthanexplored.com}}</ref>

== Other Festivals of Rajasthan ==

* '''Desert Festival, Jaisalmer''' – The Desert Festival is a three-day annual event held in Jaisalmer, showcasing the cultural heritage of the Thar Desert. The festival features folk music and dance, camel races, turban-tying competitions, and traditional attire.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-09 |title=4-day Desert Festival begins in Jaisalmer today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/4-day-desert-festival-begins-in-jaisalmer-today/articleshow/118076899.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''Camel Festival, Bikaner''' – Celebrated in Bikaner, this festival honors the camel, a vital animal in desert life. Events include camel races, camel dances, folk performances, and handicraft exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2025-01-11 |title=International Camel Festival Begins In Rajasthan's Bikaner; Heritage Walk Showcases City's Unique Culture |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/international-camel-festival-in-bikaner-rajasthan-and-heritage-walk-enn25011102065 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Thar Mahotsav, Barmer''' – Organized in Barmer, the Thar Festival highlights the folk traditions of western Rajasthan. It includes performances by local artists, camel and cattle shows, craft exhibitions, and displays of regional cuisine and attire.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rajasthan is hosting 3-day Thar Mahotsav till March 20 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/rajasthan-is-hosting-3-day-thar-mahotsav-till-march-20/articleshow/98735391.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''Bundi Festival''' – Held in the town of Bundi, this festival combines cultural events with traditional rituals. It includes folk music and dance performances, art and craft exhibitions, and a procession through the streets of the town.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-18 |title=3-day Bundi festival starts today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bundi-mahotsav-2024-a-3-day-celebration-of-culture-food-and-fun/articleshow/115392547.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''Mewar Festival, Udaipur''' – Celebrated in Udaipur during the spring season, the Mewar Festival coincides with the traditional Gangaur celebration. It features decorated idols, processions, folk performances, and fireworks by Lake Pichola.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Mewar Festival Celebrations Begins in Udaipur |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/celebrations/mewar-festival-celebrations-2024-in-udaipur-started/cid14127942.htm |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Marwar Festival, Jodhpur''' – The Marwar Festival is dedicated to the folk culture and martial traditions of the Marwar region. It includes performances of folk music and dance, competitions, and exhibitions of local handicrafts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Panchali|title=All that you need to know about Marwar Festival of Jodhpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/all-that-you-need-to-know-about-marwar-festival-of-jodhpur/articleshow/66331062.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''Teej Festival''' – Teej is a monsoon festival celebrated primarily by women in Jaipur and other cities. It honors the reunion of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati and is marked by processions, songs, dancing, and ritual observances.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-08 |title=Tradition triumphs in Jaipur's Teej parade |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/tradition-triumphs-in-citys-teej-parade/articleshow/112359367.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''Gangaur Festival''' – Gangaur is one of the most significant festivals in Rajasthan, particularly for women. It celebrates marital fidelity and the goddess Gauri, and is marked by fasting, rituals, and colorful processions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-18 |title=Celebrating Gangaur: Top destinations in Rajasthan to experience this colourful tradition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/travel/things-to-do/celebrating-gangaur-top-destinations-in-rajasthan-to-experience-this-colourful-tradition/photostory/119155863.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* '''Shekhawati Festival''' – Organized across towns like Nawalgarh, Mandawa, and Jhunjhunu, the Shekhawati Festival celebrates the art and architecture of the Shekhawati region. It features heritage walks, folk performances, and exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शेखावाटी उत्सव 2025 में दिखेगी राजस्थानी लोक संस्कृति की शानदार झलक, ये होंगे मुख्य आकर्षण |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/shekhawati-utsav-2025-great-glimpse-of-rajasthani-folk-culture-will-be-seen-these-will-be-main-attractions-7982471 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>
* '''Kite Festival, Jaipur''' – Observed on Makar Sankranti (14 January), the Kite Festival in Jaipur is a popular celebration where the sky is filled with kites of various colors and shapes. It includes local competitions and cultural performances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-12 |title=Jaipur's heritage kite market stares at bleak future: 'We make enough for dal-roti, not ghee' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/jaipur/jaipurs-heritage-kite-market-sankranti-manjha-9775098/lite/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Urs Festival, Ajmer''' – The Urs of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti is an annual Sufi festival held at the Ajmer Sharif Dargah. It commemorates the saint's death anniversary and attracts thousands of devotees for prayers, qawwali music, and rituals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-02 |title=PM Modi to send ceremonial 'Chadar' Ajmer Sharif Dargah on Urs of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-to-send-ceremonial-chadar-ajmer-sharif-dargah-on-urs-of-khwaja-moinuddin-chishti/articleshow/116876927.cms |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]
[[Category:Annual events in India]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]

Naima Khatoon

2026-04-11T10:09:20Z

Kishore121: started basic entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian academic, Vice-chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Naima Khatoon
| image = Prof. Naima Khatoon is delivering a presidential address at the Annual Hall Function (20 September 2025) held at Sir Syed Hall (South), Aligarh Muslim University.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Prof. Naima Khatoon is delivering a presidential address at the Annual Hall Function (20 September 2025) held at Sir Syed Hall (South), Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
| office = [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| term_start = 22 April 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Tariq Mansoor]]
| successor =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1961}} 
| birth_place = [[Jajpur district]], Odisha<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2024-04-23 |title=Naima Khatoon becomes first woman vice-chancellor of AMU |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/naima-khatoon-becomes-first-woman-vice-chancellor-of-amu/article68098576.ece |access-date=2024-04-30 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Professor, Vice-Chancellor
| profession = Teaching, Administration
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| chancellor = [[Mufaddal Saifuddin]]
| spouse = [[Mohammad Gulrez]]
}}
'''Prof. Naima Khatoon''' (born 1961) is the Vice Chancellor of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. She is the first female Vice-Chancellor in the history of the university. Khatoon earned her PhD in Psychology from the Aligarh Muslim University and joined as a lecturer in the [[Faculty of Social Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University|Department of Psychology]] in 1988. She also served as an associate professor at the [[National University of Rwanda]] for a period of one year from 1999 to 2000. She then rejoined Aligarh Muslim University as an associate professor and became a Professor in 2006.<ref name="Gohain d728">{{cite web | last=Gohain | first=Manash Pratim | title=Naima Khatoon appointed vice chancellor of AMU; third central varsity to get its first woman VC | work=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/naima-khatoon-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-amu-third-central-varsity-to-get-its-first-woman-vc/articleshow/109510575.cms | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Standard 2024 l347">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Naima Khatoon becomes first female VC of AMU in over 100 yrs | work=[[Business Standard]] | date=22 April 2024 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/education/news/naima-khatoon-becomes-first-female-vc-of-amu-in-over-100-yrs-124042201228_1.html | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="Iftikhar 2024 b780">{{cite web | last=Iftikhar | first=Fareeha | title=Naima Khatoon is Aligarh Muslim University's first woman vice chancellor | work= [[Hindustan Times]] | date=23 April 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/naima-khatoon-is-aligarh-muslim-university-s-first-woman-vice-chancellor-101713804654909.html | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="mint 2024 l445">{{cite web | title=Naima Khatoon becomes 1st woman in over 100 yrs to be appointed AMU's V-C | work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] | date=22 April 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/naima-khatoon-becomes-first-woman-in-over-100-years-to-be-appointed-vice-chancellor-of-aligarh-muslim-university-11713802748807.html | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 2024 s008">{{cite web | title=Naima Khatoon appointed as AMU's first female Vice Chancellor in over 100 years | work=[[The Economic Times]] | date=22 April 2024 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/naima-khatoon-appointed-as-amus-first-female-vice-chancellor-in-over-100-years/articleshow/109509199.cms?from=mdr | access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Who is Naima Khatoon, first woman Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University? |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-is-naima-khatoon-first-woman-vice-chancellor-of-aligarh-muslim-university-in-100-years-11713858051770.html |access-date=2024-04-30 |work=Mint |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Aligarh Muslim University}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatoon, Naima}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:People from Jajpur district]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Women academic administrators]]

Walkeshwar Mahalaxmi Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:29:58Z

Kishore121: New Data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Walkeshwar Mahalaxmi
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1952 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=52–124}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 50,934
| mla = Taleyarkhan, Homi Jehangirji
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Walkeshwar Mahalaxmi Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After 1955 Delimitation act, it was split into [[Walkeshwar Assembly constituency|Walkeshwar]] and [[Mahalaxmi Assembly constituency|Mahalaxmi]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Taleyarkhan, Homi Jehangirji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Walkeshwar Mahalaxmi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Taleyarkhan, Homi Jehangirji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,664 |percentage = 36.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dave, Rohit Manushankar |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,306 |percentage = 23.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mehta, Rusi Homi |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,494 |percentage = 20.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni, Sitaram Subrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,774 |percentage = 14.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamdar, Jyesthamal Morarji |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 1,306 |percentage = 4.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,358 |percentage = 12.65% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,544 |percentage = 52.11% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,544}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,934 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Karnataka State Police

2026-03-30T05:57:11Z

Kishore121:

{{Short description|Indian law enforcement agency}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Karnataka State Police
| nativenamea = {{lang|kn|ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪೊಲೀಸ್}}
| nativenamer = ''Karnātaka Rājya Polīs''
| commonname =
| abbreviation = KSP
| patch =
| patchcaption =
| logo = Seal_of_Karnataka.svg
| logocaption = ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಪೊಲೀಸ್
| badge =
| badgecaption =
| flag =
| flagcaption =
| imagesize =
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]]
| mottotranslated = "Truth alone triumphs"
| mission =
| formedyear = 1965
| formedmonthday = April 2
| preceding1 = Mysore State Police
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| employees = 80,000
| volunteers =
| budget =
| country = India
| countryabbr = IN
| divtype = State
| divname = [[Karnataka]]
| divdab =
| map = IN-KA.svg
| mapcaption = Map of Karnataka Police Department's jurisdiction
| sizearea = 191,791 km2
| sizepopulation = 61,130,704
| legaljuris = Karnataka
| governingbody = [[Department of Home and Confidential|Home Department]], [[Government of Karnataka]]
| constitution1 = [[Constitution of India]]
| police = Yes
| local = Yes
| overviewtype =
| overviewbody =
| headquarters = Karnataka State Police, Bengaluru – 560001
| hqlocmap =
| hqlocleft =
| hqloctop =
| hqlocmappoptitle =
| sworntype =
| sworn =
| unsworntype =
| unsworn =
| electeetype = Elected Minister
| minister1name = [[G. Parameshwara]]
| minister1pfo = Minister for Home
| chief2name =
| chief2position =
| chief1name =[[M. A. Saleem]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{cite news |title=M.A. Saleem is the new DG&IGP of Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ma-saleem-is-the-new-dgigp-of-karnataka/article69601818.ece |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=21 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| chief1position = [[Director General of Police|Director General and Inspector General of Police]], Karnataka State
| parentagency = Department of Home, Government of Karnataka
| child1agency = [[Bangalore City Police]]
| unittype = Units
| unitname =
| officetype =
| officename =
| provideragency =
| uniformedas = Khaki
| stationtype =
| stations = 923 (2013–2014)
| airbases =
| lockuptype =
| lockups =
| vehicle1type = Patrol Vehicle
| vehicles1 = [[Mahindra Bolero]], [[Suzuki Ertiga]], [[Chevrolet Tavera]], [[Toyota Innova]]
| boat1type =
| boats1 =
| aircraft1type =
| aircraft1 =
| animal1type = Animals
| animals1 = Dogs
| animal2type =
| animals2 =
| person1name =
| person1reason =
| person1type =
| programme1 =
| activity1name =
| activitytype =
| anniversary1 = 2 April
| award1 =
| website = {{URL|https://ksp.karnataka.gov.in/english|ksp.karnataka.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| reference =
}}

The '''Karnataka State Police''' is the [[law enforcement agency]] for the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It was established in 1965 and is headquartered in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], the capital city of Karnataka. The KSP is a state police force that works under the purview of the Department of Home Affairs, [[Government of Karnataka]]. The department is headed by the [[Director General of Police|Director General]] and [[Inspector General of Police]].

==Organization==
The [[Director general of police|Director General and Inspector General of Police]] (DG & IGP) is the head of the State police department, and under him are the Director General of Police and Additional Director General of Police. Each Additional Director General of Police is in charge of a particular function: law and order, crime and technical services, administration, intelligence, the Karnataka State Reserve Police, recruitment and training.

The District Police administration is headed by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP). A group of districts comprise a Police Range, headed by an [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General of Police]] (IGP). Big cities have a Police Commissionerate led by the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]] (CP). [[Bengaluru]] is headed by an officer with the rank of [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]] (ADG). [[Mysore|Mysuru]] is headed by an officer with the rank of Inspector General of Police. [[Belagavi]], [[Hubballi-Dharwad]], [[Kalaburagi]] and [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]] are headed by an officer with the rank of [[Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG).

There are 7 police ranges and 32 police districts in the state of Karnataka.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ranges and districts
! Range !! Districts
|-
| Southern Range, Mysuru || Chamarajanagara, Hassana, Kodagu, Mandya and Mysuru<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mysurudistrictpolice.gov.in/ |title=Mysuru District Police |access-date=9 May 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812035352/http://mysurudistrictpolice.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mandyapolice.karnataka.gov.in/english |title=Home - Mandya District Police |access-date=9 May 2020 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019155055/https://mandyapolice.karnataka.gov.in/english |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Western Range, Mangaluru || Chikkamagaluru, Dakshina Kannada,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dkpolice.in/|title=Dakshina Kannada District Police|website=Dkpolice.in|access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> Udupi and Uttara Kannada<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udupipolice.org/SPUDUPI/|title=UDUPI POLICE|website=Udupipolice.org|access-date=16 January 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124051350/https://www.udupipolice.org/SPUDUPI/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Eastern Range, Davangere || Chitradurga, Davanagere, Haveri and Shivamogga
|-
| Central Range, Bengaluru || Bengaluru Rural, Bengaluru Urban, Chikkaballapura, Kolar, Ramanagara and Tumakuru
|-
| Northern Range, Belagavi || Bagalkote, Belagavi, Dharwada, Gadaga and Vijayapura
|-
| North Eastern Range, Kalaburagi || BIdar, Kalaburgi and Yadagiri
|-
| Ballari Range, Ballari || Ballari, Koppala, Raichuru and Vijayanagara
|}

The [[police stations]] are the lowest units of the police department. There are 906 police stations, 230 circle offices, 91 SDPOs and 31 DPOs (including railway police) in Karnataka state. Police stations are headed by Inspector in towns and cities. There may be two to four Sub-Inspectors (S.I.) in addition to assistant sub-inspectors (A.S.I), Head Constables (H.C.) and police constables (P.C.). Rural police stations are headed by a sub-inspector or two sub-inspectors covering law and order and crime, depending on the station's importance and sensitivity. They are grouped into circles, comprising a sub-division. Sub-divisions are headed by Deputy Superintendents of Police and circles by Police Inspectors. Additional superintendent of police's (ASP's) are also there in some districts.

'''Officers''' <ref>{{Cite web|title= POLICE OFFICERS - Uttara Kannada District Police|url= https://uttarakannadapolice.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/POLICE+OFFICERS/en|access-date= 13 May 2023|archive-date= 13 May 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230513151215/https://uttarakannadapolice.karnataka.gov.in/info-1/POLICE+OFFICERS/en|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strength of Karnataka State Police |url=https://ksp.karnataka.gov.in/page/Administration/K+S+P+Strength/en |access-date=13 May 2023 |archive-date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513151215/https://ksp.karnataka.gov.in/page/Administration/K+S+P+Strength/en |url-status=dead }}</ref>

*[[Director general of police|Director General]] & Inspector General of Police (DG & IGP)

* Additional Director General of Police (ADGP)
* Inspector General of Police (IGP)
* Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG)
* Superintendent of Police (SP)
* Additional Superintendent of Police (Addl.SP)
* Assistant SP ([[Indian Police Service|IPS]]) or Deputy SP ([[State Police Services|KSPS]])

'''Sub-ordinates'''
* Police Inspector/Circle Police Inspector (PI/CPI)
* Police Sub-Inspector (PSI)
* Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police (ASI)
* Head Constable (HC)
* Constable (PC)

==Insignia of Karnataka Police (State Police)==
;Gazetted Officers
{{Indian Police Service Officer Ranks}}

{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|+'''Karnataka State Police Officers Insignia''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mahapolice.gov.in/jsp/temp/html/policerank.pdf|title=Police Ranks|website=[[Maharashtra Police]]|access-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Governance of Kerala Police"/><ref name="Police Ranks and Badges"/>
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#e6e6fa;" | Gazetted Officers
|- align=center
||'''Insignia'''
|[[File:AP-SP State Police.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|[[File:Assistant Superintendent of Police.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|[[File:AP Deupty Superintendent of Police.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|[[File:DySP 2 Star.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|[[File:DySP 1 Star.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| [[File:Police Inspector insignia.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
||'''Rank'''
|[[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]
(KSPS)
|[[Assistant Superintendent of Police|Additional Superintendent of Police]]
(KSPS)
|[[Deputy Superintendent of Police]]
(KSPS)
|[[Deputy Superintendent of Police]]
(KSPS - Probationary for two years)
|[[Deputy Superintendent of Police]]
(KSPS - Probationary for one year)
|[[Inspector#India|Police Inspector]] and Circle Inspector {{Note|Officers of the rank of Police Inspector are also appointed as Circle Police Inspectors (CPI), who head police circles in rural areas.}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
||'''Abbreviation'''
|SP
|Addl.SP
|DySP
|DySP
|DySP
|PI and CI
|-
| colspan="5" |
*{{smaller|}}
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#e6e6fa;" | Non-Gazetted Officers
|- align="center"
|'''Insignia'''
| [[File:Police Sub-Inspector.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| [[File:Assistant Sub-Inspector.png|center|frameless|90x90px]]
| [[File:AP-Police Head Constable.png|center|frameless|48x48px]]
| '''''No insignia'''''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Rank'''
| [[Sub-inspector#India|Sub Inspector of Police]]
| [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|Assistant Sub Inspector]] (and 2 years Probationary Sub Inspector)
| [[Head constable]]
| [[Constable|Police constable]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|'''Abbreviation'''
|PSI/SI
|ASI and Probationary PSI
|HC
|PC
|}

==Law and Order==
This wing is headed by an officer with the rank of Additional Director General of Police, Law and Order.

==State Intelligence Department==
The Intelligence Department is headed by an Additional Director General of Police, assisted by two Deputy Inspector General of Police and five Superintendents of Police at headquarters. The five Superintendents of Police in the Intelligence Divisions are in Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Gulbarga, Belagavi, Davanagere and Ballari.

=={{anchor|Crime & Technical Services Wing}}Crime and Technical Services Wing==
This wing is headed by the Additional Director General of Police, Crime and Technical Services. It includes the Fingerprint Bureau, Forensic Scientific Laboratory, Police Computer Wing and State Crime Record Bureau.

=={{anchor|Karnataka State Reserve Police}}Reserve police==
In the state, the police trace their origins to the former Mysore State Imperial Service. They consist of:
* A District Armed Reserve (DAR) for each district
* A City Armed Reserve (CAR) in Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Belagavi and Hubli-Dharwad
* A [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]] (STF)
* The Karnataka Armed Reserve Mounted Police, headquartered in Mysore
* Coastal Security Police (CSP)
* Government Railway Police (GRP)

The Karnataka State Reserve Police (KSRP) is headed by an Additional Director General of Police, assisted by an Inspector General and one Deputy Inspectors General of Police at headquarters. The Karnataka State Reserve Police consists of 12 battalions: four in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and one each in [[Mysore|Mysuru]], [[Belgaum|Belagavi]], [[Gulbarga|Kalaburagi]], [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]], [[Shimoga|Shivamogga]], [[Shiggaon]], [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassana]] and [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]] 2 IRB battalions are situated in Munirabad (Koppala) and Vijayapura. Indian Reserve Battalion (IRB) is a specially formed reserved force. They are well trained striking force.

=={{anchor|Karnataka Mounted Police}}Mounted police==
In 1951 the horses in the maharaja's bodyguard were used for the Karnataka Armed Reserve Mounted Police, headquartered in Mysuru. The stables, fields and office buildings date to the maharajas' time. Mounted police are used for traffic duty, night patrol, officer training and the [[Mysore Dasara|Mysuru Dasara]]. The force is made up of 90 horses and 150 officers and men.

Mounted-police riders still practice [[tent pegging]], and are also known for games, ceremonial parades and showmanship. Its riders have won a number of prizes in national and international equestrian competitions. The mounted police is headed by S. G. Mariba Shetti, who has won gold medals at the 1995 World Police Games in Australia (1995) and in 2001 in [[Indianapolis]] (2001) and has commanded the Dasara procession since 1977.

In January 2024 ''[[The Hindu]]'' reported that mounted police patrols were being reintroduced around [[Cubbon Park]] and the [[Vidhana Soudha]], the seat of the state legislature in [[Bengaluru|Bengarluru]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-01-11 |title=Why mounted police squads have been reintroduced in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/mounted-police-squads-reintroduced-to-aid-hoysala-and-cheetah-teams-around-vidhana-soudha-in-bengaluru/article67731042.ece |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Coastal Security Police==
The Coastal Security Police (CSP) was established in 1999, and is headed by the Superintendent of Police. It has jurisdiction over Karnataka's coastal waters along the Arabian sea from [[Talapady]] in [[Dakshina Kannada]] to [[Majali, Karnataka|Majali]] in [[Uttara Kannada]]; a coastline of about {{convert|320|km}}. Its range extends 12 nautical miles out to sea and 500 metres inland. The CSP comes under the Internal Security Division headed by [[Additional director general of police]] in Richmond Road, Bengaluru. As of January 2021, nine coastal police stations have been established and 13 "interceptor boats" are in operation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 3, 2021 |title=An Insight into Karnataka's Coastal and Maritime Security |url=https://www.theprotector.in/an-insight-into-karnatakas-coastal-and-maritime-security/ |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=Karnataka Protector}}</ref>

==Forest Cell==
The Forest Cell assists the Karnataka Forest Department with their operations.

== Policing Excess & Errors ==
Karnataka High Court ordered a departmental inquiry against policemen for filing false chargesheet under NDPS Act affecting careers and future of students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plumber |first=Mustafa |date=2024-09-16 |title=Karnataka HC Orders Departmental Inquiry Against Policemen For Filing False Chargesheet Under NDPS Act Against Students, Affecting Their Careers |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/karnataka-high-court/karnataka-high-court-orders-disciplinary-action-police-officers-false-ganja-charge-sheet-against-students-269703 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> In another instance, [[Kerala Police]] arrested Karnataka police officers who took money from crypto traders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freeze & fleece exposed: Karnataka cops held for extorting Rs 4 lakh from crypto traders in Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/08/03/karnataka-police-held-in-kochi-extortion-case.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Freeze & fleece exposed: Karnataka cops held for extorting Rs 4 lakh from crypto traders in Kerala |language=en}}</ref> The Karnataka Police fired openly during the [[2008 Haveri police shooting]] causing two deaths, resulting in a judicial probe ordered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2008-06-15 |title=Judicial probe ordered in Karnataka police firing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/judicial-probe-ordered-in-karnataka-police-firing-26321-2008-06-15 |access-date=2026-01-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Police Training}}Training==
This wing is headed by the Director General of Police, Training, assisted by an Inspector General of Police (Training) and Deputy Inspector General of Police (Training). Karnataka has so many training institutions:
* Karnataka Police Academy, Mysuru
* Police Training College, Naganahalli, Kalaburagi
* Karnataka State Police Training School, Channapattana
* Karnataka Police Training school, Khanapura, Belagavi
* Armed Police Training School, Yalahanka, Bengaluru
* Police Training School, Aimangala, Chitradurga
* Police training School, Thanisandra, Bengaluru
*Police Training School, Kaduru, Chilkkamagaluru
*Police Training School, Dharwad
*Police Training School, Jyothi Nagara, Mysuru
*Temporary Police Training School, Navangar, Bagalkot

*Police Training School, Munirabad, Koppala
*Police Training School, Kangralli, Belagavi
*Police Training School, Vijayapura
*CCT Training Center, Kudlu, Bengaluru
*CCT Training Center, Agara, Bengaluru
*ANF Training Center, Karkala, Udupi
* Traffic Training Institute,RK Hegade Nagara, Bengaluru
* Special Branch Training Institute, Bengaluru
* Wireless Training Institute, Bengaluru
*Police Driving And Maintenance School, Yelahanka, Bengaluru

=={{anchor|Criminal Investigation Department (CID), Economic Offenses and Special Units|Directorate of civil rights enforcement|Communication, Logistic and Modernisation Wing (C.L&M)|Planning & Modernisation|Police Housing & Welfare}}Special units==
State-level units perform specialized police functions and assist civil-police units:
*''Criminal Investigation Department (CID), Economic Offenses and Special Units:'' Headed by a Director General of Police, the unit oversees the Corps of Detectives, the Forest Cell, the Economic Offenses Unit and the Cyber Police Station.
*''Directorate of Civil-Rights Enforcement:'' Headed by an Additional Director General of Police, Civil Rights Enforcement, and assisted by an Inspector General of Police, a Deputy Inspector General of Police and a Superintendent of Police at headquarters. the wing has six field units (each headed by a Superintendent of Police) at the police ranges in Bengaluru, Mangaluru, Davanagere, Belagavi, Kalaburagi and Mysuru. The directorate monitors and investigates cases registered under the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and the Prevention of Atrocities Act, and is the watchdog of rights and benefits extended to the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]].
*''Communication, Logistic and Modernization Wing:'' Headed by an Additional Director General of Police, the wing consists of a Police Wireless Unit and a Motor Transport Organisation (both headed by a Superintendent of Police).
*''Planning & Modernization:'' Headed by an Inspector General of police, Planning and Modernization, the wing receives consolidation proposals for the police department and submits them to the government for approval.
*''Police Housing & Welfare:'' Headed by an Inspector General of Police, Grievance Cell and Human Rights
*''Internal Security Division:'' Headed by an Additional Director General of Police, the unit oversees the Terrorism and Naxalist in Karnataka State, Karnataka State Industrial Security Force(KSISF), Cyber cell, Forensic cell, and Bomb Detection Squad specially designed force called "Garuda Force" and ANF (Anti Naxal Force) units in it.

==See also==
* [[Bangalore City Police]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Organisation Structure Chat-Police Department |url=https://karnatakahelp.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Police-Department-organisation-structure-Details.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214081702/https://karnatakahelp.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Police-Department-organisation-structure-Details.jpg |archive-date=14 Feb 2024 |access-date=14 Feb 2024 |website=Karnataka Help}}</ref>{{commons category}}

{{State agencies of Karnataka}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}

[[Category:State law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Karnataka Police| ]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Mysore State]]

== External links ==
*[https://starofmysore.com/dgigp-dr-m-a-saleem-to-visit-mysuru-kodagu/amp/ 46th Batch of Probationary PSIs (Civil) at Karnataka Police Academy (KPA) Grounds] at starofmysore.com [[Star of Mysore]]

Vijayanand Kashappanavar

2026-03-28T14:50:43Z

Kishore121: New A Article

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijayanand S Kashappanavar
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = Doddanagouda G Patil
| successor =
| constituency = [[Hungund Assembly constituency|Hungund]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = Doddanagouda G Patil
| successor1 = Doddanagouda G Patil
| constituency1 = [[Hungund Assembly constituency|Hungund]]
| spouse = Veena Kashappanavar<ref name="Veena says she will contest as an Independent if Congress does not drop Samyukta by tomorrow">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=Veena says she will contest as an Independent if Congress does not drop Samyukta by tomorrow |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/veena-says-she-will-contest-as-an-independent-if-congress-does-not-drop-samyukta-by-tomorrow/article67994691.ece |access-date=22 November 2024 |date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122181332/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/veena-says-she-will-contest-as-an-independent-if-congress-does-not-drop-samyukta-by-tomorrow/article67994691.ece |archive-date=22 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| chief minister =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

'''Kashappanavar Vijayanand Shivashankarappa''' (born 1 July 1972) is an Indian politician from Karnataka. He is a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Hungund Assembly constituency|Hungund]] in [[Bagalkot district]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Karnataka Election results 2023 {{!}} Congress leads in five out of eight seats in Bagalkot, BJP leads in three |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/2023-karnataka-assembly-poll-results-congress-leads-in-five-out-of-eight-seats-in-bagalkot-bjp-leads-in-three/article66845737.ece |access-date=2023-07-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddaramaiah announces another candidate for 2023 Karnataka polls without consultation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/siddaramaiah-announces-another-candidate-for-2023-karnataka-polls-without-consultation-2309253-2022-12-14 |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=India Today |date=14 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> representing Indian National Congress. He won the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Hungund Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Kashappanavara Vijayanand Shivashankrappa of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/hungund-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7796449.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman for Karnataka Sports Authority on 26 January 2024.<ref name="34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman">{{cite news |date=27 January 2024 |title=34 MLAs given chairman posts for boards and corps, Haris BDA chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/34-mlas-given-chairman-posts-for-boards-and-corporations-haris-bda-chairman/articleshow/107175062.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126202255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/34-mlas-given-chairman-posts-for-boards-and-corporations-haris-bda-chairman/articleshow/107175062.cms |archive-date=26 January 2024|access-date=20 January 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shivashankarappa is from Hundgund, Bagalkote district. He was born to Shivashankarappa Rachappa Kashappanavar, a three time MLA from Hungund. He completed his pre university course in 1992 from S. J. Independent pre university college, Hitnalli thanda, Bijapur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KASHAPPANAVAR VIJAYANAND SHIVASHANKARAPPA(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- Hungund (BAGALKOT) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/karnatka2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=19 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shivashankarappa won from Hungund Assembly constituency representing Indian National Congress in the 2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election. He polled 78,434 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Doddanagouda G. Patil of Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 30,007 votes.<ref name=":0" /> He won as an MLA for the first time winning the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing Indian National Congress from Hungund. In 2018, he lost to Doddannagouda Patil of BJP by a margin of 5,227 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Hungund Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/hungund-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99710439.cms |access-date=2024-08-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashappanavar, Vijayanand}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]

Ivan Pereira

2026-03-26T06:50:52Z

Kishore121: improve lead as per guidelines based on references

{{short description|Indian Catholic prelate (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific-prefix = Most Reverend
| name = Ivan Pereira
| honorific-suffix =
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar|Bishop of Jammu–Srinagar]]
| image = Bishop Ivan Pereira.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption =
| church = {{ubl | [[Catholic Church]] | [[Latin Church]]}}
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar|Jammu–Srinagar]]
| appointed = 3 December 2014
| enthroned =
| ended =
| predecessor = [[Peter Celestine Elampassery]]
| successor = ''Incumbent''
| other_post =

| ordination = 15 May 1993
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 21 February 2015
| consecrated_by = [[Salvatore Pennacchio]]

| birth_name = Ivan Albert Pereira
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vasai]], [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| buried =
| residence = Bishop's House, [[Jammu]] [[Cantt]] 180003 [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
| previous_post =
| alma_mater =
| signature =
| coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of Ivan Albert Pereira.svg
| motto = {{langnf|la|Pax Nuntiata Est|Peace Is Announced|break=yes}}
}}
'''Ivan Pereira''' (born 1 June 1964) is an Indian prelate of the [[Catholic Church]] serving as the third bishop of the [[Latin Church]] diocese of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar|Jammu–Srinagar]] in India.

==Early life==
Pereira was born on 1 June 1964 in [[Vasai]], [[Mumbai]], the son of Albert and Santan Pereira. He joined the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar|Jammu-Srinagar diocese]] in 1984.{{clarify|date=February 2024|reason=What does it mean to "join" a diocese? "Joined" is not something that is attributed to a diocese; a church, perhaps, but not a diocese. Please clarify.}}

== Education ==
Pereira completed his [[minor seminary]] from St. John's Minor Seminary, [[Amritsar]]. He completed his education of philosophy from Holy Trinity Regional Seminary, [[Jalandhar]]. He completed his [[Regent|regency]] at [[St. Mary's Cathedral, Jammu]]. He completed theology from St. Joseph's Regional Seminary, [[Allahabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jammusrinagardiocese.org/index.php?r=site/page&view=profile |title=Diocese of Jammu Srinagar {{!}} Profile|website=jammusrinagardiocese.org|language=en|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705003737/http://jammusrinagardiocese.org/index.php?r=site%2Fpage&view=profile|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Priesthood==
Pereira was ordained a priest on 15 May 1993 for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar|Diocese of Jammu-Srinagar]].<ref name="directory.ucanews.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/bishops/bishop-pereira/772 |title=Bishop Ivan Pereira {{!}} Bishop of Jammu-Srinagar Diocese Ivan Pereira {{!}} Ucanews|website=directory.ucanews.com|access-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410122313/http://directory.ucanews.com/bishops/bishop-pereira/772|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pereira has held a number of different positions in his diocese. He has been rector of St Paul's Minor Seminary, [[Akalpur]], [[Jammu]], secretary of the Regional Catholic Council, [[vicar]], and secretary to his predecessor [[Peter Celestine Elampassery]].

He was the parish priest of Our Lady of Fatima Church in [[Bishnah]] from 2009 to 2012. From 2012, he served as the principal of the [[Burn Hall School|Burn Hall Higher Secondary School]] in [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="directory.ucanews.com"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.burnhallschool.org/sch_former_principals.php |title=Former Principals |publisher=[[Burn Hall School]] |accessdate=27 October 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014121933/http://burnhallschool.org/sch_former_principals.php |archivedate=14 October 2016 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In addition, he was the diocesan and regional director of Indian [[Christian youth association]], secretary and president of the Regional Conference of Diocesan Priests, North India, and the director of the diocesan education board.

== Episcopate ==
[[Pope Francis]] appointed Pereira as bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar|Jammu–Srinagar]] on 21 February 2015. He was consecrated a bishop by [[Salvatore Pennacchio]] with [[Anil Joseph Thomas Couto]] and [[Felix Anthony Machado]] as co-consecrators.

The consecration ceremony took place on the grounds of the Presentation Convent School in Gandhi Nagar, Jammu.<ref name="catholic-hierarchy.bpereii">{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |publisher=David M. Cheney |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpereii.html |title=Bishop Ivan Albert Pereira |date=25 February 2024 |accessdate=29 February 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811051502/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpereii.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He is the third bishop of Jammu–Srinagar.

On his [[episcopal ordination]] he chose the motto: {{langnf|la|Pax Nuntiata Est|Peace Is Announced}}.

Pereira succeeded Bishop Peter Celestine, who resigned soon after reaching the retirement age of 75.<ref name="directory.ucanews.com"/>
{{S-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Peter Celestine Elampassery]]
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Jammu–Srinagar|Bishop of Jammu-Srinagar]]
| years = 2014–present
| after = incumbent
}}
{{S-end}}

== See also ==
* [[Catholic Church in India]]
* [[List of Catholic bishops of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/12/03/fr_ivan_pereira_new_bishop_of_jammu-srinagar/1113450 |title=Fr. Ivan Pereira new Bishop of Jammu-Srinagar |website=En.radiovaticana.va |date=3 December 2014 |accessdate=27 October 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215235101/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2014/12/03/fr_ivan_pereira_new_bishop_of_jammu-srinagar/1113450 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ivan-pereira-takes-over-as-3rd-bishop-of-jammu-srinagar-diocese/ |title=Ivan Pereira takes over as 3rd Bishop of Jammu-Srinagar Diocese |website=Dailyexcelsior.com |date=22 February 2015 |accessdate=27 October 2016 |archive-date=31 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531035309/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/ivan-pereira-takes-over-as-3rd-bishop-of-jammu-srinagar-diocese/ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/ivan-pereira-new-bishop-of-jammu-srinagar/45462.html |title=Ivan Pereira new Bishop of Jammu-Srinagar |website=Tribuneindia.com |date=23 February 2015 |accessdate=27 October 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215234956/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/ivan-pereira-new-bishop-of-jammu-srinagar/45462.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=http://earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=143599 |title=Bishop Ivan Pereira appointed as 3rd Bishop of J&K diocese – Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |website=Earlytimes.in |date=22 February 1994 |accessdate=27 October 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216000331/http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=143599 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=http://news.statetimes.in/bishop-ivan-pereira-appointed-as-3rd-bishop-of-jammu-srinagar-diocese/ |title=Bishop Ivan Pereira appointed as 3rd Bishop of Jammu-Srinagar Diocese |website=News.statetimes.in |date=21 February 2015 |accessdate=27 October 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215235450/http://news.statetimes.in/bishop-ivan-pereira-appointed-as-3rd-bishop-of-jammu-srinagar-diocese/ |url-status=live}}<
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ucanindia.in/news/-Fr.-Ivan-Pereira/tag |title=Fr. Ivan Pereira {{!}} UCAN India |website=Ucanindia.in |date= |accessdate=27 October 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215233924/http://www.ucanindia.in/news/-Fr.-Ivan-Pereira/tag |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar-city/ddc-inaugurates-burn-hall-bal-mela/158795.html |title=DDC inaugurates Burn Hall Bal Mela |website=Greaterkashmir.com |date=17 November 2013 |accessdate=27 October 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216002453/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar-city/ddc-inaugurates-burn-hall-bal-mela/158795.html |archivedate=16 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bpereii.html Ivan Pereira profile] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholic Church |portal3= India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pereira, Ivan}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Francis]]
[[Category:Christianity in Jammu and Kashmir]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Dashavathara (film)

2026-03-23T13:48:06Z

Kishore121: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dashavathara
| image = Dashavathara (1960).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = P. G. Mohan
| producer = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[G. V. Iyer]]
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Udaykumar]] [[Rajashankar]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = B. Dorairaj
| editing = P. G. Mohan Devendranath
| studio = Vikram Productions
| distributor = Vikram Productions
| released = {{Film date|1960|10|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 175 min
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Dashavathara''''' ({{audio|Kn-ದಶಾವತಾರ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|The Ten [[Avatar]]s}}) is a 1960 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by P. G. Mohan and produced by [[B. S. Ranga]]. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Udaykumar]], [[Rajashankar]] and [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]. The film has a musical score by [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/dashavathara-1960|title=Dashavathara|accessdate=2015-01-19|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref> This film's climax scene was shot in [[Eastmancolor]].

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Udaykumar]] as Kamsa
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Jaya/Hiranyakashipu/Ravana/Shishupala
*[[Rajashankar]] as Vishnu and his avataras
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Rahu/Makaranda
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*[[H. R. Shastry]] as Dharmaraya
*Eshwarappa
*Veerabhadrappa
*H. K. Shastry
*A. V. Subba Rao
*M. Bhagavathar
*Srikanth
*Kashinath
*Varadaraj
*Kuppuraj
*Rathnakar
*Rajendrakrishna
*Ganapathi Bhat
*Keshavamurthy
*R. Srinivasan
*Girimaji
*[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] as Mandodari/Droupadi
*[[Advani Lakshmi Devi]] as Seethe/Rukmini
*[[Rajasree]]
*[[M. Jayashree]]
*Saroja
*[[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
*Papamma as Shabari
*Baby Suma
*Lakshmikantham
*Mala
{{div col end}}

==Production==
The song ''"Godavaridevi Maunavaagi''" is more popularly known as ''"Vaidehi Enadalo''" since the opening words never repeat again in the song. BS Ranga, who planned to shoot a summary of Ramayana via a separate song with actress Jamuna as Seetha, had asked music director GK Venkatesh to check about the availability of actress Jamuna and to verify the status, he sent a telegram using minimal words - ''Vaidehi Enadalo'' (meaning what happened to Seetha). Impressed by the phrase, Venkatesh decided to incorporate it into the song's lyrics.<ref name="NS Sridhara Murthy">{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=R1AK0bezsqDrzUik&v=trQTEsSwgjo&feature=youtu.be | title=ರಾಮಾಯಣದ ಘಟನೆಗಳ ಕುರಿತು ಕನ್ನಡ ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಂದ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಒಂದು ನೋಟ.. {{!}} NS Sridhara Murthy | website=[[YouTube]] | date=20 January 2024 }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by G. K. Venkatesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Dashavathara-K0000943|title=Dashavathara Songs|accessdate=2015-01-19|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song ''"Vaidehi Enadalo''" - which is in kandapadya style, is a rare instance in Indian cinema where a song is picturized on the character of Lord Rama singing for other character. Typically songs are picturized with other characters singing in praise of Rama.<ref name="NS Sridhara Murthy"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || ''Vaidehi Yenadalo'' || [[P. B. Srinivas]] || [[G. V. Iyer]] || 04:18

|-

| 2 || ''Onde Balliya hoovu'' || [[S. Janaki]], [[A. P. Komala]] || [[G. V. Iyer]]
|-
| 3 || ''Baare Radhike Kopa Ethake'' || [[L. R. Eswari]] (credited as Rajeshwari), S. Janaki, chorus || [[G. V. Iyer]]
|-
| 4 || ''Keshava Maadhava Govinda'' || [[P. B. Srinivas]] ||[[Purandara Dasa]] || 03:50
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1411844}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Narasimha in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films focusing on Ravana]]
[[Category:Films about Prahlada]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Royal Indian Navy mutiny

2026-03-23T06:39:20Z

Kishore121: fix lead additionally and added references after review

{{Short description|1946 revolt by British Indian sailors}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Royal Indian Navy rebellion
| place = [[British Raj]], [[Colony of Aden|Aden]], [[Bahrain]] and [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
| image = RIN HMIS Hindustan.jpg
| image_size = 350px
| caption = [[HMIS Hindustan|HMIS ''Hindustan'']] near the shore.
| date = 18–25 February 1946
| result = [[List of bloodless wars|Bloodless Conflict]]
*Mutineers surrender to British authorities
*Failed Indian attempt to achieve independence peacefully
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Royal Indian Navy]] mutineers {{flagicon image|CPI-M-flag.svg}} [[Communist Party of India]] {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Royal Indian Air Force]] mutineers {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Indian Imperial Police|Police]] mutineers Civilian agitators '''Supported by:''' {{flagicon image|1931_Flag_of_India.svg}} [[Congress Socialist Party]] [[File:Indian Army-Service Corps.png|20px]] [[Royal Indian Army Service Corps]] interlopers
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg}} [[British Empire]]
** [[File:Flag of the British Army.svg|20px]] [[British Army]]
** [[British Indian Army]]
** [[Royal Navy]]
** [[Royal Air Force]]{{Tree list/end}}<hr />{{flagicon image|1931_Flag_of_India.svg}} [[Indian National Congress]] {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg}} [[All-India Muslim League]]
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| commander1 = ''No centralised command''
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg}} [[King George VI]] {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg}} [[Clement Attlee]] {{flagicon image|British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg}} [[Archibald Wavell]] {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Imperial_India.svg}} [[Claude Auchinleck]] {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Imperial_India.svg}} [[Rob Lockhart]] {{flagicon image|Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg}} [[John Henry Godfrey]] {{flagicon image|Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg}} [[Arthur Rullion Rattray]]<hr />{{flagicon image|1931_Flag_of_India.svg}} [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Muslim_League.svg}} [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
}}

The '''Royal Indian Navy mutiny''' was a failed insurrection of Indian naval ratings, soldiers, police personnel and civilians against the British government in India in February 1946. From the initial flashpoint in [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]), the revolt spread and found support throughout [[British Raj|British India]], from [[Karachi]] to [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]), and ultimately came to involve over 10,000 sailors in 56 ships and shore establishments. The mutiny failed to turn into a revolution because sailors were asked to surrender after the British authorities had assembled superior forces to suppress the mutiny.<ref name="Bell">{{cite book | last1=Bell | first1=C.M. | last2=Elleman | first2=B.A. | title=Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective | publisher=Frank Cass | series=Cass series | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-7146-5460-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtU3JW7WVWwC&pg=PA6| page=6}}</ref>{{Sfn|Mohanan|2019|p=208}}

The mutiny ended with the surrender of revolting [[Royal Indian Navy|RIN]] sailors to British authorities. The [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] convinced Indian sailors to surrender and condemned the mutiny, realising the political and military risks of unrest of this nature on the eve of independence. The leaders of the Congress were of the view that their idea of a peaceful culmination to a freedom struggle and smooth transfer of power would have been lost if an armed revolt succeeded with undesirable consequences.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/1946-last-war-of-independence-royal-indian-navy-mutiny-review-the-1946-naval-uprising/article65375043.ece | title=1946 Last War of Independence Royal Indian Navy Mutiny review: The 1946 naval uprising | newspaper=The Hindu | date=7 May 2022 | last1=Narasiah | first1=K. R. A. | archive-date=16 November 2022 | access-date=16 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116131224/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/1946-last-war-of-independence-royal-indian-navy-mutiny-review-the-1946-naval-uprising/article65375043.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India]] was the only nation–wide political organisation that supported the rebellion. The British authorities had later branded the Naval Mutiny as a "larger communist conspiracy raging from the Middle East to the Far East against the [[The Crown|British crown]]".

The RIN Revolt started as a strike by [[Naval rating|ratings]] of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] on 18 February in protest against general conditions. The immediate issues of the revolt were living conditions and food. By dusk on 19 February, a Naval Central Strike committee was elected. The strike found some support amongst the Indian population, though not their political leadership who saw the dangers of mutiny on the eve of Independence. The actions of the mutineers were supported by demonstrations which included a one–day [[general strike]] in [[Bombay]]. The strike spread to other cities, and was joined by elements of the [[Royal Indian Air Force]] and [[Mumbai Police|local police force]]s.

Indian Naval personnel began calling themselves the "Indian National Navy" and offered left–handed salutes to British officers. At some places, NCOs in the [[British Indian Army]] ignored and defied orders from British superiors. In [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) and [[Poona]] (now [[Pune]]), the British garrisons had to face some unrest within the ranks of the Indian Army. Widespread rioting took place from [[Karachi]] to [[Calcutta]]. Notably, the revolting ships hoisted three flags tied together – those of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]], and the Red Flag of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), signifying the unity and downplaying of [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] issues among the mutineers.

The revolt was called off following a meeting between the President of the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC), M. S. Khan, and [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel|Vallab Bhai Patel]] of the Congress with a guarantee that none would be persecuted.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=274}} Contingents of the naval ratings were [[Arrest|arrested]] and imprisoned in camps with distressing conditions over the following months,{{Sfn|Vitali|2018|p=3-4}} and the condition of surrender which shielded them from persecution. Patel, who had been sent to Bombay to settle the crisis, issued a statement calling on the strikers to end their action, which was later echoed by a statement issued in Calcutta by [[Mohammed Ali Jinnah|Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] on behalf of the Muslim League. Under these considerable pressures, the strikers gave way. Arrests were then made, followed by [[court-martial|courts martial]] and the dismissal of 476 sailors from the Royal Indian Navy. None of those dismissed were reinstated into either the Indian or Pakistani navies after independence.

{{Rebellions in British India}}

== Background ==

During the [[World War II|Second World War]], the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) had rapidly expanded from a small naval force composed of sloops to become a full–fledged navy.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=175}} The expansion occurred in an [[ad hoc]] basis as operational requirements changed over the course of the war, the naval headquarters was moved from Bombay to New Delhi during this period, the navy acquired a varied assortment of warships and landing crafts, and the naval infrastructure in British India was expanded with improved dockyards, new training facilities and other support infrastructure.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|pp=175–176}} The RIN played an instrumental role in halting the progress of Japanese forces in the [[Indian Ocean Theatre]]. The force was involved in escorting allied convoys in the Indian Ocean, defending the Indian shoreline against naval invasions and supporting allied military operations through coastlines and rivers during the [[Burma campaign|Burma Campaign]].{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=175}}

Due to the war, recruitments began occurring beyond the confines of the "[[martial races]]" composed of demographics who were politically segregated.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=488}} The ratings were composed of a diverse group, from different regions and religions, mostly from rural backgrounds. Some of them had not even physically encountered Britons before the recruitment. Exponential rises in the price of goods, [[famine]]s and other economic difficulties eventually forced many of them to join the expanding armed forces of the British Raj. In a period of 4 to 6 years, the recruits underwent a transformation in their mindset.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=489}} They were exposed to developments from around the world.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=488}}

In 1945, it was ten times larger than its size in 1939. Between 1942 and 1945, the CPI leaders helped in carrying out mass recruitment of Indians especially communist activists into the British Indian Army and RIN for war efforts against [[Nazi Germany]]. However once the war was over, the newly recruited men turned against the British government.

=== Demobilisation ===
The [[demobilisation]] of the Royal Indian Navy began once the war with Japan ended. Leased ships were paid off, a number of shore establishments were closed and the sailors were concentrated into select establishments for their release from service. Much of the concentration occurred in the naval establishments at Bombay, which served as the primary base for the RIN and hence became over crowded with bored and dissatisfied personnel awaiting their release.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=175}} The dissatisfaction among the Indian personnel came from a variety of causes such as dismal living conditions, arbitrary treatment, inadequate pay and a perception of an uncaring senior leadership. Despite the wartime expansion, the officer staff of the formed remained predominantly white and the navy was noted to be the most conservative in terms of number of Indian officers. The concentration of the personnel and grievances in its ranks combined with tense interracial relations and aspirations to end British rule in India led to a volatile situation in the navy.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=177}}

Unlike the close relationship between [[British Army]] and the [[British Indian Army]], the Royal Indian Navy was not privy to such a relationship with the [[Royal Navy]]. However the war had brought the two closer together under the leadership of the British High Command and due to temporary transfers between the two navies.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=181}} The British naval circles were prevalent with perceptions of lack of competency among Indians, opposition to the independence movement and assumptions of continued British presence in India.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=182}} [[John Henry Godfrey]] was the commanding officer of the RIN and had overseen its transformation from a small coastal defense fleet to a regional navy. In the post war period, he intended to preserve its status as a regional navy and had the vision for the RIN to serve as in instrument of British interests in the Indian Ocean. Operating under this vision, Godfrey proposed the acquisition of new warships from the [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|British Admiralty]] and maintained that British officers would be necessary for the fleet to continue functioning as Indian officers lacked the required expertise and training.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=181}}

=== Indian National Army trials ===
The INA trials, the stories of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] ("Netaji"), as well as the stories of INA's fight during the [[Battle of Imphal|Siege of Imphal]] and in Burma were seeping into the glaring public–eye at the time. These, received through the wireless sets and the media, fed discontent and ultimately inspired the sailors to strike. After the Second World War, three officers of the Indian National Army (INA), General [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], Colonel [[Prem Sahgal]] and Colonel [[Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon]] were put on [[Indian National Army trials|trial at the Red Fort]] in Delhi for "waging war against the King Emperor", i.e., the Emperor of India.

According to the Home Department of the Raj, the Congress advocacy during the trials, their election campaign for the advisory council and the highlighting of excesses during the [[Quit India Movement]] contained inflammatory speeches and had created a volatile atmosphere. There were several upsurges between November 1945 and February 1946. In a September 1945, All India Congress Committee meeting, the party had taken the stand that in case of any confrontations, negotiation and settlement must be the way forward.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=488}}

Calcutta in particular experienced frequent instances of civil unrest in opposition to the trials,{{Sfn|Vitali|2018|p=5}} and eventually led to the popular support emerging in favor of the revolutionary vision of an independent India that was advocated by the [[Communist Party of India]].{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=13}}

=== Unrest in the British forces in India ===
{{Quote box
| quote = "Provided they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If however the Indian Army went the other way the picture would be very different."
| author = General [[Hastings Lionel Ismay]], [[1st Baron Ismay]].{{sfn|Spector|1981|p=273}}
| width = 320px
}}Between 1943 and 1945, the [[Royal Indian Navy]] suffered nine mutinies on board various individual ships.{{Sfn|Marston|2014|p=143}}

In early February 1946, mutinies broke out in the [[Indian Army Pioneer Corps|Indian Pioneers]] unit stationed in [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] and later at a signals training center at the air base in [[Jubbulpore]], [[Central Provinces and Berar]].{{Sfn|Marston|2014|p=143}} According to [[Francis Tuker]], the commanding officer of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], the dissatisfaction against British colonial rule was rapidly growing within the [[bureaucracy]] and the [[police force]] as well as in the [[armed forces]] itself.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=490}}

== HMIS ''Talwar'' ==
[[HMIS Talwar|HMIS ''Talwar'']] was a shore establishment,{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=10}} with a signals school at [[Colaba]], [[Bombay]].{{Sfn|Vitali|2018|p=2}} Following the end of the war, the establishment was among the locations in Bombay where a large number of ratings were deployed.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=175}} Around 1,000 communications operators were residing at the establishment,{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=489}} most of the whom consisted of lower–middle class and middle–class people with [[matriculation]] or college education as opposed to general seamen who were primarily from the peasantry.{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=493}} In late 1945, upon reassignment, around 20 operators along with a dozen sympathisers frustrated with racial discrimination faced by them during their period of service, formed a secretive group under the self designation of ''[[Azad Hind]]'' ({{Translation|Free Indians}}) and began hatching conspiracies to undermine their senior officers.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=7}}

The first incident occurred on 1 December 1945, when RIN Commanders had intended to open up the establishment to the public; in the morning the group vandalised the premises by littering the [[parade ground]] with burnt flags and bunting, prominently displaying brooms and buckets at the tower and painting slogans such as "[[Quit India]], Down with British Raj", and "Victory to [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and [[Nehru]]", across various walls of the establishment.{{sfn|Gourgey|1996|p=5}} The senior officers cleaned up the premises before the public arrived without further action. The weak response emboldened the conspirators who continued on with similar activities over the course of the following months.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=7}}

The response was a result of correspondences issued by the Commander–in–Chief [[Claude Auchinleck|Sir Claude Auchinleck]] informing officers to maintain a degree of tolerance for a smooth transition in case of Indian Independence such that British interests are secured by maintaining good relations. Unable to catch the conspirators and restricted from taking strict action against their underlings, the command at HMIS ''Talwar'' resorted to increasing the pace of demobilization in the hopes that the troublemakers would be pushed out of the force during the process. As a result, the group shrunk in size but the remaining ones remained enthused for more nationalistic activities.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=7-8}}

On 2 February 1946, Auchinleck himself was supposed to attend the establishment and the officers aware of the potential for vandalism had employed guards to prevent any large–scale action beforehand. Despite this, the group was able to add stickers and paint the walls of the podium from where the C–in–C was to receive the establishment's salute, featuring slogans such as "Quit India" and "[[Jai Hind]]". The vandalism was spotted before sunrise and [[Balai Chandra Dutt]], a five–year veteran of the war, was caught while escaping the scene with stickers and glue in his hand.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=8}} Subsequently, his lockers were searched and communist and nationalist literature were found among its contents.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|pp=8–9}}{{Sfn|Davies|2019|p=5}} The material was considered to be seditious; Dutt was interrogated by five senior officers in quick succession including a [[rear admiral|rear-admiral]], he claimed responsibility for all acts of vandalism and announced his status as a [[political prisoner]].{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=9}} He was imprisoned in solitary confinement for seventeen days,{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=489}} while the acts themselves continued unabated following his imprisonment.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=9}}

On 8 February 1946, a number of [[naval rating]]s (enlisted personnel) were [[court martialed]] for insubordination,{{Sfn|Marston|2014|p=143}} and the commanding officer Frederick King reportedly indulged in racialist polemic along with the use of epithets such as "[[sons of bitches]]", "[[Coolie|sons of coolies]]" and "junglies" to describe his Indian underlings.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=10}}{{Sfn|Davies|2019|p=5}} Some of the naval ratings filed a formal complaints against the leadership style of the commanding officer.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=177}} On 17 February, a large number of ratings began refusing food and orders for military parades,{{Sfn|Marston|2014|p=143}} King had reportedly used the term "black bastards" to describe a group of sailors during the morning briefing.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=177}} By 18 February, the ratings at [[HMIS Sutlej|HMIS ''Sutlej'']], [[HMIS Jumna|HMIS ''Jumna'']], and those at [[Bombay Castle|Castle and Fort Barracks]] in the [[Bombay Harbour]] followed suit and began refusing orders, in solidarity with the operators at HMIS ''Talwar''.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=143}}

At 12:30, 18 February 1946, it was reported that all naval ratings below the rank of [[petty officer]] at ''HMIS Talwar'' were refusing commands from the CO.{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=491}} Eventually, the ratings rebelled, seizing control of the shore establishment and expelling the officers. Over the course of the day, the ratings moved across the Bombay Harbour from ship to ship in an attempt to convince other ratings to join them in the mutiny.{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=492}}{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=485}} In the meantime, B. C. Dutt had spent several days in solitary confinement and was allowed to return at the ''Talwar'' barracks before his expected dismissal from the force.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=490}} He would later come to be known one of the primary instigators of the mutiny.{{Sfn|Davies|2019|p=5}} Within a day, the mutiny had spread to 22 ships in the harbour and 12 other shore establishments in Bombay.{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=492}}{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=485}} On the same day, the mutiny was also joined in by RIN operated wireless stations including those as distant as [[Aden]] and [[Bahrain]]; the mutineers at HMIS ''Talwar'' had used available wireless devices at the signals school to establish direct communications with them.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=177}}

== Occupation of Bombay Harbour ==
On 19 February, the [[Flag Officer]] Commanding, [[Royal Indian Navy]], Admiral [[John Henry Godfrey]] sent out a communication via the All India Radio, stating that the most stringent measures would be utilised to suppress their mutiny, including if necessary the destruction of the Navy itself.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|pp=178–179}} Rear Admiral [[Arthur Rullion Rattray]], second–in–command to the Royal Indian Navy,{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=20}} and the commanding officer at the Bombay Harbour conducted an inspection in person which confirmed that the unrest was widespread and beyond his control.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=177}} Rattray insisted on a [[parley]] with the mutineers but Auchinleck and Godfrey were both opposed to the idea.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=20}} The events at HMIS ''Talwar'' had motivated sailors across Bombay and the Royal Indian Navy to join in by the prospects of a revolution to overthrow the British Raj and in solidarity with the grievances of their naval fraternity.{{Sfn|Davies|2014|p=387}}

Over the course of the day, many of the ratings moved into the city armed with hockey sticks and fire axes, causing traffic disruption and occasionally commandeering vehicles.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=271}} Motor launches seized at the harbour were paraded around and cheered on by crowds gathering at the piers.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=271}} Demonstrations and agitations broke out in the city,{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=179}} gasoline was seized from passing trucks, [[tramway track]]s outside the [[Prince of Wales Museum]] were set on fire,{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=271}} the US Information Office was raided and the American flag located inside was pulled down and burned on the streets.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=271}}{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=179}}

On the morning of 20 February 1946, it was reported that Bombay Harbour, including all its ships and naval establishments had been overtaken by mutineers.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=193}} It encompassed 45 warships,{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=271}}{{Sfn|Singh|1986|p=90}} 10–12 shore establishments,{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=492}}{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=271}} 11 auxiliary vessels and four flotillas,{{Sfn|Singh|1986|p=90}} overtaken by around 10,000 naval ratings.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=271}} The harbour facilities consisted of the Fort and Castle Barracks, the Central Communications Office which oversaw all signals traffic for naval communications in Bombay, the Colaba receiving station and hospital facilities of the Royal Indian Navy located nearby in [[Sewri]]. The warships included two [[destroyers]] [[HMIS Narbada|HMIS ''Narbada'']] and [[HMIS Jumna|HMIS ''Jumna'']], two older warships [[HMIS Clive|HMIS ''Clive'']] and [[HMIS Lawrence|HMIS ''Lawrence'']], one [[frigate]] [[HMIS Dhanush|HMIS ''Dhanush'']] and four [[corvettes]] [[HMIS Gondwana (K348)|HMIS ''Gondwana'' (K348)]], [[HMIS Assam (K306)|HMIS ''Assam'' (K306)]], [[HMIS Mahratta (K395)|HMIS ''Mahratta'' (K395)]] and [[HMIS Sind (K274)|HMIS ''Sind'' (K274)]], among other ships such as [[gunboats]] and [[naval trawlers]].{{Sfn|Singh|1986|p=90}}

The solitary exception to the mutiny at the Bombay Harbour was the frigate [[HMIS Shamsher|HMIS ''Shamsher'']],{{Sfn|Singh|1986|p=92}} a "test ship" with Indian officers. The commanding officer of HMIS ''Shamsher'', Lieutenant Krishnan had created a diversionary signal and moved out of the harbour on 20:00, 18 February 1946. Despite protestations from his Sub–Lieutenant [[Rustom K. S. Ghandhi|R. K. S. Ghandhi]], Krishnan did not join the rebellion and was also able to prevent a mutiny from the ratings under his command, with an apparent "charismatic speech" where he used his Indian identity to maintain the chain of command.{{Sfn|Spence|2015|pp=497–498}}

The rebellion also included shore establishments in the vicinity of Bombay; HMIS ''Machlimar'' at [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]], an anti–submarine training school was manned by 300 ratings, HMIS ''Hamla'' at [[Marvé Beach|Marvé]] which held the residence quarters of the landing craft wing of the RIN had been seized by 600 ratings, HMIS ''Kakauri'', the demobilisation center in the city which was seized by over 1,400 ratings who were housed there. On [[Trombay Island]], the Mahul wireless communications station and HMIS ''Cheetah'', a second demobilisation center were also seized by mutineers. HMIS ''Akbar'' at [[Kolshet]], a training facility for Special Services ratings which had the capacity of 3,000 trainees was seized by the 500 ratings who were residing within it premises. Two inland establishments, HMIS ''Shivaji'' in [[Lonavala]] was a mechanical training establishment was seized by 800 ratings and HMIS ''Feroze'' in the [[Malabar Hills]], a reserve officer's training facility that had been converted into an officer's demobilisation center, was seized by 120 ratings.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|pp=90–91}}

=== Strike Committee and the ''Charter of Demands'' ===
In the afternoon of 19 February, the mutineers at the Bombay Harbour had congregated at HMIS ''Talwar'' to elect the Naval Central Strike Committee (NCSC) as their representatives and formulate the ''Charter of Demands.''{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=272}}{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=180}} Warships and shore establishments became constituencies for the election of the committee from which individual representatives were elected to the committee. Most of the members of the committee remain unknown, and many of them were reportedly under 25.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=272}} Of those known, were the petty officer Madan Singh and signalman M. S. Khan, who were authorised by the committee to conduct informal talks.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=180}} The ''Charter of Demands'' was sent to the authorities and consisted of a mixture of political and service related demands.{{Sfn|Vitali|2018|p=2}}{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=180}}<blockquote class="templatequote">
# Release of all Indian [[political prisoners]];
# Release of all [[Indian National Army]] personnel unconditionally;
# Withdrawal of all Indian personnel from [[Indonesia]] and [[Egypt]];
# Eviction of British nationals from India;
# Prosecution of the commanding officers and signal bosuns for mistreatment of crew;
# Release of all detained naval ratings;
# Demobilisation of the Royal Indian Navy ratings and officers, with haste;
# Equality in status with the [[Royal Navy]] regarding pay, family allowances and other facilities;
# Optimum quality of Indian food in the service;
# Removal of requirements for return of clothing kit after discharge from service;
# Improvement in standards of treatment by officers towards subordinates;
# Installation of Indian officers and supervisors.
</blockquote>On the warships and shore establishments, the British flags and naval ensigns were pulled down and the flags of the [[Indian National Congress]], [[All-India Muslim League|All–India Muslim League]] and the [[Communist Party of India]] were hoisted.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=6}} The Bombay committee of the Communist Party of India called a general strike which was supported by leaders from the [[Congress Socialist Party]], a socialist caucus within the Indian National Congress. The provincial units of the Indian National Congress and the All India Muslim League however opposed the mutiny from the onset.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=486}} Disappointed and disgruntled with opposition from the national leadership towards the mutiny, the flags of the Congress and Muslim League were pulled down and only the red flags kept aloft.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=6}}

=== Intervention by the Southern Command ===
On 20 February 1946, the Naval Central Strike Committee had recommended some of the ratings to move into the city to garner popular support for their demands.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=2}} RIN trucks packed with naval ratings entered European–dominated [[commercial district]]s of Bombay shouting slogans to galvanize Indians, followed by instances of altercations between the mutineers and Europeans including servicemen.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=193}} Police personnel, students and labour organisations in the city went on sympathetic strikes in support of the mutineers.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=2}} The Royal Indian Air Force units also witnessed unrest in its base of operations in Bombay. The personnel including pilots refused transportation duties for the deployment of British troops in the city and orders to fly bombers over the harbour.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=3}} Around 1,200 air force strikers began a procession in the city alongside the ratings.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=2}} The procession was joined in by striking servicemen from the Naval Accounts Civilian Staff.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=2}}

Meanwhile, the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] convened a meeting and came to the decision to stand firm and accept only unconditional surrender, refusing any notions of a parley.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=273}} Rear Admiral Rattray issued an order to confine all the naval ratings back into their quarters at the barracks by 15:30.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=193}} General [[Rob Lockhart]], the commanding officer of the [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] was given charge of suppressing the mutiny.{{Sfn|Marston|2014|p=143}} [[Royal Marines]] and the [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] were deployed in Bombay to push the agitating ratings out of Bombay and back into their barracks.{{Sfn|Marston|2014|pp=143–144}}{{Sfn|Marston|2014|p=144}}

The strike committee had advised mutineers to refrain from engaging in combat with the army personnel in the city,{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=13}} and the ratings hesitant about engaging in a confrontation with the police and the army retreated to the harbour by afternoon.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=485}} The troops however proved inadequate in pushing the mutineers back into their barracks.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=179}} Warning shots from machine guns and rifles were fired near the harbour to prevent the army from advancing further.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=485}} The naval ratings had taken position at the harbour and were well armed with small arms and ammunitions available at the warships, lockers and munitions depots at the naval establishments. The warships in the harbour were armed with [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors 40 mm anti–aircraft gun]]s and main batteries with 4–inch guns, that had been altered to the advancing troops and directed their guns towards the land.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=179}} [[HMIS Narbada|HMIS ''Narbada'']] and [[HMIS Jumna|HMIS ''Jumna'']] took up positions, pointing their batteries at the oil storage and other military buildings on the Bombay shoreline.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=193}}

In the evening, Admiral [[John Henry Godfrey|Godfrey]] reached Bombay after being flown in from the headquarters at New Delhi.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=197}} The army had formed an encirclement around the harbour and naval districts.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|pp=11–12}} The ratings informed ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' that the government was attempting to enforce a blockade and cut off food supply to them.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=12}} During the same time, Godfrey offered to accede to one of the demands, that of improvement in the quality of food which reportedly baffled the mutineers.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=12}} Parel Mahila Sangh, a communist–affiliated union organised food relief from fishermen and mill workers in Bombay, to be shipped into the harbour.{{Sfn|Vitali|2018|p=5}}

On 21 February 1946, Admiral John Henry Godfrey released a statement on the All India Radio, threatening the mutineers to surrender immediately or face complete destruction.{{Sfn|Davies|2019|p=6}} He had conferred with the [[First Sea Lord]] (Chief of Naval Staff), [[Sir Andrew Cunningham]] who recommended the swift suppression of the mutiny to prevent it from turning into a greater military conflict.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=180}} The British flotilla of the [[Royal Navy]], consisting of the cruiser [[HMS Glasgow (C21)|HMS ''Glasgow'']], three frigates and five destroyers were called in from [[Singapore]].{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=198}}{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=180}} Bombers from the [[Royal Air Force]] were flown over the harbour as a show of strength.{{Sfn|Davies|2019|p=6}}{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=485}}

The Royal Marines were directed to re–take the Castle Barracks,{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=198}} the mutineers entered into fire fights on some of the army positions on land.{{Sfn|Marston|2014|p=144}} The mutineers attempted a probe into the city but the army successful repulsed it, preventing them from surging into Bombay.{{Sfn|Marston|2014|p=144}} Godfrey sent a message to the British Admiralty requesting urgent assistance and stating that the mutineers possessed capabilities to take the city.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=274}} Meanwhile, the ratings manning shops at the harbour exchanged rifle fire with advancing British troops of the 5th Mahratta Light Infantry.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=273}} Salvos from the main guns of the RIN warships were fired at the British troops approaching the barracks.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|pp=179–180}}

Around 16:00, the firing from the warships were ceased following instructions from the Strike Committee and the ratings retreated out of the barracks.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=274}} The marines stormed the barrack facilities in the evening, seized the munitions storage and secured all the entrances and exits of the barracks.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=198}} With the marines having gained a foothold inside the harbour, the Central Strike Committee was moved from the shore establishment HMIS ''Talwar'' to the [[state of the art]] warship HMIS ''Narbada.''{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=13}}

In the meantime, Royal Indian Air Force personnel from the [[Andheri]] and Colaba camps revolted and joined up with the naval ratings. Sporting white flags spattered with fake blood,{{Sfn|Dayal|1995|p=228}} around 1,000 airmen occupied the [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive of Bombay]].{{Sfn|Bose|1988|p=166}} The contingent issued their own set of demands mimicking the ''Charter of Demands'' and included a demand for standardisation of pay scales with the [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF).{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=12}} The Royal Indian Air Force personnel at the [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion area]] began a strike in support of the mutineers.{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=486}}

=== Civil unrest in Bombay ===
On 22 February 1946, British reinforcements in the form of battalions from the [[Essex Regiment]], the [[Queen's Regiment]] and the [[Border Regiment]], along with [[146th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps|146th Regiment]] of the [[Royal Armoured Corps]] arrived at Bombay from [[Poona]], [[Bombay Province]]. This was followed in quick succession with the arrival of an anti–tank battery from the Field Regiment of the Royal Artillery stationed in [[Jubbulpore]].{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=198}} Curfew was imposed in the city. Fearing a wider, communist–inspired rebellion in the country, the government decided to crack down on the agitators.{{Sfn|Davies|2019|p=6}} Over the course of the unrest, up to 236 people were killed and thousands were injured, though these figures include [[Religious violence in India|communal violence]] sparked by the mutiny.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=180}} On 23 February 1946, the Naval Central Strike Committee requested all the warships to fly black flags of surrender.{{Sfn|Vitali|2018|p=3}}

== HMIS ''Hindustan'' and Karachi ==
The news of the mutiny at HMIS ''Talwar'' reached Karachi on 19 February 1946.{{Sfn|Davies|2014|p=387}}{{Sfn|Jena|1996|p=485}} In the afternoon, the naval ratings from the shore establishments HMIS ''Bahadur'', HMIS ''Himalaya'' and HMIS ''Monze'' called a meeting of ratings at the beach of [[Manora Island]] through the Saliors' Association in Karachi. The general body came to a unanimous decision to launch an agitation on 21 February with a procession beginning at the [[Keamari]] jetty on the mainland and eventually moving through the city in opposition to British rule and endorsing unity between the Indian National Congress and the All–India Muslim League.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=2}}

However, on 20 February 1946, before the planned procession could occur, a dozen naval ratings on the old sloop [[HMIS Hindustan|HMIS ''Hindustan'']] disembarked from the ship and refused to return unless certain officers were transferred, in protest against discrimination faced by them.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=2-3}} Over the course of the day, the group began to swell as naval ratings from HMIS ''Himalaya'' followed by ratings from other establishments joined them. The group moved into the Keamari locality with slogans such as "[[Inquilab Zindabad]]" ({{Translation|Long live the revolution}}), "Hindustan Azad" ({{Translation|Freedom for India}}), urging commercial establishments to begin a [[general strike]] and eventually began a march towards the railway station claiming that they intended to march on Delhi. In the meantime, a second meeting was called which quickly came to the decision to drop the planned agitation and support the activities of the ratings in the city. The ratings working through the association, organised for walls in the naval areas and in the city to be struck with posters and painted with galvanising slogans such as "We shall live as a free nation" and "Tyrants your days are over", among others.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=3}}

=== Occupation of Manora Island ===
[[File:Karachi_map_1911.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Map of Karachi (1911) with Manora Island, Karachi Harbour and the Keamari naval district]]
In the morning of 21 February 1946, Manora Island was rife with unrest.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=3}} The warship HMIS ''Hindustan'' docked at the [[Karachi Harbour]] had been seized by the naval ratings at midnight, the officers subdued,{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=198}}{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=3}} and the warship moored at the Manora Island.{{Sfn|West|2010|p=125}} Within hours of the mutiny at HMIS ''Hindustan'', the trainings establishment HMIS ''Bahadur'', the radar school HMIS ''Chamak'' and the gunnery school HMIS ''Himalaya'' were seized by around 1,500 naval ratings,{{Sfn|Gourgey|1996|p=16}} all located on the island.{{Sfn|West|2010|p=125}} The British officers at HMIS ''Bahadur'' shot and killed one of the ratings during the process, whose blood soaked shirt became the flag for the mutineers.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=4}} The other military vessel in the harbour, HMIS ''Travancore'' was also seized by the ratings.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=3}}

The mutiny at the naval establishments at Manora were joined by local residents.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=4}} By morning, the mutineers were crossing over to Keamari on civilian and military [[motor launch]]<nowiki/>es from the jetty of HMIIS ''Himalaya''. Some of the ratings were caught on their way by British manned patrol boats that fired at them and retreated when HMIS ''Hindustan'' began shelling in their direction with up its twelve–pounder guns. Two ratings on the launches died and several were wounded in the minor confrontation.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=3}}

In the meantime, troops from the [[44th Indian Airborne Division]], the [[Black Watch]] and a battery of the [[Royal Regiment of Artillery]] were deployed in Karachi for assistance.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=198}}{{Sfn|West|2010|p=125}} According to unconfirmed reports, many of the Indian regiments refused to fire at the mutineers.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=4}}{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=23}} The army predominantly relied on British troops for the duration of the mutiny and the civil unrest in the city that followed afterwards.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=23}}

The authorities were in close contact with their counterparts in Bombay and intended to prevent a similar collaboration between mutineers and civilians that had reportedly led to a critical situation in Bombay.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=4}} Cordons were placed at the bridges connecting Keamari with the rest of the city by the police, along with British troops armed with [[Thompson submachine gun]]s.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=4}}{{Sfn|Gourgey|1996|p=16}} The cordons prevented the mutineers from entering the city and hundreds of ratings were pinned down at the Keamari area throughout the day. Local workers at the dockyards joined up with the ratings and held demonstrations with slogans calling for revolution.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=4}}

In the evening, the mutineers at Keamari fixed rendezvous points with the workers and boatmen, and returned to the island. The mutineers held a number of meetings at night on the island to deliberate upon a plan of action for the following day. Around 11:00 pm, HMIS Chamak, the radar school received information from HMIS ''Himalaya'', the gunnery school and jetty on the island that HMIS ''Hindustan'' had received an ultimatum from the authorities to surrender by 10:00 am. HMIS ''Hindustan'' was the sole warship in the area and commanded the passage into the Karachi Harbour.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=4}} In the morning of 22 February 1946, Commodore Curtis, the British commanding officer at the harbour held parley at 8:30 am, coming on board the ship in an effort to persuade the ratings to surrender, and providing "safe conduct" to those who would do so by 9:00 am.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=198-199}} The ultimatum's time delineation had been adjusted with the low tide which put the warship off the shore at a strategically disadvantageous position with respect to troops on land.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=4}}

The parley drew no response and the ultimatum was ignored, the ratings were observed to be in preparations for manning the ship's armaments.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=199}} Altered by this development, the British troops advanced through Keamari and attempted to board HMIS ''Hindustan'',{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=274}} beginning with sniper fire from a distance directed at those on the deck of the ship. The mutineers returned fire with the [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon]]s on the ship,{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=199}} heavy machine guns on board the ship were also utilised.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=274}} Two four–inch main guns on board the ship were primed although their field of vision of impaired due to low tide. In a retaliatory measure, the artillery battery fired at the ship with mortars and field guns,{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=199}} including the 75 millimeter howitzers.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=274}} The warship refrained from retaliating with its full armament to avoid hitting sympathetic civilian targets in the city in light of its impaired vision.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=4-5}} One of the main gun turrets exploded due to the shelling resulting in a fire aboard the ship, while it was attempting to leave the harbour. On this turn of events at 10:55, the mutineers at HMIS ''Hindustan'' surrendered and the battle had ended.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=199}}

In the morning, the government issued a public warning, stating that [[Deadly force|lethal force]] would be used against anyone approaching within a mile of HMIS ''Hindustan''. This delayed the crossing of mutineers from Manora to Keamari as it significantly reduced the number of boatmen willing to assist them. The confrontation with HMIS ''Hindustan'' had ended by the time some of the ratings made it across were met with British troops that had advanced into and occupied Keamari.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=5}} In the meantime, British paratroopers captured the shore establishments on the island.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=4-5}} The [[Black Watch]] was also directed to re–take Manora Island,{{Sfn|West|2010|p=125}} who according to an Intelligence Bureau report to the Home Department had captured the gunnery school at 9:50 am. The report further stated that the casualties at the time were 7 RIN ratings and 15 paratroopers wounded on the island.{{Sfn|Sarkar|Bhattacharya|2007|pp=79-80}} The remaining ratings were trapped at the jetty on Manora, unable to cross over to Keamari and faced with the Black Watch behind them.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=5}} In the end, 8–14 were killed, 33 wounded including British troops and 200 mutineers arrested.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=5}}{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=274}}

=== Civil unrest in Karachi ===
Movement and communication between Keamari and Karachi were cut off with the placement of a military and police cordon from 21 February onward.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=9-10}} Civilian [[dhows]] at Keamari were confiscated by British authorities and brought into the city,{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=10}} and the military deployment searched vehicles that had entered the city from Keamari to prevent mutineers from infiltrating Karachi.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=9}} Much of the population was concentrated near the ports and Keamari in particular was densely populated with a heavy working–class concentration,{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=7-8}} as a result civilian life was severely disrupted with the military deployment and the placement of cordons.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=10}} Exaggerated narrations of events spread through the city, and the civilian population, which was already sympathetic to the mutineers, were galvanized along with growing apprehensions for the military presence.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=9}} The narrations included rumours and were primarily spread by the expropriated boatmen and fishermen who were able to maintain some lines of communication with those in Keamari.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=10}}

On 22 February 1946, flashes of firing and sounds of gunfire from the confrontation could be seen and heard in Karachi.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=10}} The port area was swarmed with military vehicles where some of them were vandalised by civilians.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=10}} Indian military police were heckled and jeered at by crowds while British troops, military trucks and dispatches were attacked with stones on several routes.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=10}} The mutineers surrendered but civil unrest had begun to sweep through the city.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=12}} The protests which began spontaneously in the preceding days, became more organised with the involvement of students and local leaders.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=10}} In the evening, the [[Communist Party of India]] held a public meeting at the Karachi Idgah park, which witnessed a gathering of around 1,000 people and was presided over by [[Sobho Gianchandani]].{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=10-11}} According to the authorities, "dangerous and provocative anti–British speeches" were made at this assembly; an expression prominent in the meeting was that the mutineers had shown them how the arms provided to them could really be utilised while civilians were helpless because of the lack of weapons or contact with the mutineers. The meeting concluded with the decision to call for a city–wide ''[[hartal]]'' ({{Translation|[[general strike]]}}) on the following day.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=11}}

On 23 February 1946, Karachi observed a complete shutdown with warehouses and stores closed,{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=12}} tramway workers on strike,{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=14}} and students from college and schools demonstrating on the streets.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=12}} The authorities, in an attempt to prevent civil unrest which was witnessed in Bombay a day earlier, arrested three prominent communist leaders in the city and the district magistrate imposed a [[section 144]] order in the Karachi district which prohibited gatherings of more than three people.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=11-12}} The police force was however ineffective in enforcing the order due to low morale in the force, abstentions and instances of collusion between police personnel and civilian agitators. Over the course of the day, the streets filled as more and more people joined mass demonstrations and gatherings.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=12}}

Numerous mass gatherings, meetings and demonstrations were held while the Communist Party of India led a procession of 30,000 people through the city.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=12}} The subdued naval ratings on Manora Island also carriedout a [[hunger strike]] while in custody. Many of the striking ratings, some of whom were identified as their leaders, were arrested by the authorities and sent to the military prison camp at [[Malir]] in the [[Thar Desert]].{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=5}} At noon, a crowd of thousands had formed at Idgah park which was joined by the Communist Party–led procession.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=12}} The police force was eventually deployed at the park who were repulsed after several attempts to disperse the crowd. Idgah had become a centre of resistance for the protesters, where later in the day, some of the communist leaders called for the protesters to disperse but were unable to contain the majority of the crowd who were galvanised by the previous day's radical messages and attacked the nearby police personnel.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=12-13}}

The government called for the armed forces to be deployed in the city and the crowd at the park, faced with the arrival of the troops, scattered into smaller groups. The troops occupied the park in the afternoon, but the smaller groups, inflamed by their deployment, targeted government establishments such as post offices, police stations and the sole [[European peoples|''European'']]–owned [[Grindlays Bank]] in the city.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=13-14}} Government buildings were vandalised by smaller groups throughout the city and a sub–post office burned to the ground. One group attempted to capture the municipal building but were prevented by the police who arrested 11 youths, including a Communist Party leader. The crowds targeted [[Anglo-Indians|Anglo–Indians]], Europeans and occasionally Indian government servants, who were stripped of their hats and ties, which were then burnt on the ground. This was followed by police moving through the streets and on several occasions resorting to opening fire to disperse the crowds. The crowds, which were primarily composed of students and working–class people, dispersed at night as they returned to their homes.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=14}}

On 24 February 1946, the military forces in the city successfully enforced a curfew. The unrest subsided over the following days and the military presence was removed by the end of 26 February. Estimates of casualties from the shootings come only from official figures: 4–8 killed, 33 injured from police firings in self–defense and 53 policemen injured.{{Sfn|Deshpande|1989|p=14}}

== Other revolts and incidents ==
On 20 February 1946, it was reported that with the aid of radio and telegraph messages from the Signals School and Central Communications Office in Bombay, the mutiny had spread to all RIN sub stations in India, located at [[Madras]], [[Cochin]], [[Vizagapatam]], [[Jamnagar]], [[Calcutta]] and [[Delhi]].{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=193-194}} The Bombay telegraphs also requested assistance from [[Royal Indian Air Force]] (RIAF) and [[Royal Indian Army Service Corps]] (RIASC).{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=194}} During the mutiny, the supplies provided to the RIASC was pilfered by servicemen and sold off to the mutineers through the black market.{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=494}} HMIS ''India'', the naval headquarters at [[New Delhi]] witnessed around 80 signals operators refusing to following commands and barricading themselves inside their station.{{Sfn|Gourgey|1996|p=16}}{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=12}}

On 22 February 1946, large–scale agitations by civilians began across several cities other than Bombay and Karachi, such as Madras, Calcutta and New Delhi. Looting was widespread and directed at government institutions, grains stores were looted by the impoverished, as were jewelry shops and banks. Criminal elements known as ''[[goonda]]s'' were also reportedly involved.{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=493}}

=== Andaman Sea ===
The minesweeper flotilla of the Royal Indian Navy, with its command warship [[HMIS Kistna|HMIS ''Kistna'']] was stationed in the [[Andaman Sea]].{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=496}} The flotilla included six other ships namely, HMIS ''Hongkong'', [[HMIS Bengal (J243)|HMIS ''Bengal'' (J243)]], [[HMIS Rohilkhand (J180)|HMIS ''Rohilkhand'' (J180)]], [[HMIS Deccan (J129)|HMIS ''Deccan'' (J129)]], [[HMIS Baluchistan (J182)|HMIS ''Baluchistan'' (J182)]] and [[HMIS Bihar (J247)|HMIS ''Bihar'' (J247)]].{{Sfn|Singh|1986|p=91-92}} HMIS ''Kistna'' received news of the mutiny in Bombay during the breakfast hour on 20 February 1946. The commanding officer of the flotilla addressed the personnel at 16:00 expressing sympathies with "legitimate aspirations" while emphasizing the importance of maintaining order and discipline. The following day, further broadcasts increased tensions between the officers and the naval ratings, and rumours began to spread among the sailors. Lacking direct communication with the mutineers and access to print news, the ratings were primarily informed about the mutiny by the officers and were unable to understand the situation in Bombay.{{Sfn|Spence|2015|p=496}}

On 23 February 1946, all seven ships of the minesweeper flotilla ceased duties and went on strike.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=194}}

=== Kathiawar ===
Godfrey had issued a statement through the All India Radio giving the example of the shore establishment HMIS ''Valsura'' at Jamnagar for having the stayed loyal and threatening the destruction of the navy if the mutineers didn't surrender. The broadcast reportedly agitated the ratings.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=5}}

In [[Morvi State]], a transport vessel named SS ''Kathiawar'' had set out for sea on 21 February 1946. The ship was seized by the 120 ratings on board after receiving a radio transmission for assistance from the warship [[HMIS Hindustan|HMIS ''Hindustan'']] in [[Karachi]]. The ship was subsequently diverted towards Karachi but HMIS ''Hindustan'' surrendered before they could reach their designation which prompted them to redirect towards Bombay. The mutiny had however ended by the time it reached the city.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=5}}

=== Madras ===
On 19 February 1946, around 150 naval ratings mutinied at the shore establishment and naval base HMIS ''Adyar'' in [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]]. The mutineers paraded through the streets of the city shouting slogans and attacked the British officers who attempted to impede them in their activities.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=272}}

1,600 personnel with the [[Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers]] at Avadi publicised their decision to refuse orders and initiate a general strike.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=198}}

On 25 February 1946, the city of Madras observed complete shut down as a result of a general strike.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=5}}

=== Punjab ===
On 22 February 1946, the stations of the RIAF in Punjab witnessed a mass general strike. Several demonstrations in the ''[[bazaars]]'' ({{Translation|[[marketplaces]]}}) were held across the province by the personnel from the force warning the government against shooting at Indians and demanding the release of the Indian National Army soldiers.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=6}}

=== Calcutta ===
On 22 February 1946, the naval ratings of the frigate [[HMIS Hooghly (K330)|HMIS ''Hooghly'' (K330)]] began refusing orders in protest against the violent suppression of the mutiny in Bombay and Karachi. The Communist Party of India called a general strike in the city and around 100,000 workers participated in mass demonstrations and agitations over the following days.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=5}}

On 25 February 1946, a detachment of troops surrounded the frigate located at the Kolkata Harbour and arrested the disobedient ratings, who were imprisoned. The general strike in the city came to an end on the following day.{{Sfn|Javed|2010|p=5}}

=== Vizagapatnam ===
On 22 February 1946, the British troops arrested 306 mutineers without use of force.{{Sfn|Richardson|1993|p=198}}

== Lack of support ==
{{refimprove|section|date=February 2022}}
[[File:Naval_uprising_statue.jpg|thumb|Naval Uprising Statue, Colaba, Mumbai]]
The mutineers in the armed forces received no support from national political leaders and were themselves largely leaderless.

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] condemned the revolt. His statement on 3 March 1946 criticized the strikers for revolting without the call of a "prepared revolutionary party" and without the "guidance and intervention" of "political leaders of their choice". He added: "If they mutinied for the freedom of India they were doubly wrong. They could not do so without a call from a prepared revolutionary party."{{sfn|Gourgey|1996|p=57}} He further criticized the local Indian National Congress leader [[Aruna Asaf Ali]], who was one of the few prominent political leaders of the time to offer support for the mutineers, stating that she would rather unite Hindus and Muslims on the barricades than on the constitutional front. Gandhi's criticism also belies the submissions to the looming reality of [[Partition of India]], having stated "If the union at the barricade is honest then there must be union also at the constitutional front."
[[File:Indian_Navy_revolt_memorial_in_Mumbai_15.jpg|thumb|Naval uprising memorial in Colaba, Mumbai]]
The Muslim League made similar criticisms of the mutiny, arguing that unrest amongst the sailors was not best expressed on the streets, however serious their grievances might be. Legitimacy could only, probably, be conferred by a recognised political leadership as the head of any kind of movement. Spontaneous and unregulated upsurges, as the RIN strikers were viewed, could only disrupt and, at worst, destroy consensus at the political level. This may be Gandhi's (and the Congress's) conclusions from the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942 when central control quickly dissolved under the impact of suppression by the colonial authorities, and localised actions, including widespread acts of sabotage, continued well into 1943. It may have been the conclusion that the rapid emergence of [[Insurgent|militant]] mass demonstrations in support of the sailors would erode central political authority if and when transfer of power occurred. The Muslim League had observed passive support for the "Quit India" campaign among its supporters and, devoid of communal clashes despite the fact that it was opposed by the then collaborationist Muslim League. It is possible that the League also realised the likelihood of a destabilised authority as and when power was transferred. This certainly is reflected on the opinion of the sailors who participated in the strike. It has been concluded by later historians that the discomfiture of the mainstream political parties was because the public outpourings indicated their weakening hold over the masses at a time when they could show no success in reaching agreement with the British Indian government.

The [[Communist Party of India]], the third largest political force at the time, extended full support to the naval ratings and mobilised the workers in their support, hoping to end British rule through revolution rather than negotiation. The two principal parties of British India, the Congress and the Muslim League, refused to support the ratings. The class content of the mass uprising frightened them and they urged the ratings to surrender. Patel and Jinnah, two representative faces of the communal divide, were united on this issue and Gandhi also condemned the 'Mutineers'. The Communist Party gave a call for a general strike on 22 February. There was an unprecedented response and over a lakh students and workers came out on the streets of Calcutta, Karachi and Madras. The workers and students carrying red flags paraded the streets with the slogans "Accept the demands of the ratings" and "End British and Police zoolum". Upon surrender, the ratings faced court–martial, imprisonment and victimisation. Even after 1947, the governments of Independent India and Pakistan refused to reinstate them or offer compensation. The only prominent leader from Congress who supported them was Aruna Asaf Ali. Disappointed with the progress of the Congress Party on many issues, Aruna Asaf Ali joined the Communist Party of India (CPI) in the early 1950s.

It has been speculated that the actions of the Communist Party to support the mutineers was partly born out of its nationalist power struggle with the [[Indian National Congress]]. [[M. R. Jayakar]], who was a Judge in the [[Federal Court of India]] (which later became the [[Supreme Court of India]]), wrote in a personal letter

{{Quote|There is a secret rivalry between the Communists and Congressmen, each trying to put the other in the wrong. In yesterday’s speech Vallabhbhai almost said, without using so many words, that the trouble was due to the Communists trying to rival the Congress in the manner of leadership.}}

The only major political segments that still mentions the revolt are the [[Communist Party of India]] and the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. The literature of the Communist Party portrays the RIN Revolt as a spontaneous nationalist uprising that had the potential to prevent the partition of India, and one that was essentially betrayed by the leaders of the nationalist movement.

More recently, the RIN Revolt has been renamed the Naval Uprising and the mutineers honoured for the part they played in India's independence. In addition to the statue which stands in Mumbai opposite the sprawling Taj Wellingdon Mews, two prominent mutineers, Madan Singh and [[B.C. Dutt]], have each had ships named after them by the Indian Navy.

==Aftermath==
Between 25 and 26 February 1946, the rest of the mutineers surrendered with a guarantee from the [[Indian National Congress]] and the All–India Muslim League that none of them would be persecuted.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=274}} Contingents of the naval ratings were arrested and imprisoned in camps with distressing conditions over the following months, despite resistance from national leaders,{{Sfn|Vitali|2018|p=3-4}} and the condition of surrender which shielded them from persecution.{{Sfn|Spector|1981|p=274}}

Precautionary measures were taken against possibility of a second rebellious outbreak. Firing mechanisms were removed from the warships, small arms kept under lock by British officers and army troops were deployed as guards on board warships and at the shore establishments. British admirals, despite the mutiny, were unwilling to cede control and retained assumptions of the navy acting as an instrument of British interests in the Indian Ocean.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=181}}

In British circles, confidence in the loyalty and reliability of the Royal Indian Navy was shattered.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=181}} The mutiny marred the reputation of John Henry Godfrey.{{Sfn|West|2010|p=125}} He became known for professional neglect and was blamed for losing control of the navy during the mutiny.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=182}} Godfrey took responsibility for his inability to prevent and contain the rebellion, which had jeopardised British security in the Indian Ocean.{{Sfn|West|2010|p=126}} Although he was not held responsible in any official naval proceedings and continued to serve the British Admiralty, he was informally rebuked through means such as being overlooked in award of honors.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=182}}

=== Precautions ===
On 23 March 1946, Vice Admiral [[Geoffrey Audley Miles]] replaced Godfrey as [[Flag Officer]] Commanding [[Royal Indian Navy]]. Between June 1941 to March 1943, Miles had served as the head of the British naval mission in Moscow and was responsible for coordinating British naval operations with the [[Soviet Navy]]. He was appointed as the commanding officer of the British naval forces in Western Mediterranean from March 1943 till the end of the war, and was the British representative at the [[Tripartite Naval Commission]]. The diplomatic experience of Miles hence led to a perceptions of him being best suited to deal with the aftermath of the mutiny by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] and expectations on him remained high.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=182}}

The change in leadership did not bring about change in attitudes in the British naval leadership and Miles embraced the vision for the near and long term of the navy that had been pervaded by Godfrey. He continued to employ British naval officers and no changes were made in the hierarchy of command. Miles personally visited all the shore establishments, paid off the lease on the smaller warships and sent the larger warships for exercises at sea on a continual basis. The schedule was made more hectic to keep the naval ratings distracted and minimize routine contact with the civilian population. The warships remained disarmed and the small arms out of access during the exercises. No further unrest occurred in the navy and Miles was considered to have been at least partially successful in restoring confidence in the reliability in the Royal Indian Navy.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=182}}

Following independence, the navy was divided in two, but British officers remained in positions of authority within the two navies; the Royal Indian Navy (later renamed to [[Indian Navy]]) and the Royal Pakistan Navy (later renamed to [[Pakistan Navy]]). Vice Admiral [[Edward Parry (Royal Navy officer)|William Edward Parry]] became the commanding officer of the Indian Navy. None of the discharged sailors were pardoned or reinstated in either navy.{{Sfn|Meyer|2017|p=16}}

Many sailors on HMIS ''Talwar'' were reported to have communist leanings and on a search of 38 sailors who were arrested on HMIS ''New Delhi'', 15 were found to be subscribers to CPI literature. The British later came to know that the revolt, though not initiated by the Communist Party of India, was inspired by its literature.

=== Investigations ===
Numerous boards of inquiry were set up at the shore establishments and naval bases across India by the naval authorities as factfinding bodies to investigate the causes and circumstances of the mutiny. The bodies consisted of British armed forces officers and primarily took witness testimonies of RIN officers with a small cross–section of other ranks. The cause of the mutiny was determined to have its basis in administrative deficiencies such as inadequate information, failure of regular inspections, lack of experienced petty officers, chiefs and officers.

On 8 March 1946, Commander–in–Chief [[Claude Auchinleck|Sir Claude Auchinleck]] recommended a commission of inquiry determine the causes and origin of the mutiny.{{Sfn|Singh|1986|p=79}} The commission of inquiry's members were:

* The Hon'ble [[Fazl Ali|Sir Saiyid Fazl Ali]], Chief Justice of [[Patna High Court]] (Chairman)
* Mr. Justice K. S. Krishnaswami Iyengar, Chief Justice, [[Cochin State]]
* Mr. Justice Mahajan, Judge, [[Lahore High Court]]
* Vice-Admiral [[Wilfrid Patterson|W. R. Patterson]], [[Companion of the Order of the Bath|CB]], CVO, [[Flag Officer Commanding]], Cruiser Squadron in the [[East Indies Fleet]]
* Major-General [[Thomas Wynford Rees|T. W. Rees]], [[Companion of the Order of the Bath|CB]], CIE, [[Companion of the Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], [[Military Cross|MC]], [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], Commanding the [[4th Indian Division]]
The commission became highly politicised. It was criticised for being over–legalistic, selective in its conduct and antagonistic towards the military institution.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=177}} Its report was publicly released in January 1947.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=187}} British naval officers remained skeptical of its findings.{{Sfn|Madsen|2003|p=177-178}}

== Impact ==

Indian historians have looked at the mutiny as a protest against racial discrimination and supply of bad food by the British officials.<ref name="Pandey 1976 p. 253">{{cite book | last=Pandey | first=B.N. | title=Nehru | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | year=1976 | isbn=978-1-349-00792-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PO-wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 | language=de | access-date=2023-10-16 | page=253}}</ref> British scholars note that there was no comparable unrest in the Army, and have concluded that internal conditions in the Navy were central to the mutiny. There was poor leadership and a failure to instill any belief in the legitimacy of their service. Furthermore, there was tension between officers (mostly British), petty officers (largely Punjabi Muslims), and junior ratings (mostly Hindu), as well as anger at the very slow rate of release from wartime service.

The grievances focused on the slow pace of demobilisation. British units were near mutiny and it was feared that Indian units might follow suit. The weekly intelligence summary issued on 25 March 1946 admitted that the Indian Army, Navy and Air Force units were no longer trustworthy, and, for the Army, "only day to day estimates of steadiness could be made". The situation has thus been deemed the "''Point of No Return.''"<ref>{{cite book | last=Kapoor | first=Pramod | title=1946 Royal Indian Navy Mutiny: Last War of Independence| publisher=Roli Books | year=2022 | isbn=978-939-2-13028-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk1hEAAAQBAJ| language=de | access-date=2023-10-16 | page=253}}</ref>

The British authorities in 1948 branded the 1946 Indian Naval Mutiny as a "larger communist conspiracy raging from the Middle East to the Far East against the [[The Crown|British crown]]".

However, probably just as important remains the question as to what the implications would have been for India's internal politics had the revolt continued. The Indian nationalist leaders, most notably Gandhi and the Congress leadership, had apparently been concerned that the revolt would compromise the strategy of a negotiated and constitutional settlement, but they sought to negotiate with the British and not within the two prominent symbols of respective nationalism—–the Congress and the Muslim League.

In 1967 during a seminar discussion marking the 20th anniversary of Independence; it was revealed by the British High Commissioner of the time [[John Freeman (British politician)|John Freeman]], that the mutiny of 1946 had raised the fear of another large–scale mutiny along the lines of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], from the 2.5 million [[India in World War II|Indian soldiers who had participated in the Second World War]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aiyar|first=Swaminathan S. Anklesaria|title=Swaminathan S Anklesaria Aiyar: Freedom, won by himsa or ahimsa?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/swaminathan-s-a-aiyar/swaminathan-s-anklesaria-aiyar-freedom-won-by-himsa-or-ahimsa/articleshow/2282209.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-03-23}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

The rising was championed by Marxist cultural activists from Bengal. [[Salil Chaudhury]] wrote a revolutionary song in 1946 on behalf of the [[Indian People’s Theatre Association]] (IPTA). Later, [[Hemanga Biswas]], another veteran of the IPTA, penned a commemorative tribute. A Bengali play based on the incident, ''Kallol'' (Sound of the Wave), by radical playwright [[Utpal Dutt]], became an important anti–establishment statement, when it was first performed in 1965 in Calcutta. It drew large crowds to the [[Minerva Theatre, Kolkata|Minerva Theatre]] where it was being performed; soon it was banned by the Congress government of West Bengal and its writer imprisoned for several months.

The revolt is part of the background to [[John Masters]]' ''[[Bhowani Junction]]'' whose plot is set at this time. Several Indian and British characters in the book discuss and debate the revolt and its implications.

The 2014 Malayalam movie ''[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]'' directed by [[Amal Neerad]] features the protagonist Aloshy ([[Fahadh Faasil]]) as a Royal Indian Navy mutineer returning home along with fellow mutineer and National Award–winning stage and film actor [[P. J. Antony]] (played by director [[Aashiq Abu]])

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Communist involvement in Indian Independence movement]]
* [[Communism in India]]
* [[Anushilan Samiti]]
* [[Ghadar Movement]]
* [[India House]]
* [[Tebhaga Movement]]
* [[Quit India Movement]]
* [[Indian National Army]]
* [[Indian Independence movement]]
* [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Royal Air Force mutiny]]{{div col end}}
'''Naval mutinies:'''
{{div col}}
* [[Revolt of the Lash]]
* [[Kiel mutiny]]
* [[Kronstadt rebellion]]
* [[Chilean naval mutiny of 1931]]
* [[Invergordon Mutiny]]
* [[1936 Naval Revolt]]
* [[Cocos Islands mutiny]]
* [[1944 Greek naval mutiny]]
* [[1947 Royal New Zealand Navy mutinies]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

=== General references ===

* {{cite journal |last1=Bhagwatkar |first1=V. M. |title=The R. I. N. Mutiny of Bombay—February, 1946 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1976 |volume=37 |pages=387 |jstor=44138995 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Biswanath|title=Rin Mutiny, 1946: Reference and Guide for All|date=1988|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-85119-30-4|location=|pages=|language=en}}

*{{Cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Bipan|title=India's struggle for independence, 1857-1947|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Mridula|last3=Mukherjee|first3=Aditya|last4=Panikkar|first4=K. N.|last5=Mahajan|first5=Sucheta|publisher=[[Penguin UK]]|year=2000|isbn=978-81-8475-183-3|location=|pages=|language=en|author-link=Bipan Chandra|author-link2=Mridula Mukherjee}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=Andrew |title=Transnational connections and anti-colonial radicalism in the Royal Indian Navy mutiny, 1946 |journal=Global Networks |date=October 2019 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=521–538 |doi=10.1111/glob.12256 |s2cid=199807923 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=Andrew D. |title=Learning 'Large Ideas' Overseas: Discipline, (im)mobility and Political Lives in the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny |journal=Mobilities |date=3 July 2014 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=384–400 |doi=10.1080/17450101.2014.946769 |s2cid=144917512 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Davies |first1=Andrew |title=Identity and the assemblages of protest: The spatial politics of the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, 1946 |journal=Geoforum |date=August 2013 |volume=48 |pages=24–32 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.03.013 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Dayal|first=Ravi|title=We Fought Together for Freedom: Chapters from the Indian National Movement|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1995|isbn=978-0-19-563286-6|location=|pages=|language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Deshpande |first1=Anirudh |title=Sailors and the crowd: popular protest in Karachi, 1946 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=March 1989 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1177/001946468902600101 |s2cid=144466285 }}

* {{cite book |last1=Gourgey |first1=Percy S. |title=The Indian Naval Revolt of 1946 |date=1996 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Chennai |isbn=9788125011361}}

* {{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|919609575}} |last1=Javed |first1=Ajeet |title=The United Struggle of 1946 |journal=Pakistan Perspectives |location=Karachi |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=2010 |pages=146–154 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Robin |title=India's Working Class Revolt: Punnapra-Vayalar and the Communist 'Conspiracy' of 1946 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |date=April 1981 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=97–122 |doi=10.1177/001946468101800201 |s2cid=143883855 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Jena |first1=Teertha Prakash |title=Challenge in Royal Indian Navy (1946) - a Revaluation of Its Causes |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1996 |volume=57 |pages=485–491 |jstor=44133352 }}

*{{Cite book|last=Louis|first=Roger|title=The Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonisation|date=2006|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]]|isbn=978-1-84511-347-6|location=|pages=|language=en|author-link=Wm. Roger Louis}}

* {{Cite book|last=Madsen|first=Chris|title=Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2003|isbn=978-1-135-75553-9|editor-last=Bell|editor-first=Christopher|location=|pages=175–192|language=en|chapter=The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny, 1946|editor-last2=Elleman|editor-first2=Bruce}}
*{{Cite book|last=Marston|first=Daniel|title=The Indian Army and the End of the Raj|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-521-89975-8|location=|pages=116–150|language=en|chapter=Question of loyalty? The Indian National Army and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny|author-link=Daniel Marston (historian)}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=John M. |title=The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946: Nationalist Competition and Civil-Military Relations in Postwar India |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=2 January 2017 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=46–69 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2016.1262645 |s2cid=159800201 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Mohanan|first=Kalesh|title=The Royal Indian Navy: Trajectories, Transformations and the Transfer of Power|date=2019|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-000-70957-5|language=en}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Pati |first1=Biswamoy |title=From the Parlour to the Streets: A Short Note on Aruna Asaf Ali |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2009 |volume=44 |issue=28 |pages=24–27 |jstor=40279255 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Richardson |first1=William |title=The Mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy at Bombay in February 1946 |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=January 1993 |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=192–201 |doi=10.1080/00253359.1993.10656448 }}

*{{Cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Sumit|title=Towards Freedom: Documents on the Movement for Independence in India, 1946|last2=Bhattacharya|first2=Sabyasachi|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-569245-7|location=|pages=|language=en|author-link=Sumit Sarkar}}
*{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Satyindra|title=Under Two Ensigns: The Indian Navy, 1945-1950|date=1986|publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-204-0094-8|location=|pages=|language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Spector |first1=Ronald |title=The Royal Indian Navy Strike of 1946: A Study of Cohesion and Disintegration in Colonial Armed Forces |journal=Armed Forces & Society |date=January 1981 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=271–284 |doi=10.1177/0095327X8100700208 |s2cid=144234125 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Spence |first1=Daniel Owen |title=Beyond Talwar : A Cultural Reappraisal of the 1946 Royal Indian Navy Mutiny |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |date=27 May 2015 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=489–508 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1026126 |s2cid=159558723 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=Safety First: The Security of Britons in India, 1946—1947 |journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |date=December 2013 |volume=23 |pages=203–221 |doi=10.1017/S0080440113000091 |jstor=23726108 |s2cid=143417672 }}

* {{cite journal |last1=Vitali |first1=Valentina |title=Meanings of Failed Action: A Reassessment of the 1946 Royal Indian Navy Uprising |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=2 October 2018 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=763–788 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2018.1523106 |s2cid=149478354 |url=http://roar.uel.ac.uk/6950/1/Valentina%20Vitali%20-%20Journal%20Article.pdf }}

*{{Cite book|last=West|first=Nigel|title=Historical Dictionary of Naval Intelligence|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8108-7377-3|location=|pages=|language=en}}

{{Azad Hind Fauj}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Naval mutinies]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:1946 in India]]
[[Category:1946 in military history]]
[[Category:Indian National Army trials]]
[[Category:Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1946]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:February 1946 in Asia]]

Punjab State Super League

2026-03-22T17:05:55Z

Kishore121: Details

{{Short description|Indian regional association football league in the state of Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox football league
| name = Punjab State Super League
| image = Punjab State Super League.svg
| pixels = 250
| organiser = [[Punjab Football Association]]
| country = India
| founded = {{start date and age|1986}}
| promotion = [[I-League 3]]
| relegation = Punjab Second Division
| levels = [[Indian football league system|5]]
| teams = 10
| domest_cup =
| champions = [[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]] (2nd title)
| most_successful_club = [[JCT FC|JCT]] (9 titles)
| tv = [[YouTube]] ([[livestreaming|live streaming]])
| website =
| current = [[2025–26 Punjab State Super League|2025–26]]
}}

The '''Punjab State Super League''' (simply known as the '''Punjab Super League''' or the '''JCT Punjab Super League''') is an Indian top [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] regional [[Association football|football]] league in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Siraj Chatterjee|date=10 December 2020|url=https://footballindia.co.in/punjabi-football-on-a-roar/|title=Punjabi Football on a Roar!|website=footballindia.co.in|publisher=Football India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210646/https://footballindia.co.in/punjabi-football-on-a-roar/|archive-date=17 April 2021|access-date=12 December 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/nov/07/by-the-touchline-yan-and-the-laws-of-a-young-football-coach-2058287.html|title=By the touchline: Yan and the Laws of a young football coach|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108134204/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/nov/07/by-the-touchline-yan-and-the-laws-of-a-young-football-coach-2058287.html|archive-date=8 November 2019|first1=Ayantan|last1=Chowdhury|agency=ENS|website=newindianexpress.com|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=7 November 2019|access-date=5 December 2023|location=Chandigarh}}</ref> The league serves as the top football league in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and is sanctioned by [[Punjab Football Association]]. The league has been long-sponsored by the JCT Limited.<ref name=MSR>{{cite web|title=28th JCT Punjab State Super Football League starts today|url=http://www.msrsportsnews.com/viewnews?newsId=3035|website=MSR Sports News|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101033931/http://www.msrsportsnews.com/viewnews?newsId=3035|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pfl" >{{cite web |title=All you need to know about the football league structure in Punjab |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/punjab-football-league-structure-india/2ynwa3eqpmiz19u1zz0f8zm83 |website=Goal.com |last1=Pathak |first1=Manasi |date=22 June 2018 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705105202/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/punjab-football-league-structure-india/2ynwa3eqpmiz19u1zz0f8zm83 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
The Punjab State Super Football League was started in 1986 by the Punjab Football Association.<ref name="pfl" /> However, during the early days the league was played as a knock-out tournament for at least one week, thus was not granted state league status by the [[All India Football Federation]] till 2001.<ref name=History>{{cite web|title=League History — 28th Punjab State Super Football League — Legend Inder Singh to kick-off|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/punjab_football_league_2014-15/#horizontalTab2|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football|date=23 August 2014|access-date=31 October 2014|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101022001/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/punjab_football_league_2014-15/#horizontalTab2}}</ref> In 2001, the Punjab Football Association reformed the league to make it more into a league which would be played on a home and away basis. This thus earned the league its "state league" status.<ref name=History/>

In 2014, the Punjab State Super Football League was relaunched with JCT Limited as the title sponsors.<ref name=History/> The league would also be played in a number of different cities to promote grassroots football and prize money would be given out to provide an incentive for teams participating.<ref name=History/>

==Competition structure==
The Punjab football structure is based on two state level leagues, followed by the district leagues.

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Tier
!Division
|-
!I (5 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|Punjab State Super Football League
|-
!II (6 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|Punjab Second Division
|-
!III (7 on Indian Football [[Indian football league system|pyramid]])
|Punjab Third Division
|}

==Champions==
The list of Super League champions:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/pfl.html|title=List of Champions of the Punjab Football League|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|date=2008|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503074229/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/pfl.html|archive-date=3 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season !! Champion
|-
| 1985–86 || [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
|-
| 1987 || [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
| 1988 || [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
|-
| 1989 || Punjab State Electricity Board
|-
| 1990–91 || [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
| 1991 || [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
| 1992–93 || Punjab State Electricity Board
|-
| 1993 || ''League not held''
|-
| 1994–95 || [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
| 1995 || [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
| 1996 || ''League not held''
|-
| 1998 || Punjab State Electricity Board
|-
| 1999 || Rail Coach Factory
|-
| 2000–01 || [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
|-
| 2001 || ''League not held''
|-
| 2002 || [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
| 2003 || [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
| 2004 || [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
| 2005 || [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
| 2006 || [[JCT FC|JCT]]
|-
| 2007 || Rail Coach Factory
|-
| 2008 || [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
|-
| [[2016 Punjab State Super League|2016]] || Rail Coach Factory
|-
| 2018 || [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|-
| [[2019 Punjab State Super League|2019]] || [[Minerva Punjab F.C.|Minerva Punjab]]
|-
| [[2020–21 Punjab State Super Football League|2020–21]] || [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
| [[2021–22 Punjab State Super Football League|2021–22]] || [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF]]
|-
| [[2022–23 Punjab State Super Football League|2022–23]] || [[RoundGlass Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|RoundGlass Punjab]]
|-
| [[2023–24 Punjab State Super Football League|2023–24]] || [[Namdhari FC]]
|-
| [[2024–25 Punjab State Super League|2024–25]] || [[Namdhari FC]]
|-
| [[2025–26 Punjab State Super League|2025–26]]||[[Punjab FC Reserves and Academy|Punjab FC]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab State Super Football League}}
{{Football in India}}
{{Sports leagues of India}}

[[Category:Punjab State Super Football League]]
[[Category:Football in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Regional football leagues in India]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 1986]]

Prosperous Justice Party

2026-03-20T22:22:21Z

Kishore121: improved formatting and corrected details for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{distinguish|Indonesian Justice and Unity Party}}
{{Infobox Indonesian political party
| name = Prosperous Justice Party
| name_native = {{lang|id|Partai Keadilan Sejahtera}}
| logo = [[File:PKS logo 2020.svg|150px]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Prosperous Justice Party (2020)}}
| abbr = PKS
| leader1_title = Leader of the Shura Council
| leader1_name = [[Sohibul Iman]]
| leader2_title = President
| leader2_name = {{ill|Al Muzzammil Yusuf|id|Al Muzzammil Yusuf}}
| leader3_title = Secretary-General
| leader3_name = Muhammad Kholid
| leader4_title = [[House of Representatives (Indonesia)|DPR]] group leader
| leader4_name = Abdul Kharis Almasyhari
| slogan = {{lang|id|Bersama Melayani Rakyat}} {{small|(Together Serving the People)}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=y|20 July 1998}} (as ''Partai Keadilan'') {{Start date and age|df=y|20 April 2002}} (current name)
| membership = 285,828<ref>{{cite web |title=Info Pemilu - Partai Keadilan Sejahtera |url=https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/6 |website=Komisi Pemilihan Umum RI |date=22 December 2022 |accessdate=9 January 2023 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006080413/https://infopemilu.kpu.go.id/Pemilu/Detail_parpol/detail_parpol/6 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| headquarters = [[Jakarta]]
| ideology = {{tree list}}
* [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]] (''de jure'')<ref name="Ananta" />
* [[Islamism]]{{refn|<ref name="Ananta" /><ref name="King" /><ref name="Yo">{{cite book |surname=Machmudi |given=Yon |title=Islamising Indonesia: The Rise of Jemaah Tarbiyah and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) |series=Islam in Southeast Asia |year=2008 |publisher=ANU Press |url=http://press.anu.edu.au/titles/islam-in-southeast-asia/islam_indo_citation/ |doi=10.22459/II.11.2008 |isbn=9781921536243 |doi-access=free |access-date=13 September 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426182222/http://press.anu.edu.au/titles/islam-in-southeast-asia/islam_indo_citation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Al"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hamayotsu |first=Kikue |title=The Political Rise of the Prosperous Justice Party in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia: Examining the Political Economy of Islamist Mobilization in a Muslim Democracy |journal=Asian Survey |date=September 2011 |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=971–992 |doi=10.1525/as.2011.51.5.971 |jstor=10.1525/as.2011.51.5.971}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/3399321 |title=PROSPEROUS JUSTICE PARTY (PKS) IN THE INDONESIAN MASS MEDIA |website=academia.edu |author1=Mohamad Ramadan Habibi |author2=Noor Naemah Abd Rahman |author3=Kamaruzzaman Bustaman Ahmad |access-date=3 December 2017 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006044835/https://www.academia.edu/3399321 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mietzner" />}}{{efn|A 2008 [[Lowy Institute for International Policy]] paper suggests that Prosperous Justice Party of [[Indonesia]] is [[Post-Islamism#Cases|post-Islamist]].{{sfn|Bubalo|Fealy|Mason|2002|page=51, 76}}}}
* [[Islamic fundamentalism]]<ref name="Neliti">{{cite journal|title= Ideologi dan Partai Politik: Menakar Ideologi Politik Marhaenisme di PDIP, Sosialisme Demokrasi di PSI dan Islam Fundamentalisme di PKS|last=Geraldy|first=Galang|journal=Politicon: Jurnal Ilmu Politik|date= 2019|volume=1|issue=2|pages=134–157|publisher=www.neliti.com|doi=10.15575/politicon.v1i2.6268|s2cid=213924604|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*[[Social conservatism]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Indonesia's Political Parties |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2013/10/indonesias-political-parties?lang=en |access-date=5 November 2021 |publisher=Carniege |archive-date=14 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814010312/https://carnegieendowment.org/2013/10/24/indonesia-s-political-parties-pub-53414#PKS |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |year=2021 |editor-surname=Sebastian |editor-given=Leonard C. |editor2-surname=Hasyim |editor2-given=Syafiq |editor3-surname=Arifianto |editor3-given=Alexander R. |title=Rising Islamic Conservatism in Indonesia: Islamic Groups and Identity Politics |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-367-81941-5 |pages=172–173 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg8HEAAAQBAJ |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604112603/https://books.google.com/books?id=tg8HEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Islamic nationalism]]
* '''Economic policy:''' [[Islamic economics]] '''[[Post-Suharto era in Indonesia|Reform era]] 1998:''' [[Islamism]] [[Reformism]]
{{tree list/end}}
| political_position ='''Now''': [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] '''Early Reform era 1998''': [[Centrism|Centre]]
| membership_year = 2022
| national =
*[[Advanced Indonesia Coalition Plus]] {{small|(2024–present; in government coalition supply)}}
*[[Coalition of Change for Unity]] {{small|(2023–2024)}}
*[[:id: Koalisi Indonesia Adil Makmur|Just and Prosperous Indonesia Coalition]] {{small|(2018–2019)}}
*[[:id:Koalisi Merah Putih|Red-White Coalition]] {{small|(2014–2016)}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-04|title=Gerindra: Koalisi Merah Putih Bubar|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20160204165157-12-108930/gerindra-koalisi-merah-putih-bubar|publisher=CNN Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref>
* [[List of political parties in Indonesia#Political party coalitions|Joint Secretariat]] {{small|(2009–2014)}}
* [[:id:Koalisi Kerakyatan (2004)|People's Coalition]] {{small|(2004–2009)}}
* [[:id:Poros Tengah|Central Axis]] {{small|(1999–2004)}}
| international = [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
| anthem = ''Hymne PKS'' {{small|(PKS Hymn)}} ''Mars PKS'' {{small|(PKS March)}}<ref>https://pks.id/content/mars-dan-hymne-pks</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://pks.id/}}
| BallNo = 8
| DPRseats = {{Composition bar|{{DPR RI|PKS}}|580|hex={{party color|Prosperous Justice Party (2020)}}}}
| DPRD1seats = {{Composition bar|210|2372|hex={{party color|Prosperous Justice Party (2020)}}}}
| DPRD2seats = {{Composition bar|1312|17510|hex={{party color|Prosperous Justice Party (2020)}}}}
| youth = Gema Keadilan (Echo of Justice) Garuda Keadilan ([[Garuda]] of Justice) PKS Muda (Young PKS)<ref>{{Cite web|title=PKS {{!}} Kader Muda Hanya Bernaung di Gema Keadilan, Garuda Keadilan dan PKS Muda|url=https://pks.id/content/kader-muda-hanya-bernaung-di-gema-keadilan-garuda-keadilan-dan-pks-muda|website=pks.id|language=id|access-date=2021-07-15}}</ref>
}}
The '''Prosperous Justice Party''' ({{langx|id|Partai Keadilan Sejahtera}}, sometimes called the Justice and Prosperity Party, Indonesian name literally translated "Party of Secure/Peaceful Justice"), frequently abbreviated to '''PKS''', and formerly the '''Justice Party''' ({{langx|id|Partai Keadilan}}, '''PK'''), is an [[Islamism|Islamist]]<ref name="Ananta">{{cite book |surname1=Ananta |given1=Aris |surname2=Arifin |given2=Evi Nurvidya |surname3=Suryadinata |given3=Leo |title=Emerging Democracy in Indonesia |place=Singapore |year=2005 |publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QpWEAtDjWMC |isbn=981-230-323-5}}</ref><ref name="King">{{cite book |surname=King |given=Blair A. |chapter=Chapter 4. Government and Politics |editor1=Frederick, William H. |editor2=Worden, Robert L. |title=Indonesia: A Country Study |series=Area handbook series, 39 |others=Library of Congress, Federal Research Division |edition=6th |place=Washington, DC |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |year=2011 |pages=263, 273–275 |chapter-url={{Google books|id=6dgmXWMgWcwC|plainurl=y|page=225}}|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dgmXWMgWcwC |isbn=978-0-8444-0790-6}} </ref><ref name="Al">Al-Hamdi, Ridho. (2017). ''Moving towards a Normalised Path: Political Islam in Contemporary Indonesia''. JURNAL STUDI PEMERINTAHAN (JOURNAL OF GOVERNMENT & POLITICS). Vol. 8 No. 1, February 2017. p.53, pp.56-57, p.62.</ref><ref name="Mietzner">{{cite book |surname=Mietzner |given=Marcus |title=Money, Power, and Ideology: Political Parties in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia |place=Singapore |year=2013 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-768-6 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntevBgAAQBAJ |access-date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321064352/https://books.google.com/books?id=ntevBgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Al2">Al-Hamdi, Ridho. (2013). ''Partai politik Islam: Teori dan praktik di Indonesia''. Yogyakarta:
Graha Ilmu.</ref> [[List of political parties in Indonesia|political party]] in [[Indonesia]].

PKS is a metamorphosis from the Justice Party ({{langx|id|Partai Keadilan}}, PK) established in 1998.<ref name="Ananta" /><ref name="Al"/> The party was originally influenced by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement of [[Egypt]], and considered an [[Islamism|Islamist]] party for its calls for Islam to play a central role in public life,<ref name=Yale>{{cite journal |author-link=Sadanand Dhume |last=Dhume |first=Sadanand |date=1 December 2005 |title=Indonesian Democracy's Enemy Within |url=http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=6579 |website=YaleGlobal Online |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413003640/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=6579 |archive-date=13 April 2009}}</ref> as well as providing political support to Indonesian and international Islamist movements such as the [[Islamic Defenders Front]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20201230150444-32-587895/pks-pembubaran-fpi-langkah-mundur-cederai-amanat-reformasi| title = PKS: Pembubaran FPI, Langkah Mundur Cederai Reformasi| date = 2020| publisher = www.cnnindonesia.com| access-date = 3 Nov 2021| archive-date = 3 November 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211103052215/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20201230150444-32-587895/pks-pembubaran-fpi-langkah-mundur-cederai-amanat-reformasi| url-status = live}}</ref> [[2016-17 Jakarta protests|212 Movement]]. Today, it is considered a nationalist Islamist party that conforms with [[Pancasila (politics)|Pancasila]] doctrine and no longer upholds [[sharia]] as a main goal.<ref name="Al"/><ref name="Al2"/><ref>Ufen, Andreas. (2009). ''Political parties and democratization in Indonesia'', in Marco Bünte and Andreas Ufen (Eds.), ''Democratization in post-Suharto Indonesia''. London and New York: Routledge. pp.160-168.</ref><ref>Priamarizki, Adhi. (2013). ''Indonesia’s national elections: Islamic parties at the crossroads'', RSIS Commentaries, No. 005 (9 January), pp. 1-2.</ref>{{verify source|date=September 2022}}

==History==
[[File:Logo Partai Keadilan.svg|thumb|150px|1999 election Justice Party logo in ballot|left]]
The origin of the party is a religious movement known as [[Jemaah Tarbiyah]], which was influential in university campuses during the 1980s and 1990s. Activists of Jemaah Tarbiyah established the Justice Party, the predecessor of the party on 20 July 1998, with Nurmahmudi Ismail as its first president.<ref name="Ananta" /><ref name="Yo"/><ref name="Mietzner" /> The Justice Party was reconstituted as the Prosperous Justice Party in April 2002 after the Justice Party failed to meet the required two percent of electoral threshold in the 1999 election that it needed to contest the 2004 election. During the [[2004 Indonesian legislative election|2004 legislative elections]], the PKS won 7.3% of the popular vote and 45 out of 550 seats, making it the seventh-largest party in parliament. This was a gain from the 1.4% received in 1999. In addition, its leader [[Hidayat Nur Wahid]] was elected speaker of the [[People's Consultative Assembly]]. PKS's strongest support is in major urban centers, particularly [[Jakarta]], where it won the largest share of seats in 2004. In the 2009 elections, the party's came fourth, its share of the vote rose to 7.88% and it gained 12 extra legislative seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mediacenter.kpu.go.id/berita/472-kpu-rubah-perolehan-kursi-parpol-di-dpr.html |website=Indonesian General Election Commission |title=KPU Ubah Perolehan Kursi Parpol di DPR (''KPU Changes Allocations of Parties' seats in the DPR'') |date=14 May 2009 |language=id |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006080451/http://mediacenter.kpu.go.id/berita/472-kpu-rubah-perolehan-kursi-parpol-di-dpr.html |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

After the [[2004 Indian Ocean tsunami]], PKS sent volunteer relief workers to [[Aceh]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7783-2005Jan13.html |last=Nakashima |first=Ellen |title=Indonesian Islamic party reaps rewards of goodwill |newspaper=Washington Post |date=14 January 2005 |access-date=8 September 2017 |archive-date=11 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155347/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7783-2005Jan13.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and has been involved in several other relief and reconstruction projects.

Over the years, the party has experienced prolonged internal rivalry, particularly between camps that can be identified as pragmatist on the one hand, and idealist on the other. The pragmatist camp has generally been made up of younger, secular-educated functionaries while older functionaries who often are graduates from institutes in the Middle East make up the idealist camp.<ref>{{cite book |last=Muhtadi |first=Burhanuddin |title=Dilema PKS: Suara dan Syariah |year=2012 |publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia (KPG) |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |language=id |isbn=978-979-9104-38-0 |pages=335 |url=http://www.penerbitkpg.com/bukubaru/detil/901120532/dilema-pks-suara-dan-syariah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310174908/http://penerbitkpg.com/bukubaru/detil/901120532/dilema-pks-suara-dan-syariah |archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

The 5 October 2011 edition of Indonesian TV news program ''[[Liputan 6]] Petang'' reported PKS Deputy Secretary-General and member of Indonesia's House of Representatives [[Fahri Hamzah]] had recently floated the idea of disbanding Indonesia's Corruption Eradication Commission ([[Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi]] or KPK).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.detik.com/berita/1737650/anis-matta-jangan-sentimentil-tanggapi-fahri-hamzah?nd992203605 |website=detikNews |title=Anis Matta: Jangan Sentimentil Tanggapi Fahri Hamzah |language=id |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912013317/http://news.detik.com/berita/1737650/anis-matta-jangan-sentimentil-tanggapi-fahri-hamzah?nd992203605 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fahrihamzah.com/v1/index.php/post/2011/10/fahri-hamzah-kpk-harus-jaga-omongan |title=Fahri Hamzah: KPK Harus Jaga Omongan (''Fahri Hamzah: KPK has to watch what it says'') |website=fahrihamzah.com |language=id |date=4 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050150/http://www.fahrihamzah.com/v1/index.php/post/2011/10/fahri-hamzah-kpk-harus-jaga-omongan |archive-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> According to ''[[Kompas]]'', Deputy Chairman of Commission III in House of Representatives was responsible for legal affairs, human rights and security Fahri Hamzah first made the suggestion to disband the Corruption Eradication Commission in a consultation meeting at the House on Monday 3 October 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2011/10/05/17421331/Burhanuddin.Fahri.Blunder.jika.Ingin.Bubarkan.KPK |newspaper=Kompas |title=Burhanuddin: Fahri "Blunder" jika Ingin Bubarkan KPK (''Burhanuddin: Fahri made a blunder by suggesting KPK be disbanded'') |date=5 October 2011 |language=id |access-date=5 October 2011 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625083148/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2011/10/05/17421331/Burhanuddin.Fahri.Blunder.jika.Ingin.Bubarkan.KPK |url-status=live }}</ref>

The party saw rapid successions of party presidents in the 2010s. In 2013, Lutfi Hasan Ishaaq was arrested by the [[Corruption Eradication Commission]] due to graft; Anis Matta was chosen to replace him as party president and finally, Taufik Ridho succeeded Matta as secretary general. Taufik Ridho died of medical complications on 6 February 2017 at 52 years of age.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/02/06/former-pks-secretary-general-dies-at-52.html |title=Former PKS secretary general dies at 52 |newspaper=Jakarta Post |date=6 February 2017 |access-date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=14 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214181218/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/02/06/former-pks-secretary-general-dies-at-52.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After rejecting State Capital Act (UU IKN) and the Criminal Offense Bill of Sexual Abuses (RUU TPKS) in 2021 and 2022 as well as supporting [[Suharto]] as [[National Hero of Indonesia|National Hero]] in 2008, some members of the public called for the dissolution of PKS.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portaljepara.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/amp/pr-1923530987/bubarkan-pks-ada-apa-dengan-warganet-ini-kronologinya|title=Bubarkan PKS, Ada Apa dengan Warganet? Ini Kronologinya|website=Portal Jepara.com|date=21 January 2022|access-date=21 January 2022|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121112040/https://portaljepara.pikiran-rakyat.com/nasional/amp/pr-1923530987/bubarkan-pks-ada-apa-dengan-warganet-ini-kronologinya|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Political identities==
===Views===
[[File:Partai Keadilan Sejahtera Logo.svg|thumb|150px|PKS logo (2002–2020)]]
{{Conservatism in Indonesia}}
The PKS is known for its public opposition to [[political corruption]]; this stance was widely reported as a major factor in the party's increased success in 2004.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} However, this image has been under attack in recent times, as several alleged cases of grafts are suspected to be connected to several prominent party politicians.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Hasyim Widhiarto |author2=Rendi Akhmad Witular |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/28/alleged-cases-graft-shaking-ostensibly-clean-pks.html |title=Alleged cases of graft shaking up ostensibly clean PKS |newspaper=Jakarta Post |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=31 March 2011 |archive-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430141138/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/28/alleged-cases-graft-shaking-ostensibly-clean-pks.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://metrotvnews.com/read/news/2011/03/17/45615/Diduga-Korupsi-Sejumlah-Petinggi-PKS-Dilaporkan-ke-BK-DPR/ |title=Diduga Korupsi, Sejumlah Petinggi PKS Dilaporkan ke BK DPR |website=MetroTVNews.com |language=id |date=17 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009021026/http://metrotvnews.com/read/news/2011/03/17/45615/Diduga-Korupsi-Sejumlah-Petinggi-PKS-Dilaporkan-ke-BK-DPR/ |archive-date=9 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://international.okezone.com/read/2011/03/27/339/439279/isu-poligami-korupsi-menggembosi-dukungan-pks |author=Taufik Hidayat |title=Isu Poligami & Korupsi Menggembosi Dukungan PKS |website=Okezone.com |date=27 March 2011 |language=id |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322031250/http://international.okezone.com/read/2011/03/27/339/439279/isu-poligami-korupsi-menggembosi-dukungan-pks |archive-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> The party is closely associated with Islamic teachings, but according to its leadership does not promote the mandatory implementation of [[sharia]], requiring Indonesia's Muslims to follow Islamic law.<ref>Indonesia: Islamic party not to implement Shari'ah "strictly" if elected. ''BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific'', 3 May 2006.</ref> Many of its campaigns are based on conservative religious teachings, such as opposition to the selling of [[pornography]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Alliance fails to coax PKS on porn bill |url=http://international.ucla.edu/institute/article/48745 |newspaper=Jakarta Post |date=8 July 2006}}</ref> and for strict punishments for violations of narcotics laws.<ref>Gov't urged to execute convicted drug traffickers on death row soon. ''Antara'' 22 March 2005</ref>

The party has been associated with the Egypt-based [[Muslim Brotherhood]]; several of its founders attended Brotherhood-related schools.<ref name=Yale/> The organization stages rallies supporting [[Hamas]] in its conflict with [[Israel]], and against the influence of the [[United States]] both in the Middle East and in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Parties protest Israeli attack |url=http://www.asia-pacific-solidarity.net/southeastasia/indonesia/netnews/2006/ind27v10.htm |newspaper=Jakarta Post |date=17 July 2006 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012127/http://www.asia-pacific-solidarity.net/southeastasia/indonesia/netnews/2006/ind27v10.htm |archive-date=12 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The PKS parliamentary group in the DPR have expressed their opinions on a few issues:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Bills
! Votes
! Party stances/Other views
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2019
| [[Corruption Eradication Commission|Revision of Law on the Corruption Eradication Commission]] {{small|''RUU KPK''}}
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Thumbs up green with plus sign.svg|25px]]
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2022
| [[Law on Sexual Violence Crimes]] {{small|''RUU TPKS''}}
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Thumbs down red with minus sign.svg|25px]]
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2022
| [[Law on State Capital]] {{small|''RUU IKN''}}
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Thumbs down red with minus sign.svg|25px]]
|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2022
| [[2023 Indonesian Criminal Code|Revision of the Indonesian Criminal Code]] {{small|''RUU KUHP''}}
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Thumbs up green with plus sign.svg|25px]]
| PKS urges that the law be comprehensively supported by the [[Law on Sexual Violence Crimes|UU TPKS]] which has been passed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pks.id/content/pks-dorong-rkuhp-agar-segera-disahkan-ini-alasannya |title=PKS Dorong RKUHP Agar Segera Disahkan, Ini Alasannya
|trans-title=PKS Pushes for Immediate Ratification of the Criminal Code Bill, Here's Why |website=pks.id |language=id |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=14 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2023
| [[2023 Omnibus Law on Job Creation|Omnibus Law on Job Creation]] {{small|''RUU Cipta Kerja''}}
| style="text-align: center;" | [[File:Thumbs down red with minus sign.svg|25px]]
|
|-
|}

===Party platform===
The party's vision is to bring about a civil society that is just, prosperous and dignified.<ref>{{cite web |title=Falsafah Dasar Perjuangan dan Platform Kebijakan Pembangunan PKS (Basic Philosophy and Development Policy Playform of the PKS) |website=PKS official |url=http://www.pks.id/content/falsafah-dasar-perjuangan-dan-platform-kebijakan-pembangunan-pks |language=id |date=28 May 2013 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012132/http://www.pks.id/content/falsafah-dasar-perjuangan-dan-platform-kebijakan-pembangunan-pks |url-status=live }}</ref>

Its mission is to:

# Pioneer reforms to the political system, government and the bureaucracy, the judicial system and the military to be committed to strengthening democracy.
# Address poverty, reduce unemployment and improve the prosperity of all elements of society through a strategy to equalize incomes, high value-added growth and sustained development.
# Move towards just education by providing the maximum possible opportunities for all the Indonesian people.

==Party figures==
[[File:Anis Matta di Padang.jpg|thumb|right|[[Anis Matta]] and supporters of the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) during a campaign that attracted more than 50,000 people ahead of the 9 April 2014 legislative polls in [[Padang]], [[West Sumatra]].|270px]]
<gallery>
File:Hidayat Nur Wahid Official Portrait.jpg|{{center|[[Hidayat Nur Wahid]], former president of the Prosperous Justice Party and former chairman of the [[People's Consultative Assembly]].}}
File:Irwan Prayitno 2016.jpg|{{center|[[Irwan Prayitno]], former governor of [[West Sumatra]].}}
File:Governor of West Java Ahmad Heryawan.jpg|{{center|[[Ahmad Heryawan]], former governor of [[West Java]].}}
File:Gubernur Sumatera Barat Mahyeldi.jpg|{{center|[[Mahyeldi Ansharullah]], governor of [[West Sumatra]].}}
File:Gubernur NTB Zulkieflimansyah.png|{{center|[[Zulkieflimansyah]], former governor of [[West Nusa Tenggara]].}}
File:Tate Qomaruddin.jpg|{{center|Tate Qomarudin, Member of the Regional People's Representative Council of West Java Province for three terms.}}
</gallery>

== Controversies ==
=== PKS Watch ===
In 2010, a blog site called PKSWatch appeared which criticized PKS policies and received strong reactions from PKS sympathizers, which then prompted the formation of the PKSWatch blog. This site is not an official PKS site. However, recently this site has not appeared again to the public because it feels there are differences in views with PKS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Furqan |date=2010-06-21 |title=Blog yang Bikin Warga PKS 'Murka' Akhirnya Ditutup |url=https://www.eramuslim.com/berita/nasional/blog-yang-bikin-warga-pks-murka-akhirnya-ditutup/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Eramuslim |language=id |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304134051/https://www.eramuslim.com/berita/nasional/blog-yang-bikin-warga-pks-murka-akhirnya-ditutup/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Forum Kader Peduli'' ===
''Forum Kader Peduli'' is a forum formed in September 2008 and is declared in Al Hikmah Mampang Prapatan Mosque, where PKS was declared as a political party for the first time. The forum was headed by [[Yusuf Supendi]], one of the founders of the party. However behind Supendi, there are more influential party members such as [[Syamsul Balda]], former vice president of PKS. This forum was intended to "expose" the "ulcers" of high ranking PKS officials at that time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2011 |title=Puncak Kemarahan Fraksi Keadilan Pada Kesejahteraan |url=http://news.detik.com/read/2011/03/24/162603/1600616/159/puncak-kemarahan-faksi-keadilan-pada-kesejahteraan |website=Detik |access-date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210203149/http://news.detik.com/read/2011/03/24/162603/1600616/159/puncak-kemarahan-faksi-keadilan-pada-kesejahteraan |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Islamic State Illusion Book ===
On 16 May 2009, a book entitled ''The Illusion of an Islamic State: Expansion of the Transnational Islamic Movement in Indonesia'' (Ilusi Negara Islam: ExpansiGerakan Islam Transnasional di Indonesia) was published by The [[The Wahid Institute|Wahid Institute]], the Bhinneka Tunggal Ika Movement, the Maarif Institute, and the Libforall Foundation.<ref>[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/nasional/09/05/17/50771-buku-ilusi-negara-islam-diluncurkan "Buku Ilusi Negara Islam Diluncurkan"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913122803/https://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/nasional/09/05/17/50771-buku-ilusi-negara-islam-diluncurkan |date=13 September 2022 }}. ''[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]]'', 17 Mei 2009</ref> The book launch was attended by former president, [[Abdurrahman Wahid]], former General Chair of PP [[Muhammadiyah]], [[Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif|Ahmad Syafii Maarif]] and [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] figure, [[Mustofa Bisri]].

The book generated controversies domestically and internationally<ref>[http://www.eramuslim.com/berita/dunia-islam/mahasiswa-mesir-kritik-total-buku-ilusi-negara-islam.htm#.UcGU8OfQk7Y "Mahasiswa Mesir Kritik Total Buku Ilusi Negara Islam"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913122909/https://www.eramuslim.com/berita/dunia-islam/mahasiswa-mesir-kritik-total-buku-ilusi-negara-islam.htm#.UcGU8OfQk7Y|date=13 September 2022}}. ''[[Eramuslim]]'', 29 Juni 2009</ref> as it portrayed PKS and the Indonesian branch of [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]<ref>Indra Subagja. [http://news.detik.com/read/2009/05/22/142546/1135589/10/hizbut-tahrir-buku-ilusi-negara-islam-tak-toleran "Hizbut Tahrir: Buku Ilusi Negara Islam Tak Toleran"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011010513/http://news.detik.com/read/2009/05/22/142546/1135589/10/hizbut-tahrir-buku-ilusi-negara-islam-tak-toleran |date=11 October 2013 }}. ''[[Detik.com]]'', 22 Mei 2009</ref> as an International Islamic hardliner movement. In this book, PKS is described as infiltrating state schools and universities and various institutions including government and Islamic community organizations, including Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah.<ref>Indra Subagja. [http://news.detik.com/read/2009/05/22/114911/1135500/10/ilusi-negara-islam-respons-nu-muhammadiyah-atas-pks-hizbut-tahrir "'Ilusi Negara Islam', Respons NU & Muhammadiyah Atas PKS & Hizbut Tahrir"]. ''[[Detik.com]]'', 22 Mei 2009</ref> This book is claimed to have violated the research code of ethics and some information is difficult to believe, such as the inclusion of [[Abdurrahman Wahid|Gus Dur]] as editor, even though at that time he was experiencing visual impairment,<ref>Saiful Khaliq S. [http://www.eramuslim.com/berita/analisa/ethical-research-misconduct-dalam-ilusi-negara-islam.htm#.UcGUnOfQk7Y "Ethical Research Misconduct dalam ‘Ilusi Negara Islam’"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913122802/https://www.eramuslim.com/berita/analisa/ethical-research-misconduct-dalam-ilusi-negara-islam.htm#.UcGUnOfQk7Y|date=13 September 2022}}. ''[[Eramuslim]]'', 20 Juni 2009</ref> to the lawsuit of three [[Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University|IAIN Sunan Kalijaga]] lecturers because they felt their names had been used as part of the research team.<ref>Indra Subagja. [http://news.detik.com/read/2009/05/27/134543/1137982/10/dicatut-dosen-uin-yogyakarta-gugat-ilusi-negara-islam "Dicatut, Dosen UIN Yogyakarta Gugat 'Ilusi Negara Islam'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217164650/http://news.detik.com/read/2009/05/27/134543/1137982/10/dicatut-dosen-uin-yogyakarta-gugat-ilusi-negara-islam |date=17 February 2013 }}. ''[[Detik.com]]'', 27 Mei 2009</ref>

An English version of the book was released in 2011 under the title, ''[[The Illusion of an Islamic State|The Illusion of an Islamic State: How an Alliance of Moderates Launched a Successful Jihad Against Radicalization and Terrorism in the World’s Largest Muslim-Majority Country]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |title=The Illusion of an Islamic State |url=https://libforall.org/iis-book-launch/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=LibForAll Foundation – International Institute of Qur'anic Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Openness to Non-muslim Members ===
During their 2008 national working meeting at the Inna Grand Beach Hotel, Sanur, Denpasar, Bali on February 1 2008,<ref>Arifin Asyhdad. [http://news.detik.com/index.php/detik.read/tahun/2008/bulan/02/tgl/02/time/004645/idnews/887995/idkanal/10 "Tak Ada Gema Takbir di Pembukaan Mukernas PKS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630112142/https://news.detik.com/ |date=30 June 2024 }}. ''[[Detik.com]]'', 2 Februari 2008</ref> some elite members of the party declared PKS as an open party, which means PKS will accept non-Muslim candidates to compete on the party's ticket.<ref>Elvan Dany Sutrisno. [http://news.detik.com/read/2011/03/18/144212/1595480/10/yusuf-supendi-dan-simpul-perpecahan-pks "Yusuf Supendi dan Simpul Perpecahan PKS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215182617/http://news.detik.com/read/2011/03/18/144212/1595480/10/yusuf-supendi-dan-simpul-perpecahan-pks |date=15 February 2013 }}. ''[[Detik.com]]'', 18 Maret 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/politik/10/06/20/120715-pks-nyatakan-terbuka-menerima-kader-non-muslim "PKS Nyatakan Terbuka Menerima Kader Non-Muslim"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913122845/https://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/politik/10/06/20/120715-pks-nyatakan-terbuka-menerima-kader-non-muslim |date=13 September 2022 }}. ''[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]]'', 20 Juni 2010</ref> However, this statement sparked an internal conflict amongst high ranking party members. The chairman of the Central Sharia Council, [[Surahman Hidayat]], stated that he supports this decision<ref>[http://www.infoanda.com/followlink.php?lh=Cw4GBQcBUQAG "'PKS Terbuka Bukan Ikut-ikutan'"]{{deadlink|date=May 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. Diarsipkan dari ''[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]]'', 1 Februari 2008,</ref> but this decision was fiercely opposed by one of the founders of PK, [[Yusuf Supendi]]. He accused the chairman of the Syuro Council, [[Hilmi Aminuddin]], and the secretary general at that time, [[Anis Matta]] (whom later become party president) as those who wanted PKS to become an open party.<ref name="Muhtadi">{{cite book|last=Muhtadi|first=Burhanuddin|title=Dilema PKS: Suara dan Syariah|year=2012|publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia (KPG)|location=Jakarta, Indonesia|isbn=9789799104380|url=http://www.penerbitkpg.com/bukubaru/detil/901120532/dilema-pks-suara-dan-syariah|access-date=2013-06-15|archive-date=2016-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310174908/http://penerbitkpg.com/bukubaru/detil/901120532/dilema-pks-suara-dan-syariah|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://padangekspres.co.id/?news=berita&id=40120 "Pendiri PKS Serang Anis Matta"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422121229/https://www.padangekspres.co.id/?news=berita&id=40120|date=22 April 2023}}. ''[[Padang Ekspres]]'', 4 Februari 2013</ref>

In the 2nd Mukernas at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Jakarta, on June 16 2010, the possibility of non-Muslims sitting on the party management was also discussed.<ref>Andri Haryanto. [http://news.detik.com/read/2010/06/16/191258/1379722/10/munas-ii-pks-bahas-kemungkinan-non-muslim-jadi-pengurus-partai "Munas II PKS Bahas Kemungkinan Non Muslim Jadi Pengurus Partai"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331090836/https://ads.pubmatic.com/AdServer/js/user_sync.html?p=156813&userIdMacro=PM_UID&predirect=https%3A%2F%2Fsync.adtelligent.com%2Fcsync%3Ft%3Dg%26ep%3D76%26traffic_source%3Dsnippet%26session%3D66C0F229083D140C%26sp%3D651796%26pb%3D449137%26c%3D570607%26a%3D281178%26domain%3Dnews.detik.com%26extuid%3DPM_UID |date=31 March 2024 }}. ''[[Detik.com]]'', 16 Juni 2010</ref> However, to date there has been no realization of this possibility, apart from the existence of several non-Muslim legislative candidates competing using PKS tickets for the 2014 Indonesian legislative general election in [[Eastern Indonesia]] electoral districts, such as [[East Nusa Tenggara]],<ref>Mohamad Taufik. [http://www.merdeka.com/politik/pks-ntt-daftarkan-20-caleg-non-muslim.html "PKS NTT daftarkan 20 Caleg non-muslim"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419020750/https://www.merdeka.com/politik/pks-ntt-daftarkan-20-caleg-non-muslim.html|date=19 April 2023}}. ''[[Merdeka.com]]'', 22 April 2013</ref> [[North Sulawesi]], [[Central Sulawesi]], [[West Sulawesi]], [[Papua (province)|Papua]] and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]].<ref>[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/politik/13/04/22/mlneiy-ada-pendeta-jadi-caleg-pks "Ada Pendeta Jadi Caleg PKS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913122806/https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/politik/13/04/22/mlneiy-ada-pendeta-jadi-caleg-pks |date=13 September 2022 }}. ''[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]]'', 22 April 2013</ref>

=== Allegations of Wahhabism ===
In April 2013, [[Yenny Wahid]], daughter of former president Abdurrahman Wahid, banned cadres of her party, the [[New Indonesia National Sovereignty Party|New Indonesian National Sovereignty Party]] (PKBIB), which failed to pass [[General Elections Commission|KPU]] verification for the 2014 general election, from joining PKS or PKB. Yenny stated that PKBIB carries the vision of ''ahlus sunnah wal jamaah'', and stated that its cadres should not join parties that do not support this ideology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tetap di PKBIB, Yenny Larang Kader Merapat ke PKB dan PKS |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-2221612/tetap-di-pkbib-yenny-larang-kader-merapat-ke-pkb-dan-pks |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=detiknews |language=id-ID}}</ref> Responding Yenny's statement, party president [[Anis Matta]] states that PKS also carries the same vision<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 April 2013 |title=Tanggapi Yenny, Anis: PKS Juga Ahlu Sunnah |url=https://republika.co.id/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Republika Online |language=id |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525230014/https://www.republika.co.id/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the party fraction leader in the parliament [[Hidayat Nur Wahid]] protested Yenny's accusation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antique |first=Syahrul Ansyari |date=2013-04-16 |title=PKS Protes Pernyataan Yenny Wahid |url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/politik/405723-pks-protes-pernyataan-yenny-wahid |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.viva.co.id |language=id |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304134051/https://www.viva.co.id/berita/politik/405723-pks-protes-pernyataan-yenny-wahid |url-status=live }}</ref>

PKS is often accused of being [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]], an Islamic reform movement that does not recognize democratic systems and democratic parties. This issue was directly denied by President [[Anis Matta]], who claimed that PKS did not adhere to any particular sect and opened its membership doors as wide as possible to members of other Islamic organizations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aziz |first=Abdul |date=2013-06-04 |title=PKS bantah beraliran Wahabi |url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/378187/pks-bantah-beraliran-wahabi |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Antara News |language=id |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304134051/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/378187/pks-bantah-beraliran-wahabi |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Election results==

===Legislative election results===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Ballot number
! Total seats won
! Total votes
! Share of votes
! Seat change
! Outcome of election
! Party leader
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[1999 Indonesian legislative election|1999]]
! rowspan="2" | 24
| rowspan="2" | {{Composition bar|7|500|{{party color|Prosperous Justice Party}}}}
| rowspan="2" | 1,436,565
| rowspan="2" | 1.36%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kpu.go.id/index.php/pages/detail/2008/11/Pemilu-1999|title=Pemilu 1999 - KPU|publisher=[[General Elections Commission (Indonesia)|Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia]]|date=21 February 2008|access-date=1 August 2018|language=id|archive-date=27 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427090615/http://www.kpu.go.id/index.php/pages/detail/2008/11/Pemilu-1999|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | {{increase}}7 seats
| {{yes2|'''Governing coalition''' (1999–2001)}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Nur Mahmudi Ismail]]
|-
| {{no2|'''Opposition''' (2001–2004)}}
|-
! [[2004 Indonesian legislative election|2004]]
! 16
| {{Composition bar|45|550|{{party color|Prosperous Justice Party}}}}
| 8,325,020
| 7.34%<ref name="Pileg04">{{cite web|url=http://kpu.go.id/dmdocuments/modul_1d.pdf|title=Bab V - Hasil Pemilu - KPU|publisher=[[General Elections Commission (Indonesia)|Komisi Pemilihan Umum Republik Indonesia]]|access-date=1 August 2018|language=id|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417173042/http://kpu.go.id/dmdocuments/modul_1d.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{increase}}38 seats
| {{yes2|'''Governing coalition'''}}
| [[Hidayat Nur Wahid]]
|-
! [[2009 Indonesian legislative election|2009]]
! 8
| {{Composition bar|57|560|{{party color|Prosperous Justice Party}}}}
| 8,204,946
| 7.88%<ref name="Pileg04"/>
| {{increase}}12 seats
| {{yes2|'''Governing coalition'''}}
| [[Tifatul Sembiring]]
|-
! [[2014 Indonesian legislative election|2014]]
! 3
| {{Composition bar|40|560|{{party color|Prosperous Justice Party}}}}
| 8,480,204
| 6.79%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2014/05/140509_rekapitulasi_kpu|title=KPU sahkan hasil pemilu, PDIP nomor satu|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=10 May 2014|access-date=1 August 2018|language=id|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301182516/https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/berita_indonesia/2014/05/140509_rekapitulasi_kpu|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{decrease}}17 seats
| {{no2|'''Opposition'''}}
| [[Anis Matta]]
|-
! [[2019 Indonesian general election|2019]]
! 8
| {{Composition bar|50|575|{{party color|Prosperous Justice Party}}}}
| 11,493,663
| 8.21%<ref>{{cite news |author=Zunita Putri |title=KPU Tetapkan Hasil Pileg 2019: PDIP Juara, Disusul Gerindra-Golkar |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4557803/kpu-tetapkan-hasil-pileg-2019-pdip-juara-disusul-gerindra-golkar |access-date=31 May 2019 |work=Detik.com |date=21 May 2019 |language=id |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531055917/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4557803/kpu-tetapkan-hasil-pileg-2019-pdip-juara-disusul-gerindra-golkar |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{increase}}10 seats
| {{no2|'''Opposition'''}}
| [[Sohibul Iman]]
|-
! [[2024 Indonesian general election|2024]]
! 8
| {{Composition bar|53|580|{{party color|Prosperous Justice Party (2020)}}}}
| 12,781,241
| 8.42%
| {{Increase}} 3 seats
| {{partial2|'''Coalition supply'''}}
| [[Ahmad Syaikhu]]
|}

===Presidential election results===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Ballot number
! Candidate
! Running mate
! 1st round {{small|(Total votes)}}
! Share of votes
! Outcome
! 2nd round {{small|(Total votes)}}
! Share of votes
! Outcome
|-
! [[2004 Indonesian presidential election|2004]]
! 3
| [[Amien Rais]]
| [[Siswono Yudo Husodo]]
| 17,392,931
|align=center| 14.66%
| {{no2|Eliminated}}
| colspan="3" {{no2|Runoff}}
|-
! [[2009 Indonesian presidential election|2009]]
! 2
| [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]
| [[Boediono]]
| 73,874,562
|align=center| 60.80%
| {{yes2|Elected}}
| rowspan=4 colspan="3" bgcolor="grey" |
|-
! [[2014 Indonesian presidential election|2014]]
! 1
| [[Prabowo Subianto]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/parpol-dukung-pasangan-prabowo-hatta-dalam-pilpres/1917769.html|title=6 Parpol Dukung Pasangan Prabowo-Hatta dalam Pilpres|last=Wardah|first=Fathiyah|date=19 May 2014|access-date=1 August 2018|work=[[Voice of America Indonesia]]|language=id|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130144026/https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/parpol-dukung-pasangan-prabowo-hatta-dalam-pilpres/1917769.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Hatta Rajasa]]
| 62,576,444
|align=center| 46.85%
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
! [[2019 Indonesian general election|2019]]
! 2
| [[Prabowo Subianto]]
| [[Sandiaga Uno]]
| 68,650,239
|align=center|44.50%
| {{no2|Lost}}
|-
! [[2024 Indonesian presidential election|2024]]
! 1
| [[Anies Baswedan]]
| [[Muhaimin Iskandar]]
| 40,971,906
|align=center|24.95%
| {{no2|Lost}}
|}
''Note: Bold text indicates the party member''

==List of deputy speakers of the People's Representative Council from PKS==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!#
!Portrait
![[List of deputy speakers of the House of Representatives (Indonesia)|Deputy speaker]]
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
!colspan="2"|Serving with
!colspan="2"|[[List of Speakers of the People's Representative Council|Speaker]]
!Term
|-
|rowspan="4"; style="text-align:center;background:{{party color|Prosperous Justice Party}};"|{{white|'''1'''}}
|rowspan="4"|[[File:Anis Matta.JPG|100px]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Anis Matta]]
|rowspan="4"; style="text-align:center;"|1 October 2009
|rowspan="4"; style="text-align:center;"|1 February 2013
|rowspan="4"; style="text-align:center;"|{{Age in years and days|2009|10|1|2013|2|1}}
|style="background:{{party color|Golkar}}"|
|P. B. Santoso
|rowspan="7"; style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (Indonesia)}}"|
|rowspan="7"|[[Marzuki Alie]]
|rowspan="7"; style="text-align:center;"|16
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle}}"|
|Pramono Anung
|-
|style="background:{{party color|National Mandate Party}}"|
|M. Mintohardjono (2009–2010)
|-
|style="background:{{party color|National Mandate Party}}"|
|[[Taufik Kurniawan]] (2010–2013)
|-
|rowspan="3"; style="text-align:center;background:{{party color|Prosperous Justice Party}};"|{{white|'''2'''}}
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Sohibul Iman November 2015.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Sohibul Iman]]
|rowspan="3"; style="text-align:center;"|1 February 2013
|rowspan="3"; style="text-align:center;"|1 October 2014
|rowspan="3"; style="text-align:center;"|{{Age in years and days|2013|2|1|2014|10|1}}
|style="background:{{party color|Golkar}}"|
|P. B. Santoso
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle}}"|
|Pramono Anung
|-
|style="background:{{party color|National Mandate Party}}"|
|[[Taufik Kurniawan]]
|-
|rowspan="6"; style="text-align:center;background:{{party color|Prosperous Justice Party}};"|{{white|'''3'''}}
|rowspan="6"|[[File:Fahri Hamzah official.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Fahri Hamzah]]
|rowspan="6"; style="text-align:center;"|2 October 2014
|rowspan="6"; style="text-align:center;"|1 October 2019
|rowspan="6"; style="text-align:center;"|{{Age in years and days|2014|10|2|2019|10|1}}
|style="background:{{party color|Gerindra Party}}"|
|[[Fadli Zon]]
|style="background:{{party color|Golkar}}"|
|[[Setya Novanto]] (2014–2015)
|rowspan="6"; style="text-align:center;"|17
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (Indonesia)}}"|
|Agus Hermanto
|style="background:{{party color|Gerindra Party}}"|
|[[Fadli Zon]] (''Acting'') (2015–2016)
|-
|rowspan="3"; style="background:{{party color|National Mandate Party}}"|
|rowspan="3"|[[Taufik Kurniawan]]
|style="background:{{party color|Golkar}}"|
|Ade Komarudin (2016)
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Golkar}}"|
|[[Setya Novanto]] (2016–2017)
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Gerindra Party}}"|
|[[Fadli Zon]] (''Acting'') (2017–2018)
|-
|style="background:{{party color|Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle}}"|
|[[Utut Adianto]] (2018–2019)
|style="background:{{party color|Golkar}}"|
|[[Bambang Soesatyo]] (2018–2019)
|-
|}

;Colour key
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Golkar}}|[[Party of Functional Groups]] (Golkar)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle}}|[[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle]] (PDI-P)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|National Mandate Party}}|[[National Mandate Party]] (PAN)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} 
{{legend2|{{party color|Democratic Party (Indonesia)}}|[[Democratic Party (Indonesia)|Democratic Party]] (Demokrat)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|{{party color|Gerindra Party}}|[[Great Indonesia Movement Party]] (Gerindra)|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{colend}}

==See also==
* [[List of Islamic political parties]]
* [[Gelora Party|Indonesia People's Wave Party]]
*[[Politics of Indonesia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://pks.id/ PKS Official website]

{{Indonesian political parties}}
{{Islam in Indonesia}}
{{Islamism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Prosperous Justice Party| ]]
[[Category:Organizations that oppose LGBTQ rights in Indonesia]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Islamism in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1998]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Political parties affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Right-wing politics in Indonesia]]

Dona Paula

2026-03-19T07:28:44Z

Kishore121:

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Goa, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2011}}
{{Infobox landform
| name = Dona Paula
| other_name =
| image = Fishing Boats anchored at Dona Paula , Goa.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Fishing Boats anchored at Dona Paula, Goa
| pushpin_map = India Goa#India
| map_width =
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| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location =
| grid_ref =
| grid_ref_UK =
| grid_ref_Ireland =
| coordinates = {{coord|15|27|2|N|73|48|12|E|display=inline}}
| coordinates_ref =
| range =
| part_of =
| water_bodies =
| length =
| formed_by =
| type = Neighborhood
| free_label_1 = Patrolled by
| free_data_1 =
| free_label_2 = Hazard rating
| free_data_2 =
| free_label_3 = Access
| free_data_3 =
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}}

[[File:Dona Paula Goa.jpg|thumb|300px|View of the rocks by the sea at Dona Paula, Goa]]
[[File:Dona Paula, Goa.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Sculptures of Robert Knox with his wife, made by Yrsa von Leistner in the 20th century]]
'''Dona Paula''' (Named after [[Dona]] Paula de Souto Maior) is a neighborhood and tourist destination in the city of [[Panaji]], [[Goa]], India.<ref name=TI1>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1925951.cms | title=The legend of Dona Paula - truth or tall-tale | date=20 April 2007 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Blessy | last=Thomas | accessdate=21 February 2019}}</ref> It is today home to the [[National Institute of Oceanography (India)|National Institute of Oceanography]] and the [[International Centre, Goa|International Centre Goa]].

== History ==
The place is named after ''[[Don (honorific)|Dona]]'' Paula Amaral Antónia de Souto Maior, a historical figure in [[Portuguese Goa]]. She was related to the Portuguese Viceroy of [[Jaffnapatnam]] in Sri Lanka. She and her family arrived in Goa in 1744 and she married a [[Hidalgo (nobility)|hidalgo]] from [[Spain]] in 1756. Her father was ''Dom'' António Caetano de Menezes Souto Maior. They were an extremely affluent family, and the entire property from the present-day Cabo Raj Nivas all the way to Caranzalem belonged to the Souto Maior family. She died on 21 December 1782.<ref name=TI1 />

Dona Paula was a woman of charity, and is known to have helped the villagers and worked a lot for their betterment. Hence after her death, the villagers decided to rename the neighborhood as Dona Paula. Initially, the neighborhood was called Oddavell.<ref name=TI1 />

The ''Palacio do Cabo'' (present day [[Raj Bhavan, Panaji|Goa Raj Bhavan]]) is situated at a scenic spot in Dona Paula.<ref name=Monteiro>{{cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/a-walk-through-goas-most-iconic-residence/articleshow/67389712.cms|title=A walk through Goa's most iconic residence
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=5 January 2019
|first=Lisa
|last=Monteiro}}</ref> The area is also the location of a historic British war-graves cemetery.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dona-paulas-forgotten-british-cemetery-gets-a-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/58485876.cms
|first=Paul
|last=Fernandes
|title=Dona Paula: Dona Paula's forgotten British cemetery gets a new lease of life
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|date=2017-05-03}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Dona Paula is located on the sea stretch that spans from [[Panaji|Panjim]], [[Miramar, Goa|Miramar]] and Dona Paula is an area frequented by tourists. During the tourist season, Dona Paula transforms into a crowded stretch which is otherwise a calm place during monsoons.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}} A large part of the Hindi movie [[Ek Duuje Ke Liye]] was shot here, popularising the place further. An action sequence from Rohit Shetty's movie Singham was shot here.
The idyllic rocky tourist attraction lies at the spot where the [[Mandovi River|Mandovi]] and the [[Zuari River|Zuari]] rivers meet and flow into the [[Arabian Sea]] at a distance of 1 km from this point.

One of the attractions in Dona Paula is a whitewashed statue perched on the rocks near the ferry jetty. Sculpted in 1969 by Baroness Yrse Von Leistner, there are different versions of its purpose of origin. According to Goa Tourism Board's website, it is named "Image of India" and depicts the figures of Mother India and Young India, one looking to the East and the other to the West. The [[Ashoka Chakra|Wheel of Ashoka]] is in the middle half, buried in stone, to represent the ancient culture, that nurtured this blend of ideas and emotions.<ref>[http://www.goatourism.gov.in/destinations/other-attractions/179-dona-paula Dona Paula as described in Goa Tourism Government website]</ref> While in the book 'Walking in Goa' published by [[Heta Pandit]], it is said that the Baroness had actually sculpted statues of philosopher Robert Knox and his wife because she admired him.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/goa-plus/The-legend-of-Dona-Paula--truth-or-tall-tale/articleshow/1925951.cms?|title=The legend of Dona Paula - truth or tall-tale|last=Thomas|first=Blessy|date=20 April 2007|work=The Times of India|language=English|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Dona Paula}}
{{commons category|Dona Paula}}

[[Category:Beaches of Goa]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Panaji]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Panaji]]
[[Category:Beaches of North Goa district]]

Vallur Thermal Power Station

2026-03-17T17:32:38Z

Kishore121: New Stub - done

{{Short description|Coal-fired power station in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Vallur Thermal Power Station
| name_official =
| image = Vallur Thermal Power Plant.JPG
| image_caption = Vallur Thermal Power Plant as viewed from new Ennore Creek road bridge
| image_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|13|14|2|N|80|18|21|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Vallur]]
| status = O
| construction_began = September 2007
| commissioned = Unit 1: March 2012 Unit 2: February 2013 Unit 3: February 2014
| decommissioned =
| cost = {{INR}}91.93 billion
| owner = [[NTPC Limited]] and [[Tamil Nadu Power Generation Corporation Limited|TNPGCL]]
| operator = NTPC Tamil Nadu Energy Company Limited
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational = 3 x {{convert|500|MW}}
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity = {{convert|1,500|MW}}
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
}}

'''Vallur Thermal Power Station''' is a power plant located in [[Vallur]], [[Thiruvallur district]], [[India]]. The power plant is operated by NTPC Tamil Nadu Energy Company Limited, a joint venture between [[NTPC Limited]] and [[Tamil Nadu Power Generation Corporation Limited]] and has three units with 500 [[Watt#Megawatt|MW]] each.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/vallur.pdf | title=Vallur Thermal Power Project | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623002449/https://www.tangedco.gov.in/linkpdf/vallur.pdf | archive-date=2022-06-23}}</ref>

In January 2014, the units in the power plant achieved a record generation of 24.09 million units ([[kWh]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/122151/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120908010852/http://www.financialexpress.com/printer/news/122151/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2012 |title=Get enlightened about electricity |date=December 20, 2004 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |access-date=29 November 2009 }}</ref>) of electricity.<ref>{{cite news
| last = PTI
| title = Power generation suspended from second unit of Vallur plant
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 8 March 2014
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/power-generation-suspended-from-second-unit-of-vallur-plant/article5764308.ece
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref>{{dubious|date=August 2020}} The project adds nearly 24 million units a day to the grid. [[Tamil Nadu]] is the major beneficiary of power generated from this facility (about 750 MW), while some of it is supplied to [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref name="PowerTechnology_VallurPlant"/>

The plant will consume {{convert|4.62|Mt}} of coal a year. Coal for the plant will be brought from [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] through ship to [[Ennore Port]], from where it will be transported by pipe conveyor crossing Ennore Creek.<ref name="PowerTechnology_VallurPlant"/>

==Location==
The power plant is located on a triangular tract of land between [[Ennore Creek]] and [[Athipattu Pudhunagar railway station]], southwest of [[Ennore Port]], [[Chennai]].

==Construction==
The plant was established under the mega power project policy.<ref name="PowerTechnology_VallurPlant"/> The erstwhile Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) and the NTPC, in a joint venture, formed the NTPC Tamil Nadu Energy Company Limited. The foundation stone for the Vallur thermal plant was laid on 5 September 2007, with an estimated cost of {{INR}}80 billion (€100 million),<ref name="Hindu_VallurProjectToStartByOctober"/> and the {{INR}}19,900-million main plant package to supply steam generators and turbine for stage I was awarded to [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), a state-run power equipments manufacturer, on 13 August 2007.<ref name="Hindu_VallurPlantProgressing"/><ref>{{cite news
| title = BHEL bags order for Vallur thermal power project
| newspaper = Live Mint
| location = Tiruchirapalli
| publisher = LiveMint.com
| date = 5 September 2007
| url = http://www.livemint.com/Companies/qMVIHnQrUd8ZXvDiElRUsK/BHEL-bags-order-for-Vallur-thermal-power-project.html
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref> The projected was constructed in two phases: phase I with two 500 MW units at a cost of {{INR}}54 billion and phase II with one 500 MW unit at a cost of {{INR}}30 billion. Initially expected to be operational by 2010, the project was delayed due to the late implementation of the coal-handling facility established by the BHEL.<ref name="Hindu_VallurProjectToStartByOctober"/> Erection of the boiler column began on 5 January 2009.<ref name="Hindu_VallurPlantProgressing">{{cite news
| title = Vallur power plant works progressing
| location = Chennai
| date = 29 March 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/29/stories/2009032953060400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110622083442/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/29/stories/2009032953060400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 22 June 2011
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref>

In September 2009, the {{INR}}130 million contract to supply units for Vallur was given to BHEL, which supplied and installed steam generator and steam turbine packages. BHEL was responsible for the design, engineering manufacture, supply, erection and commissioning of the steam generators, turbine generators, electrostatic precipitators and associated auxiliaries, and controls and instrumentation systems in the plant.<ref name="PowerTechnology_VallurPlant"/>
[[File:NTECL chennai.jpg|thumb|left|NTECL Power Plant in Vallur]]
The {{convert|216|t|adj=on}} boiler drum of Unit I was erected in June 2010. Unit I was commissioned in March 2012 but operating at full capacity was delayed further due to problems with coal-handling facilities. Independent works on phase II began in 2010.<ref name="PowerTechnology_VallurPlant"/>

The first, second and third units were synchronised with the grid on 9 March 2012, 26 February 2013 and 28 February 2014, respectively.<ref name="TANGEDCO_VallurProject"/> The total cost of the project without IDC was {{INR}}91,930 million.<ref name="TANGEDCO_VallurProject"/> The plant commenced its commercial operation on 29 November 2012, with the operation of its first unit. The second unit commenced its commercial operations on 25 August 2013,<ref name="TANGEDCO_VallurProject"/> while that of the third unit was commenced on 28 February 2014.<ref name="MoneyControl_NTPC_VallurUnitIII"/>

==Cost and Finance==
The cost of phase I was {{INR}}54 billion ($1.15 billion) and that of phase II was {{INR}}30 billion ($639 million). The debt equity ratio of the project is 7:3. The Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) sanctioned {{INR}}38 billion ($809 million) to meet the entire debt portion of the project. REC advanced a loan of {{INR}}21 billion ($447 million) for the second phase in April 2010.<ref name="PowerTechnology_VallurPlant">{{cite web
| title = Vallur Conventional Thermal Power Plant, India
| publisher = Power-technology.com
| url = http://www.power-technology.com/projects/vallurconventional/
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=domain on WP:BLACKLIST|date=June 2016}}

==Technology and operations==
The boiler systems at the plant consists of single- or two-pass type, with front/rear/side mill layout, which can have single/bi-drum arrangement with natural or controlled circulation. There is constant or sliding pressure operation, and hot or cold primary air systems. Steam turbine operates at a speeds of 3,000 rpm. The main steam is at {{convert|130|–|250|bar}} at {{convert|500|–|540|°C|sigfig=2}}. Steam reheat is at {{convert|30|–|70|bar}} and {{convert|500|–|600|°C|sigfig=2}}. The back pressure is between {{convert|20|and|300|mbar}}.<ref name="PowerTechnology_VallurPlant"/>

The plant has six induced draft cooling towers (IDCTs), which have a capacity of {{convert|30000|m3/h}} with nine cells of {{convert|14|×|21|m}} each.<ref name="PowerTechnology_VallurPlant"/> The IDCTs use seawater, which is drawn from the intake channel of [[North Chennai Thermal Power Station]], and fresh water requirement is met from a desalination plant. The plant has adopted closed cycle re-circulating type cooling water system for its operations.<ref name="PowerTechnology_VallurPlant"/><ref>{{cite web
| title = NTPC to set up 500 MW Vallur Thermal Power Project Stage-I, Phase-II at Thiruvallur
| publisher = ThermalPowerIndustryFocus.net
| url = http://thermalpower.industry-focus.net/t-n-thermal-projects/306-ntpc-to-set-up-500-mw-vallur-thermal-power-project-stage-i-phase-ii-at-thiruvallur-ntpc-to-set-up-500-mw-vallur-thermal-power-project-stage-i-phase-ii-at-thiruvallur.html
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref>

The coal conveyor system in the plant includes a {{convert|4.4|km|adj=on}}-long pipe conveyor with a capacity of {{convert|4000|t/h|lb/min}}, which is the world's largest pipe conveyor.<ref name="TANGEDCO_VallurProject">{{cite web
| title = Vallur Thermal Power Project
| publisher = Tangedco.gov.in
| url = http://www.tangedco.gov.in/jv1.php
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref>

The plant requires {{convert|13400|t}} of coal per day. Domestic coalfields supply 53 percent of the need, and the remainder through coal imports.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Jagannath
| first = G.
| title = Coal shortage affects Unit-1 of Vallur plant
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 December 2013
| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131222/news-current-affairs/article/coal-shortage-affects-unit-1-vallur-plant
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref>

===Installed capacity===
Following is the unit-wise capacity of the {{convert|1500|MW}} plant.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit number !! Installed capacity (MW) !! Date of commissioning !! Status
|-
| Stage I || 1 || 500 || 29 November 2012|| Running<ref name="TANGEDCO_VallurProject"/>
|-
| Stage I || 2 || 500 || 25 August 2013|| Running<ref>{{cite news
| last = Jagannath
| first = G.
| title = Vallur unit II to give power relief for Tamil Nadu
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 27 August 2013
| url = http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130827/news-current-affairs/article/vallur-unit-ii-give-power-relief-tamil-nadu
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140330112020/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130827/news-current-affairs/article/vallur-unit-ii-give-power-relief-tamil-nadu
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 30 March 2014
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Stage I || 3 || 500 || 28 February 2014|| Running<ref name="MoneyControl_NTPC_VallurUnitIII">{{cite web
| title = NTPC's Unit III of 500 MW of Vallur Thermal Power Project commissioned
| publisher = MoneyControl.com
| date = 1 March 2014
| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/announcements/ntpcs-unit-iii500-mwvallur-thermal-power-project-commissioned_1049435.html
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref>
|-
|}

The share of Tamil Nadu would be {{convert|375|MW}} from each of the three units in the plant.<ref name="Hindu_VallurProjectToStartByOctober">{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = T.
| title = Vallur project to start power generation by October
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 22 August 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vallur-project-to-start-power-generation-by-october/article3804367.ece
| access-date = 30 Mar 2014}}</ref>

==Environmental impact==
[[File:NTPC Tamilnadu Energy.jpg|thumb|NTPC Tamil Nadu Energy Station at night]]

The Vallur Thermal Power Station is an environmentally friendly and non-polluting plant.{{fact|date=July 2023}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Energy|India}}
* [[List of power stations in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commons category|Vallur Thermal Power Station}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tangedco.gov.in/jv1.php Vallur Thermal Power Project on TANGEDCO website]
* [http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/43507 Page at Global Energy Observatory]

{{Power Plants of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Mohan Joshi

2026-03-17T17:27:14Z

Kishore121:

{{Short description|Indian film, television and theatre actor}}
{{About|the actor|the politician|Mohan Joshi (politician)|the teacher|Mohan Joshi (spiritual leader)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan Joshi
| image = Mohan_Joshi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = 
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Actor
| alma mater = [[Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce]]
| years_active =
| spouse = {{marriage|Jyoti Joshi|1969}}<ref name=Scene>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-09-25/news/27482550_1_joshi-move-dream-home-mohan-joshi |title=Behind the scenes |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=25 September 2005 |access-date=4 January 2013 |author=Kalewar, Sulakshana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117154937/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-09-25/news/27482550_1_joshi-move-dream-home-mohan-joshi |archive-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| children =
}}

'''Mohan Joshi''' is an Indian film, television theatre actor. He has worked in [[Bollywood|Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] films.

==Career==
Joshi started his career as a theatre artist in [[Pune]].<ref name="B4U Plus">{{Cite web |title=B4U Plus |url=https://www.b4uplus.com/star-cast/mohan-joshi |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.b4uplus.com}}</ref> He was noticed in the play ''Kuryat Sada Tingalam''. Along with [[Anand Abhyankar]] and Suhasini Deshpande, the show was performed more than 1000 times.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report_anand-abhyankar-was-an-ever-smiling-man_1781497 |title=Anand Abhyankar was an ever-smiling man |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=25 December 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013 |author=Paranjpe, Shailendra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231153316/http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report_anand-abhyankar-was-an-ever-smiling-man_1781497 |archive-date=31 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Joshi later on got various roles in Hindi and Marathi films. His 1993 comedy film ''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]'' directed by [[Smita Talwalkar]] was quite successful.<ref name="B4U Plus"/> Joshi played the lead role of a doctor husband of actress [[Neena Kulkarni]] and who is engaged in an extra-marital affair with his junior doctor played by [[Varsha Usgaonkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-04|title=Happy Birthday, Mohan Joshi: "Mulshi Pattern" to 'Deool Band'; FIVE must-watch movies of the veteran star|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-mohan-joshi-mulshi-pattern-to-deool-band-five-must-watch-movies-of-the-veteran-star/photostory/77924116.cms|access-date=2021-02-09|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> For his work in ''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'' (1998), Joshi's work was appreciated. Produced by [[Smita Talwalkar]] and directed by [[Sanjay Surkar]], the film was adjudged as the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]] at the [[46th National Film Awards]].<ref name="B4U Plus"/> In their official citation, the jury noted Joshi's and his co-star [[Suhas Joshi]]'s works by quoting "Beautiful performance by Mohan Joshi and Suhas Joshi are the highlights of the film."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf |title=46th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310180429/http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> He won his only [[National Film Awards]] till now for the 1999 Marathi film ''[[Gharabaher]]'' as a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention (Feature Film)]] "for his wonderfully controlled performance of a corrupt politician" at the [[47th National Film Awards]].<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf |title=47th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=13 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022161229/http://dff.nic.in/2011/47th_nff_2000.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2009, he played the lead role of [[Gadge Maharaj]], a social reformer and saint from [[Maharashtra]], in the film ''Debu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNPUN16518 |title=A common desire |publisher=DNA |location=Pune |author=Gumaste, Sukirt D. |date=7 September 2009 |access-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505182437/http://dnasyndication.com/showarticle.aspx?nid=DNPUN16518 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Joshi also played various character and side roles in Hindi films and is known for his portrayal of negative roles. For the role of Tirpat Singh in the Hindi film ''[[Mrityudand]]'' (1997), Joshi received the [[Screen Award for Best Villain]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/mobile/apharan/ap_film_mdand.html |title=Mritydand -- The Death Sentence (1997) |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117020112/http://www.rediff.com/mobile/apharan/ap_film_mdand.html |archive-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> His villainous role of Sadhu Yadav in the 2003 Hindi film ''[[Gangaajal]]'' directed by [[Prakash Jha]] was appreciated. This socio-political film was based on the [[1980 Bhagalpur blindings|Bhagalpur blindings]] that happened in 1980.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?221345 |title=Gangaajal |magazine=[[Outlook India]] |date=8 September 2003 |access-date=4 January 2013 |author=Joshi, Namrata |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125192027/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?221345 |archive-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has also worked in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri films]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-14/news-interviews/27905369_1_marathi-films-film-city-hindi-films |title=I enjoy working in Bhojpuri films |date=14 November 2008 |access-date=4 January 2013 |author=Mathur, Barkha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117013138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-14/news-interviews/27905369_1_marathi-films-film-city-hindi-films |archive-date=17 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Joshi stepped in the Hindi television industry through the show ''Jamuniya'' in 2010 that aired on [[Imagine TV]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-21/tv/28125300_1_films-veteran-actor-big |title=Small is Big? Ask Mohan Joshi! |date=21 March 2010 |access-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117065008/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-21/tv/28125300_1_films-veteran-actor-big |archive-date=17 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Joshi was president of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Marathi Natya Parishad]] from 2003 to 2011 and then re-elected in 2013 to at present.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/may/070511-Chetan-Dalvi-Mohan-Joshi-quits-Marathi-theatre.htm |title=Mohan Joshi quits as president of Marathi theatre |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |date=7 May 2011 |location=Mumbai |access-date=4 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116205352/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/may/070511-Chetan-Dalvi-Mohan-Joshi-quits-Marathi-theatre.htm |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Jyoti Joshi who he met in Pune.<ref name=Scene>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-09-25/news/27482550_1_joshi-move-dream-home-mohan-joshi |title=Behind the scenes |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=25 September 2005 |access-date=4 January 2013 |author=Kalewar, Sulakshana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117154937/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-09-25/news/27482550_1_joshi-move-dream-home-mohan-joshi |archive-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
!{{Abbr|Refs|References}}
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Ek Daav Bhutacha]]'' || ||Rowspan="7"|Marathi
|
|-
| 1987 || ''Khatyal Sasu Nathal Sun'' || Major Prakash Pandre
|
|-
|Rowspan ="2"|1988 || ''Nashibvan'' ||
|
|-
| ''Ek Gadi Baaki Anadi'' || Dinanath Pradhan
|
|-
| 1991 || ''Balidaan'' || Sadanand "Master" Kulkarni
|
|-
|Rowspan="3"|1992 || ''Hach Sunbaicha Bhau'' ||
|
|-
|''Jeevlaga'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Jaagruti]]'' || Om Prakash Sharma || Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1993||''Sarech Sajjan'' || ||Rowspan="3"|Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]'' || Dr. Madhukar Hirve (Madhu)
|
|-
| ''Aapli Manse'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Bhookamp]]''|| Daya Patil
| rowspan="32" |Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1994 || ''[[Elaan (1994 film)|Elaan]]''|| Baba Khan
|
|-
|''[[Imtihaan]]''|| KK
|
|-
|''[[Anth]]''|| ACP Kulkarni
|-
|''[[Gopi Kishan]]''|| Sawant
|
|-
|''[[Zaalim]]''|| Jaikaal
|
|-
|Rowspan="7"|1995|| ''[[Andolan (1995 film)|Andolan]]'' || Dalvi
|
|-
|''[[Gaddaar (1995 film)|Gaddaar]]'' || Mr.Gujral
|
|-
|''[[Hulchul (1995 film)|Hulchul]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]'' || Shreechand
|
|-
|''[[Gundaraj]]'' || Rajbahadur Alias Baba Saheb
|
|-
|''[[The Gambler (1995 film)|The Gambler]]'' || Karianna
|
|-
|''[[Haqeeqat (1995 film)|Haqeeqat]]'' || Jagpati Bhavani Singh
|
|-
|Rowspan="8"|1996 || ''[[Himmat (1996 film)|Himmat]]'' || Tabu's Father Brij Mohan
|
|-
|''[[Ek Tha Raja]]'' || Baba
|
|-
| ''[[Papi Gudia]]'' || Ragahvan, Tantrik Channi guru
|
|-
|''[[Shastra (film)|Shastra]]'' || Rana
|
|-
|''[[Mafia (1996 film)|Mafia]]'' || DCP Bapat
|
|-
|''[[Bhishma (1996 film)|Bhishma]]'' || Rana Saheb
|
|-
|''[[Krishna (1996 Hindi film)|Krishna]]'' || Bhujang Rao
|
|-
|''Rangbaaz'' || Commissioner Mathur
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1997 || ''Salma Pe Dil Aa Gaya''|| Sardar Angara Khan
|
|-
|''[[Yeshwant]]'' || Salim Shaikh
|
|-
|''[[Mrityudand]]''|| Tirpat Singh
|
|-
|''[[Loha (1997 film)|Loha]]'' || Lukka
|
|-
|''[[Bhai (1997 film)|Bhai]]'' || Ganesh
|
|-
|''[[Suraj 1997 film|Suraj]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suraj - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2676 |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|Neelkanth
|
|-
|''[[Ishq (1997 film)|Ishq]]'' ||Madam Jindal Kajol's Uncle
|
|-
|Rowspan="13|1998 || ''Do Numbri'' || Sharma
|
|-
|''[[Phool Bane Patthar]]'' || Minister Garibdas Singh
|
|-
|''[[Purani Kabar]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Vinashak – Destroyer]]'' || A.C.P. Amar Agnihotri
|
|-
|''[[2001: Do Hazaar Ek]]''|| Police Commissioner Malik
|
|-
|''[[Aakrosh (1998 film)|Aakrosh]]'' || Colonel Chavan
|
|-
|''[[Tu Tithe Mee]]'' || || Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Salaakhen (1998 film)|Salaakhen]]'' || Advocate Ashok Pradhan ||Rowspan="6"|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Humse Badhkar Kaun]]'' || Jabbar
|
|-
|''[[Major Saab]]'' || Parshuram Bihari
|
|-
|''[[Barood (1998 film)|Barood]]'' || Commissioner Gaur
|
|-
|''[[Gunda (1998 film)|Gunda]]''|| Pote
|
|-
|''[[Sar Utha Ke Jiyo]]'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="14" |1999 ||''Ladhai'' || Appasaheb || Marathi
|
|-
|''Hai Kaun Woh'' || Tantrik || rowspan="12" |Hindi
|
|-
|''Sikandar Sadak Ka'' || Chawla, Criminal Lawyer
|
|-
|''[[Daag: The Fire]]'' || Purshotam Jalan
|
|-
|''Kahani Kismat Ki'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Lal Baadshah]]'' || Lawyer
|
|-
|''[[Lohpurush]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lohpurush - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2463 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|Bhola Pandey
|
|-
|''[[Aarzoo]]''|| Rajpal
|
|-
|''[[Rajaji (film)|Rajaji]]'' || Pratap Singh
|
|-
|''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]'' || Thakur Gajendra Singh
|
|-
|''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]'' || Prem Nath
|
|-
|''[[Munnibai]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Vaastav: The Reality|Vaastav]]'' || Babbanrao Kadam (Home Minister)
|
|-
| ''[[Gharabaher]]''|| Annasaheb || Marathi
|
|-
|Rowspan="12"|2000 || ''Chehron Ke Peeche'' || ||Rowspan="14"| Hindi
|
|-
|''Apradhi Kou'' || Principal Dhawan
|
|-
|''[[Rahasya]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Daku Ramkali]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Krodh (film)|Krodh]]''||Advocate Verma
|
|-
|''[[Baaghi (2000 film)|Baaghi]]'' || Assistant Commissioner of Police
|
|-
|''[[Daaku Dilruba]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Bichhoo]]'' || Kiran's father
|
|-
|''[[Kunwara]]'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Daku Ganga Jamuna]]'' ||
|
|-
|''Daku Kali Bhawani'' ||
|
|-
|''[[Beti No. 1]]'' || Raghuveer Yadav
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Rupa Rani Ramkali]]'' ||
|
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Maseeha]]'' || DCP Shrivastav
|
|-
|Rowspan="7"|2003||''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]''|| Advocate Dada Vishnu Dandavate || Marathi
|
|-
|''Khanjar : The Knife'' || Kumar ||Rowspan="9"| Hindi
|
|-
|''Shiva Ka Insaaf''||
|
|-
|''[[Gangaajal]]'' || Sadhu Yadav
|
|-
|''Tada'' || Shankar
|
|-
|''[[Zameen (2003 film)|Zameen]]'' || Brigadier Malik
|
|-
|''[[Baghban (2003 film)|Baghban]]'' || Khuber Desai, Hotel Owner
|
|-
|Rowspan="3"|2004 || ''[[Police Force: An Inside Story]]'' || ACP Pratap Bhosale
|
|-
|''[[Garv: Pride and Honour]]'' || Advocate Kulkarni
|
|-
| ''[[AK-47 (2004 film)|AK-47]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Mr. Prime Minister]]'' || Raja Sahab
|
|
|-
|''[[Dhamkee (2005 film)|Dhamkee]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhamkee - The Extortion - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=1728 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|Chaturbhuj Pratap Singh
|
|
|-
| 2006 || ''Yanda Kartavya Aahe'' || Manager Phatak ||Rowspan="3"|Marathi
|
|-
|Rowspan="3"|2007 || ''Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada'' ||
|
|-
|''Mukkam Post London'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Janam Janam Ke Saath]]'' || || Bhojpuri
|
|-
| 2008 || ''Doghat Tisra Aata Sagla Visra'' || || Rowspan="7"|Marathi
|
|-
|Rowspan="5"|2009 || ''Mata Ekvira Navsala Pavli'' || Sarpanch
|
|-
|''Tukya Tukavila Nagya Nachvila'' ||
|
|-
|''Be Dune Sade Char'' || Anant Kitturkar
|
|-
|''Agnidivya'' || Anandrao Desai
|
|-
|''Lagli Paij'' || Ramakant Kelkar
|
|-
|2010 || ''Debu'' || [[Gadge Maharaj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012 ||''[[Saheb]]'' || Bhujangrao Patil || rowspan="8" | Marathi
|
|-
| ''Mokla Shwas'' ||
|
|-
| ''Dum Asel Tar'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Yedyanchi Jatra]]'' ||
|
|-
| 2014 || ''Love U Crazy Girl'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2015 || ''[[Deool Band]]'' || [[Swami Samarth]]
|
|-
| ''Dhurandhar Bhatawdekar'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aawhan]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Black Home]]'' || || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Shasan]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Marathi
|
|-
| ''[[Phera]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''The Justice and The Bastards'' || || Hindi
|
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Vrundavan (film)|Vrundavan]]'' || || Marathi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Yeh Hai India]]'' || Minister || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Hameer (2017)|Hameer]]'' || Jashwant || Gujarati
|
|-
| ''[[Tabadala]]'' || ||Bhojpuri
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018 || ''[[Pushpak Vimaan]]'' || Tatya || rowspan="13" | Marathi
|
|-
| ''[[Mulshi Pattern]]'' || Sakha
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mulshi Pattern Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Mulshi Pattern by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/mulshi-pattern/movie-review/66733899.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330001056/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/mulshi-pattern/movie-review/66733899.cms |archive-date=30 March 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar]]'' || [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]
|
|-
| 2019 || ''66 Sadashiv'' ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022 || ''[[Goshta Eka Paithanichi]]'' || Karandikar
|
|-
|''[[Dharmaveer (Marathi film)|Dharmaveer]]''
|Sameer's father
|
|-
|''[[Sarsenapati Hambirrao]]''
|[[Aurangzeb]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''Aalay Mazya Rashila''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Alka Kubal: 'आलंय माझ्या राशीला'मध्ये अल्का कुबल-चिन्मय मांडलेकर दिसणार एकत्र, टीझर प्रदर्शित |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/alka-kubal-and-chinmay-mandlekar-movie-aalay-mazya-rashila-teaser-is-out-141673858612442.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saath Sobat]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title='Saath Sobat': Sangram Samel and Mrunal Kulkarni starrer is all set to hit screens on January 13, 2023; poster out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/saath-sobat-sangram-samel-and-mrunal-kulkarni-starrer-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-january-13-2023-poster-out/articleshow/95764403.cms |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chhapa Kata]]''
|Shanaya's grandfather
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-26 |title=मकरंद अनासपुरेचा नवीन चित्रपट; 'छापा काटा' लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/makarand-anaspure-marathi-movie-chhapa-kata-will-release-soon-entertainment-news-amy-95-4066541/ |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Chhatrapati Sambhaji (2024 film)|Chhatrapati Sambhaji]]''
|Annaji
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2024-02-02 |title='CHHATRAPATI SAMBHAJI' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 2 February 2024 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/chhatrapati-sambhaji-marathi-review-2-february-2024/ |access-date=2024-03-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sangharsh Yoddha Manoj Jarange Patil|Sangharsh Yodha Manoj Jarange Patil]]''
|Raosaheb Jarange
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-04 |title=Sangharsh Yoddha Teaser Out: A Biopic on Maratha Quota Activist Manoj Jarange Patil - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/sangharsh-yoddha-teaser-out-a-biopic-on-maratha-quota-activist-manoj-jarange-patil-a507/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Abhaya}}
|TBA
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-17 |title=मराठी चित्रपट 'अभया'चे पहिले पोस्टर प्रदर्शित! 'या' लोकप्रिय कलाकारांची मांदियाळी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/abhaya-marathi-movie-poster-release-yogita-bhosle-mohan-joshi-in-lead-roles-hrc-97-5777659/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
* [[Eka Lagnachi Dusri Goshta]]
* [[Eka Lagnachi Tisri Goshta]]
* [[Kahe Diya Pardes]]
* [[Jeev Zala Yedapisa]]
* [[Aggabai Sasubai]]
* [[Aggabai Sunbai]]
* [[Majhi Tujhi Reshimgath]]
* [[Agnihotra (TV series)|Agnihotra]]
* [[Sant Gajanan Shegaviche]]
* Krupasindhu
* Oon Paaus
* [[Jatin Kanakia|Do Aur Do Paanch]]

===Theatre===
*Aasu Ani Hasu
*Gadhvacha Lagna
*Godi Gulabi
*Goshta Janmantarichi
*Kalam 302
*Karti Kaljat Ghusali
*Kuryat Sada Mangalam
*Mi Revati Deshpande
*Nath Ha Majha
*Nati Goti
*Purush
*Sangeet Mrichakatik
*Sukhant
*Tarun Turk Mhatare Ark
*Double Cross
*Aaranyak
*Shree Tashi Sau
*Natsamrat
*Sumi Ani Amhi

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
|-
|2019
|''[[Mission Over Mars|M.O.M. - Mission Over Mars]]''
|Sharad Gokhale
|[[ALTBalaji]] and [[ZEE5]]
|-
|2022
|''[[RaanBaazaar]]''
|Sayaji Patil
|Planet Marathi
|}

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* [[47th National Film Awards]] (1999) - [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention (Feature Film)]] - ''[[Gharabaher]]'' - "for his wonderfully controlled performance of a corrupt politician".<ref name="47thawardPDF"/>
On 16 October 2021 [[Zee Marathi]] awarded them their highest award " Jeevan Gaurav "award for their successful completion of almost 50 years in both [[Hindi cinema|bollywood]] and marathi industry.{{citation needed|date= January 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0430803}}
*[https://www.indiacontent.in/search-topic/mohan-joshi Image Bucket of Mohan Joshi]
*[https://veryfirsttale.in/sumi-ani-amhi-natak-now-watch-mohon-joshis-powerful-sweet-comeback/ Mohan Joshi's Latest Marathi Natak]

{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{ScreenAwardBestActorNegativeRole}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Mohan}}
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Renigunta mandal

2026-03-09T13:12:54Z

Kishore121:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Renigunta mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.65|N|79.52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Ind}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Renigunta]], [[Tirupati]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| mapframe = yes
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 75789
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(zier4l3n123l12v3gd42dp55))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=636574|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Renigunta mandal''' is one of the 36 [[mandals]] in [[Tirupati district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Its headquarters are located at [[Renigunta]], suburb of [[Tirupati]]..<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=19 January 2015|pages=452,518–519}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by [[Tirupati (urban) mandal|Tirupati (urban)]], [[Tirupati (rural) mandal|Tirupati (rural)]], [[Vadamalapeta]], Yerpedu.This mandal is located at [[Srikalahasti revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Renigunta district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=21 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224033355/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 75,789. The total population constitute, 38,090 males and 37,699 females —a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000 males. 8,365 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 4,276 are boys and 4,089 are girls —a ratio of 956 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 76.11% with 51,318 literates.<ref name=population />

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 32 settlements. It includes 1 town and 31 villages. The populated villages in the mandal are in the vicinity of Tirupati city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Renigunta District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=19|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:<ref>{{cite web|title=Abbreviations used |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Metadata/Metada.htm#2w|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=26 May 2014}}</ref>

{{Columns-list|colwidth=18em|

# Adusupalem
# Ammavaripatteda
# Anagunta
# Annasamipalle
# Athuru
# Balupalle
# Dharmapuram Khandriga
# Elamandyam
# Erragunta
# Erramareddipalem
# [[Gajulamandyam]]
# Jeepalem
# Karakambadi
# Kothapalem
# Kotramangalam
# Krishnaiah Kalva
# Krishnapuram
# Kurukalva
# Mamandur
# [[Molagamudi]]
# Nallapalem
# R. Mallavaram
# [[Renigunta]]
# Renigunta Agraharam
# Sanjeevarayanipatteda
# Srinivasaudasipuram
# Surappakasam
# Thandlam
# [[Thathaiah Kalva]]
# Thukivakam (Rural)
# Vedullacheruvu
# Venkatapuram
}}

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Renigunta mandal
|North = [[Srikalahasti]] mandal [[Kovur, Renigunta|Kovur]] mandal
|Northeast = [[Srikalahasti]] mandal
|East = [[Tirupati (urban) mandal]]
|Southeast = [[Yerpedu]] mandal [[Vadamalapeta]]mandal
|South = [[Vadamalapeta]] mandal
|Southwest = [[Tirupati (rural) mandal]]
|West = [[Yerpedu]] mandal
|Northwest = [[Nellore district]]
}}

{{Tirupati district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

Paithiyakkaran

2026-03-06T03:44:04Z

Kishore121: expanded content

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paithiyakaran
| image = Paithiyakkaran Madman.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| screenplay = [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]
| story = [[Narayan Hari Apte]]
| starring = [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] [[T. A. Mathuram]] [[N. S. Krishnan]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[D. Balasubramaniam]] S. J. Kantha
| producer = D. Ramaswamy
| studio = N. S. K. Pictures
| music = [[C. R. Subburaman]] M. S. Gnanamani
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = S. Panjabi
| released = {{Film date|1947|09|26|df=yes}}
| runtime = 180 min
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Payithiyakaran''''' (English title: '''''Madman?''''') is a 1947 Tamil-language film produced by and starring [[N. S. Krishnan]]. It was based on the play of the same name staged by Krishnan's drama troupe. It was the first film for Krishnan after his acquittal in the [[Lakshmikanthan murder case]]. [[M. G. Ramachandran]] played a supporting role in the film.<ref name="guy1">{{Cite news | last= Guy | first= Randor | title= Blast from the Past — Paithiakaaran 1947 | date= 13 June 2008 | url= https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/paithiakaaran-1947/article3023014.ece | work= [[The Hindu]] | access-date= 2019-07-05 | archive-url= https://archive.today/20130125062534/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/06/13/stories/2008061350421600.htm | archive-date= 25 January 2013 | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="sangam">{{Cite news| last= Sri Kantha| first= Sachi| title= Kalivanar N.S. Krishnan, Tamil Comedian and Political Activist| date= 13 July 2008| url= http://www.sangam.org/2008/11/NS_Krishnan.php?uid=3168| work= www.sangam.org| access-date= 2009-12-14| archive-date= 3 July 2022| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220703062408/https://sangam.org/2008/11/NS_Krishnan.php?uid=3168| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="anandan">{{Cite book| last=Film News Anandan| language= ta| year= 2004 | title=Sadhanaigal padaitha Tamil Thiraipada Varalaaru | publisher=Sivagami Publications| location= Chennai| pages=28:41}}</ref><ref name="willemen">{{Cite book| first1= Ashish| last1= Rajadhyaksha| first2= Paul| last2= Willemen| year= 1994| title= Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema| publisher= British Film Institute| isbn= 978-0-85170-455-5| pages= 121| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ&q=Paithiakaran+n+s+krishnan| access-date= 19 October 2016| archive-date= 14 July 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240714140355/https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ&q=Paithiakaran+n+s+krishnan| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="pandian">{{Cite book| first=M. S. S| last=Pandian| year=1992| title=The image trap: M.G. Ramachandran in film and politics| publisher=Sage| isbn=978-0-8039-9403-4| pages=148| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3NuAAAAMAAJ&q=Paithiakaran+1947| access-date=19 October 2016| archive-date=14 July 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714140356/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3NuAAAAMAAJ&q=Paithiakaran+1947| url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Paithiyakaran'' was based on V. Shantaram's ''Duniya Na Mane'', which in turn was based on the Marathi novel, ''Na Patnari Goshta'' written by [[Narayan Hari Apte]]. It was a socially themed movie which advocated for widow remarriage and against older men marrying women much younger than them.<ref name="guy1" />

==Cast==
''Cast according to the opening credits of the film''
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. R]] as Moorthi
* [[N. S. Krishnan|N. S. K]]
* [[T. A. Mathuram|Mathuram]]
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam|Sahasra Namam]] as Sekhar
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]]
* C. S. Pandian
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]]
* K. Chandrasekharan
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* S. J. Kantha
* T. A. Jayalakshmi
* S. R. Janaki
* [[C. K. Saraswathi|Saraswathi]]
* Baby Vadiva
* Bhagavathi
* [[M. K. Saroja|Saroja]] (Dance)
{{col-end}}

==Production==
[[File:Paithiakaran 1947 film.jpg|thumb|[[N. S. Krishnan]] and T. A. Mathuram]]

When N. S. Krishnan was in prison for the [[Lakshmikanthan murder case]], his wife and comedian T. A. Mathuram started a drama troupe called ''N. S. K Nataka Sabha''. The troupe mainly staged plays written by and starring S. V. Sahasranamam. ''Paithiyakaran'' (lit. The mad man) was one of those plays. When Krishnan was first sentenced to jail, Mathuram took a break from her acting career. Later she came out her self-imposed exile to generate revenues for financing her husband's appeal to the privy council. ''Paithiyakaran'' was based on [[V. Shantaram]]'s 1937 film'' [[Duniya Na Mane]]''. Mathuram converted the troupe into a film production company and made a film based on the play. The film advocated reformist social policies like widow remarriage. It was directed by the director duo of P. Krishnan and S. Panju. While the film was in production, Krishnan was acquitted in the murder case and was released from prison. A new role was written for him in the film. Mathuram played dual roles as the heroine and as Krishnan's comedic foil. Krishnan made fun of his stint in prison through the song ''jailukku poi vantha'' in which he described in prison life, his fellow inmates and the types of prisoners he met. Music for the film was composed by [[C. R. Subburaman]] and M. S. Gnanamani. ''Pattukoru pulavan bharathi'' – a work of the poet [[Kavimani Desigavinayagam Pillai]] was used in the film as lyrics for a song featuring T. A. Jayalakshmi. [[M. G. Ramachandran - aka MGR]] (later Chief minister of [[Tamil Nadu]]) played a supporting role in the film. MGR lip-synched a love duet song with T.A. Mathuram,sung by Ghantasala.The completed film was 16,201 feet in length.<ref name="guy1" /><ref name="sangam" /><ref name="anandan" /> According to ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', [[S. S. Rajendran]] played a minor role.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 October 2014|title=SS Rajendran, First Actor Turned Legislator of Indian Politics is No More|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/oct/24/ss-rajendran-first-actor-turned-legislator-of-indian-politics-is-no-more-674858.html|access-date=2021-04-17|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421071730/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/oct/24/SS-Rajendran-First-Actor-Turned-Legislator-of-Indian-Politics-is-No-More-674858.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=2014-10-24 |title=S.S. Rajendran: Dialogue delivery was his forte |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Veteran-Tamil-actor-S.S.-Rajendran-passes-away-in-Chennai/article60390761.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 July 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424214328/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Veteran-Tamil-actor-S.S.-Rajendran-passes-away-in-Chennai/article60390761.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[C. R. Subburaman]] & M. S. Gnanamani. Lyrics by [[Kavimani Desigavinayagam Pillai]], [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]], K. P. Kamatchi & T. R. Sambanthamoorthi.

Singers are [[N. S. Krishnan]] & [[T. A. Mathuram]]. Playback singers are [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] & T. S. Bhagavathi.

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Paattukoru Pulavan" || P. A. Periyanayaki || Kavimani Desigavinayagam Pillai || 05:36
|-
| "Jeyikku Poi Vandhu" || N. S. Krishnan || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 02:44
|-
| "Solla mudiyatha -Jeeva Oliyaaga " || Ghantasala & P. A. Periyanayaki || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 02:27
|-
| "Asaiyaaga Pesi Pesi" || N. S. Krishnan & T. A. Mathuram || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 03:10
|-
| "Ninaivellam Veenanathe" || || || 03:00
|-
| "Manamuvantha Maaran" || P. A. Periyanayaki || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 02:16
|-
| "Kasu Panam Kondavarkku" || N. S. Krishnan || ||
|-
| "Jegajothi Tharum Naale" || T. S. Bhagavathi || || 02:26
|}

==Reception==
The film was released on 26 September 1947 and was a box office hit. The film's success enabled Mathuram's production house to produce four more films and N. S. Krishnan began a successful stint as director.<ref name="guy1"/><ref name="sangam"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0234413|Paithiyakaran}}
{{Krishnan–Panju}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paithiyakkaran (1947 Film)}}
[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:1947 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Gnanamani]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:1947 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sathi Shakthi

2026-03-03T22:30:16Z

Kishore121: brief add intro for consistency and corrected details based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sathi Shakthi
| image = Sathi Shakthi.jpg
| caption =
| director = Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry
| producer = Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry
| writer = Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry
| screenplay = Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] Ramkumar [[K. S. Ashwath]] B. Raghavendra Rao
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| cinematography = Karnan-Sundarbabu
| editing = C. V. Raju
| studio = Matha Pictures
| distributor = Matha Pictures
| released = {{Film date|1963|06|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Sathi Shakthi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಸತಿ ಶಕ್ತಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed and produced by Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], Ramkumar, [[K. S. Ashwath]] and B. Raghavendra Rao. The film has musical score by [[T. G. Lingappa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/sathi-shakthi-1963|title=Sathi Shakthi|accessdate=2015-01-20|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Satishakthi-1982/9219802457|title=Sathi Shakthi|accessdate=2015-01-20|publisher=nthwall.com}}</ref> [[Puttanna Kanagal]] assisted his brother during the shoot of this movie. This was the first movie in which Rajkumar played a dual role in full-fledged manner.

Rajkumar played the role of ''mantravaadi'' for the only time in his career in this movie. While [[Puttanna Kanagal]] and [[K. S. L. Swamy]] worked as assistant directors, Rajkumar's younger brother SP Varadaraj essayed a small role in the movie. The title card of the movie credited the story to have been inspired by ''Pampa Kshetra Mahatme''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-9VzAnXxjDA&feature=youtu.be|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Rakthaaksha/Viroopaaksha (dual roles)
*Ramkumar
*[[K. S. Ashwath]]
*B. Raghavendra Rao
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*Vijayarao
*S. P. Varadaraj
*K. Amaranath
*H. Krishna Shastry
*Vijayakumar
*Swamy
*Guggu
*Ganapathi Bhat
*Sorat Ashwath
*Shivashankar
*[[M. V. Rajamma]]
*Sahukar Janaki
*K. Pushpavalli
*Sujatha
*Papamma
*[[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]
*Lalitha Shastry
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by T. G. Lingappa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Sathi-Sakthi-K0001118|title=Sathi Sakthi Songs|accessdate=2015-01-20|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aadi Paadi Odanaadi" || Ghantasala, [[P. Leela]] || Kanagal Prabhakara Sastry || 03:28
|-
| 2 || "Acha Mallige Hoovu" || P. Leela || Kanagal Prabhakara Sastry || 03:17
|-
| 3 || "Baa Thaaye Baa" || P. Leela || Kanagal Prabhakara Sastry || 03:21
|-
| 4 || "Chandramaama" || [[S. Janaki]] || Kanagal Prabhakara Sastry || 02:31
|-
| 5 || "Ee Vilaasi" || S. Janaki, [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || Kanagal Prabhakara Sastry || 03:19
|-
| 6 || "Huyyo Huyyo" || P. Leela || Kanagal Prabhakara Sastry || 03:22
|-
| 7 || "Maathege Migilaada" || Komala, Kamala || Kanagal Prabhakara Sastry || 03:17
|-
| 8 || "Pavadisu Phalaakshai" || P. Leela || Kanagal Prabhakara Sastry || 03:24
|-
| 9 || "Sri Mathe" || P. Leela || Kanagal Prabhakara Sastry || 03:12
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1414567}}

[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:1963 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Back Bencherz

2026-03-03T12:17:46Z

Kishore121: started first info v1 - done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Back Bencherz
| image = Back Bencherz.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = BR Rajashekar
| producer = Ramya Rajshekar
| writer = BR Rajashekar
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Jathin Aryan
* Akash MP
* Shashank Simha
* Manya Gowda
* Kunkum H
* Anusha Suresh
* Manoj Shetty
* Namith Gowda
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Nakul Abhyankar
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing = Amar Gowda Ranjan Narsimha Murthy
| studio = Police Praki Production
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|7|19|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Back Bencherz''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Comedy film|comedy]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by BR Rajashekar.<ref>{{cite web | last=Reddy | first=Y Maheswara | title=No choreographers | website=Bangalore Mirror | date=17 May 2024 | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/no-choreographers/articleshow/110187095.cms}}</ref> Produced by Ramya Rajshekar under ''Police Praki Production'', and starring Jathin Aryan, Akash MP, Shashank Simha, Manya Gowda, Kunkum H, Anusha Suresh, Manoj Shetty, Namith Gowda and [[Suchendra Prasad]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Anandraj | first=Shilpa | title=Kannada film 'Back Benchers' features 30 youngsters making their debut | website=The Hindu | date=17 July 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kannada-film-director-br-rajshekhar-dedicates-back-benchers-to-collegians-past-and-present/article68399196.ece}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 19 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=SM | first=Shashiprasad | title='Back Bencherz' To Release On July 19 | website=Times Now | date=1 July 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/back-bencherz-to-release-on-july-19-article-111412478}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Jathin Aryan
* Akash MP
* Shashank Simha
* Manya Gowda
* Kunkum H
* Anusha Suresh
* Manoj Shetty
* Namith Gowda
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]

== Production ==
The [[principal photography]] of the film took place in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Reddy | first=Y Maheswara | title=An entertainer | website=Bangalore Mirror | date=12 December 2023 | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/an-entertainer/articleshow/105912157.cms | access-date=22 September 2024 | archive-date=12 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212223447/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/an-entertainer/articleshow/105912157.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
A Sharadhaa of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave the film three out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sharadhaa | first=A | title=Back Bencherz Movie Review: A youthful tale of first-bench students turning into last-bench rebels | website=Cinema Express | date=22 July 2024 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Jul/22/back-bencherz-movie-review-a-youthful-tale-of-first-bench-students-turning-into-last-bench-rebels}}</ref> Manju Kotagunasi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Kotagunasi | first=Manjunath B | title=ನಗಿಸುತ್ತಲೇ ಕಾಲೇಜಿನ ನೆನಪಿನಂಗಳಕ್ಕೆ ಕರೆದೊಯ್ಯುವ ಹಿಂಬದಿ ಬೆಂಚಿನ ಹುಡುಗ್ರು; ಬ್ಯಾಕ್‌ ಬೆಂಚರ್ಸ್‌ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ | website=Kannada Hindustan Times | date=21 July 2024 | url=https://kannada.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sandalwood-news-back-bencherz-movie-review-what-will-happen-when-the-first-bench-students-go-to-the-back-bench-mnk-181721534454487.html | language=kn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt32359454}}

{{Portal bar|India|Films}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]

Natchiarkoil

2026-02-23T15:45:27Z

Kishore121: started first post from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Natchiarkoil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline =
Nachiyar koil pano.jpg
|image_alt =
|image_caption = Srinivasa Perumal Temple in Natchiarkoil
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map =
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|10.9177|N|79.4455|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 46.79
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = Tamil
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code_type =
|area_code =
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 =
|blank1_info_sec1 =
|blank2_name_sec1 = Corporation
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Thanjavur Municipal Corporation|Thanjavur City Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website = [https://thanjavurcorporation.org]
|footnotes =
}}

'''Natchiarkoil'''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7bD6Nyl06UC&dq=natchiarkoil |title=Telecommunications |date=1964 |publisher=Additional Chief Engineer, Posts & Telegraphs, Technical & Development Circle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=India Parliament Lok Sabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5EOAQAAMAAJ&dq=natchiarkoil |title=Lok Sabha Members |date=2008 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqTjlnfARhkC&dq=natchiarkoil |title=Census of India, 1991: Tamil Nadu |date=1994 |publisher=Controller of Publications |language=en}}</ref> is a neighbourhood in [[Kumbakonam Taluk|Kumbakonam]] of [[Thanjavur district]] of Tamil Nadu state in the peninsular India. [[Nachiarkoil lamp]]s, which are made of brass, are produced locally.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In TN's Kumbakonam, makers of 'kuthu vilakku' lamps stare at uncertain future |language=en |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kumbakonam-kuthu-vilakku-lamp-makers-uncertain-future-1682926-2020-05-28 |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref>

== Location ==
Natchiarkoil is about {{convert|46.79|m|ft}} above sea level with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|10.9177|N|79.4455|E}}) in Kumbakonam taluk.{{Need Citation|date=December 2023}}
{{Location map many | Tamil Nadu
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Natchiarkoil
| pos1 = left
| bg1 = cyan
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 8
| coordinates1 = {{coord|10.9177|N|79.4455|E}}
}}

== Population ==
As of [[2011 census of India]], the population of Natchiarkoil was 7,505.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Kumbakonam Taluka of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5811-kumbakonam-thanjavur-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Natchiarkoil Census Town City Population Census 2011-2023 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/638576-natchiarkoil-tamil-nadu.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
== Religion ==
[[Thirunarayur Nambi Temple]], one of the [[Divya Desam|108 Divyadesams]], is in Natchiarkoil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple chariot deviates from path, devotees sustain injuries in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.ndtv.com/south/temple-chariot-deviates-from-path-devotees-sustain-injuries-in-tamil-nadu-554156 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Srinivasa Perumal Natchiyar kovil kal karudan bhagavan - Hindu temple - Natchiarkoil - Tamil Nadu |url=https://yappe.in/tamil-nadu/natchiarkoil/sri-srinivasa-perumal-natchiyar-kovil-kal-karudan-bhagavan/948442 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=yappe.in}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Natchiarkoil comes under [[Thiruvidamarudur Assembly constituency|Thiruvidaimarudur state assembly constituency]] and [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai Parliamentary constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Where two Dravidian majors are in a neck-and-neck race in Tamil Nadu's Mayiladuthurai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/apr/09/where-two-dravidian-majors-are-in-a-neck-and-neck-race-in-tamil-nadus-mayiladuthurai-1961979.html |access-date=2023-12-19}}</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Thanjavur district]]

Thirumayilai metro station

2026-02-21T07:24:25Z

Kishore121: New A Stub

{{Short description|Underground station of the Chennai Metro}}
{{morefootnotes|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Chennai Metro logo.svg|50px]] Thirumayilai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| symbol =
| type = {{Chennai Metro Infobox station line|line = 3|line2 = 4}}
| style = Chennai Metro
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address = Mylapore, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600004
| borough =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0368|80.2676|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Chennai Metro]]
| operator = Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL)
| line = {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Purple|croute}} {{rcb|Chennai Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| distance =
| platforms = 2 levels with [[Side platform]] each and 1 level with [[Island platform]] 
Platform-1 → [[Madhavaram Milk Colony|Madhavaram Milk Colony]] Platform-2 → [[Poonamallee Bypass metro station|Poonamallee Bypass]] Platform-3 → [[Lighthouse metro station|Lighthouse]] Platform-4 → [[SIPCOT II metro station|SIPCOT II]]
| tracks = 4
| train_operators =
| connections = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|20px|up|link=Chennai MRTS]] {{stnlnk|Thirumayilai}}
| structure = Underground, [[Double-track railway|Double Track]]
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| zone =
| electrified = Yes
| opened = 
| closed = 
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Chennai Metro|line1=Purple|left1=Radhakrishnan Road Junction|right1=Mandaiveli|line2=Yellow|left2=Alwarpet|to-left2=Poonamallee Bypass|note-mid2=''(Under Construction)''|right2=Kutchery Road|to-right2=Lighthouse|line3=Yellow|left3=Alwarpet|to-left3=Parandur Airport|note-mid3=''(Future Service)''|right3=Kutchery Road|to-right3=}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Chennai Metro Orange Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| website = {{url|chennaimetrorail.org}}
}}

'''Thirumayilai metro station''' is a [[Rapid transit|Metro]] railway station on the [[Line 4 (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Chennai Metro]]. The station is among the underground stations along corridor I of the Chennai Metro, [[Lighthouse metro station|Lighthouse]]–[[Poonamallee Bypass metro station|Poonamallee Bypass]] stretch. The station serves the neighbourhoods of [[Mylapore]].

The station is a key interchange linking [[Line 3 (Chennai Metro)|Corridor 3]] and [[Line 4 (Chennai Metro)|Corridor 4]] of the Chennai Metro network and, at 115 ft below the ground, will be the deepest metro station in Chennai.

==History==
Construction began in 2021 and the station remained an engineering challenge during its construction owing to its depth cut through rocky soil. Owing to these difficulties, the station is expected to be completed by 2027.<ref name="TOI_By2028">{{cite news
| last = Tejonmayam
| first = U
| title = Chennai's Mylapore, T Nagar to get metro only by 2028
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 10 June 2023
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/mylapore-t-nagar-to-get-metro-only-by-2028/articleshow/100888929.cms
| access-date = 26 June 2023}}</ref>

===Construction===
The T-shaped station will be built on four levels with four tunnels stacked one above the other, below the Luz Junction (junction connecting Luz and the Canal Bank Road) in the neighbourhood of Mylapore.<ref name="TOI_By2028"/> Upon construction, the station will be the deepest metro station in Chennai, at 35 meters below street level, surpassing the [[Chennai Central metro station]], which is 30 meters below street level.<ref name="TOI_By2028"/> This is because the rails in corridor 3 run as stacked tunnels, with one track located 17 metres below the ground (first level, or platform 1) and another 35 metres below (third level, or platform 3). The tracks in corridor 4 will be in parallel tunnels (second level, or platform 2) built between platforms 1 and 3.<ref name="TH_115Feet">{{cite news
| last = Sekar
| first = Sunitha
| title = At 115 feet below the ground, Thirumayilai Metro station will be the last to be opened in 2028
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 9 June 2023
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/at-115-feet-below-the-ground-thirumayilai-metro-station-will-be-the-last-to-be-opened-in-2028/article66950781.ece/
| access-date = 26 June 2023}}</ref>

===Station layout===
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Tirumayilai track layout ''(TBC)''
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Chennai Metro|Purple}};background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #{{rcr|Chennai Metro|Purple}}, #{{rcr|Chennai Metro|Purple}}, #{{rcr|Chennai Metro|Yellow}}, #{{rcr|Chennai Metro|Yellow}});
| title-color=white
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map= CONTg\STRf yellow\CONTg yellow\STRf
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) yellow\PSTR(L) yellow\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ ''{{BSsplit|{{font color|#800080|P1 Towards {{rmri|up}} {{stl|Chennai Metro|Radhakrishnan Road Junction}}}}|{{font color|#c49102|P# Towards {{rmri|down}} {{stl|Chennai Metro|Alwarpet}}}}}}'' **
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) yellow\PSTR(L) yellow\PSTR(R)
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) yellow\PSTR(L) yellow\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ ''{{BSsplit|{{font color|#c49102|P# Towards {{rmri|up}} {{stl|Chennai Metro|Kutchery Road}}}}|{{font color|#800080|P4 Towards {{rmri|down}} {{stl|Chennai Metro|Mandaveli}}}}}}'' **
STRg\CONTf yellow\STRg yellow\CONTf
| bottom = <div style="width:28em;text-align:center">''{{font color|#800080|P1 - Station B2 floor with a track and side platform}} {{font color|#c49102|P# - Station B3 floor with two tracks and one Island platform}} {{font color|#800080|P4 - Station B4 floor with a track and side platform}}'' '''''{{font color|#800080|P1 & P4 - [[Purple Line (Chennai Metro)|Purple Line]]}} <nowiki>|</nowiki> {{font color|#c49102|P# and P# - [[Yellow Line (Chennai Metro)|Yellow Line]]}}''''' ** '''Under Construction'''</div>
}}
}}
{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''B1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" |'''B2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Madhavaram Milk Colony}} '''Next Station:''' [[Radhakrishnan Road Junction metro station|Radhakrishnan Road Junction]]
|-
| rowspan="3" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px white;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="35" |'''B3'''
|'''Platform #''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Chennai Metro|Poonamallee Bypass}} ** '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Alwarpet}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]] | '''P# & P#''' doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85|'''Platform #''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → {{stl|Chennai Metro|Lighthouse}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Kutchery Road}}
|-
| rowspan="2" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px white;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="35" |'''B4'''
|'''Platform 4''' '''Southbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Chennai Metro|SIPCOT 2}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Chennai Metro|Mandaveli}}
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" valign="top" |'''B4'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" valign="top" |'''''Note:'''''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |'''''** (Further extension to {{stl|Chennai Metro|Parandur Airport}} in the future)'''''
|-
|-
|}

==The station==
The station will be located at a depth of {{convert|35|m}} below the ground with four levels, namely, a concourse level and three platform levels.<ref name="TH_DeepStation">{{cite news| first = Sunitha | last = Sekar | title = At Thirumayilai, Chennai Metro to build deep station with three platforms | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai| date = 22 May 2022| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/at-thirumayilai-chennai-metro-to-build-the-deepest-station-with-three-platforms/article65446828.ece | accessdate = 10 June 2022}}</ref> The first (uppermost) level will be at a depth of {{convert|17|m}} consisting of the Madhavaram–SIPCOT upper track. The middle level will be at a depth of {{convert|24|m}} and will consist of the Lighthouse–Poonamallee dual lines. The third (lowermost) level will be at a depth of {{convert|35|m}} consisting of the Madhavaram–SIPCOT lower track.<ref name="TH_DeepStation"/> The station will be spread over an area of 4854.4 square meters. While most other stations in phase II has only two entry/exit points, the Thirumayilai station alone will have five entry/exit points.<ref name="TH_115Feet"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
* [[List of Chennai metro stations]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
* [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Chennai Monorail]]
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Chennai Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Chennai}}
* {{Official website|http://chennaimetrorail.org/}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Chennai topics}}
{{Chennai Metro}}
{{Transport in Chennai}}

[[Category:Chennai Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

1938–39 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-20T01:23:06Z

Kishore121:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1938–39 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate = 28 October 1938
| todate = 21 February 1939
| champions = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| count = 1
| participants = 20
| matches = 20
| most runs = [[Naoomal Jeoomal]] (Sind) (418)
| most wickets = [[Amir Elahi]] (Nawanagar) (28)
| previous_year = 1937–38
| previous_tournament = 1937–38 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1939–40
| next_tournament = 1939–40 Ranji Trophy
| website = http://www.bcci.tv
}}
The '''1938–39 Ranji Trophy''' was the fifth edition of the [[Ranji Trophy]], an annual [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India. Matches were played from 28 October 1938 to 21 February 1939 with a total of twenty teams participating. The [[Army cricket team (India)|Army]] and [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] both returned and were included in the North Zone. The sides were divided into four zonal groups, but the tournament utilised a knockout format. [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] won their first title defeating [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]] in the final.

==Teams==
Although the tournament ran in a knockout format, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) organised the teams by zone. [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] and the [[Army cricket team (India)|Army]] rejoined North Zone although the latter did not actually play a match. [[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]] (North to East) and [[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]] (East to North) exchanged zones. The twenty teams are listed alphabetically by zone and the sides that won each zonal title are in '''bold'''.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
* '''East Zone'''
* '''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''
* [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
* [[Central India cricket team|Central India]] (now [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]])
* [[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]] (now [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]])

{{col-4}}
* '''North Zone'''
* [[Army cricket team (India)|Army]] (now [[Services cricket team|Services]])
* [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
* [[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]
* [[North West Frontier Province cricket team|North West Frontier Province]]
* [[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]] (now [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]])
* '''[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]''' (now [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]])

{{col-4}}
* '''South Zone'''
* [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
* '''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]''' (now [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]])
* [[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]] (now [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]])

{{col-4}}
* '''West Zone'''
* [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
* [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]])
* [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
* [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
* [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]
* '''[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]'''
* [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]
{{col-end}}

==Highlights==
* [[Tom Longfield]] was the second non-native captain to win the Ranji Trophy, after [[Albert Wensley|Bert Wensley]] in 1936–37.
* [[Naoomal Jeoomal]] of Sind scored 203* against Nawanagar out of a score of only 326.
* In the Nawanagar v Western India match, [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] became the first bowler to take 100 Ranji Trophy wickets.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16836.html Nawanagar v Western India, 1938–39]. CricketArchive. Retrieved 11 December 2023. {{subscription}}</ref> This was his 14th Ranji Trophy match.

==Zonal matches==
===East Zone===
{{Round4

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|3 Dec 1938 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''366/3d'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|105 & 76
|10 Dec 1938– Indore|'''[[Central India cricket team|Central India]]'''|'''170 & 279'''|[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]|49 & 154

|31 Dec 1938 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''378/9d'''|[[Central India cricket team|Central India]]|108 & 149
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===North Zone===
{{Round8

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 200px
| score-width = 80px

|12 Nov 1938 – Patiala|'''[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]'''|'''304 & 221'''|[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]|190 & 151
|26 Nov 1938 – Peshawar|'''[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricket team|North West Frontier Province]]'''|'''418/8d'''|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|207 & 40
|||||
|||||

|2 Jan 1939— Patiala|'''[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]'''|'''379'''|[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cricket team|North West Frontier Province]]|227 & 115
||'''[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]'''|'''Walkover'''|[[Army cricket team (India)|Army]]|

|21 Jan 1939— Patiala|'''[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]'''|'''180 & 120/1'''|[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]|116 & 123

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

===South Zone===
{{Round4

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|25 Nov 1938 – Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''382 & 236/7'''|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|285 & 111/2

|17 Dec 1938 – Madras|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''159 & 150/4'''|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|139 & 168

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

===West Zone===
{{Round8

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|28 Oct 1938 – Baroda|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|326|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''441'''
|4 Nov 1938 – Jamnagar|'''[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]'''|'''238 & 16/2'''|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|105 & 148
|4 Nov 1938 – Rajkot|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''138 & 180'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|131 & 77

|5 Nov 1938 – Karachi|'''[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]'''|'''370/7'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|366
|9 Nov 1938 – Jamnagar|'''[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]'''|'''168 & 184/6'''|[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]|166 & 185

|24 Dec 1938 – Karachi|'''[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]'''|'''326 & 263/7d'''|[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]|271 & 125/2

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=no|skipmatch04=no
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

==Inter-zonal knockout stage==
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|21 Jan 1939 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''515'''|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]]|114 & 116
|10 Feb 1939 – Patiala|'''[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]'''|'''197 & 168/3'''|[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]|339 & 23

|18 Feb 1939 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''222 & 418'''|[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]|328 & 134
}}

==Final==
{{Test match
| date = 18–21 February 1939
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (H)
| team2 = [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 222 (83.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Kartick Bose]] 48
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Amir Elahi]] 5/73
| score-team2-inns1 = 328 (90 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Wazir Ali]] 222
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kamal Bhattacharya]] 5/100
| score-team1-inns2 = 418 (146.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Basil Malcolm]] 91
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Murawwat Hussain 4/97
| score-team2-inns2 = 134 (48.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Lala Amarnath]] 37
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Tom Longfield]] 4/48
| result = Bengal won by 178 runs
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]
| umpires = [[Nirmal Chatterjee]], [[M. Dutta Ray]]
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1938-39/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/BENG_S-PNJB_RJI-FINAL_18-21FEB1939.html Scorecard]
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 1938-39}}
[[Category:1938 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1939 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1938–39]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Shah Faesal

2026-02-17T18:45:11Z

Kishore121: page edit

{{short description|Indian civil servant, physician and former politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shah Faesal
| image = The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh congratulating Dr. Shah Faisal, the Civil Services topper for 2010 from Jammu & Kashmir, in New Delhi on May 26, 2010.jpg
| caption = Shah Faisal with Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1983|5|17}}
| birth_place = [[Sogam Lolab]], [[Kupwara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-srinagar-doc-becomes-first-kashmiri-to-top-ias-1380054|title= Srinagar doc becomes first Kashmiri to top IAS|work=DNA|date=7 May 2010}}</ref>
| residence = Jammu and Kashmir
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| profession = [[Bureaucrat]], [[Physician|Doctor]],
| alma_mater = * Boys' higher Secondary School Sogam, Lolab
* [[Tyndale Biscoe School]]
* [[Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir
* Fulbright fellow at [[Harvard Kennedy School]]
| website =
| office1 = Chairman of [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement]]
| term_start1 = 21 March 2019<ref name="faesalquit"/>
| term_end1 = 9 August 2020
| predecessor1 = ''position established''
| successor1 = [[Javaid Mustafa Mir]]
| office2 = Managing Director (J&K State Power Development Corporation)
| term_start2 = 18 October 2016
| term_end2 = 9 January 2019
| predecessor2 = Kifayat Rizvi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/community/cabinet-orders-reshuffle-of-bureaucrats/310075.html|title=Cabinet orders reshuffle of bureaucrats|date=16 October 2016|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
| successor2 = Hirdesh Kumar<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/news/jkspdcl-facing-hardships-without-md-342098.html|title=JKSPDCL facing hardships without MD|first1=Junaid|last1=Khatju|date=19 January 2019|work=[[Rising Kashmir]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>
| office3 = Director School Education (Kashmir)
| term_start3 = 22 August 2015
| term_end3 = 18 October 2016
| predecessor3 = Showkat Ahmad Beigh
| successor3 = Ajaz Ahmad Bhat
| office4 = Deputy Commissioner (Bandipora)
| term_start4 = 8 February 2014
| term_end4 = 22 August 2015
| predecessor4 = Mohammad Yousuf Zargar
| successor4 = Sajad Hussain Ganai
| office5 = Assistant Commissioner, Revenue (Pulwama)
| term_start5 = 16 August 2012
| term_end5 = 8 February 2014
| predecessor5 = Nasir Ahmad Lone
| successor5 = Syed Sajad Qadiri<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.greaterkashmir.com/epaperpdf/1822014/1822014-md-hr-10.pdf|title=Shuffle in middle...|date=18 February 2014|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=15 August 2020|page=10}}</ref>
| native_name_lang = ka
| honorific_prefix =
| parents = Ghulam Rasool Shah Mubeena Shah
| spouse = Iram Rashid
| children = 1
| office = Deputy secretary in ministry of culture
| term_start = 11 August 2022
}}

'''Shah Faesal''' (born 17 May 1983) is an Indian [[civil servant|bureaucrat]] currently posted as Deputy Secretary in the [[Ministry of Culture (India)]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-01 |title=IAS officer Shah Faesal posted to Union Culture Ministry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ias-officer-shah-faesal-posted-to-union-culture-ministry/article65831735.ece |access-date=2022-09-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=IAS officer Shah Faesal appointed deputy secretary in ministry of culture |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ias-officer-shah-faesal-appointed-deputy-secretary-in-ministry-of-culture-101661923888092.html |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2010, Faesal secured Rank 1 and became the first [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] to top the [[Civil Services Examination|Indian Civil Services Examination]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Shah-Faesal-is-first-Kashmiri-to-top-civil-services-exam/article16031688.ece|title=Shah Faesal is first Kashmiri to top civil services exam|last=Sarkar|first=Urvashi|date=7 May 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412070226/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Shah-Faesal-is-first-Kashmiri-to-top-civil-services-exam/article16031688.ece|archive-date=12 April 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/They-find-me-glamourous-Shah-Faesal/articleshow/6147405.cms|title=They find me {{sic|glamo|urous|nolink=y}}: Shah Faesal|last=Sharma|first=Suruchi|date=14 February 2011|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311140126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/They-find-me-glamourous-Shah-Faesal/articleshow/6147405.cms|archive-date=11 March 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> He tendered his resignation from the Indian bureaucracy in protest on 9 January 2019, citing "unabated killings" in Kashmir among other things, which, reportedly, was "never accepted" by the central government and he even withdrew the same later.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ias-officer-shah-faesal-resigns-from-services-to-protest-killings-in-kashmir/articleshow/67454141.cms|title=IAS officer Shah Faesal resigns from services to 'protest killings' in Kashmir|date=9 January 2019|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112191810/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//india/ias-officer-shah-faesal-resigns-from-services-to-protest-killings-in-kashmir/articleshow/67454141.cms|archive-date=12 January 2019|access-date=6 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/who-is-shah-faesal/article26038530.ece|title=Who is Shah Faesal?|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=19 January 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325120608/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/who-is-shah-faesal/article26038530.ece|archive-date=25 March 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title=Shah Faesal returns to bureaucracy, appointed deputy secretary in Ministry of Culture |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/shah-faesal-ias-deputy-secretary-ministry-of-culture-8087839/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

On 4 February 2019, Shah Faesal began his momentary political life by giving a public speech in his hometown of [[Kupwara]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/shah-faesal-begins-political-journey/724028.html|title=Shah Faesal begins political journey|date=5 February 2019|work=The Tribune|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307055524/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/shah-faesal-begins-political-journey/724028.html|archive-date=7 March 2019|others=Tribune News Service}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-kashmir-is-a-political-issue-can-be-resolved-through-dialogue-shah-faesal-in-his-first-public-rally/324884|title=Kashmir Is A Political Issue, Can Be Resolved Through Dialogue: Shah Faesal In His First Public Rally|last=Gangai|first=Naseer|date=4 February 2019|website=Outlook India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306235134/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-kashmir-is-a-political-issue-can-be-resolved-through-dialogue-shah-faesal-in-his-first-public-rally/324884|archive-date=6 March 2019|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> Shortly after, on 16 March 2019, he announced his own political party, the [[Jammu & Kashmir People's Movement|Jammu and Kashmir People's Movement]] (JKPM).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/shah-faesal-to-announce-party-s-name-this-week/741148.html|title=Shah Faesal to announce party's name this week|date=10 March 2019|work=The Tribune|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> He left politics on 10 August 2020 and quit the JKPM.<ref name="faesalquit">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/j-k-leader-shah-faesal-steps-down-from-top-post-of-his-party-2277167|title=16 Months On, J&K Bureaucrat-Turned-Politician Shah Faesal Quits Politics|date=10 August 2020|work=NDTV|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>

He was reinstated in the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in April 2022 by the Modi government.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=Reinstated in IAS, Shah Faesal says: 'Idealism let me down' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/jk-shah-faesal-reinstated-in-ias-7892145/ |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In August 2022, he was posted as Deputy Secretary in Union Ministry for Tourism.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=New Post For Kashmir's Shah Faesal, Back To Civil Service After Politics |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/shah-faesal-reinstated-as-deputy-secretary-in-tourism-ministry-report-3251154 |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name=":9" />

== Early life and education ==
Faesal Shah was born in the Sogam area of [[Lolab Valley]], located in [[Kupwara district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. His father, Ghulam Rasool Shah, was a teacher who was killed by militants in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/kashmirs-new-allindia-elite/article3480620.ece|title=Kashmir's new all-India elite|date=2 June 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=6 March 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-shah-faisal-s-feat-draws-accolades-from-pm-manmohan-singh-1393214|title=Shah Faisal's feat draws accolades from PM Manmohan Singh|date=7 June 2010|website=Daily News and Analysis|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shah-faesal-kashmir-pulwama-india-today-conclave-2019-1468789-2019-03-02|title=Waited for bombs to crash through our roofs: Shah Faesal's heartbreaking account of Kashmir panic|date=2 March 2019|website=India Today|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> Shah Faesal was 19 at the time.<ref name=":6" /> Not only was his father a teacher, but his mother, Mubeena Shah, as well as grandfather were teachers.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/columns/Mani-Shankar-Aiyar/2019/02/23/kashmirs-arvind-kejriwal.html|title=Kashmir's Arvind Kejriwal|last=Aiyar|first=Mani Shankar|date=23 February 2019|website=The Week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308152737/https://www.theweek.in/columns/Mani-Shankar-Aiyar/2019/02/23/kashmirs-arvind-kejriwal.html|archive-date=8 March 2019|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

He is a 2008 batch graduate of the Jhelum Valley Medical College.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iupsc.com/shah-faesal-upsc-civil-services-exam-2009-topper/|title=Shah Faisal: UPSC Civil Services Exam 2010 Topper |publisher=UPSC Topper|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> He holds an [[MBBS]] degree from [[Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SKIMS), Srinagar as well as has a master's degree in Urdu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=17745&PageId= |title=Supremo |publisher=Supremo |date=17 May 1983 |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ias-officer-shah-faesal-resigns-from-services-to-protest-killings-in-kashmir/articleshow/67454141.cms|title=IAS officer Shah Faesal resigns from services to 'protest killings' in Kashmir|website=The Times of India|date=9 January 2019 }}</ref> He finished MBBS at 26 and left IAS at 35. In 2018, he was a recipient of the [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]]-Fellowship at [[John F. Kennedy School of Government|Harvard Kennedy School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.usembassy.gov/fulbright-scholars-prepare-to-depart-for-the-u-s/|title=Fulbright Scholars Prepare to Depart for the U.S.|date=24 May 2018|website=U.S. Embassy & Consulates in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001002727/https://in.usembassy.gov/fulbright-scholars-prepare-to-depart-for-the-u-s/|archive-date=1 October 2018|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

== Bureaucrat career ==
Before cracking Civil Service exam, Faesal was the gold medalist at [[Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SKIMS), [[Srinagar]], where he studied medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/|title=The Weekend Leader – Positive Stories from Around India of Unsung Heroes, Change Makers, Entrepreneurs, Startups, Innovators, Green Warriors|website=www.theweekendleader.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> In 2009, he became the first [[Kashmir]]i to get first place in the [[UPSC Civil Service Aptitude Test|UPSC]] civil services exam, which he also cleared on his first attempt. He was also the first candidate from Kashmir in several years to be selected to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) through open merit.<ref name=":6" /> He was the fourth Muslim (after Independence) to top the civil service exam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iupsc.com/interview-shah-faesal-upsc-topper/|title=Interview with Shah Faisal, UPSC Topper 2010|website=iUPSC.com|others=Ritika Chopra, HT|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

On 16 August 2012, Faisal was appointed as the assistant commissioner, revenue, of [[Pulwama district]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/4-ias-officers-among-19-transferred/|title=4 IAS officers among 19 transferred|date=17 August 2012|work=[[Daily Excelsior]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> He was transferred to the [[Deputy commissioner#India|deputy commissioner]] of [[Bandipora district]] on 8 February 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/23-ias-ips-ifs-officers-among-55-transferred-in-jk/828151|title=23 IAS, IPS, IFS Officers Among 55 Transferred in J&K|date=8 February 2014|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> He was transferred to the position of Director School Education, Kashmir, on 22 August 2015, replacing Showkat Ahmad Beigh. Sajad Hussain Ganai replaced him as deputy commissioner of Bandipora.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/govt-orders-transfers-in-administration-3/|title=Govt orders transfers in administration|date=22 August 2015|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> Faesal on 26 March 2016 was temporarily given the additional charge of the vice-chairman of J&K Lakes and Waterways Development Authority while Sarmad Hafeez had been sent to [[Hyderabad]] for the IAS Induction Training Programme.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/dheeraj-gets-charge-of-pdc-shah-faesal-gets-lawda/|title=Dheeraj gets charge of PDC; Shah Faesal gets LAWDA|date=27 March 2016|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>

During his stint as director of school education, he faced a months-long shutdown of schools during the [[2016 Kashmir unrest]], causing him to sarcastically post on [[Facebook]] that he needed a job, which invited varied comments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/081016/kashmir-school-education-directors-fb-post-draws-sharp-reaction.html|title=Kashmir School Education Director's FB post draws sharp reaction|date=8 October 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> Ajaz Ahmad Bhat took over the charge from him on 18 October 2016, after he had been transferred to J&K State Power Development Corporation and made its managing director.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/ajaz-takes-over-as-director-school-education/|title=Ajaz takes over as Director School Education|date=18 October 2016|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> He was transferred from his post to that of an administrative secretary to the state tourism department in May 2018, however, was later asked to remain on his current post.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://risingkashmir.in/news/shah-faesal-to-continue-as-md-jk-state-power-dev-corpn|title=Shah Faesal to continue as MD J&K State Power Dev Corpn|date=9 May 2018|work=[[Rising Kashmir]]|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref>

Faesal also received the [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright-Nehru Masters's Fellowship]] in May 2018 to study at the [[Harvard Kennedy School]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/ias-topper-faesal-lit-hope-in-many-ruffled-some-feathers-too-711314|title=IAS topper Faesal lit hope in many, ruffled some feathers too|date=10 January 2019|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|first=Azhar|last=Qadri|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> He tendered his resignation from the IAS on 9 January 2019 citing "unabated killings" in Kashmir among other things, through a Facebook post.<ref name=":0" /> He was also generally disillusioned with his role as a bureaucrat, which included jailing people and imposing curfews.<ref name=":4" />

In April 2022, he presented an application for withdrawing his resignation & was reinstated in the service,<ref name=":10" /> and in August 2022, he was posted as Deputy Secretary in Union Ministry for Tourism.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":9" />

== Political career ==

On 4 February 2019, Faesal Shah began his political life by giving a public speech in his hometown of [[Kupwara]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> During this speech he compared his experience in the IAS with feeling like having "spent the last 10 years in a jail."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/spent-the-last-10-years-in-a-jail-says-ex-ias-officer-shah-faesal-about-his-tenure/story-4Qm0yH1Ji5dvt4xo31Et9N.html|title=Spent the last 10 years in a jail, says ex-IAS officer Shah Faesal about his tenure|last=Ehsan|first=Mir|date=5 February 2019|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> On 25 February 2019, he announced during a live debate on [[NDTV]] that he is launching his own political party and has already applied to the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] regarding this.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/shah-faesal-announces-new-political-party-jammu-and-kashmir|title=Ex-IAS Officer Shah Faesal Announces He's Forming a New Party|date=26 February 2019|website=The Quint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226143628/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/shah-faesal-announces-new-political-party-jammu-and-kashmir|archive-date=26 February 2019|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> On 16 March 2019, he announced through Facebook that he would be launching his own political party on 17 March, the Jammu & Kashmir Peoples' Movement (JKPM), at a football ground in [[Rajbagh]] area, [[Srinagar]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-ias-officer-shah-faesal-to-launch-political-party-tomorrow/article26554852.ece|title=Former IAS officer Shah Faesal to launch political party|last=Ashiq|first=Peerzada|date=16 March 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 March 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Faesal formed the JKPM on 21 March and stated it would provide a political platform to the youth as well as veteran politicians with a clean image.<ref name="faesalquit"/> He later announced that it will not contest the [[2019 Indian general election]] to focus more on outreach, and encouraged people to vote for the right politicians. He also said the party would focus on safeguarding [[Article 370 of the Indian Constitution|Article 370]] and [[Article 35A of the Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/ex-ias-officer-shah-faesal-s-party-not-to-contest-lok-sabha-elections-urges-people-to-vote/story-CJtJNhVVXjHMmOLatJRgDO.html|title=Ex-IAS officer Shah Faesal's party not to contest Lok Sabha elections, urges people to vote|date=23 March 2019|work= Hindustan Times|access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> On 18 June, he and [[Engineer Rashid]] announced that their parties, JKPM and Awami Ittehad Party, would be entering into a political alliance called Peoples United Front. The main points of its agenda were the resolution of the [[Kashmir dispute]] based on the wishes of [[Kashmiris]], peaceful relations between India and [[Pakistan]], protecting the state's special status, return of [[Kashmiri Pandits]] and release of all politicians from detention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jammu-and-kashmir-gets-first-pre-poll-alliance-in-run-up-to-assembly-polls-2055473|title=Jammu And Kashmir Gets First Pre-Poll Alliance In Run-Up To Assembly Polls|work=Press Trust of India|publisher=NDTV|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>

Faesal was one of the political leaders detained after the [[revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir]]. As he tried to take a flight to [[Turkey]] on 14 August 2019, he was stopped and later taken into [[Preventive detention#India|preventive detention]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page-2/day-after-his-release-shah-faesal-put-under-house-arrest/|title=Day after his release, Shah Faesal put under house arrest|last=Naqushbandi|first=Ubeer|date=4 June 2020|work=Greater Kashmir|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> He was first kept at the Centaur Hotel in Srinagar and then shifted to the MLA hostel where he spent the next six months.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/j-k-leader-shah-faesal-booked-under-public-safety-act/story-Ge0UZ74IRtxKE5vg6mZhDI.html|title=J-K leader Shah Faesal booked under Public Safety Act|first=Mir|last=Ehsan|date=15 February 2020|access-date=15 February 2020|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Faesal later in August filed a [[habeas corpus]] plea before the [[Delhi High Court]], stating that he was going to the [[United States]] to complete his studies, but had been illegally detailed. The [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir|government of the union territory]] stated that he had no student visa, and upon being brought to [[Srinagar Airport]], provoked the people to protest against India. It additionally claimed that he had refused to guarantee that he won't create any such situation again if released.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jk-govt-in-hc-defends-shah-faesals-detention-says-hes-not-in-unauthorised-custody/articleshow/70861587.cms|title=Faesal detained after he 'instigated' people against country in his address: J&K govt tells HC|date=27 August 2019|work=Press Trust of India|publisher=Times of India|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> The plea was withdrawn by his wife after she met him in September 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shah-faesal-withdraws-plea-from-delhi-hc-challenging-his-detention-1598341-2019-09-12|title=Shah Faesal withdraws plea from Delhi HC challenging his detention|date=12 September 2019|last=Mathur|first=Aneesha|publisher=India Today|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>

He was booked under the [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978|Public Safety Act]] in February 2020, being accused of subtly advocating separatism.<ref name=":8"/> The detention under PSA was extended by three months on 13 May.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/shah-faesals-detention-extended-by-3-months-under-psa/421137/|title=Shah Faesal's detention extended by 3 months under PSA|date=14 May 2020|work=The Print|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> On 3 June, PSA against Faesal was revoked<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/j-k-leader-shah-faesal-to-be-released-stringent-public-safety-act-revoked-2240071|title=J&K Leader Shah Faesal To Be Released, Stringent Public Safety Act Revoked|date=3 June 2020|work=NDTV|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> and he was released after a detention of 10 months.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/psa-against-shah-faesal-two-pdp-leaders-revoked/article31739402.ece|title=Shah Faesal, two PDP leaders released|work=The Hindu|first=Peerzada|last=Ashiq|date=3 June 2020|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> He was, however, put under [[house arrest]] on the very next day.<ref name=":8"/>

Faesal has also written for the ''[[Greater Kashmir]]'' newspaper and was a part of Jammu & Kashmir's [[Right to Information]] movement along with Dr. Raja Muzaffar Bhat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kashmirlife.net/curious-case-of-shah-faesal-issue-48-vol-11-224733/|title=Curious Case of Shah Faesal|date=4 March 2020|last=Bhat|first=Saima|work=Kashmir Life|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref>

JKPM announced on 10 August 2020 that Faisal had told them he couldn't remain in politics any longer and asked to be relieved from being a member of the party, which they acceded to. Chairman Javaid Mustafa Mir was chosen as his replacement.

== Controversies ==
Faesal Shah wrote bold social media posts even as a bureaucrat.<ref>{{cite web|last=Iqbal|first=Naveed|date=12 February 2019|title=Jammu and Kashmir: With selfies, call for 'change', Shah Faesal takes first steps|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-with-selfies-call-for-change-shah-faesal-takes-first-steps-5578955/|access-date=11 March 2019|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In July 2018, when he was a civil servant, he had posted a tweet, writing:
<blockquote><code>"Population +patriarchy +illiteracy +alcohol +porn +technology +anarchy = rapistan".</code><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/disciplinary-action-against-2010-ias-topper-for-rapistan-tweet/313333|title=J&K Govt Initiates Disciplinary Action Against 2010|date=11 July 2018|website=Outlook India|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref></blockquote>

People had said his tweet was in relation to India, but he had later clarified it was not.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/ias-officer-shah-faesal-1st-kashmiri-to-top-civil-services-quits-citing-intolerance/cid/1681338|title=IAS officer Shah Faesal quits, citing intolerance|last=Raina|first=Muzaffar|date=10 January 2019|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> However disciplinary action was taken by the Jammu and Kashmir government as well as the central government's [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] and the inquiry was still going on before his resignation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />

During the [[2016 Kashmir unrest]], Faesal had urged the national media not to use his pictures for drawing a comparison with [[Burhan Wani]], a Kashmiri militant and commander of [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]. During this episode he had threatened to resign through a Facebook post if such primetime propaganda did not stop.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/spare-me-kashmir-ias-topper-shah-faesal-threatens-to-resign-1431982|title=Spare Me: Kashmir IAS Topper Shah Faesal Threatens To Resign|date=16 July 2016|publisher=NDTV|agency=IANS|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160716/dont-compare-me-with-burhan-wani-kashmiri-ias-officer-to-media.html|title=Don't compare me with Burhan Wani: Kashmiri IAS officer to media|date=16 July 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Hizbul Mujahideen circulated a poster warning people about Shah Faesal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hizbul-mujahideen-cautions-people-about-shah-faesal-2713587|title=Hizbul Mujahideen cautions people about Shah Faesal|date=30 January 2019|website=Daily News and Analysis (DNA)|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

In February 2019, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] withdrew the security cover of 155 people in Jammu and Kashmir, and this included Shah Faesal, who had until then had been provided security as a bureaucrat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-security-of-shah-faesal-pdp-leader-withdrawn-by-jk-govt/325847|title=Govt Withdraws Security To 18 Separatist Leaders, 155 Politicians Including Shah Faesal in J&K|date=20 February 2019|website=Outlook India|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-shah-faesal-s-security-clearance-withdrawn-by-jk-administration-2722301|title=Shah Faesal's security clearance withdrawn by J&K administration|date=12 February 2019|website=Daily News and Analysis (DNA)|agency=PTI|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

On 14 August 2019 he was detained while flying out of [[IGI Airport]] to [[Turkey]] and sent back to Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shah-faesal-detained-kashmir-unrest-delhi-airport-house-arrest-1580770-2019-08-14|title=Former IAS officer Shah Faesal detained at Delhi airport, placed under house arrest in Kashmir|date=14 August 2019}}</ref>

==Views==
Apart from the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Imran Khan]], Shah Faesal has also named Delhi Chief Minister [[Arvind Kejriwal]] as a role model.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-plans-to-join-any-political-party-as-of-now-shah-faesal/articleshow/67488173.cms|title=I'm deeply inspired by Imran Khan: Faesal Rasool Shah|date=11 January 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/imran-khan-kejriwal-inspired-me-to-join-politics-says-shah-faesal-1428976-2019-01-11|title=Imran Khan, Kejriwal inspired me to join politics, says Shah Faesal|date=11 January 2019|website=India Today|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]], another Indian bureaucrat turned politician who went on to become a Union Minister, wrote an article on Shah Faesal called "Kashmir's [[Arvind Kejriwal]]".<ref name=":4" />

On 3 March 2019, Shah Faesal recommended the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] for Imran Khan for "saving South Asia from a nuclear catastrophe."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/mar/03/ex-ias-officer-shah-faesal-recommends-nobel-peace-prize-for-imran-khan-draws-flak-1946131.html|title=Ex-IAS officer Faesal Rasool Shah recommends Nobel Peace Prize for Imran Khan, draws flak|date=3 March 2019|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

Faesal, during a talk in New Delhi in February 2019 at the [[India International Centre|India International Center]], said that Kashmir is like a "High Altitude Graveyard".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kashmir-is-more-like-high-altitude-graveyard-says-shah-faesal-after-pulwama-terror-strike-claims-40-2038025.html|title=Kashmir is More Like High Altitude Graveyard, Says Faesal Rasool Shah After Pulwama Terror Strike Claims 40|date=15 February 2019|website=News18|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> He has suggested ways forward including "humanising the discourse" and advising people not to see the Kashmir issue as a mere "law and order problem".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/trust-deficit-among-kashmiri-youth-towards-indian-state-shah-faesal/729528.html|title=Trust deficit among Kashmiri youth towards Indian state: Shah Faesal|last=Singh|first=Ravi S|date=15 February 2019|work=The Tribune|access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref>

On 5 March 2021, taking to Twitter, Faesal wrote, "Friends let’s sort it out for once. I have always been pro-India. But now I am single-mindedly, shamelessly, helplessly and unapologetically pro-India. I stick to my side. It is a long story and I have to tell this story one day. But this is how it is going to be. Peace."<ref>{{cite web|last=Staff|first=J. K. R.|date=2021-03-06|title="Shamelessly, helplessly and unapologetically pro-India.": Kashmiri IAS topper Shah Faesal leaves netizens confused with fresh social media post|url=http://www.jantakareporter.com/india/shamelessly-helplessly-and-unapologetically-pro-india-kashmiri-ias-topper-shah-faesal-leaves-netizens-confused-with-fresh-social-media-post/333040/|access-date=2021-03-07|website=Janta Ka Reporter 2.0|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Shah Faesal is married to Iram Rashid, an officer of [[Jammu and Kashmir Administrative Service|KAS]], and has a son named Jami Faesal.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 February 2019|title=Petition in HC seeks release of Shah Faesal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/petition-in-hc-seeks-release-of-shah-faesal/article29162969.ece|access-date=11 August 2020|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Khalid Shah (2019). ''[https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/shah-faesal-paradox-kashmir-47396/ Shah Faesal and the paradox of Kashmir].'' [[Observer Research Foundation]]
* Murtaza Shibli (2019). [https://countercurrents.org/2019/01/31/shah-faesal-a-forged-journeyshah-faesal-a-forged-journey/ ''Shah Faesal: A Forged Journey'']. [[Countercurrents.org]]

==External links==
* {{Facebook|shah.faesal.3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faesal, Shah}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Harvard Kennedy School alumni]]

Harshad Mehta

2026-02-12T10:08:03Z

Kishore121: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian stockbroker and businessman (1954–2001)}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Harshad Shantilal Mehta
| image = Harshad Mehta.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Paneli Moti]], Saurashtra State (now in [[Gujarat]]), India
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1954|07|29}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes
|2001|12|31|1954|07|29}}
| death_place = [[Thane district|Thane]], Maharashtra, India
| criminal_charges =
| criminal_penalty = 5 years imprisonment
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Businessman]]|[[stockbroker]]}}
}}
'''Harshad Shantilal Mehta''' (29 July 1954 – 31 December 2001) was an Indian stockbroker and convicted fraudster. Mehta's involvement in the [[1992 securities scam|1992 Indian securities scam]] (about {{INRConvert|30000|c|year=1992}}) led him to gain infamy for [[market manipulation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The securities scam of 1992 – CBI Archives |url=http://www.cbi.gov.in/fromarchives/harshadmehta_nw/harshadmehta.php |website=cbi.gov.in |publisher=CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation), India |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref>

Of the 27 criminal charges brought against Mehta, he was only convicted of four, before his death (by sudden heart attack) at age 47 in 2001.<ref name="sebi1">{{cite web |title=Action against Harshad Mehta, Videocon, BPL and Sterlite (Press release 19 April 2001) |url=https://www.sebi.gov.in/media/press-releases/apr-2001/action-against-harshad-mehta-videocon-bpl-and-sterlite_17608.html |website=sebi.gov.in |publisher=SEBI (Securities and exchange board of India) |access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref> It was alleged that Mehta engaged in a massive [[stock manipulation]] scheme financed by worthless bank receipts, which his firm brokered for "ready forward" transactions between banks. Mehta was convicted by the [[Bombay High Court]] and the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref name="SC upholds Harshad Mehta's conviction">{{cite news |title=SC upholds Harshad Mehta's conviction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-upholds-Harshad-Mehtas-conviction/articleshow/34396288.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-14/india/27279459_1_securities-scam-conviction-mehta-and-two |url-status=live |archive-date=23 October 2013 |access-date=14 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 January 2003}}</ref> for his part in a financial scandal valued at {{INRConvert|100|b}} which took place on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE). The scandal exposed the loopholes in the [[Indian banking|Indian banking system]] and the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE)]] transaction system, and consequently the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] introduced new rules to address those loopholes. He was on trial for 9 years, until he died at the end of 2001 from a heart attack.<ref name="Hinduline">{{cite news |title=Admires of Harshad Mehta |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2002/01/01/stories/2002010102180100.htm |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harshad Mehta's scam unfold |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/apr/19sebi1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010502205603/http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/apr/19sebi1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2001 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Harshad Shantilal Mehta<ref name="parikh">{{cite news |last1=Parikh |first1=Daksesh |last2=Katiyar |first2=Arun |title=Spreading Shockwaves |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19920630-securities-scandal-harshad-mehta-being-put-behind-bars-millions-lose-their-fortune-766520-2013-01-08 |access-date=31 October 2010|work=India Today |date=8 January 2013}}</ref> was born on 29 July 1954,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flame.org.in/knowledgecenter/scam.aspx |title=Harshad Mehta & Ketan Parekh Scam |publisher=Flame |date=23 April 1992 |access-date=21 May 2013}}</ref> at Paneli Moti, [[Rajkot district]], in a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Jain]] family.<ref>{{Cite web|first=V. Shankar |last=Aiyar|orig-date=14 January 2002| date=10 September 2002 |title=Scam-tainted stockbroker Harshad Mehta passes away|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/obituary/story/20020114-scam-tainted-stockbroker-harshad-mehta-passes-away-796078-2002-01-14|access-date=15 November 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> His early childhood was spent in [[Borivali]], where his father was a small-time [[textile]] businessman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Jyoti |title=Life Journey of Harshad Mehta Before and After |url=https://harshadmehta.in/Life-Journey/index.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710123255/https://www.harshadmehta.in/Life-Journey/ |archive-date=2022-07-10 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.harshadmehta.in |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Batra |first=Shubham |date=2022-07-29 |title='Scapegoat' or mastermind of 1992 scam? Harshad Mehta's fall from gracestill haunts family |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/scapegoat-or-mastermind-of-1992-scam-harshad-mehtas-fall-from-grace-still-haunts-family/1059017/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729034727/https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/scapegoat-or-mastermind-of-1992-scam-harshad-mehtas-fall-from-grace-still-haunts-family/1059017/ |archive-date=2022-07-29 |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Education==
He did his early study in Janta Public School, Camp 2 [[Bhilai]]. A [[cricket]] enthusiast, Mehta did not show any special promise in school and came to [[Mumbai]] after his schooling for studies and to find work.<ref name="dalal">{{cite book |last1=Dalal |first1=Sucheta |last2=Basu |first2=Debashis |title=The Scam: from Harshad Mehta to Ketan Parekh Also includes JPC Fiasco & Global Trust Bank Scam |date=29 July 2014 |publisher=Kensource publications |location=Mumbai |edition=8th }}</ref> Mehta completed his [[B.Com]] in 1976 from Lala Lajpatrai College, [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and worked a number of odd jobs for the next eight years.<ref name="parikh" />

==Work and life==
In his early life, Mehta did jobs often related to sales, including selling hosiery, cement, and sorting diamonds. Mehta started his career as a salesperson in the Mumbai office of [[New India Assurance Company Limited]] (NIACL). During this time he became interested in the stock market and after a few days, resigned and joined a brokerage firm. In the early 1980s, he moved to a lower-level clerical job at the brokerage firm Harjivandas Nemidas Securities where he worked a [[Jobber (merchandising)|jobber]] for the broker Prasann Pranjivandas Broker who he considered his "Guru".

Over a period of ten years, beginning 1980, he served in positions of increasing responsibility at a series of [[brokerage firm]]s. By 1990, he had risen to a position of prominence in the Indian securities industry, with the media (including popular magazines such as ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'') touting him as "[[Amitabh Bachchan]] of the Stock market".<ref name="parikh" />

Mehta founded Grow More Research and Asset Management, with the financial assistance of associates, when the BSE auctioned a broker's card <ref name="parikh" /> and actively started to trade in 1986.<ref name="parikh" /> By early 1990, a number of eminent people began to invest in his firm and utilize his services. It was at this time that he began trading heavily in the shares of [[ACC Limited|Associated Cement Company (ACC)]]. The price of shares in the cement company eventually rose from {{INR}}200 to nearly {{INR}}9,000 due to a massive spate of buying from a set of brokers including Mehta.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dalal |first1=Sucheta |author-link=Sucheta Dalal |title=The pied piper of Dalal Street |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 April 1992}}</ref> Mehta justified this excessive trading in ACC shares by stating that the stock had been [[Undervalued stock|undervalued]], and that the market had simply corrected when it revalued the company at a price equivalent to the cost of building a similar enterprise; the so-called "replacement cost theory" that he had put forward.<ref name="Flame">{{cite news |url=http://flame.org.in/knowledgecenter/scam.aspx |title=Harshad Mehta's Scam |access-date=20 April 2012 |publisher=Flame.org}}</ref>

During this period, especially in 1990–1991, the media portrayed a heightened [[deified]] image of Mehta, calling him "The Big Bull". He was covered in a cover page article of a number of publications including the popular economic magazine ''Business Today'', in an article titled "Raging Bull". His flashy lifestyle of a sea-facing 15,000 square feet penthouse in the tony area of [[Worli]], complete with a mini golf course and swimming pool, and his fleet of cars including a [[Toyota Corolla]], [[Lexus LS]]400, and [[Toyota Sera]] were flashed in publications. These further exemplified his image at a time when these were rarities even for the rich people of India.<ref name="btoday">{{cite news |title=Raging Bull – Harshad Mehta |work=Business Today |date=April 1991}}</ref>

In criminal indictments later brought by the authorities, it was alleged that Mehta and his associates then undertook a much broader scheme which resulted in manipulating the rise in the Bombay Stock Exchange. The scheme was financed by supposedly [[collateral (finance)|collateralised]] bank receipts, which were in fact uncollateralised. The bank receipts were used in short-term bank-to-bank lending, known as "ready forward" transactions, which Mehta's firm brokered. By the second half of 1991 Mehta had earned the nickname of the "Big Bull", because he was said to have started the bull run in the stock market.<ref name="Flame" /> Some of the people who worked in his firm included [[Ketan Parekh]], who later would be involved in his own replicate scam.<ref name="dalal" />

==Background of the 1992 security fraud==

=== Bank funds scam ===
Up to the early 90's banks in India were not allowed to invest in the equity markets. However, they were expected to post profits and to retain a certain ratio (threshold) of their assets in government fixed interest bonds. Mehta cleverly squeezed capital out of the banking system to address this requirement of banks and pumped this money into the share market. He also promised the banks higher rates of interest, while asking them to transfer the money into his personal account, under the guise of buying securities for them from other banks. At that time, a bank had to go through a broker to buy securities and forward bonds from other banks. Mehta used this money temporarily in his account to buy shares, thus hiking up demand of certain shares (of good established companies like [[Associated Cement Companies|ACC]], [[Sterlite Industries]] and [[Videocon]]) dramatically, selling them off, passing on a part of the proceeds to the bank and kept the rest for himself. This resulted in stocks like ACC, which was trading in 1991 for ₹200/share, skyrocketing to nearly ₹9,000 in just 3 months.<ref name="dalal"/>

=== Bank receipt fraud ===
Another instrument used in a big way was the bank receipt. In a ready forward deal, securities were not moved back and forth in actuality. Instead, the borrower, i.e. the seller of securities, gave the buyer of the securities a BR. The BR serves as a receipt from the selling bank, and also promises that the buyer will receive the securities they have paid for at the end of the terms.

Having figured this out, Mehta needed banks, which could issue fake BRs, or BRs not backed by any government securities.

Once these fake BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks in turn gave money to Mehta, plainly assuming that they were lending against government securities when this was not really the case.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dalal |first1=Sucheta |title=Revisiting 1992: The chickens come home to roost |url=http://www.suchetadalal.com/?id=41c3cfbe-bba7-f153-492e829722c5&base=sub_sections_content&f |website=Official website of Sucheta Dalal |publisher=Sucheta Dalal |access-date=22 May 2018 |archive-date=22 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522181016/http://www.suchetadalal.com/?id=41c3cfbe-bba7-f153-492e829722c5&base=sub_sections_content&f |url-status=dead }}</ref>
He took the price of ACC from ₹200 to ₹9,000 (an increase of 4,400%). Since he had to book profits in the end, the day he sold was the day when the markets crashed.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |last1=Pathak |first1=Rahul |title=Securities scandal: Investigators haul in more people, discover ever-widening net |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19920715-securities-scandal-investigators-haul-in-more-people-discover-ever-widening-net-766548-2013-01-03 |access-date=22 May 2018 |work=India Today |date=2 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Scam 1992: Was Harshad Mehta the mastermind or fall guy of securities fraud? A bit of both|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/scam-1992-was-harshad-mehta-the-mastermind-or-victim-of-securities-fraud-a-bit-of-both-7296211.htm|access-date=27 October 2020|website=cnbctv18.com|date=25 October 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Outbreak of 1992 securities fraud===

On 23 April 1992, journalist [[Sucheta Dalal]] exposed illegal methods in a column in ''[[The Times of India]]''. Mehta was dipping illegally into the banking system to finance his buying.

A typical ready forward deal involved two banks brought together by a [[broker]] in lieu of a [[Commission (remuneration)|commission]]. The broker handles neither the cash nor the securities, though that was not the case in the lead-up to the fraud. In this settlement process, deliveries of securities and payments were made through the broker. That is, the seller handed over the securities to the broker, who passed them to the buyer, while the buyer gave the cheque to the broker, who then made the payment to the seller. In this settlement process, the buyer and the seller might not even know with whom they had traded, either being known only to the broker. This the brokers could manage primarily because by now they had become [[market maker]]s and had started trading on their account. To keep up a semblance of legality, they pretended to be undertaking the transactions on behalf of a bank.

Mehta used forged BRs to gain unsecured loans, and used several small banks to issue BRs on demand. Once these fake BRs were issued, they were passed on to other banks and the banks in turn gave money to Mehta, mistakenly believing that they were lending against government securities. This money was used to drive up the prices of stocks in the stock market. When time came to return the money, the shares were sold for a profit and the BR was retired. The money due to the bank was returned.

This went on as long as the stock prices rose, and no one knew about Mehta's operations. Once the fraud was exposed, though, many banks were left holding worthless BRs – the banking system had been swindled out of {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=on|year=1992}}. They knew that they would be accused if people discovered his involvement in issuing cheques to Mehta. Subsequently, it transpired that [[Citibank]], brokers like Pallav Sheth and Ajay Kayan, industrialists like [[Aditya Birla]], Hemendra Kothari, a number of politicians, and the RBI Governor [[S. Venkitaramanan|S.Venkitaramanan]] all had allowed or facilitated Mehta's market manipulation.<ref name="Indiatoday">{{cite news |last1=Chakravarti |first1=Sudeep |title=Book review: Debashis Basu's 'The fraud: Who Won, Who Lost, Who Got Away' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19930415-book-review-debashis-basu-the-fraud-who-won-who-lost-who-got-away-810966-1993-04-15 |access-date=30 January 2018 |work=India Today |date=15 April 1993}}</ref>

==Death==
Harshad was under criminal custody in the [[Thane]] prison. He complained of chest pain late at night and was admitted to the Thane Civil Hospital. He died following a brief heart ailment, at the age of 47, on 31 December 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2001-12-31/news/27469847_1_harshad-mehta-madhuli-ashwin-and-sudhir |title=Harshad Mehta Cremated |work=Economic Times}}</ref> He died with many [[litigation]]s still pending against him. Altogether, he had 28 cases registered against him. The trial of all except one, are still continuing in various courts in the country. Market watchdog, [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]], had banned him for life from stock market-related activities.<ref name="Hinduline" /><ref name="Bullrider">{{cite news |url=http://www.bullrider.in/indian-stock-market-scam/ |title=Chairman of Bank commit suicide |publisher=BullRider.in |accessdate=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616132729/http://www.bullrider.in/indian-stock-market-scam/ |archive-date=16 June 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
{{See also|1992 Indian stock market scam#In popular culture}}

=== Books ===
* Mehta's life and his 1992 scam are covered in great detail by [[Sucheta Dalal]] and Debashis Basu in their book ''The Scam: from Harshad Mehta To Ketan Parekh''.<ref>{{ISBN|8188154024|9788188154029}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Basu, Debashis, 1960-|title=The scam : from Harshad Mehta to Ketan Parekh|date=2007|publisher=KenSource Information Services|others=Dalal, Sucheta|isbn=978-81-88154-02-9|edition=Updated 3rd |location=Mumbai|oclc=496105068}}</ref>

=== Films and television ===
* ''[[Scam 1992]]'', streaming on [[SonyLIV]] and produced by [[Applause Entertainment]] is based on his life, which was inspired from [[Sucheta Dalal]]'s book ''The Scam''. Actor [[Pratik Gandhi]] played Mehta. It is one of the highest rated television shows in the world on [[IMDb]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/sonyliv-releases-the-trailer-of-web-series-scam-1992-on-harshad-mehta-stock-market-scam-54174 |title=SonyLIV Releases The Trailer Of 'Scam 1992' Based On Harshad Mehta's 1992 Stock Market Scam |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>
* The character Natwar Shah in movie [[Aankhen (1993 film)|''Aankhein'']] (1993), placed under scanner for a multi-[[crore]] scandal, was inspired by Harshad Mehta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19930715-aankhen-may-become-a-box-office-classic-811320-1993-07-14 |title=Aankhen may become a box-office classic |access-date=31 December 2013 |work=India Today|date=15 July 1993 }}</ref>
* The Mehta scandal was portrayed in the [[Bollywood|Hindi movie]], ''[[Gafla]]''. It was premiered in [[London Film Festival|Times BFI 50th London Film Festival]] on 18 October 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3469/bollywood.hindi/gafla/review.htm |title=Movie based on Harshad Mehta released |access-date=20 April 2012 |publisher=NowRunning.com |archive-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103030517/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/3469/bollywood.hindi/gafla/review.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Harshad Mehta<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-14 |title=Harshad Mehta Biography - Scam, Case, Net Worth, Family, Death - Beyond Bollywood |url=https://beyondbollywood.co.in/harshad-mehta-biography-scam-case-net-worth/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514080648/https://beyondbollywood.co.in/harshad-mehta-biography-scam-case-net-worth/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> was mentioned in the 2018 TV show ''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]'' based on 1990s' Ahmedabad.
* The Mehta scandal was portrayed in the Hindi Webseries, ''The Bull Of Dalal Street''. It was premiered in [[Ullu App]] on 21 February 2020.
* A Bollywood film ''[[The Big Bull]]'' (2021), starring [[Abhishek Bachchan]], loosely based on his life and financial crimes.
* A Telugu film ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'' (2024), starring [[Dulquer Salmaan]], makes several references to Mehta and the 1992 scam.

==See also==
* [[Ramalinga Raju]]
* [[Hasan Ali Khan]]
* [[List of scandals in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/09/business/huge-financial-scandal-shakes-indian-politics.html NY Times Article on Harshad Mehta]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Harshad}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot district]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian fraudsters]]
[[Category:Indian stock traders]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of money laundering]]
[[Category:Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Stockbrokers]]
[[Category:Indian investors]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:People convicted of fraud]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People convicted of making false statements]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Maharashtra]]

Deepak Wadhwa

2026-02-09T01:31:22Z

Kishore121: starting the entry and citations

{{short description|Indian television and Film actor (born 1987)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepak Wadhwa
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|10|26}}
| birth_place = India
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active = 2010-present
| known_for = ''Qubool Hai'', ''Tamanna'', ''Calendar Girls''
| spouse = Sayantani Bhaumik
}}

'''Deepak Wadhwa''' (born 26 October 1987) is an Indian actor. He has performed many roles in various Hindi television shows, like ''[[Dhoondh Legi Manzil Humein]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/alka-get-abhishek-arrested-dhoondh-legi-manzil-humein|title=Alka to get Abhishek arrested in Dhoondh Legi Manzil Humein|work=Tellychakkar|date=20 August 2011|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> ''Kaali- Ek Punar Avtaar'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/deepak-wadhwa-play-the-male-protagonist-shakuntalam-telefilms-nyay|title=Deepak Wadhwa to play the male protagonist in Shakuntalam Telefilms' Nyay|work=Tellychakkar|date=26 October 2012|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> ''[[Ishq Kills]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/priya-bathija-aniruddh-dave-and-deepak-wadhwa-feature-phir-ishq-kills|title=Priya Bathija, Aniruddh Dave and Deepak Wadhwa to feature in Phir Ishq Kills|work=Tellychakkar|date=24 December 2013|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> ''[[Qubool Hai]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/deepak-wadhwa-enter-zee-tv-s-qubool-hai-832|title=Deepak Wadhwa to enter Zee TV's Qubool Hai|work=Tellychakkar|date=30 April 2014|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> ''Tamanna'', ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/deepak-wadhwa-and-neha-bagga-code-red-talaash-150525|title=Deepak Wadhwa and Neha Bagga in Code Red Talaash|work=Tellychakkar|date=25 May 2015|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> and ''[[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/qubool-hai-fame-deepak-wadhwa-have-cameo-sony-tvs-haasil-394553|title= Qubool Hai fame Deepak Wadhwa to have a cameo in Sony TV's Haasil |work=PinkVilla|date=30 December 2017|accessdate=30 January 2018}}</ref> As of July 2017, he has done his most recent role in ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/meer-alis-different-avatars-tv-150627|title=Deepak Wadhwa in Sony TV's Aahat|work=Tellychakkar|date=29 June 2015|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> He has also appeared in a cameo in ''[[Calendar Girls (2015 film)|Calendar Girls]]''. He is known for playing lead role of Sanjay in Star Plus sports-drama ''[[Tamanna (TV series)|Meri Tamanna]]'' and Rahaat in Zee TV's ''[[Qubool Hai]]''.

==Television==
*[[STAR Plus]]' ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' as Gaurav Bajaj
*[[STAR One]]'s ''[[Dhoondh Legi Manzil Humein]]''
*[[STAR Plus]]'s ''[[Ishq Kills]]'' & ''[[Kaali – Ek Punar Avatar]]''
*[[STAR Plus]]' ''[[Teri Meri Love Stories]]'' as Sunil Gupta
*[[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' as Major Rahat Ansari
*[[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red]]''
*[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]'s ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat (season 6)]]''
*[[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]'s ''[[Haasil (Indian TV series)|Haasil]]'' as David
*[[Zing (TV channel)|Zing]]'s ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (season 5)]]'' as Deepak
*[[Star Plus]]'s ''[[Tamanna (TV series)|Tamanna]]'' as Sanjay Pratap Singh
*[[&tv]]'s ''[[Gangaa]]'' as Rudra
*[[MTV India|MTV's]] ''Webbed''
*[[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]'' as Mohit Sippi
*[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV's]] Vighnaharta Ganesh as Raktabeej
*[[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV's]] ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]'' as Jatin

===Film===
*''[[Calendar Girls (2015 film)|Calendar Girls]]'' as Inzamam

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5969411}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadhwa, Deepak}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bijiyashanti Tongbram

2026-02-06T06:04:33Z

Kishore121: starting basic article needs work

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (born 1993)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bijiyashanti Tongbram
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1993}}
| birth_place = Thanga Tongbram, Bishnupur district, [[Manipur]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names = Bijayashanti
| known_for = First India women to make [[lotus silk]] from lotus stems.<ref name=":-)">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prakati.in/clothes-made-from-lotus-stem-fibers-bijiyashanti-tongbram-from-manipur/ |title=Clothes made from lotus Stem Fibers {{!}} Bijiyashanti Tongbram from Manipur; Prakriti |date=November 6, 2020}}</ref>
| education = graduate (Botany honours ); GP Women's College; [[Imphal]]
| employer =
| occupation = entrepreneur
| title =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents = Joykumar Tongbram 
Sanahal Tongbram
| relatives =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bijiyashanti Tongbram''' (born 1993) is an Indian female entrepreneur from [[Manipur]]. She uses [[lotus silk]] to make small mufflers and stalls.<ref name=":-)" /> Her efforts have attracted the attention of many people, including Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] of India and Chief Minister of Manipur [[N. Biren Singh]].<ref name=":-)"/> She also continues to research the medicinal properties of lotuses. After gaining some knowledge in an industrial training programme, she successfully invented fragrant lotus tea.<ref name=":)" /> In 2018, advice from a family friend changed her life amidst her struggle to build her business. A friend of her father informed her about how [[Myanmar]] farmers make yarn for weaving from lotus stems that bloom in the lakes.<ref name=":)">{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/how-a-manipur-woman-is-getting-noticed-for-her-lotus-fibre-products-6716389/ | title=Spinning a success story:How a Manipur women is getting noticed for her lotus fibre products | publisher=The Indian Express | date=October 8, 2020 |author=Leivon Jimmy}}</ref>

==Early life==
She was born in 1993 in Thanga Tongbram village in Bishnupur district of Manipur state in northeastern India.<ref name=":)" /> Her father Jai Kumar Tongbram is a field assistant in the fisheries department of Manipur's district and her mother is Chanahal Tongbram. Bijia graduated with honors in Botany from GP Women's College, Imphal in 2014.<ref name=":)" />

==Journey==
After graduating in 2014, Bijiashanti's initial plan was to establish agritourism in her area. However, due to lack of resources, her plans did not reach the height. Nevertheless, her experiments on the medicinal properties of the lotus continued. Later, in May 2019, with the help of a handful of women in her local area, she started spinning [[Lotus silk|yarn from lotus stems]] and weaving neckties and mufflers. She subsequently set up an enterprise called ''Sanajing Sana Thambal'', which has 10 women, including herself.<ref name=":-/">{{cite web | url=https://m.femina.in/trending/achievers/bijiyashanti-tongbrams-story-of-weaving-success-176711-3.html | title=Bijiyashanti Tongbram's Story Of Weaving Success | publisher=Famina | date=10 November 2020 | author=Jain Vanshika}}</ref> Their firm was recently selected for Start-Up Manipur.<ref name=":-)" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tongbram, Bijiyashanti}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Brightstarwell Marbaniang

2026-02-06T02:10:12Z

Kishore121: starting some stub added tags.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Brightstarwell Marbaniang''' (born 1980)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Brightstarwell Marbaniang(Voice of the People Party):Constituency- MAWLAI (ST)(EAST KHASI HILLS) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6907 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Meghalaya]]. He is a member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from Mawlai Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Tribe community, in [[East Khasi Hills district]]. He won the [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)|Voice of the People Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Meghalaya Assembly elections results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/meghalaya-assembly-elections-results-2023-winners-list-https-indianexpress-com-article-opinion-columns-supreme-court-censure-on-renaming-games-8473818/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Marbaniang is from [[Mawlai]], East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya. He is the son of Martin Majaw. He completed his MA in adult & continuing education at [[North-Eastern Hill University|North Eastern Hill University]] in 2015. Earlier, he did an MA in human rights & duties education in 2013 at [[University of Madras]] and LLB in 2009 at NEHU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members {{!}} Meghalaya Government Portal |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/meghalaya-legislative-assembly/44261 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=meghalaya.gov.in}}</ref> He served as an assistant professor and his wife is also an assistant professor.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Marbaniang won from [[Mawlai Assembly constituency]] representing Voice of People Party in the 2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election. He polled 24,262 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Teiborlang Pathaw of [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]], by a margin of 15,648 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1515.htm?ac=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401171426/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS1515.htm?ac=15 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brightstarwell Marbaniang in Meghalaya Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/meghalaya/brightstarwell-marbaniang-mawlai-candidate-s15a015c007/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The new face, also defeated another sitting MLA T. Sawkmie of the [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]], and had the highest winning margin in the 2023 election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=NPP sweeps Garo Hills, results show upsets, shockers {{!}} Highland Post |url=https://highlandpost.com/npp-sweeps-garo-hills-results-show-upsets-shockers/ |access-date=2024-12-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Awards ===

* He received Mait Shaphrang Academic Excellence award in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://anthonys.ac.in/resources/documents/faculties_profile/political_science/doc_Profile_Sir_Brightstarwell.pdf | title=Brightstarwell Marbaniang | website=anthonys.ac.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marbaniang, Brightstarwell}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) politicians]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from East Khasi Hills district]]

Kumar Bhattacharyya, Baron Bhattacharyya

2026-01-15T17:25:21Z

Kishore121: cleanup page for clarity and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|British-Indian engineer, educator, and government advisor (1940–2019)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = The Lord Bhattacharyya
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE|FRS|FREng|FIMechE|size=100%}}
| image = Official portrait of Lord Bhattacharyya crop 2.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2018
| office1 = Member of the [[House of Lords]]
| status1 = [[Lord Temporal]]
| termlabel1 = [[Life peer]]age
| term_start1 = 3 June 2004
| term_end1 = 1 March 2019
| birth_name = Sushanta Kumar Bhattacharyya
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1940|06|06}}<ref name=whoswho/>
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2019|03|01|78|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Birmingham]], United Kingdom
| party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] ([[Bachelor of Technology|BTech]]) [[University of Birmingham]] ([[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| website = [https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/about WMG's Page]
| known_for = Founder of [[WMG, University of Warwick]]
}}

'''Sushanta Kumar Bhattacharyya, Baron Bhattacharyya''' (6 June 1940<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | author=| title=Bhattacharyya | id = U7480 | year = 2007 | doi =10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U7480 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford}}</ref> – 1 March 2019), was a [[British Indian|British-Indian]] engineer, educator and government advisor.<ref name="parliament.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/lords/lord-bhattacharyya/3672 |title=Lord Bhattacharyya |website=UK Parliament |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> In 1980, he became Professor of Manufacturing Systems at the [[University of Warwick]] and founded the [[WMG, University of Warwick|Warwick Manufacturing Group]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/people/chairman/ |title=Professor Lord Kumar Bhattacharyya: Chairman of WMG |website=[[University of Warwick]] |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> In 2004, he was made a [[life peer]] and became a member of the [[House of Lords]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/about/chairman/|title=Professor Lord Kumar Bhattacharyya :: Chairman of WMG|website=Warwick.ac.uk|access-date=9 November 2018|archive-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111010724/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/about/chairman/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/9c408956-f51e-11e2-b4f8-00144feabdc0|title=Engine for change: Industrialist and educator Lord Bhattacharyya|date=2 August 2013|website=Financial Times|access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sushanta Kumar Bhattacharyya was born on 6 June 1940 to a [[Bengali Brahmin]] family in [[Dhaka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-11 |title=Indian origin professor Lord Kumar Bhattacharyya felicitated with Regius Professorship by Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/lord-kumar-bhattacharyya-13614-2016-06-11 |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was the elder son of Sudhir Kumar Bhattacharyya (1909–1987) and Hemanalini Chakravarti. The Bhattacharyyas were an aristocratic ''[[zamindar]]'' family based in the [[Dhaka District|Dacca district]] of the [[Bengal Presidency]] of [[British India]] (now [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="Sudhir_Kumar_Bhattacharyya">{{Cite journal | last1 = Aditya | first1 = S. | url =http://www.insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9516.pdf | title = Sudhir Kumar Bhattacharyya 1909–1987 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy| volume = 1 | pages = 194–204 | year = 1987 }}</ref> At the time, his father, a distinguished professor of physical chemistry and subsequently Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], was a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in Bangalore, where Bhattacharyya spent the first 12 years of his life. In 1952, upon his father's appointment as head of the chemistry department at the new [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur]],<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/jun/19/theobserver.observerbusiness6 |first=Oliver |last=Morgan |title=A Brahmin of business |date=19 June 2005 |newspaper=[[The Observer]] |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> the family moved to Kharagpur.

Bhattacharyya studied at Hijli High School, situated inside [[IIT Kharagpur]] campus & then studied Mechanical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, successfully sought honours and titles, taking his [[Bachelor of Technology]] (BTech) degree in 1960.<ref name=whoswho/> The following year, he moved to Britain, where he worked for six years as a graduate apprentice at [[Lucas Industries]], a large British manufacturing company.<ref name="theguardian.com"/> During this time, he studied at the [[University of Birmingham]], where he was awarded a [[Master of Science]] (MSc) degree in engineering production and management, followed by a [[PhD]] in engineering production in 1970.<ref name=bphd>{{cite thesis|title=Characteristics of wheel wear in precision surface grinding|first= Kumar|last=Bhattacharyya|year=1970|degree=PhD|id={{copac|45170618}}|url=https://birmingham-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=44BIR_ALMA_DS21109712760004871&context=L&vid=44BIR_VU1&search_scope=CSCOP_44BIR_DEEP&tab=local&lang=en_US|website=Bham.ac.uk|publisher=University of Birmingham}}</ref> While completing his PhD at Birmingham, he was appointed as a lecturer and began the process of establishing a manufacturing education programme for industry there.<ref name="theguardian.com"/>

==Career and research==
In 1980, he moved to the University of Warwick and, with the support of Vice-Chancellor [[Jack Butterworth, Baron Butterworth|Jack Butterworth]], he founded WMG (Warwick Manufacturing Group) of which he served as chairman until his death. WMG is now one of the largest academic departments of the university and is known for its collaborative research and education programmes with industry.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/kumar-bhattacharyya/150799.article |title=Kumar Bhattacharyya |date=24 March 2000 |magazine=[[Times Higher Education]] |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> During this time, he was instrumental in brokering significant partnerships for UK manufacturing including the takeover of [[Jaguar Land Rover]] by Indian firm [[Tata Motors]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00mdqrp |title=Jaguar Land Rover "at start of great revival" |date=11 December 2011 |website=[[BBC One]], [[The Politics Show]] West Midlands |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-16130932 |title=JLR at start of a 'great revival' |date=11 December 2011 |website=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> in 2008 and the investment in the [[National Automotive Innovation Centre]] at the University of Warwick.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/business-news/jaguar-land-rover-invest-45m-4310324 |title=Jaguar Land Rover backs hi-tech campus with £45m |first=Graeme |last=Brown |date=14 June 2013 |newspaper=[[Birmingham Post]] |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

Lord Bhattacharyya's contribution to innovation in academia and industry led to several prime ministerial visits to WMG. [[Margaret Thatcher]] called Bhattacharyya "a true pioneer" in a 1990 speech opening WMG's Advanced Technology Centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107987|title=Speech opening Warwick University Advanced Technology Centre {{!}} Margaret Thatcher Foundation|website=Margaretthatcher.org|language=en|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref> A decade later, Labour Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] said WMG was "an outstanding example of combining academic excellence with industrial relevance."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressreleases/ne1000000081579/|title=Tony Blair visits University of Warwick|website=Warwick.ac.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref> In a 2007 speech, Blair's successor, [[Gordon Brown]], said that WMG "provides a prime example of how the knowledge created in our universities can be transferred to make a difference in the real world".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/mediacentre/wmgnews/gordon_brown_unveils/|title=WMG :: Gordon Brown unveils foundation stone of Warwick Digital Lab|website=Warwick.ac.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref>

In 2016, Prime Minister [[Theresa May]] visited WMG with Chancellor [[Philip Hammond]] as part of her government's development of a UK Industrial Strategy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/government-wants-coventry-jaguar-land-12952360|title=Government wants Coventry & JLR at heart of global car industry|last=Gilbert|first=Simon|date=2017-04-28|website=Coventrytelegraph.net|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref>

Bhattacharyya was appointed a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) in the [[1997 New Year Honours]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=54625 |date=31 December 1996 |page=8 |supp=y}}</ref> and [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] in 2003.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=57391 |date=24 August 2004 |page=10694 |nolink=yes}}</ref> On 3 June 2004, he was created a [[life peer]] as Baron Bhattacharyya<ref name=whoswho/> of [[Moseley]] in the [[West Midlands (county)|County of West Midlands]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=57312 |date=9 June 2004 |page=7176 |nolink=yes}}</ref> He sat on the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] benches in the [[House of Lords]].<ref name="parliament.uk" />

In 2014, he was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS).<ref name="royal">{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/people/kumar-bhattacharyya-11080/ |title=Kumar Bhattacharyya |website=[[Royal Society]] |access-date=2 January 2018|year=2014}} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: {{blockquote|“All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].” --{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111170346/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/|title=Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies|date=2016-11-11}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/mediacentre/wmgnews/?newsItem=094d43f54598ed7a0145b738169b0602 |title=Professor Lord Bhattacharyya elected as a Fellow of The Royal Society |date=1 May 2014 |website=University of Warwick |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> He was also a [[Fellow]] of the [[Royal Academy of Engineering]]<ref name="List of Fellows">{{cite web |title=List of Fellows |url=http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows |website=[[Royal Academy of Engineering]] |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608094405/http://www.raeng.org.uk/about-us/people-council-committees/the-fellowship/list-of-fellows |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a number of other professional bodies including the [[Institution of Engineering and Technology (professional society)|Institution of Engineering and Technology]], [[Institution of Mechanical Engineers]], [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] and the [[Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport]].

Kumar Bhattacharyya was a past member of the UK [[Council for Science and Technology]] and a past board member of [[Advantage West Midlands]], the West Midlands [[Regional Development Agency]] (RDA).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2002-11-07.79846.h |title=Hansard Written Answers: Advantage West Midlands |date=7 November 2002 |website=[[TheyWorkForYou]] |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> He also served as a scientific adviser to the government of South Africa. He sat on the Policy Advisory Council of the [[Institute for Public Policy Research]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ippr.org/about/people/staff/kumar-bhattacharyya |title=Kumar Bhattacharyya |website=[[Institute for Public Policy Research]] |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072502/https://www.ippr.org/about/people/staff/kumar-bhattacharyya |url-status=dead }}</ref> and served on the [[National Consumer Council]] from 1990 to 1993.

===House of Lords===
Kumar Bhattacharyya sat on the Labour benches in the [[House of Lords]]. His focus was on policy areas such as business and industry, economy and finance, education, international affairs and science and technology. Throughout his career, he was a passionate advocate for engineering innovation and the revival of British industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201213/ldhansrd/ldallfiles/peers/lord_hansard_3998_od.html |title=Hansard – Lords – Houses of Parliament – Archives (26 April 2013): Lord Bhattacharyya: Spoken material by date |website=UK Parliament |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> [[Lord Baker of Dorking|Lord Baker]] paid tribute to his enormous contribution to technical education in the UK as "quite remarkable".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201415/ldhansrd/text/141023-0002.htm#14102379000676 |title=Lords Hansard text for 23 October 2014 (pt 0002) |website=UK Parliament |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

===Books===
In 2002, Andrew Lorenz wrote a book about Bhattacharyya's career and the growth of WMG, entitled ''Kumar Bhattacharyya: The Unsung Guru''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lorenz, Andrew.|title=Kumar Bhattacharyya : the unsung guru|date=2002|publisher=Random House Business|isbn=0-7126-7244-3|location=London|oclc=50526920}}</ref>

===Awards and honours===
*1992: [[Doctor of the University]] (DUniv) awarded by [[University of Surrey]].
*1997: Awarded [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]] for Services to Industry and Technology; Honorary [[Doctor of Science|Doctorate of Science]] (DSc) awarded by [[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia|University of Technology, Malaysia]] (also holds Honorary Professorship).
*1998: Mensforth International Gold Medal for outstanding international contribution to manufacturing engineering and management – [[Institution of Electrical Engineers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://conferences.theiet.org/nuffield/previous/1900/index.cfm |title=IET Viscount Nuffield/Mensforth Lecture |website=[[The Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |access-date=20 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227093156/http://conferences.theiet.org/nuffield/previous/1900/index.cfm |archive-date=27 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
*1999: Sir Robert Lawrence Award for Services to Logistics – Institute for Logistics and Transport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ciltuk.org.uk/Events/AnnualAwards/TheSirRobertLawrenceAward.aspx |title=The Sir Robert Lawrence Award |website=[[Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport]] (UK) |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223124618/http://www.ciltuk.org.uk/Events/AnnualAwards/TheSirRobertLawrenceAward.aspx |archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>
*2002: [[Padma Bhushan]] awarded by President of India for services to Science and Technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php?start=310 |title=Padma Bhushan Awardees |website=Government of India}}</ref>
*2003: [[Knight Bachelor|Knighthood]] for Services to Higher Education and Industry; Honorary [[Doctor of Business Administration]] (DBA) awarded by [[Hong Kong Polytechnic University]] (also holds honorary professorship).
*2004: Life Peer as Baron Bhattacharyya, of Moseley in the County of West Midlands; Honorary [[Doctor of Engineering|D.Eng.]] awarded by [[University of Birmingham]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/Documents/senate/honorary-graduates-since-2000.pdf |title=Honorary Graduates of the University of Birmingham since 2000 |website=University of Birmingham |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
*2005: The [[Duncan Davies Medal]] for outstanding contribution to research and development in the UK – The Research and Development Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rdsoc.org/the-duncan-davies-medal |title=The Duncan Davies Medal |website=The Research & Development Society |access-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116085148/http://www.rdsoc.org/the-duncan-davies-medal |archive-date=16 November 2012 }}</ref>
*2008: Honorary Doctorate of Science (DSc) from [[IIT Kharagpur]].
*2011: Honorary Membership – [[Society of Manufacturing Engineers]] (SME) given for ability and stature, plus contribution of substantial skills and talent to accomplish the goals of the society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sme.org/honorary-members/ |title=Honorary Members |website=[[Society of Manufacturing Engineers]] |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
*2013: Honorary DSc – [[IIT Bhubaneswar|Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar]], presented by the president of India.
*2014: Coventry Award of Merit for outstanding personal achievement in raising the status of UK engineering and manufacturing and for his service to the promotion of the University of Warwick and the City of [[Coventry]].
*2014: Elected as [[Fellow of The Royal Society]] for his contribution to engineering research and education.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2014/new-fellows/ |title=Royal Society elects new Fellows |website=Royal Society |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
*2015: Made Honorary Freeman of the City of Coventry, alongside [[Ratan Tata]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/saviours-jaguar-land-rover-honoured-10128537 |title='Saviours of Jaguar Land Rover' honoured as Freemen of the City |first=Duncan |last=Gibbons |date=24 September 2015 |newspaper=[[Coventry Telegraph]] |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>
*2016: WMG awarded a [[Regius Professorship]], Lord Bhattacharyya becoming [[Regius Professor]] of Manufacturing (Engineering).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/minister-for-the-constitution-presents-university-of-warwick-with-royal-warrant |title=Minister for the Constitution presents University of Warwick with Royal Warrant |website=UK Government |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.machinery-market.co.uk/news/14311/Major-award-for-Lord-Bhattacharyya |title=Major award for Lord Bhattacharyya |website=Machinery Market News |access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
*2017: Received the Great Wall Friendship Award,<ref name="china-13710710">{{cite news |url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/business/wmg-chairman-double-award-china-13710710 |title=WMG chairman 'surprised but honoured' by double award presentation in China |last=Mancarini |first=Leigh |date=3 October 2017 |newspaper=Coventry Telegraph |access-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> described as "Beijing's highest award for foreign experts"<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.people.cn/90002/95766/6537512.html |title=Foreign experts receive "Great Wall Friendship Award" |date=20 November 2008 |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |access-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> from [[Mayor of Beijing|Beijing Acting Mayor]] Mr. Chen Jining on behalf of the People's Government of Beijing Municipality.
*2017: Received the [[Friendship Award (China)|China Friendship Award]], described as "China's highest honor granted to a foreigner"<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://english.gov.cn/state_council/vice_premiers/2017/09/30/content_281475894455306.html |title=50 foreigners win Friendship Award |date=30 September 2017 |newspaper=[[China Daily]] |access-date=4 October 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> from Vice-Premier [[Ma Kai]].<ref name="china-13710710"/>
*2018: Honorary [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]] from the [[University of York]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/electronic-engineering/news/2018/university-of-york-to-award-honorary-degrees/|title=January 2018 University of York to award Honorary Degrees – Electronic Engineering, The University of York|website=York.ac.uk|language=EN|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
*2018: Honorary Doctorate from the [[University of Science and Technology Beijing|University of Science and Technology, Beijing.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.ustb.edu.cn/xinwendaodu/2018-06-29/68673.html|title=USTB 2018 student graduation ceremony and degree awarding ceremony|website=News.ustb.edu.cn|access-date=9 November 2018|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718234610/http://news.ustb.edu.cn/xinwendaodu/2018-06-29/68673.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*2018: Honorary Doctorate from the [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/mediacentre/wmgnews/?newsItem=8a17841b65e801fc01661b4028557bfd|title=Professor Lord Bhattacharyya receives an honorary degree from Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology|date=2018-09-27|work=Shaping the future|access-date=2018-11-09|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*2018: Honorary Doctorate from the [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad|Indian Institute of Information Technology]], Allahabad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/mediacentre/wmgnews/?newsItem=8a1785d865e8039f0165ecf1cb2e3174|title=Professor Lord Bhattacharyya receives an honorary degree from the Indian Institute of Technology|date=2018-09-18|work=Shaping the future|access-date=2018-11-09|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*2018: Awarded Zienkiewicz medal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/wmg/mediacentre/wmgnews/?newsItem=8a17841b675a404c016764aae8771ba4|title=WMG Chairman delivers memorial lecture|date=30 November 2018 }}</ref> by [[Swansea University]] and delivered the Swansea University College of Engineering annual [[Olgierd Zienkiewicz|Zienkiewicz]] Lecture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swansea.ac.uk/engineering/zcce/zienkiewicz-lecture/|title=Zienkiewicz Lecture|website=www.swansea.ac.uk|access-date=2018-12-01}}</ref>

His nomination for the [[Royal Society]] reads:

"Kumar Bhattacharyya is the founder and leader of the Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG) whose mission is to improve the competitiveness of industry through innovative collaborative research, educational and knowledge transfer programmes WMG employs over 300 staff with a similar number seconded from industry. It has a global reputation in automotive research, the built environment, digital technology and healthcare systems. Kumar Bhattacharyya was the primary architect of the Integrated Graduate Development Scheme, now considered best practice in CPD by many Universities, and was the first to run the Eng Doc programme on similar principles. In 30 years, the Education programmes have involved over 25,000 individuals and over 500 UK companies. Bhattacharyya has received many international honours, awards and honorary doctorates."<ref name="royal"/>

'''Named after Lord Bhattacharyya'''

In November 2018, [[Coventry City Council]] deputy leader Abdul Khan announced that the council had asked the University of Warwick to rename part of University Road as Lord Bhattacharyya Way. The university agreed, and additionally announced that the UK's National Automotive Innovation Centre building, which will be sited on Lord Bhattacharyya Way, would be named The Lord Bhattacharyya building.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/execteam/monthly/1118/|title=Vice-Chancellor announcement}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhattacharyya and his Irish wife, Bridget, had three daughters, Anita, Tina and Malini.<ref name=whoswho/> As well as Bengali and English, he either spoke or understood Hindi, Tamil and Telugu.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040509/asp/look/story_3223137.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040702052004/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040509/asp/look/story_3223137.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 July 2004 |title=The Kumars at Number 10 |date=9 May 2004 |newspaper=The Telegraph - Calcutta |access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> He wrote a regular opinion column for the ''[[Birmingham Post]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/all-about/kumar%20bhattacharyya |title=Kumar Bhattacharyya |website=Birmingham Post |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birminghampost.net/tags/kumar-bhattacharyya/|title=Birmingham Post: Business news, local news, expert opinion|website=Birminghampost.net|access-date=9 November 2018|archive-date=22 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022024602/http://www.birminghampost.net/tags/kumar-bhattacharyya/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Death==
Professor Lord Bhattacharyya died on 1 March 2019 following a short illness.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/lord-bhattacharyya-dies-warwick-coventry-15907166|title=Professor Lord Bhattacharyya dies aged 78|last1=Mullen|first1=Enda|date=1 March 2019|work=Coventry Telegraph|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Kumar Bhattacharyya}}

{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/kumar-bhattacharyya-11080}}

{{FRS 2014}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Kumar Bhattacharyya, Baron}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:British industrial engineers]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Birmingham]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:British Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali politicians]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II]]
[[Category:British fellows of the Royal Society]]

2016–17 targeted killings in Punjab, India

2026-01-09T02:43:30Z

Kishore121: started basic stub added tags

{{Short description|Assassinations of political and religious leaders in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Targeted killings in Punjab
| location = [[Punjab, India]]
| date = 18 January 2016 – 30 October 2017
| target = 2 [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] leaders 3 [[Shiv Sena]] leaders 1 Hindu Sangharsh Sena leader 1 [[pastor|Christian pastor]] 1 [[Namdhari]] leader 2 [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] members 1 Sri Hindu Takht leader
| type = [[Assassination]] [[List of terrorist incidents in Punjab, India|Terrorist incident]]
| fatalities = 9 1 RSS leader 2 Shiv Sena leaders 1 Hindu Sangharsh Sena leader 1 Christian Pastor killed 2 Dera Sacha Sauda followers killed 1 Namdhari leader killed 1 Sri Hindu Takhr leader
| perpetrators = [[Khalistan Liberation Force]]
| dfen = [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]]
}}

During the years of 2016 and 2017, multiple attacks on political activists and mostly Hindu religious leaders in the northern Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] were perpetrated by individuals who were allegedly affiliated with the Sikh [[militant]] group [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] which is a designated [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist group]] by [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-27 |title=Govt bans Khalistan Liberation Force |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/govt-bans-khalistan-liberation-force/articleshow/67275538.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-01 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Those culpable for the attacks were also arrested. The Pakistani agency [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] was allegedly held responsible by India for financing and aiding the militant acts to foment religious disturbances in the state.

==Attacks==
* 18 January 2016 - Two motorcycle-borne persons wearing [[Balaclava (clothing)|monkey caps]] fired gun shots at new Kidwai Nagar Park in [[Ludhiana]] city. The place was to host a [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] ''shakha'' (assembly) later in the day. No one was injured in the firing as the venue was vacant at the time of attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/community/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-ground-in-ludhiana-none-hurt/184983.html |title=Shots fired at RSS Shakha ground in Ludhiana, none hurt |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2016-01-18 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Press Trust Of India |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-in-ludhiana-none-hurt-1191526.html |title=Shots fired at RSS Shakha in Ludhiana; none hurt |publisher=News18 |date=2018-05-16 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/shots-fired-at-rss-shakha-in-ludhiana-none-hurt/articleshow/50622517.cms |title=Shots fired at RSS Shakha in Ludhiana; none hurt |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2016-01-18 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref>
* 18 January 2016 - Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) leader Naresh Kumar shot at and injured by masked motorcycle-borne men at Kidwai Nagar's Shaheedi Park in Ludhiana city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/2-unidentified-men-open-fire-at-rss-shaka-in-ludhiana/story-Alnk8qG1z2CnGQeDmNe34H.html |title=Unidentified men fire shots at RSS shakha in Ludhiana | punjab | top |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref>
* 3 February 2016 - Amit Arora, Shiv Sena leader, was attacked by two motorcycle-borne persons while he was sitting in his car in Ludhiana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/nia-team-recreates-attack-on-sena-leader-in-city/544706.html |title=NIA team recreates attack on Sena leader in city |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2018-02-16 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref>
* April 3 2016 - Chand Kaur was shot dead by two unidentified men on motorcycles near Ludhiana. She was the wife of former [[Namdhari]] leader Satguru Jagjit Singh. (This was the only attack not done by KLF).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-23 |title=Targeted killings in Punjab: Probe says Rs 40 lakh given to shooters through NRI route |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/probe-says-rs-40-lakh-given-to-shooters-through-nri-route-khalistani-separatist-module-behind-targeted-killings-in-punjab/story-5aENgu3Q9F6kqQgpTRNYZM.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khalistan Liberation Force suspected to be behind Amritsar attack |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/khalistan-liberation-force-suspected-to-be-behind-amritsar-attack-1393093-2018-11-21 |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 23 April 2016 - Durga Prasad Gupta shot dead by two motorcycle-borne assassins in [[Khanna, Ludhiana|Khanna]] city. He was the President of Mazdoor Sena, labour wing of Shiv Sena Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Shiv-Sena-leader-shot-dead-by-two-motorcycle-borne-youth/articleshow/51961780.cms |title=Shiv Sena leader shot dead by two motorcycle-borne youth |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-04-24 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/shiv-sena-leader-gunned-down-in-khanna/story-uuTB1wsq5tP26Fo8sLiqDK.html |title=Shiv Sena leader shot dead in Khanna |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref> Dashmesh Regiment claims responsibility for the killing.<ref name=h1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/little-known-sikh-group-claims-to-have-killed-punjab-rss-vice-chief-gagneja-shiv-sena-leader/story-hEEpDFiXxACk0q6gNWDRSO.html|title=Little-known Sikh group claims to have killed RSS leader Gagneja|date=September 29, 2016|website= hindustantimes.com }}</ref> According to the NIA the killing was done by the Khalistan Liberation Force like the other killings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-20 |title=Khalistan Liberation Force behind killings of 2 Shiv Sena leaders in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/khalistan-liberation-force-behind-killings-of-two-shiv-sena-leaders-in-punjab-nia/story-awaE6sDUjgJeNqUfNrUbDO.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 6 August 2016 - Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh state Vice President [[Brigadier]] (retd) Jagdish Gagneja was shot at by motorcycle-borne persons in [[Chandigarh]]. He was admitted to hospital and died on 22 September from the injuries he sustained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-punjab-senior-rss-leader-shot-brig-retd-jagdish-gagneja-at-critical-2242030 |title=Punjab: Senior RSS leader Brig (retd) Jagdish Gagneja shot at, critical |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2016-08-06 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=India PTI Sep 22, 2016 14:15:19 IST |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/senior-rss-leader-jagdish-gagneja-passes-away-senior-bjp-members-pay-respect-3015426.html |title=RSS leader Jagdish Gagneja passes away, senior BJP members pay last respects |publisher=Firstpost |date=2016-09-22 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/jagdish-gagneja-a-low-profile-yet-powerful-rss-leader-in-punjab/story-MtLMyv3FwUNBWBU2WwuSvL.html |title=Jagdish Gagneja: A low-profile, yet powerful RSS leader in Punjab | punjab | top |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref> [[Dashmesh Regiment]], sent emails to media claiming responsibility for the killings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/290916/little-known-sikh-outfit-claims-to-have-killed-senior-rss-leader-gagneja.html|title=Little-known Sikh outfit claims to have killed senior RSS leader Gagneja|date=September 29, 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="h1" />
* 14 January 2017 - Amit Sharma, religious preacher and president of Hindu Takht and political activist of [[Indian National Congress]] killed in Ludhiana city by two motorcycle-borne assassins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/hindu-organisation-leader-shot-dead-in-ludhiana-4474891/ |title=Hindu organisation leader shot dead in Ludhiana |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2017-01-15 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/hindu-organisation-leader-shot-dead-in-ludhiana/articleshow/56543768.cms |title=Hindu organisation leader shot dead in Ludhiana | Ludhiana News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2017-01-14 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NIA files chargesheet against three accused in Amit Sharma killing case |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/nia-files-chargesheet-against-three-accused-in-amit-sharma-killing-case-2335648.html/amp |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
* 25 February 2017 - [[Dera Sacha Sauda]] followers Satpal Kumar and his son Ramesh Kumar killed at a ''naam charcha ghar'' (prayer hall) in Jagera village near [[Malaudh]] by two shooters on a motorcycle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/2-dera-sacha-sauda-followers-gunned-down-in-khanna-by-unidentified-assailants/story-fHVKu4LDdIbyqYQsirN6oO.html |title=Video | 2 Dera Sacha Sauda followers shot dead in Khanna village, cops suspect Sikh radicals | punjab | top |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/dera-followers-murder-after-death-of-father-grandpa-this-8-year-old-stares-at-uncertain-future/story-cPo3Cujp07Q4wgvVW31BTP.html |title=Dera followers' murder: After death of father, grandpa, this 8-year-old stares at uncertain future | punjab | ludhiana |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref> Satpal was also a Shiv Sena leader.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-20 |title=Khalistan Liberation Force behind killings of 2 Shiv Sena leaders in Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/khalistan-liberation-force-behind-killings-of-two-shiv-sena-leaders-in-punjab-nia/story-awaE6sDUjgJeNqUfNrUbDO.html |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 15 July 2017 - Sultan Masih, a pastor at Temple of God church in Ludhiana city, was shot dead by motorcycle-borne assassins who fired multiple shots killing him on the spot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/pastor-shot-dead-outside-ludhiana-church/437322.html |title=Pastor shot dead outside Ludhiana church |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/ludhiana-pastor-sultan-masih-killing-punjab-cm-amarinder-singh-gives-widow-rs-5-lakh-police-job-to-son-4753427/ |title=Ludhiana pastor killing: Punjab CM gives widow Rs 5 lakh, police job to son |publisher=The Indian Express |date=2017-07-16 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref>
* 17 October 2017 - RSS and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leader Ravinder Gosai was shot dead in Ludhiana by two motorcycle-borne assassins. He was the RSS regional leader of [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/rss-leader-ravinder-gosai-shot-dead-in-ludhiana/story-d0DAwBmalUseU0yMGhZzmJ.html |title=RSS leader Ravinder Gosai shot dead in Ludhiana | punjab | top |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RSS Leader Shot Dead in Punjab While Returning From 'Shakha' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rss-leader-shot-dead-in-punjab-while-returning-from-shakha-1763915 |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
* 30 October 2017 - Vipan Sharma, leader of Hindu Sangharsh Sena, was shot dead in [[Amritsar]] city by two masked men.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/shiv-sena-leader-shot-dead-in-amritsar/story-U55Z1CccyzIgk41DCQUfbI.html |title=Punjab: Hindu outfit leader shot in Amritsar, fifth murder in 2 years | punjab | top |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref> One of the shooter, Saraj Singh Sandhu, was arrested by police on 6 March 2018. (This attack was not done by KLF).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/killer-of-amritsar-outfit-leader-in-net/554030.html |title=Killer of Amritsar outfit leader in net |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2018-03-07 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref>

==Accused==
Some of the key accused in the attacks were:
* [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] leader [[Harminder Singh Nihang]] (alias Mintoo) was named as involved in the killings by the [[National Investigation Agency]]. He had been in jail since 2014 and later died in jail of a heart attack on April 18, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-11 |title=Targeted killings in Punjab: Hardeep met Mintoo in Italy three years ago, refused to join KLF, says probe team |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/targeted-killings-in-punjab-hardeep-met-mintoo-in-italy-three-years-ago-refused-to-join-klf-says-probe-team-khalistan-4931984/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-18 |title=Sikh separatist militant dies in jail, was blamed for attack on Ram Rahim |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/khalistani-militant-mintoo-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-patiala-central-jail/story-tkZrypuehTmIwLqS9QQKKO.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Khalistan Liberation Force]] future leader [[Harmeet Singh (militant)|Harmeet Singh]] (alias Happy PhD) was the mastermind behind the killings. He was wanted by Indian authorities and [[Interpol]] who issued a [[Interpol notice|Red Corner notice]] against Harmeet. He was later murdered in Pakistan in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pro-Khalistan leader's murder in Pak: Harmeet Singh killed by lover's relatives |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/pro-khalistan-leader-harmeet-singh-killed-pakistan-1642636-2020-02-02 |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title=Top Khalistani leader 'Happy PhD' killed near Lahore: Officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/top-khalistani-leader-may-have-been-killed-near-lahore-officials/story-xYDHVR765HwVGtL6Npwf7K.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Arrest of Jagtar Singh Johal|Jagtar Singh Johal]] ([[Pseudonym|alias]] Jaggi), from Rama Mandi in Jalandhar, was arrested on 4 November 2017 by the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]], who accused him of the attacks. Jaggi is a non-resident Indian residing in [[Dumbarton]] and allegedly ran a website named 'Never Forget 1984'. He is accused of radicalising people and providing weapons to carry out the attacks.<ref name="a">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/targeted-killings-in-punjab-uk-resident-johal-was-on-police-radar-for-a-year/story-2hxtp6Knu5SSZ2sguuNTPM.html |title=Targeted killings in Punjab: UK resident Johal was on police radar for a year | punjab | top |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2016-04-22 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref>
* Hardeep Singh (alias Harman, alias Shera) accused on 12 November 2017 of being one of the shooters in the assassinations, was arrested by police after a massive manhunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bushy-brows-lion-tattoo-on-chest-did-shera-in/496741.html |title=Bushy brows, lion tattoo on chest did Shera in |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2017-11-13 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref> He was accused of being involved in 6 killings and 2 attempted killings. In his first 2 attacks he missed his shot. After he trained and became "perfect" in shooting. After each kill he would flee the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Shera involved in 7 killings: Cops |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/shera-involved-in-7-killings-cops-495844 |access-date=2023-06-09 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
* Ramandeep Singh (alias Bagga, alias Canadian) was accused of being the second shooter in the killings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=15 chargesheeted in Gosain murder case |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/15-chargesheeted-in-gosain-murder-case-584499 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
* Gursharanbir Singh, a British national, described as the mastermind of the attacks has been declared a [[fugitive|proclaimed offender]].<ref name="o">{{cite web|last=Nanjappa |first=Vicky |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/how-a-british-national-is-orchestrating-the-murder-of-hindus-in-punjab-2599226.html |title=How a British national is orchestrating the murder of Hindus in Punjab - Oneindia News |publisher=Oneindia.com |date=2017-12-10 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref name=t>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/nia-files-chargesheet-in-pastor-rss-leader-s-killings/589386.html |title=NIA files chargesheet in pastor, RSS leader's killings |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=2018-05-15 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref> He is one of the accused in the murder of Rulda Singh, president of the [[Rashtriya Sikh Sangat]], in 2009.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnownews.com/india/video/punjab-inter-service-intelligence-isi-khalistan-pakistan-hindu-sikh-leaders-times-now/142211 |title=ISI's dark secret REVEALED: 'Kill RSS leaders in Punjab to instigate Hindu-Sikh riots' |publisher=Timesnownews.com |date= 8 December 2017|accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref> The Crown Prosecution Service in the UK has stated that the evidence presented by the Indian authorities is "not sufficient to make out a case to answer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/uk-court-discharges-3-british-sikhs-arrested-on-suspicion-of-murder-in-india-314765|title=UK court discharges 3 British-Sikhs arrested on suspicion of murder in India|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Punjab|Crime|India
}}

* [[Indo-Canadian organized crime]]
* [[Insurgency in Punjab]]
* [[Khalistan movement]]
* [[List of terrorist incidents in Punjab, India]]
* [[Organised crime in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web|title=RSS leader's murder in Ludhiana|url=https://theprint.in/report/rss-leader-murder-ludhiana-cops-clueless/12785/|website=[[ThePrint]]|date=17 October 2017 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016-17 Targeted killings in Punjab, India}}
[[Category:Terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Victims of Sikh terrorism]]
[[Category:2016 murders in India]]
[[Category:2017 murders in India]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2016]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2017]]

Parameshwar Hegde

2026-01-07T10:35:09Z

Kishore121: Creating

{{Short description|Indian Classical Singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pandit Parameshwar Hegde
| image = Parameshwar Hegde Concert.jpg
| caption = Pandit Parameshwar Hegde performing at 'Bengaluru Habba' live concert
| birth_name = Parameshwar Hegde
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|5|6}}
| birth_place = Honnavar, Uttara Kannada, Karnataka, India
| occupation = Hindustani classical singer
| spouse = {{marriage|Lalitha Hegde|1979}}
| children = 2
| parents =
| website = http://parameshwarhegdesangeethacademy.in/
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| image_size = 300
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| years_active = 1966–present
| instrument = Vocal
| label =
}}
}}
'''Pandit Parameshwar Hegde''' (born 6 May 1956) is an Indian [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] vocalist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Ganesh|first=Deepa|date=2017-08-03|title=In the line of tradition|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/in-the-line-of-tradition/article19416173.ece|access-date=2020-06-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He belongs to the ''[[Kirana gharana|Kirana]], [[Gwalior gharana|Gwali]]''[[Gwalior gharana|or]] and ''[[Patiala gharana|Patiala]] [[gharana]]s''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Pandit Parameshwar Hegde|url=https://www.gurusangeet.com/gurus/parameshwar-hegde|access-date=2020-06-15|website=www.gurusangeet.com}}</ref>

== Early life and music training ==
Born to Shri Govinda Hegde<ref name=":3" /> and Ganapamma Hegde<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=PPH-sangeeth academy|url=http://parameshwarhegdesangeethacademy.in/|access-date=2020-06-16|website=parameshwarhegdesangeethacademy.in}}</ref> in Uttara Kannada district of Karanataka, Pandit Parameshwar Hegde was drawn into music at young age. Under the influence of his father late Shri Govinda Hegde, he started learning Hindustani music when he was ten years old. Soon, under the guidance of Sri.S.M.Bhat<ref name=":0" /> and Pandit Chandrashekar Puranika Math,<ref name=":0" /> he further pursued learning Hindustani Classical music.

In 1976, Parameshwar Hegde went to Dharwad to seek advanced training under [[Basavaraj Rajguru|Pandit Basavaraj Rajguru]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=|date=|title=News Minute|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dharwad-gharana-hindustani-musics-southern-home-34850|access-date=2020-06-15|website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Sarvamangala|first=C. S.|date=2019-08-08|title=HIS MASTER'S VOICE|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/his-masters-voice/article28901789.ece|access-date=2020-06-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Pandit Parameshwar Hegde is married to Smt. Lalitha Hegde, a singer herself, who is the daughter of [[Yakshagana]] artist and musician, late Dr.Mahabala Hegde Keremane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Keremane Mahabala Hegde|url=https://www.yakshaganakeremane.com/mahabala-hegde-c1org|access-date=2020-06-19|website=yakshagana-keremane|language=en}}</ref> They have two daughters, Veena and Vani.

== Career ==
In his early music career days, Pandit Parameshwar Hegde was a rank holder in the ''Visharad'' exam conducted by the ''[[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, New Delhi|Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]]'' and a first rank holder in ''Vidwath'' exam conducted by the [[Government of Karnataka]].<ref name=":5" /> Being an ‘A Top’ grade artist on [[All India Radio]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Vishwa mohan bhatt & Shri salil bhatt|url=https://www.apnnews.com/shri-vishwa-mohan-bhatt-shri-salil-bhatt/|access-date=2020-06-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title='Gharanas are not related to music performances'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2018/mar/26/gharanas-are-not-related-to-music-performances-1792848.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> he has been featured in several national broadcasts. He has performed with the world renowned musician [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt|Pandit Vishwamohan Bhatt]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhatt, Hegde to strike a chord this weekend {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Bhatt-Hegde-to-strike-a-chord-this-weekend/articleshow/581011.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-06-15}}</ref> in a couple of Jugalbandi concerts. He has performed in music festivals like 'Basava Jayanthi [[Utsav]]',<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-04-21|title='Basava Jayanti Utsav' gives a melodious touch to celebrations|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/basava-jayanti-utsav-gives-a-melodious-touch-to-celebrations/article7126343.ece|access-date=2020-06-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> 'Impu',<ref>{{Cite web|last=R|first=Adarsh|title=Day & Night hindustani music festival 'IMPU' begins|url=https://www.inmysore.com/day-night-hindustani-music-festival-impu-begins|access-date=2020-06-18|website=inMysore Holidays|language=en-gb}}</ref> Hampi Utsav,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hampi Utsav 2015|url=http://hampi.in/hampi-utsav-2015|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.hampi.in|language=en}}</ref> 'Sawai Gandharv Bhimsen Mahotsav'<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rege|first=Omkar|date=2012-12-18|title=A decorous curtain call|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-a-decorous-curtain-call-1778866|access-date=2020-06-18|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> and has also performed in India, US, Canada, United Kingdom and the Gulf countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Concerts and Tours|url=http://parameshwarhegde.tripod.com/concerts&tours.htm|access-date=2020-06-18|website=parameshwarhegde.tripod.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parameshwar Hegde's Homepage|url=http://parameshwarhegde.50webs.com/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=parameshwarhegde.50webs.com}}</ref>

=== Music academy and trust ===
‘Parameshwar Hegde Sangeeth Academy’<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-06|title=Event marks 25th year of music guru's work|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/event-marks-25th-year-of-music-gurus-work-603345.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> is a music academy started by Pandit Parameshwar Hegde. He has trained hundreds of students at the Academy and Many are now independent artistes, performing for connoisseurs across India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-06|title=Event marks 25th year of music guru's work|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/event-marks-25th-year-of-music-gurus-work-603345.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

Under this academy, ‘''Raag Anuraag’''<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hegde|first=Sacchi|date=2008-05-05|title=ಪಂಡಿತ ಪರಮೇಶ್ವರ ಹೆಗಡೆಯವರ ರಾಗ್-ಅನುರಾಗ್|url=https://kannada.oneindia.com/literature/music/2008/0505-music-cd-by-parameshwar-hegde-academy.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Kannada One India|language=kn}}</ref> series was launched and orchestrated by Pandit Parmeshwar Hegde. ‘''Raag Anuraag''’ is the collection of short introductions of the wide range of ragas in Hindustani classical music to the unassuming public audience. ‘''Raag Anuraag''’ has been conducted from several years, the very recent being performed by the third-generation artists.

Pandit Parameshwar Hegde founded 'Rajguru Smruti’,<ref name=":2" /> a trust in the fond memory of his Late ''guru'' [[Pandit Basavaraj Rajguru]]. Every year a number of programs are conducted by the trust, with an intention to promote the art form to Bangaloreans.

Rajguru Smruti<ref name=":2" /> conducts three annual programs under its auspices:

* ''‘Sangeeth Samaroh’''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-04|title='Sangeet Samaroh' Hindustani Classical Music Concert.|url=https://whatshappbangalore.wordpress.com/2017/03/04/sangeet-samaroh-hindustani-classical-music-concert/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Whatshapp Bengaluru|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> which is a musical concert where a medley of artists are invited to perform. Veteran and young, hailing from different parts of the country, carrying the scent of different ''gharanas'' – various artists perform this concert, which is one of the most popular programs conducted by the trust.
* ‘''Parampara''’<ref name=":3" /> embodies the concept of ''Guru-Shishya'' tradition. An artist and his/her two disciples perform in this event – highly accomplished artists have performed with their disciples so far in this unique concert.
* ''‘Sur Prabhat’''<ref name=":3" /> This is an early morning concert conducted in the bucolic environs of Chitra Kala Parishat, where popular national/international level artists are invited to perform in the open auditorium at the early hours of morning – a program solely dedicated the celebration of morning ragas. Few notable artists who have performed are [[Shubha Mudgal]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shubha Mudgal Happy About Revival of Morning Concerts|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/jan/30/shubha-mudgal-happy-about-revival-of-morning-concerts-875170.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Pandit Ronu Manjumdar,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-19|title='Surprabhat' early morning Hindustani classical Music Concert.|url=https://whatshappbangalore.wordpress.com/2015/02/19/surprabhat-early-morning-hindustani-classical-music-concert/|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Whatshapp Bengaluru|language=en}}</ref> Ruchira Kedar,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-03|title=In Brief|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/224271/in-brief.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Pandit Rajan & Sajan Mishra.

=== Music compositions and Audio releases ===
Pandit Parameshwar Hegde has composed music for several movies and music albums. He has directed music for ‘''Puttana Prapancha''’, a Kannada short film, ‘''Saacha''’(2011),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-21|title=Sacha – ಸಾಚ (2011/೨೦೧೧)|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2015/04/21/sacha-2011/|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Kannada Movies Info|language=en}}</ref> a Kannada movie, ‘''Manasaagide''’ (2016), a Kannada music album and has also rendered his voice for Kannada songs like ‘''Henthana Endigu’'' in ‘''Kiladi''’<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiladi - Wikipedia|url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiladi|access-date=2020-06-15|website=en.m.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=June 2020}}(2000) and ‘''Kandu Kandu’ in'' [[Dayavittu Gamanisi|‘''Dayavittu Gamanisi''’(2017)]] to name a few.

=== Music Teaching ===
Each month, Pandit Parameshwar Hegde organizes a ''baithak'' where a few students are provided an opportunity to perform followed by his rendition.<ref name=":5" /> which involves discussion and feedback that adds to the student's repertoire.

There is also the annual ‘''Guru Poornima’'' celebration that completed 25 years in 2017.<ref name=":4" /> It spans over two full days, all the students of Hegde perform to pay a musical tribute to their ''guru''. Many of his students are popular concert artistes<ref name=":2" /> as well as sought after ''gurus''.

His notable students include [[Vasundhara Das]] and [[Bharath B. J.]].

== Awards and recognitions ==
* Guru Kripa Award from Shankar Mahadevan Academy - 2019<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Shankar Mahadevan Academy|url=https://www.shankarmahadevanacademy.com/guru-kripa-awards/|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
* [[Karnataka Kalashri]] - 2017<ref name=":6" />
* Rajyotsava Award by Karnataka Govt - 2004<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Government|url=https://karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en|access-date=2020-06-15|website=karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hegde, Parameshwar}}
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]

Department of Housing (Kerala)

2026-01-05T16:26:32Z

Kishore121: starting the info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Government Department of Kerala, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Housing
| type = Department
| logo = Government of Kerala Logo.svg
| logo_width = 120px
| jurisdiction = Kerala, India
| headquarters = [[Kerala Government Secretariat|Secretariat]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| minister1_name = [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Housing
| chief1_name = Rajamanickam IAS
| chief1_position = Secretary to Government
| chief2_name = A. Geetha IAS
| chief2_position = Housing Commissioner
| parent_department = [[Government of Kerala]]
| child1_agency = [[Kerala State Housing Board]]
| child2_agency = Housing (Technical Cell) Department
| website = {{URL|https://housing.kerala.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Department of Housing''' is an administrative department of the [[Government of Kerala]] responsible for formulating and implementing [[Housing in India|housing policies]] and programmes in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-11 |title=Kerala to get new housing policy soon, says Minister for Revenue and Housing K. Rajan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-to-get-new-housing-policy-soon-says-minister-for-revenue-and-housing-k-rajan/article67404750.ece |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-13 |title=Kerala Cabinet Clears Bill To Protect Right To Housing; Approves Bill To Sandalwood Felling On Private Land |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/kerala-cabinet-clears-bill-to-protect-right-to-housing-and-approves-bill-to-sandalwood-felling-on-private-land-enn25091311397 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-23 |title=KSHB unveils two projects in Kochi; State to have new housing policy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kshb-unveils-two-projects-in-kochi-state-to-have-new-housing-policy/article68786795.ece |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The headquarters of the department is located at the [[Kerala Government Secretariat]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]].

== History ==

The establishment of the [[Kerala State Housing Board]] marked a major step in planned housing development. In later years, large-scale mission-mode initiatives were introduced to address homelessness and inadequate housing conditions across rural and urban areas.

== Functions ==
The Department of Housing is entrusted with the following responsibilities:
* Formulation of housing policies and regulatory frameworks<ref name="RoBKerala">{{Cite web |title=Rules of Business of Government of Kerala – Part II First Schedule (See Rule 4) |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |format=PDF |access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>
* Implementation of state-sponsored housing schemes<ref name="RoBKerala">{{Cite web |title=Rules of Business of Government of Kerala – Part II First Schedule (See Rule 4) |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |format=PDF |access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>
* Coordination with central government housing programmes<ref name="RoBKerala">{{Cite web |title=Rules of Business of Government of Kerala – Part II First Schedule (See Rule 4) |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |format=PDF |access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>
* Slum development and rehabilitation<ref name="RoBKerala">{{Cite web |title=Rules of Business of Government of Kerala – Part II First Schedule (See Rule 4) |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |format=PDF |access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>
* Promotion of affordable and sustainable housing<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=Kerala government launches campaign to provide housing for landless poor |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/residential/kerala-government-launches-campaign-to-provide-housing-for-landless-poor/88630085 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Oversight of housing-related institutions and agencies<ref name="RoBKerala">{{Cite web |title=Rules of Business of Government of Kerala – Part II First Schedule (See Rule 4) |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |format=PDF |access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>
* Rent control
* All policy matters relating to housing development in general including house site development -Nodal department for all housing schemes.<ref name="RoBKerala">{{Cite web |title=Rules of Business of Government of Kerala – Part II First Schedule (See Rule 4) |url=https://gad.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/general_attachment/Rules%20of%20Business%20-%20Part%20II.pdf |website=General Administration Department, Government of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |format=PDF |access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref>

== Ministerial team ==
The Department of Housing is headed by a [[Cabinet Minister]] of the [[Government of Kerala]]. The incumbent Housing Minister is [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]].<ref>https://kshb.kerala.gov.in/en/department-minister-2/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Two locations finalised to construct township for Wayanad landslides survivors: Kerala Housing Minister |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/two-locations-finalised-to-construct-township-for-wayanad-landslides-survivors-kerala-housing-minister-3170923 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The administrative head of the department is Secretary to Government (Housing), an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]], assisted by Additional Secretaries, Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and other officials in the Secretariat.

The department functions in accordance with the Rules of Business of the [[Government of Kerala]].

== Agencies ==

=== Kerala State Housing Board ===
The [[Kerala State Housing Board]] is a statutory body functioning under the Housing Department.<ref name="KSHBVisionMission">{{Cite web |title=Vision and Mission – Kerala State Housing Board |url=https://kshb.kerala.gov.in/en/about-the-board/ |website=Kerala State Housing Board |access-date=2025-12-01 |language=en}}</ref> It is responsible for planning, designing and executing housing projects across the state, including group housing schemes, rental housing and infrastructure development.<ref name="HousingTechnicalCell">{{Cite web |title=Housing Technical Cell Department – Kerala |url=https://hsgtechdept.kerala.gov.in/ |website=Housing (Technical Cell) Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-12-01 |language=en}}</ref>

The board implements housing projects for various income groups and also undertakes redevelopment and rehabilitation projects.

=== LIFE Mission] ===
The Livelihood, Inclusion and Financial Empowerment (LIFE) Mission is a flagship housing programme of the Government of Kerala aimed at providing free houses to landless and homeless families. Operating under the Department of Housing, the mission integrates resources from state, central and local governments.<ref name="LIFEMissionLSGD">{{Cite web |title=LIFE Mission – Local Self Government Department, Kerala |url=https://lsgd.kerala.gov.in/en/priority-projects-initiatives/life/ |website=Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-12-01 |language=en}}</ref>

LIFE Mission focuses on ensuring housing with basic amenities such as sanitation, drinking water and electricity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സമ്പൂര്‍ണ്ണ പാര്‍പ്പിട സുരക്ഷാ പദ്ധതി {{!}} ലൈഫ് മിഷന്‍ |url=https://lifemission.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251111174321/https://lifemission.kerala.gov.in/ |archive-date=2025-11-11 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=lifemission.kerala.gov.in |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Kerala State Nirmithi Kendra ===
The Kerala State Nirmithi Kendra (KSNK) is an autonomous agency under the Housing Department, Government of Kerala, promoting cost-effective and sustainable building technologies through technical support and consultancy across the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Nirmithi |url=https://statenirmithi.kerala.gov.in/objectives/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |language=en-GB}}</ref> It is headed by a Director, appointed by the government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-10 |title=Wayanad Nirmithi Kendra sets a model |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-nirmithi-kendra-sets-a-model/article28364372.ece |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Housing schemes ==
Major housing schemes implemented or coordinated by the department include:
* LIFE Mission Housing Scheme
* State-sponsored affordable housing projects
* Centrally assisted housing programmes
* Slum rehabilitation and redevelopment schemes

===State sponsored schemes===
* LIFE Mission – Houses for landless and homeless families<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017">{{Cite web |title=Thirteenth Five‑Year Plan (2017‑2022): Working Group on Housing – Report |url=https://spb.kerala.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/Housing_wg.pdf |website=Kerala State Planning Board |publisher=Government of Kerala |format=PDF |access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-09 |title=LIFE Mission an unparalleled project, says Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/life-mission-an-unparalleled-project-says-minister/article69081341.ece |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-24 |title=3.75 lakh Life Mission houses completed in Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/375-lakh-life-mission-houses-completed-in-kerala/article67882005.ece |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Kudumbashree]] Housing Schemes – Slum improvement and urban poverty housing projects<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudumbashree {{!}} PMAY(U) |url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/pages/143 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=www.kudumbashree.org}}</ref>
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] – Urban housing and infrastructure programme, including Basic Services for Urban Poor and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017"/>
* Basic Services for Urban Poor – Housing and basic services for urban poor<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-05 |title=40 families get keys to flats in Corporation’s newly built apartment complex at Karimadom Colony |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/40-families-get-keys-to-flats-in-corporations-newly-built-apartment-complex-at-karimadom-colony/article66227119.ece |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme – Housing and infrastructure for slums and small towns<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme {{!}} Local Self Government Department |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/schemes/ihsdp |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251026163226/https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/schemes/ihsdp |archive-date=2025-10-26 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=lsgkerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Indira Awaas Yojana]] – Rural housing for BPL{{clarify|reason=What is BPL?|date=December 2025}} families
* Fisheries Department Housing Schemes – Housing and repair for fishermen families<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017"/>
* Innovative Housing Scheme for Urban Poor – Rental housing for low-income and migrant workers<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017"/>
* Saphalyam Housing Scheme – Flats for landless and houseless families<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-06 |title='Saphalyam' to Provide Abodes for the Poor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2014/Jun/06/saphalyam-to-provide-abodes-for-the-poor-621848.html |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Grihasree Housing Scheme – Financial assistance for [[Economically Weaker Section]]/LIG{{clarify|reason=What is LIG?|date=December 2025}} house construction<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2025-02-07 |title=Kerala Budget 2025: housing a major thrust area with new cooperative housing project for middle class |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-budget-2025-housing-a-major-thrust-area-with-new-cooperative-housing-project-for-middle-class/article69191730.ece |access-date=2025-12-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* One Lakh Housing Reconstruction Scheme – Reconstruction of houses under the previous One Lakh Housing Scheme<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017"/>
* Sainik Welfare Housing Scheme – Grants for ex-servicemen, war widows, and dependents<ref name="KSPBHousingWG2017"/>

== See also ==
* [[Government of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala State Housing Board]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Kerala]]
[[Category: Government departments of Kerala]]

Mutua Bahadur

2026-01-03T00:03:49Z

Kishore121: started some post initial version

{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

[[File:Depictions of human figures in the illustrations from the Subika Laisaba (ꯁꯨꯕꯤꯀꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯥꯕ), an 18-19th century Meitei language manuscript in Meitei script (15.5 × 8.5 cm).jpg|thumb|A classical Meitei art collection of Mutua Bahadur]]

'''Mutua Bahadur''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯨꯇꯨꯑꯥ ꯕꯍꯥꯗꯨꯔ}}) is a cultural activist, [[curator]], researcher, social worker, [[:en:wikt:numismatist|numismatist]], [[anthropologist]], and author from [[Manipur, India]]. He is known for his efforts in preserving the tribal and cultural heritage of [[Manipur]] and [[Northeast India]]. He is the founder of the Mutua Museum (in [[Imphal]])<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FH4Bb7dD4qYC&pg=PA137|title=Bamboo: The Wonderful Grass|last=Ghosh|first=G. K.|date=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0369-6|pages=137|language=en}}</ref> and the Andro Cultural Complex (in [[Andro, Imphal East|Andro]]).<ref name=":Samapti">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZYwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA220|title=In Search of Business Models in Social Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Cases|last1=Guha|first1=Samapti|last2=Majumdar|first2=Satyajit|date=2021-05-28|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-981-16-0390-7|pages=195, 216, 220|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed">{{Cite web|title=Mutua Bahadur calls for preserving Manipuri culture and identity By Syed Ahmed|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Mutua_Bahadur_Art_Collection.Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed|access-date=2025-07-20|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" /><ref name=":culture-custodian-builds-dream-complex-mutua-bahadur-s-heritage-centre-houses-unique-collection-of-traditional-items" />

He has a collection of 6,000 specimens of artefacts, 4,000 gold, silver and bell-metal coins. Some sources say that it is the largest private collection of coins in the [[Northeast India]]. He is also the first person to collect copies of old Manipuri stone writings.<ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture">{{Cite web|date=2001-01-29|title=Manipur-based Mutua Bahadur makes it his mission to check erosion in tribal culture|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/20010129-manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture-775850-2001-01-28|access-date=2025-07-20|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>Devi, L. Kunjeswori. ''Archaeology in Manipur''. India: Rajesh Publications, 2003. pp. 24, 29</ref>
He also preserved artefacts from [[Myanmar]], [[China]] and [[Bangladesh]], which he had collected the items during his visits to these countries.<ref name=":culture-custodian-builds-dream-complex-mutua-bahadur-s-heritage-centre-houses-unique-collection-of-traditional-items">{{Cite web|title=Culture custodian builds dream complex - Mutua Bahadur?s heritage centre houses unique collection of traditional items|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/culture-custodian-builds-dream-complex-mutua-bahadur-s-heritage-centre-houses-unique-collection-of-traditional-items/cid/804198|access-date=2025-07-20|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-04|title=CM releases Book on Art of Bamboo by Mutua Bahadur at Myanmar |work=Manipur Times|url=https://manipurtimes.com/cm-releases-book-on-art-of-bamboo-by-mutua-bahadur-at-myanmar/|access-date=2025-07-20|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Mutua Bahadur was born on 20 January 1948 in Keishampat Mutum Leirak, [[Imphal]]. He came from a modest background and started his journey with limited resources. To support his passion for collecting artifacts and ancient materials, he worked as a manual labourer. He painted roads, worked as a porter, and did various jobs to fund his trips to tribal villages. He would pay the owners to acquire traditional and historical items.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" /><ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" />

His father, M. Ningthou, served as a Burmese soldier and a jeweller. Bahadur inherited his father's spirit of travel and adventure. However, what deeply motivated him was the desire to preserve the past. Growing up after [[India's independence]], Bahadur witnessed a loss of cultural identity among the ethnic communities of [[Manipur]], including the [[Meiteis]]. The growing influence of [[western culture]] made him concerned about preserving original traditions.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" /><ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" />

== Foundation of the Museum ==

Bahadur was trained as a fine artist. At the age of 20, he began working on his dream of setting up a museum. In 1979, he opened the Mutua Museum at Keishampat. Later, in 1993,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdmYDwAAQBAJ&dq=mutua+bahadur&pg=PT179|title=Early Sunrise, Early Sunset: Tales of a Solo Woman Traveler Across North East and East India|last=Rastogi|first=Priyanka|date=2019-05-13|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=978-1-5437-0523-2|pages=179|language=en}}</ref> the exhibits were moved to a newly established Andro Cultural Complex in [[Andro village]], about 26 kilometers from [[Imphal]]. The museum building at Keishampat is now used as his office.<ref name=":Samapti" /><ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" /><ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" /><ref name=":culture-custodian-builds-dream-complex-mutua-bahadur-s-heritage-centre-houses-unique-collection-of-traditional-items" />

== Andro Cultural Complex ==

The Andro Cultural Complex covers an area of 0.93 [[acre]]. It preserves and displays the cultural heritage of [[Northeast India]]. Exhibits include basketry, pottery, musical instruments, ornaments, sculptures, paintings, dolls, and textiles. The complex also houses around 100 local orchid species.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" /><ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" /><ref name=":Samapti" />

One notable exhibit is a collection of several dolls, representing the 29 recognized tribes of [[Manipur]] in traditional dress. Traditional houses of various communities, including the [[Meitei community]], have also been built using traditional methods and rituals. Bahadur explained that these houses symbolize unity among the tribes and are preserved using smoke.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" /><ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" /><ref name=":culture-custodian-builds-dream-complex-mutua-bahadur-s-heritage-centre-houses-unique-collection-of-traditional-items" /><ref name=":Samapti" />

He has plans to develop the complex into a model village representing cultures of [[Southeast Asia]]n countries.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" /><ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" /><ref name=":culture-custodian-builds-dream-complex-mutua-bahadur-s-heritage-centre-houses-unique-collection-of-traditional-items" />

== Living museum in Purul village ==

In October 1990, Bahadur created a living museum in Purul village, Senapati district. This museum preserves the traditional houses of the headmen of Purul Atongba and Purul Akupta. The headmen, K. Hekhani and S. Koni, receive monthly support to maintain these homes in their original form. The families live in the houses and continue with their traditional way of life. A formal agreement was signed to preserve the structures and their cultural significance.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" /><ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" />

== Research and publications ==

Bahadur has also published many books about tribal art and culture. His works include books on manuscript paintings, tribal art, jewellery, cane and bamboo crafts, textiles, and handwoven fabrics. Some of his books have been translated into [[Japanese language]].<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

Although he did not complete his graduation, he is a visiting lecturer at Manipur University and also gives lectures to IAS probationers on tribal art and culture.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

== Awards and recognition ==

Mutua Bahadur has received several awards for his contributions. He received the Special Designer Award in 1972 and the State Kala Academy Award in Folk Arts in 1974.<ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" /> The Manipur state government has recommended him for a [[UNESCO]] prize, which is yet to be awarded. The Mutua Museum celebrated its silver jubilee in 2004.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

== Lecture on Manipuri diaspora in Myanmar ==

On 13 January 2025, Bahadur delivered a lecture at D.M. College of Arts, [[Imphal]], during a programme organized by the History Club on the theme "History for Tomorrow." He spoke about the cultural decline among communities in [[Manipur]] and gave a lecture titled "[[Manipuri Diaspora in Myanmar]]."<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

Bahadur explained the history of [[Manipuri settlement in Myanmar]], especially during the [[Seven Years' Devastation]] (1819–1826). He noted that ties between the kingdoms existed earlier through matrimonial alliances. He described how many [[Manipuris]] were taken to [[Burma]] during military campaigns led by Alaungpaya, especially during the time of Maharaj [[Bhagyachandra]].<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

[[Manipuris in Myanmar]] became known for their military skills. The [[Kathe cavalry]] force was formed by Burmese rulers with [[Manipuri soldiers]]. Manipuri Brahmins (Paona) also served as court astrologers.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

Bahadur observed that many Manipuris in Myanmar have now lost their cultural identity and adopted Burmese traditions. He said most cannot speak their [[original language]]. Some still observe [[Lai Haraoba]], although in a Burmanised way. He also visited Manipuri Muslim families in [[Mandalay]], who had fully adopted [[Burmese culture]].<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

His lecture included photographs and videos to support his findings.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

== Published works ==
=== Books ===
Mutua Bahadur wrote many books, including 20 books of illustration works.<ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" /><ref>India Today International. India: Living Media India Limited, 2001. p. 8</ref><ref>Manihar Singh, Ch. A History of Manipuri Literature. India: Sahitya Akademi, 1996. p. 292</ref> Some of the titles of the books include:<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" /><ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" />

1. Manipuri Arts ki Wari (1972)
2. Traditional Textiles of Manipur (1987)
3. The Khamba-Thoibi of Moirang in Manipuri paintings: Bhadra collection (1988)
4. Jewelleries of Manipur (1988)
5. Tribal Art of Manipur (1989)
6. Cane & Bamboo Crafts of Manipur (1994)
7. Traditional Textiles of Manipur (1997)
8. Tribal Hand-woven fabrics of Manipur (2000)
9. Traditional Paintings of Manipur (2003)
10. Illustrated Manuscripts of Manipur (2005)
11. Art of Textile: Manipuri textiles from Bangladesh & Myanmar (2009)
12. Manipuri Costumes Through Ages (India, Bangladesh and Myanmar) (2011)
13. Manipuri Costumes through Ages (2011)
14. Awa: Kate and Paona (2014)
15. Kathe: Myanmarese Meetei (2017)
16. Manipuri Art Language of Symbols (2021), etc.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

In a span of five years, he published a five-volume treatise book series, ''Tales About the Art and Culture of Manipur.''<ref name=":manipur-based-mutua-bahadur-makes-it-his-mission-to-check-erosion-in-tribal-culture" />

=== Articles ===
Mutua Bahadur wrote articles on different topics, based on his research in Manipur, Myanmar and Bangladesh, including:<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

1. Illustrated Manuscripts of Manipur
2. Cultural Heritage Complex at Andro Village
3. Manipur Textiles from Bangladesh
4. Manipur in Myanmar
5. Cane and Bamboo Crafts of Manipur
6. Tribal Hand Woven Fabrics of Manipur
7. Manipuri Diaspora in Myanmar: Past and Present
8. Symbolism in the Tribal Art of Manipur, etc.<ref name=":Mutua_Bahadur_calls_for_preserving_Manipuri_culture_and_identity_By_Syed_Ahmed" />

== See also ==
* [[Meitei diaspora]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahadur, Mutua}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian anthropologists]]
[[Category:Indian social scientists]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Manda, Jammu

2025-12-31T12:56:17Z

Kishore121: general expand section per standard format also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Village near Jammu in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Manda
| alternate_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| map_alt = India
| map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| map_size = 270
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|56|00|N|74|48|00|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = Manda, [[Jammu district|Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], [[India]]
| region = India
| type = Settlement
| part_of = [[Indus Valley Civilisation]], [[Mauryan Empire]] and [[Kushan Empire]]
| length =
| width =
| area =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built = 400BC <ref name="Kumar 2012">{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Kushana"/>
| abandoned = 300A.D <ref name="Kushana">{{Cite book |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/26499/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |title=KUSHANA SETTLEMENTS AND THEIR MATERIAL CULTURE |page=162}}</ref>
| epochs = 2350-1750 BC (''Indus Valley Civilisation'')

(Mauryan Empire)<ref name="Kushana"/>

78-200 C.E (''Kushan Empire'')<ref name="Higham 212">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref>
| cultures =
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| excavations = 1976-77
| archaeologists = [[J. P. Joshi]]
| condition = Abandoned
| ownership =
| management =
| public_access =
| website = 
| notes =
}}

'''Manda''' is a village and an archaeological site in the [[Jammu district]] of the [[Union territory|Union Territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It was excavated by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] during 1976-77 by [[J. P. Joshi]]. The site contains ruins of an ancient [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology">Indian Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archeologival Survey of India, New Delhi.1980. Page 19-21. [http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf ASI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508073039/http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201976-77%20A%20Review.pdf |date=8 May 20
12 }}</ref>

==Excavation==
Excavation at Manda revealed a 9.20 m deposit with threefold sequence with two sub periods in Period I. Period II has early historical pottery of types comparable with those of same period from Northern part of India and period III is represented by Kushan antiquities and house walls with 3 m wide street.<ref name=archaeology1>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |title=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160644/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_jammukashmir.asp |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the Kushan period, the site seems to have been deserted.<ref name=archaeology/>

==Historical significance==
Manda is situated on the right bank of Chenab River in the foothills of Pir Panjal range, 28 km northwest of Jammu, and was considered the northernmost limit of the [[Harappan civilisation]].<ref name="archaeology1"/> It is considered the northmost site (excluding [[Shortugai]]) of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref name="Kumar 2012">{{Cite web |title=Akhnoor and Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/akhnoor-and-indus-valley-civilization/ |last=Kumar |first=Sudershan |year=2012|publisher=Daily Excelsior |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Higham 212">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA212 |title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations |last=Higham |first=Charles |date=2014-05-14 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781438109961 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sindhulogy.org/cdn/articles/harappan-civilization-current-perspective-and-its-contribution-vasant-shinde/ |title=Harappan Civilization: Current Perspective and its Contribution – By Dr. Vasant Shinde |last=Shinde |first=Vasant |date=Feb 1, 2016 |at=Origin and Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Concept, Provenance and Chronology of Painted Grey Ware |last=Roy |first=T.N |year=1984 |volume=34 |pages=127–137 |language=English|publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259513969|author=Pokharia, Anil K, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, Alka Srivastava|title=Archaeobotanical evidence of millets in the Indian subcontinent with some observations on their role in the Indus civilization|publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science 42 (2014)|pages=442–455}}</ref>

It is considered a site established to procure wood from Himalayan Sub hills and send it downriver to other towns of the Indus Valley Civilisation.<ref>McIntosh, Jane.(2008) The Ancient Indus Valley, New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.Page 209,412</ref>

==Artefacts==
Pre Harappan Red ware (15%-25%) Harappan Red ware, including jars, dishes, dishes-on-stand, beakers, goblets etc. and copper double spiral headed spin (having west Asian affinity), tangled bone arrow-heads, terracotta bangles, cakes, chert blade etc.<ref name=archaeology/>

Significant finds include potsherds bearing incised Harappan Script and one unfinished seal.<ref name="archaeology" />

==Further scope==
Due to the restricted nature of the dig undertaken, no specific structures could be exposed, except a collapsed rubble wall-like structure.<ref name=archaeology/>

==See also==
* [[Indus Valley Civilization]]
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
* [[Sutkagan Dor]]
* [[Alamgirpur]]
* [[Daimabad]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
Map of Indus Valley Civilisation sites [https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC&q=Manda]

{{Jammu district}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Villages in Jammu district]]

Women's Royal Indian Naval Service

2025-12-31T00:12:22Z

Kishore121: New New Entry - done

{{Short description|Military unit in British India (1944–47)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name =Women’s Royal Indian Naval Service
| native_name =
| image =Chief Officer Margaret L Cooper, Deputy Director of the Women’s Royal Indian Naval Service (WRINS), with Second Officer Kalyani Sen, WRINS at Rosyth during their two month study visit to Britain.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =Second Officer [[Kalyani Sen]] (left) and Chief Officer [[Margaret Isobel Cooper]] (right) at [[Rosyth]] June 1945
| dates = 
| disbanded =
| country = [[British India]]
| allegiance ={{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British India]] (1944–1947)
| branch =[[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] {{navy|British India}} {{navy|United Kingdom}}
| type =
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| nickname = WRINS
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| battles =[[Second World War]]
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}}
The '''Women’s Royal Indian Naval Service''' (WRINS) was the naval section of the [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] (WAC(I)). It was established during the [[Second World War]] as a branch of the [[Royal Indian Navy]].

==Origin==
The induction of women in the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) began with the wives of RIN officers in service in the port city of Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), before extending to other Indian ports.<ref name=Mohanan2020>{{Cite book |last=Mohanan |first=Kalesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPqzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94 |title=The Royal Indian Navy: Trajectories, Transformations and the Transfer of Power |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-138-55495-5 |location=Abingdon, Oxford |pages=94–96 |language=en}}</ref> They were first employed in 1939, at the onset of the [[Second World War]], with the purpose of assisting in decoding secret messages.<ref name=Mohanan2020/> The [[Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)]] (WAC(I)) was created in 1942.<ref name=Harfield2005>{{cite journal |last1=Harfield |first1=Alan |title=The Women's Auxiliary Corps (India) |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |date=2005 |volume=83 |issue=335 |pages=243–254 |jstor=44231211 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44231211 |issn=0037-9700|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Singh1992>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Satyindra |title=Blueprint to Bluewater, the Indian Navy, 1951–65 |date=1992 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-148-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PLeQ8sM06kC&pg=PA30|language=en}}</ref> The WAC(I) were first employed in the RIN in June 1943 at Bombay, following a call for a more organised women's service of the RIN earlier that year.<ref name=Mohanan2020/> In September 1943 Lieutenant Colonel [[Margaret Isobel Cooper]] became regional commander responsible for recruiting women in Indian naval offices.<ref name=Vitali2020>{{cite journal |last1=Vitali |first1=Valentina |title=The Women's Royal Indian Naval Service: picturing India's new woman |journal=Women's History Review |date=9 November 2020 |volume=29 |issue=7 |pages=1114–1148 |doi=10.1080/09612025.2019.1674468 |s2cid=210364785 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612025.2019.1674468 |issn=0961-2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The appointment of six cypher officers and 239 auxiliaries proved a success and thereafter all Indian ports began to employ WAC(I) members.<ref name=Mohanan2020/> 78 officers and 713 auxiliaries were employed by November 1943.<ref name=Mohanan2020/> By early 1944 the WAC(I) Naval Wing, Women's Royal Indian Naval Service (WRINS), was created and [[Admiral (United Kingdom)|Admiral]] [[John Henry Godfrey]], then [[flag officer]] commanding the RIN, appointed Cooper as its Chief Officer and Deputy Director.<ref name=Mohanan2020/><ref name=Vitali2020/>

==Recruitment==
WRINS had its own distinct uniform.<ref name=Mohanan2020/> It corresponded with the [[Women's Royal Naval Service]] (WRNS).<ref name=Harfield2005/> Signals auxiliaries were trained at [[HMIS Talwar|HMIS ''Talwar'']] and along with officers, were housed in hostels at Bombay, [[Chittagong]], [[Cochin]], and [[Vishakhapatnam]].<ref name=Mohanan2020/> In 1945, recruitment reached target and direct employment of officers mostly ceased.<ref name=Mohanan2020/> According to Godfrey, most of those recruited to WRINS were Indian so that by the end of 1945 "43% of the officers and 77% of the Wrins were Indian, and among the junior officers 80% were Indian".<ref name=Vitali2020/>

==Visit to the UK==
Cooper and Second Officer [[Kalyani Sen]] visited the UK between April and July 1945, when they visited [[Auxiliary Territorial Service|A.T.S. establishments]] and learnt the WRNS ways of training and administration.<ref name=Mohanan2020/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Commonwealth Forces in India IND4410.jpg|WRINS, 1945. [[Moina Imam]] second from left.
File:Commonwealth Forces in India IND4427.jpg|WRINS in sari
File:The Women Auxiliary Corps (India) - 01.jpg|WRINS: Two types of uniform
File:The Women Auxiliary Corps (India) - 02.jpg|WRINS at allied victory celebrations in Delhi, India. 4–9 March 1946
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=J. T. S. |title=The Royal Indian Navy |journal=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society |date=1 January 1945 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=68–79 |doi=10.1080/03068374508731156 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03068374508731156?journalCode=raaf19 |issn=0035-8789|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite book |title=The Indian Listener: Vol. XI. No. 1. (22nd December 1945) |date=22 December 1945 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7fkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |title=Collection: The Papers of Admiral John Henry Godfrey {{!}} ArchiveSearch |url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1581|website=archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|CnIBWSFDFFY|Women's Royal Indian Naval Service (WRINS)}}
* {{cite web |title=Women's Royal Indian Naval Service established during WW2 |url=https://wrens.org.uk/womens-royal-indian-naval-service-established-during-ww2/ |website=Association of Wrens |access-date=8 January 2023 |date=30 December 2019}}

[[Category:Naval history of World War II]]
[[Category:All-female military units and formations]]
[[Category:Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Indian women in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1944]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1947]]

Shri Damodar Sansthaan, Goa

2025-12-28T23:20:10Z

Kishore121: slightly cleaned up section per sources also based on references

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Goa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|Name = |religious_affiliation= [[Hinduism]]|deity=[[Shiva]] (Damodar)|governing_body=Shri Damodar Saunsthan|location=[[Zambaulim]], [[Quepem]], [[Goa]] 403705|district=[[South Goa district]]|state=[[Goa]]|country=[[India]]|coordinates={{coord|15.1866443|74.0948358|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|image=Shri Damodar temple, Goa.jpg|caption=The temple complex|festivals=[[Rama Navami]], [[Shivratri]], Padwa (Hindu new year), [[Akshaya Tritiya]], Anant Vritotsava, [[Navaratri]], [[Dussera]], [[Diwali]], Magha Poornima Festival (Jatrotsav) and Mahashivratri|name=Shri Damodar Saunsthan|map_type=India Goa#India|map_caption=Location in Goa}}

'''Shri Damodar Temple Zambaulim''' or '''Shri Damodara Sansthaan''' is a [[Hindu temple]] on the bank of the Kushawati River<ref>Hindus believe that the Kushawati River is sacred and that its healing powers help to get rid of various body ailments.</ref> near the village of [[Zambaulim]] 22 km from the city of [[Margao]] on the border of [[Quepem]] region ([[Quepem taluk]]) in the south of [[Goa]]. The temple houses a celebrated murti, or image, of [[Shiva]] incarnated as Damodar.<ref name="Rodrigues">{{cite book|author-link=Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa Rodrigues|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Maria de Lourdes Bravo da Costa|title=Feasts, festivals, and observances of Goa|date=2004|publisher=L & L Publications|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot6BAAAAMAAJ|language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The deity was originally based in a temple in Mathagam, now Madgaon or Margao, where the Holy Spirit Church now stands. Due to the temple destruction campaign started by the Portuguese rulers in Sasashti Taluka in the year 1567, the Mahajans from Madgaon shifted the local deities ([[Ramnathi|Ramnath]], Damodar, Laxmi-Narayan, Chamundeshwari, Mahakali, Mahesh, etc.) to Zambaulim. The Desais of Rivona helped the Mahajans and gave them land for the construction of temples as well as Vatan which is being paid even today.<ref name=Trawell>
{{Cite web
|url=https://www.trawell.in/goa/panjim/shri-damodar-temple-zambaulim
|title= Shri Damodar Temple - Zambaulim
}}</ref>

At the time of the Portuguese conquest, [[Margao]] was in a flourishing condition and contained many well constructed buildings, such as the Damodar temple. It is described by an old Portuguese chronicler as being so large and strongly built that the Muhammadans, when they invaded [[Salcete]], occupied it as a good military post. According to a tradition, this temple was consecrated to the memory of a native of [[Margao]], by name Makaji Damodar, who having met a tragic death on the spot with his newly married spouse received the honours of a god. There were besides nine other temples in the same village, all of which were destroyed by [[Diogo Rodrigues]], captain of Rachol, who was rewarded with the revenues of the lands belonging to them. Christianity was introduced into [[Margao]] by the Jesuit Fathers about the year 1560; and in 1565 a church of Holy Ghost was erected there, on the ruins of the temple, at the desire of the first Archbishop, Dom [[Gaspar Jorge de Leão Pereira]], the idol of Damodar being removed to [[Zambaulim]].<ref>{{Cite book
|url = https://archive.org/details/historicalarch00fons/
|title = An historical and archæological sketch of the city of Goa, preceded by a short statistical account of the territory of Goa
|last = Fonseca
|first = José Nicolau da
|date = 1878
|publisher = Bombay, Thacker & co., limited
|page = 104
|isbn = 81-206-0207-2
|language = en
}}</ref>

==Description==
Besides the murti of Damodar, revered by Hindus, [[Chamundeshwari]] (the fierce form of Shakti, a tutelary deity), [[Mahakali]] (the Hindu goddess of time and death, considered to be the consort of [[Shiva]], the god of consciousness, and as the basis of reality and existence) and [[Shiva|Mahesha]] (another incarnation of Shiva) are also honoured at this place.

The Damodar temple belongs to the GSB community ([[Gowda Saraswath Brahmin]]s). Accommodation facilities are available in the temple complex for the community members.<ref name=Trawell/>

==Observances==
The main festival celebrated in Damodar Temple is [[Shigmo]], the Goan Hindu spring festival of colours, which lasts for one week only. During the festival the Panair takes place and the folkloric show within which all participants exchange [[Gulal|{{Transliteration|hi|[[gulal]]}}]]''[[gulal]]''s (powders of different colours) with each other and organise various feasts and tablefuls.<ref name=Trawell/>

The temple also celebrates [[Kartik Poornima]], [[Ashwin]] Poornima, and [[Mahashivratri]].

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" heights="150px" mode="packed-hover">
File:Shri Damodar Temple entrence 2 Zambaulim.jpg|Entrance of the temple premises
File:Shri Damodar temple entrance Zambaulim.jpg|Front side view of the temple entrance
File:Shri Damodar Temple Zambaulim, Goa.jpg|Side view of temple
File:Interior of Shri Damodar Temple Zambaulim, Goa.jpg|Interior of the temple
File:Lord Damodar goa.jpg|Lord Damodar
</gallery>

==Notes and references==
<references />

{{Hindu temples in Goa}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in South Goa district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Goa]]

NES Ratnam College Of Arts, Science & Commerce

2025-11-10T00:03:52Z

Kishore121: started the data nd citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2016}}
{{Third-party|date=August 2016}}
}}

{{Infobox university
| name = NES Ratnam College Of Arts, Science & Commerce
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng = Learn, Live & Lead
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1983}}
| closed =
| type = [[Mixed-sex education|Co-education]]
| affiliation =
| founder = Dr. R. Varadarajan
| principal = Dr. Vinita Dhulia <ref>{{Cite web | title=Principal's Desk | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/?page_id=14 | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=ratnamcollege.edu.in}}</ref>
| director = Dr. Balasubramanian. V <ref>{{Cite web | title=From the Director's Pen | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/?page_id=4556 | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=ratnamcollege.edu.in}}</ref>
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students = 6000+
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Bhandup, Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| province =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coor = {{Coord|19.0412525|72.8612799|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = NES Complex, Bhandup
| nickname =
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[Mumbai University]] [[Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education|Maharashtra Board]]
| accreditation = NAAC "A" GRADE (4th Cycle)
| website = {{URL|http://www.ratnamcollege.edu.in//}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''NES Ratnam College of Arts, Science, and Commerce'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ratnamcollege.edu.in/|title=Ratnam College of arts, Science, and Commerce|website=www.ratnamcollege.edu.in}}</ref> is an educational institution located in Bhandup, Mumbai, Maharashtra. Founded in 1983 by the National Education Society, the college provides a comprehensive range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Affiliated with the University of Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web | title=Profile of the College | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/?page_id=4569 | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=ratnamcollege.edu.in}}</ref> it holds an "A" grade accreditation from the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) in its fourth assessment cycle.<Ref>https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/peerteam_report/eyJpdiI6ImNxNGl4RGtHNUQzVVJlQWVHZzkyWXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMUxkM1NnMmhXVTBLUExTUk1OZnlPdz09IiwibWFjIjoiYmM5MzdjNTVlOTUxMjU2ZDIzMzE2MGYzNDI4ZmY3YWFlYzRjZWE3YWIyN2M0MWExMTc5ZjNjZjE3MzIzMTM2YyIsInRhZyI6IiJ9</ref>

==History==
NES Ratnam College of Arts, Science and Commerce is a college in [[Bhandup, Mumbai]], India, owned and managed by the National Education Society and established in the year 1983. The College is named in memory of the late mother of its Founder-President whom he lost at the age of one.

==Courses==
===Junior college (MSBSHSE)===
*F.Y.J.C [[Science]]
*S.Y.J.C [[Science]]

===UG Courses===
*[[Bachelor of Arts]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=ARTS – THREE YEARS B.A. PROGRAMME | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/?page_id=1419 | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=ratnamcollege.edu.in}}</ref>
*[[Bachelor of Commerce]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=COMMERCE – THREE YEARS B.COM. PROGRAMME | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/?page_id=1423 | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=ratnamcollege.edu.in}}</ref>
*[[Bachelor of Science]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=SCIENCE – THREE YEARS B.SC. PROGRAMME | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/?page_id=1421 | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=ratnamcollege.edu.in}}</ref>
*[[Bachelor of Management Studies]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/?page_id=1425 | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=ratnamcollege.edu.in}}</ref>
*[[Bachelor of Accounts and Finance]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/syllabus%20baf.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605040109/http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/syllabus%20baf.pdf | archive-date=2024-06-05}}</ref>
*[[Bachelor of Banking and Insurance]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=THREE-YEAR BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (BANKING &INSURANCE) | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/?page_id=1427 | access-date=2025-08-12 | website=ratnamcollege.edu.in}}</ref>
*[[Bachelor of Science in Information Technology]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/syllbsc%20IT.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605090729/http://ratnamcollege.edu.in/syllbsc%20IT.pdf | archive-date=2024-06-05}}</ref>

==Master’s Programme==
*[[Commerce]]
*[[Physics]]
*[[Microbiology]]
*[[Organic Chemistry]]
*[[Inorganic Chemistry]]
*[[Biochemistry]]
*[[Computer Science]]
*[[Information Technology]]
*[[Botany]]
*[[Zoology]]
*[[Bio-Technology]]

==Master's programme by research==
*[[Chemistry]]
*[[Biochemistry]]
*[[Microbiology]]
*[[Botany]]
*[[Zoology]]

==Doctoral programmes==
*[[Zoology]]

==Autonomous Courses==
*PG Diploma in Counselling
*PG Diploma in Special Education (Autonomous)
*PG Diploma in Early Childhood Education (Autonomous)
*PG Diploma in Guidance and Counselling (Autonomous)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:NES Ratnam College Of Arts, Science, And Commerce}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1963]]
[[Category:Colleges in India]]

2022 West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam

2025-10-26T20:12:04Z

Kishore121: started initial article initial version

{{Update|date=August 2025}}
{{Short description|Ongoing education scam in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Mamata Banerjee sidebar}}
'''West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam''' is an ongoing education SSC scam in [[West Bengal]], [[India]] since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-west-bengal-school-service-commission-recruitment-scam-7869437/|title=Explained: What is the West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam?|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 April 2022|access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> The scam is being currently investigated jointly by [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Enforcement Directorate]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kolkata-besides-cbi-ed-to-probe-bengal-ssc-recruitment-scam/articleshow/90853740.cms|title=Kolkata: Besides CBI, ED to probe Bengal SSC Recruitment scam|date=15 April 2022|access-date=16 April 2022|work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The scam was revealed, following the arrest of [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]], a [[Trinamool Congress]] leader, who has served as the Minister of Education in the [[Mamata Banerjee]]'s cabinet until his arrest on 23 July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bengal-teacher-recruitment-scam-ed-partha-chatterjee-arrest-20-crore-arpita-mukherjee-tmc-top-points-1979034-2022-07-23|title=ED arrests Bengal minister Partha Chatterjee, finds link to money seized at close aide Arpita's house|work=[[India Today]]|date=23 July 2022}}</ref>

Notice in compliance with the direction of Hon'ble Supreme Court of India, dated 25.07.2023 in Diary no. 28088 of 2023 and diary no. 28468 of 2023 towards publishing the details of 907 candidates in connection with 1st SLST,2016 for class XI-XII.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Court Affirms Sacking of 25,000 Bengal Teachers on Recruitment Scandal |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/top-court-affirms-sacking-of-25000-bengal-teachers-on-recruitment-scandal |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>

In compliance with the direction of Hon'ble Supreme Court of India, dated 25.07.2023 in Diary no. 28088 of 2023 and diary no. 28468 of 2023, the details of 907 candidates in connection with 1st State level Selection Test for the posts of Assistant Teachers (except Hill Region), for classes XI –XII, 2016 has been published in the website of West Bengal Central School Service Commission.<ref>[https://www.wbssc.org.in/2023/07/wbssc-publishing-details-of-907.html WBSSC: publishing the details of 907 candidates in connection with 1st SLST,2016 for class XI-XI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803092946/https://www.wbssc.org.in/2023/07/wbssc-publishing-details-of-907.html|date=August 3, 2023}}</ref>

==Background==
In November 2021, [[Calcutta High Court]] directed [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] to take charge of the investigation of the scam and find out the people who are accused in the scam. However, at that time, the [[Government of West Bengal]] went on to challenge the order before a division bench, which was rejected by the court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/what-is-ssc-scam-latest-cbi-headache-for-mamata-govt-despite-3-week-relief-from-hc/771352/|work=[[The Print]]|title=What is SSC scam? Latest 'CBI headache' for Mamata govt despite 3-week relief from HC|date=25 November 2021|access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>

Following the order of the court under the bench of Justice [[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]], CBI went on to their investigation process starting from 2022, where they raided several places in [[West Bengal]] to proceed with the investigation. In May 2022, former TMC MLA and minister in the Mamata Banerjee's cabinet, [[Upendra Nath Biswas]] who has previously served as the CBI officer, investigating several scams, revealed about the SSC scam through his Facebook post.<ref>{{cite news |title=শিক্ষক নিয়োগ নিয়ে বিস্ফোরক মন্তব্য, রাজ্যের প্রাক্তন মন্ত্রীর পুরনো ফেসবুক পোস্ট ঘিরে চাঞ্চল্য! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/ssc-scam-west-bengal-former-tmc-minister-upen-biswas-facebook-post-viral-890955 |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=bengali.abplive.com |date=22 May 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

On 23 July 2022, ED arrested [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]] leader, who is MLA from [[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]], [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]], who has served as the Minister of Education in [[Mamata Banerjee]] cabinet and known as a close aide to her, after multiple interrogations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-mantri-partha-chatterjee-arrested-after-20-hour-ed-quizzing/articleshow/93080354.cms|title=Teacher recruitment scam: Bengal mantri Partha Chatterjee arrested after 20-hour ED quizzing|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 July 2022 }}</ref> Following his arrest, the house of his mistress,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengali.abplive.com/videos/district/partha-chatterjee-and-arpita-mukherjee-talek-in-siagn-language-at-virtual-hearing-963089/amp|title=বুকে হৃদয় এঁকে দেখালেন পার্থ, মুচকি হেসে জবাব দিলেন অর্পিতাও, ভার্চুয়াল শুনানিতে 'অপা'র প্রেম}}</ref> a small [[Cinema of Odisha|Ollywood]] actress named Arpita Mukherjee was raided by ED on 23 July 2022, where in her South-West [[Kolkata]] apartment, [[Indian rupee|INR]] 21 crores in cash, along with jewelleries worth INR 50 lakhs and 70 lakhs respectively. She was immediately taken into custody by [[Enforcement Directorate|ED]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rs-28-cr-cash-5-kg-gold-found-at-arpita-mukherjee-s-house-after-ed-s-18-hr-raid-101658973889202.html|title=₹28 cr cash, 5 kg gold found at Arpita Mukherjee's house after ED's 18-hr raid|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 July 2022|access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/who-is-arpita-mukherjee-partha-chatterjee-aide-8047531/|title=Who is Arpita Mukherjee, who has been arrested by ED?|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=24 July 2022|access-date=1 August 2022}}</ref> However, Mukherjee claimed in front of media that Chatterjee was using her house for keeping the money and she doesn't knew about it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/west-bengal-ssc-scam-arpita-mukherjee-claims-tmc-minister-partha-chatterjee-used-her-house-as-mini-bank-reports-11658920354617.html|title=Arpita Mukherjee claims Partha Chatterjee used her house as 'mini bank': Reports|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=27 July 2022|access-date=30 July 2022}}</ref> Following the next day, ED raided another apartment of Mukherjee, situated in [[Belghoria]], in North Kolkata, where they recovered more 27.90 crore [[Indian rupee|INR]] in cash, along with 6 kg of gold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/wbssc-scam-arpita-mukherjee-makes-big-confession-to-ed-about-belgharia-residence-2491091.html|title=WBSSC scam: Arpita Mukherjee makes BIG confession to ED about Belgharia residence|work=[[Zee News]]|date=30 July 2022|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref>

Following the arrest of Chatterjee, he was brought to ESI Hospital, located in [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] in South Kolkata, on the same day, for the medical test.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/kolkata/minister-partha-chatterjee-at-joka-esi-hospital-for-medical-checkup-after-ed-arrest-sdg-854051.html|title=Partha Chatterjee Arrest: সাসপেন্সে ইতি, পার্থ চট্টোপাধ্যায়কে নিয়ে জোকা ইএসআই হাসপাতালে ইডি|date=23 July 2022|access-date=1 August 2022|work=[[News18 Bangla]]|language=bn}}</ref> But, he was admitted to SSKM Hospital, in Kolkata, as he was complaining of chest pain. But ED officers requested to the Bankshall Court for allowing to admit Chatterjee in the Command Hospital, instead of in SSKM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/remanded-in-ed-custody-wb-minister-partha-chatterjee-taken-to-sskm-hospital-after-complaining-of-chest-pain/1052473/|date=23 July 2022|access-date=4 August 2022|work=The Print|title=Remanded in ED custody, WB Minister Partha Chatterjee taken to SSKM hospital after complaining of chest pain}}</ref> A petition also was filed in the court for taking Chatterjee to [[Bhubaneswar]] for treatment in [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar|AIIMS, Bhubaneswar]], which was granted by the court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jailed-bengal-minister-partha-chatterjee-ed-office-10-day-custody-aiims-bhubaneswar-101658800246222-amp.html|title=Jailed Bengal minister Partha Chatterjee back in ED office after AIIMS Bhubaneswar says all good|work=Hindustan Times|date=26 July 2022|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arrested-bengal-minister-partha-chatterjee-to-be-taken-to-aiims-bhubaneswar-tomorrow-1979456-2022-07-24|title=Shift Partha Chatterjee to AIIMS in Bhubaneswar, orders court in setback to Mamata's minister|work=India Today|date=24 July 2022|access-date=5 August 2022}}</ref>

On 10 August 2022, CBI arrested Shanti Prasad Sinha, who has been appointed as convenor of special advisory committee formed by Chatterjee for the appointments in SSC, along with Ashok Saha, who was the secretary of West Bengal State School Service Commission, after interrogation, in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/bengal-ssc-scam-cbi-makes-first-arrests-two-top-officials-nabbed-101660134903445.html|title=Bengal SSC scam: CBI makes first arrests; two top officials nabbed|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=10 August 2022|access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>

On 15 September 2022, CBI arrested Kalyanmoy Gangopadhyay, who was the chairman of the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education|WBBSE]], following several interrogations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-school-jobs-scam-cbi-arrest-kalyanmoy-gangopadhyay-8153490/|title=Bengal school jobs scam: Ex-head of Secondary Education Board arrested by CBI|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

On 19 September 2022, CBI arrested Subiresh Bhattacharya, who has also served previously as the West Bengal School Service Commission, and was serving as the Vice-Chancellor of [[University of North Bengal]]. He was reported to be not cooperating with the agency in order to proceed with further investigations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/cbi-arrests-bengal-ssc-chairman-subiresh-recruitment-scam-8160289/|title=CBI arrests former West Bengal SSC chairman Subiresh Bhattacharya in recruitment scam|date=19 September 2022|access-date=28 September 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

On 11 October 2022, ED arrested another TMC MLA from [[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]], Manik Bhattacharya, who was the present chairman of West Bengal SSC Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tmc-mla-manik-bhattacharya-arrested-ed-bengal-education-scam-2283730-2022-10-11|date=11 October 2022|access-date=23 October 2022|work=[[India Today]]|title=ED arrests TMC MLA Manik Bhattacharya in Bengal education scam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-ed-arrests-primary-board-ex-chief-manik-bhattacharya-in-cash-for-jobs-scam/articleshow/94797648.cms|date=12 October 2022|access-date=23 October 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=West Bengal: ED arrests primary board ex-chief Manik Bhattacharya in cash-for-jobs scam}}</ref>

Gradually, two local TMC youth leaders, Kuntal Ghosh and Shantanu Bandyopadhyay were also arrested in the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kuntal-ghosh-arrested-west-bengal-jobs-scam-8395345/|title=ED arrests TMC youth wing leader Kuntal Ghosh in Bengal teacher recruitment scam|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=21 January 2023|access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/ed-arrests-fifth-tmc-leader-shantanu-banerjee-in-bengal-job-scam-case-101678468556404.html|date=10 March 2023|access-date=16 March 2023|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|title=ED arrests fifth TMC leader Shantanu Banerjee in Bengal job scam case}}</ref>

On 17 April 2023, after several interrogations, CBI arrested another TMC legislator Jiban Krishna Saha, who is MLA from [[Burwan Assembly constituency|Burwan, Murshidabad]], who tried to run from his house and thrown his mobile phone in the pond.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/tmc-legislator-arrested-in-west-bengal-bribe-for-job-scam-cbi-recovers-incriminating-documents-in-longest-raid-yet-westbengal-bribeforjobscam-tmc-cbi-arrest-corruption-101681700696447-amp.html|title=CBI arrests third TMC legislator in Bengal recruitment scam|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=17 April 2023|access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-teachers-scam-jiban-krishna-saha-arrested-cbi-65-hours-2360927-2023-04-17|date=17 April 2023|access-date=21 April 2023|title=Bengal teachers' recruitment scam: TMC MLA Jiban Krishna Saha arrested after 65-hour CBI questioning|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

On 28 April 2023, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] directed to move the case hearings of the scam from the bench of Justice [[Abhijit Gangopadhyay]] to Justice Amrita Sinha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9bangla.com/kolkata/west-bengal-kolkata-job-seeker-protest-after-supreme-court-give-order-on-recruitment-corruption-case-au14-801502.html|title=Justice Abhijit Ganguly: 'বিচারপতি গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় আমাদের ভগবান, ওনাকে ফেরাতে হবে', পথে নামার হুঁশিয়ারি চাকরি প্রার্থীদের|language=bn|date=28 April 2023|work=TV9 Bangla}}</ref> after Justice Gangopadhyay discussed about the case in an interview he gave to the Bengali newschannel [[ABP Ananda]], in which he declared his intention to prosecute [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]] MP, TMC general secretary & [[Mamata Banerjee]]'s nephew [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] (whose involvement was being alleged by the state [[BJP]] unit but no proof in this regard had been made public by investigative agencies till then) in this matter. [[Chief Justice of India|CJI]] [[D. Y. Chandrachud]] took strong exception of Justice Gangopadhyay's interview and stated that "judges have no business granting interviews to the media on pending matters".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Balaji|first=R.|title=Supreme Court shifts case over judge Abhijit Gangopadhyay's interview|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/india/supreme-court-shifts-case-over-judge-abhijit-gangopadhyays-interview/cid/1933181|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

On 20 May 2023, Abhishek Banerjee was interrogated by ED in Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/national/story-tmc-leader-abhishek-banerjee-appears-cbi-office-kolkata-school-recruitment-scam-8192322.amp.html|title=कड़ी सुरक्षा के बीच CBI के सामने पेश हुए अभिषेक बनर्जी, स्कूल भर्ती घोटाला मामले में पूछताछ|work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]|date=20 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/cbi-questions-tmc-mp-abhishek-banerjee-in-west-bengal-school-recruitment-scam-as-ed-carries-out-raids-in-multi-crore-scam-101684584532058-amp.html|title=Bengal jobs scam: CBI grills Abhishek Banerjee; ED conducts raids in Kolkata|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

On 30 May 2023, Sujay Krishna Bhadra, who is popularly known as 'Kalighater Kaku' was arrested after repeated interrogations done since January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/ed-arrests-sujay-krishna-bhadra-aka-kalighater-kaku-dgtl/cid/1431396|date=30 May 2023|access-date=30 May 2023|title=গ্রেফতার 'কালীঘাটের কাকু', ১১ ঘণ্টা জেরার পর অভিষেকের অফিসের প্রাক্তন কর্মী ইডির জালে|work=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref>

On 28 June 2023, Bengali actress & president of TMC's student wing [[Saayoni Ghosh]] was summoned by ED in connection with the scam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-teacher-recruitment-scam-ed-summons-saayoni-ghosh-8689986/lite/|title=Bengal teacher recruitment scam: ED summons TMC youth president Saayoni Ghosh|work=The Indian Express|date=28 June 2023|access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref> However, she fled from her South Kolkata residence and no one had able to trace her.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/tmc-youth-president-and-actor-saayoni-ghosh-has-not-participated-in-the-panchayat-election-campaign-since-receiving-the-ed-notice-dgtl/cid/1441269|title=ইডির নোটিস পাওয়ার পর স্রেফ উবে গিয়েছেন সায়নী! তাঁর সঙ্গে যোগাযোগ করতে পারছেন না দলের নেতারাও|work=Anandabazar Patrika|date=29 June 2023|access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>

On 30 June 2023, [[Saayoni Ghosh]] appeared before ED officials in the probe and also said that she will appear again if they want to interrogate again.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/saayoni-ghosh-appears-before-ed-official-in-school-job-scam-probe/articleshow/101386195.cms|title=Saayoni Ghosh appears before ED official in school job scam probe|date=30 June 2023|access-date=6 July 2023|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]}}</ref> On 5 July 2023, she was summoned again for interrogation.

==Reactions==
On 28 July 2022, Chatterjee was suspended from [[Trinamool Congress]], due to the allegations against him. He was also removed from the ministerial posts, which he was holding in Mamata Banerjee's cabinet. Senior spokesperson of TMC, former Member of Parliament [[Kunal Ghosh]] demanded action against Chatterjee, making the TMC leadership distance themselves from the scam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cash-seized-in-bengal-ssc-recruitment-scam-rises-to50-crore/article65692633.ece|title=Trinamool Congress suspends Partha Chatterjee from party|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 July 2022|access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/ssc-scam-partha-chatterjee-removed-as-west-bengal-cabinet-minister-101659004309752.html|title=Partha Chatterjee, arrested in SSC scam, sacked as West Bengal cabinet minister|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 July 2022|access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>

Soon after the suspension of Chatterjee from the party, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[Indian National Congress]] leaders reacted to the decision. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Suvendu Adhikari]] criticized Banerjee and TMC for using government event for political purposes, and also claimed that Banerjee might be involved in the scam as well and she can't distance herself from the scam. [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] leader [[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]] said that Banerjee is trying to make distance herself from the scam, but it's too late now, she would be caught soon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/opposition-targets-mamata-banerjee-over-ssc-anomalies/cid/1876467|title=Opposition targets Mamata Banerjee over SSC 'anomalies'|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=26 July 2022}}</ref> [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] demanded removal of Chatterjee from the ministerial post and party posts he was holding during his arrest by ED, after interrogation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/adhir-ranjan-chowdhury-writes-to-mamata-banerjee-for-partha-chatterjees-ouster-from-her-cabinet/cid/1876644|title=Adhir writes to Mamata for Partha's ouster from her cabinet|date=27 July 2022|access-date=4 August 2022|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of scandals in India]]
* [[Corruption in India]]
* [[Saradha Group financial scandal]]
* [[Vyapam scam]]
* [[The Lokpal Bill, 2011]]
* [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement]]
* [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]
* [[2024 NEET controversy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Portalbar|India|Crime|Education|Law|Politics}}
{{Alleged scams in India}}
{{Scams and confidence tricks}}
{{Corruption in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SSC recruitment scam}}
[[Category:2022 scandals]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Employment in India]]
[[Category:Cover-ups]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Corruption in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Crime in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Education controversies in India]]
[[Category:Education scandals]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Political scandals in India]]
[[Category:Vocational education in India]]
[[Category:Deception]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Academic scandals]]

Shahuji I

2025-10-26T18:15:18Z

Kishore121: minor enhance layout for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Raja of Thanjavur Maratha kingdom from 1684–1712}}{{Multiple issues|{{no footnotes|date=October 2025}}
{{single source|date=October 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Shahuji I
| title =
| image = Shahaji of Tanjore.jpg
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]]
| reign = 1684–1712
| birth_date = 1672
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1712
| death_place =
| predecessor = [[Ekoji I]]
| successor = [[Serfoji I]]
| royal house = [[Bhonsle Dynasty|Bhonsle]]
| father = [[Ekoji I]]
| religion = Hinduism
}}

'''Shahuji I''' (b.1672) also called '''Shahji''' of the [[Bhonsle]] dynasty was the second [[Maratha]] ruler of [[Thanjavur]]. He was the eldest son of [[Ekoji I]], who was a half brother of [[Shivaji]], the first Maratha ruler of [[Thanjavur]]. He reigned from 1684 to 1712.

==Accession==
Shahuji I ascended the throne in 1684 at the age of 12 on the death of his father Venkoji or Ekoji I the first Maratha ruler of Thanjavur.

==The campaign of Zulfiqar Khan==
The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangazeb|Aurangazeb's]] [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] campaign reached its highpoint after the death of [[Shivaji]]. The Deccan sultanates were annexed in 1687 and Shivaji's eldest son [[Sambhaji]] was captured and slain. However, the annihilation of the Maratha Empire was prevented by the brave resistance offered by Shivaji's second son [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]] and his wife [[Tara Bai]]. As the Maratha territories were overrun by Mughal troops, the focus of resistance shifted to [[Gingee Fort|Gingee fort]] which Rajaram took in 1693 with an army of 20,000 men provided by his cousin, the Raja of Thanjavur.

Aurangazeb retaliated by sending his general [[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]] who recaptured Gingee and pursued the fleeing Marathas into Thanjavur. From 1691, Thanjavur had been forced to pay a tribute of four lakhs to the Mughals in order to retain their sovereignty. In 1697, Zulfiqar Khan forced Shahuji I to return the lands he had obtained from Mangammal, the Nayaki of [[Tiruchirapalli]]. Eventually Shahuji defeated the Mughals and captured lands as far as Varanasi. For this; he was immortalized in many literary works.

==Wars and Conquests==
An inscription at [[Pattukkottai]] boasts of the conquest of all lands between [[Pamban]] and [[Pudukkottai]] by Babaji son of Gangadhara, the agent of Shahuji I and the construction of a [[fort]] by the same official. Inscriptions also refer to the help offered by Shahji I to the Maravas. In 1700, Babaji invaded Tiruchirapalli in alliance with the [[Sethupathi|Sethupathy]] of [[Ramnad]]. However, Rani [[Mangammal]], the Queen of Tiruchirapalli inflicted a crushing defeat on Ramnad. Soon Shahuji I switched sides on account of the common danger to Thanjavur and Tiruchirapalli from the [[anicut]] built by [[Mysore]] across the [[Cauvery]]. A major war with Mysore was averted. But furious with Shahuji I over his new-found friendship with the [[Nayaks of Madurai]] / Tiruchirapalli, Kilavan, the Raja of Ramnad invaded Tiruchirapalli and defeated the forces of the Nayaki. He sent a huge army across the dominions of Shahuji I and took the fort of [[Aranthangi]] in 1709.

==Literature==
Shahuji I patronized learning and promoted literature. There are some dramas (koothu) in manuscript in the [[Saraswathi Mahal Library|Thanjavur library]] which belong to this period. A large number of high-quality Sanskrit works were produced during this period. ''Dharmakuta'' heaps praises on Shahuji I. [[Tryambaka-yajvan|Tryambaka Raya Makhi]] gave a new interpretation to the Ramayana. Venkata Krishna Dikshitar who was a court-poet of Shahuji I composed ''Natesa Vijayam''. Apart from this, Bhaskara Dikshit wrote ''Ratnatulika'' while Veda Kavi wrote ''Vidya Parinayam'' and ''Jivananda''

In 1693, Shahuji I renamed [[Thiruvisanallur]] as Shahajirajapuram and made a gift of this village to 46 Pandits of his court. This village soon emerged as the hub of literary, art and architectural activity.

''Bhulokadevendra Vilasam'', ''Athirupavathi Kalyanam'', ''Sankaranarayana Kalyanam'', ''Chandrikahasa Vilasa Natakam'', ''Koravanji'' and ''Vishnu saharasraja vilasam'' are some works in Tamil drama which belong to this period. However, almost all Tamil works of Shahuji's period indicate a decline in quality. The usual plot is that some princess falls in love with Sahendra or Shahuji and secures him at last. The king is described in them as a linguist and a conqueror. Besides these, there are a few stray pieces praising [[Ekoji I|Ekoji]], Shahuji and [[Serfoji I|Serfoji]].

There are also some [[Telugu literature|Telugu]] works from this period which are also lower in quality when compared to those of the [[Nayak (ethnic group)|Nayak]] period. ''Sahasraja vilasa nataka'' narrates how Shahuji I defeated the Muslim sultans and conquered all lands up to [[Varanasi]]. ''Vishnu sahasraja vilasam'' is a Tamil koothu written in Telugu script.

==Later life==
According to the ''Advaita Kirtana'', Shahuji I abdicated the throne in 1712 and became a [[yogi]]. He was succeeded by his brother [[Serfoji I]].

==See also==
* [[Bhonsle]]
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]

==Further reading==

* 'The Maratha Rajas of Tanjore' by K.R.Subramanian, 1928.
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Marathas]]||||}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ekoji I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Raja of Thanjavur|years=1684-1712}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Serfoji I]]}}
{{end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shahuji 01 Of Thanjavur}}
[[Category:1672 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Rajas of Thanjavur]]

Aram Valatthisvarar Temple

2025-10-08T18:26:10Z

Kishore121: started a place from scratch - done

{{Short description|Lord Shiva temple in Kancheepuram}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
[[File:Aramvalattheeswarartemplekancheepuram.jpg|thumb]]
'''Aram Valatthisvarar Temple''' is a [[Shiva]]<ref name="form1"/> temple located in [[Kancheepuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="form1">{{cite web |title=தமிழகத் திருக்கோவில்கள் தரவுத் தொகுதி 1 |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/library/thirukkovil/Coimbatore/Form1.html |publisher=தமிழ் இணையக் கல்விக்கழகம்}}</ref> This temple is also called as Valatthisvarar Temple.<ref>[https://nativenews.in/tamil-nadu/kancheepuram/kancheepuram/intensification-of-work-on-kanchipuram-aram-valatheeswarar-temple-1099758 காஞ்சிபுரம் அறம் வளத்தீஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் திருப்பணிகள் தீவிரம், Native News Tamil, 21 January 2022]</ref>
== Presiding deity ==
The presiding deity of the temple is Aram Valatthisvarar. The shrines of [[Vinayaka]], [[Muruga]], [[Surya]], and [[Bairava]] are found in this temple. This temple is under the administration of the [[HR&CE|Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="form2">{{cite web |title=தமிழகத் திருக்கோவில்கள் தரவுத் தொகுதி 2 |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/library/thirukkovil/Coimbatore/Form2.html |publisher=தமிழ் இணையக் கல்விக்கழகம்}}</ref>

== Pujas ==
In this temple Kamiga [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]] types of [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] are held. In the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of Aippasi (mid-October to mid-November), Skanda Sasti and in the Tamil month of Āvaṇi (mid-August to mid-September), [[Ganesh Chaturthi|Vinayaka Chadurti]] are celebrated.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

== Kumbhabhishekham ==
The [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of the temple was held after 52 years.<ref>[https://www.hindutamil.in/news/spirituals/1222367-after-52-years-kudamuzhukku.html 52 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு அறம் வளத்தீஸ்வரர் கோயிலில் குடமுழுக்கு, இந்து தமிழ் திசை, 28 மார்ச் 2024]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Famous Shiva temples|state=collapsed}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{HinduMythology}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kanchipuram district]]

Star World Premiere HD

2025-10-06T14:11:33Z

Kishore121:

{{Short description|Indian TV channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Star World Premiere HD
| logo =
| logo_size = 200px
| launch_date = {{Start date and age |df=y|2013|09|24}}
| closed_date = {{End date and age|2023|03|15}}
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
| network = [[Disney Star]]
| owner = [[The Walt Disney Company India]]
| country = [[India]]
| area = India
| language = English
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| sister_channels = [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World]]
| former_names =
| replaced =
}}
'''Star World Premiere HD''' was a 24-hour Indian English-language [[television channel]], owned by [[Disney Star]]. Launched on 24 September 2013, it primarily aired popular shows from the United States and the United Kingdom. It closed on 15 March 2023, along with [[Star World (India)|Star World]] and [[Star World HD]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Disney Star brings curtains down on English GECs; launches 9 new channels: Best Media Info |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2023/03/disney-star-brings-curtains-down-on-english-gecs-launches-9-new-channels |access-date=15 March 2023 |work=www.bestmediainfo.com |date=14 March 2023}}</ref>

==History==
Star World Premiere launched in India on 24 September 2013. Broadcasting in HD only, the premium, ad-free channel was available only by [[A la carte pay television]].

The channel was a companion to [[Star World]], to air the latest seasons of popular English shows in India within 24 hours of their US broadcast. As part of the marketing strategies for the channel, premiere episodes of the latest seasons of shows like ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'', ''[[Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.]]'', ''[[Sleepy Hollow (TV series)|Sleepy Hollow]]'', ''[[The Blacklist (TV series)|The Blacklist]]'' etc. were aired in India a day before their US broadcast.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Malvania|first=Urvi|date=September 23, 2013|title=Star India set to launch new English GEC, Star World Premiere HD|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/companies/star-india-set-to-launch-new-english-gec-star-world-premiere-hd-113092300670_1.html|access-date=|website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

In October 2021, it was reported that [[Disney Star|Star India]]'s this channel along with [[Star World (Indian TV channel)|Star World (India)]] (both SD and HD feed) would shut down on 30 November 2021, though it was delayed over a year due to delays in implementation of new tariff rules by [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India|TRAI]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 16, 2021|title=Breaking News: Disney Star India exits English general entertainment; Star World, Star World HD and Star World Premiere HD to go off air by November 30|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/10/disney-star-india-exits-english-general-entertainment-star-world-star-world-hd-and-star-world-premiere-hd-to-go-off-air-by-november-30/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> The channel shut down on 15 March 2023.

==International distribution==
Star World Premiere launched in [[Sri Lanka]] in 2015, replacing [[Star Movies|Star Movies HD]]. The Sri Lankan market was initially considered to be profitable due to the lack of American programming broadcasters in the country, but the channel was later pulled due to the lack of viewership.<ref>{{cite web|title=TV and Radio Sri Lanka|url=https://m.facebook.com/tvradiosrilanka/photos/a.450793828273999.100775.337708902915826/872583239428387/?locale=it_IT|work=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>

==Programming==
{{main|List of programmes broadcast by Star World}}
The channel mainly aired shows from the US, along with a few popular British series. A few of these shows were later aired in syndication on Star World.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.starworldpremiere.in/ STAR World Premiere]

{{STAR}}

[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2013]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2023]]
[[Category:Defunct television channels in India]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]

Mahishasura Mardini Stotra

2025-09-27T13:02:57Z

Kishore121:

{{Italic title}}{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hinduism]]|author=[[Adi Shankara]]|language=[[Sanskrit]]|caption=Painting of Durga slaying Mahishasura, Anant Shivaji Desai, Ravi Varma Press|image=File:Durga Mahishasura-mardini, the slayer of the buffalo demon.jpg|verses=21|name=''Mahishasura Mardini Stotra''}}{{Short description|Hindu hymn in praise of Durga}}
The '''''Mahishasura Mardini Stotra''''' ({{Langx|sa|महिषासुरमर्दिनीस्तोत्रम्}}, {{IAST3|Mahiṣāsuramardinīstotraṃ}}) is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ''[[stotra]]''. Comprising 21 verses,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narayan |first=Jay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1-5EAAAQBAJ&dq=mahishasura+mardini+stotra&pg=PA156 |title=Namaste: An Illustrated Guide to the Hindu Way of Life |date=2023-04-17 |publisher=JL Samskritam Publications |isbn=978-1-3999-5295-8 |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref> the work extols the goddess [[Durga]], a principal aspect of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]], and her act of slaying the [[asura]] [[Mahishasura]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0inWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 |title=Everyday Hinduism |date=2015-05-06 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-6021-6 |pages=28 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Constance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA139 |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |last2=Ryan |first2=James D. |date=2006 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages=139 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
''Mahiṣāsuramardinī'' is an epithet of Durga, literally meaning, "the slayer of the demon Mahisha",<ref>{{Cite book |last=Balkaran |first=Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=48xmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT212 |title=The Goddess and the King in Indian Myth: Ring Composition, Royal Power and The Dharmic Double Helix |date=2018-07-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-88068-1 |pages=212 |language=en}}</ref> and a ''stotra'' is a eulogistic work.

== Description ==
The authorship of the ''Mahishasura Mardini Stotra'' is attributed to the theologian [[Adi Shankara]]. This hymn is mentioned in the 53rd chapter of the 1st portion of the text ''[[Shivarahasya Purana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiva Rahasya Maha Itihasa Maheshwar Part 1 Jangamwadi Math Collection |url=https://archive.org/details/eGcz_shiva-rahasya-maha-itihasa-maheshwar-part-1-jangamwadi-math-collection/page/n3/mode/2up}}</ref> The hymn is based on the text ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campos |first=Ricardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wixQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA121 |title=Popular and Visual Culture: Design, Circulation and Consumption |last2=Pinho |first2=Rúben |last3=Sarmento |first3=Clara |date=2014-10-02 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6831-0 |pages=121 |language=en}}</ref> referencing a number of legends of the goddess Durga such as slaying Mahishasura, [[Raktabīja|Raktabija]], as well as [[Chanda and Munda]], as well as generally praising her attributes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marlow |first=Chris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFvTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Navaratri: Prayers, Praises and Hymns |date=2019-10-29 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-244-22986-3 |pages=168 |language=en}}</ref>

According to the ''Devi Mahatmya'', in the legend called the ''Mahishasura Vadha'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=Dr Vishnulok Bihari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaCbv1NcbHwC&q=pg%3DPT173 |title=Dictionary of Indology |last2=Srivastava |first2=Vishnulok Bihari |date=2009 |publisher=Pustak Mahal |isbn=978-81-223-1084-9 |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref> furious about the asuras under Mahishasura expelling the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] and overrunning [[Svarga]], the [[Trimurti]] (supreme trinity) of the deities [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Shiva]] combined their energies, which assumed the form of a goddess called Durga. Armed with the weapons and attributes of the deities, Durga slew the shape-shifting Mahishashura, who assumed the forms of a lion, elephant, and a buffalo, and finally a man. She was glorified by the deities as the primordial being and the origin of the ''[[Vedas]]''. Pleased by their hymns, the goddess promised the deities salvation whenever they faced danger.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDaniel |first=June |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHs8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal |date=2004-08-05 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-516790-0 |pages=215 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkC1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT377 |title=The Markandeya Purana |date=2019-10-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5305-671-1 |pages=377 |language=en}}</ref>

== Hymn ==
The first hymn of the mantra describes the attributes of Durga:<ref>{{Cite book |last=SUVRATSUT |url=http://archive.org/details/MahishasuramardiniStotramEnglish |title=Mahishasuramardini Stotram English |date=2017-09-06}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=''aigiri nandini nanditamēdini viśvavinōdini nandinutē girivaravindhyaśirōdhinivāsini viṣṇuvilāsinijiṣṇunutē bhagavati hē śitikaṇṭhakuṭumbini bhūrikuṭumbini bhūrikṛtē jaya jaya hē mahiṣāsuramardini ramyakapardini śailasutē''|title=|source=Verse 1}}{{Blockquote|text=O auspicious daughter of the mountain, who delights all of creation, who rejoices with the universe, who is praised by Nandi who resides on the peak of Vindhyas, who dwells on Vishnu, who is praised by Indra, O goddess, who is the consort of the blue-throated one, who has a universal family, who created abundance Victory to you, victory to you, O slayer of Mahishasura, who has beautifully braided hair, who is the daughter of the mountain}}

== See also ==

* ''[[Ashtalakshmi Stotra]]''
* ''[[Shiva Tandava Stotra]]''
* ''[[Rama Raksha Stotra]]''

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu mantras]]
[[Category:Shaktism]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional texts]]
[[Category:Stotras]]

Khera Kalan

2025-08-16T02:54:52Z

Kishore121:

{{More citations needed|date=March 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khera Kalan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Badda Khera
| nickname = Badda Khera
| image_map = Delhimap.jpg
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_caption = Khera Kalan Village located in North Delhi district in Delhi
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.77806|N|77.09882|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = Delhi
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Delhi]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Narela]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Assembly constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 7
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 11234
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref name=census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/63916-khera-kalan-delhi.html|title=Census 2011, Khera Kalan town Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, English, [[Haryanvi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = dmrceu.org
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Khera Kalan''' is a [[village]] in [[Narela|Narela Sub Division]] in [[North Delhi district]] in the [[Union territory|Indian union territory]] of Delhi. It is also known as Badda Khera. The nearest railway station is [[Khera Kalan railway station]]. [[Narela]] is the nearest town and [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]] is the nearest urbanised area. [[Khurd and Kalan]] are Persian language words which mean small and big respectively. When two villages have the same name they are distinguished by adding the word Kalan means Big and Khurd means Small with Village Name. It is in [[Narela, Delhi Assembly constituency|Narela assembly constituency]].

==Population==
In 2011, a report published by Census India stated that Khera Kalan had 1,539 households and a total population of 11,252. This included 6,397 males and 5,855 females.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |title=Khera Kalan town |url=http://www.censusindia.co.in/towns/khera-kalan-population-north-west-delhi-63916 |accessdate=1 November 2017 |publisher=censusindia.co.in}}</ref> There were 1,095 children between the ages of 0 and 6 which equated to 13.27% of the village population. The distribution of the population in the 2011 census was 877 adult females for every 1,000 adult males. There were 891 female children for every 1,000 male children. This is compared to the average for the larger territory of Delhi where there are 871 females for every 1,000 males.

Khera Kalan has Delhi's largest representation of Jatrana [[Jat]]s
at over 60% of the population .15% Population were Paarcha Clan Balmiki community in the village.The Brahmins represent 6% of the village population while Muslims represent 5% of the population. Therefore, over 70% of the village's land belongs to members of the Jatrana Gotra.<ref name="census2011" /> The total [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population in the town was 1,807 people and all were [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]]. There are no people belonging to Scheduled Tribes recorded in the town.<ref name="censusindia" />

==See also==
*[[Khera Kalan railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North West Delhi district]]

{{Delhi-geo-stub}}

Namkum, Ranchi

2025-07-25T16:42:18Z

Kishore121: started some stub needs work

{{About|the neighbourhood in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India|its namesake community development block|Namkum}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Namkum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a =
| photo2a = Sarla Birla Public School, Ranchi - Buildings.jpg
| photo2b = Lrg-36-09-16-07 1733.jpg
| photo3a = Kejriwal Institute of Management and Development Studies, Namkum, Ranchi.JPG
| photo3b = Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.33732|N|85.37689|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Namkum#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 834010
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 0651
| registration_plate = JH 01
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Khijri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khijri]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Namkum''' is a [[neighbourhood]] of [[Ranchi]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Ranchi district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|23|23|0|N|85|25|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ranchi district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, T: tourist centre, D: dam, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|24|26|N|85|29|6|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Angara | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Angara, Jharkhand]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|32|53|N|84|55|25|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Balsokra| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Balsokra]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|18|5|N|85|0|56|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bero| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bero, India]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|34|28|N|85|7|53|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Burmu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Burmu]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|30|44|N|84|58|35|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Chanho| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Chanho]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|43|N|85|31|2|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Chutupalu| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Chutupalu]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|5|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Dakra| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Dakra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|21|24|N|85|7|21|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Itki| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Itki, India]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|6|45|N|84|56|32|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Lapung| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Lapung]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|27|47|N|85|5|29|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Mandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Mandar, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|26|5|N|85|24|44|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Mesra| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Mesra, Ranchi]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|11|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Nagri| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagri, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|29|30|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ormanjhi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Ormanjhi]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|15|55|N|85|38|40|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Rahe| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Rahe, Jharkhand]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|21|1|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Silli| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Silli]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|12|13|N|85|42|26|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Sonahatu| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Sonahatu]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|3|15|N|85|39|19|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Tamar| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Tamar, India]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|16|40|N|85|18|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hatia| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Hatia]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|21|6|N|85|19|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Ranchi| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Ranchi]] (M) |label-size19=12 |label-color19=#800000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|10|12|N|85|34|48|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Bundu| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Bundu, India]] (M) |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|21|25|N|85|24|15|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Ara | numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Ara, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|25|50|N|85|20|40|E}} | label-pos22=top|label22= Arsande | numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Arsande]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|18|20|N|85|22|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Bargarwa | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Bargarwa]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|0|16|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bishrampur | numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bishrampur, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color24= #A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|41|55|N|85|1|11|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Churi | numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Churi]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|27|46|N|85|26|32|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Irba | numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Irba]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|26|8|N|85|18|20|E}} | label-pos27=bottom|label27= Kanke | numbered27=CT| mark-title27=[[Kanke]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|38|10|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos28=bottom|label28= Khelari | numbered28=CT| mark-title28=[[Khelari]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|23|44|N|85|51|41|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Muri | numbered29=CT| mark-title29=[[Muri, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|19|50|N|85|22|36|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Namkum | numbered30=N| mark-title30= Namkum (N) |shape-color30=black| label-size30=13|label-color30=black 
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|25|13|N|85|13|14|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Ratu | numbered31=CT| mark-title31= [[Ratu, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color31= #A40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|3|12|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Ray | numbered32=CT| mark-title32=[[Ray, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|22|57|N|85|25|44|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33= Tati | numbered33=CT| mark-title33=[[Tati, Ranchi]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|19|20|N|85|14|10|E}} | label-pos34=bottom|label34= Tundul | numbered34=CT| mark-title34=[[Tundul]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|27|4|N|85|41|36|E}} | label-pos35= bottom|label35=Hundru |labela35= Falls| numbered35=T| mark-title35= [[Hundru Falls]] (T) |shape-color35= #74C365
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|20|30|N|85|36|30|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Jonha Falls| numbered36=T| mark-title36= [[Jonha Falls]] (T) |shape-color36= #74C365
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|8|46|N|85|28|2|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37=Dassam Falls| numbered37=T| mark-title37= [[Dassam Falls]] (T) |shape-color37= #74C365
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|27|34|N|85|32|40|E}}| label38= Getalsud |labela38= Dam| label-color38 = #C42222 | label-angle38=0| label-pos38=right| label-size38=11| mark-size38=12| numbered38=D|mark-title38 =[[Getalsud Dam]]| shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|28|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label39= Subarnarekha |labela39= River |label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= 5| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|16|0|N|85|46|0|E}} |label40= Raru |labela40= River |label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 10| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|5|20|N|85|43|0|E}} |label41= Kanchi |labela41= River |label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= -25| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|58|0|N|85|48|0|E}} |label42= Karkari |labela42= River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 5| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|29|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label43= Bhairavi |labela43= River |label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= -10| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|9|0|E}} |label44= Damodar |labela44= River |label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 0| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|mark-coord45={{coord|23|24|0|N|84|55|0|E}} |label45= Koel |labela45= River |label-color45 = #77A1CB| label-angle45= 0| label-pos45=top| label-size45=10| mark-size45=0| mark-title45 =none
|mark-coord46={{coord|23|38|20|N|85|1|20|E}} | label-pos46=right|label46=CCL North|labela46= Karanpura Area |numbered46=0 | mark-title46=[[North Karanpura Area]] | label-size46=12| shape-color46=#AA6666
|mark-coord47={{coord|23|23|18|N|84|57|45|E}} | label-pos47=left|label47= Narkopi| numbered47=R| mark-title47=[[Narkopi]] (R)
|mark-coord48={{coord|23|31|17|N|85|17|29|E}} | label-pos48=left|label48= Pithuriya| numbered48=R| mark-title48=[[Pithuriya]] (R)
|mark-coord49={{coord|23|29|6|N|85|36|33|E}} | label-pos49=right|label49= Sikidiri| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Sikidiri]] (R)
|mark-coord50={{coord|23|19|37|N|84|55|28|E}} | label-pos50=top|label50= Khukhragarh| numbered50=H| mark-title50=[[Khukhragarh]] (H)
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|10|N|85|57|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-95| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Namkum is located at {{coord|23.33732|N|85.37689|E|display=inline}}

In the map of Namkum CD block on page 123 of the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Ranchi'', Namkum is shown as a part of Ranchi statutory town. Further information about the wards, population etc. are not available.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Census of India 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Page 123 Map of Namkum CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Ranchi plateau]], most of it at an average elevation of 2,140 feet above sea level. Only a small part in the north-eastern part of the district is the lower Ranchi plateau, spread over [[Silli block|Silli]], [[Rahe block|Rahe]], [[Sonahatu block|Sonahatu]] and [[Tamar block|Tamar]] CD blocks, at an elevation of 500 to 1,000 feet above sea level. There is a 16 km long ridge south-west of Ranchi. There are isolated hills in the central plateau. The principal river of the district, the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], originates near [[Ratu, Ranchi|Ratu]], flows in an easterly direction and descends from the plateau, with a drop of about 300 feet at [[Hundru Falls]]. Subarnarekha and other important rivers are marked on the map. The forested area is shaded in the map.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> A major part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] and some fringe areas of the [[Piparwar Area]] of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]], both located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]], are in Ranchi district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/nrkpra.php | title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – North Karanpura |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 September 2021}}</ref> There has been extensive industrial activity in Ranchi district, since independence.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 14: Industry |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref> Ranchi district is the first in the state in terms of population. 8.83% of the total population of the state lives in this district - 56.9% is rural population and 43.1% is urban population.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 10-11: Physiography, Drainage |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 19 September 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
There is a police station at Namkum.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 11 September 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Namkum CD block are located at Namkum.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Ranchi district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 11 September 2021}}</ref>

== Transport ==

=== Roadways ===
NH-33 and SH-01 pass through Namkum connecting major cities in the east such as [[Kolkata]] and [[Jamshedpur]]. A new ring road and an over-bridge is under construction in the area to reduce the growing traffic overload on the roads.

=== Railways ===
[[Namkon railway station]] (not Namkum), station code NKM, is the railway station serving the Namkum block of the capital city of [[Ranchi]] in the [[Ranchi district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]]. It belongs to the Ranchi division of the [[South Eastern Railway Zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].

=== Airways ===
The nearest airport is the [[Ranchi Airport|Birsa Munda Airport]] of [[Ranchi]]. It has direct flights from [[Patna]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]. [[Kingfisher Airlines]], [[Air India]] and [[GoAir]] provide service.

==Education==
=== Colleges ===
* [[Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums]]
* Kejriwal Institute of Management and Development Studies
* Chotanagpur Law College
* ESI Hospital & Medical College
* Xavier Institute of Polytechnic and Technology
* ICAR RCER Research centre Plandu.

A number of schools and colleges are located in Namkum. The office of the Jharkhand Academic Council (JAC) is also located here.

=== Primary and secondary schools ===
Major school in the area include -
* Bishop Westcott Girls' School
* [[Bishop Westcott Boys' School]]
* Asisi High School
* Carmel Girls' High School
* St. Francis School
* Kendriya Vidyalaya Namkum
* Sarla Birla Public School
* Bishop Hartmann Academy
* Tender heart school
* Nirmala School.
* St. Katherine High School Ara Gate

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Sarla Birla Public School, Ranchi - Buildings.jpg|Sarla Birla Public School
File:Kejriwal Institute of Management and Development Studies, Namkum, Ranchi.JPG|Kejriwal Institute of Management and Development Studies, Namkum, Ranchi
File:Lrg-36-09-16-07 1733.jpg|Bishop Westcott Boys' School
File:Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Namkum, Ranchi.jpg|Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums
File:Chotanagpur Law College, Namkum, Ranchi.jpg|Chotanagpur Law College
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ranchi district]]

Pawan Kharkhoda

2025-07-04T17:29:48Z

Kishore121:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Kharkhoda Assembly constituency|Kharkhoda]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Jaiveer Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]

}}
'''Pawan Kharkhoda''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Kharkhoda Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Kharkhauda, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Pawan Kharkhoda with 51951 defeats INC's Jaiveer Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/assembly/story/kharkhauda-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612809-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Kharkhauda Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/amp/elections/kharkhauda-election-result-2024-live-update-9077317.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|accessdate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=2 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharkhoda, Pawan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

Suroth

2025-05-18T17:14:30Z

Kishore121: Refined content and updated sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Suroth
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Surauth
| settlement_type = Tehsil
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Heritage Hotel in Suroth
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.80984|N|77.14696|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Karauli]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hindaun Block|Hindaun Subdistrict]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 8
| elevation_m = 235
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 20,000
| population_as_of = 2011
| area_code = 322252
| registration_plate = RJ 34
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratsioratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000:877 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Karauli–Dholpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karauli–Dholpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hindaun]]
| website =

| official_name =
}}

'''Suroth''' is a tehsil in [[Hindaun Block]], [[Karauli District]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==Geography==
The latitude 26.808974 and longitude 77.1469666 are the geocoordinate of the Suroth. Jaipur is located around 134.2 kilometer away from Suroth.

==Nearby towns/cities==

Suroth‘s nearest town/city/important place is Hindaun City located at the distance of 13.5 kilometer. Surrounding town/city/TP/CT from Suroth are as follows.Hindaun13.5 km.Bayana18.5 km.Bhusawar26.9 km.Mahwa34.3 km.

==Nearby villages==
[[Taharpur, Suroth|Taharpur]] 3.1 km, [[Bhukrawali]] 3.6 km, [[Somala Ratra]] 3.8 km, [[Bai Jatt]] 4.1 km, Dhindora 5.4 km, [[Sherpur, Rajasthan|Sherpur]] 6.2 km, [[Kheri Hewat]] 7.3 km, [[Chinayata]] 8.8 km, [[Lahchora]] 9.3 km, [[Vanki]] 11.1 km, [[Bajna Kalan]] 11.2 km, [[Rawai]] 11.8 km, [[Mahu Ibrahimpur]] 12.1 km, [[Karsoli]] 12.4 km, [[Kherli Goojar]] 12.8 km, [[Kyarda Khurd]] 14.2 km, [[Ghonsla]] 14.4 km, [[Mahu Khas]] 14.5 km, [[Khareta]] 14.6 km, [[Hindaun]] 14.8 km, [[Mandawara]] 17.6 km, [[Jhareda]] 18.2 km, [[Sikroda Meena]] 18.6 km, [[Phulwara]] 18.9 km, [[Bhango]] 19.8 km, [[Kachroli]] 20.9 km, [[Bargawan]] 21.2 km, [[Irniya]] 22.2 km, [[Nagla Meena]] 22.9 km, [[Hukmi Khera]] 23.0 km, [[Pataunda]] 23.5 km, [[Gunsar]] 23.6 km, [[Danalpur]] 24.5 km, [[Todoopura]] 25.0 km, [[Sanet]] 25.2 km, [[Katkar]] 25.7 km, [[Kotri]] 25.8 km, [[Gaonri]] 26.4 km, [[Gaoda Meena]] 26.9 km, [[Norangabad]] 27.8 km, [[Palanpur]] 28.0 km, [[Chandangaon]] 28.2 km, [[Dahra]], [[Alipura, Rajasthan|Alipura]], [[Mothiyapura]], [[Bajheda]], [[Jagar]].
(kanchanpura suroth se 2.5 km)

==Transportation==

===Railways===

The nearest railway station to Suroth is Fateh Singhpura which is located in and around 1.2 kilometer distance. Hindaun City railway station 12.9 km. sawai madhopur railway station 121 km.

===Airways===

Suroth‘s nearest airport is Jaipur International Airport133.1 km.

==Education==
This village is booned with higher secondary school recognised by state government.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Karauli district]]
[[Category:Hindaun Block]]

Gandharvanpattu

2025-04-29T00:34:30Z

Kishore121: starting new info initial version

{{Short description|Ritual artform from North Kerala, India}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}{{unreliable sources|date=January 2018}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}

'''Gandharvanpattu''' is a [[ritual]] artform in [[North Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/c/15989669|title=Clipping of Mathrubhumi Printing and Publishing - Kasargod|website=digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mannarasala.org/dynamic.php?page=mannarasalaFestivals|title=Mannarasala Sree Nagaraja Temple | Abode of Serpent Gods | Haripad | Kerala | India|website=www.mannarasala.org|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710071856/http://www.mannarasala.org/dynamic.php?page=mannarasalaFestivals|url-status=dead}}</ref> This ritual is mainly performed by [[Vannan]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Kenthran-Pattu-71818.htm|title=Kenthran Pattu in India|website=www.india9.com}}</ref> There is five [[theyyam]]s called Rudhirakkali, Varavakkali, Devathe, Mekkkaruvaal, Gandharvan in gandharvanpattu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww12.vtzmp3.com/|title=vtzmp3.com|website=ww12.vtzmp3.com}}</ref> This ritual is performed for the blessing of [[bhootam]]. The ritual is performed in the style of [[Kalampattu|kalam pattu]] in [[Kavu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/173586/7/07_chapter%202.pdf |title=Data |publisher=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/|title=Kalamezhuthu Pattu - Ritual art forms of Kerala|website=www.keralaculture.org}}</ref> In past times this artform is performed on the houses where pregnant women live<ref name="auto"/> to eliminate different kinds of [[Batha (demon)|badha]](ghost). [[Pulluvaveena]] and [[Pulluvakkudam]] are also used in Gandharvan Pattu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scert.kerala.gov.in/images/2015/Plustwo/music.pdf |title=Plus two |publisher=www.scert.kerala.gov.in |date=2015 |access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>

In 2017 this artform is performed again in stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/deities-dancers-and-drumbeats/article13385395.ece|title=Deities, dancers, and drumbeats|first=Aabha|last=Anoop|date=29 January 2012|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDNfaI4bkSI|title=കെന്ത്രോൻ പാട്ട് ( ഗന്ധർവ്വൻ പാട്ട്)|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

This art is also known as '''Kenthran Pattu<ref name="auto"/>'''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Culture of Kerala |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Arts of Kerala]]

{{art-stub}}